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>
THE TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
2 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
NEW SERIES.
VOL. III.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY C. ROWORTH AND SONS, BELL YARD, FLEET STREET. SOLv BY LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1854— 1856.
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Bap NEW RUAN PiSGe,-Hallues 5 (CCCs) s.clsroleletsis, sis! sie) els) ets clei elsiarsis\eyiel=
Eig P .PSUAUN@OM,) ESGiic. si sie wie ieblce minis ccc ceececaatins Ele Pree TAO sw WESTWOOD, ESG2, Hels.5.,/6CC. m1 cictnclsigielsie isle mibir eleleiel=
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i Secretaries.
Library and Cabinet Committee. Messrs. Curtis, Doucias, SHEPHERD, SmitH, and Janson.
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CONTENTS:
PAGE Officers Of (he (SOC van ce ce Ga Ray: Scan ioc ekisg & 3) sue. sj ale Enicevot theslransactionsis i han a.m rene) Oe eemieunicl ee cutee LNG
Explananon ofthe Blatess % 'a)e. Go et oe eee ee tml
HEEACAS wi 6) “6 : : . 170 Additions to the Library fi from the Ist of ae 1854, to the 31st = December, 1855 ... . SP Stee “eos Mem) ioe el Additions to the Collections from the Ist January, 1854, to the 31st December sUSoat Ws! ts Maw. |e pele ees ce tigen ae lular even ee List of Members, April, 1856. . . . Ae ec NE Journal of Proceedings from February, 1854, to January, 1856. . .~ i TL ENPRNS Dott ese ices ids ture Tan ica a ube igh ng Bad 5, Resa. say, See CHE MEMOIRS,
I. Notice of a Sackbearing Bombyx, found by Mr. Bates near
Santarem, on the Amazons. By Epwarp Newmay, Esq., Leg fe ae eh ee ee eee A a. re eee p
II. Description of a new Species of Lithocolletis. By Joun Scorv,
III. Critical Remarks upon the British Elateride, with Descriptions
of some of the Species. By Joun Curtis, Esq., F.LS., Ser a tetas ee Ei ee ae eee on = eee
IV. Some Observations on the Excrement of Insects; in a Letter addressed to Wituiam Spence, Esq., F.R.S., &c. By Joun Davy, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., Inspector-General of Army Hosnitals’ «pig Wye 2. MARR ee Son ee TS
V. Descriptions of some Coleopterous Laryze, &e. By Joun Curtis, Riatt, WARS e Sew 26. SRR bats: Ce) Ree 8S
vi
VE.
Wir,
VEIL.
IX.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
VIL:
XVII.
XVIII.
CONTENTS.
Observations on the Economy of Pompilus punctum, and other Hymenoptera. By F. Smirn, Esq.
Description of a New British Species of Ichneumon. By Tuomas Desvienes, Esq. . . . . « «
Characters of undescribed Lucanide, collected in China, by R. Fortune, Esq. By W. Wixson Saunpers, ne F.R.S., &c. Se AEM ePigie Caee a Mae See aL. 2%,"
Descriptions of two Species of the Genus Hemerobius of Lin- nzeus, new to this country, with Remarks on the Nor- menclature of Coniopteryx, and on Orthotenia Buoliana, &c. By Joun Curtis, Esq., F.L.S,&c.. . . . .
. Supplemental Descriptions of Species of African, Asiatic, and
Australian Cetoniide. By J. O. Wesrwoop, Esq., F°ES:,-ccc:, : : ot
Notes on the Species of Amycterus, and allied Genera, with Descriptions of some new Species. By G. R. Water- HousSE, Esq., F.Z.S.
Descriptions of four new Species of Beetles, belonging to the Family Pausside. By J. O. Westwoop, Esq., F.L.S., On some of the Difficulties of Entomological Students, as ex-
emplified by recent Experience in the Genus Elachista. By H. T. Stainton, Esq.
Description of a New Genus of Coleopterous Insects inhabit- ing the interior of Ant’s Nests in Brazil. By J. O. Westwoop, Esq., F.L.S., &e. .
Essay on the Genera and Species of British Formicide. By Freperick Samira, Esq.
On the British Species of the Genus Stenus. With Notes on the Species of Stenus described by Kirpy, and in the “Illustrations of British Entomology” by Mr. Steruens; together with Observations upon the Specimens in Mr. Stephens’s Collection. By Messrs. G. R. Waternovuse and E. W. Janson. 5 ae
Descriptions of some Species of Brazilian Ants belonging to the Genera Pseudomyrma, Eciton, and Myrmica (with Observations on their Economy, by Mr. H. W. Bares). By Freverticx Suit, Esq. gifs.
Monograph of the Australian Species of Chrysomela, Phyllo- charis, and allied Genera. By J. S. Baly, Esq.
PAGE
41
44
45
56
61
75
81
84
90
95
. 136
- 156
Sie
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
».O. 2 Aili
EX VEEL:
CONTENTS. vil F . PAGE Observations on the Honey Bee, in Continuation of the Prize Essay of the Entomological Society, for the Year 1852. By J. G. Desporoven, Esq. . . »- 18%
Descriptions of some New Species of Exotic Lucanide. By J. O. Westwoop, Esq., F.L.S., &c. nce Souen oa
Observations on the Species of Elateride, described by Mr. Curtis in the First Part of the Third Volume of the New Series of the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. By E. W. Janson,Esq. . . . . . '. 222
Memorandum on the Wing-Rays of Insects. By Epwarp Newman, Lsq., F.L.S., &c.
On the Fresh-Water Entomostraca of South America. By VOHN-MUBBOCK, uSq,, Eudes. « 1 6!) oe a. mam
Monograph of the Australian Species of Chrysomela, Phyllo- charis, and allied Genera (continued from page 186). By De eS AES SG a ts Vee aris cok oe a ele me ors ta eee
Characters of two undescribed Species of Thrips, Lin. By Epwarp Newman, Esq., F.L.S., &c. . . 1 we Ce 264
Descriptions of various Species of the Coleopterous Family Pselaphide, natives of New South Wales and South America. By J. O. Westwoop, Esq., F.L.S., &c. . . 268
Characters of a few Australian Lepidoptera, collected by Mr. Tuomas R. Oxtey. By Epwarp Newman, Esq., EEE SiiQ@Cs 5 aie os ss sets a a 28
Descriptions of Three Species of Indian Micro- Lepidoptera. Bm OPALNTON. PIS .s se cs oe Reon (ame OL
ae 6 ola iubiipiniak 1h 2h jad Gdt i) jllbaaadth Play Esl wh i iaek Javic Mi uom ude le. et Le ian er wt gape AA hdl A) ha PV para, \- Ot ing tye —_ Wie, a0y We a igh vie oo ee a Eth pod tw red tboh 3 ih ee an hi dal a 4 ' hi é LPR) a | ie dual id Vo ely i ' [ | ee a) at Myla, He ait 1 4) REIN | ;
dAaul oh oiis' i's 1 Pl ibd age iat bt
i Wi tae
re a ! a fica A
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Il.
Ill.
IV.
Wile
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
—— Fic. 1. Lithocolletis irradiella, Scott..... aioteravelel sia)sievel sieieteitiel sie 2. Perophora Batesii g, and details........0e..-eee-e> 3. 5 » @, and antenna .......esccccveees 4,5& 6. or a MEINE eRe cosr Slots atravoletencreterWsterelercreners Ue # »» venation of wing........ee. Sooor oo 1. Ectinus aterrimus, Linn., Curt., and details ........ 50 Dos . 1 gagates, Curt.; and detailse.s 0... cece cece vice 3. n. g. puncto-lineatus, Pelerin, and details.......... 4. Elater nigrinus, Payk., and details .....2..sscesssee. 5. Aplotarsus maritimus, Curt., and details ....0s00...00. 6. Cardiophorus formosus, Curt. .-++se0006 SOeCOD 7. Aplotarsus ? cothurnatus, Curt.....-.++.. OC ae WiicemeowmcanseHonturers: Larrys hy ATL Oireiee) «{o) jase) esisie) evel lela 3. Cladognathus gracilis, Saund. ...... 20+... ceceeeeeee 4 & 5. Odontolabris emarginatus, Reiche, $ and Q ........4 Ge OUsipiLn clio en mOallN dan cfetetsicicucleie oicvel sleteveitsrsieccteloreits %. Platyprosapus platymelus, Saund. . <.« «0243. s 0+ ++. «1 8. is Fonet, Sawn acrcyevs sys. ore sy cho evel eloncisreroretaete MeO dontolabrzsinitidiis, Saundra ci cjtetteyteroteke aieteret orate 2&3. ae StNTCIUS \TLEICHE arcierenore: sielelenccrarcns la cinteien ae AS Doncustisincatussaunden secs eercteren ie ioe citer ore Den JOTCUs StntatO- DUNCLOLUSH ss «/arsieiorele isis) cleis ohereterere aieeeke Oop Dorcis)maroinalts, SAunds.ts ence cs ais crete eerie tone aut Uo JOT RCS GliceunnG, SE Geen ao es toueos boo co sues OUP UsHLEVICOLLE sy SAUL aelerelaiecoratsieeiclarciae cisrie einai cteretoitte Dh, UD TREnS Cred nS; Seni lioo honosuesbapdbboonesnooeuce 1 to 8. Velleius dilatatus, larva and details...... slo peisyers 5 9 to 12. Athous rhombeus, larva and details ........ aloufstalleretsianets 13 to 22, Bolitophugus reticulatus, larva and details ........0% 23 to 32. Prostomis mandibularis, larva and details....2....2.0+ 33 to 40. we Fe imago and details ......... os Is Goliathus micans, Drury, details <<< «st lejsleletes er eleieteisre 2. Ceratorhina Passerinii 9, and details....... PIOISOOU Ce 3. Goliathus Smithii 9, and details ........0.c0ccceces 4, Asthenorhina Turneri, Westw. 9, and details......... 5. Tmesorrhina Saundersii, Westw., and details..... A 6. Gnathocera Angolensis, Westw., and details
62
4 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Pate. Fic. PAGE VII. 1. Heterrhorhina bicostata ¢, Schaum, and details ....-- 66 2. Narycius Hamiltoni 9, Westw....essceeceeneeececs 67 3. Dicronocephalus Wallichii, Hope, and details.........- 69 4. Cosmiomorpha setulosa, Westw. ss cerecececececes Aco (fl) 5. Macronata fraterna, Westw. «+..seeeees aera isioheseteistele 7\ 6. i. repia, BAW. woe ccdoe eves Ata SALT carey 72 file 55 setipes, WeStW.s.s.sccscccecccsccccsscces 73 8. Eupecila ochracea, Westw., and details ..0+.... 00008. 73 9. = succinea, Hope, and details....... Aiea Babe eels 74 VIII. 1—21. Gnostus formicicola, Westw., and details........++.. 90—94 Ix. 1—28. For explanation, see.... 2... ee ceceseecssccreccecce 135 X. 1. Colophon Westwoodii, Gray, and details .......... 197, 198 oe 5 Thunbergii, Westw., and details ....... - 198, 199 3. Lucanus Thibeticus, Westw., and details.......... 199, 200 4. ss biplagiatus, Westw., and details ........ 200, 201 5. Odontolabris Evansii, Westw., and details ........ 201, 202 6. Cladognathus piceipennis, Westw., and details. .... 202, 203 XI. 1. Streptocerus speciosus, Fairm., 9, details ............ 204 2. Sclerostomus hastatus, Westw., and details ........ 205, 206 3. 5s Neotragus, Westw., and details ...+....+2 207 4. fp Ditomoides, Westw., and details ...... Sosy Au 6. * costatus, Burm., and details..........eeee 209 6, 7. Cacostomus squamosus, Newm., and details........ Qi le 8. Scortizus maculatus, Klug, details ......eeeeeeeeeene 210 XI. 1. Lissotes Menalcas, Westw., and details ......--...0-- 214 2 » subtuberculatus, Westw., and details ...... 215, 216 3. » ?crenatus, Lat, MSS., and details ........ 216, 217 4. Dorcus? luteus, Westw., and details. ......++ee.- 218, 219 5. Figulus Lilliputanus, Westw., and details ........ 219, 220 6, 7. Sclerostomus caviceps, Westw., and details ..--.... 212, 213 9. > femoralis, Guérin, details .......+.. 209, 210 XIII. 1—19. For explanation, see .....+-++++eeee Bibs Gloom ao SOc OS 169 XIV. 1. Phyllocharis cyanipennis, Baly, and details .....+.++++ J74 2. Lamprolina eneipennis, Boisd., and details....+....++. 177 3. Eulina Curtisii, Baly, and details ..... etelcieieisielelametetcl 180 4. Chalcolampra thoracica, Baly, and details ....... Sees OS 5, Australica submetallica, vat... ..sccccscccsesececvoes 252 5a— 5c. 33 Curtisit, Kirby, details ....--..++2++ «e- . 243 6. Chalcolampra pustulata, Baly ...+..++eeeeeeees sseee 181 7. Chalcomela evimia, Baly ..--..-+e+e+> Reeteeoistenete crete - 260 8. + suleata, Baly, and details...........++- 2. 208 9. Cyclomela nitida, Baly, and detailse.....eeeeeeeeeees 257 XV. 1—9. For explanation, S€@.. sees ee ee eee cece ee ceees Food 20 AVI. 1. Bryazis strigicollis, WestW. ... +0. +e cece cece ener eens 269 2. »» quadriceps, WEStW... 6... +e cece ee eeeees eerie eO 3. 5» atriventris, Westw......ccecccreceeccseccee 210 4, Tyrus spinosus, WestW. ess cecere cere cecnneneneuens 271
Puarte.
XVII.
XVIII.
1G?) Q
~~ Yr oerg
Yr ON AMS w
- Metopias Curculionoides, Westw..........- aislere
. Anesychia Stella, Newm. ........ jel sxehere)s . Chimabacche Cinderella, Newm. . Ecophora Marionella, Newm............
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
See litnnttsy hiner a lisyn WVESUWe sts 'eleelstelel <teleler sls cree ie c/ejeie1e1s oe
Batrtswsianewlatus p Westwelerels oss icicle cls sieh<s « o/e.0\s1s 5/0 Pselaphus Antipodum, Westw..... Meveletareveiene(slere slefeies Pe geminatus, Westw.*.........+.0. stolonefenerstare Articerus angusticollis, Westw. .e+.ceesercccccccscae F CUTDICOTNIS AV VESUaietsieie’ clole\s) sieleie cisleielsicrelstes ‘3 SCLUDESS WWESLWaslafere|e)a/slelel aie) ever e1- puipoobenes on -. Orlaticornis;: WESLWa <rcisic eleidiclervelels'els «le etslete’s % Brastliensiss, Wists <:s.cve cio.c «6 vietereie)s, 810 <:ooe 55 bellicasis Wiest wares! cate-crcie: oteieis: cfs siovein cislele are 9 pacificus, WestWs .0 0600 200. mfoforekohoieleherevors Ccophora Paulinella, Newm. ....--....ce+seeceeees a Isabella, New. 16.0 601s seiec00s aieteaohetels oisiele #: Ellenella, Newm......... sfarel sf ofehioiehereletoheraere
‘3 Arabella, Newm......... dioknte! efalelol sfoisie, <iateic
Tortricopsis Rosabella, Newm............ cone Teara Guenéi, Newm. ......0.-2.. mare ofeietciehsieurere share
», Edwardsii, Newm..... sie steteiebos Acosdc a Termessa Shevherdi, Newm....... A50 DOODOSE fe
Comair )
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
FROM THE Ist JANUARY, 1854, TO THE 3lst DECEMBER, 1855. ihensim. 1854 andi le55-
Bacu, M. Kiferfauna fir Nord und Mitteldeutschland.
Boueman, Monagraphia Cassididarum.
BuRMEISTER, Bemerkungen wber den allgemeinen Bau und die Geschlechtsun- tershied bei den Arten der Gattung Scolia, Fabr.
Catalogue of Birds in the Museum of the East India Company. Vol. 1. CHEVROLAT, A., Nouveau Genre de Carabiques, de la ‘Tribu des Carahides. % Descriptions de Seize Espéces de Longicorns du vieux Calabar, a la Céte occidentale d’ Afrique. * Description de Vingt et une Espéces Nouvelles de Coleoptéres Longicornes. Curtis, J., Magasin des Thierreichs. Notes on Four Galls from the Crimea. On the Genus Myrmica, and other indigenous Ants. - Remarks relative to the Affinities-and Analogies of Natural Objects, more particularly of Hydrocephalus, a Genus of Coleoptera.
Dawson, J. F., Geodephaga Britannica. 8vo.
D’ALLON and BuRMEISTER, Zeitung fur Zoologie, Zootomie und Palaeozologie, 1848. 2 Quartal.
Dv VAu and MigneAvx, Genera des Coléoptéres d’ Europe.
FRAUENFIELD, G., Versuch die durch Insecten an den Pflanzen Verursachten Auswitchse nach ihren Haupttypen und Wachsthumsverhaltnissen natur- gemass ZU gruppiren.
Guyon, G., List of British Geodephaga.
Hewitson, W.C., Exotic Butterflies. Parts 10—16. HumBoxuptr and BONPLAND, Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie comparée. 4to.
Insecta Britannica, Diptera. Vol. 2. s Pe Lepidoptera, Tineina. ie FP Supplement to Lepidoptera—Tineina. ,, Saundersiana—Coleoptera, Curculionides.
JEKEL, H., Fabricia Entomologia. Part 1. op Lettre addressée a M. Jacquelin du Val sur le Barypeithus rufipes.
XIV ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Kocu, G., Die geographische Verbreitung der Europiiischen Schmetterlinge in anderen Welttheilen.
LAcorDAIRE, T., Genera des Coleoptéres, &c. ‘Tome 2. Lreuckant, R., Ueber die Micropyle und den feinern Bau der Schalenhaut bei den Insekteneiern. List of Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum. Part 14, ” ” », Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part 5, sup. 1; Part 6, sup. 2. ”» a », Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Heterocera. Parts 1—4. Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part 4, Odonata. Literary Gazette. 1854—1855, Lonecuamps, Dk SEtys, Synopsis des Caloptérygiénes. LuBBocK, J., On some Arctic Species of Calanide,
” ” ”
MeApbe, R. H., Monograph of British Phalangide. MELSHEIMER, F. E., Catalogue of Coleoptera of the United States. Muusant, E., Opuscules Entomologiques, Cahiers 2, 3, 4.
Natural History Review. Nos. 2—7. PERROUD, B. P., Mélanges Entomologiques. Part 2.
Report of Board of Agriculture of the State of Ohio. No. 9. Report of United States Patent Office (Agriculture). Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 1854, 1855.
Sansom, T., On the Illumimation of the Diatomacee when viewed under the Microscope.
Saussure, H. T., Monographie des Guépes Sociales, Cahiers 6, 7.
ScuauM, Dr., Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Konigl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin im Monat Juni, 1853.
Bericht uber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Entomologie wahrend des Jahres 1852.
+ Hemiptera and Orthoptera from Mozambique. SMITHSONIAN Contributions to Knowledge. Vols. 6, 7. Institution, Directions for Collecting, &c., Specimens of Natural History. Second Edition.
Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Annual Reports of Board of Regents.
¥ Registry of Periodical Phenomena.
i Natural History of the Red River of Louisiana.
List of Foreign Institutions in Correspondence with the Smith-
sonian Institution.
?
” ”
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. XV
SoctETIES—ANNALES, MEMOIRES, TRANSACTIONS, &c.
Académie Impériale des Sciences, &c. de Lyon, Memoires, &c. Tome 2me.
Academia Real de Ciencias, &c. de Madrid, Memorias, &c. 1847, 1848, 1849.
Académie Royale des Sciences, &c. de Belgique, Memoires, &c. 1853, 1854, 1855.
Akademie K6nigliche Bayerischen. Abhandlungen xvii, Pt.2; Bulletin 1853.
Art Union of London, Report of the Council. 1854.
Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club Proceedings. 1853.
Boston Natural History Society, Proceedings, &c. 1852—1854.
Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, Proceedings. 1853—1855.
New Orleans Academy of Sciences, Proceedings. Vol. 1. No. 1. PP a os Constitution and Bye-laws of ditto.
Société Entomologique de France, Annales. 1852—1855.
Société Impériale d’Agriculture, &c. de Lyon, Annales, &c. Tome 4, 5.
Société Impériale des Naturalistes des Moscou. 1852, Nos. 2—4. 1853, Nos. 1—4. 1854, No. |.
Société Linnéenne de Lyons, Annales, N.S. Tome Ire.
Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genéve. Tome 13, 2me
partie. Society of Arts, Catalogue of the Seventh Exhibition of Inventions. 3 Journal of. 1854, 1855. Society, Linnean, List of Fellows. 1854. » President’s Anniversary Address. 1854. 3 Proceedings, Nos. 52, 53. a Transactions of. Vol. 21, part 3, Society, Royal, List of Fellows. November, 1853. Proceedings. Vol. 6, Nos. 100—J02. Vol. 7, Nos. 1—15. ay Transactions. Vol. 143, part 3; vol. 144, part 1. Society, Royal, of Van Diemen’s Land, Papers and Proceedings. Vol. 2, part 2.
Society, Royal Agricultural, Journal of, Vol, 14, part 2; vol. 15, parts 1,2; vol. 16, part 1.
Stettin, Entomologische Zeitung. 1854, 1850. », Linnea Entomologica. Band 9.
Zoologisch Botanischen Vereins in Wein. VerhandJungen. 1853, 1854.
53 Mineralogischen Vereins in Regensburg. Korrespondenz. 1854. STAINTON, H. T., Entomologists’ Annual, 1855. Ap aA Ditto Second Edition. o> Entomologists’ Companion. Second Edition. 1 List of British Tineina. Pr Natural History of the Tineina. Vol. 1.
Stimpson, W., Descriptions of new Marine Invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas.
WALKER, F,, Nomenclature of Neuroptera. Westwoop, J. O., Contributions to Fossil Entomology. WoLLASTON, T. V., Insecta Maderensia.
Zoologist, 1854, 1855. ZuCHOLD, E. A., Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis, 1853, 1854.
(Cwexv1es)
ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS.
FROM THE Isr JANUARY, 1854, TO THE 3lsr DECEMBER, 1855.
—»—
COLEOPTERA. Mr, F. Bates .......- Trachodes hispidus, one specimen ; Lina enea two specimens: Rev. H. Clark ...... Bembedium Clarkii, six specimens ; B. obliquum, eight spe-
cimens. Mr. J. Foxcroft...... Various, from Scotland. Mr. F, Plant.......«+rachodes hispidus, one specimen.
ORTHOPTERA. Mr. J. P. Edwards ..Gryllotalpa vulgaris.
HYMENOPTERA.
Mr. F. Smith........ Various species of Formica and Myrmica. Mr. G. A. Drew ....Sirex gigas.
LEPIDOPTERA. Mr. T. H. Allis ..... British, various. Mircette Bond «cic si. 2 Do. do. Mr. H. Doubleday .. Do. do.
Mr. J.W.Douglas.. Do. do.
Mr. J. Foxcroft ..... Do. do.
Mr. A. G. More ....Anthrocera Minos, specimens.
Mr. T. J. Stevens.... Various, from Bogota,
Mr. G. Wailes....Plutella annulatella, two specimens; Tinea ochraceella, two specimens.
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS.
Major Hamilton ..... Two boxes from Burmah. x Pr », A box from Northern India Mr. S. P. Pratt .... Various, from the Himalayan district. Mr. Thwaites ...... .- Various, from Ceylon. Herr Pretsch ........ Specimens of the silken fabric worm by the larve of Saturnia
Pavonia-media.
Mr. W.Spence...... Various, from Ceylon.
Hist of Mlembers
OF
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON,
A PREL, tse:
VOL, III, N.S. PART VIII.— APR. 1856, b
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Honorary Crglish Member.
“WitiiAM Spence, Esq., F.R.S. F.L.S. 18, Lower Seymour Street, Portman Square.
