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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.
EDITED BV tT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D.
E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. W. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d.
REMAINS OF OLD LATIN
II
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS, naevius, PAGUVIUS AND ACCIUS
REMAINS OF OLD LATIN
NEWLY EDITED AXD TRANSLATED BY
E. H. WARMINGTON, M.A., F.R.Hist.S.
PROFESSOR OF CLASSICS, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, BIRKBECK COLLEGE
^IN THREE VOLUMES ' II
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS, NAEVIUS, PACUVIUS AND ACCIUS
W'jse H
LONDON y
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
MCMXXXVI
Aa
Printed in Great Britain
CONTENTS
PAGE
iisrTRODUCTiON vii
LIVIUS AXDRONICUS 1
NAEVIUS 45
PACUvius 157
Accius 325
WORDS FROM LIVIUS, NAEVITJS, PACUVIUS, AND ACCIUS NOT INCLUDED IN THE TEXT OR THE NOTES OF
THIS VOLUME 596
FRAGMENTS OF TRAGEDIES BY AUTHORS UNKNOWN . 600
CONCORDANCES 630
INDEX 661
INTRODUCTION
Scope of Volume II
In this second volume of Remains of Old Latin will be found all the fragments of Livius Andronicus, Naevius, Pacuvius, and Accius, who are treated in chronological order,® and other fragments of old Roman tragedy which are not assigned to any author ; but of these anonymous fragments each one must almost certainly be attributed to one or other of the old poets which are contained in the first and second volumes. Thus these two volumes include all that we know about the writers of Roman tragedy down to Sulla's times. Such anonymous fragments as are recognised, because of their tone, as coming from old writers of comedies have not been included here, for this series of three volumes does not include the old comic poets such as Titinius, Turpilius, Quinctius Atta, Afranius, Novius, and L. Pomponius ; though some of the old and anonymous comic fragments may in fact belong to Ennius, Caecilius, Livius, or Naevius.
Our sources for the old poetry contained in this volume are on the whole of the same kind as are
** It should be noted that Ennius and Caecilius, the two authors which have been already dealt with in the first volume, come after Naevius, and before Pacuvius, in order of time.
vii
INTRODUCTION
tliose which were drawn upon in order to produce the first volume, though some of them are much less important than they were as sources for Ennius. Nonius is, as before, the main storehouse for frag- ments ; the importance of the other sources varies. Very late and doubtful authorities, who provide a problem for students of Ennius' fragments, are wholly absent from this volume. With regard to the method of quotation from the sources I have seen no reason to depart from the method which was used in the first volume. As there, so here real fragments of the old poets are shown in a dis- tinctive type ; while ' hidden fragments,' though not given in special type, have been put in the most suitable places. For the sources and the method of quotation from them, consult volume I, Introduction, pages viii-xvii and xxxii-xxxiii. Further I have retained the system of titles or headings to frag- ments wherever the presence of such a heading either reveals in few words the context or subject of the fragment, or, where the context is uncertain, as often happens, shows why I have put the frag- ment where it stands in the text ; on this, see volume I, Introdnction, xvi-xvii. Abbreviations : xxxii-iii.
Life of Livius Andronicus
The tastelessness which is shown in so much of the tradition about the lives of the old I^atin poets is deplorable ; it is especially so when we try to learn about the life ^ of I^ivius Andronicus ; for although
" For a very sceptical treatment of the tradition in regard to Andronicus, see H. de la Ville de Mirmont, ^iudes sur Vanripnne poesie latiiif, i)p. 14 ft".
INTRODUCTION
it is probably true that he \vTote nothing great, yet he was a man of great importance in the Uterary history of Rome. His Latin cognomeri Andronicus is a translation of 'Ai'SpoViKo? and suggests that he was by birth a Greek of that name ; but the date of his birth is not known. It took place, however, at Taras or Tarentum in southern Italy about the year 284 b.c. After the surrender of that city to the Romans in 272,'^ he was brought as a young slave to Rome, and after some years came into the possession of one Lucius Livius. He must have showTi that he had a bright and scholarly intellect ; and, as a reward for instruction given to Livius' sons, was set free by this man, to whom as patron he became a freedman, and whose praenomen he received as his also according to the custom of those days. He thus became known as Lucius Livius Andronicus ; * and the epithet ' half-Greek ' ^ which was applied to him by Romans of later times is thus particularly suitable. He continued, or perhaps now only began, to give, to the children of people other than his patron,*^ doubtless good instruction in Greek and perhaps imperfect instruction in Latin, and remained to some extent dependent on his patron. We do not know who this patron was ; but
" Cicero, Brutus, xviii, 72-3; for a blunder in chronology made by Accius in writing about Andronicus, see pp. 586-7.
* Jerome, Chron. ad ann. Abr. 1830 = 187 B.C., wrongly gives Livius Salinator as the patron : the unknown source of this error is the same as that of Accius. See above, and pp. 586-7. On Andronicus' praenomen Lucius, see Gellius, VI, 7, 11; XVII, 21, 42; and other sources. The false praenomen Titus, given by some sources, is due to a confusion with the his- t orian Livy.
'^ Suetonius, de G-raTrimaticAs , 1.
^ Suetonius, I.e. ; Jerome, Chron. ad ann. Abr. 1830.
INTRODUCTION
he was probably the father of Livius SaUnator who, with G. Claudius, defeated Hasdrubal in 207. Andro- nicus may or may not have become a schoolmaster ; but a teacher he certainly was, interpreting Greek literature, especially poetry, to Roman pupils, and writing commentaries to read to them. Perhaps also it was for his pupils' benefit that he reproduced, in a rough Latin translation and paraphrase, in Saturnian verse. Homer's Odyssey ; " in any case this work of Andronicus was apparently regarded by Charisius as the oldest real poem in the Latin language ; and it became a book of the class-rooms for some generations to come.^
But Andronicus had other abilities besides those of a teacher; and he became an actor and stage- manager, and an author of stage-plays. At first he was known only for his Saturae, or plotless medleys produced on the stage to the accompaniment of a flute.'' But in 240 b.c. he was given an opportunity to make an important change, and accepted it; for in that year, in order to celebrate the Itidi Romani on a grander scale than usual because of Rome's victory in the first Punic War, the aediles approached Andronicus, and he replied by himself putting on the stage, and acting in, the first Latin comedy and the first Latin tragedy, both of which
•* Such mistakes as Andronicus is supposed to have made in his reproduction of the Greek would surely be due to imperfect knowledge not of Greek but of Latin; his Odyssey might thus be an early work. But the deviations from Homer seem to me to be deliberate on Andronicus' part. See pp. 24 £F.
* Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 84, 8-9 K. Horace, Epistles, II, 1, 69-71.
' Livy, Ilistor. ah urhe corulita, VII, 2, 8.
INTRODUCTION
he had composed himself; both were adapted from Greek models, and both therefore had a connected plot or fabula. From now onwards Andronicus, using the Latin language but Greek metres, con- tinued to translate and adapt Greek plays for the Roman stage ; from now onwards such fahulae began to displace the old saturae, which became instead ' satires ' to be read only, not performed on the stage. Andronicus continued to act himself, and spoke his parts on the stage so vigorously and was so often ' encored ' that his voice, we are told, became hoarse. This mishap brought about the institution of a singer or cantor to sing the words of the cantica in some sort of harmony with the flute- player, the actor doing no more than making the required gestures."
Before long, Andronicus found himself a famous man.^ Further honours awaited him. Early in 207 B.C., during the Second Punic War, omens of bad import terrified the Roman people, and, in order to expiate them, the pontifices ordained that thrice nine maidens should walk through the city singing a hymn. According to the historian Livy, it was the poet Livius who composed this hymn. While the girls were learning it, the shrine of Juno Regina on the Aventine was struck by lightning. The hymn was therefore sung in honour of Juno. Livy adds
" See Livy, I.e. ; Cicero, Brutus, xviii, 72 (on Accius' blunder, see pp. 586-7); de Senedute, xiv, 50; Cassiodor., Chron. ad 239 puts Livius' production of his first plays in 239. Cp. also Gellius, XVII, 21, 42; Cicero, de Legibus II, 15, 39; gloss. Salomon., Usener, Bh. Mus., XXVIII, 119; Festus, 492, 22.
'' Jerome, ad ann. 1830, is quite wrong in stating that Andronicus became famous in 187 B.C.
xi
INTRODUCTION
that the poem was perhaps worthy of praise, accord- ing to the ideas of those days, but nowadays would seem rough and unpohshed.** There is no doubt that this intercessory hymn was sung before the Battle of the Metaurus had taken place. But Festus, writing about * scribae,' says: 'After Livius Andronicus, in the Second Punic War, had written a hymn which was sung by maidens, because the commonwealth of the Roman people began to fare more prosperously, the temple of Minerva on the Aventine was publicly devoted to his honour; in this temple writers (sc. of plays) and actors were allowed to hold sittings and present votive gifts; this was done in honour of Livius, because he both wTote plays and acted in them.' ^ In this passage it is not clear whether the words ' because . . . pros- perously ' give the cause of the hymn mentioned here by Festus or of the honour granted to Andronicus. If they give the reason for the hymn, then this hymn is different from the one described by Livy, and would be a second hymn, one of thanksgiving; and it would be natural to conclude that this second hymn was composed, perhaps late in 207, in thanks for the victory of Livius Salinator at the Metaurus. <= It would be natural for Salinator (provided that his father was really that Livius who owned and freed Andronicus) to ask his old tutor to write something
« Livy, XXVII, 37.
^ Justus, 492, 22.
" It may be that we have a ' hidden fragment ' from one of these hymns; for the augmenter of Servius, on Virgil's Aen., IV, 37 says that ' Livius Andronicus relates that the Africans {sc. Carthaginians) often triumphed over the Romans and adorned their colonnades with s])()ils taken from the Romans.'
xii
INTRODUCTION
in celebration of the victory; but we must note that no authority at all, not even Cicero or Livy, or for that matter, Jerome, makes any such sug- gestion. It would be strange too, if there were two hymns, that Livy should mention one only. At any rate, in honour of Andronicus, after 207 B.C., the Romans found a collegium of playwrights and actors which developed into a Collegium Poetarum.^
We know only one thing more about the life of Andronicus ; he survived the adolescence of Cato the elder, who saw Andronicus when Andronicus was an old man,^ Thus he who had created the first Latin epic, the first Latin tragedy, the first Latin comedy (all these in a borrowed form as it were), and the first Latin lyric poetry (this perhaps out of quite original Latin material if not in Latin metre), died about the year 204 B.C.
Although Andronicus' works, popular at first, were, in the eyes of the public and the minds of literary men, soon neglected in favour of more brilUant achievements, yet his Odyssey, and perhaps his hymns and parts of his tragedies also, were studied in schools until the end of the Republican period. Thus Cicero looked on Andronicus' Odyssey as comparable mth an architectural work of Daedalus, that is, impressive but antique and rough, and his plays as not worth a second reading ; ^ while Horace, though his teacher Orbilius made him study ' Livi
« Festus, 492, he. Cf. B. Kruczkiewicz, in Eos, I, 127; E. Sihier, in Amer. Journ. Phil, XXVI, 1. Cichorius, i?dm. Stud., 1 fF., tries to show that Livius had already composed a hymn in honour of Proserpine in 249 B.C. ; ci. Wissowa, Gott. gel. Anz., 1924, 51.
^ Cicero, de Senectute, xiv, 50.
<= Cicero, Bnittis, xviii, 71.
xiii
INTRODUCTION
carmina,' did not agree with any \vlio believed that Livius' compositions were beautiful and nearly perfect.** During the period of the empire his works survived in libraries, but were not often read, except for the interest offered by their archaic character,^ until for this same reason several gram- marians, from the fourth to the seventh centuries, drew material from them. After that, Andronicus' fame and then his works were lost.
Life of Naevius
When we turn to the life of Cn. Naevius, we are met to a greater degree by the same kind of difficulty as we find in approaching the career of Andronicus ; but we have enough scraps of information and enough fragments to reveal in Naevius a true Latin poet who was a Roman citizen, enjoyed more independence of living than Andronicus did, and was endowed with a truly national spirit. He was born about 270 B.C., and belonged to a plebeian ge?is whose name is frequent in Latin records ; he was thus at least a Latin and probably a true Roman, though some believe that he was born in Campania, because Gellius '^ speaks of Naevius' epitaph (see pp. 154-5) as full of * Campanian haughtiness.' But Campanian arrogance had become proverbial, and so could be used of any one, whether Campanian or not.
Naevius served as a soldier in the first Punic War (264-241 B.C.), and when he was about forty-five years old began to produce plays in Rome, in 235
° Horace, Epistles, II, 1, 69-72.
* Gellius, XVIII, 9, 5. Festus (from Verrius Flaccus) gives various passages. <= Gellius, I, 24, 2.
xiv
INTRODUCTION
B.c.^ There is no evidence that he ever became an actor; his dramatic career therefore would be independent of the actor's profession. He showed a preference for comedies, which were mostly fahulae palliatae modelled upon Greek sources, though some were togatae, the subject-matter of these being Roman or Italian, not Greek. Soon after 222 B.C. he invented a new kind of play — the fahula praetexta or historical Roman play — by composing one {Clasti- dium) which dealt with the victory won at Clastidium by M. Marcellus in 222 e.g. ; another one, Romulus, perhaps followed soon afterwards. This kind of play, though it was attempted by successors of Naevius, never became popular. For palliatae Naevius was especially famous, being bv some critics placed third in order of merit among comic poets ; some of the palliatae have Latin titles, which may indicate plays composed later than those which have Greek titles. He sometimes practised con- taminatio or fusion of two Greek plays into one Latin. ^ In his togatae, and possibly also in his palliatae (thus deviating widely from the Greek originals), Naevius boldly and pointedly attacked famous statesmen living in Rome : some of his attacks were possibly made in a Satura,^ but this could well be the title of a single comedy. Even the great Scipio Africanus suffered from the poet's rancour (see pp. 138-9). Further, the gens of the Caecilii Metelli was so greatly irritated by Naevius that in 206 Q. Caecilius Metellus threatened retahation
« Gellius, XVII, 21, 44.
* Volcacius Sedigitus puts Naevius third : Gellius, XV, 24 ; contaminatio : Terence, Andria, prol., 15-19. / Festus, 340, 27 £F.
INTRODUCTION
upon him." In the end, ' because of constant insults and jibes uttered against leading men of the state in the manner of Greek poets ' {sc. of the ' Old Comedy '), he was thrown into prison ^ at Rome by the triumviri capitales. There he called forth the sympathy of his fellow-playwright Plautus.*' While he was in prison Naevius wrote tM-o plays, Ariolus and Leon, in which he apologised for his misdoings and ' petulantia ' which had hurt so many people. He was then set free by the tribunes of the plebs.^ But either he resumed his attacks or his old enemies were unforgiving, because he was almost at once, through the activities of the nobles, and especially the Metelli, exiled from Rome and Italy. ^ He went to Utica in northern Africa, doubtless after the end of the siege of that place by Scipio in 202, and soon afterwards died there, in 201, according to Jerome,/ though he may have died a year or two later than this.
One of Naevius' most important achievements — indeed perhaps the most important if not the most poetic — has not been mentioned yet. This is the Punic War, that is to say an epic poem on the first Punic War, in which he had served. It was published and apparently also composed by Naevius in his old age,^ and his strong national S})irit caused him to use the old native Saturnian metre. The result was prosy, and it may be that it had been begun
" Pseudo-Ascon. ad Cic, Verr., I, 10, 29; see pp. 154-5.
" Gellius, III, 3, 15. " Plaut., Mil. Glor., 211-2.
'^ Gellius, III, 3, 15. ^ Jerome, ad aim. 1816 = 201.
f I.e. Cicero, Brutus, xv, 60 shows that ' ancient com- mentaries * recorded Naevius' death in 204, but points out that Varro distrusted this date and put Naevius' death later.
" Cicero, de Senectute, xiv, 50.
INTRODUCTION
soon after 240 b.c, and was continued and completed at intervals. The work was important because though it was not the first epic poem written in Latin, it was the first national or really Roman epic. Herein Naevius traced the legendary origins of Rome and Carthage, bringing in stories of heroes and gods, and putting into Latin verse the already accepted but fictitious connexion between Rome and Troy. The influence of the poem on Ennius and \'irgil was undoubtedly great (see e.g. Vol. I, pp. xxii and 64-5, 82-3; and this volume, pp. 49, 53). Written by Nae\dus as one uninterrupted whole, it was divided into seven books by C. Octavius Lampadio c. 165 b.c." Other commentators also worked upon it.^ Admiration felt for it by the Romans is doubtless due largely to the fact that it was their own first epic about themselves, dealing with a terrible war which had a victorious ending for Rome. However, the defects of the poem were not ignored. It pleased Cicero as might a work of the sculptor Myron, and he admits that, splendidly as Naevius had acquitted himself, Ennius wrote more polished epic poetry.''
Life of Pacuvius
At Brundisium ^ in Calabria, in or about 220 B.C., was born M. Pacuvius, a son of the sister ^ of the poet
° Suetonius, de Grammat., 2; cp. Nonius, 170, 17.
^ One Vergilius and one Cornelius — Varro, L.L., VII, 39.
<^ Cicero, Brutus, 75. Caesius Bassus (Atil. Fortunat.), ap. G.L., VI, 255, in Nero's time found the metre of the Punic War very formless.
'^ Jerome, ad ann. 1863.
« So Pliny, XXXV, 19; son of Ennius' daughter, says Jerome wrongly.
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VOL. II. 6
INTRODUCTION
Ennius ; his ancestry " on his father's side was of ' Romanised ' or ' Latinised ' Oscan stock. He came to Rome, and, havino; joined the Hterary circle of LaeHus, spent most of his long life in painting and in writing tragedies. One at least of his paintings, in the temple of Hercules in the forum boarium, was still noted in the time of the elder Pliny ,^ who testifies to the fame of Pacuvius as a painter ; but his chief claim to renown lay probably in his tragedies, which he seems not to have composed until he was well on in years. He was inspired by the tragedies of Ennius, but can hardly have been a * pupil ' of that poet.*' His year of fame is stated by Jerome to have been 154 b.c.'' Pacuvius in turn inspired one Pompilius, who claimed to be a discipulus of Pacuvius.^ Pacuvius became a friend of Accius, his contem- porary and successor in Roman tragedy, and, in 140 B.C., when Pacuvius was eighty years old and Accius forty, both produced a play for the same occasion./ Being now an old man, and afflicted by some long- lasting disease of the body, he retired soon after- wards to Tarentum. There he was visited one day by Accius, who was on a journey to Asia. Accius was welcomed by Pacuvius, stayed a few days, and at Pacuvius' earnest request read to him his tragedy Atreus. Pacuvius said that what Accius had written was grand and sonorous, but seemed rather harsh
" Other forms of the gentile name Pacuvius are Pacuius, Pacvius, and Paquius.
^ PUny, I.e. ; cp. Jerome, I.e.
« Pompilius ap. Varr., in Nonius, 88, 5.
«' Jerome, ad ann, 600 = 154.
' Pompihus, I.e.
f Cicero, Brutus, Ixiv, 229. It was of course one of his last plays that Pacuvius produced in that year, xviii
INTRODUCTION
and rugged. Accius admitted this criticism, and hoped to do better. <^ When he was nearly ninety- years old, Pacuvius died at Tarentiim, about the years 132-130 B.C.
Besides writing a few famous tragedies, Pacuvius wrote one fahula praetexta, called Paulus, probably on Aemilius Paulus, \dctor at Pydna in 168 B.C. He also wrote Satura.^ A man of two professions, a painter before he was a tragic poet, he had but a small literary output. Cicero and others put him at the head of Roman tragic ^vriters ; others thought him excellent in some things,*' faulty in others.^ There can be no doubt that in the first century B.C. some of his plays enjoyed great popularity (cf. pp. 239, 286, 291 b.c.)
Life of Accius
Lucius Accius ^ was born in 170 b.c. at Pisaurum, his parents being freedmen. His father had been included amongst the colonists which the Romans had sent out to Pisaurum in 184; and a. fundus close to that town was always called Accianus./ Lucius came to Rome and there spent a long life in literary pursuits, especially in the production of tragedies, of which he composed a good number. We have
« GelHus, XIII, 2, 1-4; Jerome, I.e.
* Diomedes, ap. O.L., I, 485, 32 K; Porphyrio, ad Hor. S., I, 10, 46.
<^ Cicero, de opt. gen. or., 1 ; cp. ' auct.,' ad Herenn., IV, 7 Gellius, VI, 14, 6.
'^ LucQius, ap. Non., 30, 28; Cicero, Brutus, \xxiv, 258 Persius, S., I, 77 ; et al.
