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TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
rew ne AN OO CTE FY.
VOLUME VI.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY WILKS AND TAYLOR, CHANCERY-LANE,
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S HOUSE, NO. 10, PANTON-SQUARE, COVENTRY-STREET, AND BY JOHN WHITE, FLEET-STREET.
M.DCCC.II.
Br? O 4:
&
ea
ve
C-O.N EEN T S.
ie DISSERTATION on two Natural Genera hitherto con- founded under the Name of Mantis. By Anthony Auguftus Henry Lichtenftein, D.D. F.M.L.S. Tranflated from the German by Thomas Young, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S. — Page
Il. The Botanical Hiftory of the Genus Ebrharta. By Olof Swartz, M.D. F.M.L.S. p-
IH. ‘Account of a Microfcopical Inveftigation of feveral Species of Pollen, with Remarks and Queftions on the Struéture and Ufe of that Part of Vegetables. By Luke Howard, Efy. of Plaiftow in Effex p-
IV. Obfervations on Aphides, chiefly intended to fow that they are the principal Caufe of Blighis in Plants, and the fole Caufe of the Honey-Dew. By the late Mr. William Curtis, F.L.S. p-
V. Remarks on the Genera of Pederota, Wulfenic, and Hemimeris. By James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. P.L.S. Dp
VI. An Mluftration of the Genus Solandra. By Richard Anthony Salifbury, Ef. F.R.S. and L.S. Dp
VII. Obfervations on fome remarkable Strata of Flint in a Chailk-pit in the Ile of Wight, in a Letter from Sir Henry Charles Englefield, Bart. F.R.S. to Fohn Latham, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S.
65
75
99
p> 103
VIII. Re-
vi C10; OR a, is.
VII. Remarks on fome Britifh Species of Salix. By James Edward Smith, WD. F.RS. P.LS, Page
1X. Defcriptions of four new Species of. Fucus. Y Dawfon Turner, M.A: F.L.S.
— p-
X. Defcription of Callicocca Ipecacuanha. By Felix Avellar Brotero,
Profeffor of Botany in the Univerfity of Coimbra, F.M.L.8. p.-
XI. Obfervations on the Curculio Trifoli:, or Clover Weevil, a_fmall Infect which infefts the Heads of the cultivated Clover, and de- Jiroys the Seed. Ina, Letter to Thomas Marfham, Efg. Tr. L. S. dy William Markwick, E/y. F.L.S. With additional Remarks by Mr, Marfham P-
XII. Farther Obfervations on the Curculio Trifolit. In a Letter to William Markwick, Efg. F.L. 8. by Martin Chriftian Gottlieb Lehmann, M.A. of Gottingen p-
XI. Defcription of Brotera perfica and Muftelia eupatoria, two new Plants cultivated in the Botanic Garden of Halle, by Cart Sprengel, M.D. Profeffor f Botany in the Univerfity of Flalle p-
XIV. Obfervations on the Hinges of Britifh Bioglve Shells. By Mr. William Wood, F.Z.S.
XV. Catalogue of the more rare Plants found in the Environs of Dover, with occafional Remarks. By Mr. Lewis Wefton Dill-
wyn, F.L.8. p>
XVI.
Ilo
142
147
151
177 De-
C.O.nN TEN ST. 8 vil
XVI. Defcriptions of fome fingular Coleopterous Infeéts. By Charles Schreibers, M.D. Deputy Profeffor of Natural Hiftory in the Univerfity of Vienna Page 135
XVII. Defcription of Menura fuperba, a Bird of New South Wales. By Major-General Thomas Davies, F.R.S. and L.S. p- 207
XVIII. On the Doryanthes,a new Genus of Plants from New Hal- land, next akin to the Agave. By Jofeph Correa de Serra, LL.D. F.R.S. and LS. ——- ane ea
XIX. Obfervations on feveral Species of the Genus Apis, known by the Name of Humble-bees, and called Bombinatrices by Linneus. By Mr. P. Huber, of Laufanne in Swifferland _—— Pp 214
XX. Botanical Charatters of four New-Holland Plants, of the Natural Order of Myrti. By. James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. P. LitSe : — Ta re p- 299
XX. Additional Obfervations on fome remarkable Strata of Flint in the fle of Wight, in a Letter fram Sir Henry Charles Engle- field, Bart. F.R.S. to John Latham, M.D. F.R.S; and LS. of Romfey ota," i) Awd 8
XXII. De/fcription of a new Species of Viola. By Thomas Furly ‘Forfter, E77. F.L.S. ee teen’ = P- 309
- XXII Defeription of the Fruit of Cycas revoluta. By James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S, P.LS. —T p- 312
XXIV. Sfe-
vill C. O. Newt LE CNL.
XXIV. Species of Erica. By Richard Anthony Salifbury, E/7.
F.R.S. & LS.
Page 316
XXV. Extraéts from the Minute Book of the Linnean Society p. 389
Catalogue of the Library of the Linnean Society, continued from
Page 293 of Vol. V. of the Society's T ranfaétions
Pp. 39!
Lift of Donors to the Library of the Linnean Society — Pp. 395
Dire@tions for placing the Plates of the SixtH VOLUME.
Tas. x. Phafma filiforme and Ph. heéticum, toface page 14
2. Phafma Ohrtmanni and Mantis Filum - - - 19 A Flowers of Ehrharta - =e 64 5. Aphides, &c. - - 94 6. Solandra - - - 102 7. Strata of Flint in Chalk - 107 8. Fucus rufcifolius, &c- - - 127 9+ Fucus clavellofus _ - - 133 so. Fucus Wigghii - = ergs 11. Callicocca Ipecacuanha - 140 12. Brotera perfica - oe rer 13. Muftelia eupatoria ~ = - 352
14. IS. 16. ¢ Hinges of Bivalve Shells = 176
18.
19 F asf Coleopterous Infeéts = 206 al.
22. Menura fuperba - - 207 ia i Doryanthes excelfa, _ - Sih 25. Humble-bees " 14230 26. Nidification, &c. of Humble-bees 238 27. The fame — = - 278 28. Violaconcolor — = - 3Ir 2g. Cycas revoluta = - 314 30. A Frond, &c. of the fame - 315 31. Cancer Phalangium —- - 389
AY Ae ARN Ss AG ere ep Oo DN us Of THE
Lil NuN: Be AvN())S:0:61-E: T- ¥. ee GD GE ————
1. 4 Difertation on two Natural Genera hitherto confounded under the name of Mantis. By Anthony Augufus Henry Lichtenfiein, D. D. F.M.L.S. Tranflated from the German.by Thomas Young, M. D. FOR S & LS. .
Read April 4, 1797.
Wu EN I firft took up Fabricius’s Syftem of Entomology, Iwas much ftruck with thefe words in the preface:—“ The fcience of entomology is as yet in its cradle: it is fcarcely fo far advanced as botany was at ‘the time of Czfalpinus.” Iwas then inclined to think that this gentleman, whofe excellent moral character I have only fince that time had an opportunity, by perfonal acquaintance, to know and efteem, -had at leaft exaggerated the truth, and done injuftice to Linné and the reft of his predeceffors. But fince I have had an-opportunity of obferving with accuracy, and of comparing with many defcriptions and plates, a large number of infects, chiefly foreign, in the extenfive collection of Mr. Holthuyfen, Iam convinced that this great fyftematift did not, in making that affer- tion, go much too. far; for what a mafs of information ‘has been _ Vor, VL B added
2 Dr. Licurenstern’s Difertation on two Natural Geiera
added to our knowledge of infeéts within thefe twenty years by him- felf and other active naturalifts! And yet we are ftill very far from having a proper natural arrangement and defcription of all the orders and genera. I fhall fay nothing of the fpecies ; for here, efpecially through the imperfection and frequent incotrectnefs of the fynonyms, fo much confufion prevails, that it is often difficult to afcertain to what fpecies of Linné or Fabricius a perfectly common indigenous infe&t belongs. If a genus be truly natural, or, as logicians call it, a genus proximum, a fingle charaéteriftic is almoft always fufficient to determine with certainty to what fpecies an individual of this genus is to be referred. The prefent attempt may ferve as a {pecimen of the manner in which I conceive that ftill greater genera ought to be treated according to the natural diftinétions ; fixing the natural ge- nera where the fyftem has not already done it, and placing the {pecies in order under appropriate fubdivifions taken from effential differences; defcribing them with accuracy, and particularly adding the fynonyms as completely and correctly as poffible.
The idea of feparating from the proper Mantes thofe {pecies feeding on plants, that have no falciform fore-feet, but have all their legs. formed for running, and making anew genus of them, is by no means of my invention. Cafpar Stoll has already propofed it, but has not at all carried it fyftematically into effect. The fplendid work which this zealous entomologift had begun to publifh at Am- fterdam in 1787 with a Dutch and French text, under the title of Natuurlyke, en naar’t leeven nauwheurig gekleurde Afbecldingen, en Be- febryvingen der Spooken, Wandelnde Bladen, Zabelfpringhanen, Krekels, Trekfpringhaanen en Kakkerlakken, in quarto, fold by J.C. Sepp, was in- terrupted by death, which cut off this gentleman (who, with many peculiarities, had yet undeniably great merit) in the middle of his career. Had he lived longer, this work on the Usonata of Fabricius
would
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. ig
would have been as claffical as that for which we are indebted to him on the Réynchota. He would thus have thrown light on all the Hemiptera of Linné, and have done as much as a fy{tematic writer for this order of infects, as Pallas has for the unguiculated quadrupeds among the mammalia. No one will deny, unlefs from ‘an abfurd prejudice he defpife every thing that is Dutch without further ex- amination, that the late Stoll was a very diligent and fortunate ob- ferver. His penetrating eye, incredibly experienced and ready in diftinguifhing objects at firft fight, comprehended the whole habit fo happily in one fixed point of view, that he difcriminated the natural genera as if by internal feeling. The-colleGtion of Holthuyfen, which he had chiefly arranged, was divided almoft univerfally into the fame genera which Fabricius has adopted in his Entomologia Sy/tematica. Stoll died before this work was publifhed, and Fabricius faw that collection only curforily in Hamburgh, when his book was all com- pleted but the appendix. This agreement, therefore, between two perfons thinking quite independently of each other, fhows clearly that entomology is not fo uncertain and inconftant as many be- lieve; and that both of thefe gentlemen were in fearch of truth, and knew how to find it. Syftematical order, indeed, is not to be ex-
- pe€ted in the writings of Stoll-s for, as he had.no learned education, he was totally unprovided with that artificial logic which i is More ufeful to men of letters in general than they often think proper to allow. Although the idea of this monograph was borrowed from Stoll, yet one acquainted with the fubject wall foon difcover that { have not copied from him, but that I have beftowed much labour of my own on this differtation.
I thall, in the firft place, fhow that the Speétre of Stoll, or the Phafia, is truly different from the Mantis, and muft be feparated from it asa diftinét genus; in the next place, treat of bothin general, going fyftematically through their fpecies, and afcertaiming, the fynonyms ;
. B2 - then
4. Dr. Licurenstetn’s Difertation on two Natural Genera:
then deféribeat large the {pecies omitted or newly difcovered;.and, laftlys enumerate briefly thofe which I cannot place under their proper genus, becaufe I am only acquainted with them from imperfect defcriptions.
Stoll fhows the effential difference between the two genera very correétly by the following comparifon of the parts and chara¢teriftics.
Puasma. “ Laubfchrecke.”
1. Antenna fetaceous with longifh divifions.
2, The head large and oval-round ; the mouth with moveable jaws. and four palpi.
3. Small reticulated eyes on the forehead.
4. Three clear flemmata in a trian-
gle between the eyes.
5. The dody linear, almnoft cylin- drical.
~
6. Six /egs for running:
7. The ¢arfi confift of five joints.
8. The hemelytra [deckfliigel] tkin- ny, very fhort, fo that. they fcarcely.cover a third part of the abdomen. The wings at the external margin membranous, about as long as the abdomen,
>
Mantis. “ Fang{chrecke.”
1. Antenne filiform.
“9. The dead nodding, heart-fhap-
ed, with jaws.and palpi.
3. Two large prominent eyes om the fides.
4. In moft fpecies two clear /fem- mata between the roots of the antenne.
5. The thorax narrow, on the back-fomewhat: carinated, at the margin compreffed.
6. Six /egs, the foremoft with fal- ciform hands, and a thumb of five joints at their fide; the reft flender and unarmed.
7. The ¢arfi have five joints.
8. The hemelytra folded crofswife together, of the length of the: wings beneath them, covering. almoft the whole abdomen.
Befides:
hitherto, confounded under the Name of Mantis. 5
Befides thefe diftinGtions taken from the different parts of the Body, Stoll appeals, with reafon, to the remarkable difference of the mode of life. His Spectres, which I name Pha/mata, live folely on ve- getable food., They lay their eggs, like grafhoppers, in the earth, the females being furnifhed with a {mall ftile or inftrument for depohtting them, of an enfiform figure, and covered by three leaflets, which are found on the laft divifion of the abdomen. TheMantes, on the contrary, confine themfelves entr ely. to food taken from the animal kingdom;. their falciform hands ferying them to.catch and carry to their mouths. flies, and other infeéts, which they devour. As to what concerns their procreation and metamorphofi s—they. neyer lay their eggs in the earth, but fix them, on a twig, ftraw, or blade of grafs, and this in rows and regular mafles, as Roefel: has very correctly. defcribed. . Ju- Seéienbel. pt. 4. p. 89. fg. and t. 12. Compare alfo Merian.. Surin. Inf. p. 66. Geoff. Inf, t.1. p. 399. and De Geer Inf. pt. 3. Pp» 399.
It will not be fuperfluous to add fome remarks which Stoll has ‘omitted, and which fet the difference between the two genera ftill more out of doubt. The antennz of the Phafmata are fituated on the fides of the head, far apart, and-are inferted. near the eyes: thofe of the Mantes; on the contrary, are placed on the forehead near to-. _gether, between the eyes. The difference of the organs of feeding I fhall explain more at large in the fyftematic defcription of the genera. The thorax, in the firft fubdivifion or family of Phafiata, is. always. extended, and cylindrical : fometimes fet with little thorns, fometimes without thorns ; ; but in the fecond family, which in ge- neral more refembles the Mantes, it is fomewhat flattened, and almoft. marginated. The Mantes, on the other hand, have all a more or lefs carinated thorax: all thofe-of the firft family and fome {mall {pecies of the fecond family have aroundith thorax; but in moft of.the fecond
family"
6 Dr. Licwrenst2in’s Difertation on two Natural Genera
family it is marginated, and in the fore part extended more or lefs in breadth, but behind linear. °.
The abdomen in the Phafmata differs in different families. Thofe of the firft family have a rounded cylindrical abdomen, of ten nearly equal divifions, which, within its trifoliated extremity, contains a tail in which the parts of generation are concealed. The fecond family has the abdomen preffed flat, often even membranous, without any leaflets at the tail. Inthe Mantes the abdomen is very various, but always agrees with the chara¢ter of the family. ;
The hemelytra of the Pha/mata are often entirely wanting; when prefent they are membranous; in the firft family, efpecially in the males, they are very fhort, taper at the bafe, and toward the middle furnifhed with a {mall thorn, which is fometimes blunt, fometimes fharp. In the females they are moftly half as long as the wings, round- ed off towards the tips, ribbed, and without thorns. In the fecond family the males have fhort and very narrow lancet-formed heme- lytra; thofe of the females are broad, veined, and nearly of the length of the abdomen. ‘
The Mantes have tranfparent thin hemelytra, with a broad, mem- branous, often grooved rib at the outer margin; which are feldom fhorter than the wings or abdomen.
The wings of the Pha/inata are broad, inwards plaited and tranf- parent, with a broad membranous rib at the outer margin, and fhorter than the abdomen. In fome fpecies of the firft family, and in the female of the Phafma /ficcifolium, which is of the fecond fa- mily, and has very large and broad hemelytra, they are entirely wanting. Z
The Mantes have tranfparent, often colourlefs wings, more finely plaited, with only a narrow rib at the outer margin, and nearly of the
length
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 7
length of the abdomen. Only one fpecies of this genus is entirely without wings. ;
The legs of the Pha/mata are all formed for running, arid like to
each other; the fore legs are placed fo near to the head that they are excavated mear the bafe to make room for the head between them. This is a very certain natural diftin@tion, by which one may know whether even an imperfect fpecimen is a Pha/ima or a Maniis. The Phafmata of the firfl family have very long and narrow fore feet, fre~ quently with triangular and thorny legs. Thofe of the fecond family have fhorter fore legs, with broad margins. — _ The Manes have, inftead of fore legs, arms, with: nearly fciffor- formed hands; the upper arms andelbows are, according to the fa- _ milies, either narrowly or widely dentated or fringed. The four hind legs are for running; moftly plain, more rarely adorned with foli- ated margins on the thighs, and {till more rarely on the tibia,
This comparifon fhows fufficiently that the Pha/ma and Mantis are two very diftinét genera.
Before I begin the fyftematic defcription in the manner of Fabri- cius, I muft: {peak of the families or divifions of the genera, The primary divifions I have'taken from Stoll.. They depend in both genera onthe. rounded or more flattened {tructure of the whole body, with which alfo thelength of the fore legs agrees: The Phafi mata of the firft family, that is the rounded ones, I divide again into winglefs and winged; the flat Regt mata require no further fub- divifion:
_ The Mantes of the firft family, that is, (following the fame order as in the Pha/mata, although Stoll takes them laft,) the rounded ones, I divide into winglefs and winged. The laft again according to their eyes, which are either angular or round. The family of the flat Mantes may be feparated into two companies; the gouty ones, _ with leaves on their legs, and the round-legged ones, without them. 4 Thefe
8 ‘Dr. LicuTENSTEIN’s Differtation on two Natural Genera
Thefe companies I divide, laftly, according tothe eyes, each into two parties ; of which the firft contains thofe with round eyes, the fecond thofe with angular eyes. This apparently trifling minutenefs or pe- dantry gives fo -ufeful a'thread to guide ‘us to the determination of each {pecies of phafma or mantis that occurs, and makes it fo eafy to ahy one who will pay the leaft attention to inveftigate if and where fuch an. infect has been defcribed, that 1 do not confider the time and trouble as loft which I have {pent on the difcovery of thefe fubtilties. True fyftematical proficients in entomology, who love truth and order, will richly repay this /aforem in tenui by the approbation which they may be pleafed to beftow on it. I will not here attempt a prolix vindication of my having been obliged to alter entirely the defcription of the -genus Mantis, and compofe new ones of. Pha/ma and of Mantis, nor of the great difference frequently to be found between my defcriptions of the {peciés and thofe of Liimné or Fabricius. True judges will themfelves difcover my reafons. Such as regard only authority I can affure,; that Fabricies approves of my innovations. Amateurs and fharp-fighted obfervers, who are not fond of the technical and {eholaftic language, I refer to Stoll, whom I have accurately quoted; to Fueffly’s 4rchives, and to the Figures which I have here given; but efpecially to natural {pecimens. Perhaps many perfons will be reconciled to me on examining a well-ftored collection, who on the bare reading of the following Latin defcriptions will have fhaken their heads, or decretly condemned me as an unauthorized pedantic innovator. In thefe infeéts the colours often deceive partly becaufe they are frequently deftroyed by the fpirits in which the {pecimens had at firft been preferved ; partly, becaufe the hemelytra frequently become {potted from thin drops of pus’ being thrown out and adhering tothem when they are ftuck through with pins. Hence, the puncia /parfa elytrorum, to which one muft never truft, unlefs ithey agree precifely on both hemelytra. - Sapienti fat.
119—20 PHASMa,
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis, 9 1I9—20. PHASMA:
Palpi inzequales deprefli ; antici quadriarticulati; po- {tici triarticulati, articulo extremo longiflimo, ovato lanceloato.
Labium adfcendens bipartitum, laciniis fiffis, pinnis equalibus.
Antenna fetacex, articulis oblongis.
* Teretia, pedibus anticis longiflimis tenuibus compreflis.
+ Aptera. Elytris alifque in utroque fexu nullis.
fiiforme. 1. P. pedibus anticis jnermibus longitudine corporis, an- tennis nigris. Tas. I. fig. 1.
: Mantis faliformis. Fabric. entom. fyfiem. t. Qn p. 12 N. 1 Mant. inf. 1. p.227. 2.1. Gmel. fifi. nat. p. 2048. nm. Ie
Small Brafil Quill Locuft. Petiver Gaxoph. t. 60. f- 2. Browne Hift. of Jamaica, p. 433-1 42 f. 5.
Habitat in America auftrali et infulis oppofitis. Mufeum Ohrtmannianum.
Sequenti adfine fed multoties minus. Corpus et pedes fafci teftaceo annulati. Tarforum articuli primores
See eee eS oa rns
Phafmatis corpus ~filiforme fubcylindricum (Farius abdomine deprefio) glabrum, im- marginatum, tardum : capite prominulo magno ovali, latiore quam thorax ; oculis parvis | reticulatis frontalibus; ftemmatibus tribus lucidis, in triangulum intra oculos difpofitis ; antennis diftantibus lateralibus juxta oculos infertis; thorace elongato lineari cylindrico, feutello nullo; elytris ovalibus parvis (in maribus minimis, bafi fepe ariftatis) membrana- ceis; alis, cofta lata membranacea, hyalinis plicatilibus, rarius nullis; pedibus fex, anticis capiti proximis juxta bafin,intus emarginatis, omnibus curloriis, tarfis quinquearticulatis; abdomine fegmentis decem, ano laminis tribus partes fexuales ab{condentibus,
Vou. VI. ; G reliquis
10 Dr. Licutewstetn’s Differiation on two Natural Genera
reliquis equales. Synonyma qu pretermifi utique excludenda; prefertim Herb/?. arch. inf. 8. t. 51. f. 2. que exhibet larvam alius {peciei hujus generis. Ferula, z. Ph. pedibus aliquanto corpore brevioribus, tarforum articulo primo triangulari erecto, Mantis Ferula. Fabric. entom. fyfiem. t.2. p. 12. ms We Arumatia. Maregraf Bra/il. 25%. Roefel inf. 2. Gryll. t. 19. f. to. Stoll Mant. t. 13. f. 51- Habitat cum precedente. Mufeum Holthuyf. Defcriptio Fabricii accuratiffime quadrat, nifi quod in noftro exemplari etiam anticorum pedum femora et tibia apice fub{pinofz; item color non viridis fed fufcus teftaceo annulatus. Forte quoniam in fpiritu vini olim fervatum. , corautum. 3. Ph. pedibus anticis mediocribus tibiis omnibus mu- ticis, capite oblongiufculo cornuto oculis prominulis. Stoll Mant. t. ¥5. f. 57+ et 57+ te Habitat im America auftrali. Muf. Holthuyf. Corpus leve glabrum cylindricum, dilute fufcum; pedes. elongati femoribus angulatis. Calamus., 4. Ph. corpore virefcente, femoribus ftriatis. Mantis Calamus. Fabric. entom. fy/t. t. 2. p. 13. 0. 3- Habitat in infula St. Croix. Mihi haud vifum. Sceleton. 5. Ph. pedibus anticis elongatis, thorace cylindrico fcabro. poftice attenuato, capite inermi oculis prominulis.. Stoll Mant. t. 14+ fF 55>. Habitat in Sina. Mauf. Holthuyf Corpus magnum, elongatum, obfcure teftaceum. An-- tennz fetacez mediocres. Pedum tarfi articulo. primo.
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. LE
primo triangulari erecto. Adfine preter alarum de- fe&tum Ph, necydaloides cujus tamen vix larva. Jat ipes. 6. Ph. pedibus mediocribus foliato compreflis. Stoll Mant. t. 146 fo 54. Habitat in Amboina. Muf. Holthuyf. Corpus magnum, elongatum, lineare, teres, fufcum. Caput fubrotundum; antennz breves, oculi promi- nuli; enfis partumeius (five cauda enfiformis) -re- flexus dentatus. Plocaria. 7. Ph. corpore viridi, femoribus dentatis. Mantis Roflia. Fabric, entom. fyft. t. 2. p. 13. tm 4. “Rofi Faun. Etr. 1. n. 636. t. 8. f. 3. mas. Plocaria domeftica. Scop. delic. Infubr. 1. p. 60. t. 24. fi Ae 1432 Habitat in Italia, Mihi haud vifum.
t+ Subaptera, elytris, at alis aullis. .
angulatum, 8. Ph. capite thoraceque fpinofis, elytris rotundatis bre- viffimis, femoribus fubtus angulatis. Mantis angulata. Fabric. entom. iff. t.2. p.13. 1. 5. Mantis Gigas. Drury inf. 2. p. 8g. #. 50. Mantis gigantea. Gmelin /jf. nat. edit. xiil. p. 2055. 2.49. Habitat fecundum Seeman uaenre, fecundum - Gmelin in Italia fuperiori. “Mihi haud nota.
tt+ Mata. Elytris alifque in utroque fexu.
Gigas. 9. Ph. thorace teretiufculo fcabro, elytris planis ovalibus nervofis, pedibus {pinofis. Mantis Gigas. Linn, fy. nat. 2. p. 689. 2.1. Mu. Lud. Ulr. m. 109. Mantis Gigas. Fabric. entom. fyft.n. 6. Stal! Mant. t.2. fis. C2 Habitat
12 = =Dr, LicntenstErn’s Differtation on two Naturat Genera
Habitat in Amboina. Muf. Holthuyf.
Corpus magnum elongatum, fupra cylindricum fubtus: complanatum. Caput ereétiufculum inerme ovale, paulo Jatius quam thorax. Antenne fetacee me- diocres. Oculi parvi, frontales vix prominuli. Tho- rax antice, ubi pedes primores inferti, fubdepreflus et glabellus; medio teres, granulis elevatis {caber; poftice ad bafin elytrorum et alarum terminatus appendicula triangulari fcutelliformi. Abdomen teres lineare ut in hac tribu femper. Elytra brevia, plana, fpathu- lato ovalia repanda, nervofa (item ut ale maximz,) obfcure teftacea fufco undata. Pedes elongati robufti fpinofi dilutius teftacei, fufco annulati.
Omnia exemplaria mihi certe adhuc vifa funt fexus feminini. Utrum Pha/ma heéticum infra defcribendum hujus Pd’. Gigantis mas fit nec ne, dies docebit ; item. utrum color naturalis vel in hac fpecie fit viridis.
Empufa. 0. Ph. thorace tereti granulato, elytris brevibus ovatis me- dio gibbis dente elevato obtufo, dilute teftaceis bafi. et apice fufcis, pedibus fpinulofis.
Aubent. Mifcell. t. 65. f. 1. mala.
Stoll Mant. t. 1. f. 1. bona.
Habitat im India orientali. Muf. Holthuyf.
Proxime adfine antecedenti at diverfum forma elytro- rum et coloribus. Exemplar Holthuyfianum Stollii archetypon eft corpore fufco, artubus dilute teftaceis fufco undulatis. D’ Aubenton exhibet colorem totius infecti viridefcentem, prater bafes apicefque elytro- rum, ut in noftro, fufcos. Forfan ideo, quod ejus
exemplar numquam in fpiritu vini adfervatum fuerat. Quod
Naviuin.
edule.
II.
12.