Honorary sForeiqgn Members. Epwarps, M. Milne. Le Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Gravenhorst, Prof. J. L. C. Breslau, Silesia. Hammerschmidt, Herr L. Kollar, Herr. Royal Museum, Vienna. Lefebvre, M. Alexandre. Bouchevilliers, prés Gisors, Département de 1’ Eure.
Passerini, Signor Carlo. Professor of Zoology, at the Royal Museum, Florence. Pictet, Professor J.C. Geneva.
Zeller, Professor P. C. Gross-Glogau, Silesia. Zetterstedt, Professor J. W., Ph. D. &c. University of Lund. (One vacant.)
xa)
ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.
Date of Election.
1849 1855 1855
+
Marked * are Original Members. Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions. Marked S. are Subscribers.
Autis, T. H. Esq. York. Ansell, Henry, Esq. Tottenham. Atkinson, William, Esq., F.L.S. 8, Taviton Street, Gordon Square. Babington, C. C., Esq., M.A. F.L.S. F.G.S. St. John’s College, Cambridge. Baly, J. S., Esq. 18, Southampton Terrace, Kentish Town. Barlow, F., Esq. Cambridge. Bates, F., Esq. Leicester. Beale, 8. E. Esq. Ivy Court, Tenterden. Beaumont, Alfred, Esq. Huddersfield. Bedell, G., Esq. 10, Gloster Terrace, Old Kent Road. Bell, Thomas, Esq., Pres. L.S. F.G.S. 17, New Broad Street, and Selborne, Hants. Bell, William, M.D. 19, Sackville Street. Birt, Jacob, Esq. 80, Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park. Bladon, J., Esq. Pont-y-Pool. Bond, F., Esq. 24, Cavendish Road, St. John’s Wood. Bowerbank, J. S8., Esq., F.R.S, F.G.S. F.L.S. 3, Highbury Grove. Boyd, Thomas, Esq. 17, Clapton Square. Brown, Edwin, Esq. Burton-on-Trent. Brownell, G. Esq. Shaw Street, Liverpool. Burlington, W. Earl of, M.A. F.R.S. F.G.S. 10, Belgrave Square. Burnell, E. H., Esq. 82, Bedford Row. Buxton, E. C., Esq. Myddleton Hall, Warrington. Cambridge, O. P., Esq. Bloxworth House, Blandford, Dorset. Charlesworth, E., Esq. York. Christie, Arthur, Esq. 9, Stanhope Street, Hyde Park. Clark, Rev. Hamlet. Northampton. Cooke, Henry, Esq. 8, Pelham Terrace, Brighton, Cox, Capt. Charles James. Fordwich House, near Canterbury. Curtis, John, Esq., F.L.S., &c. 18, Belitha Villas, Barnsbury Park, Islington. Dale, Wm. C., Esq. 31, Gordon Square. Dallas, W. S., Esq., F.L.S. 23, Crane Grove, Holloway Road. Darwin, Charles, Esq., M.A. F.R.S. Down, near Bromley, Kent. b 2
XX
Date of Election.
1849 1852 * 1855 1851 * 1845 1849 1851 * 1853 1838 1855 1855 18538 1849 1858
Ss.
ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.
Dawson, John, Esq. Carron, near Falkirk, Stirlingshire.
Dawson, Rev. J. F., LL.B. The Woodlands, near Bedford.
Desvignes, Thomas, Esq. Fir Tree Cottage, Woodford.
Dohrn, Herr C, A., Pres. Ent. Verein, Stettin.
Dossetor, T., Esq. 12, Poultry.
Doubleday, Henry, Esq. Epping.
Douglas, J. W., Esq., Secretary. 6, Kingswood Place, Lee, Kent.
Dunning, J. W., Esq. Elmwood Lodge, Leeds.
Dutton, James, Esq. Hammersmith.
Engleheart, N., Esq. Blackheath Park.
Evans, Henry, Esq. Darley Abbey, near Derby.
Evans, W. F., Esq. Admiralty.
Francis, Horace, Esq. 388, Upper Bedford Place, Russell Square.
Fry, Alexander, Esq. 56, Montague Square.
Garland, John, Esq. Dorchester.
Gear, Robert, Esq. 19, Oxford Square.
Goderich, Viscount, M.P. F.L.S. &c. Carlton Gardens.
Gould, J., Esq., F.R.S. F.L.S. F.Z.S. 20, Broad Street, Golden Square.
Grant, Dr. Richmond, Surrey.
Gray, John, Esq. Wheatfield House, near Bolton-le- Moors.
Gray, J. E., Esq., Ph.D. F.R.S. British Museum.
Greene, Rey. Joseph. Brandeston, near Woodbridge, Suffolk.
Groves, W. Esq. 12, Morden Place, Lewisham Road.
Grut, F., Esq. 9, King Street, Southwark.
Guyon, G., Esq. Ventnor, Isle of Wight, and Richmond, Surrey.
Haliday, Alex. H., Esq. 23, Harcourt Street, Dublin.
Hamilton, Major T. India.
Hanson, Samuel, Esq. Botolph Lane, and Epsom.
Heales, G.S., Esq. Doctors’ Commons.
Hearsey, Major General John Bennet. India.
Hewitson, W. C., Esq. Oatlands, near Esher, Surrey.
Horsfield, Thomas, M.D. F.R.S. F.L.S. F.G.S. M.R.A.S. East India House, and Chalcot Villas, Camden Town.
Hudson, F. 'T. Esq. Stockwell Street, Greenwich.
Hunter, John, Esq. 24, Bloomsbury Street.
Ingall, Thomas, Esq. 16, Park Road, Stockwell Park.
Janson, E. W., Esq., Curator. 61, Gracechurch Street.
Jekel, M. Henri. Paris.
Jenyns, Rev. L., M.A. F.L.S. F.G.S. Upper Swainswick, near Bath.
Jobson, Henry, Esq. Carron, near Falkirk, Stirlingshire.
Jones, J. M., Esq. Welshpool, Montgomeryshire.
Kuper, Rey. C. 'Trellich, Monmouth.
Lamb, C., Esq. Beauport, Hastings.
Langcake, T. H., Esq. Beeston, near Leeds.
Lea, J. W., Esq. Augusta Terrace, Ramsgate.
Date of Election.
1849
1835
1851 1849 1850 1850 1851 1856 1850 1854 1850 1853 1849
1851 1841
1840 1854 1852 1851 1852 1849 1849 1849
tT t
N+t+ wD
+RNnnnn
ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.
Xxl
Lee, John, LL.D. F.R.S. F.S.A. F.R.A.S. Hartwell House, Ayles-
bury.
Lingwood, R. M., Esq., M.A. F.L.S. F.G.S. Lyston, near Herefordshire.
Lodder, Capt. H., 47th Infantry. Malta.
Ross,
Logan, R. F., Esq. Hawthornbrae, Duddingstone, near Edinburgh.
Lowe, Dr. Balgreen, Slateford, near Edinburgh.
Lubbock, John, Esq. High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.
M‘Intosh, J. Esq. Bridge Road, Hammersmith.
Marshall, William, Esq. Springfield, Upper Clapton.
Meade, R. H., Esq. Bradford, Yorkshire.
Melly, Charles P., Esq. Liverpool.
Murray, Alexander, Esq. Shenley, Herts.
Moore, F., Esq. 4, Molesworth Place, Kentish Town.
Newman, Edward, Esq., F.L.S. F.Z.S. M.Imp.L.C.Acad. 7, Grove, Peckham.
Newman, H. W., Esq. New House, Stroud, Gloucester.
Owen, Richard, Esq., M.D. LL.D. F.R.S. F.L.S. F.G.S. College of Surgeons.
Parry, F. J. S., Esq., F.L.S. Steyne, Worthing.
Pascoe, F. P., Esq., F.L.S. Campden Hill, Kensington.
Pickersgill, J. C., Esq. 36, Gordon Square.
Preston, T. A., Esq. Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
Quin, C. W., Esq. 25, Clarence Street, Islington.
Salt, G. M., Esq. Shrewsbury.
Saunders, 8. 8., Esq. Albania.
Saunders, W. F., Esq. East Hill, Wandsworth.
Saunders, W. W., Esq., F.R.S. F.L.S., &c., President. East Wandsworth.
Saussure, M. H. F. de. Geneva.
York
Royal
Hill,
Schofield, R. G., Esq. Albert Cottage, Windsor Street, Lower
Norwoo.!. Scott, John, Esq. South Stockton, Stockton on Tees. Shepherd, Edwin, Esq., Secretary. 176, Fleet Street. Shepherd, James, Esq. Brown Street, Blackburn. Sheppard, Augustus F., Esq. Kingston, Surrey. Sheppard, Major E., F.L.S. ditto. Sheppard, Edward, Esq. 5, Ladbroke Place, Notting Hill. Signoret, M. Victor. Paris. Smith, Frederick, Esq. British Museum. Solly, Professor Edward, F.R.S., &c. 15, Tavistock Square. Spence, W. B., Esq. Florence. Spinola, le Marquis Maximilian, Genoa. Stainton, H. T., Esq. Mountsfield, Lewisham.
Stevens, S., Esq., F.L.S., Treasurer. 24, Bloomsbury Street.
Syme, John T., Esq. 11, Gower Street, Bedford Square. Tapping, Thomas, Esq. 43, Gloster Place, Kentish Town,
XXll
Date of Election.
1841 1836
1853 1854 1850 1856 1853
1845 1838 1853 1854 1850 1849 1849 1854 1850 1850
pre
n+
ORDINARY MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.
Tatum, T., Esq. 3, George Street, Hanover Square.
Taylor, R., Esq., F.L.S. F.S.A. F.G.S. M.R.A.S. Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.
Tebbs, H. V., Esq. Southwood Hall, Highgate.
Thompson, Miss. Barn Hill, Stamford.
Thompson, Thomas, Esq. Hull.
Thomson, James, Esq, 23, Rue de l’Université, Paris.
Thomson, William, Esq., F.L.S. 11, Dartmouth Villas, Forest Hill, Sydenham.
Thurnell, Charles, Esq. Duxford, Cambridgeshire.
Thwaites, G. R. H., Esq. Ceylon.
Tompkins, H., Esq. Worthing.
Turner, J. A., Esq. Cross Street, Manchester.
Tweedy, J. Newman, Esq. 47, Montague Square.
Vaughan, P. H., Esq. Redland, near Bristol.
Vines, Mrs. Lyndhurst.
Wailes, George, Esq. Newcastle on Tyne.
Walker, John, Esq. Chesterfield.
Walker, Francis, Esq., F.L.S. Rectory House, Angel Row, Highgate.
Walton, John, Esq., F.L.S. Byard’s Lodge, Knaresborough.
Ward, S. Nevill, Esq. Hon. E. I. C. Civil Service, Madras.
Waring, S. L., Esq. Norwood.
Waterhouse, G. R., Esq., F.Z.S. British Museum.
Weir, J. J., Esq. 20, Maismore Square, New Peckham.
Were, R. B., Esq. 385, Osborne Terrace, Clapham Road.
Westwood, J. O., Esq., F.L.S., &c. St. Peter’s, Hammersmith.
White, Adam, Esq., F.L.S. British Museum.
Wild, W. J., Esq. Herne Hill, Camberwell.
Wilkinson, S. J., Esq. 7, Jeffrey's Square, St. Mary Axe.
Winter, John N., Esq. Sussex County Hospital, Brighton.
Wollaston, T. V., Esq., B.A. F.L.S. 25, Thurloe Square, Brompton.
Yarrell, W., Esq., F.L.S. F.Z.S., &c. Ryder Street, St. James’s.
Zuchold, Ernst A. Halle, Prussia.
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
INSTITUTED NOV. dru, 1888.
LILI ww
Date of Election.
1842 Boys, Capt. India.
1844 Buonaparte, Prince Lucien.
1844 Barnston, George Esq. Hudson’s Bay.
1846 Blagrove, Lieut. Thomas. 26th Bengal Infantry.
1846 Bowman, John, Esq. Bombay.
1846 Brain, T. H., Esq., Principal of Sydney College, New South Wales. 1847 Bowring, J. C., Esq. Hong Kong.
1847 Bowring, L. B., Esq. Bancoorah, near Burdwar, Bengal. 1849 Blair, Daniel, Esq. Surgeon General, British Guiana. 1850 Bach, Herr M. Boppard-on-the-Rhine.
1854 Bates, H.W. South America.
1839 Cantor, Dr.
1844 Costa, Signor Achille. Naples.
1844 Chiaga, Signor Stephano Della. Naples. 1852 Cox, F., Esq. Van Diemen’s Land.
1839 Downes, Mr. Ezra. 1850 Dalton, H. G., Esq. George Town, Demerara.
1846 Elliott, Walter, Esq. Madras.
1841 Fraser, Louis, Esq. H. M. Vice-Consul, Whidah. 1839 Griffith, W., Esq.
1847 Gilbert, G. A., Esq.
1847 Gray, W., Esq. St. Petersburg.
1849 Goding, F., Esq.. M. D. Barbadoes.
1844 Harris, Dr. Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. 1846 Layard, F. P. Esq. Bengal Infantry.
1846 Layard, E. L., Esq.
1846 Leconte, Major. New York.
1848 Low, Hugh, Esq. Labuan.
1839 M‘Lelland, J., Esq. Calcutta.
XXIV LIST OF CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Date of Election.
1846 Pope, John, Esq. Hong Kong. 1846 Peters, Francis, Esq. Zanzibar.
1839 Schomburgh, Sir R.
1839 Sayers, Lieut.
1842 Stevenson, —.
1846 Smith, Dr. G. Madras. 1852 Stevens, T. J. Esq. Bogota.
1849 Thomas, Grant, Esq. Barbadoes.
1841 Wiegand, Sir F.
1845 Wilkinson, Sir J. Gardner.
1847 Wilson, C. A., Esq. Adelaide, South Australia. 1849 Wallcott, R. B., Esq. M.D. Barbadoes.
1854 Wallace, A. R. Borneo.
1841 Younger, Lieut. John Robertson.
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
I, Notice of a Sackbearing Bombyx, found by Mr. Bates near Santarem, in the Amazons. By Epwarp Newman, Imp. L. C. Acad. Memb., F.L.S., &e.
[Read April 3rd, 1854. ]
As a preliminary observation I take the liberty of remarking that in arranging the following notes I have in no instance mingled de- finitions that may possibly belong to different objects. Each de- scription of larva, pupa or imago is made directly from an indivi- dual, and has no reference whatever to any other description published or unpublished.
The genus Saccophora was proposed by Dr. Harris, the well- known American Entomologist, in a letter addressed to our late inestimable Secretary, Mr. Edward Doubleday, and published by that excellent Lepidopterist in ‘‘ The Entomologist” for May, 1841; it was founded on a single species, which Dr. Harris then called Saccophora Melsheimeri, in honour of Dr. Melsheimer, who was the first to find its cocoon and record observations on its habits. ‘I propose,” says Dr. Harris, ‘to call the genus Saccophora, and the species Melsheimeri.”’
Subsequently Dr. Harris, in bis admirable Treatise on Insects Injurious to Vegetation, published in 1842, gives the same insect a second generic name, namely, Perephora. ‘I call it,”’ writes Dr. Harris, ‘ Perophora Melsheimerii, Melsheimer’s sackbearer.” No allusion whatever is made to the earlier name. The name of Perophora will certainly be adopted in the United States, as
VOL. III, N.S. PART I.—JULY, 1854, B
2 Mr. E. Newman’s Notice of
that given by the author who instituted the genus, and it seems courteous to follow him, under the supposition that he had a suf- ficient reason for renouncing the prior name.
The second species was found in May, 1853, by my friend Mr. Bates, in the Valley of the Amazons, and I propose to name it after that indefatigable collector, as an humble tribute to his untiring zeal.
Genus Peropuora, Harris.
Imago.—Maxille obsolete; palpi maxillares nulli; palpi la- biales breves, porrecti, squamosi; antennze basi approximate, breviores, subgeniculate, i. e. articulo basali incrassato, por- recto, ceteris divaricatis, 44-articulatee, bipectinate, a lmo ad 1lum ramulis longitudine sensim crescentibus, inde ad 25um sensim descrescentibus, ceeteris paribus, brevissimis, omnibus ciliatis: seawum amborum ale ample, anticee subfalcatee, pos- ticee abdomine breviores: maris abdomen manifesto bifur- catum.
Larva involucro mobili foliis constructo vitam deget : involucrum trahit: folia devorat.
Pupa involucro, apice affixo, mutat.
Sp. 1. Perophora Melsheimeri.
Tota pallide rubro-cinerea vel isabellina: alis punctis minutis nigris undique irroratis, fascia lineari fuscé communi obliqua ante anticarum apicem retrorsum angulata, punctoque majori nigrescenti mediano signatis.
Saccophora Melsheimeri, Harris, ‘‘ Entomologist,” p. 101.
Perophora Melsheimeri, Harris, “ Insects Injurious to Vegeta- tion,” Ist ed. p. 299; Id. 2nd ed. p. 319.
Hab. Sylvis apud Cambridge (Mass.), Americze Septentrionalis, larva involucro vitam degens, Quercuum folia devorans.
Larva of Perophora Melsheimeri, of Harris.
A case of this insect, containing a living caterpillar, was brought to Dr. Harris, towards the end of September, by a student of Harvard College, Mr. H. O. White, who found it on an oak tree in Cambridge. This case was nearly an inch and a half long, and about half an inch in diameter. It was not regularly oval, but
a Sackbearing Bombyx. 3
somewhat flattened on its lower side. It consisted externally of two oblong oval pieces of a leaf, fastened together in the neatest manner by their edges, but the seams made a little ridge on each side of the case; this had become dry and faded, and was lined within with a thick and tough layer of brownish silk, in which there was left at each end a circular opening, just big enough for the larva to pass through. The larva was cylindrical, of a light reddish brown colour, with a paler line along the back; it was rough, with little elevated points; its head and the top of the first ring were black, hard and rough also. The head was provided with a pair of jointed feelers, which the insect extended and drew in at pleasure, and which, when they were out, were kept in continual motion. On each side of the middle of the head there was a black and flexible organ, like an antenna, very slender where it joined the head, and broader towards the end, like the handle of aspoon. The first three pairs of legs were equal in length, and armed with stout horny claws. The other legs, if such they could be called, were ten in number, and so short that only the oval soles of the feet were visible, and these were surrounded by numerous minute hooks. The anal extremity of the body was as blunt as if it had been cut off with a knife; it sloped a little backwards, and consisted of a circular horny plate, of a dark gray colour, which, when the larva retired within its case, exactly fitted and closed one of the holes. This larva ate the leaves of the oak, and fed mostly by night; while eating it protruded half its body out of its case, and in moving laid hold of the leaf with its fore legs, and then shortened its body suddenly, so as to bring its case after it with a jerk; and in this way it went by jerks from place to place. When it had done eating it moored its case to a leaf by a few silken threads fastened to one, and sometimes to both ends; and before moving again, it came out and bit off these threads, close to the case. It could turn round easily within its case, and go out of either end as occasion required. So tenaciously did it cling to the inside of its case with the little hooks of its false feet, that all attempts to make it come wholly out, except by a force which would have been fatal to the insect, were without effect.
Pupa of Perophora Melsheimerit.
This kind of caterpillar prepares for transformation by fasten- ing both ends of its cocoon to a branch, and then stops up each of the holes in it with a little circular silken lid, exactly fitting
B2
4 Mr. E. Newman’s Notice of
the orifice, and made about the thickness of common brown paper. There is no great difference in the size or form of the chrysalids which produce the male and female moths; they are about three-quarters of an inch in length; on both of them the sheaths for the wings, antennee and legs are alike, and are as plainly to be seen as on the chrysalids of other winged moths. The chrysalis tapers very little, and does not end with a point, but is blunt behind; and on the edge of each of the rings of the back there is a transverse row of little pointed teeth, which shut into corresponding notches in the ring immediately behind them. These teeth are evidently designed to enable the chrysalis to move towards the mouth of its case, and to hold with when it is engaged in forcing off the lid in order to allow of the escape of the moth.
Imago of Perophora Melsheimeru.
Both sexes leave their cocoons when arrived at maturity, and both are provided with wings. Their feelers are of moderate size, cylindrical, blunt, pointed, and thickly covered with scales. The tongue is not visible. Their antennz are curved, and are recurved or bent upwards at the point; the stalk is feathered in a double row, on the underside, very widely in the males for more than half its length, and beyond the middle the feathery fringe is suddenly narrowed, and tapers thence to the tip; in the females the antenne are also doubly feathered, but the fringe is narrower throughout than in the other sex. The body and the wings almost exactly resemble those of the foreign silk- worm moth in shape; but the fore wings are rather more pointed and hooked at the tip. There are no bristles and hooks to hold together the wings, which, when at rest, cover the sides like a sloping roof, and the front edge of the hind wings does not pro- ject beyond that of the fore wings.
The neuration of the wings is very different from the typical Bombycida, at east from that of the large Saturnie. The costal nervure is faint, and terminates on the costal edge at two-thirds length of the wings. Sub-costal throws off its first and second nervures before the end of the cell; the second nervure being the strongest vein in the costal part of the wing. The upper disco- cellular nervure is very short and nearly transverse to the wing; the middle is of the same length as the lower; the middle imper- fect in its middle part, the lower perfect. The maxilla are ap- parently wanting, and the middle spurs of the hind tibize are im- perceptible, showing that the character, together with the an-
a Sackbearing Bombyx. 5
tennz, are more constant for the larger groups of Lepidoptera than the wing neuration, which in the Bombycide varies much.
I cannot find that Dr. Harris mentions in what month the imago made its appearance in Massachusetts: Mr. Edward Doubleday took both sexes in Virginia in July.
Spi 2. Perophora Batesii.
Tota testacea : oculis nigris, alis punctis nigris irroratis, fascia lineari, saturatiori, communi, obliqua ante anticarum apicem retrorsum angulata, lunulaque apertd centrali, signatis.
Corp. long. g ‘9 unc,; @ 1+] unc. Alar. dilat. g 1:4 une.; Q 2°2 unc.
Hab. Sabuletis apud Santarem Americee Meridionalis larva in-
volucro vitam degens, Byrsominarum et Melastomarum folia de- vorans.
Larva of Perophora Batesii.—The larva is enclosed in a some- what spindle-shaped case, which has a circular aperture at each end: it is constructed of portions of two leaves joined together along the sides with admirable nicety; a slight seam is visible, but it is almost impossible to detect the mode in which the junc- tion is effected. ‘The head and dorsal surface of the protho- rax are black and rough; the dorsal surface of the meso- and metathorax are yellow, with two longitudinal black vitta; the abdomen is ovate and bulky, of a yellowish or olivaceous colour above, and sprinkled or marbled with dusky atoms, and a yellow vitta running along each side just below the stigmata. The under surface of the head, three thoracic and two next following abdo- minal segments is black, that of the remaining abdominal segments is a ruddy flesh colour. There are six thoracic legs as usual, and ten very short prolegs or claspers, viz. a pair on the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and anal segments. Mr. Bates found a considerable number of these larve in their cases, each attached by two or three strong threads to the leaves of low bushes of Byrsomine and Melastome, and also to blades of grass in open sandy situations, near Santarem, in May last, towards the end of the rainy season.
Pupa of Perophora Batesiii—Mr. Bates records that the trans- formations of the pupa are completed within the case, but he gives no description of the pupa; neither does he seem to have trans- mitted one for examination.
6 Mr. E. Newman’s Notice of
Imago of Perophora Batesii.
Male.— Antenne short, bipectinate, the first joint (scape of Kirby) large and expanding outwards into a cup, the opening of which is placed obliquely with the head, and to its centre the second joint is attached, and this, as well as the remaining joints, is directed outwards, so that the antennz may be said to be geni- culated at the first joint: the remaining joints are forty-four in number ; their branches gradually increase in length from the Ist to the 11th, and then as gradually decrease to the 25th; the rest are uniformly short, all the branches are delicately ciliated to their extremity. Eyes prominent, black, marbled with brown, Maxillee apparently wanting. Palpi minute, closely appressed and entirely concealed by the somewhat projecting face. ‘Thorax simple, without any crest; abdomen tapering, rather longer than the hind wings, terminating in two long, hirsute parallel porrected processes. Legs short, protibie densely clothed with long setiform scales ; joints of tarsi cup-shaped; claws stout, short, strongly uncinate ; spurs not observable, probably wanting.