^ In inscriptions (including some from Pisaurum), the com- moner spelling is Attius; in manuscripts, Accius.
/ Jerome, ad ann. 1878, 139. Pliny, VII, 128.
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62
INTRODUCTION
only a few scraps of information about his career. In 140 B.C. he and Pacuvius each produced a play for the same occasion ; and the next year was, according to Jerome, his year of fame." He was a close friend of D. Brutus Gallaecus (consul in 138), for whom he wrote a book of Saturnian verses, probably in honour of Gallaecus' success in Spain. Gallaecus caused some of these and perhaps other verses of Accius to be written on the approaches of temples and monuments set up by Gallaecus.'' About 135 Accius made a journey to Asia; it was then that he called on and stayed with Pacuvius at Tarentum and read to Pacuvius his play Atreus, which had apparently been produced (see above, p. xviii). We read also how a slave and grammaticus named Daphnis (afterwards Lutatius Daphnis) was sold by Accius at a very high price by auction to M. Scaurus.^ Doubtless the great market-value of Daphnis was due partly to education by Accius. When a certain mimus addressed Accius by name on the stage, Accius sued him for damages, and secured a conviction through P. Mucius.*^ But Accius was presumably not a man of quarrelsome character; when he was asked why, since skill in vigorous reply was so very evident in his tragedies, he did not become a pleader in the law-courts, he answered that in his tragedies the characters said what he wanted, but in the forum his adversaries were sure to say what he didn't want them to say.'^ In 104 or
" Cicero, Brutus, 229; Jerome, I.e.; see also above, p. xviii.
^ Cicero, pro Archia, xi, 27; Brutus, xxviii, 107; de Leg., II, 21, 54; Schol. Bob., ad Cic, pro Arch. I.e.
<^ Pliny, VII, 128.
<* 'auct.,' ad Herennium, I, 14, 24; II, 13, 19.
* Quintilian, V, 13, 43. XX
INTRODUCTION
thereabouts he produced one of his most famous plays — Tereus, of which Cicero saw a performance in 44 B.C.-' At some time or other Accius caused a tall statue of himself to be placed in the aedes Camenarum ; this caused pointed remarks to be made about him because he was a very short man.^
Accius lived to be very old ; thus we are told that on occasions when C. Julius Caesar Strabo (aedilis curulis in 90 B.C., killed in 87), an author, like Accius, of tragedies, entered the building of the collegium poetarum, Accius never rose out of respect for him, because Accius was confident, to some degree at any rate, of superiority in himself as regards their common pursuits.^ Strabo was born about 120 B.C., and can hardly have been famous as a playwright before 95. Again, Cicero, as Cicero himself dis- tinctly implies, knew Accius personally and used to talk with him on literary matters ; ^ this would hardly be before Cicero was twenty years old, that is to sav in 86 b.c. Thus Accius lived to be more than eighty years of age. But when he died we do not know.
Most of the general references made to Accius bv later writers are complimentary ; indeed Velleius Paterculus ^ says that Roman tragedy ' lies in and round Accius.' But the poet was also the author of works other than tragedies on Greek models. We have fragments, all in poetry, of two fahulae prae- textae ; of Didascalica and Pragmatica (both of which
" Cicero, Phil, I, 36; cp. ad Att., XVI, 2, 3; XVI, 5, 1; et at.
^ Pliny, XXXIV, 19.
« Valerius Maximus, III, 7,11.
"^ Cicero, Brutus, 107. * I, 17, 1.
INTRODUCTION
dealt with stage-history and stage-practice); of Ainmles (about festivals ?) : and of Parerga (about agriculture?); and, as mentioned on p. xx, there is evidence of a i)ook of Saturnians composed in honour of D. Brutus Gallaecus and entitled probably Gallaecus or Decimus ; of a work called Praxidicus or Praxidica ; and of amatory poems."
Lastly, Accius advocated, and perhaps put into practice in writing his tragedies and other works (though our sources do not show this) certain reforms in Latin spelling. They are of some interest, and I give here a summary of the new rules which he put forward : —
(i) There should, in writing, be some way of distinguishing long vowel-sounds from short; to express the long vowel-sounds a, e, and u, the vowel- letter should always be doubled (aa, ee, uu) according to a system already in existence but seldom used ; ^ and the long vowel-sound I should be expressed by ei.^
(ii) There should be some way of expressing the velar n followed by a guttural. Thus the sound ng should be expressed by gg, and the sound nc by gc; both methods follow a Greek practice.
« On all these, see pp. 552-565; and 578-595. I take it that the title of the book on Brutus would be Gallaecus or Decimus to distinguish it from Accius' fabula praetexta called Brutus.
^ Velius Longus, ap. O.L., VII, 55, 25 K; Terentianus Scaurus, ap. G.L., VII, 18, 12 (2255); this doubling not a new thing : Quintil., I, 7, 14 ; practised by Andronicus and Naevius (? text of Marius not quite clear — Marius Victorinus, ap. G.L., VI, 8, 11). In any case this doubling occurred already in several Italian dialects also.
<^ Mar. Vict., I.e.
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INTRODUCTION
Thus Acciiis wrote ' aggueis ' for ' anguis ' ; ' aggu- lus ' for ' angulus ' (the (ireeks, reproducing anguis and angulus in Greek, would write ayyris, ayyvXoi) ; ' agceps ' for * anceps ' ; ' agcilla ' for ' ancilla ' ; ' Aggitia ' for ' Angitia ' ; ' aggustum ' for ' angus- tum ' ; ' agquirit ' for ' anquirit.' These are all quoted from Accius by Marius Victorinus. Other examples, not quoted as from Accius, but mentioned by Priscianus in connexion with him, and M'ith some of the examples given above, are ' Agchises ' for ' Anchises ' ; ' aggens ' for ' angens ' ; ' agguilla ' for ' anguilla ' ; ' iggerunt ' for ' ingerunt ' ; and ' agcora ' for ' ancora.' "
(iii) The letters y and z should not be used ; this rule at any rate Accius did follow in his own works. ^
(iv) But the spelling of Greek nouns and names should be preserved closely; thus, according to Varro, Accius always wrote the word ' scaena ' as ' scena,' because the Greeks -wrote crKrjvyj; he also restored, in his tragedies, Greek forms of Greek names, preferring Hectora ("EKTopa) to Hectorem as the accusative case of Hector.'^ It has also been supposed that Accius made it a rule to put k instead of c before a and q instead of c before u. But this cannot be decided. We do not know what other
« Mar. Vict., ap. O.L., VI, 8, 11; VI, 19, 11; Priscianus, ap. II, 30, 12. In Marius, VI, 8, 11, I propose ' Accius cum scriberet anguis aggueis ponebat ; cum angulus aggulus ' for ' A. c. s. anguis f anguies angules imponebatf e. q. 5.'
* Marius Victorinus, ap. G.L., VI, 8, 11.
<= Varro, L.L., \ai, 96; X, 70 (haec. . . . coepit ... ad formas Graecas verborum magis revocare, a quo Valerius ait ' Accius Hectorem nollet facere, Hectora maUet.') Accius doubtless used the word ' scena ' in the Didascalica and the Pragmntka.
xxiii
INTRODUCTION
changes were proposed by Accius, nor do we know whether he gave liis views in any special written work (e.g. ' De Orthographia '), or how far he put them into practice in writing his tragedies and other works. At any rate some of his suggestions were taken seriously by the Romans, not only by con- temporaries (cp. the ideas of Lucilius on spelling, given in Remains, Vol. Ill), but in succeeding times also, and have left their mark even on some surviving inscriptions (see again Vol. III). Varro addressed to Accius an early work de antiquitate Litterarum ; and there is some evidence that even the elder Pliny was influenced by the doubling of vowels.
Editions
Livius Andronicus, Naevius, Pacuvius, Accius
The folloiving contain fragments of all four poets : —
J. Wordsworth. Fragmeiits a7id Specimens of Early Latin. Oxford. Clar. Press. 1874. Has some Livius (pp. 289-91, Oc?^**. complete) ; Naevius (pp. 292-9 ; Bell. P. complete) ; Pacuvius, pp. 314-6 ; Accius, pp. 318-25 ; notes pp. 567 ff.
W. W. Merry. Selected Fragmeiits of Roman Poetry. 2nd edition. Oxford. Clar. Press. 1898. Con- tains some Livius, pp. 7-13 ; Naevius, pp. 14-30 ; Pacuvius, pp. 68-91; Accius, pp. 112-145.
E. Diehl. Poetarum Romanorum Veterum Reliquiae.
Selegit E. D. Bonn. Weber, 1911. Kleine
Texte, 69. This contains much of Livius, pp. 6-9 ;
Naevius, pp. 9 ff. ; Pacuvius, pp. 49 ff. ; Accius,
pp. 73 ff. xxiv
INTRODUCTION
O. Ribbeck. Scaenicae Romanorum Poesis Frag- menia. I. Tragicorum Rom. Fr. ; II. Comicorum Rom. Fr. praeter Plauhun et Terejitiiim. Leipzig. 1st edition, 1852; 2nd edition, trag. 1871, com. 1873 ; 3rd edition (' Teubner Texts '), trag. 1897, com. 1898. These volumes contain the plays only. For the other works of the four poets see : —
A. Baehrens. Fragmenta Poetarum Romanorum. Leipzig. Teubner. 1886. Contains Livius' Odyssey, pp. 37 ff. ; Naevius' Bellum Piinicum and other remains (not of plays), pp. 43 if. ; and Accius' Annates, Didascalica, Parerga, Pragmatica, pp. 43 ff. Revised issue of this collection, with same scope, by W. Morel. 1927. Livius, pp. 7-17 ; Naevius, pp. 17-28 ; Accius, pp. 34 ff. See also A. Egger, below, p. xxvii.
Other more or less complete collections (of course antiquated, and containing much unrectified confusion between Livius, Laevius, Novius, and Naevius) :
R. and H. Stephanus. Fragmenta Poetarum Veterum Romanorum. . . . a Rob. Stephano . . . congesta, ah Henrico . . . digesta. 1564. A beautiful book containing all Livius, pp. 144 if. ; Naevius, pp. 214 ff. ; Pacuvius, pp. 237 ff. ; and Accius, pp. 5 ff.
A.P.B.P.G. Corpus Omnium Veterum Poetarum Latinorum. I. Geneva. Crispinus. 1611. Con- tains more or less all Livius, pp. 2-3 ; Naevius, pp. 334 ff. ; Pacuvius, pp. 340 ff. ; Accius, pp. 351 ff. Another edition, 1627 ; Livius, pp. 1-2 ; Naevius, pp. 288 ff. ; Pacuvius, pp. 293 ff. ; Accius, 301 ff.
INTRODUCTION
M. A. Del Rio (Delrius). Syntagma Tragoediae Latinae. Paris. 1619. Part I has the tragic fragments of Livius (pp. 93-5) ; Naevius (pp. 108-111); Pacuvius (pp. 111-125); and Aceius (pp. 125-151).
P. Sehrijver, P. Scriverius. Collectanea Veierum Tragicorum. . . . G. J. Vossii in Fragmenta L. Livii Andronici [pp. 1 ff.], Q. Ennii^ C. Naevii [pp. 39 flP.], M. Pacuvii [pp. 49 fF.], L. Attii [pp. 89 ff.] Castigationes et Notae, Leyden. Maire. 1620. Bound up with Sehrijver 's Seneca Tragicus. Contains mostly tragic fragments only.
M. Maittaire. Opera et Fragmenta Veterum Poetarum Latinorum. II. London. Nicholson. 1713, 1721. Contains all Livius (pp. 1456-7) ; Naevius (pp. 1473-8), Pacuvius (pp. 1479-1483), and most of Aceius (pp. 1487-1496).
Corpus Omnium Veterum Poetarum Latinorum. II. London. Vaillant. 1721. Has all Livius (pp. 1456-7); Naevius (pp. 1473-8); Pacuvius (pp. 1479-83) ; and the plays of Aceius (pp. 1487-96).
P. Amati. Collectio Pisaurensis Omnium Poematum, Carminum, Fragmentorum Latinorum. W.
Pesaro. 1766. Contains all Livius (pp. 261-4); Naevius (pp. 288-98); Pacuvius (pp. 298-308); and the plays of Aceius (pp. 314- 332).
J. J3. Levee et G. A. Le Monnier. Theatre complei des Latins (Latin and French), XV. Paris. Chasseriau. 1822. Contains the plays of Livius (pp. 1 ff.) ; Naevius (pp. 65 ff.) ; Pacuvius (pp. 283 ff.) ; Aceius (pp. 107 ff.).
F. H. Bothe. Poetarum Scenicorum Latinorum Frag- menta. Leipzig. 1834. Vols. V, \\.
xxvi
INTRODUCTION
Separate editions of iiidividual authors
Livius G.Hermann. EIeme?ita Doctrinae Metricae. Leipzig.
Fleischer. 1816. Ill, pp. 617-28. Od i/ s s ei/ on\y . H. Duentzer. L. Livii Andronici Fragmenta coUecta
et ijilustrata. Berlin. Nietack. 1835, 1874.
Plays only. A. E. Egger. Latini Sermonis Vetustioris Reliquiae
Selectae. Paris. Hachette. 1843. Pp. 116-
121. Odyssey only. Contains also selections
from Naevius, Pacuvius, and Accius. E. Klussmann. Livii Andronici Dramatum Reliquiae.
I. Jena. 1849. Tragedies only. L. Mueller. Der Saiurnische Vers. Leipzig. Teubner.
1885. Pp. 124-132. Odyssey only. Cp. L.
Havet, De Saiurnio Latinorum Versu. Paris,
1880. Pp. 425fF. L. Mueller. Livi Andronici et Cn. Naevi Fahulariim
Reliquiae. Berlin. 1885. [Livius : pp. 4-8, 25 ff.] H. De la Mile de Mirmont. J^tudes sur Vancienne
Poesie Latine. Paris. Fortemoing. 1903.
[Livius, pp. 5-201.] G. Pascoli. Epos, I. Livorno. Giusti. 2nd edition.
1911. [Livius, Odyssey, pp. 1-6.]
Naevius G. Hermann. Elei?ie?ita Doctrinae Metricae. Leipzig. Fleischer. 1816. Ill, pp. 629-38. Bellum Punicum. L.Mueller. Der Saiurnische Vers. Leipzig. Teubner.
1885. Pp. 134-146 (not plays). L. Mueller. Livi Andronici et Cn. Naevi Fahularum .Reliquiae. Berlin. 1885. [Naevius: pp. 8- 25, 27 ff.]
xxvii
INTRODUCTION
L. Mueller. Q. Eiini Carminum Reliquiae. Ac- cedunt Cn. Xaevi Belli Poenici quae supersunt. (St. Petersburg). Ricker. 1884. [Naevius: pp. 157 ff.]
E. P. J. Spangenberg. Qui?iti Enni Annalium. . . . Fratrmeiita. . . . Accedunt Cn. Naevii Librorum de Be Ho Punico Fragmenta. . . . opera et studio E.S. Leipzig. 1825. [Naevius : pp. 183 ff.]
E. Klussmann. C}i. Naevii Poetae Romani vitam descripsit, carminum reliqidas collegit, poesis rationemexposuitE.K. Jena. Hochhausen. 1843.
J. \'ahlen. Cn. Naevi de Bello Punico Reliquiae.
Leipzig. Teubner. 1854. (j. Pascoli. Epos. I. Livorno. Giusti. 2nd edition.
1911. [Naevius, Bellum Puniciim, pp. 6-13.]
Pacuvius
There is no separate treatment of Pacuvius except C. Faggiano. Ricosiruzione dei drammi e trad. d. frammenti. Galatina. Marra and Lanzi. 1930.
Accius
F. H. Cramer. L. Attii Fragmenta post Bothii. . . .
curas emendavit F.H.C. Pt. 1. Monasterre. Coppenrath. 1852. L. Mueller. C Lucili Saturarum Reliquiae. Accedunt Acci (praeter Scenica^ et Suei carminum Reliquiae. Leipzig. Teubner. 1872. [Accius: pp. 303 ff.]
E. H. Warmington.
Birkheck College, University of London, Fetter Lane, London, E.C. 4. I^rdof June,\^m. xxviii
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
VOL. II.
TRAGOEDIAE
ACHILLES 1
Nonius, 365, 37 : ' Pretium ' . . . Livius Achille — Achilles Si malas imitabo, turn tu pretium pro noxa dabis. Cp. Non., 473, 19; Horn., II., IX, 260 s.
AEGISTHUS 2-4
Nonius, 512, 31 : ' Aequiter.' . . . Livius Aegistho —
Nam ut Pergama accensa et praeda per participes aequiter partita est,
Cp. Sen., Agam.y 422.
5-6
Nonius, 335, 26 : ' Lustrare ' est circumire . . . — Tum autem lascivum Nerei simum pecus ludens ad cantum classem lustratur.
Cp. Non., 158, 35 (5). Sen., Agam., 449 s.
* malos ed. princ. malas cdd. 365 males cdd. 473 (malas Bamb.)
* lustratur cdd. lustrat navium Klussmann lus- tratur <choro>Ribb. classium lustrat rates Buecheler {coll. Sen., Agam., 455)
2
TRAGEDIES
ACHILLES
1
Achilles refuses to accept the gifts offered by Agamemnon : Nonius : ' Pretium ' . . . Livius in Achilles — Achilles
If I take women-cowards for my pattern,
Then you, yes you, will pay the price for ^^Tong.
AEGISTHUS «
2-4
How the Greeks returned from Troy. Capture of the city :
Nonius : ' Aequiter ' . . . Livius in Aegisthus—
For, Pergama being burnt out, the booty shared Fairly amongst the men partaking of it,
5-6 The voyage home began in fair weather ; sporting dolphins : Nonius : ' Lustrare ' means to circle round ... —
But then the frisky snub-nosed herd of Nereus Ranged round the vessels, sporting to our songs.
" This play may well have influenced Seneca in his Agamemnon : R. 28 fE.
b2
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
Nonius, 166, 23 : ' Ruminari ' dictum in memoriam revo- care ... —
Agamemno Nemo haece vostrum runiinetur mulieri. Cp. Sen., Agam., 800-1.
8
Nonius, 176, 12 : ' Sollemnitus ' pro sollemniter. Livius Aegistho —
sollemnitusque deo litat laudem et lubens.
Cp. Sen., Again. y 802 s.
9-10
Nonius, 127, 32 : ' luxtim ' pro ' iuxta,' ... —
Cassandra ?
... in sedes conlocat se regias ; Clutaemestra luxtim, tertias natae occupant.
Cp. Sen., Agam., 879 s.
' haece IVIr. haec cdd. vostrum D. Heinsius vost- ronim Onions voster cdd,
Non. 176 : Livius Bentin. Accius Urbin. Lucilius cdd.
® deo litat vel adcantitat Ribb. deo dicat Mr. adytali deo coni. Linds. adeo attuli {vel adeo illicita ille)
Bothe accedit vel dedicat Hermann adeo ditat Kluss- mann adeo litato audit Duentzer adeo ditali cdd. (adconditali Lu.) laudem et lubens {vel audet 1.) Bothe
adoret ac laudet Buecheler laude illubens Klussmann audit lubens Duentzer laudet lubens cdd. laudes edd.
TRAGEDIES
7
Agamemnon demands that Cassandra be well treated :
Nonius : ' Ruminari ' (chew the cud) is a term used for recall to memory ... —
Agamemnon
Not one of you must chew the cud of this Within the woman's hearing.*^
8
Agamemnon gave thanks to the gods :
Nonius : ' Sollemnitus ' for ' sollemniter.' Livius * in Aegisthus —
With wonted worship and \\dth willing heart He made good sacrifice of praise to God.
9-10
How Agamemnon vms murdered as he sat at table with Clytaemnestra and his daughters Electra and Chrysothemis :
Nonius : ' luxtim ' for ' iuxta.' ... —
Cassandra ? '^
He seats himself upon the royal chair,
And Clytaemnestra is next to him ; the thirds
Their daughters occupy.
^ i.e. no one shall remind Cassandra about Troy. R., 30.
^ The name of the author is not certain, and the quotation is corrupt. In Seneca, Agamemnon himself reports his own action, so that the corrupt ditali may be dictavi {ditat Kluss- mann).
'^ In Seneca the scene is described by Cassandra, who either stands where she can see into the palace, or is able to see the murder by divine power. So also perhaps in Livius.
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
11
Nonius, 110, 32 : ' Fligi,' affligi . . . —
Ipsus se in terram saucius fligit cadens.
Cp. Sen., Agam., 901 5.