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 13
Quod vero idem pedes primores_ breviffimos pingit ; inde fequitur, ut vel defucrint in exemplari Lutetiano, vel {purii fuerint adglutinati, vel denique ut chalco- graphus; tabula anguftia fe viderit circumf{criptum. Quidquid id eft, deformat ifthac preternaturalis pe- dum brevitas omnem phafmatis noftri habitum.
Ph. thorace cylindrico fcabro, elytris ovatis angulatis, alis oblongis fufcis hyalino feneftratis.
a Femina. Mantis necydaloides. Linn. /y/t. nat, 2. p. 6g1. 1.14. Aman. acad. ©. p. 397. - 3-
Mantis necydaloides. Fabric. entom. /y/t. t. 2. pe 14. Mw] -
Rogfel inf. 2. Gryll. t. 19. f.Q. Stoll Mant. t. 3. f. 8.
@ Mas. Mantis cylindrica. Gmelin fyfl. nat. edit. xiii. Pp. 2048. 2. 54... Muf- Lefk. p. 46. 1.12.
Stoll Mant. t. 4. fo 11.
Habitat in Amboina. Muf. Holthuyf.
Differt ab antecedentibus, craffitie corporis bafi clytro- rum multo .anguftiore et alis fufcis hyalino fene- ftratis. Mas in hac et fequenti fpecie (forfan plu- ribus quoqug in hac tribu) multoties minor quam femina, fed antennz robuftiores..
Ph. thorace tereti (maris {cabro, feminz glabro), elytris alarumque cofta late viridibus, pedibus fubmuticis.
a Femina, Stoll Mant. 1. 6. f. 20.
louttuyn natuurl, bifor. t.79. fr 1.
6 Mas. Mantis phthifica. Linn. /y/t. nat. 2. p. 689. m. 2
Mantis Jamaicenfis. Fabric. entom. /y/?. t. 2. p. 15. . 11. Gmelin /yf. nat. edit. Xili. p. 2054. 2. 41. Drury inf 2. t. 49. f- 1. Stoll Mant. 7,6. 7. 21.
Habitat in India orientali. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Corpus
1 =) sO Dr. LicutensTein’s Difértation on two Natural Gencra
Corpus magnum, prefertim feminz, que adeo-craflior quam P%. Gigas, et tefte Valentino Malaiis pro cibo infervit, Cf. Houttayn. nat. -hift. p.1. vol. 10. p. 138.
heéticum. 13. Ph. thorace tereti fcabriufculo, pedibus angulatis an- ticis latiffimis tibiis dentatis, elytris breviflimis juxta bafin fpinofis, alis oe fulco maculatis. | Tas. I. fig. 2.
Habitat in Sina. Mf. Dom. Holthuy fn:
A Stollio non depigturn, Ulteriorem deferiptionem vide infra.
atrophicum. 14. Ph. thorace quadrifpinofo, elytris breviflimis, bafi arif- tato mucronatis.
Mantis atrophica. Pallas fpicil. wool. fafcic.g. p. 12 tI. f. 7. Fabric, entom. fift. t. 2. p. 14. 2. 8. Gmelin Sift. nat. p. 2054+ m% 38.
Habitat in Java.
Exemplar quod Pallas vidit et defcripfit fuit mas. Fe- mina adhuc ignota probabiliter eft aliquotics major, elytris mediocribus ovali-repandis. ;
Umbretta. 15. Ph. thorace tereti fcabro, elytris breviffimis bafi arif- tato fpinofis, alis longitudine abdominis.
Stoll Mant, t. 8. f. 27.
Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Exemplar mafculum. Color totius corporis obfcure fuliginofus; ala extus maculis oblongis fufcis. An- tennz concolores fetacez longitudine corporis. Fe- mina adhuc ignota.
rofeum. 16. Ph. thoracetereti glabro, elytris lanceolatis, alis rofeis cofta viridi Mantis
Linn. Trans. VI. tab. 2. jp 14
7
at / . Mies \ \ aN : | | aga AN
v _—__——
——. Vy) ; 0 y \ Cc Agl Vharma fiporme. ¢ 2
Bo dao facticuinnst
ews ow
teh echidna
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis, 15
Mantis rofea. Fabric. entom. fift. t. 2 p. 18.0. 15.
Stoll Mant. t. 5. f: 17.
Habitat in Amboina. Muf, Dam. Holthuyfen.
Fabricius eque ac Stoll vidit exemplar mafculum, fed melius ficcatum ideoque viride. Femina adhuc latet.
laterale, 17. Ph. thorace teretiufculo glabro, pedibus inermibus, corpore nigro, elytris brevibus alarumque bafi ful- phureis.
Mantis lateralis. . Fabric. entom. fyff. 4.2. p.1 5. %. 12s Gmelin fi, nat. p. 2054. m.42. Stoll Mant. t. 10. S: 30 et 37.
Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Stoll quidem putat fe exhibere ambos fexus, fed utraque figura videtur mafculina ; alioqui magnitudo et ely- trorum figura in hac fpecie pro fexu parum variaret ; quod certe contra analogiam hujus generis.
variegatum. 18. Ph. thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviffimis ovatis, alarum cofta fufca, fafciis quatuor fulphureis, Stoll Mant. t. 8. f. 26. Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen. Parvum. Antenne fetacez breviflime: alx juxta bafin hyalinz, cofta latiffima. Abdomen fubdepreffum . dilute fuliginofum. Alter fexus adhuc latet.
dimaculatum, 19. Ph. thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviffimis lanceo- latis dilute fufcis, medio macula fulphurea. Stoll Mant..t.8.. f; 29. Habitat in Coromandel.. Muf. Dom.. de Breukeler Warth.. Antenne fetacez longiflima ;.corpus et pedes dilute. fuliginofi, Alz hyalinz, bafi rufefcentes, cofta dilute
fufca.. Femina adhuc latet.. 8. cinereus.
16 Dr. LicHTENsTEIN’s Difertation on two Natural Genera
cinereum. 20. Ph. thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviffimis lan- ceolatis cinereis fufco reticulatis, alis dilute cine- reis fufco venofis cofta rufefcente. Stoll Mant. t. 14. fo 56. ~ Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Parvum. Antenne fetacee breves. Corpus cinereum. Femina adhuc latet.
valgum. 2%. Ph, thorace tereti glabro, elytris breviflimis ovatis,
alis hyalinis, femoribus anticis extrorfum divaricatis, Stoll Mante t. 13. fi 52
Habitat in Sina. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Antennz fetacez longiflime nigra: Corpus parvum. Femina adhuc latet.
* x Deprefia. Abdomine lato depreffo ; pedibus anticis brevibus, latis, depreflis ; tho- race brevi. (Hac aliquanto fimiliora mantibus quam antecedentia teretia.)
Dracunculus. 22. Ph. thorace brevi depreffiufculo, mutico; elytris viri- dibus, apice rubris. Stoll Mant. t. 18. f. 65. femina declarata. z.5. f. 18. femine pupa e Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen, reétius ad fequentem referenda. Habitat in Indiis.
Antenne mediocres fetacez, bafi craffiores, manifelto articulate, articulis oblongis depreffis. Alz cinerex fufco undate; cofta teftacea fufco maculata, apice rubra. Pedum anticorum femora late marginata membranacea.
Forfan Fabricii Mantis aurita, n. 13. eft hujus mas, 6
dummodo
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 17
dummodo pedes antici membranacei; id quod ex defcriptione parum elucet. »
Ohrtmanni. 23. Ph. thorace brevi, teretiufculo, fub-biarticulato; elytris mediocribus ovato-oblongis; alis rotundatis, abdo- mine brevioribus ; pedibus anticis latiflimis, omni- bus membranaceis, marginato-ciliatis.
Tas. Il. fg. 1.
Uabitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Ohrtmann.
Antecedenti adfine fed diverfum. Caput antice gra- nulatum, poftice fpinofum, fpina fefquialtera lon- giore auriformi. Antenne fetacex longitudine cor- poris articulis oblongis depreffis. Thorax granulatus. Abdomen elongatum cylindricum. Elytra juxta bafin integra, neque ut antecedentis emarginata. Alarum cofta concolor grifeo fufca.
nanicaium. 24, Ph. elytris breviffimis, bafi denticulo elevato, femoribus anticis membranaceis.
Mantis linearis. Fabric. entom. fy/f. 2. p. 16. 2. 14.
Habitat in India. |
‘Antecedenti proxime adfine atque ejus forte mas. Mihi ex fola defcriptione Fabricii notum.
citrifolium. 25. Ph. thorace brevi, antice depreffo, poftice obcordato denticulato, femoribus ovatis membranaceis, mar-
. ginibus denticulatis.
Mantis ficcifolia. Linn. fy. nat. 2. p.689. » 3. Muf: Lud. Ulr.n. 11%. Fabric. entom. fyft. 2. p. 18. te 24. _ Roefel inf - Gryll.tA7ef: 4s 5- femina.
Edw. aves, t. 258: Houttiyn nat, bifl. p. 1. voli 10. t.°79. ff. 2.' femina.
Vor, VI. D Stoll
‘
#8 Dr. Licutenstein’s Differtation on two Natural Genera
Stoll Mant. t.7. fi 24 mas. f. 26. femina, f. 25. A. larva junior. f. 25. B. larva adulta. f 25. G. pupa. Omnia ex Mufeo Holthufiano.
Habitat in Indiis.
Antenne fetacez mediocres, manifefto articulate, ar- ticulis oblongis depreffis.
Mas minor, anguttior, alatus: elytris lanceolatis bre- vibus, viridibus, alis hyalinis, cofta marginali lata virefcente.
Femina major, lata, aptera: elytris oblongis venofo- reticulatis viridibus fere longitudine abdominis. Alarum rudimentis nullis.
Caput, antennz, oculi, pedes in utroque fexu, item elytra et ala in mafculis hanc {peciem procul dubio generi pha/ma vindicant ; licet uterque fexus corpore depreffo, femoribus membranaceis, et-ano fimplici;
femininus vero prefertim elytris oblongis abdomen | ~
tegentibus naturalem tranfitum faciat ad Mantes.
wa. MANTIS.
Palpi quatuor fubequales, patuli, laterales teretes, fili- formes; antic¢ quadriarticulati, articulo extremo breviori acuto ; poffics triarticulati, articulo extremo mediocri acuminato.
Labium
Antenne frontales, approximate, plerifque filiformes in utroque fexu ; rarius peCtinatz vel barbate.
* Teretes.
Mantis corpus elongatum, plerumque depreflum, glabrum, immarginatum, tardum: capite exferto, latiore quam thorax, cordato, declivi; oculis magnis, prominuli:, latera- libus; ftemmatibus plerunque duobus lucidis, intra bafin antennarum ; antennis intra
oculos
Arey!
Ae SEAR eS Mikeiege iota RO y MD Gael ERI BS Ay) pin re) 2 Ae
etal TS ee ae =
. » : ’ i z 5 ‘
‘ la d
) , : i » : | ast , j ‘ } < + bi 1 7 “ ‘ r i . BN tie oe ete bi Dee? | 4 ¢ tom os HA F Laev re “
Linn. Trans. Vi. tab. 2. jeld.
\ aa Om 4 oh, ws eo ecae Chrtinanna. ‘ J. 2 Mearntiz filem.
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis, 1g
* Terctes. Thorace fubxquali angufto, abdomine teretiufculo; pedibus anticis longiflty
mis fubteretibus, {pinofo-ciliatis.
+ Aptere, Elytris alifque in utroque fexu nullis.
Filum. 1. Mantis corpore filiformi aptero, thorace tereti fub- granulato, abdomine depreffiufculo, brachiis fubcy- lindricis, pedibus curforiis fetaceis fimplicibus.
TAs, IL, fig. 2
Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen, et Dom. Obrtmann.
Corpus elongatum lineare, ut phafma filiforme, fed duplo minus: caput fubtriangulare, declive, latius quam thorax: antennz filiformes breviflime’; oculi rotundi laterales prominuli: thoracis pars antica verfus caput attenuata et fubincurva, quafi collum mentitur, poftica longiffima, haud manifefto ab abdomine fecreta: pedes antici per collum a capite remoti forma et ufu brachiorum ut in congeneribus : ulnarum apice fpinulis tribus. Pedes intermedii breviflimi, pofticique mediocres capillares teretes mutici. Cauda triphylla foliolis acuminatis. Co- lor totius corporis ob{cure teftaceus ; oculi foli fufci.
oculos infertis: thorace obovato angufto (rarius ftrumofo), dorfo carinato, margine de- preffo, fcutello nullo ; elytris oblongis f{ubmembranaceis, bafi complicatis (dum finiftrum margine interno femper incumbit bafi elytri dextri, ut in locuftis Fabricii) longitudine alarum, rariffime nullis; alis plicatilibus fere totum abdomen tegentibus: pedibus fex ; anticis brachiiformibus, qui conftant humeris, ulnis, manibus denique falcatis, pollice la- terali filiformi quinquearticulato ; reliquis pedibus intermediis nempe et pofticis ple- rumquc teretibus muticis, rarius lobatis; tarfis quinque articulatis : abdomine plerumque ovato, depreflo, fubmarginato, rarius teretiufculo, fegmentis 8—10, ano fimplici. Vitus ¢ preda animali, quam manibus comprchenfam, ut fciuri ori admovent, devorant.
D2 +t Adlate.
zo 3©-sdrDr. LientTENstern’s Differtation on two Natural Genera
‘ 4+ Alete. Elytris alifque in utroque fexu. t Dieptrice; oculis conico-acuminatis. aculata. 2. M. corpore filiformi, thorace lineari fubcarinato, cly- tris dimidio brevioribus quam abdomen. M. bicornis. Linn. fy/f. nat. 2. p. OQI. m. 11. Muf. Lud. Ulr. 1.116. M. oculata. Fabric. entom. fyft. 2. p19. m 26. Stoll Mant. 7. 10. f. 38. Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen, Mantis faufta. Fabric. entom. /y/t. n. 47. Thunberg nov. inf. fp. 3- p. 63. Stoll Mant. t. 13. fi §3-. vik ac ne vix quidem ab hac fpecie fecernenda videtur. Hottentottos hanc pro numine tutelari eee per-- negat Sparrmannus..
$4 Boopides. Oculis fimplicibus, rotundis, prominulis.
fepielyiras 3. M. thorace lineari elongato, fubdepreffo, marginato ;. | elytris anguftis. longitudine abdominis, hyalinis. cofta viridis alis hyalinis, cofta: fufco. maculata ; apice dilute fufca. Stoll Mant. t. 5. f. 16..
Habitat in Surinamo.
Antenne mediocres filiformes, pedes graciles et, prater ulnas ciliatas, mutici. purpurafcens. 4..M. thorace lineari;. elytris alarumque cofta dilute fufcis; alis purpurafcentibus, maculis quatuor coe- ruleis. Stoll Mant. t. 8. fi 28.. . Habitat in Surinamo.. Habitus
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 21
Habitus phafmatis fed certiffime mantis. Sequenti adfinis attamen diverfa,
pila, 5. M. thorace lineari, elytris alarumque cofta et apice fufcis ; alis hyalinis, juxta coftam: quinque maculis alternis, tribus- purpureis, duabus dilute flavis. Stoll Mant. t. 3. f- 9.
Habitat in Surinamo.
** Depreffe. Thoracis bafi vel medio latiore. Abdomine ovato depreffo; manibus,
femoribus tibiifque compreflis; tibiis tarfifque anticis fpinofo-dentatis. ; + <Arthritwe. Pedibus lobatis.
t Boopides. Oculis fimplicibus rotundis prominulis, thorace elongato filiformi.
gongylodes. 6. M. thorace antice dilatato dentato; elytris repandis cofta viridi, longioribus quam alz hyaline ; femo- ribus anticis {pina, reliquis lobo terminatis. M. gongylodes. Linn. /i/. nat. 2. p. 690. 7. 4. Muf: Lud. Ulr.n. 112. Amen. acad. 1. p.504.. Fabric. entom. fifi. 2. p. 17. nt. 17. Aldrov. inf. t. 13. f. 216 Maregraf Brafil. 246..Gaayra.. Aét. angl. 301. t. 20. fi 3. Seb. muf. 4. t. 68. Roef. inf. 2. gryll. t.7. Sulzer char. inf. t..8. f. 50: D? Aubent. mifc. t. 65. f. 2. i; Drury infits te 50. fo 2. Stoll Mant. t. 16. fi 58) 593 Habitat:
22 =Dr, Licurenstein’s Differtation on two Natural Genera
Habitat im Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Antenne breves filiformes; capitis vertex fubulatus bifidus; ulnz dilatate ciliate; femora introrf{um lobo fimplici femicordato, extrorfum duplici aculeato, fli- pitata; tibiz teretes; elytra et ale breviores quam abdomen.
Siabellicornis. 7. M. thorace antice dilatato, fubbidentato ; elytris re- pandis longitidine alarum; antennis peétinatis.
M. flabellicornis. Fabric. entom. fift. 2. p. 16. n. 16.
Stoll Mant. t.17. f. 61.
Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Proxime antecedenti adfinis. Differt modo antennis pectinatis; alis longioribus quam abdomen; et oculis minus prominulis. Lobi femorum exaéte ut in M. gongylode. Quare olim forfan recte a Fa- bricio (/pec. inf. 1. p. 346. m8.) pro eadem fpecie habita eft.
pectinicornis. 8. M. thorace antice unidentato, elytris integerrimis hy- alinis cofta viridi, alis hyalinis cofta fufca, anten- nis barbatis.
M. petinicornis. Linn, /y/. nat. 2. p.691. 2. 10.
Amen. acad. 6. p. 396. 1. 27. Fabric. entom. fyft. 2. p- 18. 2. 25.
M. pennicornis. Pallas it, 2. app.n. 81. Gmelin fyft. tat, p. 2055. 2.53.
M. pectinicornis. Herb/?. arch. inf. 8. t. 50. f. 2.
Stoll Mant. 1.9. f. 34. mas. f2 35. femina.
Habitat prope mare Cafpium. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Mas multo minor, thorace mutico; femina thorace ciliato; antennis ulnifque latioribus. Femora in
utroque
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 23
utroque fexu folummodo gaudent introrfum lobo fimplici femicordato fubterminali. Tibi teretes. In fynonymia fortafle paffim confufio cum antece- dente latet, ob negleétas elytrorum et femorum dif- ferentias,
lobipes. 9. M. thorace antice fubdilatato mutico; elytris alifque hyalinis, cofta ftriifque obliquis viridibus. (M. undata. Fabric. entom. fyft. 2. p. 19. n. 28. videtur hujus femina.) Stoll Mant. t. 8. f. 30. mas.
Habitat in Tranquebar. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen,
Caput triangulare ; frons producta in conum erectum; antennz filiformes breviflimz; oculi exferti. Brachia — robufta manufque ut in tribulibus hujus generis femora et tibia utrinque lobis femicordatis ftipitate; tibiz item fpina fubterminali. Elytra et ale aliquo= ties longiores quam abdomen. Fabricius in de- fcriptione M. wadate videtur ufus fuiffe femina hujus noftre J/odipedis, que colorum detrimentum cepit e {piritu vini. mendica. 10. M. thorace antice marginato, ciliato; elytris albo viri- dique variis, cofta guttis albis adfperfa. M. mendica. Fabric. entom. fyftem. 2. p.17. m1. ' Stoll Mant. t. 12. f. 47.
Habitat in Africa boreal.
Caput triangulare, frons parumper producta, antennz pectinate. Thorax pro hac tribu brevis. Femora fola introrfum lobo femiovato fubterminali.
ey Seliata.
4 Saliata.
pauperata. 12.
bidens.
Dr. LicutTenstern’s Differtation on two Natural Genera
11. M. thorace mutico, elytris viridiffimis ; pofticorum pe-
er
dum femoribus intus, tibiis utrinque lobatis.
Stoll Mant. t.18. f: 67.
Habitat in Bengala.
Caput triangulare, frons parumper producta. An- tennz breves filiformes. Oculi exferti. Elytrorum bafis interior, aleque hyalina. Pedes intermedi teretes.
M. thorace f{pinulofo ; humeris extus {pina, femoribus intus lobo femiccrdato terminatis.
Fabric. entom. /yftem. 2. p. 17. n.18. Thunberg nov. inf. pec. 3. p. 61.
Herbft. arch. inf. 8. t. 51. f. 1. femina.
Stoll Mant. t. 10. f: 40. mas.
Habitat in Coromandel.
’ Adfinis M. peétinicorni, at neutiquam ejus femina,
namque eft multoties minor. Differt praeterea an- tennis in utroque fexu filiformibus brevibufque, thorace parum dilatato, elytris integerrimis viridi- bus flavo marginatis, et lobis intus modo ad femora adnatis. + SY
M. thorace fcabro, elytris viridibus fafciis nigris, alis fufcis difco atro.
M. bidens. Fabric. entom. /yfiv 2. p. 22. 0. 39.
Habitat in America.
Mihi folummodo ex Fabricii defcriptione nota.
$+ Dicptrice. Oculis conico acuminatis, thorace brevi lobato.
coromata. 14. M. thorace cordato, marginato; oculis oblongis por- 4 > g 5 gis p
rectis ; femoribus intus late lobatis. 8 Stoll
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 25
iebata. 15.
nafuta. 16.
cancellata.
7
Stoll Mant. 1.11. f244. Ibid. fc 44, item ejus larva.
_ Habitat in Amboina.
Antenne filiformes mediocres. Quintuplo major quam fequentes.
M. thorace cordato marginato, elytris maculis binis quadratis albis.
M. lobata. Fabric. entom, 2, p. 23. 1.45.
Thunberg nov. inf. fpec. 3. p. 62% f- 73
Stoll Mant. t. 12. f. 50.
Habitat ad Cap. bon. {pei.
Sequenti fimillima, at paulo major. Ulnz angufte fubmuticz.
M. thorace cordato ciliato, fronte porrecta fpinofo- emarginata.
M. nafuta, Fabric. entom. fyft..2. p. 23 Nh. 44.
Stoll Mant..t..9. f..33. ¢é t. 12. fe 48.
Herbft arch. inf: 8. t 51. f- 4. Mantis tricolor. Pupa.
Habitat ad Cap. bon. {pei Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Antecedente paulo minors abdominis margo lobato
dentatus, lobis récurvis 5 brachiorum ulnz latiores dentato ciliate.
++ Eucnemides. Femoribus tibiifque fimplicibus. 4 Boopides. Oculis prominulis rotundis. M. thorace dilatato, margine membranaceo plano;
elytris ovalibus cancellatis. M. cancellata. Faéric. entom. fy fift. Be ’ 18, 2. 23-
Stoll Mant, 1.11. f. 42.
Vou. VI.
Habitat in Surinamo. et th iA in E- M. Strumaria
26 — Dr. Licutenstern’s Difirtation on two Natural Genera
M. Strumaria adfinis, fed differt: antennis breviffimis,. thoracis margine plano, elytris ovalibus ferrugineis. fufco cancellatis, medio macula fubocellari teftacea.
frumaria. 18, M. thorace obcordato dilatato, margine fubeucullato, elytris lanceolatis pellucidulis.
M. ftrumaria. Linn. fyi. nat. 2. p. OgT. 2. 13.
Fabric. entom. fyfiem. 2. p. 18. n. 21.
Merian. Surin. t. 27.
Seb. Muf: 4. t. 69.
Reef: inf. 2. Gryll, t. 3.
Stoll Mant. t. t2. f. 45-
Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen
Antenne filiformes elongate.
precaria.. 16. M. thorace elongato fubciliato, elytris ovatis acumi- natis virefcentibus, ocello ferrugineo.
M. precaria. Linn, /yft. nat. 2. p. 691. m 8. Fabric.
entom. fy ft. 2. pP. 20. te. 32. Merian, Surin. t. 66.
Seb. Mu/f: 4.. t. 67. ' Houituyn nat, bit. p. I vol. 10. 1.79. fe 3s De Geer inf: 3. p. 407. m 3. t. 30. fr 4 Herbft arch. inf. 8. t. 50. fo 1. Stoll Mant. t.17. f. 62. Habitat in America. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.. Antenne filiformes mediocres; elytra ovata, acumi- nata; nunc ocello ferrugineo fimplici, nunc dimidi- : » ato albo, nunc macula fubocellari alba.. hodegetica, 20, M. thorace elorigato fubciliato;: elytris ovatis acutis,, viridibus immaculatis; alis hyalinis fufco undatis. 9, | M..carolina..
wrorata. 21.
cingulata, 22.
urbana. 23.
{ hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. Oy
M. carolina. Linn. fit. nat. 2. p. Ogts 1. 9.
Amen. acad. ©. p. 396. 2. 28.
Habitat in Surinamo. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Antennz filiformes breves, Ulne intus macula magna atra.
M. thorace levi fubcarinato, elytris viridibus, punctis ferrugineis {parfis.
MQirrorata. Linn. fy/t. nat. 2. p. 690. 7. Aman.
acad. 6. p. 397. %» 29+ Fabric. entom. fifi. 2. p. 19. 2. 29.
Habitat in America auftrali. |
Antecedenti proxime adfinis, neque ab illa forfan tam- quam peculiaris {pecies diverfa. Punta {parfa ely- trorum fortaffis a fanie, dum infeétum acu occide- retur, emicante orta, ut in noftra M. con/purcata.
M. thorace elongato fubciliato, elytris lanceolatis viri- dibus, nigro maculatis; alis nigricantibus nigro li- neatis, cofta ex fufco flavefcente.
M. cingulata.. Gmelin fy/t. nat. ed.13. p. 2055. 1. 48.
Drury inf. 2. p. 89. t 49. fr 2 . .
Stoll Mant. t.9. f. 32.
Habitat in America auttrali, Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Antenne filiformes mediocres. Abdomen nigro cin- gulatum.
M. thorace elongato fubciliato, elytris ovalibus viri- dibus, fafcia punétifque ferrugineis. Fabric: entom. piftem. 2. p23. 42. Mas: _
Stoll Mant. t. 9. fi 31. femina,
E.3 Habitat
28 = Dr. Licutenstern’s Diflrtation on two Natural Genera
Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Mas multo minor quam femina differt thorace in- tegro.
Simulacrum, 24. M. thorace fubelongato, ciliato; elytris oblongis viri-
obfecraria. 25.
dibus macula media alba.
M. Simulacrum. Fabric. entom fyfem. 2. pr 21. 1. 340
Stoll Mant. t. 12 f. 49.
Habitat in Indiis. Muf. Dom. de Breukelerwerth.
Antennz filiformes longe; thorax paulo brevior et antice Jatior, quam in tribulibus.
M. thorace elongato levi; elytris fpathulatis hyalinis, cofta viridis ocello rubro, dimidiato albo; alis hy- alinis.
Stoll Mant. t. 18. f. 66.
Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei. Muf. D. de Breukelerwerth.
Antennz filiformes mediocres. Ulnz intus macula nigra. M. oratorie adfinis, attamen diverfa.
oratoria, 26, M. thorace elongato levi, elytris viridibus immacu-
latis. M. oratoria. Fabric. entom. fyfi. 2. p. 20. 1. 31. «mas. Mantis religiofa: Linn. /yft, nat. 2. p. 690. m. 5. Roef. inf. 2. Gryll. te 1. fo 1, % Schaef. elem, t. 81. Seb, Muf. 4. t. 67. f. 7, 8. Stoll Mant. t. 5. f. 19. B femina. M. oratoria. Linn, /yft. nat. 2. p. 690. n. 6, Roef. inf. 2. Gryll. t.2. f.5. tem inf. 4 t. 12.