Female.—Antenne as in the male, but the cilia of the branches less distinct, and the branches themselves somewhat shorter ; palpi somewhat more produced, their apex observable from above. Eyes slightly smaller than in the male, black and beau- tifully reticulated ; each area of the reticulation includes from fifty to one hundred facets; possibly the mode of killing may have caused the appearance of the eyes in both sexes. Legs as in the male, but the protibize not so densely clothed. Abdomen robust, longer than the hind wings; its apex undivided, but there is a short tuft on each side.
Male and female much alike, both amply winged, but the wings of the female more ample than those of the male; fore wings subfalcate, the apical wings acute, their anal angle obtuse, their outer margin sinuate ; hinder wings rather short, their outer angle rounded, their anal acute and slightly produced, their outer margin sinuate. ‘The entire colour of body and wings testaceous and sprinkled over with minute black dots, each of which is composed of a single scale, differently shaped from the rest. There is a transverse linear angulated fascia common to both wings, and of a darker colour; this commences on the costa of the upper wings, at about two-thirds of its length, and runs diagonally towards the outer margin, but before it has reached half the distance between its origin and the margin, it turns backwards at a right angle, and then traverses both wings in a direct line, ceasing on the ab-
a Sackbearing Bombyz. 7
dominal margin of the lower, about half way between its base and anal angle; within the angle of this fascia, and near the centre of the upper wing, is an open, rather indistinct, lunule.
Although I feel that it would be an act of presumption on my part to attempt to locate this curious genus, after such eminent Lepidopterists as Dr. Harris and Edward Doubleday have de- clined doing so, still I may venture to call the attention of the Society to a few characters which are as strongly pronounced as they are remarkable for their conflicting nature.
In the first place, it seems almost impossible, on a cursory exa- mination of Mr. Wing’s admirable sketches of the larva in its case, not to be struck with its great similarity to that of the Psy- chides. The larva of Psyche Villosella, of Ochsenheimer, Herrich- Scheeffer and Bruand, found by Mr. Dale on Parley Heath, offers points of similarity that at the first blush seem almost conclusive : not only is the general character as regards figure, the short pro- legs, the structure of the anal segment, &c. very similar in the two, but the distribution of colour, the roughness and blackness of the head and protborax, and the vittated meso-and metathorax, are very nearly identical.
The pupa, judging from Dr. Harris’s very minute description, possesses a character distinctive of a very different section of the Bombyces: the abdominal segments are banded with a series of minute claw-like processes, which make it rough to the touch, and by means of which the insect can force its way out of the case, cocoon, gallery, or other situation, in which its unerring instinct may have placed it; such a character I find in Xyleutes, Zeuzera, Hepialus, Aigeria, and Trochilium.
The Imago has several characters, which are not only conflict- ing with those of the preparatory state, but which are also con- flicting among them; thus the antennz of the male greatly resemble those of the male Zeuzera, those of the female differing from those of the female Zeuzera; and the venation of the wings in both sexes differing entirely from that of Zeuzera. The divided and divaricating extremity of the abdomen in the male is a marked and notable character: this character gives its name to Edward Doubleday’s genus Schizura (Entomologist, p. 59), and the de- scription of the male antennz in Schizura closely agrees with the male antennze in Perophora, while the female antenne totally differ in the two genera; those of Perophora being pectinated, those of Schizura setaceous. In Lochmceus, Heterocampa, and other American Bombyces, we find points of similarity and discre- pancy equally conflicting. /eterocampa, in very many charac-
8 Mr. E. Newman’s Notice of a Sackbearing Bombyx.
ters, approaches Cerura, and its tapering abdomen, raised when at rest, suggests a close affinity to that genus; but Abbott, whose drawings of Georgian Lepidopterous larvae are worthy of all praise, represents a larva of this genus grasping a twig of Styrax grandifolium with anal prolegs: the species to which this belongs is known, but has not received a name. As far as regards the male antennz, the palpi and the maxilla, Perophora closely approaches Heterocampa, but nothing can be more discordant than the two larva. Dr. Harris very properly contrasts the genus with Dryocampa and Oiketicos, but concludes that it has but slender affinities with either. The characters of Lochmeus, Hete- rocampa and Schizura had not been published when Dr. Harris studied the insect in 1840; and his work of 1852 does not men- tion them, perhaps considering the object of that work rather utilitarian than scientific.
Among British insects, the nearest approach we have to Pero- phora is the perfect female of Odonestis potatoria; the similarity extends to colour, distribution of marking, and venation of wings ; but the antennz and palpi are very different; the male of pota- toria has, like that of Perophora, a bifid apex to the abdomen. These slight resemblances are, however, more than balanced by the total discrepancy between the larvee of the two genera.
The result of these observations seems rather to be that Lepi- dopterists are right in grouping together the infinitely varied genera of Bombyces ; since they show that the characters are intimately interwoven, crossing each other at a vast number of points, like the threads of which a net may be constructed; but I think that the difficulty of reconciling or harmonizing these peculiarities to such an extent, as to obtain anything approaching to a perfectly natural linear series of the objects themselves, is quite insuperable. I may also venture to express an opinion, derived from a very careful study of Bruand’s admirable Monograph of the Psychides, that the connexion of Perophora with that interesting group is not so close as the primd facie characters of the larvae would lead one to suppose.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fig. 2. Perophora Batesii, &. 2a, head and antenna of male; 2, portion of antenna of male mag- nified ; 2c, abdominal appendages of male. Fig. 3. Perophora Batesii, Q. 3a, antenna of female. Figs. 4, 5, 6, Perophora Batesii, larva. Fig. 7, Venation of wing.
Mr. John Scott on Lithocolletis. 8)
II. Description of a new Species of Lithocolletis. By Joun Scorr, Esq.
[Read 3rd October, 1853.]
Lithocolletis irradiella. (Pl. 1. fig. 1.)
Ar first sight this insect much resembles LZ, lautella, but is easily distinguished from it by its darker anterior wings, the streaks being more slender, and the spot at the anal angle not being on the inner margin.
Expansion of the wings 4 lines.
Tuft of the head black, face and palpi shining, silvery ; antennze darkish, with a broad white ring near the tip, which last is black ; thorax blackish; abdomen blackish, beneath white; the four an- terior legs have the femora and tibize white; the posterior legs have the femora black, tibiae white; tarsi of all the legs white, except the basal joint of each, which is black above, throughout nearly its whole length.
Anterior wings olivaceous-brown, with three silvery white streaks along the costa, nearly equidistant from each other, and two on the inner margin. The first costal streak is placed con- siderably before the middle of the wing, it nearly reaches the fold (rather obliquely) and points towards the anal angle of the wing ; the second costal streak is situated rather more than halfway between the first and third, somewhat crescent-shaped, broadest at its base, and also terminates a little short of the fold; the third costal streak is nearly uniform in thickness throughout, and is much more curved than the preceding. The first inner marginal streak lies a little in front of the first costal one, the exterior point of the base of the latter being nearly in a line with the interior point of the base of the former, its apex terminating a little be- yond the fold of the wing, and beyond the apex of the first costal streak, which it almost touches; the second inner marginal streak lies opposite the end of the second costal streak, and forms with it an interrupted fascia, not touching the inner margin, and beyond the apex of the third costal streak, to which it points, is a minute, nearly round, silvery-white spot. The basal streak, also silvery- white, is narrow and short, and is rather nearer the costa than the inner margin, and there is a small oblong spot on the inner margin
10 Mr. John Scott on Lithocolletis.
near the base. The tips of the anterior wings in some lights steel blue. Dark margins enclose all these white markings. The apical black spot is almost concealed in the deep ground colour of the wings. Posterior wings purplish, cilia the same.
Taken in the beginning of July, near Renfrew, amongst birches in a damp part of a wood.
III. Critical Remarks upon the British Elateride, with Descriptions of some of the Species. By Joun Curtis, F.L.S., &c.
{Read 6th February, 1854.]
Wuat is the Llater aterrimus of Linneus? This simple question has led to numerous discussions, and before the genus later was published in the “ British Entomology,” I spared no pains to arrive at the truth, which one would think was easy enough from our possessing the collections of Linnaeus: such, however, is not the case, and, as [ have frequently stated, unless the spe- cimens in the Linnean cabinet agree perfectly with the descrip- tions in the “ Fauna Suecica” or the “ Systema Nature,” the authority is worthless. It is not to be supposed that the collec- tion is as the elder Linnzeus left it; for, owing to the natural casualties attending such fragile and perishable objects as insects, when neglected, and the various hands the property has gone through during the greater part of a century, it could not be expected to remain intact: moreover, at that early stage of natural science, it cannot be controverted that species quite distinct were included in cabinets under the same name, and Linnzeus, no doubt, during his lifetime, left a great deal to be filled up by his pupils and friends. Indeed, as far as nomenclature goes, no collection that I have seen, of half the standing of Linnzeus’s, has been worth much to identify species ; and this misfortune has been daily increasing from the egregious folly which has been so pre- valent of multiplying species, and, under the most frivolous pretext, of superseding old and well-established names.
This is so important a subject, that I must be permitted to guard the rising generation of Entomologists against being misled by what is termed high authorities—indeed, not to put implicit
British Elateride. 11
faith in any collection, but to refer to standard books. For my own part, if a specimen in any collection, however celebrated, does not agree essentially with the author’s printed description, I totally disregard it. I make no exceptions, being justified by my own-experience of many years, as will be evident from the fol- lowing facts.
The Banksian collection of insects, named by Fabricius, was in such a state of confusion when bequeathed to the Linnean Society, that some twenty years since the late Mr.C. T. Bennett, Mr. Vigors and Mr. Haworth undertook, with the volumes of Fabricius before them, to correct the nomenclature, assigning to each specimen the name it was believed that Fabricius had given it—by no means an easy task, where many must have been lost and others added. Since then the specimens have got mouldy and have been cleaned, which with the greatest care cannot fail to lead to alterations, to say nothing of unavoidable accidents.
When I went to see Mr. Marsham’s collection before his death, I found it in the possession of a naval officer, who kept it clean by reversing the drawers and rapping the bottoms, by which process heads, trunks and entire insects fell upon the floor, and numbers of labels were changed or lost, or, what was worse, quite different things were eventually substituted to replace them. During my visit I picked up and restored to the drawers no in- considerable number of specimens.
And even Mr. Kirby’s collection of British insects was entirely neglected long before he presented it to the Entomological Society, owing in a great measure to his attention being devoted to exotic Entomology: he was also much in want of more drawers, and, to make room for Captain Hancock’s fine Coleoptera from Brazil, Mr. Kirby took out his entire collection of bees, so that when I visited him at Barham in 1817 it was stuck on sheets of cork and mounted on the top of a book-case, covered with dust and muti- lated by the larvee of moths and spiders; and had I not volunteered to clean the specimens and place them in security, that interesting collection would never have reached its present destination—it must have perished in a few months! As it was, many of the typical specimens were destroyed, and it was necessary to transfer the labels to duplicate specimens, whenever they could be found.
From this digression I will return to the laters. Having purchased Mr. Charles Griesbach’s Cabinet of Coleoptera, I found it very rich in Laters, and amongst them one quite new to me; and wishing to give a figure of it in my ‘ British Entomology,” I began to search for its name, and as it appeared to be the Elater
12 Mr. John Cuttis’s Critical Remarks
aterrimus of Linnzeus, I thought the point would be readily settled by a visit to Soho Square. On consulting the Linnean cabinet what was my surprise to find the only specimen to represent Elater aterrimus was a greasy individual of EF. murinus! I thought, however, that my insect agreed so well with the descrip~ tion in the “Fauna Suecica,’* that I might adopt the Linnean name, which I did in June, 1838.4; Having since then received specimens from Denmark and Germany of the species considered abroad to be the true /. aterrimus, and having seen Mr, Stephen’s collection, now deposited in the British Museum, I will give the result of my researches.
Sp. 1. Ectinus aterrimus, Linn., Pauz. 101,15; Payk. 3, 6, 8; Gyl. 1. p. 425 3 atratus, Ill. Mag. ; obscurus, Oliv. 2, Genus 31, pl. 8, fig. 76.. (Pl. IL. figs.)
Long and narrow, shining black and minutely punctured ; an- tennze as long as the thorax (fig. a); basal joint long and stoutish; second and third of equal length, obovate, the following com- pressed, a little longer and somewhat serrated. Head deflexed, obtuse ; clypeus trigonate, truncate (fig. b). ‘Thorax linear, elon- gated, with a channel down the centre, strongest at the base ; the angles prominent, stout but acute; pectoral spine long, pointed, depressed, convex at the base. Elytra twice as long as the thorax and a little broader, punctate-striate, faintest at the base ; tarsi simple, reddish-fuscous.
6 lines long, 13 broad.
The late Dr. Sturm, of Nurenburg, sent me this species labelled E. aterrimus, Linn., and I have another from Denmark : it is of course a native of Sweden, but I have never seen a British spe- cimen. Mr. Stephens having copied Gyllenhal’s essential Latin character verbatim, it answers to this insect, but it entirely dis- agrees with his English description, and likewise with the spe- cimens named in his collection Hetinus aterrimus, which belong to a totally different section.
Sp. 2. LHctinus? gagates, Curt.; Elater aterrimus, Curt. Brit. Ent. fol. and pl. 694. (PI. II. fig. 2.)
Long, narrow, depressed, dead-black; antennz scarcely so long as the thorax (fig. c), serrated, excepting the basal joint, which is short and stout, and the second and third, which are small and obovate. Head short, semi-orbicular (fig. d); clypeus trigonate, and extending a little over the labrum, the trophi nearly con-
* Page 206, No. 726. t Fol. and Pl. 694.
upon the British Elateride. 13
cealed, Thorax linear, extremely finely punctured, with a faintly impressed line posteriorly; the angles well produced and acute, forming a sharp ridge at the base; pectoral spine long, acute and grooved at the base. Elytra not broader than the thorax, but more than twice as long, slightly glossy, rather thickly punctured and striated; the striz close together and rough at the apex, which is emarginate. Legs very slender, knees slightly ferrugi- nous; tarsi simple; claws ochreous. 5 lines long, 14 broad.
This fine and very distinct insect does not agree with any of the genera with which I am acquainted, but for the present I have placed it with Lectinus? rather than run the risk of imposing a generic name unnecessarily. I have only seen the specimen in my Collection, which was taken at Windsor, and another foreign one in the British Museum. Mr. Stephens, relying on his me- mory, has unluckily applied Paykull’s descriptions of Elater ni- grinus? to this insect, with points of doubt which were most ne- cessary, for they do not agree in any way, nor belong even to the same genus. Our insect is not shining; the antennz are not so long as the thorax; the tarsi are not pale, and it is very much longer than Elater bipustulatus, which Paykull gives as the size of E. nigrinus.
Sp. 3. N. G.? puncto-lineatus, Zool. Journ. iv. 524; aterrimus, Stephens’ Cabinet. (PI. II. fig. 3.)
Robust, elliptical, very convex, slaty-black, glossy but dull, being clothed with very short ochreous pubescence. Antenne scarcely so long as the thorax (fig. e); basal joint small but stout; second and third globose, the following compressed and subser- rated, the joints being obtrigonate. Head and thorax thickly and firmly punctured; clypeus short, scarcely convex in front and not margined, projecting and not drooping over the mouth (fig. f). Thorax semiovate, considerably broadest at the base, with a smooth line down the centre, the angles forming triangular lobes, not acuminated but slightly clawed ; pectoral spine rather short, compressed and not concave at the base, scutel depressed, semi- oval. Elytra a trifle broader than the thorax, and twice as long, minutely punctured and firmly striate-punctate. Legs stout, tarsi simple, compressed, brownish, tawny at the extremity.
63 lines long, 2 lines broad.
This is the Elater puncto-lineatus, as referred to above, in the Zoological Journal. Mr. Stephens, in his Illustrations, refers
14 Mr. John Curtis’s Critical Remarks
also for this species to the “ Zool. Journal, vol. iv. p- 211, under the name of Elater pilistriatus,”’ but this is altogether an unac- countable mistake, for nothing of the kind is to be found. All Mr. Stephens’ other synonyms being copied from Gyllenhal, they do not belong to this species but to the Swedish naturalists’ £. aterrimus.
My specimen of this very distinct species was taken at Dover by the late Mr. Leplastrier, and two were captured in a meadow near Twickenham, Surrey, June, 1827. I am also indebted to Mr. T. Marshall for a fine female, which he discovered, with twelve others and two males, last July, on a rush at Sandown, near Deal in Kent.
As I have now shown that three distinct species, belonging to different genera, have all been described to represent the Llater aterrimus of Linneeus, it must be borne in mind that at present the true type has not been detected as an inhabitant of our island ; that the E. aterrimus of ‘British Entomology” is apparently a species un- known and hitherto undescribed, except in that work ; and that the E. aterrimus of Stephens’ “ Illustrations” is the Z. puncto-lineatus of the Zoological Journal. It is possible the two last may have been described in foreign works; but at present, not being able to ascertain that such is the case, I have identified them by adopting Mr. Pelerin’s name for one species, and applying my manuscript name to the other.
I will now proceed to continue my remarks upon a few other species of laters, which are either but little known or have been described in miscellaneous works, where they have not met the entomological eye, especially upon the Continent.
Sp. 4. Hlater nigrinus, Payk. iii. 89,44. (Pl. IL. fig. 4.)
Shining black, clothed with rather short depressed fuscous pu- bescence. Antenne scarcely longer than the thorax (fig. g), basal joint clavate, second and third smaller, the former subglo- bose, the latter subovate, the following much broader, compressed and obtrigonate. Head convex (fig. h), rather coarsely punc- tured; clypeus subtrigonate and margined ; trophi nearly con- cealed. Thorax semioval, convex, not very thickly punctured; anterior margin concave, angles projecting and acute; pectoral spine long, sharp and inflexed. Elytra a little broader than the thorax, and more than twice as long, tapering considerably beyond the middle, punctured, rugose when highly magnified, deeply striated. Legs slender, pitchy; tarsi long, very slender, simple, fibrous. Underside punctured.
3 & 4 lines long, 14 broad.
upon the British Elateride. 15
My three specimens of this rare species were bred at Windsor, by Mr. C. Griesbach. This is the true E. nigrinus, which is in- cluded in the group comprising E. sanguineus, and the other scarlet and black species. They form the genus Ampedus of De- jean, but in Eschscholtz’s works they represent the genus Later.
Sp. 5. Aplotarsus maritimus, Curtis in “ Annals of Natural His- tory” for 1840, vol. v. p. 277. (Pl. II. fig. 5.)
Shining bluish black, sparingly and indistinctly pubescent. An- tennze much longer than the thorax (fig. 2), basal joint stout, glo- bose, second minute, the following compressed, elongated, obovate and truncate; third and fourth nearly of equal length. Head flattened, thickly but not regularly punctured, a circular impres- sion above the clypeus, with a central channel; eyes not touching the thorax; clypeus semicircular, margined, not concealing the mouth ; palpi clavate-truncate (fig. k). Thorax suborbicular, convex, thickly but faintly punctured, hinder angles prominent and very acute, pectoral spine elongate-conic, cup-shaped at the base, scutellum cordate. Elytra elliptical, depressed, broader than the thorax and more than twice as long, thickly and minutely punctured, and strongly striated. Coxe and trochanters ferru- ginous and ochreous; legs slender, especially the tarsi, which are simple and pitchy, the fourth joint not very short.
2 lines long, 2 broad.
I first discovered this very distinct little Hlater under rejecta- menta at Broughton, on the Lancashire coast; this was on the 30th June, 1827: the Rev. Mr. Little subsequently took it at Raehills, and I have heard it has also been found on Skiddaw, the end of April.
Mr. Stephens gives this as a doubtful variety of Sericosomus brunneus; it is therefore necessary to say that 4, maritimus will not associate with that genus. It appears to be an Aplotarsus, and it approximates to later rufipes and E. testaceus, Fab.; both of which are included in the genus Cardiophorus by Dejean and Redtenbacher, but they have a very different habit to the typical species.
Sp. 6. Cardiophorus formosus, Curtis, in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. v. pa 27On (ele ths he.6,)
Black, shining; head small, with variolated punctures; clypeus rounded, margined. ‘Thorax entirely red, somewhat bell-shaped, thickly punctured like the head; the angles trigonate, but obtuse. Elytra scarcely twice as long, with firmly punctured strize, very deep at the base; before the middle is a double crescent-shaped,
16 Mr. John Curtis’s Critical Remarks
pale ochreous fascia, and a straight and broader one towards the apex ; the legs (at least the anterior) are red. 31 lines long, 1} broad.
This beautiful insect is nearly allied to the Elater sex-punctatus of Illiger, and the Cardiophorus ornatus of Dejean, both of which species inhabit Spain. My specimen of C. formosus, which I believe is unique, was given to me by Mr. Simmons. It was taken from the roots of some celery in a cottage garden near Wentworth House, Yorkshire. Unfortunately it was mutilated after being captured, by which accident the antennz and some of the legs are lost.
Sp. 7. Aplotarsus? cothurnatus, Curt. MSS. (PI. II. fig. 7.)
Flongate, narrow, shining black, not very thickly punctured, but clothed with very short, depressed, ochreous pubescence. Antenne stoutish, scarcely longer than the thorax (fig. /), shorter in the female, basal joint clavate, second and third small, obovate- truncate; the remainder longer, compressed, elongate, obovate, trun- cated. Head semiglobose (fig. m), with a ridge down the centre, most evident in front; clypeus bent over the mouth, and forming a kind of lobe, coarsely punctured, not margined; palpi ferrugi- nous, ovate, obliquely truncated. ‘Thorax very convex, longer than broad, oval, truncated and broadest at the base, a short channel or impression behind the middle, base transversely de- pressed, the angles spreading, elongated, stout, trigonate and carinated; pectoral spine long, acute, with a central groove, dilated at the base ; scutellum depressed, ovate-conic. Elytra elliptic, a little broader than the thorax and nearly thrice as long, depressed, deeply striate-punctate, the apex with a flattened margin. Legs testaceous, thighs pitchy, tips subcastaneous; tarsi simple and very slender.
4 lines long, and 14 broad.
I possess a pair of this Elater, which was taken at Windsor by Mr. C. Griesbach. It appears to be undescribed, but it is allied to the L. longulus of Gyllenbal; and although at first sight it re- sembles Limonius minutus and its congeners, it does not belong to the same section, neither is it a true 4plotarsus I presume.
I have not yet had an opportunity of studying the genera of Eschscholtz, but from casual observations I am led to believe they are very arbitrary, and I therefore regret to see his system super- seding the philosophic classification of Latreille, which was pub- lished in the third volume of the “ Annales de la Soc. Ent. de France.” I have elsewhere intimated that the larvae exhibit several types of form which might possibly assist (when more generally
upon the British Elateride. 17
known) in the arrangement of this fine family.* There are also characters to be derived from the trophi, the antenna, the ster- num and the feet, as shown by Latreille; and if the antenne could be depended upon, it would be most desirable to make them a leading secondary character, as the mouth is often so concealed that without dissection it is impossible to get a view of the palpi. One objection apparently in adopting the antennz to furnish generic characters is, that they not only vary specifically, but they differ in the sexes. Such being the case, the female antennz must not be disregarded; and I expect, if well analyzed, many of the genera would subside into more useful sections. A mono- graph on the Elateride would be an enterprise that would well reward any one who had the leisure to undertake such a labour of love, if the task were executed faithfully. I believe no one at present has gone beyond parcelling the British species into some- what imaginary groups; and the best sketch I have met with of the sections of our British species was published in Mr. West- wood’s Modern Classification.