12-13
Nonius, 23, 20 : ' Procacitcas ' a procando vel poscendo dicitur. ... —
Aegisthus
Quin, quod parere mihi vos maiestas mea procat, toleratis temploque hanc deducitis ? Cp. Sen., Agam., 997 s.
u
Nonius, 132, 29 : ' Laetare ' et ' laetiscere,' laetificare
lamne oculos specie laetavisti optabili ? Cp. Non., 386, 29. .
MAX MASTIGOPHORUS 15 Nonius, 127, 13 : ' lamdiu ' pro olim. . . . Livius Aiace— Mirum videtur quod sit factum iam diu ?
^^ ipsus Bothe ipse odd,
^2 mihi suppl. Ribb. {qui et vos mi coni.) parere m. v. m.
procat Bothe vosmet Klussmann vos iam Hermann
maiestas mea procat |<ultro> t. Buecheler
<* Of Agamemnon's corpse.
TRAGEDIES
11
Agamemnon falls mortally wounded :
Nonius : ' Fligi,' the same as ' affligi ' . . . —
Himself fell hurt and dashed himself to earth.
12-13
Aegisthus demands that Electra be dragged from her refuge :
Nonius : ' Procacitas ' is a term derived from ' procare,' that is, to demand. ... —
Aegisthus
You must endure the duty of obedience To what my majesty demands. Lead you This woman from the temple !
14
Unplaced fragment :
Nonius : ' Laetare ' and ' laetiscere,' the same as ' laeti- ficare ' . . . —
And have you done with gladdening your eyes Upon a sight ** desirable ?
.3 A J AX WHIP-BEARER 6
15
The Cheeks forget Ajax's great deeds at Troy ? :
Nonius : ' lamdiu ' for once upon a time. . . . Livius in Ajax —
Does that seem wonderful because 'twas done Now long ago ?
'' Based apparently on Sophocles' Ata?, to which name the MSS. of Sophocles add MaariYO(f>6pos — an epithet adopted probably by some Alexandrian scholar.
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
16-17
Nonius, 207, 32 : ' Gelu ' neutri generis . . . Livius Aiace Mastigophoro —
Praestatur laus virtuti, sed multo ocius
verno gelu tabescit.
Cp. Soph., Ai., 1266-7.
ANDROMEDA
18
Nonius, 62, 15 : ' Confluges ' loca in quae rivi diversi con- fluant. Livius Andromeda —
confluges ubi conventu campum totum inumigant.
DANAE
19 Nonius, 473, 26 : ' Minitas ' pro ' minaris.' Livius Danae — . . . Etiam minitas ? Mitte ea quae tua sunt magis quam mea.
Non. 207 : Titus Livius pisi cdd. Titus seclnd. lun. Livius bis in vel posuit coni, Linds.
i^~^' sic Ribb. sec. Bueeheler praestat vel praestat vero
coni. Linds. set gelu Linds. praestatur virtuti laus gelu set multo ocius venio tabescit cdd. (vento Flor. 3)
1^ confluges Flor. 3 confluge Lu.G. ubi cdd. cubi
(rivi olim) Ribb. conventu lun. conventum cdd.
Non. 473 : Naevius Pius.
^' mea . . . tua {vel tua . . . minus . . . mea) Mr. trib. Naev. ' Dan.^ Aid.
8
TRAGEDIES
16-17
Teucer on the short memory of men for a dead hero ? "
Nonius : ' Gelu ' in the neuter gender . . . Livius . Ajax Whip-bearer —
To virtue praise is offered, But quicker far it melts than ice in spring.
ANDROMEDA
18
Flood sent by Neptune on the land of Ethiopia :
Nonius : ' Confluges,' places into which streams flow together from different directions. Livius in Andromeda —
When many a watersmeet floods over all The fields.
DANAE »
19
Nonius : ' Minitas ' for ' minaris.' Livius in Danae —
Do you then threaten? Why, have done with
things ^ Which, rather than to me, belong to you.
" I accept Ribbeck, 26, in want of something better.
'' Cp. Naevius' Dana^ (pp. 112 ff.), to which this fr. may belong.
'^ Threats, apparently, unless rnea and tua have changed places.
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
EQUOS TROIANUS
20-22
Nonius, 475, 10 : * Opitula.' Livius Equo Troiano—
Da mihi hasce opes quas peto, quas precor ! Porrige, opitula !
HERMIONA
23
Nonius, 111, 7: ' Fuam ' sim vel fiam. . . . Livius Her- miona —
Andromacha
Obsecro te, Anciale, matri ne quid tuae advorsus fuas.
TEREUS
Nothing definite can be said about the plot of this play. Possibly Livius did not follow the normal version of the legend which appears in the frs. of Accius' play (see pp. 543 ff .), but one given by Hj^ginus, Fab.y XLV. Tereus of Thrace, married to Procne, daughter of Pandion, desired to marry his other daughter Philomela, and told him that Procne was dead. Pandion sent her under escort; Tereus outraged Philomela, and sent her to King Lynceus whose queen Laethusa, being a
2^ porrige cd. Nic. Fabri corrige relL
" We have also apparently a Trojan Horse of Naftvius (pp. 116-7) and a Trojan Horse of which the author is not
10
TRAGEDIES THE TROJAN HORSE «
20-22
Cassandra having failed to persuade the Trojans that there are enemies in the horse calls on Apollo for help ? :
Nonius : ' Opitula.' Livius in The Trojan Horse — Hold out to me here the help for which I beg and pray ! Oh, grant thou it ! Bring me help !
HERMIONA ^
23 _
Andromache, captive mistress of Neoptolemus, to their son Anchialus (Amphialits) :
Nonius : ' Fuam ' for ' sim ' or ' fiam.' . . . Livius in Hermiona —
Andromache
Anchialus, be not in anything,
I pray you, turned against your mother.
TEREUS
friend of Procne, brought the sisters together. They planned a revenge on Tereus. He, learning from soothsayers that Itys, his son by Procne, would be killed by a kinsman's hand, killed his guiltless brother Drj^as. Then Procne killed Itys, served him up as a feast to Tereus, and fled with Philomela. Tereus pursued them, but Procne was changed by the gods into a swallow, Philomela into a nightingale, and Tereus into a hawk. R., 35 ff.
named (see p. 623). All the frs. may belong to one play by Livius or Naevius. Cf. LaUier, Mel. Graux, 1884, 103; Rostagni, in Biv., XLIV, 379; Tolkiehn, .V. Jahrb. f. Kl. 'Fhil, CLV, 101 ; Terzaghi, Atti di Torino, LX, 660.
^ Cp. Pacuvius' play, pp. 22i £E., and Hygin,, Fab., 123. .
II
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
24 Nonius, 5ir>, 24 : * Rarenter ' . . . Livius Tereo — Rarenter venio.
25-6 Nonius, 334, 2 : ' Limare ' etiam dicitur coniungere. ... —
Procne
Credito cum illo soror mea voluntate numquam limavit caput.
27-8 Nonius, 153, 22 : ' Perbitere,' perire ... —
Procne
Ego puerum interead ancillae subdam lactantem
meae ne fame perbitat.
2* venio G. Lugd. Bamb., Harl. 2, al. vento Lu.\ venit Par. 7666 venito Harl.y Par. 7667 Escorial. {rede ?)
26 illo soror Mercier illoc olli Ribb. illo sola Bothe illo Filomela ex Mr. iUoe olim coni. Linds. illos
soli cdd. limavi Mercier limavit cdd.
2' interead Ribb. interea cdd. lactantem Palmer
(Spic), et cd. Flor. ? lactentem Bongars lactentera vel lactanti Voss lactandum Heinsius lactantem cdd.
" sc. Tereus'. Limare caput cum aliquo means to kiss {limare, to file off, whet, rub); the word may be used here
12
TRAGEDIES
24 Laethusa or Philomela to Procne ? : Nonius : ' Rarenter.' . . . Livius in Tereits — Raresomely I come.
25-6
Procne {speaking to Laethusa ?) :
Nonius : ' Limare ' (to file) is a term even used in the sense of join together ... —
Procne
Believe me, never with my own consent Did she my sister press her cheek to his.'*
27-8 Itys, Procne' s baby : Nonius : * Perbitere,' the same as * perire.' ... —
Procne ^
Meanwhile I'll put the suckling boy beneath the breast Of my slave-woman, lest he die of hunger.
with a double meaning derived from lima, a file, and limus, mud (as in Plant., Poen., I, 2, 85-6 = 292, cp. Mercat., Ill, 1, 40 = 532) : ' Never did my sister's person foul his.'
'' She is really going to kill him so as to serve him up to Tereus.
13
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
29 Nonius, 475, 34 : ' Praestolat ' pro praestolatur. ... —
Tereus Nimis pol inprudenter servus praestolaras.
EX INCERTIS FABULIS
Varro, L.L., VII, 3, Nee minim quom. . . . Teucer Livii post annos XV ab suis qui sit ignoretur.
30
Festus, 196, 17 : ' Oerem ' antiqui . . . montem con- fragosum vocabant, ut aput Livium. ... —
haut ut quern Chiro in Pelio docuit ocri.
31
Paulus, ex F., 8, 25 : ' Anclare,' haurire, a Graeco descendit. Livius —
Florem anculabant Liberi ex carchesiis.
Cp. Thes. Nov. LaL, ap. Mai, CL And.-, VIII, 26.
2' inprudenter cdd. inpudenter coni, Ribb. servus
cdd. servis lun. serus coni. Maehly praestolaras cdd. praestolabas Ribb. servus praestolarat Buecheler servu's praestolaras coni. Linds.
Varro L.L., VII, 3 : XII cd. Flor,
3" trib. ' AchilV Ribb.
3^ anculabant S anclabant aid.
* So I take it, retaining the quite natural readings in Nonius.
' For the more doubtful fragments and titles, cf. H. de la Ville de Mirmont, Etudes sur Vane, poeaie Int., pp. 173 ff.
" Between the outbreak of the Trojan war and Teucer's return to Salamis.
1.4
TRAGEDIES
29
Tereus has discovered that he. has eaten of his son : " Nonius : ' Praestolat ' for ' praestolatur.' ... —
Tereus
Oh, God ! So all unkno^v•ingly it was That you stood waiting as a slave.
UNASSIGNED FRAGMENTS^
From a play entitled ' Teucer ' or ' Telamo ' ? :
Varro : And it is no wonder when . . . Teucer in Livius after fifteen years '^ is not recognised by his people.
30
From ' Achilles ' ? :
Festus : ' Ocris ' . . . a term used by archaic writers of a rugged mountain, for example in the works of Livius. ... —
Not like the man whom Chiron taught On Pelion the rugged craig.*^
31
Other fragments :
Paidus : ' Anclare,' to drain/ is derived from a Greek word. Livius —
From goblets they were ser\-ing out the juice Of Liber's flower.
^ Phoenix chides Achilles ? R., 25.
* haurire suggests ' draw out,' ' drain ' (not ' drink dry ') in the sense in which exanclare was often used (cp. the Greek dvrXelv). But anclare or anculare should here be taken in its other sense, which is the same as that of exanclare : ' to serv^e out,' to bring as a servant does {anculare dicebant pro ministrare — Paul., 15, 7). The Greek word meant by Paiius would be ayKvXovv, to crook the hand.
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
32-5 Festus, 196, 17 : ' Ocrem ' . . . aput Livium — . . . sed qui sunt hi qui ascendunt altum ocrim ?
et—
celsosque ocres arvaque putria et mare magnum ;
. . . namque Taenari celsos ocres
36
Festus, 450, 29 : ' Struices ' antiqui dicebant extructioncs omnium rerum, . . . Livius —
quo Castalia per struices saxeas lapsu accidit.
37
Paulus, ex F., 47, 20 :—
dusmo in loco
apud Livium significant dumosum locum. Antiqui enim interserebant s litteram.
38
Paulus, ex F., 161, 4 : Alii dicunt nefrendes infantes esse nondum frendentes, id est frangentes. Livius —
quern ego nefrendem alui lacteam inmulgens opem.
Cp. Fest., 160, 15; Thes. Nov. Lat., ap. Mai, CI. And., VIII, 378 (. . . Naevius).
39
Nonius, 197, 28 : ' Quis ' et generi feminino attribui posse veterum auctoritas voluit. Livius —
Mulier, quisquis es, te volumus.
^* magnum <et> Mr.
3' dusmo Paul. {cp. Fldcid., ap. Mai, CI. Auct., Ill, 452 ) dusmoso vulg.
i6
TRAGEDIES 32-5
Festus : ' Ocris ' ... in the works of Livius — But who are these that cUmb the lofty craig r and — "
high craigs and crumbhng tilth and mighty main ;
for the high craigs of Taenarus
36
Festus : ' Stniices.' A word which the archaic writers used for ' structures ' of all kinds of things. . . . Livius —
whither Castalia ^ falls tumbling over stony heaps.
37
Paulus : By ' dusmo in loco '
in a bushy place
in a passage of Livius is meant ' dumosus locus.' For the archaic writers used thus to insert the letter s.
38
Paulus : Others say that ' nefrendes ' means infants who are not yet ' frendentes,' that is ' frangentes.' Livius —
Whom as a toothless babe I fed by suckling with supply of milk.
39
Nonius : ' Quis.' The authority of the old writers saw fit to make this form attributable to the feminine gender as well as the masculine. Livius —
Woman, whoe'er you are, it's you we seek.
" Possibly in his Odyssey (pp. 24-43), cp. Horn., Od., V, 411-412.
* A spring at the foot of Mount Parnassus,
17
VOL. II. C
LI\ lUS ANDRONICUS 40
Festus, 340, 8 : ' Quinquertium ' vocabant antiqui quod Graeci irevTaOXov. . . . Livius quoquo ipsos athletas sic nominal —
Quinquertiones praeco in medium provocat.
41
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 230, 27 K : ' Puer,' ' pueri,' cuius f emininum ' puera ' dicebant antiquissimi. . . . Livius ... —
puerarum manibus confectum pulcherrime.
SPURIUM? INO
In spite of Maurus' attribution of a single fragment of a play Ino to Livius ' of Greek surname,' and the attribution by Marius Victorinus of part of Maurus' quotation to Livius Andronicus, it is probable that we must either attribute the single fragment to Laevius' Ino, of which Priscian quotes two lines describing Ino's leap into the sea, or treat it as an invention by some grammarian. It might be wrong to say that Livius never wrote a hexameter; but it is difficult to attribute to him the dactyHc lines (given below) as they stand.
Athamas, son of Aeolus, was made mad by Juno, and during a hunt killed Learchus, the elder of two sons by Ino. She,
41 a-d
Terentianus Maurus, ap. G.L., VI, 383, 1931 K :—
Livius ille vetus Graio cognomine suae inserit Inoni versus puto tale docimen : praemisso heroo subiungit namque miuron, hymnum quando chorus festo canit ore Triviae : —
*" provocat Ribb. vocat cd.
<* The hunt was the occasion when Athamas killed his elder son Learchus. i8
TRAGEDIES 40
Festus : ' Quinquertium.' A term used by archaic writers to express the -nivTadXov of the Greeks. . . . Livius too calls the athletes themselves ' quinquertiones,' thus —
The crier calls the fivesmen to the ring.
41
Priscianus : ' Puer,' genitive ' pueri.' The most archaic writers used to employ the form ' puera ' for the feminine of this noun. . . . Livius ... —
Most beautifully ^\Tought by maidens' hands.
SPURIOUS? INO
likewise mad, threw the younger son, MeHcertes, into a boiling cauldron, and jumped with the dead body into the sea. Mother and son were added to the gods, Ino as Leucothea (her Roman counterpart being Mater Matuta), MeHcertes as Palaemon (his Roman counterpart being Portunus). There were several diflferent varieties of this legend. The play may have included the connection of Ino and Melicertes with Italy and Rome (Ovid, F., VI, 417 ff.). Cf. R., 33-5 ; F. Leo, De Tragoedia Romana, 12 ff. ; Knapp, Am. Journ. Philol., XXIII, 15; Schenkl, Wien. Stud., XVI, 159.
41 a-d
Chorus of hunters " in a hymn to Diana ? :
Terentianus Maurus : The famous Livius of old, he of the Greek surname, inserted into his Ino, I believe, lines of the following pattern : thus to a preceding heroic hexameter he tags a miurus * at the moment when the chorus with merry voices sing a song to the Goddess Threeway. — ■
^ lx€iovpos, a ' curtailed ' hexameter where the last spondee is replaced by an iambus.
19 c2
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
Chorus
Et iam purpureo suras include cothurno, balteus et revocet volucres in pectore sinus ; pressaque iam gravida crepitent tibi terga pharetra, derige odorisequos ad certa cubilia canes.
Cp. Mar. Vict., ap. G.L., VI, 685 5. K.; Verg., Aen., I, 337, purpureoque alte suras vincire cothurno ; cp. Eel., VII, 32.
FABULAE PALLIATAE
GLADIOLUS 1
Festus, 258, 14 : ' Pedes ' . . . pro pediculis . . . Livius in Gladiolo —
Pulicesne an cimices an pedes ? Responde mihi.
Cp. Plant., Cure, 499-500.
LUDIUS
Festus, 488, 32 : ' Scenam ' genus <fuisse ferri> mani- f estura est, sed utruin securis an dolabra sit ambigitur ; quam Cincius in libro qui est de Verbis Priscis dolabram ait esse pontificiam. Livius in Ludio —
corruit quasi ictus scena, haut multo secus.
Terent. Maur. 1931 s.: reicit ut spur. Haupt. trib, Laev. S 2 scena haut cd. scena taurus Mr. secena. —
<Sicine?> — Hau Ribb.
20
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
Chorus
And now enclose your legs in dark hunting-boots, and let a belt hitch back upon your breast the fluttering folds. Now let your back thump under the jolts of a laden quiver. Set the scent-following hounds towards the lairs assured.
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
THE DAGGER" 1
Festus: 'Pedes' . . . stands for ' pediculi' (lice) . . . Livius in The Dagger —
Fleas or bugs or lice ? Come, ansM'er me. THE GAMESTER**
Festus : ' Scena.' It is manifest that this was a kind of iron tool, but it is doubtful whether it is a hatchet or a pickaxe. Cincius, in his book which deals with archaic words, says it is a priest's pickaxe. Livius in The Gamester —
Down fell he as one with a pick-axe struck — Not very far from that.
" This suggests a Greek model, 'Ey;^eiptSiov ; plays of this title were -m-itten by Menander, Philemon, and apparently Sophilus.
^ Cp. Aristomenes' FoT^re? and Amphis' (or Amphias') UXdvos. Ritschl, Opusc, III, 320.
21
I.IVIUS ANDRONICUS
EX AMBIGUI TITULI FABULA
3
Festus, 186, 22 : Nobilem antiqui pro noto ponebant, et quidem per g litterani. . . . Livius f Virgo f —
. . . ornamento incedimt gnobilid ignobiles.
EX INCERTIS FABULIS 4
Paulus, ex F., 8, 34 : ' Adfatim ' dictum a copia fatendi . . . Livius —
adfatim edi bibi lusi.
Cp. Mai, CI. Auct., VIII, 56 (adfatim aedibus 1.)
5
Festus, 570, 3 : ' Vacerram ' . . . Ateius . . . Philologus hoc nomine significari maledictum magnae acerbitatis . . . teste Livio qui dicit —
. . . vecorde et malefica vacerra.
6
Vopiscus, ap. Hist. Aug., 13 : Ipsi denique comici plerumque sic milites inducunt ut eos faciant vetera dicta usurpare. Nam (Terent., Eun., Ill, 1, 36)—
Lepus tute es ; et pulpamentum quaeris I
Livii Andronici dictum est.
Fest. 186 : Virgo cd. Virgine S Virga Duentzer
Verpo {vel Vargo) Ribb. Auriga Guenther Naevius in
Lycurgo Mr.
^ ornamento incedunt S omamenta incendunt cd.
ornatu Ursinus nobili ignobiles cd. gnobiles ignobili 0. Mr. gnobiles ignobiles Ribb. gnobili(5ecZ2«i. ignobiles) S
* trib. ' Odiss.' S coll. Horn., Od., XV, 373
^ vecors S vacerra S vecordia cd. trib. ' Odiss.* S coll. Horn., Od., II, 243 {<f>p4va? ijAee) ; cp. XVII, 248
22
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
OF UNCERTAIN TITLE 3
Festus : ' Nobilis.' Put by archaic writers for ' notus,' and further spelt with a g. . . . Livius in f Virgo j — °^
In noble trappings march ignoble men.
UNASSIGNED FRAGMENTS^ 4
Paulus : ' Adfatim ' is the term derived from the idea of a full confession (' fateri ' '"). . . . Livius —
I ate And drank and sported to my heart's content.