Sulz. bift. inf. t. 8. fi 4s De Geer
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis 29
De Geer inf. 3. p. 410. m. 5. t. 37. fo 2. hic delenda, nam eft M. fanéia, quod vel magnitudo docet.
Seb. Muf. 4. t. 67. f. 9, 10.
Stoll Mant. t. 17. f. 64.
y ftriata. M. ftriata. Fabric. entom. fyfiem. 2. p. 20. 0. 30. ~
Reef. inf. 2. Gryll, t.2. f: 6.
Habitat ubique in Zona torrida et temperata.
Mas antennis longioribus; thorace breviore. Femina alis apice viridibus.
confpurcata, 27. M. thorace carinato ciliato, elytris fpathulatis hya-
linis, cofta fubrepanda viridi, (punétis ferrugineis fparfis.)
Stoll Mant. t. 16. f. 60. ib. t. 4. f- 12. pupa.
Habitat in Coromandel. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Adfinis M. oratorie, at paulo major; antennz filifor- mes mediocres. Thorax manifefto ciliatus. Puncta {parfa videntur-a fanie, dum occideretur, orta.
. M. thorace latiufculo; oculis prominentibus ; elytris
alifque grifeo hyalinis, fufco maculatis. M. grifea. . Fabric. entom. fyi. 2. p. 22. N. 40. Stoll Mant. t. 6. f. 23.
Habitat in Coromandel.
-Statura mediocris. Caput quale Agrii virginis, at ma-
jus. Antennz filiformes mediocres. Corpus artuf- que grifei, fufco punétati. Elytra oblonga, cofta fubrepanda. :
ochroptera, 29. M. thorace levi, elytris oblongis teftaceis, macula la-
terali fufca. De Geer inf. 3. t. 36. ft 8? Stoll
30 Dr. Licutenstetn’s Differtation on two Natural Genera
adjperfa.
hyalina.
monacha.
Sanéla.
faftiata.
30.
31;
32.
Stoll Mant, t.6. f. 22. pupa? t. 4. f. 13. larva?
Habitat in Coromandel. Adhuc dubia {pecies.
M. thorace ciliato; elytris alifque longis grifeis fufco maculatis.
Stoll Mant. t. 11. fi 41-
Habitat in Africa equinoétiali.
Similis M. precarie, fed minor. Elytra alaque ob- longa integerrima.
M. thorace ciliato, elytris hyalinis ‘margine viridi, fronte bidentata.
M. hyalina. Fabric. entom. fyft. 2. p. 21. m 37.
De Geer inf. 3. p- 410. % 4. te 37. fa Ie
Habitat in America.
Nimis adfinis videtur M. oratoria.
M. thorace levi, elytris alifque viridi hyalinis. M. monacha. Fabric. entom. fyft. 2. p. 21. n. 35. Stoll Mant, t. 1. f. 2. mas.
Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei. Similis M. precarie, fed duplo minor.
33. M. thorace ferrulato, elytris viridibus immaculatis, alis
34:
hyalinis. 2 M. fanéta. Fabric. entom. fyflem. 2. p. 21. n. 33. De Geer inf. 3. ¢. 37. f. 2 Mantis oratoria. - Habitat in Europa auftrali. Similis M. precaria, at triplo minor. Elytra oblonga integerrima.. Alz apice virefcentes. M. thorace fubcarinato levi ; elytris oblongis integer- rimis
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 31
rimis dilute fufcis; alis cinereis fufco undatis, fafcia lata purpurea juxta bafin hyalinam.
Stoll Mant. t. 18. f. 68.
Habitat in Surinamo.
Similis M. purpurafcenti; fed hujus tribus. Antenne filiformes mediocres.. Thorax elongatus vix margi- natus, fed fubcarinatus nec linearis, Elytra alaque longitudine abdominis..
truncata. 35. M-thorace levi; elytris integerrimis; alarum apice exalbido ;. abdomine depreffo, margine lobato.
M. truncata. Fabric. entom. fifi, 2. 2B 17.. 1. 20.
Stoll Mant. 1, 3. f. 10.
Habitat in America auftrali.
Parva fed. robufta. Abdomen: fafciis fufcis cingula- tum, Elytra-puncto-difci fufco..
neuroptera. 36. M. thorace lavi, antice: tereti ; cee alifque:hyalinis,, fufco venofis.
Stoll Mant. t. 12..f. 46s
Habitat in Ceylon.
Elytra et alz fere, ut neuropteris v..c. Hemerobiis,. longiores quam abdomen. Attamen certiflime hu-- jus generis et tribus.
Confer. M.. perfpicua Fabric. entom. hh yt. n. 48. cui: fimillima preter maculas : item
M. parva Gmelin p. O55 m.47. Drury inf 2. p..755. te 39. f--5.
caffrana. 37: M. thorace lzvi, antice tereti, poftice marginato;. ely-- __ tris viridibus, fulphureo marginatis..
Stoll Mant. t. 11. fi 43>. Habitat:
32
Dr. LicuTENsTeIN’s Difértation on two Natural Genera
prafinana. 38.
minutd.
pe. Sande
Sor
40.
Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpet.
Proxime adfinis M. fancte.
M. thorace depreffo, fubcarinato, levi; elytris brevi- bus acutis; alis abdomine longioribus nigris apice flavefcentibus.
Stoll Mant. t. 1. fo 4.
Habitat in Surinamo.
Corpus parvum viride. Elytra brevia, medio linea ele- vata fufca, fere ut Phafmatis; fed caput, thorax et brachia Mantin arguunt. Pedes poftici teretes te- nuiffimi.
“M. thorace elongato teretiufculo, elytris hyalinis cofta
virefcente. Fabric. entom. fyflem. 2. p. 24. 1. 50. Stoll Mant. t..2. f.7- Habitat in America auftrali. Muf. Dom. Holthuyfen.
Parva. Caput cordatum oculis lateralibus. Antenne filiformes breves. Pedes antici a reliquis diftantes capiti approximati. Elytra et al viridi hyaline.
M. thorace teretiufculo, elytris alifque reticulatis albis, priorum cofta macula laterali ferruginea.
Fabric. entom. fyfiem. 2. p. 24+ Ms 49.
Raphidia Mantifpa. Linn, fifi. nat. 2. p. 916. 2. 2.
Raphidia ftiriaca. Pod. Muf: Grec. 101. 4.1. fi rs.
Mantis Perla. Pallas /picil. zool. fafc. 9. p. 14. t. 1. f. 8.
Stoll Mant. t.2. f. 6.
Habitat in Gallia, Germania.
Parva. Caput cordatum oculis lateralibus. Brachia ca piti approximata. Thorax brevior quam antece- dentis ; vix carinatus, integerrimus.
pufilla.
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 33
pujilla. 4X.
nana. 42.
angulata. 43.
Vor. VI. -
M. thorace teretiufculo levi, elytris alifque oblongis integerrimis hyalinis, priorum cofta flavefcente.
Fabric. entom. fiflem. 2. pu 25. 0. 5¥.
Pallas fpicil. xool. fafe. 9. ~. 35. tt. f. 9.
Stoll Mant. t. 1. f. 3.
Habitat ad Cap. bon. fpei.
Parva, vix major quam Raphidia Ophiopfis.
M. thorace teretiy{culo elongato, elytris alifque hyali- nis fufco venofis, abdomine longioribus.
Stoll Mant, t. 4. f: 15;
Habitat in Coromandel.
Antecedenti adfinis, attamen diverfa. Abdomen vix depreffum; brachia capiti approximata. Corpus rvefum; elytrorum cofta angufta rufefcens.
tt Dioptrice ; oculis conico-acuminatis.
M. thorace mediocri, elytris finuato-repandis, abdo- mine lobato. 8h
Stoll Mant. t. 4. fo 14. Habitat in Surinamo. Muf, Dom. Holthuyfen.
Corpus mediocre at robuftum ferrugineum. Caput cor- nutum vertice bifido. Antenne filiformes medio- cres. Thorax cinereus fubcarinatus elongatus levis. Abdomen rufo-fafciatum, marginatum lobis ciliato- dentatis. Brachia ut in congeneribus. Pedes curforii fimpliciffimi, lobis nullis; quum reliquz Mantes de- preffze dioptricae omnes quoque fimul arthritice re- periantur, vel hoc nomine, ut alioque fpecies max- ime fingularis.
F This
34 De. LicuTENSTEIN’s Differtation on two Natural Genera-
This may be fufficient for the nomenclature of the two genera: which I have taken the liberty to name in German Blati/chrecke, or Laubfehrecke, and Fang/chrecke. \t is unneceffary to repeat here all that I have faid in Latin; I will only make a few general remarks,. efpecially on the fpecies omitted by Fabricius. In the Entomologia Syftematica we find in all 51 Mantes; There defcribe 25 Pha/mata and 43 Mantes, together 68 fpecies; hence it might be concluded,, that I had 17 new fpecies;. but this mode of reckoning is not per- fectly fure: it may be, and is, indeed, the fact, that I have added: more than 17 fpecies. The defcriptions of Fabricius are very good. and correét, but they are frequently infufficient to determine to which family a Mantis belongs, and, therefore, I cannot always be certain whether this or that {pecies delincated by Stoll, where I do not cite: Fabricius, may not yet be found in the Entomologia Syftematica: But this will be very rarely the cafe, and nearly all the {pecies of. Fabricius, which I pafs over in the monograph, are certainly want-- ing in Stoll.
Every one acquainted with the fubjeét will obferve, that the firft 15 Mantes of Fabricius are one-and all Pha/mata. A certain proof that the difference of the habit ftruck alfo the attention of this. fharp-fighted entomologift. The Phafma citrifolium alone has gone aftray among the Mantes, under the name of M. fccifolia, n. 24. This has been occafioned partly by its belonging to.a peculiar fa- mily, which has rather more refemblance to the Mantes than the- other Pha/mata, and partly from:this circumftance, that Fabricius was. acquainted only with the female, and not with the male, which bears. much ftronger marks of a Pha/ma than the female. Three f{pecies of Phafma occur in Fabricius: which Stoll has. not, and which I have hefitated to number in the order of {pecies. Not that I doubt their exiftence; but becaufe they are males, and I cannot be cer~ tain that the female is not already reckoned among the fpecies.. They
are
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 35
are the following, M. /pinofa, x. 9. M. bifpinofa, n. 10. and M. aurita, m 13+ This laft is, in all probability, the male of the Pha/ma Dracunculus, provided it has broad forelegs, and in general fkinny margins on all its legs, which may eafily be determined by infpec- tion of the Lundian collection in Copenhagen. The next in order, P&. lineare, is certainly at leaft of the fecond family, and, pro- bably, the male of my Pé. Obrtmannz, ‘The Pb. /pinofum and bifpino- Jum belong certainly to the firft family, and are very nearly related to the PA. atrophicum and heéticum. The laft mentioned are alfo males, of which the females are, perhaps, already known. In the genus Pha/ma, the males in general are very clearly diftinguifhable from the females. The fexual diftin¢tions may be taken with the greateft advantage from thofe fpecies of which the males and fe- males are known with perfect certainty as belonging to each other. Thefe are particularly my Ph. nevium and Pb. edule. There are, indeed, fome genera in which it feems that the difference of the fexes in refpeét to magnitude is only obfervable in fome fpecies, and notin the genus at large. I need not go fo far as to mention that in the genus Cervus, the ftag, Cervus Elaphus, is greater than the hind; and, on the contrary, the roebuck, Cervus Capreoius, is confi- derably fmaller than the doe; fuch confiderations would carry me too far from my purpofe, I will confine myfelf to infeéts. Here we -have the Bombyx difpar, in which an inequality exifts between the two fexes that may be called unexampled in this genus. It were ufelefs to affert that there is a natural genus among the Ghffata of which the fexes are unequal in fize, and which ought to be fepa- rated from the genus Bombyx, in the fame manner-as the Lucani, where the fexes are of unequal magnitudes, are feparated from the more proportionate Pafali. Yet, fetting afide all thefe minutix, we “may affame it as a probable hypothefis, until the contrary be clearly proved, that the differences of moft, if not of all, the other fpecies of F 2 Phafina,
36 Dr. Licurenstrin’s Difertation on two Natural Genera
Phafma, with refpect to fex, are analogous to thofe of the xevium and edule, This being granted, we may obferve that, 1. The males are always much lefs than the females. 2. Their antennz are pro- portionably longer and thicker. 3. Their hemelytra are {maller, round-oval, {harper at the tip, thorned at the bafe; thofe of the females larger, oval, rounded off at the tip, without thorns, but more {trongly ribbed. 4. The females of fome {pecies are, perhaps, with- out wings, although they have hemelytra, and the males have really wings. The Phofma citrifolium of the fecond family, and the Ph. angulatum of the firft, afford examples of this. It is not im- pofible that fome females may be found to want both wings and hemelytra, whofe males may have both. At the fame time, there are certainly fome males without wings in the perfect ftate. The PA. fliforme in the Ohrtmannian collection is, without doubt, a male, full grown, and yet without any wings. Time will fhow whether or not this Pd. filiforme be the male of the Pb. Ramulus. 5. The head and thorax of the male Phafma are more thorny than thofe of the female. 6, The female Péa/mata have, between the three leaves at the end of the abdomen, a proper {pine for laying eggs; the male organs, concealed ina fimilar pofition, are in dried fpecimens not to be clearly diftinguifhed. 7. The forefeet of the males are in proportion longer, thinner, and dentated with fewer but ftronger thorns.
Thefe obfervations may be of ufe in bringing together the fexes of the fame fpecies, and may ferve to guide and affift a reader, who | has an opportunity of obferving thefe infects alive, to throw more light on their economy and procreation. But, on the other hand, they render difficult the determination of the fpecies. The fpecific charaéters ought properly never to be taken from the particulars juft mentioned, as they hardly ever agree perfeétly in both fexes. I have fought as much as poffible to avoid this error in the defcfiption of
the
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 37
the fpecies, of which I knew both the male and the.female. Where I could afcertain but one fex, whether in a natural {pecimen, or in a drawing or defcription of good authority, I have been obliged, againft my own principles, to form the {pecific characters from thofe variable diftin&tions which are fubject to change with the difference of fex. In this refpect, therefore, whoever {hall hereafter think proper to write a more complete and accurate monograph on the Pha/mata, will find ftill much room left for corre&tions and improvements. I confider myfelf as excufed in the eyes.of enlightened judges, as having been able to miake ufe only of dried fpecimens and books; and, be- fides, as fairly confeffing and pointing out the defeéts of my {pecific characters, and recommending them to the improvements of thofe who have opportunity of examining the living fubjects. . In the genus of the proper Mantes, the difference between the two fexes is far from being fo ftriking as inthe Pha/mata. IWbelieve that I have obferved in fome fpecies the following fexual charaéters, which I do not Jay down dogmatically, but propofe, as a critical reafoner, to be brought to the teft by thofe who have opportunity and {kill to make ufe of them. 1. The male Mantes are only a lit- tle fmaller than the females. 2. Their antenne are confiderably longer, and fomewhat thicker, fometimes, although rarely, even pec- tinated. Thus, perhaps, the M. flabellicornis may be the male of M. gongyades; on the other hand, both fexes of the M. pectinicornis feem to have pectinated antenne. 3. The males have proportionably larger eyes than the females; in refpect to form and fituation, the eyes of each fex agree of courfe very exactly. 4. The thorax of the males is narrower, and, efpecially at the margin, fmoother. 5. Their abdomen is narrower and thinner. 6. Their hemelytra are narrower, and often longer. 7. Their wings are longer, and every way larger. 8. Their arms are fomewhat longer ; the upper and lower arm nar- rower, and lefs flattened ; the {ciflar-like, or falciform hand, narrower 4 mye and
38 Dr. Licurenstern’s Differtation on two Natural Genera
and longer; the thumb rounder and longer. The females are pro- portionately the reverfe in all thefe refpects, that is, the whole form is heavier, broader, flatter, and firmer. The proper organs of gene- ration of the Mantes do not, in dried fpecimens, admit of exami- nation.
From this digreffion on the fexual differences in both genera, I return to the account which I propofed to give.
In Gmelin’s thirteenth edition of the Syfema Nature the Pha/mata ftand as in Linné, intermixed with the Mantes. But we find fome enumerated amongft them that Fabricius has not. The M. cylindrica, 2. 54. is doubtlefs the male-of M. necydaloides. I have united both under Ph. nevium, M. phthifica is probably the male of my PA. edule. M, labiata is alfo a Pha/ma, but I can fay nothing further of it. M. gigantea is‘our Ph. angulatum, as 1 rather choofe to call it after Fabricius; it Js this fpecies.defcribed from a female.
I now come to the proper Mantes. I muft here enumerate the . following from Fabricius, which I have been obliged to omit, not being able to afcertain to which family they belong. 1. M. /wper- Jitiofa of that author, 2, 27. appears to belong to the Mantes with a flattened ‘body, rounded feet, and round eyes, and in my feries to come in between M. firumaria and precaria. 2. M. feneftrata, n. 38. appears to claim a place in the fame family and party. 3. M. bidens, n. 39. belongs to my arthritic divifion with round eyes, between lobipes and mendica. 4. M..ruflica, n, 43. mutt, according to analogy, -be alfo arthritical; and in that cafe it follows J. peclinicornis, 5. M. faufia, Fabr. n. 47. 1s {carcely a fpecies effentially different from the JZ. cculata. 6. M. perfprcua mutt be placed direétly after my neuroptera.
The following Mantes of Gmelin I am quite at a lofs to arrange, as I have no fufficient accounts to enable me to afcertain their fa- mily and relationihip with any certainty. 1. M. maculata, n. 45.
6 2. M, capen-
hitherto confounded under the Name of Mantis. 39.
2. M. capenfis, n. 46. 3. M. angufta, n. 50. 4. M. fibirica, n. 51. and 5. M. brachyptera, n. §2.
The new {pecies, which I here defcribe for the firft time, with the addition of coloured plates, are the following:
1. Phafma bhecticum, 'T as. 1. fig. 2. 2. Phafma Obrtmanni, Tas. I. fig. 1. 3- Mantis Filum, Tas. Il. fig. 2.
The Phafina beéticum, which is an inhabitant of China, I de- fcribe from a.f{pecimen in the collection of Mr. Holthuyfen; it is of the male fex, and refembles the Pha/ma Gigas; but does not feem to be the male of that fpecies, although its female muft be of the fize of the PA. Gigas.
The head is oblongo-ovate, highly vaulted, and covered with-a: fhagreen-like fkin. The forehead is elongated into-a- {harp pore rected horn, which isexcavated in the middle-with a-deep furrow ; the margins: are bent round and ferrato-dentated. It confifts of two leaflets, compreficd from the fides, which the infect, when alive, can probably feparate at pleafure from each: other, and move either of them,apart. |The organs of feeding are of the fame nature with the others of this genus and family. The eyes are fituated under the forehead, and are {mall,. round, and. black.. The antennz are feta- ceous, originate: between the eyes, and have, at the bafe, two thick divifions ; the reft are longifh, and become, by degrees, narrower. and: narrower.;
i. TBe-
( 40 )
Il. The Botanical Hifory of the Genus Ebrharta. By Olof Swartz, M.D. F.M.L.S.
Read Fanuary 7, 1800.
AMONG the numerous botanical acquifitions made upwards of twenty years ago by Profeffor Thunberg during his extenfive pere- gtinations in the fouthern part of Africa, was a kind of grafs, whofe difference from all before known, occafioned him to confider it as a peculiarly diftinét genus. It was afterwards defcribed and deline- ated by him in the Memoirs of the Swedifh Royal Academy for 1779, p. 216. ¢.8. under the nate of Ebrharta, in honour of F. Ehbrhart, native of Berne in Switzerland, once a pupil of the elder Linnzus, and His Britannic Majefty’s botanift at Hanover; a man of great merit in the fcience of botany, and who is well known by his labours, particularly in the hiftory of graffes and the cryptogamous tribe. .
The fame year this genus was adopted amongft the Nova Graminum Genera, arranged in a differtation under the prefidency of the younger Linnzus at Upfala,
In the mean time, the Abbé Rozier publifhed in his Journal de Phyfique, 1779,-p. 225. a botanical defcription made by L. Richard, ofa kind of grafs called by him Lrochera frriata, of which, notwith- ftanding the indifferent figure he has given, it is not difficult to per- ceive the near affinity with the former,
Several years afterwards the Prefident of the Linnzan Society defcribed in the firft fafciculus of his Plantarum Icones haétenus inedite,
4.9.
Dr. Swarrz’s Botanical Hiftory of the Genus Ehrharta. At
t..9..a new fpecies, under the name of Ebrharta panicea, dete€led in the year 1776 by Sonnerat, at the Cape of Good Hope.
In the fecond fafciculus of the fame valuable work, the author enriches the genus Ebrharta with two other fpecies, the E. longiflora and E. calycina, the latter of which had, fome time before, appeared in the Linnéan rah Plantarum, p. 108. where it is called Ara ca- penfis.
But the reat nian fimilarity of this genus with that of Me/ica, has made me anxious to examine, with the leave of my higbly ef- teemed friend Prof, Thunberg, into feveral of thofe {pecies preferved in his mufeum, which we find not only inlifted in the Swpp/. Plant. under the generic names of Melica and dira, but even thofe inferted in the firft part of his own Prodr. Flore Copenfis; and to my very great fatisfaction, I have had the good fortune to dete& fome poffeft- ing all the charaéteriftic marks of the genus in queflion. Iam happy to acknowledge my high obligations to Prof. Thunberg, by whofe generous communications I Hive thus been able to attain a tolerably complete knowledge of feveral beautiful kinds, which will ftill more help to fettle the limits of this moft diftiné& genus, and become fo many cyprefles round the urn of a man ‘untimely loft for {cience, whofe name will be preferved by them in the annals of botany.
Having now had the opportunity of ftudying and comparing fo many fpecies, I venture to offer more accurate charafters to form the natural and genuine difference of the Ebrharta from other ge- nera of the fame natural order, the character hitherto given in the Suppl. Plant. and in the above-mentioned differtation, being rather a {pecific defcription of the inca f saytei on eH this new genus was firft founded.
Habitus generis naluralis. Radix fibrofa |, rarius bulbofa. - Culmi conferti, fimplices 1. fubdivifi, fubinde fatto, articulati, bee
Vor. VI. G . niculati,
42 Dr, SwaRrt2’s Botanical Hiftory
niculati, ereéti, 1. verfus radicem decumbentes, ftoloniferi; in qui- bufdam fuffrutefcentes. Folia ut in gramineis bafi vaginantia, difco plana, apice interdum _ convoluta; margine cartilaginea {cabra |, crenulato-undulata. Vagina aréte, fauce contractx, ligulifere. Panicula terminalis, fimpliciufcula, contracta |: patens. Flores mutici |. ariftati. Glume calycine fepius colorate. .
Charaéter genericus. CAL. Glatt uniflora, bivalvis. ‘alvule corolla fepius breviores, ovate, acute, concavor canaliculatz, mutice, patentiufculz, inaquales. exterior plerumque minor, anageences| Atay interiorem bafé amplectens.. ; ‘interior parum major,. lato-ovata, acuta. + Cor. Glima duplex, calyce longior, fubclaufa, Exterior bivalvis. - Valvule complicate, compreffz, amplexantes inequales, feepe bafi uno alterove fafciculo villorum predita.. . interior anguttior, bafi utroque latere excifa. exterior latior, ante florefcentiam maximam partem interioris obvolvens, infima bafi interiorem fubtus (articulatione quah) excipiens. Interior anceps, bivalvis. Valvule complicate, membranacee, carinatz inaequales, exterior \atior, bafi ad Jatera excifa glumz oppofite corollz exterioris illam amplectens.. ; interior fabulato-falcata. Ad bafin interioris, verfus rele’ interiorem glumz corollinz: exterioris:
~
of the Genus Ebrharta. — - 43
exterioris, infidet svderculum feffile, fubrotundum, inzequale; forfan rudimentum flofculi. )
Neéarium. Petalas. membranule 2. minima, bafi craffiufculas
apice tenuiffima ; genitalia obvolventia.
_ Sram. Filamenta 6. breviflima, circa germen inferta, <Anthere li- neares, erecta, bafi emarginate, apice bifide, biloculares: loculis apice oblique hiantibus.
Pist. Germen ovatum, minutum, glabrum. S¢yli duo, breviffimi, ereéti, contigui. Stigmata longa, conniventia, demum diver- gentia, compreffo-bijubata. .
Per. nullum; fed valvul coroll. perfiftentes includunt
SEMEN unicum glabrum. ida
Charaéter effentialis. ;
Cau. Ghome bivalvis uniflora. Cor. Gluma duplex, utraque bivalvis ; exerior bafi excifa.
From the above generic character it appears—that the g/ume co= rollin being joined at the bafe by a kind of hinge or afticulation, the interior of the exterior corolline glumes is emarginated at the fides of the bafe, or has on each fide a femilunar cavity ;—that a rudimentum flofcult is commonly found atthe bafe between thetwointerior corolline valves ; but in thofe fpecies where this rudiment is wanting, a /gvama petaloidea is feen in its place on both fides, where the interior valve is emargi- nated ;—that the filaments are not inferted in a parallel manner on two fides of the germen, but furround it; the amthera, however, concealéd within the compreffed glumes of the corolla, are placed three on each oppofite fide of the pi/filum;—that the anthere open only at the top at the time of fcecundation ;—and finally, that the pees are invariably two, and the Stigmata bijubata.
Gat” This
“44 ~ Dr. Swar'rz's Botanical Hiflory
This genus ought accordingly, in the fexual fyftem, to take its place in Hexandria digynia, immediately after Oryza, it having been erroneoufly placed in the order monogynia; of this I {hall have occa- fion to fay more hereafter. With refpeét to its natural order, it belongs to the Gramineae, like the Oryza, Zizania and Pharus, with which it agrees in number of ftamina,—a number unufual among the grafles,
As to the habit of the fpecies in general, they approach particu- larly that of the Melice, although quite different in the number and the difpofition of the glumes.
The natural place of growth of this genus, as far as. we yet know, is only near the fouthernmoft part of Africa, commonly called the Cape of Good Hope.
As there are fpecies with 47 ie as well as without them, I have. thought it moft convenient in the following {cientific pet sraptions, to div cae the Ebrharie into Mutice and Arifiate.
; > * Mutica. “x EHRHARTA mnematea.
E. glumis corollinis exterioribus rugofis obtufis (muticis) ; A re fimplici laxa, culmo indivifo; foliorum cae cartilagineo crifpo.
E. mnemateia, foliis yaad crifpis, corolia rugofa obtufa. Thunb.
prodr. fl. Cap. p. 66.
E. capenfis, Aét. Holm. 1779, p. 216. t. 8. Nova plant. gen. Up. 1779» Linn. fuppl. 209. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 54.9
E. cartilaginea, culmo indivifo, panicula fimplici, corolla exteriore retufa fubmutica, foliorum margine cartilagineo-crifpo. Smith icon. plant. ined. II. ¢. 32.
E. nutans, Lamarck encycl. fp. to ped Descr.
of the Genus Ebrharta. 4S.