I will only add, as it may not be generally known to Entomo- logists, that in my Reports published in the “ Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of London,” I have entered at great length upon the economy of the Wire-worms; and the better to illustrate their history, figures and elaborate dissections are given of them, as well as of ten species of Elaters, and several of their larve, with the parasitic insects which infest them in the wire-worm and the imago state.
* Vol. i. 3rd Series, p. 43, Pl. 2, No. 3.
+ Vol.v. p. 180—237, and Plates I and J. Vide also Morton’s ‘‘ Cyclopedia of Agriculture’ and ‘ Catalogue des Larves des Coléoptéres,” par M. F. Chapuis and M. E. Candéze, p. 141.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Fig. 1. Ectinus aterrimus, Linn. la, the antenna; 10, front view of head.
Fig. 2. Ectinus? gagates, Curt. 2c, the antenna; 2d, front view of head. Fig 3. Nov. Gen.? puncto-lineatus, Pelerin.
3e, the antenna; 3/;, front view of head. Fig. 4. Elater nigrinus, Payk.
4g, the antenna; 4h, front view of head. Fig. 5. Aplotarsus maritimus, Curt.
5i, the antenna; 5k, front view of head. Fig. 6. Cardiophorus formosus, Curt. Fig. 7, Aplotarsus? cothurnatus, Curt.
71, the antenna; 7m, front view of head.
N.B. All the figures are magnified and drawn from specimens in the Author’s Collection; the cross lines showing the dimensions of the Elaters.
VOL. Ill. N. S. PART I.-—JULY, 1854, : c
18 Dr. John Davy’s Observations on
IV. Some Observations on the Excrement of Insects ; in a Letter addressed to William Spence, Esq., F.R.S, §c. By Joun Davy, M.D., F.R.S., Inspector-General of Army Hospitals.
{Read January 2nd, 1854.)
My DEAR Sir,
Tur excrement of insects has not, I believe, had that attention paid to it, chemically, which the subject deserves ; especially taking into account the vast number of insect-species, how they abound, the manner in which they are diffused, or the part, as a class, which they appear to perform in the economy of nature. This too being your opinion as expressed in a letter with which you have favoured me, I am induced to collect and submit to you such results as I have obtained in a limited number of trials, with the request that you will communicate them to the Entomological Society, should they appear to be of sufficient in- terest to have the attention of that learned body.
The inquiry I commenced when I was in the West Indies, between 1846 and 1849, and have since continued from time to time as opportunites have offered.
I shall first bring under notice the results of the experiments made on the excrement of insects in their first stage of develop- ment, that of the larva or caterpillar. Even at the risk of being tedious, for the sake of accuracy, I must be more particular than I could otherwise wish, and shall have to describe individual in- stances. I have to express regret at the same time for my in- ability, without aid in those distant colonies, to give the specific names of the specimens which yielded the excrementitious matter examined.
1. The caterpillar of a butterfly, resembling Papilio Aphrodite, Linn., common in Barbados, in December, voided excrement in abundance when actively feeding, in the form of little green pel- lets. A certain quantity of these, dried and acted on by proof spirit, yielded a residue on evaporation, in which hippuric acid, or a matter having similar properties, was detected; thus, to men- tion one, with muriatice acid, on slow evaporation, it afforded pris- matic crystals, shooting from a centre, and which did not deli- quesce in a moist atmosphere.
2. A large caterpillar of a moth, resembling Sphinx Atropos when yoraciously feeding, voided much excrement in the form of
the Excrement of Insects. 19
cylindrical masses of a dark olive green, some of which were par- tially covered with a yellowish crust. The matter of this incrus- tation was found to be chiefly lithate of ammonia. Under the microscope it was seen to consist of spherical granules, most of them about +5455 of an inch in diameter; these were dissolved immediately in dilute nitric acid, and when heated (a drop of the solution being placed on a slip of thin glass), acquired the rich purple hue characteristic of lithic acid under this treatment.
3. A large caterpillar of a Sphinx, after it had ceased feeding, about to assume the chrysalis state, put under a glass cover, in less than twenty-four hours parted with its enveloping integu- ments, and became completely incased; in doing so, it voided a good deal of brownish fluid. This, tested for lithic and hippuric acid, afforded no traces of the former, but pretty distinct ones of the latter.
4, Another large caterpillar of a Sphinz, in a state very similar to that of the preceding, was very restless in confinement, and shortly voided some dark fluid excrement, which, on examina- tion, gave results like those last mentioned.
This caterpillar was killed by immersion in spirits of wine, Opened, its stomach was found to be the most conspicuous organ ; it extended nearly the whole length of the abdominal cavity, and was distended with a dark, mucous fluid. Under the micrescope a tubular structure was seen contiguous to it, and connected with it. Conjecturing that these tubes might be renal ones, the part was taken out, and digested in water, to which a little nitric acid had been added: the solution formed was found to contain lithic acid; thus a drop of it evaporated, and heated on a support of thin glass, acquired the rich purple tint distinctive of this acid.
5. A large caterpillar of another species of Sphinz, taken from the leaves of the sweet potatoe on which it was feeding voraci- ously (in confinement still feeding), voided a great deal of almost black excrement, in cylindrical masses, rounded at their ends. On none of them was there any appearance of incrusting matter, as in the instance No, 2. They yielded a brownish solution to proof spirit; and this evaporated, afforded an extract, which, with nitric and muriatie acid, afforded crystals, some of them of the form of hippuric acid similarly combined.
6. A silk worm actively feeding on mulberry leaves voided ex- crement in the form of small black pellets: on one of them there was a brown incrustation; this, agitated with a drop of water, rendered the water slightly turbid. Under the microscope it exhibited granules; these were soluble in dilute nitric acid, and afforded,
9 4
20 Dr. John Davy’s Observations on
when evaporated and heated, a slight but distinct trace, in the color produced, of lithic acid.
These few are all the trials I have to notice on the excrements of larvae. With the exception of the last, in this country, they were all made in Barbados.
The next I have to mention were on the excrement of the per- fect insect, immediately after quitting its puparium; these likewise were made in Barbados.
7. The pupa of the caterpillar; number 1, I may premise, occurs attached by a fine, short thread and hanging perpendicularly. Before the escape of the imago the color of the chrysalis changes from apple green to a dull blue, passing into brown; becoming when empty of a light grey. On quitting its case the butterfly adheres to it, its head upwards, its wings hanging down. Thus it remains motionless, with the exception of occasionally expanding its wings, till the intestine has been unloaded, fitting it for flight, secure from its position of not being soiled in the slightest degree by what it voids. The discharged matter I have found to vary in different instances, and this at the same season, and when voided by individuals similarly reared, and detached from the same shrub. The excrement of one was a turbid liquid of a purplish hue, as if tinged by the purpurate of ammonia. Under the microscope, there were to be seen purple patches, some color- less rhomboidal plates, as if of lithic acid, and numerous granules, as of lithate of ammonia. By the test of nitric acid and heat, manifest proof was obtained of the presence of lithic acid, a strong purple color being produced. ‘The excrement of another was of a brownish hue, and turbid. In it were detected traces of hippuric acid, of lithic acid, and of urea, judging from the form of the crystals obtained from an alcoholic solution, from the effect of nitric acid, and of that of this acid and of heat. The excrement of a third, also a brownish fluid, appeared to contain little else than hippuric acid, with perhaps a trace of urea. The extract obtained from the alcoholic solution of the dried matter emitted, on the addition of nitric acid, an odour like that of the urine of the horse, and afforded crystals on evaporation similar to those from the same urine when treated in like manner.
8. A Sphinx from the larva number 4, on quitting its pupa- rium voided a considerable quantity of brownish turbid fluid. This excrement afforded distinct traces of lithic acid in the form of lithate of ammonia, and also of hippuric acid; the former in suspended granules, the latter in solution. The lithic acid was indicated by the effect of nitric acid and heat; the hippuric acid
the Excrement of Insects. 21
by the crystals obtained on evaporation after the addition of mu- riatic acid. On this addition being made, a smell was perceived like that from the urine of the horse. The Sphinx shortly after, and before it had taken any food, was killed and examined ;_ its stomach and intestine were found empty.
9. A Sphinx from larva, No, 3, less than a month in under- going its metamorphosis, voided, on leaving its puparium, a good deal of turbid, reddish-brown fluid, which, subjected to examina- tion, was found to contain lithate of ammonia, a trace of the pur- purate of ammonia and of hippuric acid. Under gentle pressure, when laid hold of, this Sphinx discharged pretty much semifluid matter of a brick red color, which, under the microscope, was found to be composed of spherical granules, varying in diameter from s5455 tO shaq Of an inch. After standing a little while many of them coalesced and formed larger granules. Tested by nitric acid and a regulated heat, they had the character of lithate ofammonia. I may mention further, that in the forsaken puparium there was a good deal of whitish matter; this washed out with water and collected, under the microscope was seen to consist of granules of about +5455 of an inch in diameter; and tested, was found likewise to be of lithate of ammonia. The quantity of excrement accumulated in this moth during its change of state, and voided on acquiring its perfect form, was truly surprising, and not less so the abundance in it of lithate of ammonia.
I shall now pass to the results obtained from insects caught, and consequently of uncertain age in relation to their last birth or time of quitting their puparia.
10. A Sphinx, after about twenty-four hours’ confinement, under glass, with a free supply of air, died without yielding any excre- ment. On opening it the lower portion of its intestine was found distended with a brownish opaque fluid. The opaque matter, it may be inferred, was lithate of ammonia; for under the micro- scope it exhibited the finely granular condition of this compound, and when acted on by dilute nitric acid and heat, was first dis- solved, and then acquired the rich purple color distinctive of lithic acid,
On examining the abdomen, opening the Sphinx under water, some minute cells, with delicate tubes proceeding from them— part I believe of the renal apparatus—were observable by means of the microscope; they contained an opaque matter, probably lithate of ammonia, for, tested for lithic acid, proof was obtained of its presence.
Whilst in Barbados other large moths of the Sphinx tribe were
22 Dr. John Davy’s Observations on
caught and placed in confinement; I have notes of six. From all of them either excrement was voided during life, or was found in the intestine on examination after death, and of a nature similar to that last mentioned, composed chiefly of lithate of ammonia. No other solid substance, no crystals were observable when sub- mitted to the microscope. In one, as in the instance last de- scribed, on opening the abdomen some delicate tubes were seen ramifying on the intestine externally. These too contained an opaque whitish matter, which, from the effect of nitric acid and heat, appeared to be lithic acid; but, more probably, was lithate of ammonia.
11. A yellow butterfly, in confinement, voided a little semifluid brownish excrement. Seen under the microscope, diluted with water, it exhibited many well formed rhomboidal plates, or low prisms, as if of lithic acid, with which were jntermixed minute granules, as of lithate of ammonia. Acted on by nitric acid and heat the purple tint was produced indicative of lithic acid.
12. A black beetle, with suckers or cushions to its feet and claws, voided a considerable quantity of fawn-colored matter, in little grains about the size of mustard-seed. By the same test as the preceding they were found to consist chiefly of lithate of ammonia. No appearance of crystals was seen under the micro- scope.
13. A Mantis (M. bicornis, Linn.), in confinement, yielded a minute portion of excrement. This, mixed with a little water on a glass support, exhibited under the microscope a few minute rhomboidal crystals, and, acted on by nitric acid and heat, acquired a pink tinge, denoting the presence of a little lithic acid.
14. A fire-beetle (Lampyris ignita, Linn.) voided, in confine- ment, a little brownish excrement. It appeared under the micro- scope to consist chiefly of epithelium-scales and of granules; the latter, of lithate of ammonia, being dissolved instantly by dilute nitric acid, and acquiring when heated the color marking lithic acid.
15. A light yellow moth, during the night, in confinement, voided a large quantity of excrement, that is, large in proportion to the small size of the insect: it was white and semifluid. Un- der the microscope it was found to abound in granules of about soup Of an inch in diameter; they were completely dissolved by dilute nitric acid, and afforded on evaporation when heated the rich purple hue distinctive of lithic acid.
16. A brown moth, with white spots, weighing 1°6 grain, voided
the Excrement of Insects. 23
a good deal of excrement in confinement, some portions of which were whitish, some reddish. In the former, under the micro- scope, a few crystals were seen, as of lithic acid, and numerous granules, about 5,!55 of an inch in diameter, as if of lithate of ammonia. The latter contained no crystals, only granules. Heated with nitric acid, lithic acid was strongly indicated in both.
17. A brown moth, of a lighter color than the preceding, of about the same size, voided a pretty copious fawn-colored excre- ment, which, mixed with water, under the microscope exhibited agoregated masses as if formed of granules, and some crystals, square plates, and one low four-sided prism. ‘The granulated masses and crystals dissolved in nitric acid, and the rich color, the mark of lithic acid, was produced by exposure to a regulated heat.
18. A dark brown moth, of medium size, in confinement during twenty-four hours, voided a good deal of reddish excrement, partly in minute granules, and partly in little masses, probably ageregates of the granules; such they appeared under the micro- scope. No crystals were seen. By the nitric acid and heat test, lithic acid was found to abound. Twenty-four hours longer in confinement this moth was found dead, after having voided a good deal more of red excrement, like the preceding, excepting that in one small portion of it crystals of lithic acid (hexagonal and qua- drangular plates) were observable. The nitric acid test gave the same result as the last.
19. A small white moth, that died after being confined twenty- four hours, voided a pretty considerable quantity of semifluid, almost colorless excrement, composed chiefly of granules, which, from the action of nitric acid, it may be inferred were of lithate of ammonia.
20. A small grey moth voided a minute portion of brownish excrement, consisting, as seen under the microscope, of little granular masses, and dispersed granules without crystals: from the effect of nitric acid and heat it would appear that they were composed principally of lithate of ammonia.
21. A brown moth, about half an inch in Jength, in confinement, before it died voided a portion of excrement so minute in quantity that it was not easy to collect; notwithstanding, it afforded satis- factory proof of the presence of lithic acid by the nitric acid test. The rich distinetive hue was visible to the naked eye, and well shown under the microscope.
22. A delicate white moth, with a tufted tail, deposited in con-
24 Dr. John Davy’s Observations on
finement three portions of semifluid excrement, each similar, composed chiefly of granules of about 54,5 of an inch in dia- meter, which, by the test of nitric acid, appeared to be of lithate of ammonia.
23. A large butterfly supplied with syrup, which it sucked up greedily, voided a drop of fluid excrement of a light brownish hue. ‘This collected with care, after having been diluted with water to increase its bulk, was allowed to evaporate spontaneously on a glass support. Thus prepared, seen under the microscope, it exhibited in a transparent medium some minute plates and fine granules. A very little dilute nitric acid was added; on its evaporation stellaform groups of crystals appeared, reminding of nitrate of urea, and there was a urinous smell, not unlike that from human urine with nitric acid. Heated carefully the purple hue indicative of lithic acid appeared in specks fading from them as centres.
24. A black beetle common in Barbados, about half an inch in length, of impetuous flight, striking against objects, when it enters a room at night, with a force, considering its size, almost incre- dible, in confinement voided a large quantity of very light fawn- colored excrement, in a semifluid state. It was composed of spherical particles from sj!55 to galgq of an inch in diameter, as seen under the microscope, without crystals or any other form of matter. Tested, it was found to contain lithic acid, and, it may be concluded, in combination, as lithate of ammonia, for it dis- solved more readily in hot than in cold water, the hot solution in cooling becoming slightly turbid, and the extract obtained on evaporation, after filtration, acquiring when heated with nitric acid the characteristic color due to lithic acid.
25. A brown grasshopper, found amongst Guinea-grass, in con- finement, voided two kinds of excrement: one, it may be inferred, feecal, in small cylindrical masses, almost black; the other urinary, at least in part, of the same form, of a light fawn-color. These, the latter, dissolved without effervescence in dilute nitric acid, and acquired, when the solution was evaporated and subjected to a regulated heat, the color denoting lithic acid.
26. A field-cricket, in confinement, voided some excrement in small black pellets, in which no lithie acid could be detected, and which was probably altogether faecal. Bread was given, which it ate freely. During the following twenty-four hours it voided more excrement: some, like the preceding, black ; some in oval pellets, smeared with a semifluid matter, brown and with a urinous odour. These, broken up and diluted with water, ex-
the Excrement of Insects. 25
hibited, under the microscope, spherical granules, as of lithate of ammonia, globules like those of starch, and which were colored blue by tincture of iodine, and irregular fragments as of vegetable matter. The presence of lithic acid was detected by the usual test. It was tested for urea; but the presence of this substance was not demonstrated, which may have been owing to the small- ness of the quantity subjected to experiment.
27. A cock-roach just killed, taken from the apothecary’s store room, was found, on being opened, to have its stomach and intes- tine distended with small dark fragments, amongst which were some possessing the color and lustre of Spanish flies. A system of tubes, containing a white opaque matter, was seen on each side, and at right angles to the intestine. This matter examined was found to contain lithic acid, and was probably in combination with ammonia.
28. A large dragon-fly, in confinement, voided pretty much reddish excrement, which, under the microscope, appeared in little aggregate masses, with (when broken down and diffused in water) some very thin colorless and transparent hexagonal plates. It dissolved in part in nitric acid, and heated acquired a rich purple color.
29. Another dragon-fly, a smaller species, voided in confine- ment several small cylindrical masses, in part brick-red, and in part blackish. Broken and mixed with water, under the microscope they appeared to be composed of the debris of insects, portions of wings, legs, &c., and of granules. Acted on by dilute nitric acid, a partial solution was immediately effected, in which lithic acid was clearly detected by the ordinary test.
30. A large Mantis (M. Siccifolia? Linn.), in confinement, voided a good deal of excrement in small pellets, some blackish, some brown. The latter, under the microscope, after admixture with water, showed numerous granules larger than those of lithate of ammonia commonly are, being about 5,5,5 of an inch in diameter, yet having the properties of this compound, as tested in the ordinary way.
81. A large humble-bee, its prevailing color black, in cenfine- ment voided pretty much excrement in a semifluid state. Un- der the microscope it appeared to consist chiefly of corpuscles, reminding one of the pollen of flowers. Acted on by dilute nitric acid and heat, the presence of a little lithic acid was demon- strated.
32. Several wasps, together with their comb, placed under a glass shade, were found dead on the fourth day of their confine-
26 Dr. John Davy’s Observations on
ment, after having voided some excrement, in which lithic acid was detected by the ordinary test. During the first two or three days it was remarked that they fed on their comb.
The cells of the comb contained larve nearly in a state to pass into the perfect form. One taken out and killed was examined. Its intestine, the lower portion, was found full of a chalk-like matter, which on examination proved to be lithate of ammonia.
The comb, freed from the old wasps, was placed on a clean plate and covered with a glass shade. In a few hours a young wasp made its appearance, having broken down the lateral portion of its cell. It soon voided some excrement, which was of two kinds, one almost black, of an offensive smell, a kind of meconium; the other of a light fawn color. This, the latter, had what appeared mucous covering, within which was a fluid, and in that a little mass of soft consistence, about the size of a barleycorn. The fluid was brownish and transparent ; with nitric acid it emitted a smell like that from impure urea or human urine similarly acted on. The included little mass was found to consist principally of lithate of ammonia.
53. Several flies, such as are common in Barbados within doors, somewhat smaller than the common English house-fly, voided in confinement a little semifluid excrement. By the ordinary means a distinct trace of lithic acid was detected in it. The liquid part afforded indications of urea, yielding a honey smell on the addition of nitric acid, and minute crystalline plates on evapora- tion in sunshine, which deliquesced in moist air.
34, Musquitos. These insects, averse to light, harbour in dark places ; the case of my microscope was a favourite place of resort: its brass stand became spotted with their minute drop- pings, so minute, indeed, as hardly to be distinguishable without a magnifying glass. The specks were nearly of the same size and appearance, except that some were darker than others. A good many of each color were collected ; heated apart with nitric acid, both proved rich in lithic acid, judging from the purple color produced.
A single musquitoe was confined under a wine glass, inverted on a porcelain plate. Shortly after, on careful examination with a magnifying glass, a speck of excrement was detected of a light color and semi-globular form, as if voided in a semifluid state. Removed carefully to a slip of thin glass, and nitric acid added, it dissolved completely, and cautiously evaporated and heated, a dis- tinct mark of the presence of lithic acid was obtained ; there was a circular patch of a bright rose-hue, which was dissolved by
the Excrement of Insects. 27
water. A single musquitoe weighed was found equal to about ‘008 of a grain. The balance used was a delicate one, of Robin- son’s construction.
35. A large fly (four white bars on its thorax, white spots on abdomen, yellow about the eyes), in confinement, voided some ex~ crement, partly in small cylindrical masses of a fawn color, partly spread out and semifluid, of a light brownish hue. In the former, under the microscope, two forms of crystals were seen; one like those of lithic acid ; the other like those of ammoniaco-magnesian phosphate. In the latter, granules only were seen. Both acted on by nitric acid and heat, afforded proof of the presence of lithic acid.
36. A mason-bee, in confinement, voided avery minute portion of excrement, semi-transparent, semifluid, and of a brownish hue. By the usual test, it was found to contain lithic acid.
37. An elegant beetle with cushioned feet, in confinement, voided several small pellets, some of them with a brownish incrus- tation. ‘These, the incrusted ones, acted on by nitric acid and heat, afforded distinct traces of lithic acid. Examined under the microscope, they appeared to be composed principally of vege- table matter. In those without incrustation, and of a darker hue, no lithic acid could be detected ; they were, probably, entirely faecal.
38. A brown speckled moth, its wings spotted white, in con- finement voided a comparatively large quantity of brownish ex- crement of soft consistence. Under the microscope, fine granular matter—the granules about 5,/,5 of an inch in diameter—were observable, and many crystals; of these, some were reddish brown, some colorless ; some, the majority, were rhomboidal plates of moderate thickness ; others nearly cubical; one plate, a color- less one, was hexagonal. They varied in size; they were large microscopical objects as seen with an 4th inch glass. A drop of nitric acid added, the granules were instantly dissolved, the crystals slowly. The solution evaporated and heated, acquired a rich purple hue. The granules, it may be inferred, were of lithate of ammonia; the crystals, probably, in most part, of lithic acid.
All these observations on perfect insects, with one exception, were made in Barbados; the single exception was that on the fire beetle, which was made in Trinidad. The observations which I am now about to offer were made in this country, and the greater number of them in the neighbourhood of Ambleside. In recording these latter results, I have had the advantage in most instances of being able to assign correct names to the insects, their
28 Dr. John Davy’s Observations on
species having been determined by Francis Walker, Esq., and by J. W. Douglas, Esq., who, at your request, were so obliging as to examine them.
39. A butterfly (Vanessa Urtice), on pressure being applied to its abdomen when in a torpid state (it had been caught on the wing), a comparatively large quantity of semifluid excrement was ejected, of a rose color, as if from the presence of rosacie acid. Under the microscope it was seen to be very uniformly composed of spherical granules, of about +5459 of an inch in diameter. It dissolved immediately in nitric acid, and when evaporated and heated, acquired the rich purple hue indicative of lithic acid, or of lithate of ammonia.
40. Another butterfly, of the same kind, voided in confinement a small quantity of reddish excrement ; in which, besides granules, as of lithate of ammonia, rhomboidal plates, more or less trun- cated at their angles, probably of lithic acid, were seen under the microscope. The granules dissolved rapidly in dilute nitric acid ; the crystals slowly. The whole when evaporated and heated ac- quired the color indicative of lithic acid.
41. A Vanessa Io, in confinement, voided some greyish excre- ment, which under the microscope, and the action of nitric acid and heat, was found similar to the first of the two preceding instances.
42, A moth (Smerinthus Populi), in confinement, voided pretty much reddish excrement, which was found to consist principally of lithate of ammonia.
43. Another moth (Crambus culmellus), pressure being applied to its abdomen, a minute quantity of light colored excrement was discharged, which, on examination, proved similar to that last mentioned.