5
Festus : ' Vacerra.' . . . Ateius Philologus says that by this noun is meant an abusive word of great bitterness . . . his witness is Livius, who says : — '^
a rascally stupid stump. 6
Vopiscus : Lastly the comic poets also (or most of them) make soldiers whom they bring onto the stage use old proverbs. Thus the following {in Terence) —
A hare — that's you ; and yet you're hunting game ! ^
is a saying of Livius Andronicus.
" We have probably to choose between ' Virgine ' (Scaliger) and ' Virga ' (Duentzer).
* The first two may belong to Livius' Odyssey.
" A false derivation. The suggested parallel to this quotation in Homer {Od., XV, 373, tojv €J>ay6v t' cttioV re) is not conclusive.
^ Perhaps in the Odyssey ?
* A proverb about doing a thing for which the doer is quite unsuited.
23
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
ODISSIA
1
I
Horn., Od., I, 1 "Xvhpa ixoL ii'verre, Mouaa, TroXurpoTTov,
Gellius, XVIII, 9, 5 : Offendi in bibliotheca Patrensi librum verae vetustatis Livii Andronici, qui inscriptus est 'OSvaaeia, in quo erat versus primus cum hoe verbo {inseque) sine u littera—
Mrum mihi, Camena, insece versutum, 2
I, 45 *fi TTctTep Tjixenpe KpoviBt), cp. I, 81, al.
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 305, 8 : ' 0 filie ' et ' o fili.' Livius Andronicus in Odissia —
' Pater noster, Saturni filie, 3-4
I, 64 TeVvov cfiov, TToiov ae Itto? (f>vy€v epKOs oBovroiv.
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 230, 27 K : ' Puer, pueri,' cuius femininum puera dicebant antiquissimi ... —
* Mea puer, quid verbi ex tuo ore supra fugit }
Cp. Charis., ap. G.L., I, 84, 5 K : (puer et in feminino sexu. . . ,)
2 filie <rex summe> B coll. Od., I, 45, 81
^ puer Cluir. puera Prise. supra cdd. Prise. Char.
supera Fleckeisen fugit vel fuit Prise. audio Char.
subterfugit Hermann
24
THE ODYSSEY
THE ODYSSEY"
1 I
Invocation ; first line of the work :
Gellius : I came across in the library at Patrae a manu- script of Livius Andronicus of genuine antiquity and entitled The Odyssey; in it stood the first line with this word {inseque) spelt without the letter u —
Tell me, O Goddess of song, of the clever man.
Athena to Jupiter :
Priscianus : Vocative ' filie ' and ' fill.' Livius Andronicus in The Odyssey —
* O father of us all, O Saturn's son.
Jupiter to Athena :
Priscianus : ' Puer ' genitive ' pueri.' The most archaic writers used to employ the form ' puera ' for the feminine of this noun ... —
' What word was that. My daughter, that scaped up out of your mouth }
" Where a Homeric parallel to Livius occurs more than once in Homer, I have given Livius' words as his translation of the first occurrence of the Greek ; there is no evidence that Livius consistently repeated his translations of passages repeated by Homer. For The Odyssey, cf. de Mirmont, Etudes, 83 ff.
25
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS 5
I, 65 naj? av €7T€LT* 'OSvaijos eyco deioio Xadoifirjv . . . ,
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 301, 9 K: Haec . . . eadem etiam in e proferebant antiquissimi, 0 Vergilie, Mercurie dicentes
*. . . Neque enim te oblitus sum Laertie noster, 6
I, 136-7 XepvijSa S' a/Lt^iVoAo? Ttpoxoii) eVe^eue <j)ipovaa \ KoXij XpvaeLT] v-nkp apyvp4oio Xc^tjtos. Cp. VII, 172-4, al.
Nonius, 544, 20 : ' Poly brum ' , . . nos trulleum vocamus. Livius —
argenteo polybro, aureo eglutro
7
I, 169 [et al.) 'AAA' dye p,oi roSe ewe kol drpeKecos KardXe^ov Nonius, 509, 20 : ' Disertim ' . . . plane, palam. . . . Livius —
' tuque mihi narrato omnia disertim ; 8
I, 225-6 TiV Sai?, ris Sat opLtXos oS' eTrAero ; TLnre Se ae pfpeco ; I elXaTTLVT] rj€ ydfios ;
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 321, 6 : Nominativus {daps) in usu frequenti non est, queni Livius Andronicus in I Odissiae ponit —
' Quae haec daps est ? Qui festus dies ? 9
I, 248 roaaoL /LtT^rep' ijx-qv fivcovrai,
Paulus, ex F., 282, 3 : ' Procitum,' cum prima syllaba corripitur, significat petitum. Livius — •
' . . . matrem procitum plurimi venerunt,
' tamen Par. 7496 enim rell. sum laertiae vel lertie cdd. Lertie sum B
26
THE ODYSSEY
Priscianus : Still, these proper names in -ius were even inflected with -e by the most archaic writers, who used ' Vergilie ' and ' Mercurie ' as vocatives ... —
* Be sure too I have not forgotten you Our OMTi Laertes' son.
Athena, disguised as a stranger Mentes, is welcomed at Ulysses' palace :
Nonius : * Polj'brum ' ... is a term we use for a wash- basin. Livius —
A silver basin and a golden pitcher
7
TelemacJius asks Athena {as Mentes) to tell about herself :
Nonius : ' Disertim ' (clearly, expressly) . . . plainly, openly. . . . Livius —
' and you must expressly tell me your whole story ;
She in turn asJcs about the feasting that is going on :
Priscianus : The nominative case (daps) is not in common use; it is employed bv Livius Andronicus in the first book of The"
' What means this banquet, \vhat this festive day?
9
Telemachus explains how suitors surround his mother :
Paulus : ' Procitum,' when the first syllable is short, means the same as ' petitum.' Livius —
' many have come to woo my mother,
^ eglutro 0. Mr. eclutro B et glutro cdd. ^ matrem <meam> Havet fortasse meam m.
27
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS 10
II
II, 99-100 61? o re K€v fxiv \ fxolp^ oXorj KadiXrjoi. . . . Cp. Ill, 237 s. al.
Gellius, III, 16, 11 : Caesellius . . . Vindex . . . tria inquit nomina Parcarum sunt : Nona, Decuma, Morta, et versum hunc Livii, antiquissimi poetae, ponit ex 'OSvaaeia —
' quando dies adveniet quern profata Morta est,
Sed homo minime mains Caesellius Mortam quasi nomen accepit, cum accipere quasi Moeram deberet.
11
II, 317 rj€ UuAo^'S' eXdouv, r} avrov roiS' eVi StJ/ho).
Festus, 218, 14 : ' Ommentans ' Livius in Odyssea, cum ait —
' -(aut) in Pylum deveniens aut ibi ommentans ;
significat obmanens sed ea signifieatione qua saepe fieri dicitur; id enim est mantare.
12
II, 422 s. TrfXefiaxos 8' eTapoicLv iTTOTpvvas iKiXevo^v \ ottAojv aTTTeadat,' toI S' orpwovrog aKovaav. \ larov 8' etAarivov kolXtjs evToade ixeaoSfir]? | arrjaav delpavres, Kara Se TrpoTovoiatv eSrjaav \ cXkou 8' lOTia XcvKCL ivaTpe.TTToi.ai ^oevatv. Cp. XV, 287 s.
Isidorus, Orig., XIX, 4, 9 : ' Struppi ' vincula loro vel lino facta quibus remi ad scalmos alligantur, De quibus Livius —
tumque remos iussit religare struppis.
13 III
III, 110 €v6a Se TlaTpoKXos, ^ed^tv iJuqaTCop aTaXavTOS, Gellius, VI, 7, 11 : ' Adprimum ' autem longe primum
L. Livius in Odyssia dicit in hoc versu —
' ibidemque vir summus adprimus Patroclus,
^^ <aut> Guenther adveniens S devenies Vat. Lat. 3369 deveniens Vat. Lat. 1549.
2$
THE ODYSSEY
10 II
Fate and Death :
Gellius : Caesellius Vindex . . . says : The names of the Fates are three : Nona, Decuma and Morta, and he quoted the following line from The Odyssey of Livius, the most archaic of our poets —
* When that day comes which Morta has foretold,
But Caesellius, though he was a man of no slight learning, took Morta as a personal name, when he ought to have taken it to mean the same as Moera.'^
11
Telemachus tells Antinous he will fetch help against the suitors :
Festus : ' Ommentans.' When Livius uses this word in The Odyssey —
' coming to Pylos, or waiting just here ;
he means ' obmanens,' but in the sense in which it is often said to occur, and that is ' mantare ' to wait.
12
Telemachus sets sail :
Isidorus : ' Struppi ' are the bands made of leather or flax with which oars are tied to the thole-pins. Livius speaks of them thus —
And then he ordered them to tie the oars With straps.
13 III
Nestor in Pylos tellimj Telemachus of the deaths of renowned Achaeans at Troy :
Gellius : ' Adprimus ' is, however, used by Lucius Livius in The Odyssey in the sense of ' by far the first,' in this line —
* And yonder too there fell the very best, The very first of men — Patroclus,
* i.e. Molpa, Fate.
29
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
14
IV
IV, 213 Bopnov S' i^avTLS fMyrjacofxeOa. Cp. X, 177; XX, 246.
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 198, 6 K : Eiusdem declinationis femininonim genitivum etiam in as more Graeco solebant antiquissimi terminare. ... —
atque escas habeamus mentionem, 15
IV, 495 UoXXol fi€v yap rGn> ye Sa/xev, noXXol 8e Xi-novTO' Festus, 162, 24 : ' Nequinont ' pro nequeunt, ut solinunt ferinunt pro solent et feriunt, dicebant antiqui. ... —
' partim errant, nequinont Graeciam redire ;
16
IV, 513 . . . adcoae Se noTvia "Upr).
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 231, 13 K : ' Hie pucrus ' et ' hie ' et ' haec puer ' . . . —
' sancta puer Saturn! . . . regina 17
IV, 557 i>vix<f)r]s iv fxeyapolai KaXvif/ovs, cp. V, 14 ; XVII, 143. Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 210, 7 K : ' Calypsonem * . . .
Livius —
* apud nimpham Atlantis filiam Calipsonem,
18 V
V, 297, et al. Kai tot ^Ohvaarjos Xvto yovvara Kal <^iXov ■qrop, Servius auctus, ad Aen., I, 92 : Graeci ^piKTo. dicunt quae
sunt timenda. ... —
Igitur demum Ulixi cor frixit prae pavore.
^* habeamus Hermann habemus cdd. <rusu8> {vcl
<iterum>) mentionem B coll. Horn., Od., IV, 213
^^ nequinunt S neque nunc cd.
^^ Saturni filia regina cdd. scclud. filia S maxima
regina B s. p. S., | filia r. Hermann
18 Ulixi f. p. p. I cor <et genu> B coll. Od., V, 297
3?
THE ODYSSEY
U IV
Menelaus in Lacedaemon, speaking to Nestor, calls a halt to sad memories :
Priscianus : The most archaic writers were accustomed to end even with -as the genitive singular of feminine nouns of this same {sc. first) declension ... —
* and let us take thought of food,
15
Mendaus relates Proteus' news of the Greeks after the fall of Troy :
Festus : ' Nequinont.' Archaic writers used to employ this form for ' nequeunt,' like ' solinunt ' for ' solent ' and ' ferinunt ' for ' feriunt ' . . . —
* In part they go astray, Return to Greece they cannot ;
16
Menelaus on how Ajaz {son of Oileus) was saved for the moment hy Juno :
Priscianus: ' Puerus,' nominative masculine; * puer,' nominative masculine and feminine ... —
* hallowed queen, Saturn's daughter
17
Ulysses and Calypso :
Priscianus : ' Calypsonem ' . . . Livius —
* In the home of nymph Calypso, Atlas' daughter,
18 V
Terror of Ulysses in a tempest sent hy Neptune : The augmenter of Servius on ' frigore ' in Virgil : The Greeks use the term (f>piKTa. for things which are to be feared ... —
So then at length went cold with fright the heart Within Ulysses,
31
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS 19
VI
VI, 141-2 . . . 6 Be fiepfXT^pi^ev ^OSvaaeus, \ r] yovvwv Xiaaoiro Aa^cuv evwTTiba Kovprjv,
Diomedes, ap. G.L., I, 384, 7 : ' Amplector'; veteres im- inutaverunt amploctor crebro dictitantes ... —
utrum genua amploctens virginem oraret, 20-1
VI, 295-6 evda Kade^ofievos fielvm xpo^ov, els 6 Kev rjixels \ darvSe eXdcofiev /cat iKcuixeOa Scofxara narpos.
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 197, 15 K : ' Donicum ' pro donee ; ita Livius. ... —
* Ibi manens sedeto donicum videbis
me carpento vehentem en domum venisse.
22 VIII
VIII, 88 SoLKpv* Ofiop^dixevos K€(f>aXrjs dno <f>dpos eXeoKe . . .
Festus, 186, 28 : ' Noegeum ' quidam amiculi genus prae- textum purpura, quidam candidum ac perlucidum, quasi a nauco, quod putamen quorundam pomorum est tenuissimum non sine candore, ut Livius ait in Odyssia —
simul ac dacrimas de ore noegeo detersit,
id est candido.
CJiar., 197 : Livius inquit usurpat ibi cdd. in quinto coni. Ritschl quasi gramtnat. errore script, pro sexto
21 vehentem en B vehentem in Hermann (vehentem Fabric.) v. meam Mr. vehementem cd.
22 dacrimas C. 0. Mr. {coll. Paul., 48, 14 ' dacrimas pro lacrimas Livius saepe {posuit) ' lacrimas cd.
32
THE ODYSSEY
19 VI
Ulysses meeting with Nausicaa :
Diomedes : ' Amplector.' But this was altered in form by people of olden time, who constantly said ' amplector '
Whether to clasp the maiden's knees and beg her,
20-1
Nausicaa tells Ulysses he must wait near the city until she is ready to go there :
Charisius : ' Donicum ' for ' donee' So Livius ... —
' There sit and wait until you shall see that, driving in my carriage, lo ! I have come home.
22
VIII
Ulysses in Alcinous'' palace. During the pauses in Demo- docus^ recital, Ulysses in grief wipes his eyes :
Festus : ' Noegeum.' Some say that this is a kind of cloak fringed with purple, while others say it is white, translucent, derived as it were from ' naucum,' which is the verj- thin and whitish peel of certain fruits. So Livius writes in The Odyssey —
as soon as he wiped away with the mantle the tears from his face,
' noegeo,' that is, ' candido,' " white.
" This is wrong. Livius by ' noegeum ' means simply the <f>dpos, or cloak; in Homer, Odysseus covers his head to hide his grief, wipes his eyes, and again uncovers his head. Homer does not make Odysseus dry his tears with the cloak.
VOL. II. D
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
23-6
\T;II, 138-9 Ou yap iyci) yi rl ^t^/xi KaKwr^pov aAAe daXdaoTjs \ dv8pa y€ avyx^vai, a Kal jxaXa Kapnpos iii).
Festus, 532, 4 : ' Topper ' significare ait Artorius cito . . . sic Cn. Naevii * * ... sic in Odyssea —
'. . . namque nullum peius macerat humanum quamde mare saevum ; vires cui sunt magnae topper confringent inportunae undae.'
27
VIII, 322-3 . . . i7A^' epLovvTjs \ 'Ep/xeia?, -^Xdev Se dva^ eKaepyos 'AttoXXcov.
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 198, 6 K : (cf. p. 30). . . . Livius in Odyssia ... —
•(Venit) Mercurius cumque eo filius Latonas. 28-9
VIII, 378 6px€iGdT]v Br] eTTeira ttotI xf^ovl TTovXv^oreiprj \ Tap(f)€'
dfl€l^Opi€ViO'
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 469, 12 K : ' Nexo ' quoque nexas ... —
Nexabant multa inter se flexu nodorum dubio ;
Cp. Prise, ap. G.L., II, 538, 12; Diomed., ap. I, 369, 20.
30
VIII, 480-1 {vel. 488 ?) ovvck dpa a<f>€as \ oifxas Moucr' eSt'Sa^f,
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 198 : (cf. p. 30) . . . Livius in Odyssia — •
' nam divina Monetas filia docuit
Fest. 532 : in Odyssia S in eodem cd.
2* macerat humanum cd. macit homonem Ursinus
vires Aug. vis {nom. pi.) et coni. Linds. viret cd. fortasse n. n. p. m, h. | q. m. s. e.q.s.
2' venit suppl. Partsch
2* nexabant cdd. 538 nexebant cdd. pier. 469
34
THE ODYSSEY
23-6 Laodamas speaks :
Festus : ' Topper.' Artorius says this means quickly. ... So in Cnaeus Naerius * * ... So in The Odyssey — "
' . . . for nothing Wastes a man worse than cruel sea. The man Whose strength is great — him will the savage
waves With all speed shatter.'
27
How the gods came and laughed at Mars and Venus chained to a guilty bed by Vulcan :
Priscianus on the genitive singular in -as : Livius in The Odyssey ... —
Came Mercury and with him Latona's son.^
28-9
Halius and Laodamas, at Alcinous^ orders, give a show of trick- dancing and ball-play :
Priscianus : ' Nexo ' also takes as its second person singular ' nexas ' . . . —
Entwined they each with each in many a twist, Bent in confused knottings ;
30
Ulysses wishes to reward the minstrel Demodocus : Priscianus on the genitive singular in -as : . . . Livius in The Odyssey —
* for them Moneta's godly daughter ^ taught
" Scaliger's reading for eodem is probably right.
* Apollo.
•^ Musa. Moneta was a Latin translation of ^IvTjfMoovvr], mother of the Muses.
3° divina cdd. diva Carolir. m. 2 filia S filiam cdd.
35 d2
»„«fc
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
31-2 X
X, 64 . . . Ti'j Toi KaKos €xpa€ Boufxcov ;
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 96, 5 K : ' Super,' ' superus ' . . . —
* Inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Ulixes ?
33
X, 395 dv8p€S S' a0 iyevovTO vecoT€poL t} rrdpos rjaav,
Festus, 532, 4 : 'Topper' . . . (19) in antiquissimis scriptis celeriter ac mature. In Odyssia vetere —
Topper facit homones ut prius fuerunt,
34-6
XII
XII, 16-19 . . . ouS' dpa KipKTjv I €^ 'AtSeco iXOovre? eXi^o/xeu, dXXd fidX' wKa I rjX9^ ivrvva[j.evr)' d/xa S' d/:i(^iVoAoi <h^pov avr-fj | aWov Kou Kpia ttoXXo. koX aldoTra olvov ipvdpov. Cp. X, 308.
Festus, 532, 4 : ' Topper ' . . . (22)—
Topper citi ad aedis venimus Circai ; simul fduonat carnem portant ad navis, multam ancillae ; vina isdem inserinuntur.
33 homones CO. ^Ir. homines cd. ut prius Duentzer utrius cd. fuerunt Buecheler fuerint cd.
3* aedis cd. auris B Circae cd.
3^ duona cd. advenit {vel advortit) B camem {vel
ordeum) W eorum cd. coram CO. Mr. servae B
3« multam {vd multum) ancillae W millia alia cd.
edulia alma B forta.sse mille alia vina B in cd.
inserinuntur cd. inferinuntur B
36
♦*«s*;^
mrm
THE ODYSSEY 31-2
Ulysses tells Alcinous of his coming to Aeolus. Aeolus questioning him :
Priscianus : 'Super,' adverb and preposition; ' superus,' adjective ... — •
* Is it an upper or a nether god
That brings death in your way, Ulysses ? "
33
Ulysses on how Circe restored his companions to human
Festus : ' Topper ' ... in the most archaic writings means quickly and soon. In the old poem The Odyssey —
With all speed she made them into men as they were before,
34-6 XII
and how after a visit to Hades he went again to Circe :
Festus (on ' topper ') continues ^ —
We came to Circe's dwelling with all speed
And haste ; withal brought handmaids to the ships
Much meat ; wines too were placed in them.
and how he and his companions did not at first touch the oxen and sheep of the sun ; Ulysses gives orders not to touch :
" The quotation can be read like a hexameter. Some of Livius' lines may have been rearranged by later writers into Homer's metre.
^ I have done my best with this passage, in which the readings are very uncertain. A line has perhaps dropped out after Circai. The word duona (bona) may be right.
37
*.#
#.^
»;m::*
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
31-2 X
X, 64 . . . Tt's Toi KaKos e^pae Sat/xtov ;
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 96, 5 K : ' Super,' ' superus ' . . . —
* Inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Ulixes ?