Duscr. Radices filiformes, long, fimplices, rigide, erumpentes fub bulbo fapra radicali glabro lutefcente, vaginis foliorum ra- dicalium fubimbricatis ftriatis emarcidis tecto.
Culmus ere&tus, fimplex, fubbipedalis, remote articulatus (ar- ticulis circiter quinque) foliofus, craffitie culmi Triciti re-
. pentis. :
Folia inferiora s. radicalia longiora, palmaria, fuperiora bre- viora, fubenfiformia, ereGta, marginata, margine cartila~ ginea, crifpa, |, crenulata, difco leviufcula, fubtus nervofo- ftriata, bafi in vaginis contractis definentia, fauce reflexo nigro. Ligula minuta albida membranacea ciliata intra faucem inferta culmumque cingens. ;
Panicula ereéta, fimplex, fubflexuola; pedunculi bini ternique, laxiufculi, capillares, inferiores 2—3 flori, fub floribus incraffati, faepeque colorati.
Flores magni, cernui, flavo-purpurafcentes.
“Calyx bivalvis. Valvule fubequales, fubovate, acute, concave, leviter carinatz, patentes, membranacez, vix nervof, tote glabrx, dorfo et bafi fufco purpurafcentes. Interior paulo major latiorve, exteriore bafi amplexa.
Gluma corollina duplex, mutica, calyce longior. _
Exterior acinaciformis, bivalvis.
Valvule complicate, comprefliufculz, oblongo-lanceolate obtufe, bafi paullulum excife. exterior elongato-obovata, latior, carinata, dorfo. leviffime ~~ recurvata, lateribus inferne coftatis et rugofis, margini- - bus fuperne fubconvolutis; apice carinaque (oculo armato) fcabriufcula fubhifpidas fafciculis duobus villo- rum albiffimorum extus bafin, unus fupra alterum
A infertis, {zpe pallide violacea.
46 Dr. SwArt2’s Botanical Hifory
interior anguftior, linearis, acumine breviffimo vix incurva, obtufe carinata, tota rugis tranf{verfis elevatis notata, mar- gine fubciliata, pallefcens; ad utrumque latus bafeos ca~ rine hifpidule fafciculo villorum predita.
Interior bivalvis.
Valoule inequales, complicate, glaberrima, membra- nacez, pallide virefcentes.
exterior ovato-lanceolata obtufa, emarginata, dorfo impri- mis carinata; nervofa.
interior multo anguftior, lanceolato-falcata, dorfo bicari-_ nata, margine tenuiflima, albida.
Inter bafin hujus et interiorem corollz exterioris, zuberculuim fcffile, minutum, inzquale.
Neéfarium. Petala bina, minuta, obovata, erecta, bafi flavef- centia, fuperne tenuiflima albida, margine.lacero-ciliata, genitalia amplectentia.
Filamenta fex breviffima s. longitudine ne@arii, circa bake germinis inferta, alba. dathere erecte, lineares, longitu- dine glumz interioris corollz, bafi emarginatz, apice bifido extrorfum pollen emittentes ; lutex.
Germen ovato-compreffiufculum, glabrum. Sty/# duo, fila- mentis breviores latiufculi comprefli, conniventes. Stig- mata \ongitudine antherarum erecta, vix divergentia, compreffo-bijubata s. pilis diftichis longiufculis albido- fplendidis ornata.
Semen ovatum, glabrum, ‘glumis caieillinis inclufum.
This beautiful grafs is diftinguifhed by its acinaciform or {cymitar- fhaped flowers, and its leaves being more cartilaginous and undulated at their edges than in any other known fpecies. “Though the culm is not fo long as in many other fpecies, the flowers furpafs moft of them jn fize. That the root, though provided with fibres, is at the fame
9 j time.
of the Genus Ebrbarta. 47
time bulbous, is a circumftance, I believe, hitherto not attended to. Truth obliges me alfo to declare that the Ebrbarta mnematea, or Ca- _ penfis, is not monogynous, but really digynous. . The miftake, how- ever, was eafily made, becaufe the ftyles are very fhort, and the long {tigmas in the compreffed valves ftick clofe to one another, and ap- pear as one, like a plume with four margins, and is called by Linnzus quadrijubatum, fourmaned; but on a nearer {crutiny, by the help of a pin, it may be divided down to the top of the germen. Thunberg found this plant in the grafly regions about Swellendam,, and in other places at the Gape.. eri
iad 2. EHRHARTA panicea
E, glumis corollinis exterioribus glabris fubrugofis obtufis; panicula fubramofo fecunda ; culmo fubdivifo. E. panicea, culmo divifo, panicula fubramofa, floribus ere¢tis digynis. “Smith pl. ined. 1. t. Qe . . E. ereéta. Lamarck encycl. fp. 2.
Descr. Radices longiffime, fimpliciufculz, filiformes, fibrillis latera~ libus brevibus, ex albido-fufcz. ete ' Culmi cefpitofi, 1—2—3 pedales, geniculati, inferne decum- bentes, fubadfcendentes, ad genicula (prefextim inferiora) - fabdivifi, quafi ramofi, tereti-compreffiufculi, glaberrimi, ftriatuli, foliof. ‘ Stolones tereti-fubulati albidi vaginati e radicibus ad bafin ~ culmorum emiffi, Genicula majufcula, glabra F Folia 2—6 pollicaria et ultra, lineari-lanceolata, acuta, ereta,. longitudinaliter ftriata glabra; margine integra leviter undulata {cabriufcula, oculo armato cartilagineo-ferru- lates; juniora pubefcentia, lete virentia. ; Vagina:
48
Dr. Swanvz's Botanical Hiflory
Vagine foliorum compreffe culmum aréte cingentes, ore membranacez ciliata; digu/a albo-membranacea, femitu- bulofa, laciniato-ciliata, intra faucem inferta,
Panicule terminales, erectiufcule, laxe, fubramofe. Pedun- culi capillares, fuperiores fimplices, erecti, alterni; inferiores terni fecundi, quorum duo elongati, horizontaliter patulo- deflexi, pedicellis 1—2 linearibus, fub flofculis incraffatis, pubefcentibus, unifloris.
Flores ere&ti, virides, polygami.
oer bivalvic.. Valvule ovate, concave, fubcarinate, ob- ’ tufe, glabra, virides, apice Een purpurafcentes, exteriore majore.
Gluma corollina exterior mutica, calyce parum longior. Va/- vule complicate, oblong®, concave, obtufa, compreffiuf- cule, margine membranacex, dorfo (oculo armato) car- tilagineo-ferrate bafi nud; fubequales. Exterior levis, bafi triquetra; interior leviter coftata, bafi pubefcens nec villofa, valde excifa; lateribus inter coftas tranf{verfaliter rugofis.
——interioris valvule complicate, carinate ; exterior parum latior, glaberrima, 5-nervia, viridis, inerjorem minorem, teneriorem, bicarinatam, albidam, amplectens.
Tuberculum minutum ovatum ad bafin inter valvulas corolli- nas interjores. .
Neéarii petala duo minutiffima, obovata retufa ereéta, plana
integerrima, genitalia includentia.
Stam. 6. longitudine valvularum. Filamenta_ breviffima. Anthere \ineares, bafi apiceque emarginatez, biloculares, lutez, apice extrorfum hiantes, pollinifera.
' Germen ovatum, glabrum, bafi attenuatum: Sty/ duo, fta-
minibus
of the Genus Ehrharia. 49
: minibus breviores, divaricati. Stigmata albida, bijubata :
pilis longis.
Semen oblongum, compreffiufculum, bafi oblique attenuatum, glabrum, femidiaphanam; valvulis cor. inclufum.
Alii flofculi monoici, hermaphroditis in eadem panicula mixti.
- Mafe. Piftillum abortiens.
Fem. Fidamenta \ongiffima, capillaria abfque antheris, circa
piftillum fertile.
Dr. Smith defcribed this {pecies after a dried fpecimen in the col- lection of his friend Thouin at Paris. Having myfelf cultivated the fame for fome years, it has been in my power to add a little to the fpecific defcription. From the manner of growing of this kind, as well as of others examined in the herbarium of Thunberg, it feems that, producing many fhoots or runners from the roots, they form graffy turfs. What has appeared to me moft fingular in the E. panicea is, that the lowermoft peduncles of the panicle lean hori- zontally towards one fide, or downwards. The flowers are, perhaps, the fmalleft of the genus. The lateral wrinkles (ruga)’of the ex- terior corolline valves alfo indicate an affinity to the foregoing, whofe flowers they refemble in-form. Their likenefs, how. rever, to fome of the panicum genus certainly juftifies Ne {pecific name given by Dr. Smith.
« is EHRHARTA ramofa.
E. glumis coroll. exterioribus fcabris retufis; panicula coarétata; culmo ramofiffimo fuffrutefcente.
Melica ramofa, corollis glabris muticis, panicula coarétata, culmo ramofo, Thunb. prodr. p. 21. Sp. pl. ed. Wild. p. 383.
Mav. VI. Hr Ebrharia
50 Dr. SWARTZ2’S Botanical Hiffory
Ebrharta digyna, foliis planis, corollis levibus piviltie coftatis.. Ibid. pp. 66.
Descr. Culmus 3—4-pedalis, erectus, -glaber ; inferne craffitie pennze anferinz, fubfolidus, rigidus, ramofiffimus, feu ad articulos nodofus, ubique dichotome fubdivifus, ramis teretibus. fubgeniculatis ftriatis glabris vaginatis.
Folia inferiora vaginantia concava lanceolata, s. potius vaginz
- inferiores bipollicares, culmum ramofque bafi cingentes,
ufque ad articulum aperte, ftriate, glabrz, virides.
Superiora, &. ramorum terminalium, linearia, apice erecto con- voluta, bafi longiffime et arcte vaginantia,
Panicule terminales,. erectx, coarctatx, vis sasians rarius ra~ _ mofz, bi- tri-pollicares.
Pedunculi 2—4 lin. long 2—3, cpiatite inzquales, uniflori.
Flores oblongo-lanceolati, ebtufi, ere@ti, albefcentes, glabri- ufcull.
Calycis. valvule fubxquales, ovato-lanceolatex, acute, con-
. cavo-carinatz, mutic, glaberrime, nitidz. Gluma coroll. vix longior calycis, intra calycem pedicellata.
Exterioris valuula fubequales, carinate, lanceolate fubretufe,. lineis elevatis notate (coftate Fhunb.) oculo armato fca- bris, carinaque ciliata; albida, apice extimo plerumque fufcze ; exterior fafciculo pilorum ad bafin dorfo inferto ; Interior bafi utroque latere ‘valde excifa, fafciculi$ pilorum duobus, fquamulifque femilunaribus minutiffimis albidis lateralibus adpreflis. (Forte rudimenta flofculorum.)
.. interioris valvule inequales, glaberrime, carinate ; exterior glume exterior fimillima, fed tota carinaque glabra; in- terior
‘ » 3
of the Genus Ehrharia. 51
ferior minor, tenerrima, acutiufcula, diaphana, aye fub- ciliata.
Tuberculum inter valv. inter. in hac fpecie deeft.
Neétarium: _Petala cuneiformia, retufa, integra, causa ampleétentia, albida.
Filamenta 6, breviffima. | Anthere \ineares, minute, flave, apice pollen emittentes.
Germen ovatum. Styli duo, divergentes, glumis breviores. Stigmata congenerum, albida.
‘
This kind is not lefs diftin& in its flowers than in the rigidity of its branching culm, which, about the articulations, is almoft ligneous.. The panicles at the top of all the branches, being ge- nerally undivided, have more the appearance of racemi, The flowers fomewhat refemble thofe of the Fe/tuca decumbens, and are quite bare, with ‘a calyx as long as the corolline valves, and frequently (not always) diftinguifhed by dark tips. Thunberg, probably induced by the outward refemblance of the flowers, made this fpecies a Mez- lica; but being in poffeffion of another, though lefs perfect, fpecimen, (which he did not fuppofe to be the fame with his Melica ramofa,)
‘and having in that found the flowers correfponding with the cha-
racter of Ehbrharta, he again inferted it in the Prodr. f. Cap. under the appellation of Ebrharta digyna.
Thunberg met with this grafs in a valley be from the Cape, called by the Dutch Zoetemelks-valle ey.
Lads EHRHARTA melicoides.
E. glumis corollinis exterioribus glaberrimis obtufis, panicula paten- tiffima.
Melica Capenfis, corollis glabris muticis, panicula patentiffima, folits fubfiliformibus. Thunb. prodr. Cap. p.21. Spec. plant. ed. Wild.
p- 383. H 2 ° DEscr.
~
$2
Dr. Swarrz's Botanical Hijlory.
Descr, Culmus erectus, inferne geniculatus, teres, ftriatus, glaber,
Articuli pubetcentes, albidi.
Folia \inearia, acuta, longiufcula, erecta, flriata, glabra, mar- gine cartilagineo fcabra. Vagine ar&te. Ligula fubnulla,
Panicula erecta, pedalis, ramofa. . :
Pedunculi patentiflimi, fubdivifi, 3—4nis, capillares, purpu- rafcentes 3 pedicellis tenuifiimis longiufculis laxis flexuofis, {ub floribus incraffatis, coloratis. ~
Flores ovati, E. panicee vix majores.
Calycis valvule wquales, dorfo obtufe carinate, oblong, leviter acute, fubnervof, glaberrimz, bafin verfus rubro s. violaceo-coloratz.
Gluma corollina mutica, tota glabra, nitens, pallide Virens..
Lxterioris valvula oblonge, obtufe, vix compreffx, dorfo convex, inaquales: exterior 3plo minor; mmterior magni- tudine calycis, bafi excifa, cum fquamulis lateralibus albidis.
Jnterioris valvula exterior magnitudine glumz exterioris ma- joris, oblonga, obtufa, glaberrimay ; interior minuta, lances olata, tenerrima, albida.
Neéarii petala fubrotunda, retufa, albida ad. latera germinis.
Filamenta 6, breviflima. Anthera lineares, longitud. coroll. interioris, flava, apice bifido polliniferz..
Germen ovatum. Styli duo, breves. Stigmata priorum, albida.
This fpecies has ftill more refemblance to:a Mel/ica, but the defcrip- tion above fhows its true genus. None of the former has fuch bare and rounded corolline glumes. It diftinguifhes itfelf at firft fight by the very diffufe panicles, more evidently fubdivided than in the other kinds. There can fcarcely be a doubt that this has been con- founded with the following:
g- EHR-
of the Genus Ebrbarta. re
soe 5. EHRHARTA calycina. -
E. giumis corollinis exterioribus fubpilofis obtufis cum acumine brevi;
panicula coar¢tata fimpliciufcula; culmo ramofo,
E. calycina, culmo ramofo, panicula fubfimplici, calyce colorato co-
rollam zquante. Smith ined. fafe. 11. t. 33- ‘Aira capenjis, calmo ramofo, floribus racemofis, corollis pilofis. Linn. Suppl. p. 108.
Descr. Radices capillares, filiformes, fimplices, longiffime.
Culmicaefpitofi, 2—3-pedales, fubdivili ve fubramofi, inferne geniculati, teretes, glabri.
Folia \inearia acuta, bi- fex- pollicaria, erecta, ftriata, margine fcabra (oculo armato-fubciliata).
Vagine ftriatze, fauce coar&tate, fubinde ciliate; Ligu/a mi- nuta, ereéta, membranacea, albida, multifido-ciliata.
Panicula ere&a, fimpliciufcula,: coarctata, femipedalis ; pedun- culis binis, ternis s. quaternis, capillaribus, rectis,, fubfecun- -dis, inferioribus 2—3—4-floris ; F pedicellis apice incraffatis.
ae erectiufculi, plerumque purpurafcentes, E. panicee , .duplo majores, plerique spice area pauci rey {ta- ‘minibus carent.
| Faluule calycine fabequales, ion giraaiue fere corolle, exteri- ‘ore parum anguttiore, lanceolate, obtufe’carinate, oblique retufe, ftriate, fcabriufcule vel glabra, fepe violaceo s.'pallide purpureo-colorata vel albide.
Valvule coroll. exterioris inequales, carinate, extus pilofe, obtufe fubretufe cum brevi acumine. Ex/erior anguftior, linearis, vix brevior ; ixterior duplo latior, apice compreffa, bafi parum excifa, abfque villis, fed {quamulis minutiffimis lateralibus,
8 ~~ | Vakoule
54 Dr. Swart 2’s Botanical Eiifiory
a Valvule interioris fubeequales, carinatz ; exterior rarius pilofa ; interior tenerrima.
Neéiarii petala integra, rotundata, albida.
Filamenta 6. Anthere erect, faves utrinque bifide, apice polliniferz, .
Germen ovale, glabrum. Seyli duo, breves. Stigmata pallida, bijubata, patula.
Semen oblongum, valv. coroll. inclufum.
Feminei in eadem panicula, quorum
Germen {etis 4—6 longis'rigidis albidis intra nectarium cin- gitur (forfan ftam. fterilia).
Varietas hujus {peciei occurrit :
Culmis filiformibus, foliis anguftioribus.
Floribas albidis, minoribus.
Calycibus non coloratis, glabris. |
Glum. cor. exter. valvula exteriore minuta, interiore obtufa, inter pilos oie tea
‘The defcription i Is fcetcely. more than a copy of the very good one already given by Doétor Smith, and proves this plant undoubtedly different from the genus of Aira. By comparing feveral fpecimens of the fame, I have;added fomething to the illuftration of the {pecies. The exterior corolline glumes, though obtufe, are ufually termi- nated towards the back in a very fhort point, often fcarce vifible to the naked eye.. The colour of the calycine and corolline glumes is fometimes alike in both, particularly in the variety above mentioned. The calyces are befides more or lefs coloured in moft of the fpecies. The hairinefs of the corolline valves is alfo various, but always to be feen, at leaft by the affiftance of the microfcope. The pointed exterior corolline glume, the whole compretied flo/cu/us, as well as
9 the
© - of the Genus Ebrbarta. 55
the appearance of the panicle, make this tint very dittin& from the E. melicoides jutt defcribed,
Sterile male filaments are likewife foxnic bail as.in the E. panicea; in feparate fowers-from the hermaphrodite. Dr. Smith has alfo ob- ferved the fame. There may, perhaps, be fomething analogous in all the fpecies of the genus, which for a of fufficient {pecimens- could not at prefent be explored.
** Ariftate. 6 EHR HARTA -geniculata, .
E. glumis coroll. exterioribus. hirtis, | altera mucronata ;. panicula coarétata; culmo decumbente geniculato. Melica geniculata,. corollis hirtis,. panicula coarétata, culmo decum- bente. Thunb. prodr. p.2%. Spec. pl. ed. Wild. p. 382. “DeEscr.: -Radices longiffime, filiformes, fimplices. - Culmi 3—4-pedales, teretiufculi, glabri, geniculan, inferne. ~ decumbentes, laxi.
ie _ Genicula tumida, fafcas, 4, .:;
Folia linearia; achiminiabiy: ies Gein colli matgine ob=: tufo cartilagineo leviter undulata, quafi_ tenuiffime crenu- lata, longitudinaliter ftriata, glabra, {upra glaucefcentia.
“Wariee longitudine articulorum, tereti-compreffiufculz, ftri- ate, glabre, arétz, fauce nigricante ciliate; /gula albido~- membranacea,, lacero-ciliata.) ||
Panicula erectiu{cula, coarétata, i naxlacibe femipedalis, pe- -dunculis fubfecundis, pedicellis fub floribus incraffatis. Flores oblongi, acuminati, ereéti, exalbido purpurafcentes.
- Kalvule calycine ovato-lanceolate, fabacute, concave, mu- ‘tice, glaberrime, pallide sip mete: aequales.
‘Faloules.
56 Dr. Swart2’s Botanical Hiftory
Valvule corolling exteriores calyce parum longiores, inzquales, carinatz, albefcentes, hirfutie ereéta tecta. Exterior li- nearis, acuminata}. inferior dimidio major, bafi excifa, ca- rina (oculo armato) ferrato-ciliata, mucrone (arifta brevi) fubulato fufco terminata,
Ad latera bafeos valv. inter. infident ein JSquamule fabro- tundz oppofite minutiflime albidz.
Valvule coroll. intertores mutice, glabra, carinatx. Exterior lato-lanceolata, apice obtufa, carina ciliata, flavefcens, margine tenui diaphana. Inéerior dimidio'minor lanceolata acuta tenera alba.
Neéiarii petala oblonga, erecta.
Filamenta 6, breviflima. Anthere. lineares, flava, pollen ex apice fundentes. sy
Germen ovatum, minutum. Siy/i 2. Stigmata alba, prece= dentium.
This moft refembles the E£. calycina; but, except a more genicu- lated difpofition of the culm, and the crifped edge of the leaves, as in the E. mneniatea, the flowers appear to be longer. The calycine glumes equal in length with the cor olla, which is more hairy than in the E. calycina. The exterior corolline glumes are alfo pointed, and one of them has a true, though thort, arifia.
7: E HR H AR TA longiflora,
E. glumis coroll. Sains Tugofis hifpidis ariftatis; panicula Tee ufcularamofa, —-
E. longiflora, culmo fimplici, . panicula ramofa multiflora, corolla ex- - teriori. mucronata tuberculato-hifpida, floribus triandris. Smith ined. t. 32.
E. arifiata,
of the Genus Ebrharta. 57
E. arifiata, foliis planis, corolla rugofa ariftata. Thunb. prodr, p. 60. E. Bankfi, floribus digynis, corollz gluma exteriori exterius hifpida. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. 11. p. 549.
- Descr. Radices fimplices, filiformes.
—_).
ie da
Cu/mus fimplex, bi-tripedalis, erectus, bafi fubgeniculatus, teres, glaber.
Articuli fafci.
Folia lanceolata, latiufcula, erecta, pedalia, glabra, ftriata, margine plana, cartilagineo-fcabra.
Vagine carinate, laxiufculz, ftriate, fauce contractx, imber- * bes, fufce. Zigu/a intra faucem, margine laciniato-ciliata,
_ fufca.
Panicula palmaris, fubramofa, multiflora.
Pedunculi inzequales, capillares, conferti, fubverticillati, pedicellis {ub floribus incraffatis, hifpidulis.
Flores majores, lanceolati, ariftati, pallide 1. viridi-purpuraf{- centes, nitidi,
Valvule calycine inequales, 5-nerves, muticz, pallide purpu- rafcentes. , Exterior minor, ovata, acuminata, fubcarinata, margine anteriore ferrulata; ierior duplo major, ovata,
~ concava, apice ferrulata, acumine brevi terminali.
Valvula corolline exteriores calyce longiores, ariftate, pallide
- virides, fere pollicares, fubzquales, lanceolate, compreffo- prifmatice, complicatz, carinate, apice convolute in arifiam fabulatam, rectam, longitudine valvulz, hifpido- fcabram; inter angulos verfus bafin tranfverfe rugofe, fubinde laves, dorfo 1. prefertim verfus apicem hifpidz, | oculo armato tuberculate. Exterior fafciculo pilorum ad bafin unico; inferior bafi excifa, cum duabus fquamulis
lateralibus albidis.
_ Vou. VI. I Valoule
58 Dr. Swarvz’s Botanical Hifory
Valvule corolline interiores minores, ovato-lanceolatz, acutz, carinate, mutice, nervofe, glaberrime ; interiore parum minore anguftiore*teneriore; dorfo fubbicarinata.
Neétarii petala minutiffima, ovata, fuperne latiora, lacero- ciliata, -albida. .
Filamenta {ex, brevia. Anther@ oblongo-lineares, utrinque fiffe, apice extrorfum pollen fundentes.
Germen oblongum. Styli duo. Stigmata congenerum, parva,
This is one of the larger kinds, with a geniculated culm, broad leaves, and a much branched panicle. The flowers are remarkable for their pointed exterior corolline glumes, and their long arife. The glumes are often tranfverfally wrinkled, but not fo much as in the E. mnematea. One of the calycine glumes is uncommonly fmall. ‘The number of the ftamina I have, in all the flowers I examined, found to be really fix, although Dr. Smith has feen only three. Ac- cordingly, I have been doubtful whether or not the plants of Smith and Thunberg fhould be confidered as different ; but having good rea- fon to believe that the unnamed f{pecimen of E. /ongifora in the Lin- nean herbarium was communicated originally by Thunberg, and alfo finding his E. ariffata coinciding with the defcription of Dr. Smith’s E. longiffora, it is moft likely they are not different fpecies. The particular diftin@ion appears to confift in the length of the arife and of the glumes, in the faid defcription ftyled only mucronate *,
8. EHRHARTA gigantea.
E. glumis corollinis exterioribus hirfutis ariftatis ; panicula coarétata fubverticillata; cu/mo arundinaceo, foliis involutis,
* They appear to be one and the fame fpecies. Nothing is more variable than: the length of arifie in grafles. 7, E. Smith.
Melica
of the Genus Ehrharta. 59
Melica gigantea, corollis hirfutis ariftatis, panicula verticillata ; culmo
erecto, Thunb. prodr. p.21. Sp. pl.ed. Wild. p. 382.
Aira villofa, foliis fubulatis, panicula elongata anguftata; flofculis
fefquialteris hirtis ariftatis; arifta recta brevi. Linn. /uppl. p. 109.
‘Descr. Radices longe, fimplices, rigide, nude.
Culmus 6-pedalis, erectus, bafi fublignofus nodofus, ad ra- dices ftolonifer, remote articulatus, teres.
Stolones cylindric radicantes craffe, vaginis imbricatis ftriatis
- fericeis tectzx.
Folia {emipedalia, remota, linearia, apice fubulato-involuta, integra, erecta, ftriata, glabra, rigida, arundinacea.
Vaging arttx, hirte s. pubefcentes, fauce s. ad bafin foli- orum margine reflexo nigre.
Panicula bipedalis, erecta, coartata, fubramofa, rachi apice fubflexuofa,
Peduncul: capillares, conferti, {ubverticillati |, fecundi, nigri- cantes, glabri; plerique fimplices. breves, 3—z lin. longi, erectiufculi uniflori, uno alterove elongato I—2-polli- cari fubdivifo 3—4-floro laxo; fedicellis fub flore incraffatis.
Flores fubnutantes, rubro-flavefcentes. 5
Valvule calycinz lanceolate, acute, concavzx, dorfo fubcari-
_natz, marginibus membranaceis oculo armato minute ciliatis, glaberrimz, bafi purpurafcentes; exteriore vix ma- jore fed latiore, apice minus acuto.
Corolla calyce duplo major, ariftata.
Valvula exteriores lanceolate, concave, carinate, flavefcentes, pilis longis albidis undique veftite, bafeofque fafciculatis ; apice ariffa fubulata, erecta, nigra, oculo armato ferrata, valvulis dimidio breviore auétez, margine membranaceo
I 2 involute ;
60 Dr. Swartz’s Botanical Hiftory
involutz; fubequales |, interiore paullo majore, infima bafi excifa,
Valvule interiores glabre, muticz. Exterior lato-lanceolata, retufa, carinata, carina fubciliata, breviffime acuminata; interior minor, acuta, apice emarginata, tenera, alba, nitens.
Tubercz/um minutifimum ad bafin inter valvulas interiores corollz, feffile.
Neéiarii petala oblonga, bafi carnofa lutea, fuperne latiora, retufa, margine crenulata, albida, radiato-venofa.