44. A moth (Triphena pronuba), in confinement, voided a good deal of fawn-colored excrement. Under the microscope, it ex- hibited spherical granules, as of lithate of ammonia, with which were intermixed low four-sided prisms or cubes of a pretty large size. Acted on by nitric acid and heat, the rich purple, marking lithic acid, was produced.
45. Another moth of the same kind as the last, in confinement, during one night voided excrement in three separate portions ; one reddish, one brown, one of a fawn color. They were found to consist principally of lithate of ammonia. On pressing the abdomen of this moth, a reddish brown fluid was obtained, which had the smell of human urine, and which was changed to a honey smell on the addition of a little nitric acid. On slow evaporation
the Excrement of Insects. 29
the solution yielded crystalline forms, rhomboidal plates, resem- bling those of nitrate of urea.
46. A moth (Cerapteryx graminis) voided no excrement in confinement. After its death, the anal portion of its abdomen was detached and digested for a few minutes in dilute nitric acid; the solution, evaporated and exposed to a graduated heat, afforded a faint but clear trace of lithic acid.
47, A fly (Anthomyia platura), in confinement, voided a minute portion of excrement; which, on examination, was found to con- sist principally of lithate of ammonia.
48. Another fly (Calliphora vomitoria), in confinement, voided a very little excrement, which was ascertained to be like the last.
49. A butterfly (Pontia Napi) yielded in confinement some ex- crement; found to consist chiefly of lithate of ammonia.
50. Two cow-dung flies (Scataphaga stercoraria), in confine- ment, voided a little excrement in reddish patches, which, under the microscope, exhibited the usual granular appearance of lithate of ammonia, the granules about +5455 of an inch in diameter, and was similarly acted on by nitric acid and heat.
51. Several small flies (Musca rudis), in confinement two or three days, voided pretty much greyish excrement deposited in patches. Under the microscope, after being diluted with water, it exhibited, in addition to granules, some prismatic slender crys- tals, as of phosphate of lime, and some scales, as of epithelium. Acted on by nitric acid and heat, proof was obtained of the pre- sence of lithic acid.
52. A honey bee (Apis mellifica) died in confinement without voiding any excrement. On pressing its abdomen a colorless drop of fluid was obtained, in which a trace of lithic acid was detected.
53. Three bees, taken from their hive in October, presently died at a temperature of about 40° Fahrenheit. The anal portion of the abdomen of each was separated and digested in dilute nitric acid ; on evaporating the solution at a graduated heat, a trace of lithic acid was detected.
54, A wasp—the common English wasp—which in confinement voided no excrement, yielded after death, the abdomen being pressed, a drop of fluid, in which, under the microscope, a few granules were seen, as of lithate of ammonia, and in which a trace of lithic acid was found by the ordinary means.
55, A beetle (Geotrupes sylvaticus), in confinement, during one night voided many small cylindrical masses of a brown color, with
30 Dr. John Davy’s Observations on
a sprinkling of a matter on their surface of a lighter hue. One broken up, mixed with water, under the microscope exhibited minute granules, as of lithate of ammonia, particles of an irregular form, as of earthy matter, a few forms as of infusoria, and fibres, &c., as of vegetable matter. The pellets, digested in dilute nitric acid, separated into smaller ones, seeming to show casts of the intestines. The solution (the greater portion of the excrement remaining undissolved), evaporated and heated, afforded proof of the presence of lithic acid.
After having been killed by the vapor of camphor, an opaque filament was seen adhering to its anal extremity. This, digested in water and slightly agitated, under the microscope exhibited granules like those of lithate of ammonia, with a filamentous sub-
stance, probably mucus. The granules, about 5599 of an inch
in diameter, were immediately dissolved in dilute nitric acid, and on the application of heat the purple hue was produced denoting lithic acid.
56. A beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius), in confinement, voided some excrement of a soft consistence, and nearly white, which was found to consist principally of lithate of ammonia. Killed by immersion in water, and opened, white vessels were seen on the intestine containing an opaque matter, which, tested by nitric acid and heat, proved to be lithic acid or lithate of ammonia.
57. A beetle (Blaps mortisaga), in confinement, voided some ex- crement in the form of pellets of a dark grey colour, partially covered with a crust of lighter hue. Broken up and mixed with water, under the microscope the prevailing color was light green- ish, from vegetable matter in fragments, amongst which were in- terspersed many granules, as of lithate of ammonia. Digested for a short time in dilute nitric acid, and the solution evaporated and heated with care, proof, in the color produced, was obtained of the presence of lithic acid.
58. A female Telephorus pilosus voided in confinement a little excrement, which was found to consist principally of granular lithate of ammonia.
59. A male Telephorus Melanurus(?) taken in company with the preceding, and in the act of coitus, died in confinement without voiding any excrement. The anal extremity detached, acted on by nitric acid and heat, afforded a trace of lithic acid.
The trials on the four following insects were made about twelve months after their death, kept, put by in a drawer, without any care; they were some of those on which experiments had been tried to show the effects of different agents on insects, as described
the Excrement of Insects. 31
in a letter which I had the honour to address to you in April, 1851, and which was published in the Transactions of the Ento- mological Society for the same year.
60. Of a Musca lanio the anal portion was cut off, and digested in dilute nitric acid; the solution formed, carefully heated gave a distinct trace of lithic acid in the color produced.
61. A Musca domestica, similarly treated, afforded a like re- sult.
62. A Musca stabulans, the like.
63. A fly (Heteromyza buccata) yielded a very slight trace of lithic acid, requiring microscopic examination to distinguish the color.
64. An Eristalis tenax afforded a slight but yet a distinct trace of the acid.
On these, the preceding observations, having now described all I have to offer, I would beg to make a few remarks in con- clusion.
Considering the properties of the excrementitious matter exa- mined, I apprehend it may be admitted that in almost every instance a part of it, and in most instances the larger portion, was urinary,—a renal secretion.
Adopting this conclusion, the urine of the insects in their earlier stage, their larva state, would appear to differ considerably from that of the same insects in their imago or perfect form. Thus, whilst in the latter it was found to consist chiefly of lithate of ammonia, in the former lithate of ammonia was sparingly detected, or not at all ; what seemed to be hippuric acid being more abundant. Should further inquiry be confirmatory of this, will not an interesting analogy be established, viz. of one, the perfect insects, in their urinary secretion, to birds, which they resemble in so many other particulars ; of the other, the insects in their larva state, in rela- tion to the same secretion, to the mammalia, to which also, espe- cially in their mode of feeding, they bear a certain resemblance— a resemblance that may be traced through several orders, accord- ing to their diet? Even in their transition state, that is, when passing from the larva to the imago, comparing the pupa of the insect with the excluded ovum of the bird, the analogy seems to be sustained—both, in the process of hatching to evolve the perfect animal, being independent, with the exception of atmospheric air, of any external material supply. The renal secretion of the foetal bird is, I believe, always lithate of ammonia; at least, I am not aware that any other has yet been detected, In the insect we have seen how, when fully formed and quitting its puparium, the same compound has abounded.
32 Dr. John Davy’s Observations, &c.
The proportional quantity of the urinary secretion of birds, and the large quantity of lithate of ammonia which exists in it,—is indeed its principal part,*—is remarkable ;—we have proof of it, whether we examine the excrement of any single bird, or direct our attention to the immense beds of guano, of which the urine of birds, variously changed, appears to be the chief ingredient. Nor is the urine of insects in relation to quantity less remark- able. In examining it, I have often been surprised at its abund- ance. In my notes, when mentioning the excrement of the moth, No. 16, which weighed little more than a grain and a half, I find the remark, that its excrement exceeded in quantity —it was similar in kind—that of a humming-bird which I was examining at the time, and which weighed 92°5 grains. The musquitoe, and its urinary secretion, may be adduced as another illustration, as well as of the delicacy of the test employed to detect the organic acid. In your letter to me, that already referred to, adverting to the importance of insects in the economy of nature, after noticing their number, how probably 250,000 species may be estimated to exist, you specially point to one function of this great class,—the eating of plants and the converting them into animal matter fit for the food of birds, fishes, &c. Another part, in harmony with this, may be pointed out, viz. how by their excrement, especially the urinary portion of it, they contribute to manure and fertilize the earth for the production of plants, on which so many of them depend for a subsistence. We have seen in the examples last given—the four last—that the peculiar uri- nary secretion may be detected in the dead insect, after many months, in accordance with the character of lithate of ammonia. This quality of endurance, I need hardly remark, fits it admirably for a persistant manure.
I an, My dear Sir, Yours very truly, Joun Davy.
Lesketh How, Ambleside, Dec. 17, 1853.
* Without any exception, I believe the urinous secretion of birds is princi- pally lithate of ammonia. “I have found it such in every instance that I have examined it, whatever the kind of food; in the instance of the graminivorous birds, such as the goose and the swan, the lithate incrusts the fecal excrement commonly much in the same manner as I have found it incrusting the same excrement from beetles.
( 33
V. Descriptions of some Coleopterous Larve, ¥c. By Joun Curtis, Esq., F.L.S., &c.
[Read 3rd April, 1854, ]
I nave the pleasure of calling the attention of the Entomological Society to a few interesting larva, of which hitherto no figures have been published, with the exception of one species.
The very excellent and useful volume which lately issued from the press at Liege* will greatly assist in the investigation of the larva-state of the Coleoptera; and the figures there given, from the pencil of one of the authors, add greatly to the value of the Memoir.
It is not however in the grouping of genera, I expect, that so much benefit will be derived from a knowledge of the larva of insects as was at one time anticipated; we need only take a glance at the Papilionide to be convinced, that instead of unity there is frequently as great a difference amongst themselves as can be exhibited between that natural family and any other belonging to the order Lepidoptera.t I am, however, far from rejecting the larvee in systematic arrangement, when their forms assist in com- bining groups, whether of families or genera. The great value which attaches to a knowledge of the economy of insects arises from its connection with the economy of the human species, whe- ther we consider insects as the enemies or benefactors of man; destroying the hopes of the agriculturist and the gardener, or
supplying the staple in the arts and manufactures.
Family STAPHYLINIDE. Genus Vetierus. (Plate V. fig. 1.) Sp. 1. V. dilatatus, Fab.
Elongated, but slightly depressed, narrowed anteriorly, smooth, sparingly clothed with short hairs. Head oval, depressed (fig. 2,
* Catalogue des Larves des Coléoptéres, par M. F. Chapuis et M. E. Candeze. 1853.
+ Vide the larve of our two species of Papilio, Podalirius and Machaon, the genus Acronycta, &c.
¢ From the able and long-continued experiments of my friend Dr. Chavannes of Lausanne I expect some very important discoveries will result. He has been able, if I mistake not, to obtain as good and fine silk, as that from the common silk-worms, from the cocoons of caterpillars, which are larger and much hardier in their nature than those from China.
VOL. Ill. N.S. PART I.-—-JULY, 1854. D
34 Mr. John Curtis’s Descriptions
underside); eyes invisible; clypeus deeply indented, forming eight teeth, with a ninth in the centre, and several long rigid hairs (fig. 3); mandibles crossing, long, slender, curved and very acute (fig. 4); maxilla forming a long horny lobe, arising from a stout scape, terminated by a claw internally. Palpi triarticulate? (fig. 5, with the palpus broken). Mentum horny, narrowed at the middle, terminated by a large ciliated lip, with a minute biar- ticulate palpus, attached to a stout scape at each angle; basal joint oblong, second conical (fig. 6). Antennze inserted on each side of the clypeus, not very remote, slender and four-jointed (fig. 2 a). Prothorax attached bya short neck, a little broader than the head towards the base, subquadrate, the anterior angles rounded; two following segments a little broader, transverse. Abdomen soft and nine-jointed, with eight distinct stigma, ochreous-white, broader than the trunk at the middle, tapering towards the extre- mity, each segment having an oval fulvous spot on each side, forming two rows down the back; these spots are punctured, with minute tubercles, and there are several punctured ferruginous tubercles on the hinder margin of each spot; terminal segment conical (fig. 7), producing a drooping cylindrical ochreous pro-leg (fig. 7 a), with a jointed divaricating style on each side at its base; first joint long and stoutish, second shorter and slender (fig. 7 0). Legs long, slender, spiny (fig. 8, a middle leg); cox large, tro- chanters small, thigh long and very spiny beneath; tibia shorter and slenderer, but spiny inside; claws long, slender and very acute.
The following is Professor Henslow’s account of this larva :— “T took about thirty or forty specimens of Velleius from the hor- net’s nest, by placing a bow] under it, into which most of them fell within a month of the time after it had been brought home (18th October). Some I picked off the lowest and exposed lamina of the comb, as they were actively traversing it, and poking their heads into the cells in search of food; most of these were placed in a glass jar among rotten wood in a powdered state. They burrowed in this, and I could see many of them alive in March, each in a separate cavity, which he had formed for himself against the bottom or side of the jar. I am sorry, and rather ashamed to say, that my over-care for their welfare destroyed them. Thinking they were getting too dry, I poured in a little water once or twice, and, after an absence of three or four days on one occasion, | found they were dead.” *
* The Zoologist, vol. vii. p. 2585.
of some Coleopterous Larve, §c. 35
This unfortunate accident not only deprived many a cabinet of this fine beetle, but we have no direct evidence of the larva being the offspring of Velleius, although, from its economy and its orga- nization, it is scarcely to be doubted. My friend Professor Hens- low kindly forwarded to me specimens, but, having died before they were put into spirits, they were mutilated, which renders my magnified figures and dissections somewhat imperfect, and possibly not entirely to be relied upon in a few minor points.
Family ELATERIDZ. Genus Atuous. (Plate V. fig. 9.) Sp. 2. Ad. rhombeus, Oliv.
Long, linear, plano-convex, with a channel along the back ; pitchy, shining, with a few longish hairs. Head depressed, wedge- shaped, semiorbicular (fig. 10); eyes none; clypeus with a conical tooth in the centre; labrum undiscovered; mandibles meeting, arched and acute (fig. 10a); maxille broad at the apex, and terminated by a minute, biarticulate, palpiform lobe (fig. 10 6). Palpi short and 4-jointed, basal joint the largest; 2nd smaller, both subobovate, truncated; 3rd smaller, cup-shaped; 4th very small, and somewhat conical (fig. 10 ¢); mentum chalice-shaped, with a slender biarticulate palpus at each angle (fig. 10d). Antennee in- serted at the base of the mandibles, on each side of the crown of the head, 4-jointed, basal joint short; 2nd quadrate; 3rd oval; 4th very slender and as long as the 3rd (fig. 10 e). Prothorax quadrate, two following segments transverse, punctured at the base, the membrane between the segments forming whitish bands. Abdo- men composed of eight transverse segments, deeply and very coarsely punctured at the base, and a ninth forming the depressed apex, coarsely and irregularly punctured, and sometimes ferrugi- nous; the centre depressed, the sides elevated and producing three teeth each, produced at the apex into two furcate lobes, leaving a circular space between them (fig. 11), with a short stout pro-leg beneath at the base (fig. 12, the same in profile); spiracles invi- sible after death. Legs very small, serrated beneath, with two series of spines at the base, and terminated by a curved claw. Underside more or less ochreous.
Having found the larve alive during my sojourn at Pau, in the south of France, I had an opportunity of examining the organs of the mouth in a living specimen, when they exhibited their full development. A description and figures, therefore, of this rare
larva may be useful, notwithstanding the illustration of the species D2
36 Mr. John Curtis’s Descriptions
by my distinguished friend Mr. Léon Dufour,* who entertains an idea that it is carnivorous. TI wish also to make collectors acquainted with this larva, and its economy, hoping that it may lead to the capture of more specimens of the perfect insect.
I found these larve in the decayed wood of a felled tree, in March, and, like Messrs. Chapuis and Candéze, the evidence I have of their being the larvae of Athous rhombeus is, my having found with them the thorax of that species, with the exuvia; but they certainly agree with the description and figure of 4. hirtus of those authors, as well as with De Geer’s figure and description of Elater undatus.t M. Desvignes found in August the larva of A. rhombeus in a birch-tree in Sherwood Forest, and the pupa and imago in decayed oak branches.§
Family OPATRIDA. Genus Boriropnacus, Ill., Erepona, Lat. (Pl. V. figs. 13 & 14.)
Sp. 3. B. reticulatus, Linn. ; crenatus, Fab.
Soft, linear, curved in repose; white, with a few scattered hairs. Head orbicular, shining, horny, yellowish (fig. 15); eyes none. Labrum orbicular, bristly (fig. 17). Mandibles meeting, thick, very horny, bifid and pitchy (fig. 18). Maxillee terminating in a large pilose oval lobe (fig. 19). Palpi stout and triarticulate, 2nd basal joints very thick, 3rd more slender, conical and termi- nated by a gland (fig. 19 a.) Labium subcordate. Palpi minute and biarticulate. Antennze remote, inserted on each side of the man- dibles, triarticulate, stout, especially the basal joint; 2nd oblong; 3rd longer and more slender, terminating in two unequal claws, one with a bristle at the apex (fig. 20). Thorax horny, suborbi- cular, concave before; the two following thoracic segments simi- lar to those of the abdomen, but they are shorter, with a slate- coloured cloud on the back ; abdominal segments fatty, the sides convex; the tail tapering, and furnished at each angle with a conical spine, with transverse striz and horny at the tip (fig. 21). Stigma distinct. Legs sprawling, stout; cox large, very broad at the base; thighs robust, narrowed at the base; tibia slenderer, tapering, furnished with a horny claw (fig. 22, a middle leg).
Mr. Foxcroft found a very large old boletus upon a beech-tree in the Black Forest, Rannoch, Perthshire, which he conveyed to London, where he has been breeding the beetles, I believe, all the
* Annales des Sci. Nat. 2nd Series, vol. xiv. p. 41, pl. 3, B, f. 1—5. t Catalogue des Larves, p. 144, pl. 5, fig. 1.
$ De Geer’s Mem. vol. iv. p. 155, pl. 5, fig. 23.
§ Entomologist, p. 188.
of some Coleopterous Larvae, §c. 37
winter. I am not aware that the Jarve cut out cocoons in the curious way in which those of the B. agaricola form theirs, as observed by Mr. L. Dufour,* for I have not even seen the pupa. The larve are very active when taken from their cells, curling and jerking their bodies about when touched. They seem to differ from those of B. agaricola in having a styliform tail. I was unable to give a highly magnified figure of the mentum with the lateral palpi, from having lost that portion in dissecting the head.
Family CUCUJIDZE. Genus Prostomis, Lat. (Plate V. figs. 23 and 24.
Sp. 5. P. Mandibularis, Fab.
Very depressed, elongate, white, shining, with a few scattered hairs. Head transverse, being twice as broad as long; eyes none (fig. 25). Mouth prominent, ferruginous; labrum semi-orbicular, fringed with bristles (fig. 26). Mandibles not large, crossing, out- line sinuated, terminating in two sharp teeth, black at their tips, one mandible having a strong tooth towards the base (fig. 27). Maxille terminated by an oval lobe, irregularly fringed with bristly spines. Palpi composed of two oval and an elongated elliptical joint (fig. 28a). Mentum elongated, produced into a lobe in front, furnished with two parallel bristles. Palpi filiform, biarticulate, basal joint oblong; 2nd smaller, oval, with a bristle at the tip (fig.29). An- tenne not short, placed on the anterior margin of the head, very remote, and not approaching the mandibles; they are quadriarti- culate, the basal joint forming an ample scape, 2nd joint some- what cup-shaped, 3rd elongate obconic, with a minute conical lobe at the apex, 4th joint placed close behind it, nearly as long as the 3rd, but slender and linear, with a few bristles at the apex (fig. 80). Thorax narrower than the head, with the alimentary canal shining through of an ochreous colour, often becoming black along the back; the prothorax and mesothorax are transverse oval, being united by a neck, which forms a projecting angle or acute tooth on each side; metathorax transverse, but narrowed only at the base. Abdomen formed of nine distinct segments, seven much broader than long, with two faint long spots on each, forming two lines down the back, 8th joint narrower, tapering, apical joint sub- orbicular, with two conical protuberances at the extremity, form- ing a concavity between them; the margins appearing tubercled when greatly magnified (fig. 31), Legs short and stout; coxe sub-globose; thighs very clavate, tibiz sub-ovate, with short spiny bristles ; claws strong but very acute (fig. 32).
* Ann, des Sci. Nat, 2nd Series, vol. xx. p. 284, pl. 12, B-
38 Mr. John Curtis’s Descriptions
This curious insect not having been yet discovered in Britain, I have added a figure of the beetie (fig. 33a, the natural size) ; and as there are many peculiarities in its structure, and it departs considerably from the type of the Cucujide, I have determined to add dissections of the mouth, which will be serviceable also in exhibiting the differences between the same insect in the larve and imago states. In fig. 34, which shows the underside of the head of the beetle, the two long processes, like bulls’ horns, are very remarkable (fig. 34a), and their use inconceivable, unless they are employed to divide the laminz in the decayed trees, between which the Prostomis delights to nestle, in invisible spaces, which from its depressed form it is enabled to do, and the larvee are still thinner, being apparently composed of nothing but their transparent horny covering, with an alimentary canal shining through. The labrum (fig. 35) is semi-orbicular, and attached to an elongated or lobe-shaped clypeus. The mandibles, which pro- ject, are unequal, one being very much dilated on the outside (fig. 36), and they have both a series of teeth on the inside, with larger ones at the apex. The maxilla comprise two remarkably long lobes, the cuter one articulated, at the base of which arises a still longer palpus of four joints (fig. 38). The labrum is singu- larly shaped, forming a flattened pointed tongue: the palpi are not attached to the base, and they are long and triarticulate (fig. 39). In the genus Cucujus, at least in the minute species I dissected in the British Entomology,* the jaws, although porrected, are not particularly developed, and they are notched internally, more like the Heteromera: the oral organs are not elongated, and all the palpi have fewer joints, viz. 3 and 2. It is evident that the great development in Prostomis is necessary to obviate the obstruction occasioned by the cephalic horns, and it is very singular that in the larva there is no indication of those processes. The beetle is furnished with ample wings, and the legs, like those of Cucujus, are very short; the hinder pair very remote, and it is perfectly tetramerous (fig. 40), whilst Cucujus ferrugineus or C. testaceus are pentamerous. As Prostomis inhabits oaks and chesnuts, and is widely distri- buted in France and Germany, I hope it may some day find its ray legitimately into our English fauna. The beetles with this Jarvee were abundant near Pau in March, in the trunks of decay- ing and very aged chesnut trees. ‘They preferred portions seve- ral feet from the ground, and were secreted between the lamina of the wood, where it was quite wet, rotten and soapy, resembling
* Curt. Brit. Ent. pl, and fol. 510.
of some Coleopterous Larvae, Sc. 39
chocolate-coloured mud. We never found them under the bark, which was an asylum, however, for another interesting beetle, the Dryophthorus Lymeaylon, and amongst the dead leaves at the base of the tree was secreted the beautiful Carabus splendens. The capture of these insects adds to my pleasing recollections of a winter at Pau, where I could enjoy my favourite pursuits, even in the depth of winter and early spring, owing to the mildness of the climate and the splendid sun ; and my rambles were rendered agreeable and profitable by the society of scientific friends, espe- cially of Mr. Charles Delaronzée, a most zealous Entomologist and intelligent young man, to whom I am indebted for a knowledge of the Prostomis and its economy. He has since been elected into the Entomological Society of Paris, to become a valuable member of that excellent institution, and, I doubt not, he will be an honour to his country.
I will close this notice by stating, that when I had the pleasure of visiting M. Léon Dufour, at St. Sever, in the spring of last year, amongst many other interesting objects, he showed me some aquatic larvee which had been alive two years, specimens of which I now exhibit. He had never succeeded in rearing them, nor had he any idea of their origin, beyond taking them from a brook upon some stones. Having attentively studied them, I am inclined to believe they are the larvee of Helophorus granularis, Linn. i hope my estimable friend will eventually succeed in obtaining the beetles, and will add their history to the numerous and valuable discoveries he has made in insect economy.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Fig. 1. Larva of Velleius dilatatus, Fab.; * natural length.