33
X, 395 avSpes S' aip iyevovro vewrepoi t] Trdpos ■^aav,
Festus, 532, 4 : 'Topper' . . . (19) in antiquissimis scriptis celeriter ac mature. In Odyssia vetere —
Topper facit homones ut prius fuerunt,
34-6 XII
XII, 16-19 . . . ou5' apa KLpKrjv \ e| 'AtSeco iXdovreg iX-qOofxev, aAAd /xaA' a)Ka \ rjXd^ ivTwajxevrj' ajxa S' d/ii^iVoAoi <f>ipov avrrj | alrov KOL Kp€a ttoXXo. kol aWoira olvov ipvOpov. Cp. X, 308.
Festus, 532, 4 : ' Topper ' . . . (22)—
Topper eiti ad aedis venimus Circai ; simul tduonaf carnem portant ad navis, multam ancillae ; vina isdem inserinuntur.
3^ homones C. 0. Mr. homines cd. ut prius Duentzer utrius cd. fuerunt Buecheler fuerint cd.
^* aedis cd. auris B Circae cd.
35 duona cd. advenit {vel advortit) B carnem {vel
ordeum) W eorum cd. coram CO. Mr. servae B
3^ multam {vel multum) ancillae W millia alia cd.
edulia alma B fortasse mille alia vina B in cd.
inserinuntur cd. inferinuntur B
36
THE ODYSSEY
31-2 X
Ulysses tells Alcinous of his coming to Aeolus. Aeolus questioning him :
Priscianus : 'Super,' adverb and preposition; ' superus,' adjective ... — ■
* Is it an upper or a nether god
That brings death in your way, Ulysses ? «
33
Ulysses on how Circe restored his companions to human shape :
Festus : ' Topper ' ... in the most archaic writings means quickly and soon. In the old poem The Odyssey —
With all speed she made them into men as they were before,
34-6 XII
and how after a visit to Hades he went again to Circe :
Festus (on ' topper ') continues ^ —
We came to Circe's dwelling with all speed
And haste ; withal brought handmaids to the ships
Much meat ; wines too were placed in them.
ttTid how he and his companions did not at first touch the oxen and sheep of the sun ; Ulysses gives orders not to touch :
" The quotation can be read like a hexameter. Some of Livius' lines may have been rearranged by later writers into Homer's metre.
^ I have done my best with this passage, in which the readings are very uncertain. A line has perhaps dropped out after Circai. The word duona (bona) may be right.
37
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS 37
XII, 321^ ... ToJv Se ^owv dvexi^fKOa . . . cp. XII, 328 . . . ^oojv dnexovTO AtAatd/ievoi ^iotolo.
Gellius, VI, 7, 12 : Idem Livius in Odyssia ' praemodum ' dicit quasi admodum — .
' parcentes praemodum
38 XIII
XIII, 40 7J8r]ydpT€T€X€crrai,d fioi.(f)i\osrj9eX€dviJ,6g,vel. V, 302. Nonius, 475, 13 : ' Fite ' imperative modo ... —
* sic quoque fitum est
39 XVI
XVI, 92 7^ fxdXa fiev KaraSaTrreT^ dKovovTos <j)iXov -qrop,
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 482, 9 K : Vetustissimi . . . gavisi pro gavisus sum protulerunt. ... —
'qiioniam audivi, paucis gavisi ;
40 XIX
XIX, 225 xXatvav TTop<f>vp€r)v ovXrjv e;^€ 8los 'OSvaaev?, \ BnrXrjv
Nonius, 368, 26 : ' Pullum ' non album. . . . Livius —
' vestis pulla porpurea ampla
3^ sic Hermann fit cdd.
3* quoniam cdd. quom rem eam B paucis cdd.
hau paucus B
*^ propure Lu. Gen. Bern. SSal. purpurea (r. ^arZ. 2 a/.
trib. ' Odiss.'' Hertz
38
THE ODYSSEY
37
Gellius : Livius again in The Odyssey pronounces ' prae- modum ' like " ' admodnm ' —
' forbearing beyond measure to touch
38 XIII
Ulysses takes leave of Alcinous and the Phaeacians : Nonius : ' Fite,' imperative mood . . . ' fitum ' — ' so also has it come to pass
39
XVI
Ulysses has heard from Telemachus about the arrogance of the suitors in his house :
Priseianus : The oldest writers . . . formed ' gavisi ' as the perfect tense for ' gavisus sum ' . . . —
' now I have heard, there's little I rejoice in;
40 XIX
Ulysses (disguised) to Penelope ; he claims to have seen Ulysses wearing a certain cloak :
Nonius : ' PuUum,' not white. . . . Livius * — ' a garment dusky, dark, and wide
" i.e. with the accent on the first syllable, as Gellius has just been showing.
^ Most probably in The Odyssey.
39
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS 41
XX
XX, 19 TJ/JLari Tco ore fxoL fievos dax^ros rjadie KuVAcui/r |
l(f>dLIJ.ovs irdpovs'
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 419, 12 K : ' Mando, mandis ' . . . mandui . . . mandidi . . . Livius tamen in Odissia —
' cum socios nostros Ciclops impius mandisset,
42 XXI
XXI, 433 d/Lt^t Se x^^P*^ (j)iXr)V jSaAev €y;^et, Paulus, ex F., 425, 2 : * Suremit ' sumpsit : —
inque manum suremit hastam
Cp. Fest., 424, 9.
43-4 XXII
XXII, 91-3 . . . dAA' dpa fxiv (fiOrj \ T7jAe/Lia;^os KaroTnaOe jSaAcov ;)^aAKTypel' Bovpl \ wficov fxeaoriyvs tid he <TTrjdea<l>i.v eXaaae-
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 334, 13 K : Hie et haee ' celer ' vel • celeris ' . . . —
at celer hasta volans perrumpit pectora ferro ;
45 XXIII
XXIII, 304-5 ot edev etveKa rroXXd, ^oas /cat L(f>ia fiijXa \ eaia^ov, ttoXXos he Tridcjv ^(fyvaaero olvos' vel. XXIV, 364.
Priscianus, ap. 6'.iy., II, 208, 18 K : Vetustissimi . . . etiam nominativum haee carnis proferebant ... —
carnis vinumque quod libabant anclabatur ;
*^ Ciclops impius mandisset B m. i. ciclops (cyclops) cdd.
*2 manum cd. Farn. L. XVIII Fest. {sec. Ursin., Groenert) manus Bas. Paul. man Leid. Paul. manu rell. Paul,
trih. Liv. ' Odiss.'' Buecheler
*3 celeris Hermann
40
THE ODYSSEY
41
XX
Ulysses plans revenge on the suitors ; he mentions the Cyclops :
Priscianus : ' Mando, mandis ' . . . * mandui ' . . . ' man- didi.' Livius, however, has ' mandi ' in The Odyssey —
* When wicked Cyclops had my comrades munched,
42 XXI
Telemachus arms himself :
Paulus : ' Suremit,' took up : — "
and into his hand he took up a lance,
43-4 XXII
Slaughter of the suitors. Telemachus strikes down Amphinomus :
Priscianus : ' Celer ' or ' celeris,' nominative singular masculine and feminine ... —
But the lance flying s\viftly bursts his breast
45 XXIII
Penelope tells Ulysses of the feasting and revelry of the suitors :
Priscianus : The oldest writers used to employ ' carnis ' as the nominative singular feminine ... —
flesh was served and wine which they poured out ;
<* The author of this fr. is not known, but the quotation fits well here.
^ Another possible hexameter (cp. pp. 36-7).
*^ libabant cdd, libebat IVIr. iubebant coni. B fortasse camis | v. q. 1. anculabatur (Ha vet)
41
With iron through ; ^
LIVIUS ANDRONICUS
46
XXIV
XXIV, 534 . . . €K ;^€tptijv €7TTaT0 Teu;^ea, Nonius, 493, 16 : ' Dextrabus ' pro dexteris ... — deque manibus dextrabus
HYMNI
( Vide pp. xi-xiii)
DUBIA 1
Horn., Od., XII, 401 rjfxels 8' aid/' dvaBavres ivnKa^JLev evpeC TToWo). Cp. VIII, 51 ; IV, 780.
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 151, 18 K : ' Linter ' . . . apud nostros femininum est. Livius in VI —
iam in altum expulsa lintre
2 ' Sergius,' ap. G.L., IV, 541, 26 K : ' Tapeta ' masculine et neutro genere declinatur . . . apud Livium ... —
erant et equorum inaurata tapeta. Cp. Prob., ap. G.L., IV, 130, 1 K.
3 Nonius, 194, 14 : ' Balteus ' masculini generis. . . . Livius lib. IX—
auratae vaginae, aurata baltea illis erant. Non. 493 : Livius Bentin. laberius cdd. ' Sergius ' : Livium ' Serg.'' Lucilium Prob. Non. 194 : trib. Liv. Andron. Hertz.
" Possibly in the Odyssey of Andronicus ; but this work was not divided into books, nor is there any parallel to this fr. in the sixth book of Homer's Odyssey. Yet Homer, Od.
42
THE ODYSSEY
46 XXIV
Athena stops civil strife in Ithaca :
Nonius : ' Dextrabus ' for ' dexteris.' . . .
and down from their right hands
HYMNS
{See Introduction, pp. xi-xiii)
DOUBTFUL FRAGMENTS
1
Priscianus : ' Linter ' ... in the works of our writers is a feminine noun. Livius " in the sixth booli —
the boat now thrust out into the deep
2 ' Sergius ' : ' Tapeta ' is a word declined in both a mascu- line and a neuter form. ... In a passage of Livius ... —
the coverlets too of the horses were overlaid with gold.
3
Nonius : ' Balteus ' of the masculine gender, . . . Livius in the ninth ^ book —
they had golden quivers and golden belts.
XII, 401, suggests this fr., and the reading VII in some of the MSS. of Priscianus may be a simple corruption of XII, by which Priscianus or his source may have indicated that book of Homer's Odyssey which Livius was here translating.
* Cf. the preceding note. This likewise suggests the Odyssey, but there is no parallel in Homer, nor is it certain that the quotation is metrical at all. The historian Livy tells us that gold adorned the shields and tunics of the Samnites in 308 B.C. (Livy. IX, 40), but there is no sign in that his- torian of this quotation by Nonius.
43
NAEVIUS
BELLUM POENICUM
SIVE
CARMEN BELLI POENICI
LIBER I
Caesius Bassus (Atil. Fortunat.), ap. G.L., VI, 265, 10 : Nostri antiqui, ut vere dicam, quod apparet, usi sunt eo non observata lege nee uno genere custodito . . . apud Naevium . . . hos repperi idoneos . . . (266, 3) —
Novem lovis Concordes filiae sorores,
Cp. Mar. Vict., ap. VI, 139, 10, 29 ; Ter. Maur., ap. 400, 2514.
Gellius, XVII, 21, 45 : M. Varro . . . stipendia fecisse ait (Naevium) bello Poenico primo, idque ipsum Naevium dicere in eo Carmine quod de eodem bello scripsit.
GelL, XVII, 21 : trih. lib. 1 Spangenberg, VII Vahlen
" So it seems. But Bassus and Marius Victorinus both quote this fr. after fr. 12 and prefix the words alio loco. This suggests some other context for the line. For these first fragments, see Thelma de Graff, Naevium Studies, pp. 67 ff.
46
THE PUNIC WAR
OR
THE SONG OF THE PUNIC WAR
BOOK I
The SMk of Troy ; the escape of Aenea-s to Italy ; the founda- tion of Rome by Romulus ?
1
Prologue. First " line of the poem ; invocation of the Muses :
Caesius Bassus : As is clear, truth to tell, our archaic poets used this Saturnian metre without observing a fixed law or maintaining a single type. ... In passages of Xaevius ... I have found the following to be suitable {as examples) —
You daughters nine of Jupiter, harmonious sisters,^
Naevius himself took part in the first Punic War :
Gellius : Xaevius, according to a statement of Marcus Varro . . . served as a soldier in the first Punic War and asserts that verj^ fact himself in the Song which he wrote on that war.
* The addition of a second line which Mueller makes out from Varro, L.L., VII, 26, cannot be accepted. There is no evidence that the passage of Varro, which is corrupt, is not prose, and no author is mentioned. See Remains of Old Latin, I, pp. 2-3, 462-3.
47
NAEVIUS
2-4
Probus, ad Vorg., EcL, VI, 31 (p. 336 Thilo) : Ennius Anchisen augurii ac per hoc divini quiddam habuisse praesu- mit. . . . Naevius Belli Punici I sic —
Postquam avem aspexit in templo Anchisa, sacra in niensa Penatium ordine ponuntur ; immolabat auream victimam pulchram.
5-7
Servius auctus, ad Aen., Ill, 10 : * Litora cum patriae lacrimans.' Ainat poeta quae legit immutata aliqua parte vel personis ipsis verbis proferre. Naevius enim inducit uxores Aeneae et Anchisae cum lacrimis Ilium relinquentes his verbis — •
Amboruni uxores noctu Troiad exibant capitibus opertis, flentes ambae abeuntes lacrimis cum multis.
8-10
Servius auctus, ad Aen., II, 797 (' Invenio admirans ') : Naevius Belli Punici primo de Anchisa et Aenea fugientibus haec ait —
Eorum sectam sequuntur multi mortales.
Ecce hoc est ' invenio admirans numerum ' [Aen., II, 797) ; —
Multi alii e Troia strenui viri . . .
^ Punici III cdd. postquam cdd. postquamde Mr.
avem cdd. (autem Par.) aves Keil
* inmolabat a. V. p. ccW. tum v. i. a. p. Mr. in auream raolabat Havct
^ Troiad Voss Troiade Serv. auct.
* viri <venere> Mr.
48
THE PUNIC WAR
2-4:
The foundation of Rome by Trojans or by iJieir descendants.'^ The omen that appeared to Anchises before the fall of Troy :
Probus : Ennius takes Anchises as being endowed with certain powers of augury, and, through these, of inspiration. . . . Naevius in the first book of The Punic War —
After Anchises had seen a bird \^'ithin the range of vie\v/^ hallowed offerings were set in a row on the table of the Household Gods : and he busied himself in sacrificing a beautiful golden victim.
5-7
Aeneas and Anchises * with their wims leave the city of Troy :
Servius supplemented, on ' When weeping I forsake my country's shores,' in Virgil : Our poet loves to reproduce the very words of his authority, with some partial change of phrase or change of persons. Thus Xaevius introduces, in the following words, the wives of Aeneas and Anchises in tears as they leave Troy for ever —
The wives of both were passing out from Troy by night ; their heads were veiled, and both were weeping many tears, as they went away.
"8-10 aTid '^nany followers go with them :
Servius supplemented, on ' I marvelling find ' in Virgil : Naevius in the first book of The Punic War has the following on Anchises and Aeneas in flight : —
Their path many mortals follow.
Here, you see, is ' I marvelling find a great company ';--
Many other dashing heroes ...
« Cf. Mueller, Quaest. Xaev., XXIII £f.
* Here we have templum in its original sense of space marked out in the sky by an augur for taking auspices.
' The term used by Xaevius for Aeneas' companions was probably ' Aenesi ' (Paulus, 15, 15).
49
VOL. II. E
NAEVIUS
Ecce hi sunt * animis . . . parati ' {Aeti., 11, 799); —
Ubi foras cum auro illic exibant,
Ecce et ' opibus instructi ' {Aen., 11, 799 animis opibusque parati).
11
Isidorus, Orig., XIX, 22, 20 : ' Citrosa ' quasi concrispa ad similitudinem citri, Naevius —
puram pulchramque ex auro vestem citrosam.
Cp. Macrob., S., Ill, 19, 5. Horn., Od., V, 264 ; VI, 26 ; //., XXll, 154.
12
Marius Victorinus, ap. G.L., VI, 139, 7 : Apud Naevium — Ferunt pulchras creterras, aureas lepistas. Cp. Caes. Bass., (?) ap. G.L., VI, 266, 1.
Servius auctus, ad Aen., 1, 170 : Naevius Bello Punico dicit unam navem habuisse Aeneam quam Mercurius fecerit.
^^ ubi cdd. urbi B ibi Havet illic cd. ilico
Mr. illuc Masvicius.
^^ sic coiistituo. pulchra (-cr-) quae (que) Bas. Par.
Weilb. al. Isid. pulchra quem Carol. pulchram (-a-) quae (que) Bern. Leid. Tolet. 2 puram ex gloss. Vat. citrosam
vestem Macrob. trib. B. P. Macrob., lib. I Mr.
^2 item ferunt p. c. a. 1. et apud Naevium novem lovis e. q. s. (p. 46) cdd. Mar. Vict. pulchras creterras Mar.
50
THE PUNIC WAR
In these you see Virgil's ' ready in heart ' ; —
When they forthwith were passing outdoors there with the gold,
Here again, you see Virgil's ' laden with their wealth.'
11
Precious chattels rescued '^ from the flames of Troy :
Isidore : ' Citrosa.' Curled '' as it were so as to resemble citrus-wood. Naevius —
and clothing clean and lovely, spun from gold and citrus-scented.
12
Marius Victorinus : In a passage of Naevius we have — They carry beautiful bowls and golden goblets.
Aeneas^ ship :
Servius supplemented : Naevius in The Punic War says that Aeneas had one ship which Mercury built.
" Or looted by the Greeks — cp. Virg., Aen., II, 763 ff.
^ A false interpretation. Macrobius gives the right meaning. The right readings of the fr. are unknown. The citrus-tree, whose fragrant wood was used for making furniture, must be distinguished from the citron (also called by the Romans citrus), whose leaves and fruit were placed amongst clothes in order to keep moths away.
Vict. pulchros pateras (crateras marg. Pal.) aereas cdd. Caes. Bass. aureasque cdd. Mar. Vict. trib. lib. I Mr.
e2
NAEVIUS
13^15
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 351, 25 : Inveni ' marum ' pro ' marium,' qui tamen in raro est usu genetivus, apud Naevium in carmine Belli Puniei —
Senex fretus pietatei turn adlocutus summi deum regis fratrem Neptunum regnatorem
Servius auctus, ad Aen., I, 198 : Totus hie locus de Naevii Belli Puniei libro translatus est. [Cp. Horn., Od., XII, 208.]
Macrobius, S., VI, 2, 31 : In principio Aeneidos (I, 81 s.) tempestas describitur et (I, 223-296) Venus . . . queritur. Hie locus totus sumptus a Naevio est ex primo libro Belli Puniei . Illic enim aeque Venus Troianis tempestate laborantibus cum love queritur et sequuntur verba lovis filiam consolautis spe futurorum.
16 Varro, L.L., VII, 51 : Naevius — Patrem suum supremum optumum adpellat supremum ab superrumo dictum.
" pietatei V pietati vel pietate cdd. turn Mr.
deum cdd.
^* fortasse Neptunum fratrem {coni. Mr.) trib. lib. I
Schuett, Klussmann
1^ trib. lib. I Klussmann
" The attribution to book I is probably right ; but the words may be spoken when the wanderers first sight Italy, as in Virgil, Aen., Ill, 525 ff.
'' Whether Naevius brought the Trojans to Dido in Africa (cf. Serv. auct., ad Aen., IV, 9 — the mother of Anna and of Dido in Naevius) before bringing them to Italy is not known.
52
THE PUNIC WAR
13-15
Anchises embarks from Troy :
Priscianus : I have found ' marum ' for ' marium ' (a form of genitive which is, however, rarely used) in a passage of Naevius in The Song of the Punic W'ar — "
Then the old man, stayed strong in piety, called on the ruler of the seas, Neptune, brother of the all- highest monarch of the gods.
The storm with which Venus caused Aeolus to vex the Trojans : *
Servius supplemented, on Virgil : The whole of this passage {Aen., I, 1^8^.) is taken over from the first book of Naevius' Funic War. "^ ^^5
Venus complains to Jupiter, who gives a co^nforting reply :
Macrobius : At the beginning of the Aeneid a tempest is described, and Venus complains. . . . The whole of this passage is taken from Naevius, and comes from the first book of The Punic War. For there in the same way, when the Trojans are labouring in a tempest, Venus complains to Jupiter, and there follow words of Jupiter comforting his daughter with hopes of the future.
16
Beginning! of Vcnui appeal : "
Varro : Naevius ^ has —
She thus calls on her father, the all-highest and good where 'supremum ' is derived from 'superrumus.'
Cf. IVIr., Quaest. Naev., XXIII, and id., Q. Ennius, 147; ed. Enn., XXIII; Dessau, Hermes, XLIX, 518; contrast Baehxens, Hermes, L, 261 ff . ; W. Schur, Die Aeneassage, 74.
« Virg., Aen., I, 229 £E.
^ Doubtless in The Punic War, book I.
53
NAEVIUS 17
Festus, 340, 25 : ' Quianam ' pro quare et cur positum est apud antiques ut Naevium in carmine Belli Punici —
Summe deiim regnator, quianam me genuisti ?