Filamenta 6, filiformia, brevia. Anthera lineares, flave, utrinque bifidz, bafi obtufe, apice extrorfum pollinifere.
Germen ovatum. Styli duo, lati, erecti, contigui. Stigmata longa, albida, cet. conformia.
If the preceding deferved the appellation of /ougifora, this alfo merits the name of gigantea, being the largeft known of its genus, and having the appearance of areed. _ The flowers are in like man- ner proportionally large, and have, on minute inquiry, a ftrié agreement with the generic character. They can by no means be united with the Melice, though the plant, as to the ramification and fhape of the panicle, has fome refemblance to the M. ciliata. It cannot at all be compared with the Aire, becaufe it has neither a calyx biflorus nor the habit of them. The interior corolline valves have probably been miftaken for the fuperfluous floret. The diffe- rent colour and figure of the ariffa fuggefts the idea of fuch a floret more than in the other fpecies, notwithftanding its fhortnefs. The calycine glumes are ftained with purple or brown, and are two- thirds the length of the corolla, which abounds with fhining hairs.
» EHRHARTA bulbofa.
E. glumis coroll. exterioribus obovatis emarginatis rugofis ariftatis ;
panicula fimplici laxa. _ E, bulbofa,
of the Genus Ebrharta. 61
E. bulbofa, culmo indivifo, panicula ramofa multiflora, corolla exte- riori retufa ariftata. Smith ined. fafc. 11.
Trochera friata, culmo enodi, foliis glabris, pedicellis panicule ple- rumque unifloris, valvulis exterioris corolle tranfverfim ftriatis, bafi pappofis ariftatis.. L, Richard in Rozier Fourn. de Phyf. v. 13.
px 225. t. 3
Descr. Radix... ..+-+... +. bulbofa,
Cu/mus erectus, pedalis & ultra,
Folia \anceolata, linearia, glabra.
Panicula erecta, laxiufcula, fimplex, 2—3-pollicaris. Pedun- cult 3—5-ni, capillares, patentes, inferiores 2-flori longi- ores, fuperiores fenfim breviores, uniflori.
Flores pallide lutefcentes.
Valuule calycine ovate, acuminate, patentes, gig lin. Ion- gitudine, membranacez ; inferiore parum majore.
Valvule corolline exteriores {abzquales, s. interiore vix minore, calycis multo, majores, complicate, carinate, obovate, bafi anguftiores excifx, fafciculis albis villorum predite, apice latiores, obtufz, emarginate, ariffam fefquilinearem ereétam in emarginatura inferentes, rugis tranfverfis ele- vatis notatz, pubefcentes.
Valvule interiores inzquales, compreffe, acuminate ; interisre minore.
Neélarium ut in ceteris.
Filamenta tria?? -Anthere oblongo-lineares, apice bifid.
Germen oblongum. Stylz, capillares. Stigmata villofa.
This bears the fame trivial name that Dr. Smith, probably on account of the root, has given it; I have, however, already proved
that the root is not bulbous in this {fpecies only. The E, mnematea and
62 Dr. Swartz's Botanical Hiftory
and dulbofa are neareft related; they have both their exterior corol- line glumes much wrinkled, but the latter is very diftinét becaufe of its arifie. The defcription is a copy of Monf. Richard’s, made from a living fpecimen out of a garden in France. He attributes to it only three ftamina, which I will not difpute, but fhould wifh for a further inquiry when the plant comes under future confider- ation. The figure given by the author, though not good, gives an idea of the real fpecific difference. ;
ee ———————
HAVING thus endeavoured to illuftrate all the known EArharte, it may not be improper to add concife defcriptions of the remaining two Cape Melice mentioned by Profeffor Thunberg in his Prodromus, in order to fhow that they are true fpecies of Melica, and not to be referred to the above genus, left it fhould be fuppofed there were no real Melice in that part of the world.
MELIC A decumbens.
M. corollis hirfutis, floribus racemofis nutantibus, culmo decum- bente. Thunb. prodr. 21. Sp. plant. ed. Wild. p. 382--4.
Descr. Culmus decumbens, teres, fubfiliformis, glaber. Genicula glabra. Folia conferta, bafi fubimbricantia, erecta, lanceolato-li- nearia, apice involuto-fubulata, glabra. Vagina {triate. Flores racemofi, fecundi, pedicellati, femipollicares, nutantes in racemo terminali, erecto, bipollicari, indivifo. Calyx bivalvis.
Valuule ovate acuminate carinate, ftriate, nervofe, gla- bra, membranacez, flavefcentes, bafi purpurafcentes ; ‘exterior triplo minor.
4 Gluma
of two Cape Melice. 63
Glume corolline bivalves, fubequales, extus, bafi imprimis, fericeo-albidoque villofe. — - Flofculus unus feffilis, alter breviter pedicellatus. Filamenta tria. Rudimentum tertii floris, s. flofculus minutus, neuter.
MELICA -xacemofa. | M. corollis hirtis, racemo fubpaniculato floribus ‘cernuis. Thunb. prodr.21. Sp. pl ed. Wild. p. 3825. aad Descr. Culmus bipedalis. erectus, teres, glaber, eraflitie Melice —— Articuli glabri. Folia Vineatia, erecta, apice involuta, ‘glabra, Rtriata, Vagina
ftriate. é ES Racemus {ubpaniculatus, ereétus, fpithameus, ramis paucis brevibus.
Flores pedicellati, fubfecundi, cernui, magnitudine M. ciliate, cui fimillimi glumis calycinis & corollinis & numero ftaminum.
EX PLA-
( 64 )
EXPLANATION or trHe FIGURES,
Tas. III. and IV. reprefent the flowers of all the foregoing fpecies
Ro wa
é
of Ebrharta.
A flower of the natural fize.
A flower magnified.
The calycine valves magnified.
Both the corolline glumes, without the calycine valves, magnified, with the genitals within.
The interior corolline valves, except in E. mnematea, where the exteriors alfo are reprefented.
f% The male and female parts, or the female alone, together
&
with the membranous neétary, all magnified. A filament with the anthera opening at the top, magnified.
46 The feed in E. panicea magnified,
i
The fame of its natural fize,
WI. Accouns
1 Lhrharla wervepratea Linn. trans V1, Lab Tl, pp.64.
C.@uaroz Scud
Linn, trans. Vi labsK fp.€7.
5 £. calye TRA “ B c es Eg F G 6 EZ geniculata
9 EE. bulbosa
onli, dalla 4
G. Queires seudp.
( 65 ) nn
Ill. Account of a Microfcopical Inveftigation of feveral Species of Pollen, with Remarks and Queftions on the Struéture and Ufe of that Part of Vegetables, By Luke Howard, Ef. of Plaiftow in Effex.
Read March 4, 1800.
In the Spring of 1795, having much leifure, I devoted a portion of it to the examination of various minute productions of Nature in a good conipound microfcope. Thefe refearches would probably have terminated in prefent information and amufement only, but that they were accidentally turned to the pollen of flowers, re-
t {peCting which, as a botanift, I found an inclination to inform my- felf, by comparing the feveral fpecies together.
I began my obfervations with the: Hazel-tree, Corylus Avel/ana. On a calm dry day I fhook off fome of the pollen from the expanded catkins upon a clean piece of writing-paper. I alfo gathered fome of the catkins and female buds. Thefe I viewed feparately on a clear plate of glafs, ufually tranfmitting the light through them from a fpeculum below, and with different magnifying powers, prefer- ring thofe which, without enormovufly enlarging the objects, gave a clear view of the ftructure and pofition of feveral at once. As I purfued this method with’ the reft I examined, I mention this to fave repetition, and fhall give the appearances from notes made at the fime.
1, Corylus Avellana, Anthers furnifhed with tranfparent horn- like appendages. Pollen crumbles from the furface, and is fome- times fo abundant as to fall in a vifible cloud on the flighteft motion
Vor, VI. K of
66 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfeopical Invefigation
of abranch. To the naked eye it is a fine yellow powder. A few grains laid on the glafs plate and viewed with the lens No. 4, fome appear of an irregular angular fhape, opake, except in one or two parts, where light paffing prefents the appearance of a perforation; others nearly fpherical, the furface divided by depreffed lines into a number of convex facets. The tranfparency of thefe is fuch, that they refleé&t the image of a fmall object held under them, as well as a drop of liquid. On repeating the examination, the former are found to come from the moft mature anthers, and to differ from the latter only as a raifin does from a grape.
A clear drop of diftilled water being put onthe glafs, both kinds. imbibe it with the avidity of a fponge; at the fame time diftending and f{preading abroad in the water, but without any motion further than that which this expanfion caufes. When faturated with water they remain at the bottom, clear as the liquid itfelf, and all alike diftended to a bulk many times greater than their original one in the dry ftate. They are now feen to be multilocular Syiaice hav- ing fepta in various direétions within them, the union of which with the external membrane appears at the angles in the dry ftate, and at the depreffed lines in the wet.
Thefe capfules may be kept in the water for feveral days without any further perceptible change.. When that is dried up they return to the opake ftate, and the fame operation may be feveral times re- peated on them.
In exhibiting this fpe€tacle to Sone friends, pure water not being juft at hand, a drop. of brandy was fubftituted-for it. This gave rife to a phenomenon equally curious and unexpected. The grains expand, as in water; but in the mean time they are put’ into rapid: motion, each grain darting frem fide to fide with the vivacity of. a {warm of gnats in the air. As they approach to complete expanfion the motion dies away, and one after another finks to the bottom.
By
of feveral Species of Pollem 67
By a {mall addition of freth brandy fome few are excited a fecond time, but with fainter movements. Prefently the liquid begins to -be obfcured, and in a few minutes the grains are moftly difperfed and decompofed, and the fpirit, exhaling, leaves a fort of extrac on the glafs mixed with very minute undiffolved particles; among which Pilueibs appear a few unbroken grains, much as rake and now refembling an empty bladder lying flat.
2. Erica carnea. Anthers capfular, bearing the pollen on their anner furface, and difcharging it by a brifk explofion from an- aper- ‘tire on the fide next the piftil. Ifthe gma be touched with a pin at a certain period of the inflorefcence, it happens commonly that all the anthers projeét their pollen at once; and it may thus be colleéted ‘on paper. The proper time for this is when the /igma is elevated
alittle from-between the anthers. In fize and ftructure this pol- jen nearly refembles the preceding, and is, in like manner, capable of imbibing water and difperfing with a rapid motion in {pirit.
3. Refeda odorata. Mignonette.
Unripe pollen, fmooth, egg-oblong, tranfparent, without fepta? In water it expands to a fphere, and is aéted upon by fpirit as the preceding.
4. Cactus flagelliformis, ‘Creeping Cereus.
Anthers oblong, crumbling. Pollen of a large fize, compared with any others I have feen; in fhape refembling a plump grain of wheat, white and diaphanous. It expands in water to a thape nearly iphe- rical. The contact of {pirit brings on a pearly opacity. The grains imbibe it flowly, and during expanfion revolve on their axes with a pretty regular motion, exhibiting a {pcétacle no lefs novel than de- lightful. In the mean time, fome minute particles are feen to be ejected, and, the motion ceafing, the tranfparency returns, proceeding from the furface to the centre.
K 2 Tf
68 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfeopical Inveftigation
If a piftil be feparated from the expanded flower with grains of ‘pollen adhering to it, the latter will be found already expanded to a f{pheroid. Cover the whole with a drop of f{pirit on the glafs, the piftil is not affe&ted in any way, but fome of the grains quit it and revolve on their axes. When thefe are exhaufted, the addition of more fpirit excites others: after a few minutes, fome of thofe firft excited begin to put out a fmall thread, which gradually elongating, the grain diminifhes in proportion, until it is entirely drawn out into a vermicular fibre, which again is prefently diflipated into par- ~ ticles too minute to be feen in the now opake medium. The liquor from the tube of the piftil, and a folution of fugar in water, were alfo found to produce this evolution in very mature grains from the anther. It alfo fometimes takes place in the twinkling of an eye, fo as to be fcarcely traced in fome few grains out of a number put into fpirit at once. Thofe which have been fome time in conta& with the piftil are always moft fluggith in their evo- lution.
5. Carex acuta. .
Anthers oblong, crumbling. Pollen angular, opake, with apparent perforations. It dilates in fpirit and remains ftationary, but ejects numerous minute particles in rapid fucceflion from its furface. When it has become tranfparent it appears as if filled with feeds.
The preceding may ferve for examples of thefe phenomena; but there was not one among the various {pecies I examined, which did not exhibit them in a greater or lefs degree. Yet various other parts of the flower, immerfed in fpirit under the microfcope, did not be- tray the {malleft veftige of them.
The proper {pirit for this purpofe feems to be a mixture of one part pure fpirit of wine with two of water. A ftronger fpirit, or even fpirit of wine alone, may fometimes be required when we ope- rate upon a pollen which has, by any means, become previoufly
faturated
of feveral Species of Pollen. 69
faturated with moifture, (or has loft, by keeping, a part of its irri- tability ?) but it does not enter the dry grains fo readily as water alone.
I have fince fubjeéted pollen to examination in feveral of the moft ftimulant oily and faline liquids, but have not been able to perceive that any of them had a fimilar effect on it.
It is proper here to remark that the utmoft care is requifite to prevent accidental mixtures of the fubjeéts or menftrua in thefe ex+ periments, which might greatly embarrafs and miflead the obferver. Separate pieces of clear glafs for the feveral kinds, and feparate pointed elafs tubes to convey the liquids, will therefore be requifite. It will be proper attentively to examine the pollen dry, as well as the liquids, before they are ufed, in order to be fatisfied of the abfence of animalcules and other extraneous matters which might be fuf- pected to influence the appearances.
I do not pretend to fay that the above-related experiments were abfolutely free from optical deception; but I may venture to affirm, from frequent repetition of them, that, when tried with due pre- caution, they will fcarcely ever be found to fail of producing the appearances related. ;
Engagements of fuperior importance at prefent prevent, and may long continue to prevent, my pufhing thefe inquiries much further. It is for this reafon, and becaufe I fhould take a pleafure in feeing it done by fome perfon more capable of executing them with due ex- a€tnefs, and drawing proper inferences from them, that I am willing to make them known in their prefent imperfect ftate. For the affiftance of thofe who may incline to profecute the fubjeét, I fhall now ftate the amount of the prefent difcovery, and the hints for further inveftigation which have occurred to me.
Should it be found, on’ repeating and extending thefe obferva-
. tions,
70 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfcopical Inveftigaticn
tions, that the pollen of vegetables is in all cafes fimilarly aGed upon by water and by fpirit of wine, it will follow,—
I. That each grain of pollen in the anther is an organic body, varioufly conftruéted in various {pecies, and containing
2 Veflels or pores capable of imbibing water, of diftending thereby and contra@ing again when it quits them ; in which particulars they refemble {ponge, &c.
b A parenchyma, confifting of fome fubftance (of greater fpecific gravity than water, and infoluble therein), which is emitted with a greater or lefs degree of force when the ftimulus of alcohol is applied to the abforbent veflels. This fubftance is either in part foluble in alcohol, or the grains contain
c Aneffential oil or refin, to which they owe their colour and odour.
2. That there exifts in the grains of pollen, in a very eminent degree, that. property of vegetables called irritability, which they are capable of retaining for a certain time after {eparation from the anther.
3. That alcohol is the proper ftimulus by which this irritability may be excited, and the texture of the pollen in fome manner deve- Joped in confequence thereof. I prefer this method of accounting for the appearances that take place when the pollen is immerfed in fpirit to another that might be fuppofed on chemical principles, being affured, that any one who has once infpected the procefs will be fatisfied that fomething more than mere folution or chemical decompofition takes place therein, and that the vital principle of
.the pollen is the chief agent.
The liquor from the tube of the piftil and the folution of fugar were, indeed, found to bring on the evolution of the pollen of Cactus fagel.in a flower manner than fpirit; but when we confider how
{peedily
\ of feveral Species of Pollen. 71
fpeedily fuch matters pafs into the vinous ftate, it feems poffible that both of thefe might contain alcohol. Yet, it is alfo poffible that fomething common to this latter fubftance, with the faecha- rine matter it is producible from, may be the real exciting caufe.
The exiftence of abforbent veffels in the pollen is proved by the change of form, increafed tranfparency, and great diftention pro- duced by the water. It is remarkable, that complete faturation’ ufually brings the grains near to a {pherical fhape, however remote from it their original one.
It feems neceffary to fuppofe the parenchyma for the following reafons. Something is evidently given out to the {pirit before the difperfion of the grain commences. In fome cafes this is vifible in minute particles, moving about in the drop; in others it is difcover- able by the tinge on the dried fpace, and by the ftria which appear when more fpirit is added. Now, if the grains confifted merely of the vegetable fibre formed into veficles or cells, their texture would no more be deftroyed by {pirit than by water, and the penetration of the water would produce the fame motions as that of the fpirit. But if we fuppofe that, in proportion as the {pirit penctrates the feveral parts of thefe curious capfules, fome tranfparent fubftance ~ is forcibly expelled from them; the various motions into which they are thrown will be eafily explained by the recoil of the grain in the oppofite direétion. It will hence appear why the pollen of 1. which feems to confift of many feparate cells, is driven alternately in all directions by their fucceffive difcharge, and why that of 4. which is a long tube rolled up, and probably with but one orifice, is thrown into a rotatory motion. The opacity of this fpecies during . the difcharge may be attributed to the evacuation of this.canal, and the returning tran{parency to the entrance of the {pirit into, it from the abforbent veffels, or at the orifice. I do not remember to
have
72 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfcopical Inveftigation
have. feen a fingle bubble of air efcape from the grains of pollen in the whole courfe of my obfervations, As their texture was in many cafes quite deftroyed, if it had been porous, as that of dry wood, &c. air muft have appeared. I therefore conclude them perfectly folid in the dry ftate.
I think it poffible that the profecution of thefe inquiries by means of the microfcope, may throw fome light on the obfcure fubje& of vegetable reprodu@ion ; may teach us why the anther is almoft always expofed to the air for fome time previous to the dif- charge of the pollen, and this even in aquatic plants; as alfo what is the office of that faccharine liquor with which the ftigma is fur- nifhed, and of which fuch a ftore is fometimes provided in the neétary. “The very manner in which the impregnation takes place may poffibly be learned by attentive obfervation.
The fimilarity of the unfolded pollen of No. 4. to the form of the plant it comes from, might furnifh matter for fpeculation; but I decline this, believing that experiment and careful obfervation muft always precede found theory.
Reflecting on fome of the properties of safes in which it bears a refemblance to ftarch, I was led to examine that alfo in a fimilar manner, and was not difappointed to find its ftruéture the fame. Starch confifts of homogeneous grains or capfules fhaped like No. 3. capable of imbibing water with increafe of bulk and tran{parency, and of returning to their original {tate on parting with it. They are alfo difperfed, with more or lefs of motion, in fpirit; but in this particular different fpecimens were found to vary, which may be attributed to difference in age or foundnefs. If a little wheat flour be mixed with water and fpread on the glafs, thefe grains ap- pear in great abundance, mixed with fibrous matter. Other kinds of grain afforded the fame refult, with a difference in the form of
the
of feveral Species of Pollen. 73
the capfules. . As the vegetable feaculum, which confifts entirely of this kind of matter feparated from the foluble and fibrous part, has been long confidered as the fame fubftance, though obtainable from different parts of vegetables, 1 extended the inquiry to tuberous roots, and obtained a further confirmation of the identity of pollen and feculum. A potatoe feems to be almoft nothing elfe but an affemblage of grains of faculum, with their interftices occupied by the juice. If this root be boiled or baked until it becomes mealy, the juice will no longer be found; and we might be at a lofs to know what was become of it, if the microfcope did not fhow that it has entered into the grains of feculum, which are thereby greatly diftended, as is, indeed, evident to the nakedeye. The vital principle
* 4s thus deftroyed ; for thefe bloated grains will not move in fpirits, but
give out a tincture to it like other dead matter. By this means, and the lofs of folidity, they are prepared for more eafy decompofition in the ftomach. :
Starch is abfolutely infoluble in water. If water containing it be made to boil, it becomes a jelly. I do not apprehend that a true {olution takes place even in this cafe. It appears that the fame effect is produced on the graius by the heat as by fpirit of wine. They are difperfed into very minute particles; and the furface being thus multiplied, a greater degree of attraction takes place between the ftarch and the water, and the former remains fufpended. —.
It appears to me to be worthy of future inquiry,
1. In what parts of vegetables in general the pollen or feculum is to be found.
2. In what refpeéts that which is fecreted on the anther differs from that which is contained in the root, feed, or fap. In the leaf,
petal, bulb, fibre of the root, or other parts already brought to per-
fection, I am inclined, from fome obfervation, to think it will not be
-met with.
Vor. VI. L 3- Whether
74 Mr. Howarn’s Account of a Microfcopical Invefligation, &e,
3. Whether the germ or embryo of the feed, previous to the im- pregnation, contains it.
4. In what manner the pollen of plants in general will be acted. upon by the liquor from the nectary, when expofed to it in circum- ftances fimilar to thofe of Exp. 4.
5. And laftly, to inveftigate the varieties in form and ftructure: of the different fpecies of pollen; and to examine how far they. agree or differ in the feveral {pecies of each genus, and genera of each. natural order, .
lV, Obfrva~
h:
IV. Odfervations on Aphides, chiefly intended to foow that they are the _ principal Caufe of Blights in Plants, and the file Caufe of the Honey~ Dew. By the late Mr. William Curtis, F. LS.
ney
Read May 6, 1800.
Tue Aphis, or Blighter, as. we now for the firft time venture to call it, from its being the moft general caufe of what are termed blights in! plants, forms a highly interefting tribe of infeéts, In point of number, the individuals of the feveral: {pecies comping. is it furpafs thofe of any other genus in this country *.
Thefe infects live entirely on vegetables. The loftieft tree is no lefs liable to their attacks than the moft humble plant. They prefer the young fhoots on account of their tendernefs, and on this prin- ciple often infinuate themfelves into the very heart of the plant, and do irreparable mifchief-before they are difcovered. But for the moft part they befet the foliage, and are always found on the under fide
_ of the leaf, which they prefer, not only on account of its being the
moft tender, but as it affords them prote¢tion from the weather, and various injuries to which they would otherwife be expofed. Some-. times the root is the object of their choice, which, from the nature. of thefe infeéts, one would not @ priori expect ; yet have I feen the roots of lettuces thickly befet by them, and the whole crop rendered
fickly and of little value: but fuch inftances are rare. They rarely.
i ED ;
* Reaumur, confidering each Aphis as bringing forth ninety young, calculates that in
five generations the produce from a fingle one would be five thoufand nine hundred and four million nine hundred thoufand.
L 3 alfe
76 Mr, Curtis's Obfirvations on Aphides.
alfo attach themfelves to the bark of trees, like the Aphis falicis, which being one of our very largeft fpecies, and hence poffefling fuperior ftrength, is enabled to penetrate a fubftance harder than the leaves themfelves.
As among caterpillars we find fome that are conftantly and un= alterably attached to one or more particular fpecies of plants, and others that feed indifcriminately on moft forts of herbage; fo it is precifely with the 4phides: fome of them are particular, others more general feeders.
As they refemble other infects in the Sore refpect, fo do they. alfo.in being infinitely more abundant fome years than others; and though, with regard to certain infeéts, this variation (fometimes. wonderful in the extreme, as in the brown-tail moth which ravaged: the quickfet hedges in ¥782) is not eafily accounted for, it is folved without much. difficulty as to the Aphis, as will be fhown in the fequel. In the year 1793 they were the chief, and in 4798 the fole, caufe of the failure of the crop of hops. In 1794, a feafon almoft unparalleled for drought, the hop was perfectly free from them, while peas. and beans, efpecially the former, fuffered* very much. from: their depredations. Beans were in 7798 almoft wholly cut off by: them: indeed. they fuffer more or lefs every year by a black fpecies.of Aphis, particularly the latter crops. To:potatoes, and even to. corn, we have known them fome years prove highly detri-- mental, and. no lefs. fo to melons. To plants. in ftoves, green houfes and. frames, where,. from the warmth and fhelter afforded: them, a preternatural multiplication takes place, they prove ex- tremely. injurious, and many a rare and valuable plant alfo in. the open ground of our botanic gardens falls a victim to thefe- general depredators. Seeing, therefore, that our neceffaries.as well as. _ luxuries of life are fo materially affeéted by the infects. of this. genus,. an attempt to afcertain. fome of the curious. and important’ facts.
9. relative
_—
Mr. Curtis's Obfervations on Apbides. 77
relative to their hiftory, and to make them more generally known, will not, we truft, be unacceptable to the public. Such inquiries may poflibly lead to the means of obviating the injuries they occa- fion;,and if they fail in this, they may tend at leaft to correé the: erroneous notions entertained of blights, not by the valgar and illi-~ terate merely, but even by perfons of education, who may frequently. be heard to maintain that thefe infeéts are brought by the eaft winds; that they attack none but fickly plants; with other notions, all as falfe in faét as unphilofophical in principle.
Locufts and’ caterpillars, famed for their devaftations, are fur- nifhed with {trong jaws, by means of which they crop and wholly: devour the foliage of plants. The Aphis deftroys them in a different way. Inftead of jaws.and teeth it is provided. with a-hollow-pointed: probofcis or trunk, which, when the animal is. not’ feeding, folds under its breaft. With this inftrument it piercesthe plant;, and: imbibes its juices. to-fupport itfelfi; but thefe juices-being effential to, the life of the plant, it follows that, when they are drawn. off,. the plant,.exhaufted,. flags and. perifhes, being in fact literally bled to death by thefe leech-like animalcules.. Yet, fo tenacious-of life are plants-in a healthy: ftate, that they in. general only fall victims: to the continued attacks of thefe infects when in immenfe numbers.. But it moft commonly happens that if they do not wholly. deftroy- a plant they: deface it, and. a.fmall number of 4phides are fufficient: to produce this effect. The leaves of fuch trees and plants as have afirm texture and ftrong fibres, though infefted with thefe infects,. preferve. their. form; but the more tender foliage of others, andi flowers-in general, cannot bear their punctures without curling up and becoming diftorted; in confequence of which they: lofe their beauty entirely and irretrievably. The cultivators of plants, efpeci-- ally. in ftovesand green-houfes, cannot be too: much on their guard againft the whole tribe. of dphides; for. with what. pleafure can ai
large:
78 Mr. Curtis's Ob/ervations on Aphides.
large or choice colle@tion be viewed} when there is fearcely a plant but what exhibits fymptoms of difeafe occafioned by vermin?
As the fpecies of this genus are very numerous, and afford but few marks of diftinétion, Linnzus has contented himfelf with giv- ing moft of them trivial names, according to the particular platit on which they are found: a clofe attention to them will, however, difclofe more diftin@tive characters than maturalifts are aware of.