Fig. 2. Underside of head; 2a, the antenne.
Fig. 3. The clypeus.
Fig. 4. A mandible.
Fig. 5. Maxillary palpus.
Fig. 6. Mentum, labium and palpi.
Fig. 7. Apex of abdomen; 7a, the proleg; 75, the styles.
Fig. 8. A leg; 8a, the coxe; 86, trochanter; 8c, femur; 84d, tibie; 8 e, the claw.
Fig. 9. Larva of Athous rhombeus, Oliv.
Fig. 10. Upper side of head; 10a, mandibles; 10c, apex of maxille and palpi; 10d, labium and palpi; 10e, antenne.
Fig. 11. Apical segment of abdomen; upper side.
Fig. 12. The same, in profile; 12a, the proleg.
40 Mr. Curtis’s Descriptions of some Coleopterous Larve, &c.
Fig. 13. Larva of Bolitophagus reticulatus, Linn.
Fig. 14. The same magnified.
Fig. 15. Upper side of head.
Fig. 16. Under side of head.
Fig. 17. The labrum.
Fig. 18. A mandible.
Fig. 19. Maxilla; 19a, the palpus.
Fig. 20. The antenna.
Fig. 21. Apical segment of abdomen.
Fig. 22. A middle leg.
Fig. 23. Larva of Prostomis mandibularis, Fab.
Fig. 24. The same magnified.
Fig. 25. Upper side of head.
Fig. 26. Labrum.
Fig. 27. Mandible.
Fig. 28. Maxilla; 28a, the palpus.
Fig. 29, Mentum and palpi.
Fig. 30. Antenna.
Fig. 31. Apex of abdomen.
Fig. 32. Leg.
Fig. 33. Prostomis mandibularis; * the natural length. Fig. 34. Head, viewed beneath; 34a, the cephalic horns. Fig. 35. Labrum; 35a, the clypeus.
Figs. 36 and 37. A pair of mandibles,
Fig. 38. Maxilla; 38a, internal lobe; 386, external lobe; 38c, palpus. Fig. 39. Mentum; 39a, labium; 396, palpi.
Fig. 40. A hind leg.
ae)
VI. Observations on the Economy of Pompilus punctum and other Hymenoptera. By FP. Smiru, Esq.
[Read Ist August, 1853.]
Some time ago, Mr. W. Thompson, Director of the Natural His- tory Department at the Crystal Palace, submitted to my exami- nation a number of mud or clay cells, evidently the production of some insect; at that time I expressed an opinion that they were constructed by some Diplopterous insect, probably an Odynerus ; these cells were found at the beginning of November, on the top of a straw bee-hive, worked into the layers, the bee-hive having been covered with an old cloth and a milk pan; others were found in the back part of an old mirror. These discoveries were made by the Rev. W. Delmar, in his garden at Elmstone Rectory, near Canterbury.
At the expiration of some weeks I observed in the glass-topped box, in which I had placed the cells, a black species of Pompilus, running about with great activity. The insect proved to be a male, and I at once recognized the species to be the P. punctum of Fabricius. I was much pleased at this, as I felt a certainty of having an opportunity of settling beyond a doubt what was the female of that species. On the following day, the 15th of June, two more males came forth; no further development took place until the expiration of ten days, when, to my astonishment, or rather satisfaction, for 1 had long suspected some mistake respect- ing the species, two females appeared, and proved to be the P. pe- tiolatus of Van der Linden.
Shuckard, in his Essay on the Fossorial Hymenoptera, states, that he is unacquainted with the female of P. punctum, which Van der Linden considered to be the P. petiolatus, and Shuckard de- scribes a different male as that of the species. Mr. Desvignes, who now possesses the Shuckardian collection, placed in my hands the types, but there was no male amongst the specimens of P. petio- latus, and we are left in ignorance of the male described in the Essay ; but in all probability it was only a variety of the ‘ punctum,” which would in some instances answer the description of Shuckard, the white markings on the face being, I have observed, frequently more or less obliterated. Be this as it may, the P. petiolatus of Van der Linden is certainly the female of P. punctum.
In the first volume of the ‘“ Transactions” of this Society will be found a most able and interesting Paper on the habits of the fossorial Hymenoptera, by Mr. Shuckard, who there most suc-
42 Mr. F. Smith’s Observations on the Economy of
cessfully confutes the theory of St. Fargeau, who observing that, amongst this tribe, many species were destitute of cilia on their an- terior tibiae, and also of spines externally down the posterior pair, suggested the probability of such species being parasitic; the P. punctum is one of the species thus circumstanced, and here we have a clue to the complete explanation of the apparent anomaly—an insect which constructs mud cells has no need of the cilia or “spines, so useful to an insect which forms its burrows in sand; the cilia on the anterior tibize forming as it were a brush, with which to sweep out the particles of sand, from time to time, in forming its burrow, and the spines, placed exteriorly on the posterior tibia, which in burrowing are placed against the sides of the tunnel, which gives the creature a purchase whilst scratching, or disen- gaging the sand with its mandibles.
The structure of the Pompilus in question naturally calls to the mind of an Hymenopterist another insect, which long suffered under the imputation of being a parasite—I allude to Pelopeus. My friend, the late Edward Doubleday, had, it is true, ever since his return from America, asserted the contrary, but it remained for Mr. Gosse, in the second volume of the ‘‘ Zoologist,” to pub- lish one of the most amusing and graphic sketches of insect archi- tecture which I ever had the good fortune to fall in with; this set the matter, as regards the Pelopei, at rest; and if any be wanting, I thing the discovery of the P. punctum being a con- structor of mud cells, similar to those of Pelopeus, furnishes de- cisive testimony against the theory of St. Fargeau.
My own experience does not furnish a single instance of para- sitism in the whole tribe of fossorial Hymenoptera ;* and, if I am not trying your patience too far, I will take this opportunity of adding the results of my own observations in further elucidation of this interesting subject. I will, in the first instance, make a few observations upon the various insects mentioned in Mr. Shuckard’s paper above alluded to.
The first insect I would observe upon is the Sapyga quadrigut- tata, which I have captured conveying its prey, a small Lepidop- terous larva, and have also found its cells, formed in a sand-bank, filled with similar larvae ; when the larva of Sapyga is full fed, it spins a tough brown cocoon, very similar to that of an Osmia. The genus T7rypoxylon, were St. Fargeau’s theory correct, would be parasitic, but I have repeatedly observed the different species conveying their prey, and have also repeatedly bred the insects.
* I here speak of British insects; the Scoliade are known to be parasitic—and
I suspect that Tiphia is the parasite of Aphudius. The Mutillide are also said to be parasitic.
Pompilius punctum and other Hymenoptera. 43
Their choice of situation is varied; a decayed post, a bramble stick, or a bank of light earth; in the latter situation I once dis- covered a complete colony. The prey of all the British species of this genus is spiders.*
Pemphredon, and all the species of Diodontus, provision their own nests, as well as the insects forming the genus Passale- cus; most of these species prey upon Aphides. I shall pass over the various species of bees, remarked upon by Shuckard, as I intend to enter upon the subject at some length in a Monograph on the British 4pide. I would, in conclusion, however, make a few remarks upon the solitary wasps, which have their tarsi and tibize destitute of spines and cilia. Odynerus parietum is an insect very variable in its habits.| I have repeatedly obtained its nests, having found its cells formed in an excavated bramble-stick, which was lined with a thin layer of mud or agglutinated sand; at another time it chooses a decayed rail or board; then again a hole in the mortar of a wall; and on one occasion, in an old lumber room of an outhouse, I found several cells placed longi- tudinally in a lady’s fan, which lay half open upon a shelf. These variations in situation induce me to believe that it seldom, if ever, forms its own burrow; but, like most of the insects of the tribe destitute of the usual fossorial appendages, it constructs its celfs in any suitable situation prepared and adapted to its purpose. I have frequently observed insects similarly constructed to the P. punctum, &c. in the act of closing their burrows, but I never de- tected one in the act of excavating. Mr. Shuckard, in the notes appended to his paper on these insects, mentions the fact of these insects closing the entrance to their burrows, and follows this up by an observation, that their eggs are speedily hatched, and that they change into a pupa before the winter, in which state they lie dormant until the following spring. This is an incorrect suppo- sition; observation has led me to believe that no Hymenopterous insect passes the winter months in the pupa state; a change from that to the perfect state either takes place, or they remain as larvee until the return of spring. I tried the experiment of freez- ing the larva of Anthophora Haworthana, and, on the return of spring, the larvee which had been frozen so hard that I could snap them in two, were amongst the first to change to the pupa state, and so on to perfect insects.
* Vide Kennedy in Lon. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. Jan. 1837, p. 16. + Ibid. p. 18.
(aa)
VII. Description of a new British Species of Ichneumon. By Tuomas Desviengs, Esq.
[Read November 7th, 1853.]
Ichneumon paludator.
$ ABpoMINE nigro; @ apice albo; femoribus tibiisque rufis. 3 & 2. é Orbitis oculorum infra antennas distinctius aut obsoletius, et apice scutelli albis.
@ Lineola infra scutellum, annulo antennarum albis. Scutellum album.
Longitudo 7—73 lin.
Caput maris orbitis oculorum infra antennas albis aut albidis. Palpis ¢ et @ nigris, apice ferrugineis. Clypeum hirtis ferrugineis. Antennz ¢ corporis dimidii longitudinis, por- recta, nigra, subtus fusco-ferruginezee, 9 involute; 1—6 apice articulorum dilute ferrugineis, 7—12 albis (basi 70), et sequentibus nigris. Metathorax areola supero media, equi solea forme. Scutellum foeminze totum, in mare apice solo interdum tenuissime, album, Ale fumato-hyalinz, radio et squamula ferrugineis ; stigmate flavo-ferruginea ; areola sub- quinque angulari. Pedes, prasertim foemine, crassiusculi, rufi; coxis et trochanteribus, necnon tarsis et tibiis posticis maris, nigris, his summo basi rufo-ferrugineis ; tarsis mediis fuscis, basi fulvis ; foeminze tibiis posticis apice summo et ar- ticulo 50 tarsorum mediorum superne fuscis, hujus basi rufa. Abdomen maris elongatum, thorace paullo angustius, ni- grum; segmento lo apice in medio aciculato, 20 fovez pro- fundz spatio interjacente fere usque ad medium segmenti aciculato ; foeminz latior quam mare, segmento 6 margine 7 fere toto albis, lateralibus satis nigris, apice acuto; aculeus brevis, exsertus.
This species, which is closely allied to /chn. saturatorius of Gra- venhorst, inhabits the larva or pupa of Nonagria Typhe, and for many specimens I am indebted to Mr. Samuel Stevens, who bred them from Nonagria paludicola, and also to Mr. Edwin Shepherd. These larvee were taken in Hammersmith marshes.
Giton)
VIII. Characters of undescribed Lucanide, collected in China, by R. Fortune, Esq. By W.Witson SAUNDERS, Esq., F.R.S., Ke.
[Read 3rd April, 1854.]
Tue Lucanide formed a very marked portion of the Coleoptera collected in China by Mr. Fortune during his last interesting travels through the tea districts of that country. Looking to the number of species he procured, it would appear that the tea dis- tricts of China are very rich in this remarkable family, and bear in this respect a strong resemblance to the high lands of India, and especially Assam, from whence Entomologists have derived so many fine species, and which seems to be quite the head quar- ters of the family Lucanide. Some of the species collected by Mr. Fortune are identical with species already described from India, while others appear to be altogether new to Entomology ; and it is the object of the present paper to place before the Ento- mological Society the characters of these latter, with figures, from the pencil of Mr. Westwood. From Mr. Fortune’s exertions during his present travels in China it is to be hoped that the list of new species of Lucanide will be considerably augmented, although the first lot of insects which have been received from him does not contain any novelties in this family. It has, how- ever, been instructive in furnishing long series of specimens illus- trating species which had before been found only very sparingly. In determining the species I have received great assistance from my friend F.S. Parry, Esq., and for which I have great pleasure in tendering him my best thanks.
SPECIES DESCRIBED.
Lucanus, Lin. 1. L. Fortunet g and 9, Parry, MSS.
Crapocnatuus, Burm.
2. C. gracilis g, W. W. Saunders.
Opontotasris, Hope. . nitidus a, W. W. Saunders. . sinicus g and g, Reiche, MSS. emarginatus g and 9, Reiche, MSS.
S719
46 Mr. W. W. Saunders’s Characters
Pratyprosapus, Hope. 6. P. platymelus g, W. W. Saunders. 7. P. Hopet g. W. W. Saunders.
Dorcus, MacLeay. 8. D. striato-punctatus ¢, W. W. Saunders. 9, D. vicinus , W. W. Saunders. 10. D. obscurus 9, W. W. Saunders. 11.2? D. lateralis 9, W. W. Saunders. 12.2? D. striatus 9, W. W. Saunders.
Ecus, MacLeay.
13. 4. levicolle g, W. W. Saunders. 14. 4. punctiger g, W. W. Saunders.
All the species described in this paper are in the Collection at the British Museum, and most of them will also be found in the Collection of F. S. Parry, Esq., as well as in my own Collection.
Sp. 1. Lucanus Fortunei, Parry, MSS. (PI. III. figs. 1 and 2.)
Dark chesnut. ¢ with the head much enlarged, transverse, sub- quadrangular, flattened above, broader than the thorax, having the anterior margin nearly straight, the lateral and posterior mar- gins emarginate, the anterior angles produced into a truncated point, and the posterior angles much rounded ; the upper surface minutely granulated. Mandibles long, and curved inwards ; armed on the inner edge with a number of minute teeth, and two larger teeth, one near the apex, pointing downwari's, and the other a little beyond, having a horizontal direction. Antenne long and slender, abruptly clavate ; clava 4-jointed. Thorax transverse, subquadrate, darker chesnut than the rest of the body, rugose punctate. Scutellum small, broad at the base, rounded at the apex. Elytra broader than the thorax, subovate, finely punctured, with the suture shining; underside of the body sub- pubescent, finely punctured. Legs long and slender. The pos- terior and middle femora longitudinally margined in front with red brown; the anterior tibize with four to five teeth externally ; the middle and posterior tibicee with two slight teeth similarly situated.
Length 2 inches, head 4° inch broad. Mandibles 56, inch long.
g of the same colour as the g, with the head small, transverse, subquadrate, rugose punctate above. Mandibles short, curved, stout, with a broad projecting tooth internally, near the apex. Thorax transverse, with the lateral margins rounded, anterior
of undescribed Lucanide. 47
and posterior margins nearly straight, and having the posterior angles emarginate. Legs shorter and stouter than in the g. In other respects as the ¢.
Length 1-4, inch.
This appears a very distinct species; and in the full-grown in- sect not subject to much variation. It has been received from Mr. Fortune in some abundance, and is probably a common insect in the hill districts.
Sp. 2. Cladognathus gracilis, W. W. Saunders. (PI. III. fig. 3.)
Dark pitchy brown, with the elytra dark chesnut brown. ¢ with the head subquadrate, not quite so broad as the thorax, rather narrower posteriorly, with the anterior margin somewhat emarginate; upper surface shallowly excavated between the eyes, and finely granulated. Mandibles long, deflexed and slender, curved inwardly towards the apex, and having on the interior margin six to eight minute teeth, and one larger in the midst, placed near the centre. Antenne rather long, slender; clava 4-jointed, ovate, elongate. ‘Thorax transverse, the lateral margins rounded, and the hinder margin, with the angles, slightly truncate; above convex, finely granulated. Scutellum small, semi-ovate, pointed at the apex. Elytra about as broad as the thorax, rounded at the apex, with the sides nearly parallel, smooth, very finely granulated. Under surface of the body dark pitchy brown. Legs rather long and slender. The anterior pair, with the tibiz, striato- punctate, and having on the outer margin a number of small teeth, irregular in size and position, but the four nearer the apex largest, and the two anterior ones spreading and curved down- wards. The intermediate and posterior tibiz unarmed externally.
Length 1-75; mandibles -§; inch.
This is a well marked species; with the head in the male very large, and the legs very long and thin. Some specimens I have recently seen from Mr. Fortune are somewhat larger, and have the head broader in proportion than the one described.
Sp. 3. Odontolabris nitidus, W. W. Saunders. (Plate IV. fig. 1.)
Shining black. 8 Head transverse, subquadrate, with the an- terior angles prominent, caused by a sharp flattened ridge crossing the eyes horizontally, and the anterior margin slightly emarginate : upper portion rounded, flattened between the eyes, with the surface opaque, and very finely granulated. (Mandibles wanting in all the specimens sent home.) Thorax broader than the head, sub-
48 Mr. W. W. Saunders’s Characters
quadrate, transverse, rather broader posteriorly, the lateral mar- gins smooth and somewhat rounded; the posterior margin straight and the posterior angles bevelled off; the upper surface convex, very finely granulated, shining. Scutellum minute, triangular. Elytra about as broad as the thorax, ovate truncate, with the lateral margins slightly reflexed, and the upper surface convex and very shining. Legs robust, having the anterior tibize broad and flattened, with six well-defined teeth on the outer margin, and the upper and under surfaces striato-punctate. The middle and pos- terior tibiz sub-cylindrical, striato-punctate, with only one apical tooth. ‘Tarsi rather long and slender. Underside of body shining black.
Length, without mandibles, 1-%) inch.
The elytra of this species are remarkably smooth and shining, a character which at once catches the eye. Every specimen sent home had the mandibles wanting, apparently pulled out from their sockets. Mr. Fortune could give me no account of the cause of this deficiency. The O. glabratus of De Hahn is very closely allied to this species.
Sp. 4. Odontolabris sinicus, Reiche, MSS, (PI. 1V. figs. 2 & 3.)
Dark chesnut. & with the head transverse quadrate, and the anterior angles prominent, caused by a thin horizontal ridge crossing the eyes, and having the anterior margin slightly emar- ginate, with the upper surface flattened, finely granulated and opaque; dark rusty brown. Mandibles short, stout, straight, about as long as the thorax, slightly curving upwards, with three blunt teeth on the inner margin, and a blunt broad tooth on the upper edge, near the apex, black brown. ‘Thorax much broader than the head, transverse, rather broader posteriorly, with the lateral margins rounded and smooth, the anterior margin emargi- nate, and the posterior nearly straight, curving forwards near the angles, dark rusty brown, rounded above, the surface finely gra- nulate and opaque. Scutellum small, semi-ovate. Elytra ovate truncate, the surface smooth, opaque ; the suture shining, and the lateral margins slightly reflexed, regularly convex ; dark chesnut brown. Legs pitchy brown, rather Jong, with the fore tibize flat- tened, and having six strong teeth on the outer margin, the upper surface coarsely striato-punctate: the middle and posterior tibiae sub-cylindrical, with one apical tooth, and the surface striato- punctate. Tarsi stout. Underside of body dark chesnut brown, somewhat shining.
Length 1-2; inch.
of undescribed Lucanide. 49
The @ differs little from the ¢ except in the smaller size, and less quadrate shape of the head, and in the shorter mandibles, which have but little inclination upwards, and furnished internally but with two teeth.
A very nearly allied species to this (O. castanopterus) occurs in India, but differs in having the mandibles not so long, and nearly horizontal, as well as in the shining surface of the elytra, and in the colour of the same being bright chesnut.
Length 1,5, inch.
Sp.5. Odontolabris emarginatus, Reiche, MSS, (PI. III. figs. 4 & 5.)
Black. ¢ with the head transverse, subquadrate, emarginate in front, with a strong blunt tooth on each side behind the eyes, convex above, opaque, finely granulated. Eyes crossed horizon- tally, with a narrow sharp ridge projecting from the forepart of the head. Mandibles, when fully developed, nearly as long as the head and thorax, strongly bowed inwards, forming when closed the shape of a circle or blunt oval, nearly of equal size throughout their length, with one stout blunt tooth at the base; the apex truncate, and having four minute teeth in the trun- cated portion. Antenne rather long and expanded. Thorax somewhat broader than the head, subquadrate, transverse, rather broader posteriorly, the lateral margins smooth, the anterior mar- gin curving forwards in the centre, and the hinder margin curved in the opposite direction, and having a shallow notch just before the hinder angles ; convex above, very finely granulated, opaque. Scutellum minute, subtriangular, Elytra of the same breadth as the thorax, semi-ovate, with the lateral margins slightly reflexed, and with the upper surface convex, very finely punctato-granulate and opaque. Legs rather long, with the fore tibiz flattened and expanded at the apex, armed externally with a row of about seven small equidistant teeth on the outer margin; middle and posterior tibiz subcylindrical, with a longitudinal broad furrow on the upper side, and only armed with a single tooth at the apex. Un- derside of body rather shining; abdomen pitchy brown.
@ scarcely differing from the 6, except in being smaller, and in the shape of the mandibles, which are short, stout, about as long as the head, nearly straight, slightly incurved at the apex, and armed internally with a row of seven or eight small irregular blunt teeth.
Length, g, large specimen, 14%, inches(mandibles 34;); small specimen, 1-3,. 9 1,}5.
A neat and well-marked species. The g varies much in the
VOL, III. N. S» PART I1,—ocT. 1854. E
50 Mr. W. W. Saunders’s Characters
length of the mandibles, which, at times, are almost as short as those of the g. They have, however, always the same conforma- tion at the apex, which is a good distinguishing character.
Sp. 6. Platyprosapus platymelus, W. W.S. (PI. III. fig. 7.)
Pitchy black, with the tibiz pitchy brown. ¢ Head very broad, transverse, quadrangular, the anterior margin slightly emarginate; upper surface rather coarsely granulated, nearly flat. Mandibles horizontally porrect, robust, nearly straight, curved inwards towards the apex, gradually tapering, armed in- ternally with one large tooth near the base, and a number of (8 or 9 nearly equal) smaller ones, placed at regular intervals, on the straight portion, and one small one on the curved portion. Antenne rather robust, with the clava small, 4-jointed ; first joint small, armed internally with a curved spine-like projection. La- bium large, transverse, rounded in front, uniform brown. Eyes small, nearly divided into two portions, with an elevated projecting, horizontal ridge of the head, dark shining chesnut. Thorax trans- verse, rather broader than the head, nearly quadrangular, with an obtuse tooth about the middle of the lateral margins, nearly flat above, finely granulated, Scutellum small, semiovate, pointed at the apex. Elytra nearly as broad as thorax, semiovate, with the shoulders prominent, smooth and shining. Legs moderate in length, robust. Anterior tibiz striate and finely punctate, armed externally with a row of 10 to 12 small teeth. Intermediate and posterior tibize with one pointed tooth on the outer margin, and three short robust teeth at the apex. Underside of body finely punctured, shining.
Length 23 inches. Mandibles 7, inch.
A species nearly allied to the Plat-Westermanni, Hope, but differs in the head being more quadrate and less transverse, and also in the mandibles, which are nearly truncated, and not curving downwards as in that species.
Sp. 7. Platyprosapus Hopei, W. W.S. (Plate III. fig. 8.)
Pitchy black. ¢ with the head very broad, transverse, sub- quadrangular, slightly restricted near the thorax, the anterior margin somewhat emarginate, and the anterior angles excavated for the insertion of the mandibles, and each with a blunt point on the upper part. Upper surface flattened, finely granulated. Man- dibles strong, incurved, horizontally porrect, with one strong tooth about the middle, inclining upwards, longer than the thorax.
of undescribed Lucanide. 51
Thorax transverse, subquadrate, rather broader than the head, the anterior angles prominent, the posterior somewhat rounded, and having a broad shallow tooth on the lateral margins, near the middle ; upper surface very finely granulated, slightly and regu- larly convex. Scutellum rather small, cordato-triangular, Elytra semiovate, rather narrower than the thorax, the shoulders pro- minent, nearly straight at the base, the margins slightly reflexed, the surface regularly but slightly convex, somewhat shining, nearly smooth. Legs moderate—the anterior tibize with 10 to 12 small, blunt, irregular teeth on the outer edge, the middle pair with one small tooth in the middle of the outer edge—the pos- terior pair edentate. ‘Tarsi stout.