Lactantius, Div. Instit., I, 6, 7 : Varro . . . ait . . . (9) quartam (Sibyllam) Cimmeriam in Italia, quam Naevius in libris Belli Punici . . . nominet.
Servius auctus, ad Aen., IX, 712 (715) : ' Prochyta alta tremit.' . . . Hanc Naevius in primo Belli Punici de cognata Aeneae nomen accepisse dicit.
18
Macrobius, S., VE, 5, 9 : ' Silvicolae Fauni ' {Aen., X, 551 silvicolae Fauno). Naevius Belli Punici libro primo —
. . . silvicolae homines bellique inertes
19-20 Nonius, 474, 5 : ' Perconta ' . . . —
Blande et doete percontat Aeneas quo pacto Troiam urbem liquisset.
Cp. Non., 335, 3.
1' me add. Havet genuisti S genus isti cd. g.
ursisti B trib. lib. I et cum 16 coniung. Mr.
Lactant. I, 6 : trib. lib. I Spangenberg
^^ homines < mites > vel <segnes> B
Non., 474, 335 : lib, II cdd. I Merula
2° liquisset Merula reliquisset cdd. 474 liquerit cdd. 335 (reliquerit (?)
54
THE PUNIC WAR
17
Festus : ' Quianam ' is put for ' quare ' or ' cur ' in the works of archaic writers; for example, in a passage of Naevius in The Song of the Punic War —
Greatest ruler of the gods, why, pray, didst thou beget me ?
Aeneas consults " the Sibyl in a valley between Baiae and Cumae :
Lactantius : Varro . . . says . . . that the fourth Sibyl is the ' Cimmerian ' in Italy, who is mentioned by name by Naevius in his books of The Punic War.
The Sibyl orders Aeneas to bury a kinswoman of his in the island Procida, which is named after her :
Servius supplemented, on ' trembles high Prochyta ' in Virgil : Naevius says that this island {Procida) took its name* from a kinswoman of Aeneas.
18 Rude tribes of Italy :
Macrobius : ' Wood-haunting Fauns.' <■ Naevius in the first book of The Punic War —
wood-haunting folk, unskilled in war
19-20 The wanderers in Latium ; King Latimis addresses Aeneas : Nonius : ' Perconta ' . . . —
With charm and shrewdness asked he earnestly
How Aeneas forsook the city Troy.
" Cf. auct., de orig. gent. Rom., 10.
* sc. Aenaria, a name really given to the neighbouring island Ischia.
'^ But Virgil has silvicolae Fauno.
55
NAEVIUS
Servius auctus, ad Aen., I, 273 : Naevius et Ennius Aeneae ex filia nepotcm Romulum conditorcin urbis tradunt.
21-2 Nonius, 116, 31 : ' Gratulari,' gratias agere ... — manusque susum ad caelum sustulit suas rex Amulius divisque gratulatur.
EX LIBRO I VEL II
Varro, L.L., V, 43 : Aventinum aliquot de causis dicunt. Naevius ab avibus, quod eo se ab Tiberi ferrent aves.
Varro, L.L., V, 53 : ' Palatium ' . . . eundem hunc locum a pecore dictum putant quidam. Itaque Naevius Balatium appellat.
23
Nonius, 197, 12 : ' Castitas ' et ' castimonia ' . . . Mas- culini. . . . Naevius carmine Punici Belli —
Res divas edicit, praedicit castas.
Non., 116 : lib. I manusque Mr. (manusque Mcrula)
lib. II bisque B lib III isque cdd.
^^ rex Stephanus res cdd. irque s. a. c. s. suum r. Havet
22 Amulius quid. ap. Bentin. ammullus cdd. <ambas laetus) Amulius B divisque g. Mr. gratulabat Havet gratulabatur divis cdd.
Varr., L.L., V, 43, 53 : trib. ' B. P.' lib. I Mr.
23 trib. lib. I Mr. P. belli <II i8> res d, B
56
THE PUNIC WAR
Ilia gives birth to Romulus :
Servius supplemented : Naevius and Ennius record that Romulus, the founder of Rome, was Aeneas' grandson through Aeneas' daughter.
21-2
Amulius rejoices at the preservation of Romulus and Remus : " Nonius : ' Gratulari,' the same as ' gratias agere.' ... — And King Amulius raised his hands aloft Towards the sky, and thanked the gods.
FROM BOOK I OR BOOK II
Romulus, before founding his city, takes the auspices from the Aventine :
Varro : Several causes are given for the name Aventine. Xaevius derives it from ' aves,' giving as reason that thither birds betook themselves from the Tiber.
Rome is founded on the Palatine :
Varro : ' Palatium.' . . . Some think that this same place is derived from the ways of flocks; ^ and so Naevius calls it ' Balatium,' The Place of Bleaters.
23
The Institutions of Romulus [or of Numa Pompilius) : "
Nonius : ' Castitas ' and ' castimonia.' ... A masculine form ... in Naevius in The Song of the Punic War —
He makes declaration of sacred ordinances, and proclaims the rules of holy chastity.
« Cf. Mr., Quaest. Xaev., XXVIII-XXIX.
^ Varro means that the derivation is from ' balare ' to bleat, or ' palari ' or ' palare,' as he says himself in this section. The real derivation is probably from ' pasco ' ; cp. Sanskrit ' pala ' (shepherd).
*^ Thus Mr., Quaest. Xaev., XXVI; castus may here mean certain holy days on which pleasures of the flesh were avoided ; compare some inscriptions, Remains of Old Latin, Vol. III.
57
NAEVIUS
LIBER II 24
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 231, 13 : Hie puerus et hie et haec puer . . . (232, 5)—
Prima incedit Cereris Proserpina puer,
25-6
Maerobius, S., VI, 5, 8 : ' Quam pius arquitenens ' {Aen., Ill, 75). Hoc epitheto usus est Naevius Belli Punici libro II —
dein pollens sagittis inclutus arquitenens sanctusque Delphis prognatus Pythius Apollo.
LIBER III
27
Paulus, ex F., 469, 4 : ' Sagmina ' dieebant herbas ver- benas, quia ex loeo saneto arcessebantur legatis profieiscentibus ad foedus faciendum bellumque indieendum. . . . Naevius —
Scopas atque verbenas sagmina sumpserunt.
2* proserpina puer cdd. (puer p. Lugd.) prima incedit
Cereri' puer Proserpna Mr, pover B
2^ sanctusque cdd. sanetus V Putins V
2' trih. lib. Ill Merula Naevius ius sacratum lovis
iurandum sagmine Fest. ; quae incerta sunt
" Cichorius, B. St., 47-8 puts the first in book VI and thinks it refers to the first hidi saecidares in 249 B.C. ; the second he takes (pp. 48-9) as introducing a speech of Apollo, possibly at a Council of the Gods early in the work.
S8
THE PUNIC WAR
BOOK II
24
A procession of gods :
Priscianus : ' Puerus ' as a nom. sing. masc. and ' puer ' as a nom. sing, both fern, and masc. ... —
First comes Proserpina, a child of Ceres,"
25-6
Macrobius, quoting Virgil : ' Whom the grateful archer- god.' This epithet was used by Naevius in the second book of The Punic War —
and then his son Pythian Apollo, the renowned archer mighty in his arrows, the god who is hallowed at Delphi.
BOOK III
The first Punic War, perhaps as far as the capture of Agrigentiim, 262 B.C.
27
Declaration * of war against Cartilage, 264 B.C. .'
Paulus : ' Sagmina ' was a term once used for the herbs * verbenae,' because they were fetched from a ' sanctified ' place when ambassadors set out to make a treaty or to declare war. . . . Naevius —
To make the holy tufts, they took twigs and sacred foliage.
^ Cf. Cichor., i?. St., 26-7. Sagmina were sacred tufts or bunches of sacred foliage {verbenae) picked within the citadel by a consul or a praetor; by holding them legati and fetiales were made inviolable.
59
NAEVIUS
28
Nonius, 76, 3 : 'Atrox,' crudum. Naevius Belli Punici lib. Ill—
simul atrocia porricerent exta ministratores.
29-30 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 128, 17 : ' Exerciti ' . . . — Marcus Valerius consul partem exerciti in expeditionem ducit.
LIBER IV
31-2
Nonius, 90, 24 : ' Concinnare ' conficere vel colligere. Naevius Belli Poenici lib. IV —
Transit Melitam Romanus insulam integram ; urit populatur vastat, rem hostium concinnat.
33
Nonius, 183, 16 : ' Vicissatim,' per vices. Naevius Belli Punici lib. IV—
vicissatim volvi victoriam.
Nmi. 76 : IIII vel III cdd.
28 simul cdd. simitu Mr. porricerent lun. proi- cerent cdd. atroria <atra> prosicarent B
Char.,\2^: Punici 1. Ill (vel Punici III) V Punici lib. I C(Z.
29 Marcus cd. Manius Morula ... M. V. e. I p. e. i. 6. I d. B
^^ Romanus exercitusccZ^Z. 5ecZi((i. exercitusV t.M.|j R. B integram <oram> Mr. ^3 volvi vel volvier coni. Linds.
** Or possibly the fourth — this fr. might come near fr. 34-5 of book IV. Some think that here atrocia means injaasta (Cichor.,i?.>Sf., 30-32). 6o
THE PUNIC WAR
28 Inspection of victims :
Nonius : ' Atrox ' (ugly), raw. Naevius in the third " book of The Punic War—
at the same time the attendants should offer up the ugly \itals.
29-30
Marcus Valerius Maximus near Messina in Sicily, 262 B.C. ;
Charisius : ' Exerciti ' . . . —
Marcus Valerius the consul leads a part of his army on an expedition.^
BOOK IV
This hook described in 'particular the battles of Mylae (260 B.C.), Tyndaris (257) and Ecnomus (256), and the exploits and fate of Begulus in Africa (256-5).
31-2
Marcus Atilius Begulus overruns Malta, 256 B.C. .*
Nonius : ' Concinnare,' to complete or collect. Naevius in the fourth book of The Punic War —
The Roman crosses over to Malta, an island un- impaired; he lays it waste by fire and slaughter, and finishes " the affairs of the enemy.
33
Undecisive warfare :
Nonius : ' Vicissatim,' the same as ' per vices.' Naevius in the fourth book of The Punic War —
that victory rolls to and fro by turns.
^ The metre sounds rather like iambic senarii. '^ Or possibly ' makes a clean sweep of ' (cp. ' tidy up,' ' polish oflE '). Cf. Schuster, in Glotta, XVI, 1315.
6i
NAEVIUS
34-5
Nonius, 468, 20 : ' Auspicavi ' pro auspicatus sum . . . verum praetor advenit, auspicat auspicium prosperum.
36
Nonius, 97, 13 : * Danunt,' dant ... — earn carnem victoribus danunt.
LIBER V
Probably described the Battle of Panorrnus, 250 B.C., the rejection of peace-terms hy Rome, and the beginning of the long
|
LIBER |
VI |
|
37 ' Loca ' . |
. . masculini. . |
Nonius, 211, 1 : ' Loca ' . . . masculini. . . . Naevius BeUi Punici lib. VI—
Convenit regnum siniul atque locos ut haberent.
38 Nonius, 325, 6 : ' Ilico,' in eo loco. ... — Septimum decimum annum ilico sedent.
^*~^ verum lun. vixdum B virum cdd. advenit
Merula adveniet cdd. adveneit B auspicat a. p. cdd. seclud. p. Merula p. auspicat a. Mr. prosprum B
\lcdd. Nonius, 211 : lib. VII Merula III Mr.
^' ut locos B haberent cdd. haberet Merula
Non. 325: lib. VII Lu. G. Ill rell.
^® <iam> septimum Mr. eeprimumB sedent crfrf.
sedentes Mr. sederent Havet sedere B
" The occasion may have been the arrival of an unknown praetor to take over the land-army (in Sicily) of Duilius, who took charge of the fleet after the defeat of Gn. Scipio Asina at Lipara in 260 B.C. Cichor., R. St., 33.
^ Cf. Cichor., 49-50. There is no need to alter the text of Nonius, and I therefore retain VJ and haberent of the cdd. 62
THE PUNIC WAR
34-5 A good omeri : "
Nonius : ' Auspicavi 'for ' auspicatus sum.' ... — but the praetor comes and takes prosperous auspices.
36 Feast after victory ? :
Nonius : ' Danunt,' the same as ' dant ' , . . — that flesh they make a gift of to the victors.
BOOK V
■siege of Lilyhaeum in 250 ; and the defeat of P. Claudius at Drepana in 249 B.C. No fragments of this hook have survived.
BOOK VI
From the arrival of Hamilcar Barca in Sicily in 248 B.C. to the last year of the war /
37
By a renewal in 248 B.C. of the treaty of 263, Hiero of Syracuse is allowed to remain independent : *
Nonius : ' Loca ' ... in a masculine form. . . . Naevius in the sixth book of The Punic War —
It was agreed that they shall still have their monarchy together with their demesnes.
38 The year 248 b.c. ;
Nonius : ' Ilieo ' means ' in eo loco ' . . . — • They keep the field there for the seventeenth *" year.
The line reads like a hexameter, but it might possibly be read : Convenit regnum simul atque locos ut haberent. Cf. also Taubler, H., LVII, 157, 8.
*^ Sedere is clearly used of keeping camp before an enemy stronghold, here Lilybaeum, I suppose; but the seventeenth year refers to the whole war, not to this siege (begun in 250). Cf. Cichor., 50.
63
NAEVIUS 39
Nonius, 515, 8 : * Superbiter ' . . . —
Superbiter contenitim conterit legiones.
Cp. Non., 516, 2.
40
Nonius, 267, 17 : ' Censere ' significat existimare, arbi- trari ... —
Censet eo venturum obviam Poenum.
LIBER VII
41-3
Nonius, 474, 17 : ' Paciscunt." Naevius Belli Poenici lib. VII—
Id quoque paciscunt, nioenia ut siiit quae Lutatium reconcilient ; captivos plurimos idem Sicilienses paciscit obsides ut reddant.
*" censet cdd. praet. G. (censent)
*^"^ paciscunt Escorial. Par. 7667 paciscuntur rell.
paciscunt moenia ut Mr. sint cdd. jyraet. Par. 7666
Lugd. Bamh. (sin)
reconcilient W Lutatium reconciliant cdd. concilient Lutatium Mr. vocahulum idem trih, Non. Linds. idem <lib. VI> Cichor. Sicilienses e. q. s. alter, cital. Linds.
" Imitated by Plautus, Poen., Ill, 1, 34, ne nos tarn con- temptim conteras. Cichor., R. St., 45, points to the arrogance of P. Claudius Pulcher, consul in 249. The line might refer to the hard training which Lutatius Catulus gave his soldiers in 242 and 241 B.C. : but this came in book VII ?
64
THE PUNIC WAR
39
Hamilcar on Mount Eryx (244-3 B.C.) harasses the Romans ? :
Nonius : ' Superbiter ' . . . —
Haughtily and scornfully he wears out the legions."
40 Operations ^ of the Romans : Nonius : ' Censere ' means to reckon, to believe ... —
He reckons that the Phoenician will come thither to meet him.
BOOK vn
Preparations of C. Lutatius Catulus ; victory by sea of Catulus and Falto at the Aegates Islands in 242 B.C. Peace 241 B.C.
41-3
Provisional peace arranged by Lutatius Catulus and Hamilcar, 241 B.C.
Nonius : ' Paciscunt.' Naevius in the seventh book of The Punic War —
This also the Phoenicians ^ covenant, that their obligations shall be such as may meet the demands of Lutatius ; he on his side covenants that the Sicilians must give up the many hostages held prisoners by them.
^ Near Phintia, 248 B.C. ? or at Panormus, 250 B.C. (Cichor., R. St., 44) ?
'^ Or possibly the Sicilians. The readings are doubtful. Cf. Taubler, Hermes, LVII, 157; Leo, Sat. V, 35. It is possible that we have two frs. here, separated by idem. Cf. Cichor., 50-52.
65
VOL. II. F
NAEVIUS
EX LIBRIS INCERTIS
44-6
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 198, 6 : (p. 30) Naevius in carmine Belli Punici I—
Inerant signa expressa quo modo Titani bicorpores Gigantes magnique Atlantes Runcus atque Porporeus^filii Terras.
Cp. Prise, ap. G.L., 217, 12.
47
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 242, 20 : ' Inquies.' . . . Simplex in usu invenitur trium generum. Naevius in carmine Belli Punici I —
iamque eius mentem Fortuna fecerat quietem.
48
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 152, 17 : ' Acer ' et ' alacer ' . . . in utraque terminatione communis etiam generis inveniuntur prolata ... —
Fames acer augescit hostibus. Cp. Prise, ap. G.L., 230, 3.
** expressa s. Spengel
** atque Bentley ac cdd. Porporeus Fleckeisen
porpu-, purpo- cdd.
Prise. 242 : Punici I Bamh. Bern. Halb. Carolir. II rell. " trib. lib. Ill Cichor.
66
THE FUNIC WAR
UNASSIGNED FRAGMENTS
44-6
From Book I ? Aeneas' ship,*^ built by Mercury ? :
Priscianus, on the genitive singular in ' -as.' . . . Naevius in The Song of the Punic War, book I (?) —
On it there were modelled images in the fashion of Titans and two-bodied Giants and mighty Atlases, and Runcus too and the Crimson-hued, sons of Earth.
47
Aeneas in misfortunes ? :
Priscianus: ' Inquies ' {adj. unquiet). . . . The uncom- pounded form of this word is also found in use in all three genders. Naevius in The Song of the Punic War, book I (?) —
and by now Fortune had rendered quiet his mind.
48
The siege * of Lilybaeum ? {book V ?) :
Priscianus : ' Acer ' and ' alacer ' . . . are found inflected as epithets of common gender in both terminations ... —
Sharp hunger grows great for the enemy.
" So I suggest; cf. pp. 50-1, book I. Mr., Quaest. Naev., XXVII, suggests Pyrrhus' ship which came into one Hannibal's possession and was captured by Rome at Mvlae in 260 B.C. Cf. also Mr. in PhiloL, XLII, 408 ff. But the fr. may describe a temple, or a shield of Aeneas. Note the archaic genitive singular Terras.
* So I suggest. This was the one great siege of the war.
67
f2
NAEVIUS
49
Isidorus, de Nat. Ber., 44 : ' Flustrum ' motus maris sine tempestate fluctuant is velut Naevius in Bello Punico sic ait —
honerariae honustae stabant in flustris,
ac si diceret in salo.
Cp. Paul., ex F., 62, 31.
50
Festus, 532, 4 : ' Topper ' significare ait Artorius cito . . . sic Gn. Naevi * * —
Topper capesset flammam Volcani.
51-2 Varro, VII, 23 : ' Ratis ' navis longas dixit, ut Naevius quom ait —
t Conferreque aut rate eratam faequor per liquidum maris eunt undantis atque sedantis.
53 Festus, 414, 15 : Sublicium pontem. . . . meminit <. . . Naevius> qui ait in Belli <Punici libro. . . . > —
quam liquidum . . . amnem.
*^ honerariae honustae cdd. honerariaeque h. Mr.
trib. lib. VI Cichor.
F est., 532 : c. nevicapesset cc?. Gn. Naevius . . . topper capesset edd.
^^~2 ^ratam fortasse dittogr. ex aut rate perite per
liquidum S aequor p. I. W perit. qdii cd. Laur. maris eunt undantis atque sedantis W {cp. GelL, XVIII, 12, 6 * sedo intransitive ') mare sudantes eunt atque sedantes Laur. mare eunt fugantes atque sectantes B rede ?
" He boldly broke through the Roman blockade with a fair wind. (Polyb., I, 44.) But of course any incident of convoy or transport of supplies would do as a context (Cichor., R. St., 45-6).
* Possibly in a play — the fr. could be an incomplete senarius.
68
THE PUNIC WAR
49
Relief brought to Lilybaeum by Hannibal'^ in 250 B.C.? [book V ?) :
Isidorus : ' Flustrum ' (calm water), movement of the sea as it undulates, ' fluctuat,' when there is no storm. For example, Naevius has 'in flustris ' in The Punic War —
the freight-ships with their freights stood still upon the drifts, where it is the same as if he said 'in salo.'
50 Siege-operations ? :
Festus : ' Topper.' Artorius says this means quickly. . . . So in Cnaeus Naevius * * ^ —
With all speed will it catch at Vulcan's flame.
51-2
Preparation of a fleet ? Training for sea-warfare ? Varro : ' Ratis.' By this he '^ means ships of war like Naevius when he says —
... a bronze-beaked man-of-war . . . which go over the watery plain of the sea both rough and calm.'^
53 The city of Rome ; the Bridge of Piles at Rome : Festus : ' Sublicius *" Pons.' . . . Naevius mentions it when he says in . . . book of The Punic War —
. . . than a liquid . . . river.