Apbhides are defcribed by the beft informed authors as being gene- rally oviparous and viviparous at different periods of the fame year. Monf. Bonnet, who had the honour of making this difcovery in 1740*, fays that in the fummer the females are viviparous, but toward the middle of autumn they lay real eggs. De Geer obferves,' that the females of all the Apbides he had feen, conftantly laid eggs, intended to preferve the fpecies during winter, and that he" is: therefore inclined to believe that the fame takes place in all Aphides whatever. From the 24th of September to the 6th of December following, during which time Fahrenheit’s thermometer had been as low as 29, I found the Aphis faiicis to be conftantly viviparous, though from the inclemency of the weather very few of thefe in- fects at the period laft mentioned remained on the trees, and thofé few were foon after entirely cut off by the unufual cold that took place, the thermometer falling to 4 degrees below o.—Other Apkides are oviparous or viviparous according to the temperature of the air to which they are expofed. In very cold weather they are’ oviparous, for this obvious reafon: the eggs are capable of refitting cold more powerfully than the young. On the 22d of November. fame year as above, I found a confiderable number of eggs which “had been depofited in fome auricula plants by a fmall green 4pdis,
* Or rather Monf. Trembley. See his Letter to. M. Bonnet from the Hague: Oeuvres de Bonnet.
which |
Mr. Curtis's Odfervatices on Aphides, “Oo
which infefts plants very generally *, while the fame Species, on a geranium that I kept within doors, produced young. In mild winters I have obferved, in the month of January, the fame {pecies of Aphis in great numbers on various {pécies of primula without doors, and all the females viviparous. Thefe are fasts which prove. that all Apdides are not oviparous and viviparous at the fame feafon, but that fome may be wholly viviparous; that all fuch as are both oviparous and viviparous do not lay eggs tuward the middle of autumn, nor at all during the winter, unlefs a certain. degree of cold. takes place.
Moft people will think it a matter of very little moment to man kind whether an 4h7s comes into the world with its head or its. heels foremoft :—it may be fo; yet, as nature’s. hiftorian, it is per-. haps incumbent on us to notice this circumftance. The young Jphis: then-is ufhered into the world with its feet foremoft, fee Taz. V.. fig. I., and this aét of parturition, unimportant as it may appear, ferves to difplay the wifdom of the all-provident Author of Nature. The female -4pdis, is ufually delivered of its offspring as it fits clofe to the bark of the tree, but not fuddenly and all at once. Two- thirds of the body of the young one is quickly protruded. When it gets fo far, the power of expulfion ceafes, and the delivery proceeds. flowly. - Time is thus given to the young one to learn the ufe of its. legs, which it foon kicks about brifkly, and the firtt fervice it em-. ploys them in is to clean away a white fubftance, the remains, perhaps, of the membrane in which it was enveloped in. the womb..
* Thefe eggs. were laid in fmall, irregular groups, on the upper as well as on the-
" under fide of the leaves; they were of a perfe@tly black colour, and very vifible to the,
naked eye. I found afterwards that the eggs when recently excluded were green, from. which colour they gradually changed to that which rendered them fo confpicuous. They were flightly attached to.the leaf...
But
So Mr. Curtts’s Ob/fervations on Aphides.
But what is of greater confequence is, that it is enabled by their ufe to cling faft to the bark of the tree as foon as it is brought forth, and thus to obtain its neceffary nutriment.
Of fome of the circumftances attendant on the propagation of thefe minute animals accounts are related, deviating fo wonderfully from the common courfe of nature, that they could not be credited, were not the authors of them known to be men of the niceft and moft accurate obfervation and of the ftricteft veracity. On this part of the fubject I have little to fay from my own obfervation ; but, as fome account of fo extraordinary a part of their hiftory may be expeéted in a paper of this fort, I fhall ftate the facts, briefly ob- ferving that neither in the <phis /alicis, which at times I have watched with great attention, nor in any other {pecies of 4phis, did - J ever obferve any fexual intercourfe to take place. Whether this
has arifen from the extreme infrequency of fuch a procedure, or from my not having obferved thefe infects at a proper time of the year, 1 know not; but, moft undoubtedly, fuch intercourfe does not take place between the different fexes of phis as in other infects. Yet Monf. Bonnet, who may be faid to have almoft taken up his- abode with thefe infeéts, informs us that he has frequently noticed - ‘fach connexion, which he defcribes as taking” place at one certain’ time of the year only ; and that, from a female thus impregnated, many fucceflive generations will be produced without any further impregnation. He took the 4phides as foon as brought forth, and kept each individual feparate. The females of fuch brought forth abundance of young. He took the young of thefe and treated them precifely in the fame manner. The produce was the fame; and thus he proceeded to the ninth generation with the fame fuccefs : and fo far from confidering that as the utmoft extent of the effect, he thinks it might be carried on to the thirtieth generation. In
,*
Mr. Curtis’s Obfervations on Aphides. 81
In moft {pecies of dphides both males and females acquire wings at certain feafons; but in this refpeét they are fubje¢t to great vari- ation, there being fome males and fome females that never have wings; again, there are fome females that become winged, while others of the fame fpecies do not,
In the quality of the excrement voided by taefe ingas there is fomething wonderfully extraordinary. Were a perfon accidentally to take up a book in which it was gravely <fferted that in fome countries there were certain animals which voided liquid fugar, he would foon lay it down, regarding it as a fabulous tale, calculated to impofe on the credulity of the ignorant; and yet fuch is literally the truth.
The fuperior fize of the Aphis falicis will enable the moft common - obferver to fatisfy himfelf on this head. On looking ftedfaftly for a few minutes at a group of thefe infects while feeding on the bark of the willow, one perceives a few of them elevate their bodies, and a tranfparent fubftance evidently drop from them, which is imme- diately followed by a fimilar motion and difcharge like a {mall thower from a great 1 number of others. At firft I was not aware that the fubftance thus dropping from thefe animals at fuch ftated intervals was their excrement, but was convinced of its being fo afterwards ; for, on a more accurate examination, I found it to proceed from the extremity of the abdomen, as is ufual in other infects. On placing a piece of writing-paper under a ma{s of thefe infeéts, it foon be- came thickly {potted ; holding ita longer time, the {pots united from the addition of others, and the whole furface affumed a gloffy ap- pearance. I tafted this fubftance, and found it to be as {weet as
fugar.. I had the lefs hefitation in doing this, having obferved, that
wafps, ants, flies, and infects without number, devoured it ds quickly as it was produced : but, were it not for thefe, it might no doubt be colleéted in confiderable quantities, and, if fubjected + to the
Vou. VL M . proceffes
ry
82 Mr. Curtis's Obfervations on Apbhides,
proceffes ufed with other faccharine juices, might be converted into the choiceft fugar or fugar-candy. It is a fact alfo, which appears worthy of noticing here, that, though the wafps are fo partial to this food, the bees appear totally to difregard it.
In the height of fummer, when the w aoe is hot and dry, and Athides are moft abundant, the foliage of trees and plants (more efpecially in fome years than others) is found covered with, and rendered gloffy by, a {weet clammy fubftance, known to perfons re- fident in the country by the name of oney-dew: they regard it as a {weet fubftance falling from the atmofphere, as its name implies.
The fweetnefs of this excrementitious fubftance, the glofly ap- pearance it gave to the leaves it fell upon, and the {warms of infects this matter attracted, firft led me to imagine that the honey-dew of plants was no other than this fecretion, which further obferva- tion has fince fully confirmed. Others have confidered it as an ex- udation proceeding from the plant itlelf. Of the former opinion we find the Rev. Gilbert White, one of the latc&t writers on natural hiftory that has noticed this fubject *,
But that it neither falls from the atmofphere, nor iffues from the plant itfelf, is eafily demonftrated. If it fell from the atmofphere, it would cover every thing on which it fell indifcriminately, whereas we never find it but on certain living plants and trees. We find it alfo on plants in ftoves and green-houfes covered with glafs. If it exuded from the plant, it would appear on all the leaves generally
* “June 4th, 1783. Vaft honey-dews this week. The reafon of thefe feems to be, that in hot days the effluvia of flowers are drawn up by a brifk evaporation, and then in the night fall down with the dews, with which they are entangled.
* This clammy fubflance: is very grateful to bees, who gather it with great afliduity ; but it is injurious to the trees;om which it happens to fall, by flopping the pores of the Jeaves. The greateft quantity falls in ftill, clofe weather; becaufe winds difperfeit, and copious dews dilute it, and prevent its ill effects. It falls moftly in hazy, warm weather.” See White's Naturalif?s'Calendar, p. ¥44.
and
Mr. Corr s’s Odfervations on Aphides. 83
and uniformly; whereas its appearance is extremely irregular, not _ alike on any two leaves of the fame tree or plant, fome having none
of it, and others being covered with it but partially. ‘But the/phznomena of the honey -dew, with all their variations, are eafily accounted for by confidering the Aphides as the authors of it.
That, they are capable of producing an appearance exactly, fimilar
to that of the honey-dew, has already been, fhown, As far as my obfervation has extended, there never exits any honey-dew but where there are phides; fuch, however, often pafs unnoticed, being hid on the under fide of theleaf,. Wherever honey-dew is
obfervable about a leaf, Aphides will be found.on the under fide of the
leaf or leaves immediately above it, and under no other circumftances whatever.” If by accident any thing fhould intervene between the Aphides and the leaf.next beneath them, there will be no honey- dew on that leaf. Thus then we flatter ourfelves to have incontro- vertibly proved that phides are the true and only fource of the honey-dew.
We have found that where the faccharine fubftance has dropped
from Aphiles for a: length of. time, as. from the Aphis falicis: in
particular, it gives to:the furfaceof the bark, foliage, on whatever it has dropped, on, that footy kind, of appearance which arifés from the explofion of gun-powder, which greatly disfigures the foliage, &c. of plants.|, It looksidike, and is fometimes miflakensfor, a kind of black, mildew, We have dome grounds for believing that a fatcha: rine. fubltance, fimilar to,that of the Apbis, drops. from. the Cuccus alfa, and is finally converted ;into.the fame kind of powder. » .
In mott feave sons the natyral enemics of the bc are aflictenk
Dy oP rd
very vjneilarly Sita on an av erage, daha: once in ne or ix years, in which they are, multiplied to fuch an excefs; that the tS M2 ufual
84 Mr. Currts’s OWferemin on Aphidess—
ufual.means of diminution fail in prevéting them. rat doing irre- parable injury to certain crops. | fee
In fevere winters we have no doubt but Aphides are very confider- ably diminifhed; in very mild winters we know they are very con-
fiderably increafed; for they not only exift during fuch feafons,
_but continue to multiply. Their enemies, on the contrary, exift, but do not multiply, at leaft in the open air, during fuch periods ; and thus the 4phis gets the ftart of them, and acquires an afcen- dency, ‘which once acquired is not eafily overcome by artificial means, upon a large fcale at Jeaft, in the open air. Vain would be the attempt to clear a hop-garden of ‘thefe pernicious vermin, or to refcue any extenfive crop from their baneful effects. Violent rains attended with lightning have been fuppofed to be very effeétual in clearing plants of them; but in fuch cafe more is to be attributed to the plants being refrefhed and made to grow by’ the rain, of which they ftood in need, than to any-deftruétion of the Aphides them- felves, which, on an accurate examination, will be found to be as plentiful after fuch rains-as they were before ; nor is wet fo injurious to thefe infeéts as many imagine, as is evident from the following experiment: On the 12th of May 1799, I immerfed in a glafs- of water the footftalk of a leaf of confiderable length, taken from a ftove plant, befet with Aphides of a dark lead colour, which were feeding on it in great numbers. On immerfion they did not quit the ftalk, but immediately their bodies affumed a kind of luminous appearance from the minute bubbles of air which iffued from them. They were put under water at a quarter paft fix in the evening, and taken out at a quarter paft ten the next morning, having continued immerfed fixteen hours. On placing them in the fun-fhine, fome of them almoft immediately fhowed figns of life, and thrée out of four at leaft furvived the immerfion. One of the furvivors, a male, very foon became winged, and another, a female,
was
‘*
Mr. Curtis’s Obfervations on Aphides. 85
was delivered-of a young one, Many years before this experiment, with a view to deftroy the phidés which infefted ai plant in my green-houfe, I\immerfed one!evening the whole plant, together with the pot in which it: grew, ina tubiof water.» In the morning I took out the plant, expecting with certainty to find:every Aphis dead; but to my’ great furprife. they! foon appeared ‘alive and well : and thus, ‘in ‘addition: to: the other extraordinary :phznomena at~ tendant on thefe infe&s, ‘we find thatithey are! capable of refitting the effects of immerfion:injwater for a great length. of time. When taken fromthe: plant: om: which they? feeds andikept! under swater, they do ‘not, furvive: fo long! their ftruggling in\that cafe:perhaps exhaufts them fooner.) ‘This part of the fubject might be! puthed ~ much further : itis fufficient: for our ‘purpofe to have fhown that wet’ is not fo hurtful to them as is generally imagined.:, s/Though no»mdde, of deftroying Aphides will perhaps ever be de- vifed'on’a' large {cale in the open air by artificial. means, we can accomplifh: it moft effectually when they infeft plants in ftoves, green-houfes, and frames, or in any fituation in which we can en- velop them: for a certain time, in clouds. of fmoke. Powders or liquids, however fatal to Aphides, muft ever be ineffectual, from the trouble and difficulty of applying them fo that they fhall come in contaét with thofe infects, fituated as they ufually are; but in this -refpect fmoke has every advantage, it penetrates and pervades their inmoft)receffes. The {moke of common vegetables, however power- ful, is found to be inadequate. to their deftruétion, and hitherto no other than that of tobacco is found to be effectual. That, judi- cioufly applied, completely anfwers the purpofe,without injuring the plant. _ It moftly happens in well managed houfes that a few plants only are infefted with Aphides: in fuch a cafe, the fmoking of the whole houfe is a yer? of unneceffary expente and trouble; and we would recommend to perfons who have large: collections to make ufe
4 , o!
86 Mr, Curtis's Obfervations on Aphides.
of a box»of a commodious fori that fhall hold about 4 dozen plants of warious fizes, to be‘ufedias \afort of hofpital, iw which in- fefted plants may: be {moked feparately, and the infects moré. ef feétually pidge becaufe it es ybe>rendered, more: eile fmoke-tighthcii oi yiatt is tiLs To prevent! ithe calamities ai ‘ok would infallibly sefolt. ioe the accumulated multiplication of the more'prolific animais, ‘it has been ordained by the Author of Naturey:that fuch fhould be diminifhed by ferving as. food for others. On this principle, we find that moft animals in this. predicament, have one or more natural enemies, The helplefs) Apis, the {courge -of the: vegetable kingdom, has to contend with many. The’ principalyare tlie Coccinellay the Ichneumon Apbidum, and the Mufca aphidivoras)' Such as are unacquainted with the hiflory of infeéts will lcarn with fome furprife that the Coc: -nella*, a common infeé&t wellknown even to children by the name of the Lady-bird, is ‘one of “the greateft deftroyers of the Aphides, which jndeed are its only food, its fole fupport, as well in its perfeét asin its /arva or grub ftate. During the feverity of winter this infe& fecures itfelf under the bark of trees,’ or elfewhere+. ) When the ‘warmth of {pring has expanded the foliage of plants, the fe- male depofits its eggs on them in great numbers, from: whence im a fhort time proceeds the Jarva, a fmall grub’ of a dark Jead colour fpotted with- orange: thefe may be obferved in the fummer feafon’runnihg pretty brifkly over‘all ‘kinds of plarits} and if narrowly watched, cen will be’ found to “devour the .4phides whérever they find them. The fame may be obferved of the Lady- bird in’ its perfect sissy As thefe infects in both their ftates are
* All the diferent fpecies of pina feed on n Aphides the bipunéata, by far the moft common, does the moft execution.
+ Many are found in houfes; for, early in May 1799, I counted on the: ‘tao of my common fitting-room, expofed to the fun, nineteen of the Coccinella bipunflata.
very
Mr. Curris’s Obfervations on Aphides. 87
‘very numerous, they contribute wonderfully to diminifh the number of Aphides. There is a faying which humanity has put into the mouths of children in favour of this infeét*, now rendered more facred by its great utility, which has happily rendered it a fort of ‘favourite with them; and contributes ufually to its efcape from their dangerous clutches. Another moft-formidable enemy to the 4phis is a very minute, black and flender Ichneumon fly, the chueumon Aphidum, of Linnzus., The manner in which this infe@& proves fo deftructive to the 4pdis isidifferent from that of the Lady-bird.. The female Ichneumon, of which numbers'may be found where phides are.in plenty, fettles on’a ftalk, or leaf, more or lefs covered with ~ them) marches. flowly: over Heir bodies, feeling with its antenne as it. proceeds for one) of a fuitable fize and age; which having difco- vered; it pufhes forward. its body, or abdomen, in an incurved flate, and with a fine! inftroment at its extremity, invifible fo the naked eye, punctures, and depofits.an ‘egg in, the body of the Aphis; which having done; it. proceeds, and Jays an egg in a fimilar way in the bodies of many. others. » The egg thus)depofited quickly hatches, ~ and becomes.a fmall /arva, or maggot, which feeds on the fubftance y ofthe Aphis, and, having eaten, the whole of.it, the fkin excepted, it changes \to a pupay or chryfalis; in. which, ftate when it has tes. - mained’a fufficient time, it becomes an Ichneumon fly, which eats its way out of the Aphis, leaving the dry inflated fkin of the infect adhering.to, the! leaf, dike a,{mall pearl. Such may always be found where Aphides are,in, plenty, | We have obferyed different {pecies of Aphides to be infefted wit th different. Ichneumons, In general the torpid, Aphis, fubmits quietly to this fatal operation ; ~ but we have: lec of, t them, sienrially< one, that feeds on the
dri. 96
* a“ Iad “bird; lad Bi rd, ‘fy pi ye t Your MK is on be our chitaten at nore e Y d} y y y is ts fycamore,
88 Mr Curvis’s Objfervations on Aphides.
fycamore, which is much more agile than manyjof this race, en- deavour to avoid the Ichneumon with great addrefs.
» Thére is, perhaps, ‘no genus of infects which im their /arva or maggot ftate feed on fuch a variety of food as the Mu/ca, or Fly. There is fcarcely a part of nature, either animate or inanimate, in which they are not:to be met with. Onedivifion of them, called by Linneus Mufee aphidivore, feeds entirely on Aphides. Of the different {pecies of aphid:vorous flies, which are numerous, having moftly bodies variegated with tranfverfe ftripes, their females may be feen hovering over plants infefted with Aphides, among which they depofit their eggs, on the furface of the leaf. The /arva, or maggot, produced from fuch eggs feeds, as foon as: hatched, on the younger kinds of Aphis; and, as it increafes in fize, attacks and de- _ vours thofe which are‘ larger. Thefe /arve aré ufually of a pale colour, adhere clofely to the leaf, along which they’ flowly glide, and are formed very tapering towards the head, » When, fully crown, they change to a pupa, or chryfalis, attached to the leaf, from whence iffues the fly. The /arve of thefe flies contribute their full fhare to diminifh the defpoilers of Flora, To thefe three kinds of infeéts, which are the chief agents’ in the hands of Nature 'for keeping the Aphides within their proper limits, we may add a few others which aét a fubordinate Aig, in ‘this nately bufinefs of deftruétion.
The /arva of the Hemierobius feeds ‘on’ thet 3 in the fame manner as that of the Mu/ca aphidivora, and depofits' its eggs alfo on the leaves of fuch plants as are ‘befet with Aphides. The eggs of this Hemerobius ftand on long filaments, which are attached by a bafe to the leaf, and have more the appearance of the filaments of flowers _ with their anthere than the eggs of an animal. The number of
eye thefe
«f'
=
Mr. Cortts’s Obfervations on Aphides, 89
__ thefe infects being comparatively very fmall, they may be confidered
rather as the. cafual invaders - 5 seo cept than the main hoft of © their deftroyers. > orate The Earwig, which is. in infelf no contemptible enemy to plants, makes fome atonement for its depredations by deftroying the Aphides; efpecially fuch as refide in the curled-up leaves of fruit-trees, and the purfes formed by certain 4phides on the poplars and other trees. - Laftly, we may add as the enemies of thefe creatures, fome of the fmaller foft-billed birds, which feed generally on infeéts, and which may frequently be feen bufily employed in picking them from the plants. Their utility did not efcape the obfervation of the pleafing author of the Seafons. ‘We fhall quote the whole of what he writes on this fubje@, prefuming that none of our readers will think it too long; remarking, however, that he has fallen into the error of moft others in regard to the manner in which thefe infeas are faid, to be brought by the eafterly winds, and that he arc the: amifchiefs of Caterpillars: with thofe of the Aphis. a For oft engender’d by the hazy north,” oj pehaiy at Nbrsinde om Darcy infed siavianiiee ; ’d breeze, and, waftefu {jai ig deff i ht bd ad be ae the ached Sade ee “it LF ap ( Their eager'way. A feeble race! y yet oft = gist me - The facred’fons of vengeance, on whofe courfe
_ Corrofive famine waits, and kills the year.
. To check this plague, the fkilful farmer chaf¥
Mr ‘es slazin from, before his. orchard burns,
a Ree : pike; 'd in fmo the latent. foe
ry cranny fuffocated falls 5 “og
Or featters.o! the blooms the pungent dut
‘Veo eid _ OF peppery fatal to the frofty, tribes. ert fol Tit aaa. 2 1 ers the envepom’d leaf begins to curl, Hs ith fprinkled y water, drowns them in their neft,
Bik te ; Nor, while. they pick them up with bufy bill, Tighe
The'little coping birds unwifely feares.
Vor. VI. N When
go Mr. Curtis’s Obfervations on Aphides.
When plants affume a fickly appearance, or are disfigured by difeafe, from whatever caufe'the difeafe may arife, they are faid to be blighted. Blights originate from a variety of cautes, the chief of Ete are unfavourable weather and infects. ©
Two opinions prevail very generally in regard to blights: the one, that the infe&ts which are the caufe of them are brought from a diftance by eafterly winds; the other, that they attach themfelves to none but plants already fickly. Neither of thefe opinions, as far as I have obferved, is founded in fact. Iam induced, from the nu- merous obfervations I have made on infects for a:feries of years, (in purfuing the cultivation, of plants) to confider the. Aphis as by far the moft general caufe of the’ difeafes diftinguifhed. by the name of blights. Other infects, it is true, more efpecially the /arve of fome of the Lepidoptera, as thofe of the Phalene tortrices, disfigure and do infinite mifchief to plants, by rolling and curling up the leaves. But thefe. for the moft part confine themfelves to certain trees and plants. Their ravages alfo are’ of fhorter duration, being confined . to the growth of one brood, and they are alfo lefs fatal, It would be no difficult matter for me to fill a volume with obfervations, to which I have been an eye’ witnefs, of the injuries which plants fuftain from infects; but that would be foreign to my .prefent pur- pofe, which is to fhow that the Aphis i is the grand caufe of thefe difeafes, and to place the wiodlis’ operandi, or the manner in which they effect this bufinefs, in its' ‘true light. Set 3 2
We are fully aware that certain ‘gregarious infeéts may at parti- cular times rife up in the air, ‘and, if {mall and light, be impelled by any wind that may chance to blow at the time; and on this prin- ciple we account for that thower of phides defcribed by Mr. White to have fallen at Selborn.” But’ certaitily ’ this is not the mode in which thofe infects are ufually difperfed over a country. The phe- nomenon is too unufual, the diftribution, would be \too partial ; for
Aphides,
Mr. Curtis's Obfervations on Aphides. gt
Aphides, while at their higheft point of multiplication, do not {warm like bees or ants, and fly off or emigrate in large bodies; but each “male or female 4pbis, at fuch periods as they atrive at maturity, marches or flies off without.waiting for any other. | Yet it may happen that, from a tree or plant thickly befet with them, numbers may fly off or emigrate together, being arrived at a a at the fame moment of time.
Detaching itfelf from the plant, each purfues a different route, intent on the’ great bufinefs of multiplying its {pecies ; and fettles on fuch plants i in the vicinity as are calculated to aaa nourifhment to its young.
The common green Aphis, which i is fo dete deftructive, lives during the winter feafon on fuch herbaceous plants as it remained on ‘during the autumn, either in its egg or perfect ftate. If the weather be mild, it multiplies greatly on fuch herbage; as the {pring
advances, in May the males and females of thefe infeéts acquire wings: and thus the bufinefs of increafe, hitherto confined, is widely. ‘and rapidly extended, as the winged Aphides, by hop-planters called the Fly, may be feen from this period very gvaarally fitting on plan ts, bis ie in the air in all direGtions,
. ul Minutes ff Heparonss obferved i in the Aphis falicis from the End of ‘ September to December 6th.
‘The Aphis falicis is among the largett Englith fpecies, and is found on the bark ‘both of the trunk and branches of the Salix triandra, fragilis, and ‘viminalis, but moft abundantly on the laf. The bodies of thefe infeéts contain. a red liquid, and hence perfous. em=, ployed in {tripping ofiers have their, hands rendered, apparently — ~ bloody by unavoidably bruifing them, ,
- Near the end of September multitudes of the full grown infects of this fpecies, both winged and others, are obferved to defert the N2 willows
&
92 Mr. Curtis’s Obfervations on Aphides.
willows: on which they feed, and to ramble folitarily over every neighbouring object, in fuch numbers that we can handle nothing in their vicinity without crufhing fome of them. Are they retreat- ing to frefh trees, on which to depofit their young, or feeking fome warmer fituation for the winter feafon? Waft numbers of them, moftly in a younger ftate, {till remain in large maffes on the trees.
Though numberlefs infects, Wafps in particular, were devouring the fweets they depofited, the Lady-bird (Coccinella) was the only one which preyed on the Aphides themfelves; and thefe towards the end of the month began to relax their depredations, and to retreat to their winter quarters.
As the feafon advances, the Aphides are found higher on the trees, proceeding ‘gradually upwards in queft of new food. When the young 4phis is brought forth, and is completely difengaged, it infi- nuates itfelf under the body of its mother, and places itfelf clofe to its elder brother or fifter, thus early manifefting an attachment to that congregated ftate of fociety in which it afterwards exifts.
If by ftriking it you jar the branch of the tree ott which Aphides are placed, or thould a wafp of otlier large infect approach them fuddenly, or rudely, the whole’of them as it were in a mafs elevate their bodies and hind legs and put them in motion; and herein appear to confift their whole powers of defence; in this ftate their very fine white legs, thus elevated, give ‘them a curious filamentous appearance. We have frequently obferved white incruftations ad- hering to different parts of their legs, wings, and bodies.
Oé. 12. Still obfervable in great maffes on the lar ge branches of
‘ the trees. Li
Many winged males now among them, yet no appearance of co- pulation. Many pregnant femaves-emigrating from the mafs. .
Nev. 8. A fine warm day, after many of violent and long con- — tinned rain, the 4phides were obferved to be very much diminifhed
in
Mr. Curris’s Obfervations on Apbides. 93
in number. On fome of the branches they had quite difappeared, but on others great numbers {till remained in maffes. Difeafe was now making havock among them ; the bodies of many were fwollen and difcoloured. Moft of them were fufpended by the probo/tis, ftill inferted into the bark of the tree ; their juices were of a deep purple or blackith hue. Not a Wafp to be feen, but few Flies, and.fewer Coccinelle, the only natural enemy to which we have obferved this fpecies to be fubject.
Nov. 10. On opening the abdomen of one of the largeft females, I counted fixty-one young, large and {mall
Put by in three feparate pill-boxes, placed in a warm clofet to the fouth-weft, many large pregnant apterous Apbhides, and. many males with their wings perfectly expanded, and others with their wings not expanded.