Length 1,3, inch. Mandibles 56, inch.
A nearly allied species to the foregoing, but differing in the shape of the head and mandibles in the ¢.
Sp. 8. Dorcus striato-punctatus, W. W. S. (Plate IV. fig. 5.)
Black, somewhat shining. ¢ Head subquadrate, transverse, the sides curving slightly outwards, caused by an_ horizontal ridge crossing the eyes; somewhat emarginate in front, with a broad, slightly projecting protuberance in the emargination, having a notch in the centre ; upper surface deeply and coarsely punctate, the vertex with an obscure shallow depression. Man- dibles shorter than the head, incurved, rather slender, with one blunt tooth projecting upwards on the upper side, near the base. Antenne rather long and stout. Thorax rather broader than the head, subquadrate, transverse, the fore angles produced, the sides slightly curving outwards, and the posterior angles rounded— regularly convex, smooth on the disk, punctate towards the sides. Scutellum small, semiovate, pointed, deeply punctate. Elytra of the same width as the thorax, semiovate, elongate, with 13 nearly equi-distant, deeply punctate, longitudinal striae, the striae some- what closer as they approach the side, and the punctures there nearly confluent. Legs moderate; fore tibiae somewhat flattened, striato-punctate, with 7 or 8 short blunt teeth on the outer margin ; middle and posterior tibize sub-cylindrical, each with one small apical tooth, and the former with one small tooth placed centrally on the outer margin. Femora, on the underside, pitchy brown. Tarsi moderate. Underside of body deeply punctate.
Length 1,1, inch.
Sp. 9. Dorcus vicinus, W. W.S. (Plate IV. fig. 9.)
Black, shining. & Head subquadrate, transverse, the fore E2
52 Mr. W. W. Saunders’s Characters
angles rounded ; anteriorly emarginate, with a broad straight elevation in the emargination, extending from the base of one man- dible to the other—the sides slightly curving outwards, and the eyes half-crossed horizontally by a thin sharply-edged plate ; flattened above, opaque, and very finely granulated. Mandibles rather longer than the head, ineurved, rather slender, sharp pointed, and having one broad tooth projecting inwards from the upper margin near the base. Thorax subquadrate, transverse, broader than the head; the posterior angles rounded, and slightly so the anterior ; regularly convex above, shining, very finely granulated. Scutellum transverse, minute, semiovate, pointed. Elytra not quite so broad as the thorax, semiovate, elongate, shoulders pro- minent; very shining, nearly smooth, minutely punctured. Legs moderate, the anterior tibia somewhat flattened, and broader at the apex; punctato-striate above, having at the apex two teeth, and along the outer edge a row of 8 to 10 teeth like serratures ; middle tibize subcylindrical, with one small, central, pointed tooth on the margin; posterior tibiz subcylindrical, without teeth. Tarsi moderate. Underside of body shining.
Length 1,3, inch.
The D. cognatus of Hope bears a close relationship to this spe- cies, but differs in the larger size and shape of the mandibles.
Sp. 10. Dorcus obscurus, W. W.S. (Plate IV. fig. 7.)
Black, opaque. @ Head subsemicircular ; slightly emarginate in front, with a shallow protuberance in the centre of the emargi- nation, the eyes crossed horizontally with a sharp flat ridge, which there causes a prominence ; convex above, rugoso-punctate, with two broad, obscure, slight elevations on the centre of the vertex, which are smooth. Mandibles short, blunt, nearly straight, with a broad blunt tooth on the inner edge, and a slight rounded elevation on the upper side, near the base. Antennze moderate. Thorax broader than the head, subquadrate, transverse; the an- terior angles prominent, the sides slightly curving outwards ; the posterior margin straight, with the angles rounded ; convex above, nearly smooth, except near the sides, which are punctate. Scu- tellum small, semiovate. Elytra of the same breadth as thorax, and about twice as long, rounded at the apex, the sides nearly parallel, the shoulders rather prominent, and the sides slightly reflexed; regularly convex above, the surface punctate and obscurely striate, each elytron with 9 longitudinal striae running in equidistant and close pairs, except the stria near the suture. Legs moderate; the anterior tibia somewhat flattened, without
of undescribed Lucanide. oe
teeth, striato-punctate above; the middle and posterior tibize subcylindrical, punctato-striate, with a sharp tooth externally. Tarsi moderate.
Length 1-2, inch.
This female is probably a true Dorcus.
Sp. 11. Dorcus? marginalis,* W. W.S. (Pl. IV. fig. 6.)
Black, with the margins of the elytra obscure pitchy brown. @ Head subquadrate, transverse, slightly contracted behind the eyes, with a slight rounded projection in the centre of the front, the eyes crossed horizontally by a sharp flat ridge; the upper surface convex, deeply rugoso-punctate. Mandibles short, rather slender, horizontally porrect, slightly incurved, with one strong tooth on the centre of the inner edge, and a blunt tooth on the upper surface, near the base. Antenne rather short, robust. Thorax broader than the head, subquadrate, transverse, the lateral margins slightly curved outwards ; the posterior margin straight, with the angles rounded; upper surface convex, shining, smooth on the disk, deeply punctate on the sides, Scutellum small, sub- triangular. Elytra about as broad as thorax, semiovate, elongate, the shoulders prominent; regularly convex, shining, smooth on the portion adjoining the suture, but deeply and coarsely punctate along the sides. Underside of the body shining. Legs short, robust, with the fore tibiae flattened, striato-punctate above, and having a row of about 10 smaller regular blunt teeth on the outer edge; middle and posterior tibia subcylindrical, striato-punctate, each with an apical tooth, and another sharply-pointed tooth on the outer edge, a little below the middle. ‘Tarsi short, stout.
Length 13 inch.
A @ provisionally placed in the genus Dorcus.
This 9, except in the much larger size and the nature of the teeth on the fore tibia, comes very close to the @ of Dorcus lateralis, of De}. Cat., from the island of Java.
Sp. 12. Dorcus? striatus, W. W.S. (Plate IV. fig. 4.)
Black, shining. @ Head sub-semicircular, the eyes crossed horizontally, with a sharp ridge, which there causes a prominence, slightly emarginate in front, with a slight protuberance in the emargination ; convex above, deeply and coarsely rugoso-punctate, with a depression just above each eye, and in the centre of the
* In the list of species at the commencement of this paper the name of lateralis must be altered to marginalis.
54 Mr. W. W. Saunders’s Characters
vertex two pointed elevations placed near each other. Mandibles shorter than the head, thin, slightly incurved, with one tooth on the inner edge, and a slight elevation on the upper portion, near the base. Antennae moderate. ‘Thorax broader than the head, transverse, subquadrate, the sides slightly curved outwards, the posterior margin nearly straight, with the angles slightly rounded ; upper surface regularly convex, punctate, the punctures being widely spread on the disk, close together near the sides. Scutel- Jum small, ovato-triangular. Elytra as broad as thorax, semi- ovate, elongate, the shoulders rather prominent, the lateral margin slightly reflexed ; regularly convex, each elytron with 9 longitudi- nal punctate strize placed somewhat equi-distant, in pairs, except the one near the suture, the spaces between the stria being more or less punctate, the punctures much prevailing near the sides. Legs moderate; the anterior tibiae fiattened, punctato- striate above, and with a row of about 12 small teeth on the outer edge ; the middle and posterior tibiae subcylindrical, striato-punc-- tate, each with a small central tooth externally, and one at the apex. ‘Tarsi stout.
Length 13 inch.
Another ¢, which I place provisionally in the genus Dorcus, although I do not feel at all sure that this is its proper place—time will show.
Sp. 13. gus levicolle, W. W.S. (Plate IV. fig 8.)
Black and shining. ¢ with the head broad, quadrate, slightly emarginate in front, the sides with a slight notch, just in ad- vance of the horizontal plate crossing the eye, and another where the plate terminates ; flattened above, and somewhat sunk between the eyes, opaque, finely granulated. Mandibles incurved, sharp pointed, longer than the thorax, broad at the base, where there is a small tooth, and another on the upper margin, broad, triangular, incurved, placed a little below the centre. Thorax alittle broader than the head, quadrate, transverse ; the anterior angles acute ; the posterior slightly rounded ; regularly convex above, the centre with a broad depressed longitudinal line of deepish punctures, the disk nearly smooth, and the sides with a few deep distant punctures. Scutellum minute, broad and rounded at the apex. Elytra as broad as the thorax, and about twice as long, the sides nearly parallel, the apex rounded; with nine elevated, rounded, longitu- dinal ridges on each elytron, and deep furrows between, the surface of the ridges slightly punctate, and the lateral margins rough, with minute crenulations. Legs short, with the fore tibize flattened
of undescribed Lucanide. 55
and expanded towards the apex, striato-rugose above, with a series of small irregular teeth along the outer margin, and two larger teeth at the apex. The middle and posterior tibiae sub- cylindrical, rugoso-striate, with one small stout tooth about the centre of the outer margin, and two small, more pointed teeth at the apex, placed close together. Underside of body pitchy brown, punctate.
Length 5%, inch.
This species somewhat resembles . chelifer of Mac Leay, which differs in the deeper sulcation of the elytra, and in the shape of the mandibles, with only a tooth at the base.
Sp. 14. Hgus punctiger, W. W.S. (PI. III. fig. 6.)
Black. @ with the head small, transverse, semicircular ; con- stricted behind the eyes slightly, in front with a slightly projecting bidentate lobe, and a sharp-edged lateral plate crossing the eyes, notched near the centre of each eye; rounded above, coarsely punctured and shining. Mandibles shorter than the head, slightly incurved, with a sharp-cutting plate internally from the apex to about half the length, projecting in the shape of a broad triangular tooth. Antennz moderate. Thorax quadrate transverse, with the fore angles acute, the sides slightly rounded outwards and the posterior angles somewhat rounded ; regularly convex above, with a slight longitudinal central depression on the disk, deeply and coarsely punctured. Scutellum small, transverse, rounded at the apex. Elytra as broad as the thorax, with the sides nearly pa- rallel, elongate, rounded at the apex, each elytron with five slightly elevated rounded longitudinal ridges, including the sutural ridge, and five flattened intervening spaces, the spaces divided from the ridges by a well-marked stria, the whole deeply and closely punc- tate, excepting the sutural ridges; somewhat shining and with a brownish tinge. Legs moderate, with the fore tibiz flattened, and expanded towards the apex, striato-punctate above, with about six well-marked nearly equidistant teeth in the outer margin. Middle and posterior tibiz hirsute, sub-cylindrical, striato-punc- tate, with three teeth on the outer margin before the centre and three at the apex, the latter having the marginal teeth less defined. Underside of body shining, coarsely punctate,
Length +7, inch.
This species appears to be rare, as very few specimens have been sent home.
56 Mr. Jobn Curtis’s Descriptions of two Species
IX. Descriptions of two Species of the Genus Hemerobius of Linneus, new to this Country, with Remarks on the Nomenclature of Coniopteryx, and on Orthotenia Buoliana,
&e. By Joun Curtis, Esq. F.LS., &e. {Read 7th August, 1854.]
Genus Sisyra, Burm. terminalis, Curt.
Slightly pubescent; head and thorax shining, deep ochreous. Abdomen brown. Antenne much longer than the body, capillary but slightly tapering, pilose and moniliform; black, about twelve of the terminal joints ochreous white, excepting the apical one, which is black. Wings slightly iridescent, superior tinted with smoky ochre, inferior colourless ; nervures pilose, pale ochreous brown. Legs whitish ochre.
Expanse of wings 6 lines.
This very distinct species is at once distinguished from all the other Hemerobii by the pale terminal portion of the antennz, com- prising about one-quarter of the whole length. It associates with HA. fuscatus, Fab., and H. nigripennis, Wesm.; which are charac- terised principally by the absence of transverse nervures in the wings, and have been constituted as the genus Sisyra by Bur- meister. HH. terminalis I discovered at the base of Turk Moun- tain, near the Lakes of Killarney, in a tour of the west of Ireland made in 1835 with my friend Mr. Haliday. ‘The specimens were beaten out of an oak tree the 9th of July.
Genus Hemeropsivs, Linn. dipterus, Burm.
Hispid, brown. Antenne longer than the body, capillary, mo- niliform, pitchy and but slightly pubescent. Wings; superior rather small, elliptic, slightly tinged with ochre, nervures hispid and brown round the margins, the transverse ones forming irre- gular brown spots ; inferior wings resembling two small oval lobes. Legs pale ochreous, knees pitchy.
Expanse 33 lines.
This species, which is unique as British, was taken by J. C. Dale, Esq., off a hazel bush, outside of Breach-wood, Aller-hill, near Langport, Somerset, the 26th June, 1843.
of the Genus Hemerobius of Linnaeus, Sc. 57
I avail myself of this opportunity to add that the species figured in the “ British Entomology” (pl. 202), under the name of H. fim- briatus, is the H. hirtus of Linnzeus; and the H. crispus of Scheeffer appears to be the H/. angulatus of Stephens and the /7. Hopii of Dale’s MSS. This last rare species Mr. Dale has taken at Lynd- hurst the 15th April, 1830; and subsequently, June 27th, on hazel, in Caundle Helts, Dorset, where I also captured another specimen the 13th July, 1846.
As the settlement of nomenclature is daily becoming more ne- cessary, being of the greatest consequence to science in every point of view, no opportunity should be omitted of correcting oversights. ‘To the credit of France, every disposition is now shown to ascertain the correct and original names of species, and the same course is pursued in a measure in this country, but not with the care and impartiality I fear which is required. I will not now enter upon the subject to any extent, as it would lead me to a great length. I will merely state, Ist. That men of science, living in different countries and even in the same kingdom, cannot understand each other, from the differences in nomenclature as it now exists; 2ndly. That the pages of every work on species are complicated and wasted with synonyms ; and 3rdly. That the most elaborate and careful memoranda of dates and localities are ren- dered doubtful or worthless from an unstable nomenclature.
Nomenclature of Coniopteryx.
On referring to one of the lists of the British Museum, to com- pare the Hemerobu, 1 regret to see that some names are changed which must be restored, amongst them Coniopteryx is changed for Coniortes, which renders it necessary for me to say a few words in order to restore the authorized name. ‘The facts are these :— Early in 1834, Mr. Haliday sent me drawings of a larva which he believed to be that of the genus which I wished to publish, and proposed to call Coniopteryx. It would have appeared at once, but Mr. Haliday wished me to delay the publication until he had made farther researches, so that it was not actually published until the end of November. It is reported in the “ Proceedings” of this Society, that, on July 7th, 1834, a communication was read “On Coniortes, a new British Genus of Neuroptera, belonging to the He- merobide,” by J.O. Westwood, F.L.S., &c.; but had not the Secre- tary of the day appended a note at the foot of the page, no one unconnected with the Entomological Society could have known what Coniortes was, in the absence of any description. The note referred to states, that ‘‘ Since this Memoir was read, this genus has
58 Mr. John Curtis’s Descriptions of two Species
been published by Mr. Curtis in his “ Illustrations” (pl. 528, Dec. 1834), under the name of Coniopteryx, and is placed in the family Psocide.
In justice to myself, I must state that I had no knowledge of Mr. Westwood’s Memoir, which to this day has never been pub- lished that I am aware of; and my Paper, although only published the end of November and dated 1st December, had been prepared months before, as every one must know who has been engaged in a work where drawings and engravings have to be made, and plates printed and colored a considerable time in advance; and it is clear from the note quoted above that the Proceedings in which it was inserted could not have been published until after my Paper had been in the hands of the public.
The question, however, is, whether a mere printed name is to be adopted in preference to one published with elaborate dissections and descriptions, to establish a genus? I think not, and I believe such is the opinion of most genuine men of science.
The name of Coniopteryx has been adopted by Burmeister,
Xambur, Westiwood,* Haliday,} and even by Stephens, who had included the species originally in the wrong order, confounding it with the Aleyrodes ;{ and it is evident from Mr. Westwood having adopted my name that he would not have disturbed the established nomenclature had he been consulted in the compilation of the List alluded to.
The Entomological Society of Paris has ordered a book to be Jaid on their table, with a request that any one will correct the generic and specific names of insects, and show which ought to be the established name. This appears to me to be so judicious and useful, that I trust the same plan may be adopted by our Society, for I am convinced that questions which appear too trifling to be brought before the Society may thus be speedily, fairly and satis- factorily disposed of to the great advantage of science. If my suggestion should be acted upon, it will be necessary at certain periods for a committee to review the entries made in the book, and to print the names which it may appear just and right to them to be adopted, copies of which should be forwarded to the Paris
.
* Modern Classif. p. 48, 1839, the characters being copied from my Brit. Ent.
+ Ent. Trans. vol. v. p. xxxil.
$ Vide his Syst. Cat. pl. 2, p. 367, No. 9979. In his ‘ Illustrations” (vol. vi. p. 115), Mr. Stephens has fallen into a strange error, which he never corrected. He prints Coniopreryx, Leach ; what Dr. Leach could have to do with a group he probably never saw, remains unexplained; and on the following page Ste- phens says,‘‘ the genus was first characterised by Curtis.”
of the Genus Hemerobius of Linneus, Sc. 59
and other principal Societies with which the Entomological Society of London is in correspondence, in order that they may have an opportunity of giving their opinions; and thus we might obtain what is most essential,—a nomenclature universally adopted.
I have the pleasure of announcing, that during a recent visit to my friend Mr, Dale we took the males of Acentropus Garnonsi at Glanville’s Wooton in some abundance. I found only one female, which was dead, and had rudimentary wings only; but since [ left that neighbourhood, Mr. Dale has found other females, and it is my intention shortly to present a Paper to the Society regarding the economy of this remarkable and anomalous insect.
OrtyoTeznia Buoriana, Wien. Verz.
Mr. May, of the Clifton Nursery, having given me a packet of the shoots of pine-trees infested with the larve of this Tortrix, I have bred a great number of both sexes, and I have considerable doubts whether the O, Buoliana and O. Pinicolana be any more than local varieties. The last I bred from fir-trees in the Re- gent’s Park, where it used to be not uncommon on the paling.
With regard to the generic name Orthotenia, I do not hesitate to adopt it for this group, as in July, 1831, I published the genus,* giving T'. Turionella, Linn.} as the type, from which species my characters and dissections were drawn; and in 1834 Mr. Stephens adopted this name for the same group in his “Illustrations.”— It was not until 1845 that M. Guénée gave it the name of Retinia, and transferred that of Orthotenia to three species which never entered into my genus. Why Mr. Stephens, in his Museum List, should have followed M. Guénée, and abandoned the genus as given by him in the “ Illustrations,” does not appear.
I must not neglect to add, that before I adopted the name of Turionella for the insect I figured, I consulted the Linnean Cabinet, where I found the shoot of a fir-tree from which the moth had hatched, fixed by an old pin to the Linnean autograph, and two unset specimens of my insect by the side, labelled ‘ Anglia, Hud- son.” It is therefore evident that the Orthotenia figured in the ‘British Entomology” was formerly, indeed in the time of Linneeus, accepted as the true 7’. Turionella.
* Brit. Ent. fol. aud pl. 364.
+ It is now said that my insect is not the Linnean species, and Mr. Doubleday has named it O. Pinicolana. At all events it belongs to the same genus, and that is sufficient to establish my generic name,
t Vol. iv. p. 178.
60 Mr. John Curtis’s Descriptions of Hemerobii, §c.
With the moths I reared two parasites, one is a Figites and the other is a fine species of the family Jchneumonide. It is allied to Gravenhorst’s Cremastus confluens, but as it does not agree with any of his species I shall describe it.
Genus Cremastus, Grav. Buoliana, Curt.
Male black, orbits of eyes, clypeus and mandibles yellow, tips pitchy; palpi brown. Antennz longish, tips of basal joints pale beneath. Thorax with a hooked yellow line on the shoulders ; scutel yellow, sometimes with a black spot. Petiole long and clavate. Abdomen compressed ; second, third and fourth segments with the margins more or less ferruginous ; belly yellowish-white, banded with black beyond the middle. Wings very transparent, nervures and stigma fuscous. Legs yellow, including the coxe ; anterior legs tinged with ochre; hinder coxz and trochanters black, tipped with ochre; thighs rusty, tipped with yellow; tibiz yellowish; base and tips, as well as the apex of tarsi, brown.
Length 3} lines, expanse 5 lines.
Female with the face black, the yellow orbits narrow; scutel black, with a narrow yellow margin. Abdomen black; belly straw-colour, with four black bands; ovipositor shorter than the body; hinder thighs black, tipped with yellow.
Length 43 lines, aculeus 13.
Three males, and as many females, hatched the fourth week in July, after the moths had ceased to appear.
(ea Ole)
X. Supplemental Descriptions of Species of African, Asiatic and Australian Cetoniide. By J.O.Wesrwoop, F.LS.,
&e. {Read 5th June, 1854. ]
Since the publication of my memoirs on the African and Indian Goliathideous Cetoniide in the ‘* Arcana Entomologica,” I have lost no opportunity of obtaining additional knowledge, not only of new species, but also of the sexual distinctions of such of the previously known species as had been known only by one or other (generally the male) sex. By this means i have been enabled to render our acquaintance with several interesting species complete, whilst the arrival of several totally new species affords me an opportunity of bringing the whole into a separate communication, which will, I trust, be regarded with interest as a supplement, not only to the memoirs above alluded to, but also to the several papers pub- lished upon the species of this family by Messrs. W. W. Saunders, Schaum and myself in the Transactions of our Society.
Goliathus (Dicronorhina) micans. (Pl. VI. fig. 1.)
Under the name of Cetonia micans a fine species of Goliath beetle, from Calabar, on the west coast of Africa, about 5° or 6° north latitude, was described by Drury in his I}lustrations, vol. ti. pl. 32, fig. 3. Specimens of an African insect, captured in con- siderable numbers at the French settlement at Senegal, were re- garded by Messrs. Gory and Percheron, Mon. Cet. pl. 25, fig. 2, as identical with the species of Drury. Relying, however, upon the precise description of Drury, I did not venture to regard the two insects as distinct—Are. Ent. i. p. 172—retaining for Drury’s insect the name of C. micans, and giving to the Senegal one the name of C. cavifrons.
A specimen of the true C. micans, in the collection of Mr. Melly, has enabled me to draw up a specific diagnosis of both insects, (Proc. Ent. Soe. 5 Nov. 1849, p.]xxxvii), and I now add figures of the head and thorax in different points of view, with the following distinctive description of C. micans.
Head wide, subquadrate, anterior margin produced in the middle in front into a broad erect horn, dilated at its sides, which extend outwardly nearly to the width of the anterior angles of the head. When seen from the front the upper edge of the horn is rather deeply marginate in the middle. Along the middle of the head runs a raised ridge or carina, the hinder half of which is margined
62 Mr. J.O. Westwood’s Descriptions of Species
with a flattened oblong disc, which, unitedly, occupy about half of the width of the head in the middle; the anterior half of the carina has on each side a deep wide excavation, occupying the greater part of the sides, and extending backwards nearly to the eyes. The sides of the head are armed with a small produced point, and the anterior margin has also a small conical projection between the middle and the produced lateral angles.
The figures represent the head and prothorax of C. micans seen from above (fig. 1a), and the head seen sideways (fig. 1 5) and from the front (fig. 1 ¢).
Ceratorhina (Amantodes) Passerinu. (@ Pl. VI. fig. 2.) $ Melly MS., Westwood, Arc. Ent. ii. p. 71, pl. 67, fig. 1, 3. Bertoloni, Ill. Rer. Nat. Mozamb. Bonon,. 1849.