<= An unknown tragic writer, possibly Pacuvius. Until a really certain restoration can be made, the context of the quotation from Naevius must remain unknown. Cf. Cichor., R. St., 37-8. It is not certain even that the fr. comes from the Punic War.
^ Hopelessly corrupt.
* This word is an epithet from ' sublica ' (a stake or post); the true derivation is unknown. For another view, cf. Cichor., 54.
69
NAEVIUS 54
Priscianus, cap. O.L., II, 198, 6 : (p. 30) Naevius in carmine Belli Punici . . . (199, 3)—
Ei venit in mentem hominum fortunas.
55
Paulus, ex Fest., 369, 4 : ' Rumitant,' rumigerantur. Naevius —
Simul alius aliunde rumitant inter sese.
Cp. Test., 368, 20.
56 Nonius, 214, 7 : ' Metus ' masculini. Feminine Naevius — Magnae metus tumultus peetora possidit.
57
Donatus, ad Ter., Andr., I, 1, 28 : ' Plerique omnes ' apxa'Cafios est ... —
Plerique omnes subiguntur sub unum iudicium,
58
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 235, 20 : Invenitur . . . simplex decor decoris paenultima correpta apud vetustissimos ... —
Magnam domum decoremque ditem vexarant.
Cp. gloss. Vat., ap. Mai, Auct. Class., VIII, 165.
^^ alius cdd. alls Bothe
^^ magnae cdd. magni ed. princ. possidit vel possidet
cdd. possideit B trib. ' B. P.' Klussmann
^' suum cdd. (unum Par.) vanum Mr.
58 magnam vel magnamque cdd. vexarent vel vexerant
cdd. duxerat gloss. Vat.
70
THE PUNIC WAR
54
Anxieties of a commander ? :
Priscianus, on the genitive singular in -' as ' : . . . Naevius in T}ie Song of the Punic War —
he bethought himself of the fortune of men."
55 Anxieties of soldiers ? :
Paulus : ' Rumitant,' they bear rumours. Naevius ^ — At the same time they rumoured amongst them- selves, some ^ from this cause, some from that.
56 Nonius : ' Metus ' of the masculine gender. In the feminine : Naevius —
The tumult of a great ^ fear is master of their breasts.
57
Donatus, on ' Plerique omnes ' in Terence : This is an archaism. ... —
Most and all are brought under one judgment.
58
Priscianus : We find in the works of the oldest writers the uncompounded form of the epithet ' decor,' genitive ' decoris ' with the penultimate short ... —
They had abused a mighty dwelling,^ beautiful and rich.
<» This fr. would come later than lines 44-6, but might well be in the same book {i.e. I).
^ Doubtless in The Punic War, like the next fr. also,
<= If alis is right, it is nom, sing.
^ It may be that this refers to the plots of the Samnites in 259?— Cichor., i?. *§/., 38.
^ Possibly the temple of Aphrodite at Erv'x (cf. Cichor., E. St., 52^).
7^
NAEVIUS
59-62
Festus, 460, 21 : ' Stuprum ' pro turpitudine antiques dixisse apparet. . . . Naevius —
seseque i perire mavolunt ibidem
quam cum stupro redire ad suos popularis.
Item —
Sin illos deserant fortissimos virorum magnum stuprum populo fieri per gentes.
63-4
Festus, 472, 24: <Sardare>, intellegere. . . . <Nae-> vius belli Pu<nicilibro . . . —
quo)d bruti nee satis •(sardare queunt)
Cp. Paul., 473, 8; Varr., L.L., VII, 108.
65-6
Varro, L.L., VII, 39 : Apud Naevium —
atque prius pariet lucusta Lucam bovem,
Luca bos elephans.
" i cd. ei V vei B •^ virorum S viros cd. 63 <8ic> fieri B
*3~* suppl. ex Paul., 473, 8-9 nee satis sarrare, ab serare dictum, id est aperire Varro ^•^ pariet b. lucusta Lucam B
72
THE PUNIC WAR
59-62
Bravery of soldiers. And a matter of sending help :
Festus : That the archaic writers used the term ' stuprum ' for shamefulness is clear. . . . Naevius —
and they would rather that they perish then and there than return with disgrace to their fellow- countrymen/^
And in like manner —
But if they should forsake those men, the bravest of the brave, great would be the disgrace to the people through all the world.
63-4
Festus : ' Sardare,' * to understand. . . . Xaevius in The Punic War, book . . . —
because brutish men neither have power enough to understand . . .
65-6
A proverb expressing something impossible : Varro : In a passage of Naevius — and sooner will a lobster spawn a Lucanian cow, * Lucanian cow ' means elephant.*
" Clearly from The Punic War. I retain Festus' order and treat the frs. as belonging to separate contexts. Various efforts have been made to assign the frs. to definite incidents. See, e.g., Cichor., R. St., 41-2.
* So Paulus. But Varro apparently read sarrare.
•^ Because the Romans first saw elephants in Pyrrhus' army in Lucania. Thisfragment may come in Satura (see pp. 152-3).
73
NAEVIUS
FABULAE PALLIATAE; F. TOGATA
ACONTIZOMENOS
1
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 211, 7: 'Prime.' Naevius in Acontizomeno —
Acontizomenos fabula est prime bona.
2-3 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 199, 21 : ' Falso ' . . . —
Huius autem gnatus dicitur geminum alterum falso occidisse.
4 Charisius, ap. (?.L., I, 207, 19 : ' Noctu ' . . . — sublustri noctu interfecit.
AGITATORIA
5-6
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 210, 24 : ' Pluris.' Naevius in Agitatoria —
Semper pluris feci ego potioremque habui libertatem multo quam pecuniam.
^ Acontizomenos Ritschl -us cd,
* sublustri (supplicio olim) Ribb. sulpicii cd.
^ 8. p. f . e. W e. s. p. f . cd.
74
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS; COMEDY IN ROMAN DRESS
SPEARED «
1
Prologue : First line of the play ? : Charisius : ' Prime.' Naevius in Speared — * Speared ' is a fine first-rate play !
2-3
Manslaughter the cause of all the trouble : Charisius : ' Falso ' . . . —
And this man's son killed by mistake, they say, one of the twins.
4
Charisius : ' Noctu ' . . . —
It was in the dim light ^ of night he killed him.
THE PLAY OF THE DRIVER
5-6
Charisius : ' Pluris.' Naevius in The Play of the Driver — I at any rate have always valued freedom at a
much higher price than money, and have held
freedom to be preferable.
" Based presumably on Dionysius' 'A/covrt^oVevo? (cp. 'A/covTt^o/i€V77 of Antiphanes).
'' sulpicii is corrupt. The remarks of Charisius show that Naevius used an adjective agreeing with noctu.
75
NAEVIUS
7 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 220, 19 : ' Secus ' pro aliter . . Secus si umquam quicquam feci, carnificem cedo.
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 208, 5 : ' Nimio ' pro nimis ... — . . . nimio arte colligor. Cur re inquaesita colligor ?
9
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 197, 9 : ' Dedita opera ' declinari quidem ut nomen potest, sed tainen vim adverbii retinet ... —
Quasi dedita opera quae ego volo ea tu non vis, quae nolo ea cupis.
10-14 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 239, 12 : ' Tax pax ' ... — (A) Age ne tibi med advorsari dicas ; hune unum
diem, Demea, meos equos sinam ego illos esse —
(B Demea ?) Tax pax !
(A) Postea currenteis eis ego illos vendam, nisi tu viceris.
8 nimium o nimium Ribb. Agitatoria nimio arte cd.
{fortasse o nimio arte) colligor ! c. r. i. c. ? Bothe colligo cur ed. princ. colligobcurre iaqsta. colligor cd. nimio me arte colligas Bergk
^ quae ego nolo ed. princ. q. (= quod) ego nolo cd.
^^ med Bergk {qui et age age ne tibi me coni.) mihi ed,
princ. alii alia me cd.
^^ DemeameosequosW (Demea segniorWesterhovius de meo equos sinam vel sinam equos Bergk) de meo servos Bothe de meo securos Ribb. demeo sequor Neap.
equos cd. Bond. domi hos equos Buecheler qui senar.
constit. domi meae servos Mr. fortasse tux pax . . . | Surrenti
^2 eis addidi <pretio> viceris Gulielmus.
76
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
7
Charisius : ' Secus ' (differently) for otherwise .
If I have done anything differently from this, — bring along your hangman !
8
Charisius : ' Nimio ' for ' nimis.' . . . —
I'm bound too tightly. Why am I bound with my case thus untried ?
Charisius : ' Opera ' with ' dedita ' may be declined as a noun, it is true ; but still it retains its adverbial force ... —
It's all on purpose, allow me to say, that you don't want what I want ; what I don't want you hanker after.
10-14
Charisius : ' Tax pax ' . . . —
(A) Come now, don't say I'm against you ; Demea, can't I let those horses be mine for just this one day ? (B Demea ?) Whack ! Thwack ! « (A) Afterwards I'll sell them as coursers to those fellows, unless you win.
** (B) strikes or threatens to strike (A). Cp. Plant., Persa, II, 3, 12 tux tax. I retain equos in this fr. because one cd. has it and the title of the play suggests that here we have a charioteer (?) who refuses to sell some horses. It is possible that tux pax or tax pax is, as a gloss says (not on this passage), an exclamation of thanks. Cf. Ribb., Com. Fr., Corollar., VIII.
77
NAEVIUS
' Eho ' idem in eadem —
(C) Eho, an vicimus ? (D) Vicistis.
(C) Volup est. Quo modo ?
(D) Dicamtibi.
AGRYPNUNTES
15
Nonius, 150, 28 : * Praemiatores noctumi,' praedones. Naevius Agrypnuntibus —
nam in scena vos nocturnos coepit praemiatores toUere.
16-17 Nonius, 65, 4 : ' Promicare,' extendere et porro iacere, unde emicare ... —
si quidem vis loqui, non perdocere multa longe promicando, oratio est.
APPELLA
18-19
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 203, 15 : Antiquissimi in -a quoque singulare feminino genere hoc recte protuLisse inveniuntur. Naevius in Appella —
' Ut ilium di perdant, qui primum holitor protulit caepam! '
Cp. scliol. Bern., Hag., Analect. Hdvet.y 106, 26.
^* volupe est — quo modo ? Botha volop quomodo cd.
^^ scena cdd. cena Ribb. scenam Mr.
^' <hau> multa Ribb. (multa hau Bothe) promicando cdd. promicandaecW. /oriasse perdocendo m. 1. promicanda
18-19 (jj perdant {vel alia coni.) C. F. W. Mueller dii terant Aid. di feriant Maehly differant cdd. Prise, (defferant Carol. deferunt schol. Bern.) primum cdd. primus
Bothe priniam Ribb. protulit cepam C. F. W. Mueller
cepam protulit cdd. Prise. om. protulit schol. Bern. 78
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
The same poet in the same play has ' eho ' —
(C) Aha! Have we won? (D) You've won.
(C) That's fine ! How did it come ofF? (D) I'll tell
you.
THE WIDEAWAKES
15
From the prologue :
Nonius : ' Praemiatores nocturni,' robbers. Naevius in The Wideawakes —
for on the stage " he began to make ruin for you profiteers of the night.
16-17
Nonius : ' Promicare,' to extend and ' porro iacere ' ; whence ' emicare.' ... —
But if you want just to tell me, and not to make a whole lesson of it by shooting crowds of words far and wide — you can speak. ^
THE CIRCUMCISED «
18-19
Priscianus, on ' caepe.' The most archaic writers are found to have used a feminine smgular in a, rightly. Naevius in The Circumcised —
' Well, God damn him — the kitchen-gardener who first produced an onion ! '
" I retain the reading of the MSS. This looks like an allusion by Naevius to his political foes.
^ Or, ' a speech is not making a whole lesson . . .' '^ Apparently : Gloss. Labb. apella Aei7rd5ep/Mo?, which apparently means circumcised. Cp. scholl. ad Hor., ScU., I, 5, 100 (ludaeus Apella). Some take Appella to be Apula, Apulian (M. Berchem, De Naev. Poet, vita, 68-9).
79
NAEVIUS 20
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 204, 1 : Frequentior tarnen usus hoc cepe protulit ... — Cui caepe edundod oculus alter profluit.
Cp. Thes. Nov. Lat., ap. Mai, Class. Aucf., VIII, 133.
ARIOLUS
21
Gellius, III, 3, 15 : De Naevio . . . accepimus, fabulas eum in carcere duas scripsisse Ariolum et Leontem . . . unde post a tribunis plebis exemptus est, cum in his quas supra dixi fabulis delicta sua et petulantias dictorum, quibus raultos ante laeserat, diluisset.
Festus, 202, 23 : ' Oreae,' freni quod ori inferuntur. . . . Naevius in Hariolo —
Deprandi autem leoni si obdas oreas,
22-6
Macrobius, S., Ill, 18, 6 : ' Praenestinae nuces.' Est . . . illud apud Naevium in fabula Ariolo —
(A) Quis heri apud te ?
(B) Praenestini et Lanuvini hospites. (A) Suopte utrosque decuit acceptos cibo, alteris inanem volvulam madidam dari, alteris nuces in proclivi profundier.
2" edundod Buecheler edundo vcl edendo cdd.
21 autem ccZ. item Ribb. leoni si Ursinus leonisct?.
25 alteris cdd. altris Geppert {cp. Ribb,, Com. Fr.,
Corollar., X-XI) bulbulam (= vulvulam) Geppert
bulbum Pontanus bullam Salisb. Med. 1, 2 bulbam
rell. vulvam madidatam Scriverius madidantem S
2^ profundier Scriverius profundere cdd.
8o
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
20 Priscianus : Still it was the more usual practice to inflect from a neuter form * cepe ' . . . —
who has one eye streaming because he's eating an onion.
THE SOOTHSAYER «
21
Gellius : We have heard a tradition about Naevius, that when he was in prison he wrote two plays, The Soothsayer and Leon. . . . He was freed from prison later on, by the tribunes of the commons, when he had apologised, in the plays, which I mentioned above, for his misdemeanours, and for the impudence of utterances with which he had hurt the feelings of many * in the past.
From the prologue ? :
Festus : ' Oreae,' the bit of a bridle which is introduced into the ' os.' . . . Naevius in 2^ he Soothsayer —
But if you should offer a bit to the bite of a breakfastless lion,
22-6
Macrobius : ' Praenestine nuts.' '^ This term occurs in a passage of Naevius in the play called The Soothsayer —
(A) Who dined with you yesterday ? (B) Guests from Praeneste and Lanuvium. (A) It would have been just the thing to have both parties entertained with their favourite fare ; to the one '^ you should have given a little sow's belly, drawn and boiled, while for the other you should have spilt out nuts at downhill speed !
'^ Hardly modelled on Philemon's 'AyvpTrjg ; cf . Ribb., Cojti. Fr., p. 9; for Leo, Gesch. d. Rom. Lit., I, 92, rightly thinks that Naevius' play was a fabuJa togata, because the scene was laid in Italy and Italians were mentioned in it (see lines 22-6, given here).
* Especially the Metelli. See pp. 154-5.
•= Hazel-nuts or filberts. •* sc. the Lanuvians.
8i
VOL. II. G
NAEVIUS
CARBONARIA
27
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 522, 8 : Vetustissimi tamen etiam edo edis edit dicebant correpta prima syllaba. Naevius in Carbonaria —
Tibi servi multi apud mensam astant ; ille ipse astat quando edit.
CLAMIDARIA
28
Sergius,' explan. in Donat., ap. G.L., IV, 559, 26 : Ad- modum . . . apud Naevium in Clamidaria —
Neque admodum a pueris abscessit neque admodum adolescentulust.
COLAX
Terentius, Eunuch., 23-6, 30-1 :
Exclamat ' f urem, non poetam f abulam dedisse et nil dedisse verborum tamen ; Colacem esse Naevi et Plaiiti veterem fabulam, parasiti personam inde ablatam et militis ' . . . Colax Menandrist, in east parasitus colax et miles gloriosus.
" fo)tasse ipsi
28 adolescentulus est cd.
82
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
THE COLLIER MAID
27
Priscianus : Still the oldest writers even said ' edo, edis, edit ' with the first syllable short. Naevius ** in The Collier Maid —
You have many slaves to wait on you at table ; he himself waits on himself when he eats.
A PLAY ABOUT A CLOAK
28
Sergius : ' Admodum ' ... in a passage of Naevius, in A Play about a Cloak —
He has neither very far outgrown his childhood nor is he very much of a youth.
THE FLATTERERS
Terence : Cries he, ' A thief and not a poet has made this play; but still he has made no fools of us. There is an old play, -The Flatterer of Naevius and Plautus, and the characters of the sponger and the soldier are taken from it.' . . . The Flatterer is a play of Menander and in it are a sponger, a flatterer, and a braggart soldier.
" There was also a Carbonaria of Plautus, ' A Charcoal Play i '
^ Based on Menander's Ko'Aaf, which was used as a model by Plautus also. Cf. Ritschl, Parerg., I, 99 ff. Ribb., Com. Fr., Corollar., XI-XII.
83 g2
NAEVIUS
29-31
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 491, 20 : PoUuceo, polluxi. . . . Naevius in Colace —
Qui decumas partes ? Quantum mi alieni fuit, polluxi tibi iam publicando epulo Herculis decumas.
32 Nonius, 64, 5 : ' Prolubium ' . . . — et volo et vereor et facere in prolubio est.
Aristoph., Ran., 1425 rrodei i-Uv i^^dalpei Se ^ovXerai 8' '^X^'-^-
33-5
Nonius, 462, 31 : ' Multare ' cum sit condemnare, positum est augere, voti compotem reddere ... —
et asseri laudes ago, cum votis me multat meis, quod praeterquam vellem audiebam hoc f mihi ennius f
36
Nonius, 376, 3 : . . . Pro eo quod protinus est protinam vel protinis ... —
Ubi vidi, exanimabiliter timidus pedibus protinam me dedi.
-^ decumas Aid. decimas cdd. {item 31) mi add.
Hermann
^^ polluxi Hermann polluxit cdd. iam Hermann
a cdd. vocahula a publicando e. H. d. trih. Prise. Buecheler
3* multat Hermann multatis cdd. sum v. multatus m. vel tu V. me multas m. Mr.
^^ praeter quam mihi vellem Hermann audiebat Kiess- ling hoc mihi eminus ed. 1496 hoc me eminus vel h. e.
Ribb. affatim (Bothe) . . . multas . . . velle audebam (Mercier) hoc mihi annuls Quich. (mihi evenit Mercier) alii alia
84
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
29-31
Sponger to the, braggart soldier ? : "*
Priscianus : ' PoUuceo, polluxi.' . . . Naevius in The Flatterer —
How do you mean, tithes ? By thus making pubhc a feast of Hercules I've abeady offered up to you tithes from all that's ^ mine of other people's property.
32
Nonius : ' Prolubium ' . . . —
I'm both delighted and affrighted; it's my pre- dilection too to do it !
33-5
Nonius : ' Multare ' (punish). Although it means to con- demn, it is put for to enrich, to make one obtain one's wish ... —
and to this beam ^ — my compliments, while it punishes me with my wishes ; for — more than I would want — I heard all this. . . .
36
Nonius : ' Protinam ' or ' protinis ' in place of ' protinus '
When I saw it I straightway took to my heels, half- deadfully afraid.
'^ Who, boasting that he was Hercules The Conquering Hero,
had demanded tithes from the sponger.
^ Or ' all my debts ' ; 'all my borrowed money.'
'^ The speaker thanks the beam or post which gave him a
crack through which to listen.
85
NAEVIUS
COROLLARIA
37-9
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 198, 12 : ' Efflictim.' Naevius in CoroUaria —
Nolo ego banc adeo efflictim amare ; diu vivat volo ut mihi prodesse possit.
40-1 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 198, 5 : ' Dapsiliter ' . . . — Ultro meretur quam ob rem ametur; ita dapsiliter
suos amicos alit.
42-3 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 240, 22 : ' Attattattat attatae ' . . . — (A) Quid? Salve! Attattattat attatae! (B) Rivalis, salve!
(A) Quid istud vero te advertisti tarn cito ?
44-5 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 240, 25 : ' St.' . . . —
St! tace! Cave verbum faxis !
46 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 208, 7 : ' Nimis ' . . . — Nimis homo formidulosust.
Charis. 240 : attattattat attatae W attattat attatae cd.