The large apterous 4pbides depofited young in the boxes, but all of them died in lefs than a fortnight. Thefe feveral Aphides were placed in this fituation to fee if they would live through the winter, as they would be out of the reach of froft.
Nov. 21. Opened the body of a female phis, and found it to contain forty-fix young; three parts of thefe at leaft were fuch, and: the fmalleft of them had more the appearance of embryos than eggs..
At the clofe of the month of May 1799, after a very long and. hard winter, plants were more free from Aphides than ufual ; yet, in fheltered gardens particularly, I found them on the top fhoots of tyees, (none on herbaceous plants) as the currant,. goofeberry,.apple,. cherry, and common fpindle tree. As yet, few of them had wings. It would appear from this circumftance,.that the female muft lay her eggs in hard winters on the extremities of the branches.
Obferved the excrement of a black 4phis clear and tranfparent,. ~ but the liquor from the tubular Cornicu/a was of a purple colour.
4 Te ®
O4 Mr. Curris’s Obfervations on Aphides.
It appears that the excrementitious fubftance both of this black Aphis and the common green one cryftallizes foon after it is evacu- ated at this feafon of the year; for we obferve a white fubftance on the leaves where the mika 7 are, and {carcely any of the gloffy honey-dew.
At twenty minutes paft fix in the evening of May 31ft, I immerfed fome black Aphidesin water, with the leaves of the Evonymus europeus on which they were feeding, in two feparate glafles of water, and took them out at ten. All furvived the experiment.
At twelve at noon I immerfed fome common green Aphides on goofe- berry fhoots, and a black fort on Evonymus, in water; when taken out at twelve at noon next day they were found every one dead.
Tas. V. fig. 1. reprefents part of a branch of the Sah viminalis with a number of fpecimens of the Aphis falicis.
fig. 2. is a female of the fame fpecies magnified, in the
act of excluding its young.
———
V. Remarks
— ~~
Linn. Trans. VE, tab.5. 1.94
~
atte ar Ais tad vs as i bite P
UAW, Ata . mea nil f Ti mr 7:
a Satay old 3 Lita ATR ge
‘ete .,
( 95 )
V. Remarks on the Genera of Peederota, Wulfenia, and Hemimeris. By Sfames Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S, P.L.S,
Read Oétober 7, 1800.
Tue genus of Pederota was firft conftituted by Linneus in his Academical Differtation entitled Plante rariores Africane, publifhed at Upfal in 1760, and reprinted in the 6th volume of the Amenitates
Academica in 1763. In the former edition the genus was called He- imimeris, in the latter Pederota, and the only fpecies there mentioned bears the trivial name of bone /pei. This plant has never been well known to botanifts in general. The original fpecimen probably remained in Profeffor Burmann’s hands, along with the other plants” defcribed in the above-mentioned differtation; but Linnzus, I know not at what period, obtained another, which is preferved in his herbarium with the name of 4. /pei in his own hand, and which he afterwards defcribed in the Supplementum as Hemimeris diffufa. Un- fortunately he neglected to quote Pederota bone fpei'as a fynonym in that work, and his fon, with all the materials before him, totally
overlooked it; fo that Profeffor Murray, and other compilers, give us the fame plant under both. names. Even 'M. De Juffieu feenis not to have known this original fpecies of Pederota. His ideas of the genus are taken from the Buonarolia of Micheli, and the Pederota lutea of Scopoli, the former of which is referred to Pederota by
Linnzus in the 2d edition of Sp. Plant. by the name of P. Buonarota,
and the latter is called in his 2d Mantifa, P. Ageria. Thefe plants
appear again in the Supplementum, with new and improved {fpecific
*/. characters, under the names of P. cerulea and P. lutea, and their
oké
g6 Dr. Smitu’s Remarks on the Genera
old denominations not being there quoted, each of them occurs twice in Murray’s and Gmelin’s editions of the Syfema; but fuch repe- _titions are too frequent. in both thofe writers to excite our wonder at prefent. M. De Juffieu obferves, very juftly in my opinion, that the Vulfenia of Jacquin agrees in genus with thefe laft-mentioned plants. This being the cafe, and as they by no means agree with the original Pederota, it would be beft to range them under that of Wulfenia, a name which has every poffible claim to be retained. Pederota may very well be fpared, The plant which firft bore that
now fo denenainat ej in the Supplementum, along eich, two Lovaas aoe accord with it in genus. Ifthe name WVulfenia fhould be refufed to the plants to which I would apply it, they mutt be called Buonarotta, merely on account of priority ; for I know of no other claim to fuch an honour in the Florentine fenator after whom Micheli named them, The generic charaéters of Hulfeais and Hemimeris may be expreffed . as follows: WULFENIA. Diandria Monogynia, next to Veronica. Corolla tubulofa, ringens. Calyx quinquepartitus, Cap/ula bilocu- laris, quadrivalvis. The fpecies are, 1. W. Buonarotia, caule foliofo, corollz labio fuperiore indivifo. 2, W. Ageria, caule foliofo, corolla labio fuperiore emarginato. 3. W. carinthiaca, caule nudo, foliis crenatis.
HEMIMERIS. Didynamia Angiofpermia, next to Antirrhinum. Calyx quinquepartitus. Coro//a rotata, refupinata, bafi gibbofa, hinc
fila, Filamenta glabra. Gap/ula bilocularis. The
———— SO
of Pederota, Wulfenia, and Hemimeris, a
The only {pecies I have hitherto afcertained are the following ;
1. Hi. fabuldfa diandra, foliis oppofitis pinnatifidis, caule proftrato.
a. H, diffufa, didynama, foliis alternis oppofitifque pinnatifidis, caule patulo,
3. H. montana, diandra, foliis oyatis ferratis obtufiufculis, caule erecto.
4, H, urticifolia, didynama, foliis ovatis ferratis acutis, caule fuffru- ticofo, capfulis retufis. Celfia urticifolia. Curt. Mag, 4.417.
5. H. linearis, didynama, foliis Hacsoencapbicls iGrmutias caule fuffruticofo, capfulis acutis. Celfia linearis. ‘faeq. Ic. rar. v.3. t.497- Curt. Mag. t. 210.
The three firft I know only from fpecimens in the Linnzan herbarium. The difw/a is fufpeéted by the younger Linnzus to be a variety of the /abulofa, to which I can fcarcely affent. It is not eafy to fay which of the two may be the original Pedercta bone /pei. The fpecimen of Linneus fo marked is the difi/a; but he had not that before him when he wrote the differtation upon rare African plants, and it has certainly four ftamina. If the number of ftamina be conftant, the /abulofa (which has but two) muft have been the real Pederota. The montana is fufficiently diftin&t in habit and cha- raéter from both.
The two remaining fpecies are natives of Peru, and have for fome time been commonly known in our gardens as fpecies of Ce/fa, but certainly without foundation. The error originated with Profeffor Ortega, and he has been followed by Jacquin and Curtis againft their own judgment, for neither of thefe plants has the habit or character of any Ce/fa. It is to be lamented that fuch erroneous names fhould be ignorantly given and heedlefsly retained, as it is difficult to eradicate them when once applied.to any very popular and ornamental plant. Thus a moft beautiful Chelone has been
Vor. VI. O lately
98 Dr. Smitu’s Remarks on Paderota, &c.
lately brought from Spain by the fpecific name of rwelloides, and it is fo called amongft us: but a more prepofterous blunder was hardly ever made in botany, as thofe who know the plant, and can read Linnzus’s Supplementum, p. 279, will readily perceive. With refpect to the two {fpecies of Hemimeris in queftion, they perfectly accord with the generic character given above, with which alfo the Lin- nean fabulofa and diffufa, (which I have carefully macerated and diffe€ted), and to all appearance the montana alfo, perfectly agree. In their general habit and ftruéture they alfo manifeftly form alto- gether one natural genus.
VI. &
( 99 )
VI. dn Mofraton of the Genus Solandra. By Richard Anthony Salifbury, Efq. F.R.S. and LS.
Read November 4, 1800.
Cum in variis amabilis Botanices Scientiz partibus, id mihi con- ftanter propofitum fuit, ut rariores ftirpes in horto, fi quando fruc- tum miaturaverint, eas demum accurate intelligerem, forfan non dedignetur Societas Linnzana obfervationibus quibufdam quz Solan- dram illuftrent: genus longe pulcherrimum zque ac diftin@tiffimum. ““Attamen Angli hanc recepere tefte horto, Kew,” in Linn. Pral. p- 392- obfervat Gifeke. Lamarck, in Yourn. Hift. Nat. v. 1. p. 369. afferit, “‘ que ce pretendu genre eft une veritable efpece de Datura.” Utinam fane more parco auctoris Horti Kewenfis nova genera reci- perent alii Botanici, quippe qui ingenii acumine venerando fuo prz- ceptori Linné parum cedens, ne unicum genus, fecundum noftrum tantillum judicium, in eo libro inferuit, quod non fummo jure di- ftingui debet. Fatendum eft autem neque charaéterem hujufce generis in Vetenfk. Acad. Handl. ann. 1787. p. 301. primo propofitum, neque alterum ab eodem auétore in fua Fi. Oce. Ind. v. 1. p. 386. nuperrime publici juris fatum, omnino attigiffle felicitatem, qua noftris temporibus plures nove flirpes dignofcuntur. _ Fructu certe .gaudet Datura. Folia vero conftanter alterna, nec per paria in ramis florentibus approximata, inflorefcentia, corolla irregularis cum eftivatione limbi, hac omnia a veris So/ancis adeo late recedunt, ut multo potius in proprio Ordine, cum confimilibus ftirpibus Brunf- felfia, et Crefcentia, locarem. Affinitatem cum Befleria video nullam.
O2 SOLAN-
100 Mr. SArisBury’s Iiluftration of the Genus Solanara.
SOLANDRA.
Torus medioliformis. Ca/yx margine tori infertus, tubulofus, per fiftens. Corolla margine tori inferta: limbo ventricofo, irregulari, fubeftivatione imbricato; decidua. Fi/amenta 5, ore tubi inferta, verfus latus inferius fecunda. Pericarpium fuperum, pene totum 4-loculare, fucculentum, deciduum. Sema receptaculo longe ftipitato, centrali, profunde 2-lobo, undique feffilia.
Solandra grandiflora. Swartz Fl. Ind. Occ. v. 1. p. 386. t. 9. Solan- dra grandiflora. Men. Exot. Bot. t. 6. Solandra grandiflora. Swartz in Vetenfk. Acad. Handl. ann. 1787. p. 300. t. It. Stramonium fcandens, flore luteo. Plum. Jc ined. Peach-coloured trumpet flower, ‘famaicenfibus.
Sponte nafcentem in Inf. Samaica, in truncos arborum fepe para- fiticam fiffurifque rupium, legit O. Swartz.
Floret Yanuario, Februario, fruétum maturans Augufto.
Frutex 9—20 pedes altus. Radix fufca, longe excurrens, ramofiffima, fpongiofe lignofa. Caulis cinereus, fcandens, teres: Rami multi, varie flexi, alii longiffimi: plus minus radicans, rimofus; fuperne pallide viridis, vifcido-pubefcens; fpongiofe lignofus. Folia denfa, alterna, frondofa: Petioli viridi-purpurafcentes, recurvuli, femi- teretes, vifcido-pubefcentes, fupra concavi linea medio eminente : Laminz fupra virides, fubtus pallidiores, petiolis multo longiores, recurvo-patentiflima, obovato-lanceolatz, integerrimz,acuminate, utrinque vifcido-pubefcentes, paululum lucida, planiufcula, car- nofz: Nervi plures, medius craffior petioloque confluens: quo- tannis prodeuntia et decidua. Fores fragrantes, nutantes, folitarii, rarius 2 vel 3 fafciculati. Pedunculi pallide virides, ramulis ter- minales, craffi, 4-5 lineas longi, obconici, infertione articulati, mi- nutiffime vifcido-pubefcentes. Torus pallide viridis, pedunculo confluens quo brevior et craffior, medioliformis, obfolete angulatus,
8 minutiffime
Mr, Sarissury’s Silufiration of the Genus Solandra, LOL
minutiflime vifcido-pubefcens. | Calyx pallide viridi-purpurafcens, margine tori infertus, 3 pollices longus vel plus, erectus, tubu- lofus, 5-angulus lateribus concaviufculis, fub florefcentia per angulos duos vel tres breviter & inzequaliter fiffus, poftea fruétu intumefcente {pe profundius ufque ad bafin: lacinie erecta, femilanceolate, integerrimz, acuminulate: minute vifcidulo-pu- befcens potiffimum intus, extus nonnihil lucidus, perfiftens. Corolla margine tori inferta, 7-8-pollices longa: Tubus pallide ' viridi-flavus, calyce parum brevior, verfus latus ejus inferius de- clinatus, inferne vix 3 lineas diametro, fuperne fenfim dilatatus, 5-gonus, ad infertionem filamentorum extus depreffiufculus : Lim- bus maxima parte albidus, tubo multo longior; inferne infundi- buliformis ; mox admodum ventricofus fauce circiter 2 pollices diametro; dein recurvus ore fummo 4% pollices diametro, breviter 5-fidus ; per indivifam partem obfolete 1o-angulus, angulis 5 ab inferioribus tubi continuatis intufque Vitta ob{cure purpurea colo- ratis, 5 ab infertione filamentorum enatis multo tenuioribus in- tufque Vittd obfoletiffima vel’nulla; Laciniz extus lete purpu- rafcentulz interftitiis bafi minute fuborbicularibus, exquifitiffime ciliate; 1 extima, femiorbicularis, repandula, plana; 3 interiores majores latere aitero quod zftivatione includitur dilatato incifo- crenato cri{fpoque; 1 intima, maxima, femiorbicularis, tota ele- gantiffime criipo-crenulata; inferne extus glabra, cxterum lzvis,. coriacea, decidua. Filamenta 5, pallidiffime viridi-flava bafibus. obfcure purpureis, ore tubi inferta, decurrentia, limbo circiter dimidio breviora, deorfum fecunda, incurva, approximata, fubu- lata, glabra. Anthere pallidiffime viridi-flave lateribus. purpureis, bafi inferte ibidemque breviter 2-fidz, filamentis longe breviores,. ereCtz, nonnihil lunulate, 4-angule, mucronulate, 2-loculares :: Valve 4, 2 anteriores paulo anguftiores et reétiores: lateraliter dehifcentes; poft anthefin obfcure purpurez, paulo minores, inz-
quilateraliter
102 Mr. Satisnury’s Iiluftration of the Genus Solandra.
quilateraliter ovata, valde compreffe. Pollen pallidiffime flavum. Pericarpium: caftum pallidiffime viridi-flavum, difco tori fuperum, pyramidale, leve: gravidum 14-2 pollices longum, ovatum, fere ufque ad apicem 4-loculare, dein feptis 2 parietalibus fenfim de- ficientibus 2-loculare; receptacula 2, centralia, longe ftipitata, profunde 2-loba, varie repando-finuofa: parturiens fucculentum, deciduum, putrefcens. Sty/us apice purpurafcentulus, directione filamentorum quibus tenuior et altior, teres, glaber. Stigma pal- lide viride, compreffum, minutiffime pubefcens, tenuiter canalicu- latum. Semina plurima, ferruginea, receptaculo undique feffilia, reniformia, 2-cotyledonea.
Confiftentiam fructus in uno eodemque genere, admodum variare tot docent exempla, ut vix unquam ifta fola nota plantam ablu- dentem ab affinibus fepararem: f{truéturam ejus contra, in diverfiffi- mis generibus fimillimam effe, multe aliz ftirpes Claffis 8-ve Fu/s. Gen. preter hanc de qua fupra agitur, probant.
EXPLICA TIO. TAB.) VI.
Fig, 1. Corollz tubus cum infertione genitalium. 2. Pericarpium fubmaturum. 3. Idem juxta medium tran{verfe fetum, ubi 4-loculare. 4. Idem juxta apicem ubi 2-loculare. 5- Semen maturum.
VII. Obferva-
‘ 7 ee ¢ IS< OL Aiea.” Tew cP pf (ior . ray oa | iA =" 7 riod : Prat 3 rae ; ¥ ha’. "y 4 i ‘ 7 i ' be’ i wv . ‘
Linn: Trans; VolV1 tab-6 JelO2
R.A. Solishury Esg? del
a
( 103)
VII. Od/ervations on fome remarkable Strata of Flint in a Chalk-pit in the Tle of Wight, in a Letter from Sir Henry Charles Englefield, Bart. F.R.S. to Fohn Latham, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S.
Read April 1, 1800.
DEAR SIR,
As you confidered the fpecimens of flint which I fhowed you worthy of the notice of the Linnean Society, I tranfmit them to you, together with fuch an account of the fituation in which I found them, as may perhaps lead to a guefs of the caufes of their prefent very extraordinary condition, and will at leaft ferve as a guide to thofe who may wifh at a future time to infpeét the curious pit where I found them.
Before I enter on the particular defcription of that {pot I cannot help faying a few words on the lithology of the ifland in general, which has not, that I know of, been defcribed, as it highly deferves, by any naturalift. Had I been equal to fuch a tafk opportunities of obfervation were wanting, and the phenomenon which I am about to defcribe was difcovered by me fo fhort a time before I quit- ted the ifland that I had not time to infpect more than one pit be- fides that in which I firft obferved it.
The Ifle of Wight, which is nearly of a rhomboidal form, lies with refpeét to its four angles, almoft abfolutely in the four points of the compafs. It is divided into two very nearly equal parts by a range of chalk hills, whofe general direction is due eaft and weft. Thefe hills do not, however, lie in a ftraight line, nor are they at all
6 of
104 Sir H. C. ENGLEFIELD’s Od/ervations
of equal breadth or height throughout their extent. At Bem- bridge, where they form the eaftern point of the ifland, they rife abruptly from the fea to a height of about 400 feet ; and, bending a little to the northward, they continue of nearly the fame elevation
and a very narrow breadth, till they terminate at the valley through ty
which the Medina runs. To the weft of the Medina the range grows confiderably wider, and is fubdivided into feveral fubordinate vallies. This additional breadth gives the fouthern limit a great curvature to the fouth, while the northern line remains nearly ftraight. Their elevation increafes much, and at Mottifton is 700 feet. The acute and perpendicular promontory in which they terminate to the weft, well known by the name of the needles, is nearly as high as Mottifton, Befides the valley of the Medina this range is fingularly interrupted by two vallies exactly fimilar to each other at the two ends of the ifland. Brading Haven renders Yaverland at the eaft almoft an ile, and the Yarmouth inlet cuts off the weftern end fo nearly that at high tides it is fometimes quite infu- lated-at Frefhwater Gate.
To the north of this range of chalk hills the foil is chiefly clay, with a fuperftratum, in many parts, of gravel. The clay is inter- {perfed with many beds of ftone of different qualities, and which appear to lic im great confufion. Of thefe fome are grit with a flight admixture of calcareous matter; others have nearly equal . parts of {and and lime, and others are purely calcareous. In the firft, which are of great hardnefs, very few extraneous bodies appear. In the fecond are many fine impreffions of fhells, while the laft are almoft entirely compofed of moulds of turbinated fhells fo as to appear quite honeycombed by them. This ftone is, however, of great durability, for the walls of Cowes Caftle, which was built by Hen- ty VIII. and is expofed tothe fea,air from the welt and north, are as perfe&t as.on the day in which they were built. Below all thefe
ftrata
on fome remarkable Strata of Flint. 105
ftrata of ftone, at Eaft Cowes, and juft above a bed of black and folid clay, is a ftratum of fhells about two feet thick, of which a {pecimen accompanies this, and which is totally compofed of thefe fhells without any admixture or earth whatever. As the fea makes great inroads here, vaft heaps of thefe fhells lie onthe beach, and feem juft wafhed up by the waves, inftead of being torn from their bed in the cliff. They appear nearly in the fame fate as thofe on the Hampthire coaft, which have long been famous among naturalifts.
In the bed at Eaft Cowes there appears however no variety; for I could fee no fpecies but what are here exhibited.
Whatever confufion in the ftrata appears to the north of the chalk range, or in that range itfelf, difappears to the fouth of it, where the ftrata are nearly in a horizontal pofition, and fingu- larly regular and undifturbed. .The fea coaft from Bembridge fouth to the Needles, except in the fmall extent of Sandown Marth, is every where higher than the immediately contiguous land of the ifland, and to the fouth-eaft rifes into a vaft range of hills running from Dunnofe weft to St. Catherine’s. The fubftratum of thefe hills feems every where to be clay lying in ftrata of different colour and purity. The loweft is black and very hard; approaching to fhale. Above this fome ftrata have a great mixture of fand, and take the appearance of a foft ftone breaking into very regular cubical forms. Thefe ftrata extend over the whole fouthern part of the ifland, and terminate again{t the chalk range very fuddenly. Above the clay ftrata is a bed of ftone in thin layers, and of very mingled materials, butin general very hard. Great quantities of chert or flint nodules appear in this ftone. The general thicknefs of the ftratum is from 150 to 200 feet. Above this the higheft hills of the range have a ftratum of chalk, not pure or white as that of the chalk range properly fo called, nor producing flint fo black.
Vor. VI. Pp é “The
106 Sir 1. C. Enonrrrero’s Od/ervations
The height of Dunnofe is 800 feet above low water mark. St. Catherine’s hill is at leaft 850. Of the former I had no oppor- tunity of examining accurately the thicknefs of the ftrata; but at S:. Catherine’s the ftrata are as follow :
Chalk - 250 feet Stone - 200 feet or perhaps not quite fo much. Clay and fand 400 feet
850
This arrangement aecounts entirely for the formation of that fingular coaft called the Undercliff, which extends from Dunnofe to St. Catherine’s, and is compofed of the confufed fragments of the upper ftratum of rock which have given way and rolled down as the fubftratum of clay has been wathed away by the fea. In moft parts the procefs feems nearly at a ftand’; the coaft being now protected by the fallen rocks; but at St. Catherine’s great devaftation is ftill taking place. The earth-fall mentioned laft year was a very fmall operation of this kind when compared with the relicks of former convulfions. ;
From this fhort fketch of the general pofition of the ftrata in the ifland, I return to the particular fubje& of the prefent paper.
The chalk pit, which I am about to defcribe, is fituated on the northern edge of the chalk range juft out of the village of Carit- brook, and about an, hundred yards beyond the divifion of the roads to Yarmouth and Shorwell. The pit is open to the eaft. The ftrata of chalk are very regular, from two'to five feet in thickneis, and divided by feams of flint from fix inches to nine inches in depth. . The flints are, as ufual, in nodules of different fizes, from the fize of the fift to twice the fize of. @ man’s head. The whole dip north- ward with an inclination of at leaft 67 degrees. Perpendicular fiffures run through the whole from north to touth, the fides of
which
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ad be veo nee ape aes aeahoeee bee ‘shee ¥ pi dnd
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Pinca apn Ves, Be fs lal ee
i .
: ‘ is ; y Fey. Weer AT TS sale RY ea
Tein, rans. Vieab. 7107.
on fome remarkable Strata of Flint. {%o7
which are nearly as flat and fmooth as a wall. As thefe fiffures are followed with convenience in working the pit, an extenfive face was laid open when I faw it, and the appearance was as in the annex- ed fketch. See Tas. VII. On examining the beds of flint nearly, I was aftonifhed to find that every flint, though lying in its place, and- retaining perfeétly its original fhape, was more of lefs burft and thattered; fome few were only fplit into large pieces, but the greater part were broken into {mall fragments, and {ame abfolutely reduced to impalpable powder. From one which had fuffered the moft the annexed fpecimen was taken. The powdet was fo very fine that I had conceived it muft have been mixed with chalk; but, on wafhing it with diluted marine acid, I found that it was purely filiceous. Indeed the chalk which furrounds thefe flints is uncommonly folid, and does not exhibit cracks or marks of any violence except the great fiffures beforementioned. A fpecimen of the flint powder after wafhing in the acid is feat with the other.
I muft obferve that I had but imperfect opportunity of infpeéting the flints which lay at a diftance from the fiffure ; fuch however as I could fee in the bed then working appeared to have been lefs fhattered in proportion as they were more remote from the fiffure; but all had fuffered more or lefs,
About 200 yards below this pit, and nearer to Carifbrook village, the road is in part cut through the chalk, and the beds of flint ex- pofed by that means exhibit the fame appearances as thofe in the pit above.
The chalk pit above Shide Bridge, which is the only one I had an opportunity of examining after my difcovery of the phaznomenon above defcribed, prefents in fome degree the fame appearances, but does not afford fo good an opportunity of viewing the ftrata as that at Carifbrook. The {trata did not appear to me to lic fo regularly
P'2 nor
108 Sir H. C. ENGLEFIELD’s Obfervations
nor the flints to be difpofed fo much in beds as at Carifbrook. They were however extremely broken and fhattered, and apparently the moft fo where they lay moft in ftrata,’ The ftrata had alfo a great inclination or dip to the north: :
Although it would :be rafh to attempt to account for this very fingular ftate-of-deftruétion of the flints in the Carifbrook pit, yet it is impoffible not to offer fome conjectures on the fubje&. There can be very little doubt’ that the’ ftrata, though now fo inclined, were originally-formed in a horizontal pofition. _ When the tre- mendous convulfion' took place which funk them to the fituation in which they now appear (at which time the channel which fepa- rates the Ifle of Wight from the main land wasperhaps formed), the ftrata of chalk, in the act of fubfidence, had a tendency to flide on each other, and this would be exerted moft fenfibly where from the admixture of the flints the cohefion of the parts of the chalk was the weakeft. This motion, or rather ftrain, of fo enor- mous a weight, might in an inftant fhiver the flints, though their refiftance {topped the incipient motion; for the flints,though crufhed to powder, are not difplaced, which muft have been the cafe had the beds flid fenfibly. This conjecture is perhaps ftrengthened by what Tobferved in a few detached nodules of flint in the chalk ftrata which did not appear to have fuffered as thofe in the beds of flint have done. ' I may here add that it feemed as if in fome places the fine powder of the flints had run down, and invefted the nearer parts of the fiffure with a thin coating of the agglutinated duft; but this. may poflibly have taken place fince the face of the fiffure Has been expofed to the weather.
. Perhaps it may not be totally foreign from the srehete fubjeé, to mention that in a very great chalk pit at the village of Prefton, a mile north of Brighthelmftone, in which the flints lie in very regular and nearly horizontal ftrata, but which has alfo vaft perpendicular
3 fiffures
on fome remarkable, Strata of Flint. Iog
fiffures in the chalk, the fiffures are in many places filled to a con- fiderable extent with a very thin vein of pure flint exa@tly as if the flint, not being quite hard when the fiffures took place, had been fqueezed out of the beds and run into the fiffures as foft pitch would do... I do,not mean at all to fay that this was the cafe, but merely todefcribe the appearances. In, the chalk pit juft below the church at Brighthelmftome another fingular appearance may be feen. The upper part of the chalk is in feparate maffes, not pro- perly rubble, but with all their tender angles fharp exactly as if juft broken to pieces to put into the lime kiln, and quite clean, nearly of. a fize, and almoft without any chalk powder mixed with them..
I remain, &c.
Southampton, Jan. 22, 1800.
VIII.
{ 4110 )
VIII. Remarks on fome Britifh Species of Salix. By James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S, P.L.S.
Read May 5, 18or.