2 Schaum, in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 2nd ser. vol.ii. pl. 11, fig. 1.
The figure of this species, which I published in the Arcana Entomologica, was made from a drawing of the male, communi- cated by Mr. Melly, whose manuscript name I adopted. Since the publication of that work I have had opportunities of examining specimens of both sexes, which have been received from Natal. The accompanying figures represent the details of the male, and the female with its details. ‘The head of the male (fig. 2a, seen from above, and fig. 2b, seen sideways) is armed with two small curved acute horns between the eyes, a small truncated horn or tubercle on each side, in front of the eyes, and a strong compressed furcate erect horn in front (fig. 2c, the horn seen from the front). The maxilla of the male (fig. 2d) has the inner lobe simple and setose, and the outer lobe acute, horny and outwardly setose; and the fore tibiz (fig. 2e) are long, curved, inwardly armed with about six small teeth, and outwardly serrated. The other tibiz are simple.
The female (fig. 2 2) has the head simple, and the prothorax less developed; the anterior lateral angles are rounded and deflexed, and the front is rather emarginate in the middle. The maxilla (fig. 2,f) has the inner lobe armed with a strong acute spine, and the outer lobe formed as in the male. The mesosternum (fig. 2 g) is slightly prominent and obtuse, the fore tibize strongly tridentate, the middle tibiae bidentate in the middle, and the hind ones unidentate in the middle.
Goliathus (Ceratorhina) Smithi. ($ Mac Leay, Insects of South Africa, p. 34, pl. 1, fig. med.) (QL, Viletie 3.) The male of this fine species was first figured and described by Mr. Mac Leay, in the work above referred to, from a unique
of African, Asiatic and Australian Cetoniide. 63
specimen brought home by Dr. A. Smith. Numerous specimens, however, of both sexes having been received from Natal, I am en- abled to give the accompanying details of the male, together with a figure of the female and its details.
The head of the male (tig. 3a, the head seen from above, fig. 36, the same sideways) has the anterior lateral angles porrected straightly forward and acute; the disc of the head is furnished with two small acute prominences, and the middle of the fore margin is produced into a large wide horn, curved upwards gra- dually, and furcate at its extremity. The fore tibix (fig.3c) are curved, with the outer edge entire, and the inner edge finely ser- rated along its apical half, and with two stronger teeth, one at and the other below the tip; the intermediate tibiae (fig. 3d) and the posterior tibize (fig. 3e) are simple, and slender beyond the middle.
The female (fig. 3 2) has the head and prothorax simple; the clypeus with the lateral angles rounded, and the anterior margin emarginate in the middle; the disc with a slightly raised central ridge. The legs are strong; the fore tibiz strongly tridentate, and the intermediate and hind ones unidentate in the middle. The mandibles (fig. 3f) are of the ordinary form; the maxilla, in this sex (fig. 3g), with the under lobe armed with a strong acute spine, and the outer lobe strong, horny, subacute and outwardly very setose. The mentum deeply emarginate in the middle of the front margin (fig. 3h), with very short palpi, with the sides, both in front and behind, rather narrowed; the mesosternum (fig. 32, seen from below, and fig. 3h, seen sideways) is slightly produced, with its extremity almost triangular.
Asthenorhina Turneri.
(Westw. Arcana Entomologica, ii. p. 71, pl. 67, figs. 2, 3, 2) C2UPIC VI. fig: 43)
Several specimens of this insect were received some years ago by J. A. Turner, Esq., two varieties of which were represented in the “Arcana Entomologica,” as above referred to. I am now enabled to complete our knowledge of the species, a female having been obtained by Captain Parry. It is eleven lines long, of a rich dark green colour and shining; the front half of the head black,-and the hinder part green; the antenne black. The head is closely punctured, the anterior and lateral margins are elevated, the former emarginate in the middle, a central carina is slightly ele- vated, the hind part of the head above is less closely punctured ; the prothorax is punctured at the sides and in front; the epimera
64 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions of Species
are scarcely visible from above; the scutellum is not punctured ; the elytra, under a lens, are very finely punctured, the punctures wide apart. The shoulders and subapical tubercles of the elytra are black, the podex punctured closely. The body beneath is dark green and polished, slightly and finely punctured, except the sides of the metasternum and coxee, which are closely punctured. The legs are dark green, the spines of the fore tibiz black, the four hind tibiz black, slightly glossed with green, with the tarsi black.
The maxillz in the female (fig. 4a) have the inner lobe not armed with an acute tooth, being but slightly produced, the outer lobe is acute and horny; the mentum (fig. 40) is widest in the middle, the anterior margin deeply emarginate in the centre; the meso- sternum (fig. 4¢, seen from beneath, fig. 4d, sideways) is very slightly produced and obtusely rounded.
Tmesorrhina Saundersit, Westw.n. s. (PI. VI. fig. 5.)
Viridis, fortiter nigro-punctata, capite antice vix emarginato, epimeris viridibus, nec aureis ; pedibus nigro-viridibus, tarsis omnibus nigris. @
Long. corp. lin. 12 (une. 1). Habitat in Africa tropicali occident. In Mus. Saunders,
This species is intermediate in size between 7’. concolor, Westw. (Thoreyi, Schaum), and Jris, Fab. (amabilis, Bainbridge). It is of an uniform rich dark green colour, densely punctured with black punctures, those of the head being very close together, and some of those of the disk forming a few irregular lines. The head is oblong, the anterior lateral angles rounded, the front margin very slightly emarginate. The antennze black, with the basal joint dark green. ‘The maxillz (fig. 5 a) with a very short point at the extremity of the basal lobe, and with the upper lobe rather obtusely pointed. All the palpi are black, the mentum dark green, deeply punctured and clothed with black hairs, with the front very deeply emarginate. ‘The pronotum is less conical (wider behind) than in 7’. concolor, being nearly of the shape of that of JT. Jris. The scutellum is also more equilaterally triangular than in 7’. con- color, and moderately punctured except at the tip. The elytra are elongate, subparallel, thus resembling 7’. concolor, being but little narrow behind, punctured as in 7’. Jris (but rather more coarsely), and with similar short curved strigee near the extremity of the lateral and sutural margins. The legs are dark green, with black punctures and strigee ; the anterior tibice are not strongly tri-
of African, Asiatic and Australian Cetoniide. 65
dentate, although the unchannelled under surface of the abdomen indicates the specimen to be a female. The body beneath is dark green and punctured; the middle of the metasternum and base of the abdomen tinged with golden colour. The sternum differs in form from that of the two other species, being rounded and widest in front (fig. 5b, 5c).
The unique specimen from which the above description was made is in the Collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.R.S., &e., who pointed it out to me as distinct from the two present known species, and with whose name I have therefore specifically de- scribed it.
Gnathocera Angolensis, Westw.,n. s. (PI. VI. fig. 6.)
Gn. capite nigro albo-guttato, antice bifido; pronoto convexo, scutello elytrisque fulvis, lateribus pronoti antice albis, cor- pore subtus olivaceo-viridi, stramineo variegato. @
Long. corp. lin. 8.
Habitat in Angola, Africze tropicali occidentali.
In Mus. Westwood. Communic. D. Turner.
This new species is of the same size as Gn. trivittata, but is rather wider across the hind part of the prothorax and base of the elytra, ‘The head is black, glossy and punctured ; the punctures forming short striole on the anterior half of the head, which is attenuated, the lateral anterior angles forming two porrected points, which are subprismatical and rather hollowed out on the outside; the middle of the narrowed anterior margin is also pro- duced into a short conical point. The disk of the head is marked between the eyes with two small white round spots; there are also two still smaller, close to the eyes, behind, and two oblong patches running parallel with the sides of the head. The antennz are black, with the clava pitchy. The maxillee are elongated, and both the upper and lower lobes are armed with a number of very strong curved spines (fig. 6a). ‘The mentum is oblong, hairy out- side, and with a very deep triangular incision in front (fig. 66). The pronotum is short and broad, the lateral margins regularly rounded and not elevated at the hinder angles; the disc is entire and finely but numerously punctured. ‘The scutellum is elongate, tri- angular, nearly smooth. The elytra are but slightly punctured on the disk, but more strongly so at the sides and towards the apex, where the punctures become elongated curved striole. The suture is elevated as well as two longitudinal carinz on each elytron, the interior being the most decided. The pronotum, scu-
OL, Ill. N. 8. PART I1.—ocT. 1854. F
66 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions of Species
tellum and elytra are of an uniform fulvous colour, with the sides of the pronotum marked with a white streak for about half their length from the anterior angles. The body beneath is of an olive black colour, the thoracic portion with large pale buff spots, and each of the four basal segments of the abdomen with a broad, buff, transverse, velvet-like bar on each side, leaving the middle naked and polished ; they are not channelled down the middle, the specimen being a female. The legs are black; the femora with a broad buff longitudinal stripe. The anterior tibie are tridendate, and the four posterior ones have a short spine in the middle on the outside. ‘The mesosternum is long, narrow and pointed, the tip being slightly deflexed and extending as far as the front of the anterior coxe (figs. 6c, 6d).
There are specimens of the male of this species in the British Museum Collection, also presented by Mr. Turner, which agree with the female in the structure and toothing of the tibize (except that the intermediate ones are slightly curved) and in the cornuted structure of the head. The centre of the ventral surface of the abdomen is, however, longitudinally impressed throughout its whole length with a row of pale buff spots down the middle, and the face is more strongly marked with larger buff spots, leaving in fact only a slender black trident on the forehead.
Heterrhorhina bicostata, Schaum. Trans. Ent. Soc. Vol. V. p. 65. (Ph Vilkifig. 41)
The great general similarity between the green species of this genus renders it advisable that figures should be given of each, thus insuring their identification more completely than can be effected by short descriptions. The unique specimen of this spe- cies described by Dr. Schaum is in Captain Parry’s Collection. It is a male, and is represented in the accompanying figure (PI. VII. fig. 1) of the natural size. It is of a golden green colour, with the scutellum and suture of a richer golden colour. The front of the clypeus is black ; the first joint of the antennz green, the remainder pitchy red ; the tarsi are black. Beneath, the body is green, the middle being tinged with golden colour; the sides of the metasternum closely but finely punctured; the abdomen with a slight oblong-oval impression, extending along the middle of the second and third, as well as the extremity of the first and base of the fourth, ventral segments, all of which are also marked with a row of punctures across the middle. The clypeus is nearly quadrate in front, with the sides slightly angulated. The maxillee have a short spine at the extremity of the inner lobe, and
of African, Asiatic and Australian Cetoniide. 67
the outer lobe is but slightly setose (fig. la). The mentum is oblong, scarcely emarginate in front (fig. 1b). The anterior tibia have an obtuse tooth beyond the middle (fig. 1c). The tarsi have a minute bisetigerous pulvillus between the claws (fig. 1d), and the mesosternal process is long, narrow, rounded at tip, and rather
deflexed (figs. le, 1).
Genus Narycius. Sub-genus novum PratynocEernatus, Westw.
Characteres e foemina (solum adhuc visa) deprompti. Color haud metallicus.
Caput latum, antice late concavum, angulis anticis paullo por- rectis et acutis, vertice spina parva bifida acuta plana ar- mato (fig. 2a, caput a latere; fig. 2b, antice visum). Maxille (fig. 2¢) elongate, lobo basali dente valido apicali curvato armato, lobo apicali dentibus duobus similibus ar- mato. Mentum latum, dimidio apicali multo angustiori, mar- gine antico fere recto; palpis brevibus (fig. 2d). Pronotum convexum, latum lateribus rotundatis, posticé sub-rectis. Elytra basi pronoto latiora brevia, subdepressa. Mesoster- num acutum, conicum, porrectum (figs. 2e, 2f ). Pedes breves, crassi ; tibize anticee tridentata, posticee quatuor dente medio unico ; tarsi pulvillo bisetigero inter ungues instructi.
The insect which has served for the establishment of the sub- genus proposed above is unfortunately a female, so that we are unable to point out the precise distinctions between it and the Indian Cyphonocephalus, Westw. (Arc. Ent. i. p. 115, pl. 33, fig. 2 and details), of which only a single male is known. From the typical Narycius opalus it differs in the upper lobe of the maxilla having only two strong curved horny spines instead of three, and the mentum is not so conical, nor is it emarginate in front. As these characters exist in both sexes of NV. opalus, we are perhaps justified in considering that the female of Cyphonocephalus will also agree with the male in having a tridentate upper lobe to the maxillz, and an emarginate mentum. These characters, therefore, in addition to the want of metallic colouring, will distinguish Pla- tynocephalus from Cyphonocephalus.
Narycius (Platynocephalus) Hamiltoni, 2. (Pl. VII. fig. 2.)
Supra fulvus, nitidus, subplanus, tenuissime punctatus; capite antice concavo, dense punctato ; pronoti lateribus nigro tenue-
F 2
68 Mr. J.O. Westwood’s Descriptions of Species
marginatis, marginibus nigris lateralibus in medio paullo intus dilatatis, punctisque duobus transversis prope scutellum po- sitis ; scutello elytrisque flavescentibus nigro-marginatis, his tenue punctatis, sutura vittisque duabus longitudinalibus levibus; corpore infra nigro, sterno, femoribus, epimeris, coxisque posticis extus fulvis, abdomine castaneo.
Long. corp. lin. 14.
Habitat in India orientali, Moulmein. -
In Muszo Societatis Entomol. Lond. Commun. Domina Ha-
milton.
The upper side of the head is fulvous, coloured and very glossy ; the concave anterior portion strongly punctate and sparingly clothed with luteous setae; the hind part smooth in the middle, punctate at the sides; the front and side margins have a slender edging of black, and the tips of the two points on the forehead are also black. Antenne black; club dark chesnut ; epistoma fulvous. Under- side of the head, with the mouth, pitchy black ; palpi dark ches- nut. Pronotum rich fulvous, with a slender black margin ; disc glossy, with very minute punctures, most numerous towards the anterior angles: near these angles the dark margin is slightly ex- tended into the disk, and there are also two small dusky transverse marks near the hinder margin. Scutellum orange-coloured, flat, glossy and nearly impunctate. Elytra pale buffish yellow, outer margin rich brown, with a narrow black suture and a black sub- marginal line extending to the humeral angles, which are entirely black ; dise finely punctured, the punctures forming a line on each near the suture, and four lines on the disc, leaving two interme- diate spaces smooth; the intervening spaces with the punctures irregular. Pygidium densely punctate, dark chesnut. Body be- neath black, with fine fulvous hairs ; sternal mucro rich fulvous, as well as the exposed portions of the scapule and of the hind coxz; femora also rich orange, with the extreme tip black. Tibize and tarsi black, terminal joints of the latter broadly fulvous at the base. Abdomen rich chesnut, less strongly punctate than the metasternum.
The Entomological Society of London is indebted for the unique specimen of the female of this insect to Mrs. Hamilton, who has very liberally enriched the Society’s. Collection with great num- bers of fine insects from India. It is to be hoped that we may shortly receive the male from the same quarter.
of African, Asiatic and Australian Cetoniide. 69
Dicronocephalus Wallichui, Hope, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1831, p. 24. (Westw. Arc. Ent. i. p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 4, 3.) (@ Plate VIT. fig. 3.)
Of this fine insect (the analysis of the mouth of which was first given, with a figure of the male, in the Arcana Entomologica), the male only was known from specimens captured by the late Dr. Wallich. Mr. Fortune having, however, been so fortu- nate as to re-discover the insect in North China, and to meet with both sexes, I am enabled to give a figure of the female (Plate VII. fig. 5), which differs very widely, in general appear- ance, from the male. The head above is concave, and thickly and coarsely punctured ; the front part is somewhat quadrate, with the anterior lateral angles produced into rather obtuse points, between which the fore margin is emarginate ; the sides are swollen in the middle; above, the head is chesnut red, slightly glossy, with the hind part between the eyes obscure black, with two small, dull, whitish spots. ‘The pronotum is covered with dull, opaque, dark greenish-yellow pile, except two raised, slightly curved, longitudinal bars, which are black, glossy, and finely punctured ; the lateral and posterior margins are slender and raised. The scu- tellum is black and punctured, with a narrow, central, luteous line. The elytra are covered with the same kind of pile as the pronotum, with a narrow dark streak along the suture at the humeral angles, an irregular longitudinal stripe extending thence to the subapical tubercle, and the lateral narrow raised margin, all of which are black. The podex is chesnut, redder at the tip, finely punctured, with a luteous patch on each side. The body beneath is black, the meso and metasterna spotted with buff, as well as the sides of the posterior coxee; the anterior coxe are black, chesnut in the middle of the front side. All the femora are chesnut red beneath, with the upper edge black, as well as the tips. The anterior tibiee are black, chesnut red beneath, and along the inner margin ; the four posterior tibiz are chesnut red, black at the base and tips. The tarsi black, and with the base of the 3rd and 4th joints, and the greater part of the 5th joint, fulvous. The maxilla (fig. 3a) are unarmed at the tip of the lower lobe; the upper one is, however, acutely pointed at the tip. The mentum is broad, the middle of each side much and roundly dilated, the fore margin deeply emarginate (fig. 3b.) The mesosternum is not produced into a porrected point, although it is of a conical form (fig. 3 ¢, 3 d).
70 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Descriptions of Species
Cosmiomorpha setulosa, Westw. n. s. (Plate VII. fig. 4.)
Nigro-castanea, nitida, punctatissima, setis luteis (e punctis) obsita; scutello, sutura, costisque duabus in singulo elytro nudis, capitis margine antico maris in medio parum producto et recurvo, pedibus mediocribus, maris haud intus serratis, extus subtridentatis. (m. et f.)
Long. corp. lin. 83.
Habitat in China septentrionali. D. Fortune.
In Mus. Westwood, &c.
This species is considerably smaller than the type of the genus C. modesta, described by Mr. Saunders in the 2nd Volume, N.S., of our Transactions, p. 29, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, and exhibits in a much less marked manner the sexual peculiarities of the genus as shown in the type, the prothorax of the male being scarcely angulated at the sides, and the fore legs, with the tibize and tarsi, shorter, the former part being almost destitute of the inferior crenulation, but the outer edge is more distinctly bidentate ; the joints of the tarsi are also destitute of the produced point on the underside. (See Bit: fies id.)
The upper surface of the body is thickly covered with very minute punctures, each emitting a small luteous seta. The head has the anterior angles rounded, the front margin elevated in the middle and acute, the middle of the elevated part slightly emar- ginate, the disc concave. Between the eyes is a small central, raised, and polished carina. The antenne and palpi are pitchy. The prothorax is almost conical in form, with the anterior trunca- tion narrow ; the sides very slightly rounded and slightly margined behind ; the hinder angles rounded, the bind margin nearly straight. The scutellum and suture black ; the former but slightly punctured and setose, the latter with two longitudinal carinze, down the disc of the elytra, glabrous and impunctate. The epimera strongly setose. The shoulders of the elytra much wider than the hind part of the pronotum. Legs of moderate length. The fore tibiz in both sexes with the external margins tridentate. The body beneath is clothed with longer luteous setze, especially at the sides, The mesosternal process (formed as in C, modesta), as well as the centre of the abdomen (which is but slightly channelled in the male), nearly naked and impunctate.
of African, Asiatic and Australian Cetoniide. 71
Macronata fraterna, Westw. (PI. VII. fig. 5.)
M. nigra, fulvo-vittata; clypeo, antennis, palpis pedibusque tes- taceis, pronoto antice subrotundato, lateribus postice fere pa- rallelis, medio disci postice paullo depresso. ¢
Long. corp. lin. 7.
Habitat in Insulis Phillippinensibus. In Mus. Britann.
Head strongly punctured, black, glossy. Clypeus pale testa- ceous red, finely setose ; sete luteous, anterior angles rounded, middle of fore margin emarginate; a rich velvety yellow striga runs on each side nearly the whole length of the head, leaving the black central portion narrow and slightly carinated, glossy and impunctate. Antennze and palpi pale castaneous. Prothorax about one-third wider than the head, the anterior portion rounded ; the sides in the hinder half are nearly parallel, so that the greatest width is across the middle; the dise is opaque, being entirely covered with minute punctures emitting fine black sete; the mid- dle of the hind margin is moderately prolonged behind, being sinuated on each side, the sinuated portion being rather raised and very glossy ; the middle of the disc is slightly depressed from the middle to the hind margin; down the middle of the pronotum ex- tends a golden yellow opaque longitudinal stripe, rather widened behind, and on each side is a curved stripe of similar width and colour, nearly parallel with the lateral margins of the prothorax. The scutellum is almost covered with a golden yellow patch pointed behind. The elytra are depressed in the region of the scutellum, and along the suture they are black, densely covered with minute short impressed striole emitting black setae, and each is marked with a narrow golden yellow stripe extending from near the apex of the scutellum, parallel with the suture, near to the apex, where it 1s curved outwardly, following the outline of the apex, but not extending to the outer margin. On each side of the humeral callus is a short, slender, rather curved, golden yellow stripe, and beyond this a golden yellow marginal spot. The podex is black, opaque, finely setose, with a small circular golden spot. The underside of the body is black and glossy ; the central part of the body almost impunctate ; the sides more thickly punctured, the abdominal portion with large punctures. The sides of the prosternum, the anterior and posterior margins of the metasternum on each side, a patch on the anterior margin of the posterior cox, and three fascize on the abdomen, widely interrupted in the middle, all golden yellow ; the legs are rich chesnut red.
The remarkable similarity between this insect and M, regia,
72 Mr. J.O. Westwood’s Descriptions of Species Fabricius, induces me to add a comparative description of the two species, together with a magnified figure of each. ‘The figures given by Messrs. Gory and Percheron (Mon. Cet. p. 514, pl. 62, figs. 2 and 3) of M. regia, Fab., and M. depressa (which is the dark state of the species, M. regia being a red, probably an im- mature, specimen), agree with the insect represented by me in Pl. VIL. fig. 6, especially in the rounded form of the prothorax. Their specimen of M. depressa was from Calcutta, and that of M. regia was from the East Indies. In their description of the latter they are silent as to the two short slender pale lines near the shoulder of each elytron, but M. Guérin’s excellent figure (pl. 62, fig. 3) exhibits them.
The specimen of M. regia, Fab., represented in our PI. VII. fig. 6, is a native of Moulmein in the East Indies, and has been presented to the Entomological Society of London by Mrs. Hamil-
ton. Macronota fraterna, Westw.
Habitat Phillippine Islands.
General form narrow, much attenuated behind.
Pronotum widest across the middle, dise densely setose, with a slight central impression be- hind; closely covered with mi- nute punctures, lateral yellow stripes curved.
Elytra with the outer margin velvety ; impressed part of the dise densely covered with minute short oblique striola, which are setigerous.
Outer part of the two central lateral yellow spots extending backwards.
Podex with a round yellow Spot.
Macronota regia, ab.. Burm., Schaum. @ Var. M. de- pressa, Gory and Perch. t. 62, £512:
Habitat Continental India.
General form wider, more ovate behind.
Pronotum widest behind; dise nearly naked, with a deep wide impression extending nearly from the fore margin to the scutellum, gradually widening ; dise with large punctures, show- ing the polished surface between them; lateral yellow stripes nearly straight.
Elytra nearly naked and po- lished throughout ; outer margin rather deeply punctured; im- pressed part of the dise with fine close longitudinal impressed lines running through the two yellow stripes.
Outer part of the two yellow spots in the middle of the sides extending forwards.
Podex with a semicircular yel- low spot.
of African, Asiatic and Australian Cetoniide. 73
Macronota setipes, Westw. n. s. (PI. VII. fig. 7.)
M. elongata, elytris subparallelis, nigra, capite et pronoto ver- miculatis, elytris medio longitudinaliter depressis, rufis, nigro- maculatis, apiceque nigris, tenuissime strigulosis; pedibus elongatis gracilibus, setis longis paucis instructis 3.
Long. corp. lin. 7.
Habitat in China septentrionali. D. Fortune.
In Mus. Britann.
This species agrees in size and elongated form with 1. elongata of Gory and Percheron, Mon, Cet. p. 327, pl. 64, fig. 6, from Calcutta. With the exception of the elytra it is entirely black. The head is rugose, with a very slender short polished carina in the middle, between the eyes, The elypeus is rounded at the