It has for a long time been my intention fo offer to the confidera- tion of the Linnean Society fome elucidation of the Britith Willows ; but there are many reafons why any thing like a complete hiory of of the genus of Sa/ix cannot at prefent be made ou‘, even fo far as regards our native fpecies, and I have therefore withheld the partial information I had acquired, in hopes of learning more, and being able to communicate fomething better worth the Society’s accept- ance.
At length however it becomes neceflary that this obfcure genus fhould affume as regular a form as poflible in the Flora Britannica; where, as in every other inftance, my object is to publifh nothing that I have not afcertained myfelf, at leaftas far asthe imperfe@tion © of all human knowledge and judgment will permit. The enumera- tion therefore of the fpecies of Salix in that book, though more comprehenfive than any yet publifhed in Britain, will be but an effay, to be perfected hereafter; and what I have to offer in this paper are various matters colleéted in the courfe of my inquiries, which require a more diffufe explanation than the fy{tematic form of the work juft mentioned will admit. I fhall at prefent confine my obfervations to the arborefcent {pecies of the firft fection of the genus Salix, which comprehends fuch as have leaves more or lefs f-rrated, and nearly {mooth, at Jeaft when fully formed. This is the
6 moft
Remarks on fome-Britifo Species of Salix. 11k
moft dificult feétion, and 1 flatter myfelf I ghall be able to furnith fome new information refpecting it. :
Som: difficulties which attend the inveftigation of this genus are almoft peculiar to it. Willows to be well underftood require to be ftudied at three different periods of their growth; firft when in flower, at which time the leaves in general {carcely appear at all 5 next when the capfules are fully formed and nearly ripe, and the leaves juft expanded, with their ftipule ; laftly when the leaves have attained their full fize, and all remains of the fructification have dif- appeared. In this lait ftate the true form, and pubeicence or {mooth- nefs, of the leaves is to be known; in the fecond the nature of the flipule, which frequently are very deciduous, and the figure and furs face of the capfules ; whereas in the firft {tate the very difcriminative and carious parts of the flower, the ftamina, ne‘taria, and, abeve all, the proportion and ftructure of the germen, ftyie and ftigmatdy are only to be learnt. I have found the laft-mentioned parts fo con+ {tant and important, fo ftrongly indicative of natural {u'divifions of the genus, that if we could at all times command them, they would certainly afford better characters for that purpofe than the margin of pubefcence of the leaves. But the dioecious nature of thefe plants is another inconvenience, and peculiarly militates againft a general ar- rangement of them according to parts, which it is an even chance whether we meet with or not, and which are moreover {fo very tranfient.
If I fhould prove more fuccefsful in treating the fubjec& under confideration than my predeceffors Mr. Hudfon and Mr. Lightfoot, it will be greatly owing to three caufes. Firft the publication of Profeflor Hu ffman’s Hifforia Salicum, {o. full, 1o accurate, I might almoft fay fo perfect, as far as it goes. This work the authors of the Flra A ghca and Flora Seotica never knew. In the next place the opportunity 1 have had of fludying the Linnzan original {pecimens,
in
112 Dr. Smirnu’s Remarks on
‘in this ‘genus peculiarly ample and inftruétive, and of comparing them, through Her Majefty’s gracious permiffion, with Mr. Light- foot’s Herbarium, by which moft of the doubtful fpecimens men- tioned in his Flora, p. 611, have been referred to fome fpecies or other, and all his difficulties with regard to others removed. Laftly the affiftance I have received from my accurate and indefatigable friend Mr. Crowe, who for many years has with unwearied diligence collected Willows, both indigenous and exotic, from all quarters; carefully noting their peculiar ufes and properties; diftinguifhing the truly wild from the naturalized, or merely cultivated kinds; and watching them with a moft difcriminating eye through all their ftages of growth in his garden, which is fortunately fituated fo as to be peculiarly favourable for the purpofe.
Linnzus begins his arrangement of the Salices with thofe {pecies which have fome peculiarity in their ftamina, and our Britifh writers follow him in this diftribution. It is not my defign to difturb it. All fuch as, inftead of the 2 diftiné&t ftamina of Willows in general, have their filaments united into one, or have more than 2 ftamina, have {mooth ferrated leaves, and therefore ftand commodioufly enough at the head of this firft fe&tion. :
The Salix hermaphroditica 1 believe has no right toa place among Britifh plants. Hudfon introduces it only with a mark of doubt. The Salix latifolia folio /plendente of Ray feems, by Dillenius’s remark, to be a variety of the Sallow. The real hermaphreditica of the Lin- nzan herbarium is clofely allied to S. pentandra, except in the fruéti- fication, and has never been deteéted in Britain.’ All that I have found in the gardens under that name is merely a broad-leaved va- riety of S. pentandra, the flowers of which are pentandrous and dioecious. The true hermapbroditica has but 2 {tamina, and thofe in‘ the fame flower with the piftillum. I have never feen it alive, nor
do IJ believe it to be known out of Sweden. The
Some Britifo Species of Salix. 1X3 The firft {pecies on our lift of Britifh Willows is the I. SALIX purpurea. Bitter Purple Willow.
S. monandra, foliis obovato-lanceolatis ferratis glabris, ftigmatibus breviffimis ovatis fubfeffilibus.
Salix purpurea, Linn. Sp. P/. 1444. Hud. 427.
S. monandra. With. 45. Curt. Lond. fafc. 6. t.71. Hoffm. Sal. A Ay Ce Bb os Gy Ale OA Re SA (Rs eae BA 2
S. humilior, foliis anguftis fubceruleis, ex adverfo binis. Ravi Syn. 448. Cant. 144. m 5.
In paluftribus, et ad fluvios.. Fl. Martio:
This is a bufhy thrub, three or four feet high, with long, flender, tough, purple, fhining branches. The leaves are either oppofite or alternate, nearly linear, but broadeft upwards, ferrated chiefly towards the fummit, very {mooth, glaucous beneath, deftitute of {tipule. The male catkins are very flender, fearcely an inch long, nearly feflile, confifting of many thick-fet flowers, the uppermoft of which expand firft. Scales black at the tip, hairy. Nectary a foli- tary gland oppofite to each fcale. Stamen one folitary fimple fila- ment, never dividing, bearing am orange-coloured double, or four- lobed, anthera. Female catkins exaétly like the male in fize and form. Germen feffile, fmall, of an ovate or rather elliptic form, filky. Style very fhort, or fcarcely any. Stigmas fmall, feffile, fomewhat ovate, undivided, marked with a longitudinal furrow on the upper fide. Capfule ovate, fmall, filky.
. The leaves and twigs of this fpecies are extremely bitter, and therefore authorize the Englifh name given by Mr, Curtis, who has
Vo. VI. Q. well
114 Dr. Smrtu’s Remarks on
well figured and defcribed the fpecies, though he erredin confound- ing it with the following. _
2. Carve Helix. Rofe Willow.
S. monandra? foliis lanceolatis acuminatis ferrulatis glabris, ftylo elongato filiformi, ftigmatibus linearibus. Salix Helix. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1444. Hudf 427. Dalech. Hift. 277. f. 2. S.n. 1640. Hall. Hif. v. 2. 306. ‘Salicis racemi feu nucamenta, rofe et capitula fquamata. Baub, Hift. vit. pr 2. 213.
In falicetis et paluftribus. Fl. Martio, Aprili.
Haller and Ehrhart feem to have led Prof. Hoffmann into the error of confounding this with the preceding, from which it is moft unqueftionably very diftinét. Mr. Curtis, and fome of our more recent writers, have followed Hoffmann, perhaps without having ever feen the true S. He/ix. I am obliged to Mr. Crowe for firft pointing out to me the different heights of the two plants, and dif- ferent fizes of their catkins, and on a critical examination of the female flowers, I was fo fortunate as to find further marks of diftinction. ‘
S. Helix rifes to the height of 9 or 10 feet, and is-a {mall flender tree. Even in the form of its leaves it differs from the purpurea, thote of the He/x being more truly lanceolate and taper-pointed, by no means obovate. From the fize which Haller afcribes to: his Salix n. 1640, I venture to prefume he intended this plant, and not the purpurea, and therefore borrow from him the character monandra, for | have never feen the male of this fpecies. It is extremely probable moreover, from the clofe affinity of the two in other
3 ref{pects,
fomé Britifh Species of Salix. 115
refpeéts, that they fthould agree in this. The female catkins are fomewhat longer, and twice as thick, as in the laft, and ftand on longer ftalks. The germen is feffile, ovate and filky, but the ftyle is confiderably lengthened out, quite {mooth and naked. The ftigmas alfo, inftead of being fhort and ovate, are linear and confiderably elongated. To thefe fatisfa€tory marks may be added that the leaves are lefs glaucous beneath, and not fo bitter as thofe of the S. purpurea.
3. Sarix fifa. Bafket Ofier.
S. monadelpha, foliis lanceolatis acutis fubdenticulatis glabris:
fubtus glaucis. Salix fifa. Hoffm. Sal. v. 1. OF. t. 13, 14.
In falicetis. Fl. Aprili, Maio.
In feveral ofier-grounds near Lynn, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. At Prickwillow near Ely. Rev. Mr. Hemfed. At Fincham, Nor- folk. Rev. Fofeph Forby.
This is a fhrub 4 or 5 feet high, with upright, flexible and very tough branches, of a yellowifh afh-colour, often purplifh. Leaves alternate, on footftalks, lanceolate, pointed, 2 or 3 inches long, mi- nutely toothed, or fomewhat ferrated, principally towards the top; {mooth on both fides except when very young; glaucous beneath ; dark-green above. Stipulz none. Catkins on fhort ftalks, cylin- drical, blunt, firft red, then yellow, flowering firft at the top. Stamina 2, united from the bafe about half way to the top. An- there of 2 lobes, yellow. Germen ovate, acute, hairy. Style fhort. Stigmas oblong, blunt, undivided. . Q2 This
116 Dr. Smrru’s Remarks on
This is cultivated in the fens, and preferred above all other Wil- lows or Offers for the fineft kinds of bafket work. Female plants only have hitherto come under my infpection, but, by a peculiar inftance of good fortune, I laft fpring met with one or two male flowers at the bafe of a few female catkins in Mr. Crowe’s garden. Thefe enabled me to complete my defcription, and at the fame time removed every poffible doubt of our plant being the S. ff of Hoff- mann, with every part of whofe excellent defcription it accords,
4. Sawix rubra. Green Ofer.
§. monadelpha? foliis lineari-lanceolatis elongatis acutis denticulatis elabris: fubtus concoloribus.
Salix rubra. Hudf 428. With. 49.
S. virefcens. Villar’s Dauph. v. 3. 785. t. 51.f- 30.
S, minimé fragilis, foliis longiffimis utrinque viridibus non ferratis, Raii Syn. 449.
S. nerii folio utrinque virente. Vall. Par. 175-
In falicetis rarius. Fl. Aprili, Maio.
Between Maidenhead and Windfor, and near Salifbury. F. She- rard. Yan ofier-holt near Ely. Rev. Dr. Goodenough. At Prick- willow near Ely. Rev. Mr. Hemfted. Near Bedford. Rev. Mr, Abbot.
The branches of this fhrub are very long, flender, tough, fmooth, gray or purplifh, Leaves about 4 inches long when full-grown, linear-lanceolate, narrow, acute, flightly toothed or ferrated, by no means entire, of a bright green on both fides, not at all glaucous, fmooth in general, fometimes fprinkled with a few flender hairs beneath. Stipule, if prefent, linear-lanceolate, a little toothed ;
but
—_
t+
Some Britify Species of Salix. 1IZ
but generally wanting. The male catkins I have not feen. I pre- fume them from analogy to have monadelphous ftamina. The females differ but little from the preceding, except in having rather thicker, almoft ovate, fligmas.
This {pecies appears to be but little known, though among the moft valuable as an Ofier. The habit of the plant, figure and length of its leaves, agree with the Common Ofer S. viminalis ; but their bright green colour on both fides, and want of all pubefcence, except when very young, render them eafily diftinguifhable from that fpecies, while their great length, linear form, and narrownefs, and their colour being not atall glaucous, prevent their being con- founded with S. fz.
Specimens obligingly communicated by my friend Mr. Lambert, V.P.L.S. from Mr. Hudfon’s own herbarium, have removed all uncertainty as to its being his §. ruéra. The name is lefs appofite than might have been wifhed: wrens or concolor would better have expreffed the peculiar character of the {pecies. Of the fynonym of Ray there can be no doubt. That of Vaillant I learned from the Sherardian herbarium.
5. SaLix Croweana. Bread-teaved Monadelphous Willow.
S. monadelpha, foliis ellipticis fubferratis glaberrimis: fubtis gilaucis.
In paluftribus. Fl. Aprili, Maio. At Cranberry Fen in the parifh of Eaft Winch, and in other parts of Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.
This fcarcely rifes to the height of a tree. The branches are fhort and fpreading, rather brittle, clothed with a fhining yellowith 8 or
118 Dr. Smitu’s* Remarks on
or purplith bark. Leaves on footftalks, elliptical, or inclining to obovate, fomewhat pointed, fcarcely an inch and half long, flightly ferrated or rather crenate, fmooth on both fides; bright-green and fhining above; glaucous and veiny beneath. Catkins nearly feffile, ef a fhort fomewhat ovate form. Scales obovate, black, very hairy. Stamina pale lemon-coloured, longifh, their filaments united from the bafe to a greater or leffer diftance, fometimes almoft to the top, Anthere reddifh. The female flowers are as yet unknown.
This fpecies of Salix feems to have efcaped the notice of every -botanift hitherto, and I have given it the name of its difcoverer. It is moft certainly very diftiné& from all others, and eafily known by its united ftamina, and fhort broad leaves. It is deftitute of the valuable properties of an Ofier, having fhort and rather ‘brittle, not long and flexible, twigs. It has therefore to all appearance never been cultivated, but is truly wild in Norfolk.
6. Saurx triandra. Long-leaved Triandrous Willow.
S. triandra, foliis lineari-oblongis ferratis glabris, germinibus pedi- cellatis. Salix triandra. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1442. Hudf. 425. With. 45. Curt. — Lond. fafe. ©. t. 72. Hiffm. Sal. v. 1. 45. t 9. 10. t. 23. f. 2. S. folio amygdalino utrinque aurito, corticem abjiciens. Raji Syn. 448.
In falicetis et ad ripas fluviorum frequens. Fl. Maio, etiam Augutto.
~
This is naturally a tree 30 feet or more in height, but being one of the beft Ofiers for the ufe of bafket-makers, is generally cut and kept low. The bark of the ftem and branches peels off fponta- neoufly, almoft like that of the plane-tree, The branches are up-
j right,
—=_ —_=
Some “Britifp Species of Salix. 119
right, long, flender, pliable and tough, though fomewhat brittle at their infertion; their bark is brownith and fiooth.. Leaves about 3 or 4 inches long, of a linear oblong figure, tapering away towards the bafe, and their breadth on each fide the nerve is as nearly equal as poffible ; they terminate in a point; ‘their margin is thickly fer- rated, the ferratures incurved and rounded, a little glandular ; both fides {mooth, the under rather glaucous.» Stipule ovate, oblique, crenate, veiny, {mooth, often wanting. Catkins at the ends of {mall leafy young branches, ereét, flender, yellowith, with blunt downy {cales. Stamina generally 3 to each fcale, very rarely (in the fame catkin) only 2. Germen flalked, ovate, pointed, warty. Stigmas fhort, {preading, notched. Capfule very fmooth, green.
7. SaLix amygdalina. Broad-leaved Triandrous Willow.
S. triandra, foliis asa obliquis ferratis glabris, germinibus pedi- cellatis, flipulis maximis.
Salix amygdalina. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1443. Hudf. 426. Lightf. 596. »
S. folio auriculato {plendente fexilis. Rati Syn. 448. Cant. 14s
In falicetis et paluftribus.. FI. April, Maio. On Badley moor by Dereham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe.
Moft botanifts confound this with the preceding, and I fhould fcarcely have efcaped the fame error ‘but for the obfervations of Mr. Crowe, who was led to inveftigate their botanical diftin@tions by the different qualities of the two plants for economical purpofes. This is but rarely preferved in ofier grounds, being a bad Offer, greatly inferior to the true S. triandra, It never rifes into atree. The bark mdeed is deciduous, as in the preceding, which. added to the tri- androus flowers, perhaps led Mr. Curtis. and others to. fufpect there
exifted
120 Dr. Smitnu’s Remarks on
exifted no fpecific difference between the two. The leaves however will fufficiently ferve to difcriminate them. Thofe of S. amygdasina are fhorter, fcarcely 2 inches long, of a broadith ovate figure rounded at the bafe, by no means linear; they are moreover oblique, the width of the two fides being unequal. The ftipule are remarkably large, varying from a roundifh to an half-heartfhaped form, crenate, deciduous. Female flowers and capfules much like thofe of the laft {pecies.
8.. Sarix pentandra.
Bay-leaved Willow.
S. pentandra, foliis elliptico-lanceolatis crenulatis glabris, germinibus glabris fubfeffilibus. :
Salix pentandra. Linn Sp. Pl 1442. Hudf. 426. With, 46. Lighif. 595.
S. folio laureo, feu lato glabro odorato. Raii Syn. 449.
Ad rivos Angliz feptentrionalis et Scotiz auftralis. Fl. Maio, Junio.
The {weet or bay-leaved Willow is fufficiently well known by its broad odoriferous leaves, whofe ferratures exude a copious yellow refin, and its numerous ftamina, which are commonly about 5 to each flower. We have only to remark that the variety @ of F/ Suevica feems to be a diftinét {pecies, not yet found in England.
Q- SALIX nigricans. Dark broad-leaved Willow.
S. foliis elliptico-lanceolatis crenatis glabris fubtis glaucis, ger- minibus: pedicellatis lanceolatis acuminatis fericeis. . Salix
_ fome’ Britifo Species of Salix. 121
Salix phylicifolia @. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1442. Fl. Lapp. ed. 2. 291. t. 8. Fi Cit, 350,
In falicetis Fl. Aprili. At Wrongay fen, Norfolk, and in ofier grounds i in otlies places not uncommon. Mr. Crowe.
No writer except Linnzus appear to have known Willow, this but he furely has erred in making it a variety of his phylicifolia, from which it differs in the much greater fize of all its parts, as well as in the totally different form of its ferratures, a part fo peculiarly cha- racteriftic in the phylicifolia. -
This fpecies I have named nigricans from the dark colour of its branches, as well as its black hue when dried, which laft indeed is not abfolutely peculiar to it. The trunk fcarcely rifes to the height er formofatree, The branches-are upright, round, rather brittle, {mooth. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, a little rounded at the bafe, crenate in almoft every part, but more flightly in the female plant; dark-green and very fmooth above; glaucous, veiny, rarely a little hairy beneath. Foot-ftalks very broad at their bafe. Stipule (if prefent) rather large, obliquely heart-fhaped, ferrated, fmooth. Catkins from an inch to an inch and half long, thickifh, with obovate, brown, hairy fcales. Stamina 2, diftin&, more or lefs hairy about their bafe.. Style fhort, {mooth: Stigmas thick, ovate, united at their bafe, permanent, undivided. Capfules on footftalks, long and tapering, clothed with white filky down, as are the general and partial ftalks,
The leaves in the female plant are fhorter, and lefs crenate, as well as more tapering towards the bafe. Such differences between the two fexes of Willows are rare, but. 1 can hardly conceive thefe to be different {pecics, as they agree in every part befides.
Vou. VI. R 10 SALIX
122 Dr. Smiru's Remarks o&
to. SAxix Jaurina.
Shining dark-green Willow.
S. foliis ellipticis acutis denticulato-ferratis glabriufculis fubtgs e P . « id . 8 . . 8 glaucis, germinibus pedicellatis lanceolatis fericeis.
In falicetis et paluftribus. D. Dick/on. Fl. Aprili, Maio.
Very nearly related to the laft, but certainly a diftin {pecies. It effentially differs in the male catkins, which are but half the fize of thofe laft defcribed, and their ftamina are fhorter, perfectly {mooth, not hairy at their bafe. The leaves alfo are of a brighter green, their margin inclined to be revolute, and rather toothed than cre- nate. The germen alfo is fhorter, blunter, and lefs tapering.
Neither of thefe Willows is known to be of any particular ufe. Their branches are not endued with much flexibility or
toughnefs.
11. SALIX fetiolaris.
Dark long-leaved Willow.
S. foliis lanceolatis ferratis glabris fubtis glaucis, germinibus pedicel latis ovatis fericeis, ftigmatibus feflilibus bilobis.
In falicetis et paluftribus. D. Dickfon. FI. Aprili.
This fpecies has not been found wild in Norfolk, but was fent to Mr. Crowe by Mr. Dickfon, along with the laft, as of Britith growth. It has moft affinity with the two preceding fpecies, but has longer and more flender twigs. The leaves are 4 or 5 inches long, about an inch broad, lanceolate, pointed, ferrated, fomewhat ‘revolute, generally a little unequal at the bafe; bright-green, fmooth and fhining above; glaucous beneath, and fometimes a little hairy.
Jome Britifo Species of Salix. 123
hairy. In drying they turn of a purplifh black. The footftalks are peculiarly long, linear, and flender, filky on the upper fide. Sti- pulz fmall, crefcent-fhaped, toothed, fmooth. The female catkins, the only fex I have feen, are fcarcely an inch long, with black, hairy, obovate, often notched, fcales. Germens on long footftalks, {mall, ovate, filky. rij eas perfectly feffile, ovate, obtufe, divided into two lobes,
12. SALix phylicifolia. Tea-leaved Willow.
S. foliis lanceolatis undulato-crenatis glabris fubtus glaucis, ftipulis fublunatis. : Salix phylicifolia a, Linn, Sp. Pl. 1442. Fi. Lapp.ed. 2,291. 4.8. fi be te 3546:
Tn alpibus Scoticis. Fl. Maio. At Fjnlarig, Bredalbane. Rev. Mr. Stuart.
T am enabled to add this to the lift of Britifh plants, by means of
a {pecimen fent to Mr. Lightfoot by Mr. Stuart, of I.ufs, and now preferved in his herbarium, among othets which the author of the Flora Scotica had not fufficient materials to decide upon. Having confronted with this the original Lapland fpecimen of Linnzus, I can {peak with certainty to their being exactly the fame. Unfortu-) nately the fruétification is wanting in both, but their leaves are fuf- ficient to mark the fpecies, ; S. pbylicifolia appears to be a fhrub with fmooth, flender, fore ing branches, Leaves alternate, ftalked, exaétly lanceolate, rather acute, furnifhed, about the middle principally, with broad and un- equal crenatures, between which the leaf is as it were almoft finu- ated; the margin is a little more thickened than eeny? the bafe R 2 and
124 Dr. Smitn’s Remarks on Britifo Species of Salix.
and extremity of each leaf are entire, deftitute of glands: all the leaves are either perfectly {mooth in every part, or a little fprinkled with minute inconfpicuous hairs; dark-green above; glaucous and reticulated with veins beneath. Footftalks flender, fmooth. Sti-- pule crefcent-fhaped, moftly ferrated, various in fize.
To the tribe which this paper is intended to illuftrate belong (be- fides a few {maller fpecies, which have little affinity with thofe al- ready mentioned) two well-known trees, the S. vitellna and the S. fragilis. Thefe will have a place in the Flora Britannica, though- it.may be doubted whether the former be really indigenous. As, however, I have nothing new to fay concerning them, but, on the contrary, am waiting for more information than I Kave yet been able to obtain concerning the fruétification of. both, I will not add to the length of this treatife by any imperfect defcriptions. Some remarks of Profeflor Hoffinann lead me to fufpect we may have more than one {pecies*in England underthe name of fragilis, but that I muft leave for future inquiry.
My worthy friend the Rev. Mr. Abbot of Bedford, fo wel- known to this Society, has favoured me with one, if not two, en- tirely new Englifh Willows, which belong to this firft fe€tion of the genus, and which promife to be important in an ceconomical view. Llament that the want of their fructification, and a longer time to obferve their growth and different appearances, oblige me to poft- pone any further mention of them at prefent.,
”
IX, De-
_- ————.:-. -..|CSCUmhULhe
( 125. }
IX. Défcriptions of four new Species of Fucus.» By Dawfon Turner, M.A. F.LS.
Read. May 5, 1801.
ALTHOUGH the numerous individuals comprehended under that extenfive family known: by the name of Fucus, and efpecially fuch of them as: are confidered natives of Britain, have of late years been: the fubject of much inquiry, and have induced many moft able botanifts to exert their {kill in. the inveftigation of them, it never- thelefs requires but a very flight acquaintance with the fubject, to be fully perfuaded:that, without entering into laborious refearches upon their internal organization, or the mode of their fru€tification,. things hitherto almoft entirely neglected, a wide field remains for future naturalifts to difplay their ingenuity, in the determination of many even of thofe fpecies which are moft abundant upon every; part of our Ifland.. 1 fhould feel extremely forry were this, or any: fimilar obfervation, to be confidered as detracting from the merits of thofe gentlemen,.to whofe exertions I have always-had a pleafure in acknowledging that the fcience is moft deeply indebted:—far from. fuch an idea, my intention is only to fay that our knowledge of the marine a/gz is ftill in its-infancy; and a ftronger proof of the juftice of this remark can hardly be adduced, than the common Fucus ve- ficulofus, from the varying appearances of which, Linnzus. and fome fubfequent botanifts have formed fuch an infinity of diftinét fpecies. Did-this circumftance require further confirmation,. it: might poflibly in fome degree receive it from a confideration of the
— four:
126 Mr. Turner’s Defcriptions of
four plants to which it is my object, in the prefent paper, to call the attention of the Linnzan Society, and of which two only can pro- perly be faid to be either altogether new, or even very uncommon; there being little doubt but the others will be found to be fufficiently abundant, at leaft upon the eaftern fhore of England, where their having remained fo long unnoticed has arifen only from their having been regarded as varieties of fome of their congeners, to which they are in reality very nearly allied. From thefe authors I fhould not-now venture fo openly to differ, or rather fhould exprefs my fentiments with far greater diffidence, were not the plants which I have undertaken to defcribe, and upon which I truft that future inveftigators will confirm my decifion, efpecially natives of the Yar- mouth beach; and had not my attention been particularly directed to them, from almoft the earlieft period that I have made the marine alg my ftudy, by my inftructor and coadjutor Mr. Wigg, upon whofe knowledge of them the Society have heard too much from more able as well as more eminent botanifts, to make it neceflary for me in any wife to enlarge.
I had propofed to myfelf to extend this paper to a greater length than my contraéted leifure will now admit, and, among other plants, to have included in it a figure of Fucus fruticulofus of Jacquin, which, in company with Mr. Sowerby, I found not unfre- quently upon the fhores of the more weftern counties; the excel- lent account however of this plant, given by the Baron de Wulfen, made fuch an intention ufelefs; and I am now induced to mention the circumftance, only from a fear that my having abandoned the idea may have been the caufe of leading my friend, Mr. Stackhoufe, into error, as, I underftand that, inthe third fafciculus of his. Nereis, the appearance of which may foon be expeéted, he has declined fi- guring this fpecies from an idea that it would previoufly be done by me.
Fucus
1 qos =. La) " 58 habe ee .
ae
ee oa Ce VY eT OD . at Pets sabe inch Aly, é sah ts eile hi
* i \ % + he , ;