*2-3 sic constituo. quid salve attattattatattatae rivalis salve quid istud vero te advertisti tarn cito cd. Rivalis, salve — Quid salve ? Attat attatae | — Quid istud vero ' atatae ' te advertisti t. c. Ribb. alii alia
** St tace Haupt St tale Fabricius setale cd.
*^ formidulosus est cd.
86
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
THE GARLAND-MAID «
37-9 Charisius : ' Efflictim.' Naevius in The Garland-Maid — I don't want this girl to love even to death; I want her to live for a long time, so that she can bring me profit.
40-1 Charisius : ' Dapsiliter ' . . . —
She earns of herself the merit of being loved ; so feastfully does she feed her friends.
42-3
Charisius : ' Attattattat attatae ' . . . —
(A) Well ! Good-day— Ah, tut tut tut tut ! (B) Good-day, rival.
(A) But why did you turn so smartly at that exclamation ? ^
44-5
Charisius goes on : 'St.' . . . —
Sh ! Quiet ! Not a word, mind !
46
Charisius : ' Ximis.' ... — The fellow's all too fearful. '^
" ' Seller of Garlands.' We are reminded of Eubulus' Sre^avoTTcyAtSe?. Does Xaevius mean .4 Garland-play ?
* I arrange the fr. as part of a passage in septenarii, and divide it thus amongst the two speakers because in this way only the slightest changes in the text are necessary. ' Attatae ' in Latin is an ejaculation of surprise, but the Greek aTTarat expressed pain or grief.
" ' Formjdulosus ' can mean causing fear, or full of fear.
8V
NAEVIUS
47
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 205, 8 : ' Mordicus ' . . . — . . . utinam nasum abstulisset mordicus.
48 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 215, 26 : ' Quippiam ' . . . — Num quippiam ?
49 Diomedes, ap. G.L., I, 400, 29 : ' Demolio ' . . . — Haec demolite.
DEMENTES
50
Diomedes, ap. G.L., I, 344, 33 : ' Habeo ' et habito dicimus ut apud Naevium in Dementibus —
Animae pauxillulum in me habet.
DEMETRIUS
Varro, L.L., VII, 107 : Apud Naevium ... in Demetrio persibus a perite.
DOLUS
51 Varro, L.L., VII, 107 : Apud Naevium ... in Dolo — caperrata front e a caprae f rente.
*^ nam ed. princ. so habitat cdd.
88
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
47
Charisius : ' Mordicus ' . . . —
I wish to goodness he'd taken his nose off at a bite !
48 Charisius : ' Quippiani ' . . . — Surely there's nothing at all . . .?
49 Diomedes : ' Demolio ' . . . — Heave all this away !
THE MADMEN « 50
Diomedes : We use the term ' habeo ' for ' habito ' also for example, in a passage of Xaevius in The Madmen —
A tiny little breath of life keeps in me. DEMETRIUS ^
Varro : In a passage of Naevius ... in Demetrius ' persi- bus,'*^ ' very cute,' is derived from ' perite.'
THE FRAUD
51
Varro : In a passage of Naevius ... in The Fraud —
^^'ith wrinkled forehead
' caperrata frons ' is derived from ' caprae frons ' (goat's forehead).
" Cp. Diphilus' Matvd/xevo?.
^ Cp. l-qixrp-pLos "7 OtAeVaipo? of Alexis. Cf. W. H. Grauert, PhiloL, II., 126.
* Cp. Paul., ex F., 500, 4 : ' Slbus,' callidiLS sive acutus.
NAEVIUS
FIGULUS
52
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 208, 7 : ' Nimis.' Naevius ... in Figulo —
nimis avarus
GLAUCOMA
53
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 524, 2 : ' Pungo, pupugi ' vel ' punxi ' . . . Naevius in Glaucoma —
Quod de opsonio stilo mihi in manum pupugit.
GYMNASTICUS
■ 54
Nonius, 279, 43 : 'Destitui' . . . statui. Naevius in Gyra- nastico —
In alto navem destitui iubet ancoris.
55 Nonius, 95, 26 : ' Dispulverare ' est dissolvere ... — Saxa silvas lapides montes dissicis dispulveras,
56 Nonius, 159, 5 : ' Pecua ' et * pecuda ' ita ut pecora ... — homines pecua beluasque.
Prise. 524 : fortasse Glaucomate, sed cf. Plant., Mil. Glor., II, 1, 70 glaucomam
^3 quom coni. Ribb. quod de eo Aid. <iste suo>
stilo Ribb. mi in m. p. cdd. in m. p. mihi Ribb. quod d. o. mihi stilo i. m. p. . . . Pleckeisen
Gymnastk'us Guminasticus Ritschl
^* destitui i. a. Ursinus i. d. a. cdd. in alto d. a. n. i. Bothe i. a. n. iube tu d. a. Ribb. iubet in a. n. Mr. {qui et Iubet ei coni.)
90
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
THE POTTER
52 Charisius : ' Nimis.' Naevius ... in The Potter — all too stingy
CATARACT «
53
Priscianus : ' Pungo,' perf. ' pupugi ' or ' punxi.' . . . Naevius in The Cataract —
Because he pricked me in the hand Avith a spine ^ from his hors-d'oeuvre.
THE GYM-MASTER
54
From the prologue ? :
Nonius : ' Destitui ' . . . means ' statui.' Naevius in The Gym-Master —
He ordered the ship to be held in place on the deep by the anchors.
55
Storm and earthquake ? :
Nonius : ' Dispulverare ' (crush to dust) means to dissolve ... —
Rocks, stones, woods, mountains thou dost crush
to pieces, Crush to dust,
56 Nonius : ' Pecua ' and ' pecuda ' used like ' pecora ' . . . — ■ men, cattle, and wild beasts.
•* That is, cataract of the eye.
* ' Spine ' because the word opsonium was used most often for a course of fish. But it may mean stem or stalk here.
91
NAEVIUS 57
Nonius, 224, 30 : ' Simile est ' pro ' similis est ' . . . — Pol haut parasitorum aliorum simile est !
58-9
Nonius, 136, 4 : ' Mustum ' non solum vinum, verum novellum quidquid est, recte dicitur ... —
(A) Utruni est melius, virginemne an viduam uxorem ducere ?
(B) Virginem, si musta est.
60
Nonius, 421, 21: ' Cupidinem ' cum feminino genere dicimus, cupiditatem significamus . . . cum masculino, deum ipsum ... —
Edepol, Cupido, cum sis tarn pauxillus, nimis multum vales !
61 Nonius, 392, 15 : ' Spissum ' significat taidum ... — At enim tu nimis spisse atque tarde incedis.
62-3 Nonius, 486, 29 : ' Herem ' pro heredem ... — atque meis bonis omnibus ego te herem faciam.
LAMPADIO
Varro, L.L., VII, 107 : Apud Naevium ... in Lampadione protinam, a protinus, continuitatem significans.
^' haudBentin hSiVitcdd. simile est crfc?. <hic>
simil est Ribb. similist Ritschl, L est homo Ribb.,
Havet
92
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
57
Nonius : ' Simile est ' for ' similis est ' . . . — Gad! It's nothing like other spongers !
58-9
Nonius : ' Mustum ' is a term rightly used not only of wine, but of whatever is brand-new ... —
(A) Which of the two is better — to take a maid or a widow as your wife ?
(B) A maid, if she's fresh.
60
Nonius : ' Cupido.' When we use it in the feminine gender, we mean cupidity . . . when in the masculine, we mean the god himself ... —
Begad, o Love, a tiny fellow you may be, yet you are mighty — too much so !
61
Nonius : ' Spissum ' (thick, dense, stiff) means slow ... — But look here ; your walk is much too stiff and slow.
62-3 Nonius : ' Herem ' for ' heredem ' . . . — and I will make you heir to all my goods.
LAMPADIO
\^arro : In a passage of Naevius ... in Lampadio ' protinam ' (forthwith) is from ' protinus,' and implies un- interrupted time.
^'^ cum sis tarn p. vel cum <tu> tam pausillu's Ribb. alii alia cum tam p. sis cdd. (pauxillus Earl, paus- rell.)
^^ heredem cdd.
93
NAEVIUS
LEON
Nautae {Vide pp. xvi, 30-1, 596.)
PELLEX
64
Nonius, 223, 21 : ' Socnis ' . . . masculine . . . Naevius Pellice —
Desine socru tuo, fratri patrueli meo . . . PERSONATA
Festus, 268, 18 : Personata fabula quaedam Naevi inscri- bitur quam putant quidem primum actam a personatis histrionibus. Sed cum post multos annos comoedi et tragoedi personis uti coeperunt, verisimilius est eam fabulam propter inopiam comoedorum actam novam per Atellanos, qui propria vocantur personati, quia ius est is non cogi in scena ponere personam quod ceteris histrionibus pati necesse est.
PROIECTUS
65-6
Diomedes, ap. G.L., I, 400, 21 : Item ' patio ' Naevius in Proiecto —
. . . populus patitur, tu patias.
^* socru Quich. socro Bothe socri cdd. patrueli
Quietus, Mercier patrui cdd. *^ patitur inquit tu Diomed.
* Alexis, Diphilus, and IMenander all wrote a play called 94
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
LEON
The Sailors {See pp. xvi, 30-1, 596.)
THE CONCUBINE «
64
Nonius : ' Socrus ' ... in the masculine. . . . Naevius in The Concubine —
Stop ! That's enough against your father-in-law, against my cousin.
A MASKED PLAY&
Festus : There is a certain play of Naevius entitled A Marked Play which, so people think, was first acted by masked players. But when after many years comic and tragic actors began to use masks, it is more likely that, owing to a scarcity of comic actors, that play, when newly produced, was acted by players of Atellan farces, who are properly called masked, because they have the right of not being forced " to take off their masks and lay them on the stage, while all other players are strictly required to submit to this.
THE OUTCAST^
65-6
Diomedes : Likewise Naevius uses ' patio ' in The Outcast — The people suffers, suffer you also.
" Cf. J. V. Wageningen, Mnem., N.S., XXXV, 114-118, who doubts Festus' explanation.
" When the spectators hissed in displeasure at the per- formance.
^ Almost certamty this means a man who had been exposed at birth but has survived.
95
NAEVIUS
Moro ' item Naevius in eodem —
(A) . . . Quid moras ?
(B) Quia imperas.
QUADRIGEMINI
67
Nonius, 153, 20 : ' Parcuit ' pepercit. Naevius Quadri- geminis —
suo labori nullus parcuit.
STALAGMUS
68
Donatus, ad Ter., Phorm., 1, 2, 24 : ' Deo irato meo.' Videtur . . . addidisse meo ne esset dfx(f>i^oXov . . . Naevius Stalagmo —
t nisa t deo meo propitio meus homo est.
STIGMATIAS
Varro, L.L., VII, 107 : Apud Naevium ... in Stigmatia ' praebia ' a praebendo.
®® quia imperas cdd. quid i. edd. quin quid. ap. Ribb. *' labori edd. labori is Mr. laboris cdd. Donat. : Stalagmonisa [vel sim.) deo cdd. Stalagmonis
adeo €fld. mussa. deo Buecheler visam. deo Ribb. *^ Jortasse nisi vel nise
96
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
Xaevius likewise uses ' moro ' in the same—
(A) \Miy do you delay? (B) Because y( command it.
THE QUADRUPLETS
67
Nonius : ' Parcuit ' for ' pepercit.' Xaevius in The Quad- ruplets— •
No man was sparing of his toil,
STALAGMUS «^
68
Donatus, on ' while my god was angry ' in Terence : He seems ... to have added ' my ' lest there should be am- biguity. . . . Naevius in Stalagmus —
If only my god is gracious, the fellow's mine.
THE BRANDED SLAME
Varro : In a passage of Xaevius ... in The Branded Slave the neuter plural ' praebia ' (amulet) is derived from ' praebere ' (to furnish).
<* A slave-name (Plaut., Capt., IV, 2, 95).
97
VOL. II. H
NAEVIUS
TARENTILLA
69-71
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 216, 10 : ' Quanti,' cum interrogamus nee emimus; ' quanto,' cum emptam rem qiiaerimus. Atqui . . . Naevius in Tarentilla —
quae ego in theatre hie meis probavi plausibus, ea non audere quemquam regem rumpere, quanto hbertatem hanc hie superat servitus.
72 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 223, 30 : ' Utrubi ' . . . — Utrubi cenaturi estis, hicine an in trichnio ?
73
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 220, 24 : ' Serio ' pro vere . . . —
vereor serio
74-9 Isidorus, Grig., I, 26, 2 : Naevius de quadam impudica —
Quasi pila in ehoro ludens datatim dat se et communem facit. AHi adnutat, ahi adnictat, ahum amat ahum tenet.
'^ hanc haec coni. Ribb.
'^"^ pila I in ehoro Bothe in choro pila cdd. se Otto
sese cdd.
'*~^ Isid., Grig. : Ennius cdd. senarios hgebat Isid.
" I take this to be the meaning because of Alexis' Tapavrlvoi. But Tarentilla may be a personal name.
^ In the quotation which follows from Naevius there is no idea of price at all.
'^ Q. Caecilius Metelius perhaps (see pp. 154-5); Naevius is alluding to contemporary politics.
98
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
THE TARENTINE MAID «
69-71
From the prologue :
Charisius : ' Quanti ' is used when we ask the price but are not actually buying ; ' quanto ' when we are procuring a thing and have bought it. However ^ . . . Naevius in The Tarentine Maid —
that a belief, which I have tested by the applause I get here in the theatre, no Grand Duke ^ in the world dares to shatter — by what a lot does slavery here beat yonder freedom !
72 Two young men lead a wild life {at Tarentum ?) : Charisius : ' Utrubi ' . . . —
There are two places — where are you fellows going to dine, here or in the dining-room ?
73
Charisius : ' Serio ' for truly ... —
I'm seriously afraid
74-9 Their fathers discuss. A girl is the cause of the trouble : Isidore : Naevius ^ on some shameless hussy — As though she were playing at ball, give-and-take in a ring, she makes herself common property to all men. To one she nods, at another she winki ; one she caresses, another embraces. Now elsewhere a
^ The author's name is variously given (see opposite). But the quotation of line 76 of this fr. by Paulus, as from Naevius' Tarentilla, points to Naevius as the author of the whole passage, because Paulus' (=restus') source was a good one. The readings are not certain, but that the metre is trochaic is indicated by Paulus' quotation of line 76. Isidore read senarii.
99 h2
NAEVIUS
Alibi manus est occupata, alii pervellit pedem; anuluni dat alii spectandum, a labris aliuni invocat, cum alio cantat, at tamen alii suo dat digito litteras.
Cp. Paul., ex F., 21, 18 (Xaevius in Tarentilla— 76); Thes. Nov. Laf., ap. Mai, A net. Class. VIII, 54 (Livius— 76); 372 (Plautus— 76); 376 (Plautus— 76) ; Gloss. Amplm. 252 (Plautus— 76).
80-81
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 212, 27 : ' Peregre ' pro peregri ... — . . . Ubi isti duo adulescentes habent qui hie ante parta patria peregre prodigunt ?
82 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 127, 3 : ' Duum ' . . . — Salvi et fortunati sitis duo duum nostrum patres !
83 Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 239, 23 : ' Ei ei ' . . . — Ei ei ! Etiamne audent mecum una apparere ?
84-5
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 239, 25 : ' Atattatae ' idem in eadem —
Atattatae ! cave cadas amabo !
'® alii adnutat e. q. s. Paul, ex F. alia thes. cf. Rihb., Com. Fragyn., pp. 19-20 (pp. 22-3, ed. 3) alium tenet alii adnu-
tat alibi manus vel sim. cdd. Isid.
■'^ pervellit cdd. (pervellet Amhros. Rem.) percellit Dacier
'® alii dat anulum cdd. expectandum vel spectandum
cdd.
'^ aliis (alii, alis) dat d. 1. cdd. alii suo dat Ribb.
^2 fortasse nostri
*3 etiamne Keil eti am se cd. etiam se edd. mecum
Fabricius in e cum cd. alii alia
*^ ne cadas Ribb.
100
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
hand is kept busy; now she jerks another's foot. To one she gives her ring to look at, to another her lips blow a kiss that in\'ites. She sings a song with one ; but waves ° a message for another with her finger.
80-81 One asks where the young men live : Charisius : ' Peregre ' for ' peregri ' . . . — Where do those two young men keep house, who
squander here abroad the wealth their fathers once
gained ?
82 The fathers are greeted by their sons : Charisius : ' Duum ' . . . — •
Good day, good luck to you, the two fathers of us two !
83 The fathers'' disgust at seeing their drunken sons : Charisius : ' Ei, ei.' ... —
Oh ! oh ! Do they even dare to show up in my company ?
84-5
One son holds up the other ? :
Charisius goes on: ' Atattatae.' The same writer ii the same play —
Ah ! tut tut ! Mind you don't fall, for mercy's sake.
° Possibly 'gives a billet-doux from her own hand.' Bat Isidore seems to take it otherwise — he goes on to quote in Latin Proverbs, VI, 13, ' annuit ocido, terit pede, digito loquitur.''
lOI
NAEVIUS
86-7
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 216, 31 : ' Rursus ' . . . Naevius in Tarentilla —
qua, pro ! confidentia ausus verbum cum eo fuerim facere rursus ?
88-9
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 208, 7 : ' Nimis ' . . . —
Numquam quisquam amico amanti arnica nimis fiet
fidelis, nee nimis erit morigera et f nota f quisquam.
90-91
Charisius, ap. G.L., I, 212, 21 : ' Peregri ' autem cum in loco est ... —
Primum ad virtutem ut redeatis, abeatis ab ignavia, domos patris patriam ut colatis potius quam peregri probra.
92
Charisius, ap. G.L.^ I, 198, 1 : ' Defricate ' . . . — facete et defricate
8*"' qua pro c. | rusus v. c. e, facerem coni. Keil
"^ nee erit nimis Ribb. morigera et vota quisquam Ribb.
m, e. nota q. Lindmann m. n. quisque ed. princ.
morigeret nota quisqua cd.
*^ domi Ribb. probra Ribb. probro cdd.
T02
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
86-7 Further disgust of a father : Charisius : ' Rursus ' . . . Xaevius in The Tarentine Maid. —
. . . what self-assurance, damn it, made me bold enough to have a word with him again ?
8&-9
Warning of a father ; women are fickle :
Charisius : ' Ximis ' . . . —
You'll never find any lass who's any too faithful to a lad in love ; none will be too compliant.
90-91
Exhortation to the sons :
Charisius : ' Peregri,' however, is the form used when one is in a place ° . . . —
First that you must take leave of idleness and turn again to virtue; pay honour to your homes, your fathers' and your native land, rather than to villainy abroad.
92 Unplaced fragment : Charisius : ' Defrieate ' . . . — smartly and scathingly ^ 4
" Whereas peregre means ' in,' ' to ' or ' from foreign parts ' according to the context or question asked.
^ Or possibly ' in a manner spick and span ' or " chic ' ; but ' defrico ' means to ' rub well,' and so probably to lash with the tongue (cp. Hor., *S'., I, 104).
NAEVIUS
TECHNICUS
Varro, L.L., VII, 107 : Apud Naevium ... in Technico, coiifictant ' a confictione dictum.
TESTICULARIA
93
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 516, 14 : ' Scindo, scidi ' . ' scicidi ' . . . Naevius in Testicularia —
Immo quos scicidimus conscindam atque abiciam.
TRIPHALLUS
94-6
Gellius, II, 19, 6 : Aliter . . . dictum esse rescivi aut rescire apud eos qui diligenter locuti sunt nondum invenimus quara super is rebus quae aut consulto consilio latuerint aut contra spem opinionemve usu venerint . . . Naevius in Triphallo . . .—
Umquam si quicquam filium rescivero argentum amoris causa sumpse mutuum, extemplo te illo ducam ubi non despuas.
Varrn, VII, 107 : a conficto convenire dictum odd.
^3 scicidi in ius Ribb. scicidi minus Bern., Sang., Lugd.
sciscidimus Par. 7496
"* umquam si Carrio si cumquam Ribb., Bergk sive umquam Skutsch sin umquam Mr. si umquam cdd.
^^ sumpse Fruter. sumpsisse vel sim. cdd.
**^ te illo Bothe extemplo illo te cdd. extempulo i. t. C. F. W. Mr.
» Possibly (Ritschl, Opusc, II, 483). But in the only other example of this word (Quintil., II, 13, 15) the sense is ' a teacher of art,' a technologist.
104
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
THE CHARLATAN «
Varro : In a passage of Naevius ... in The Charlatan 'confictant ' ' thev counterfeit,' is derived from ' confictio.'
A PLAY ABOUT TESTICLES 93
Priscianus: ' Scindo,' perf. ' scidi ' . . . ' scicidi ' also . . . Naevius in The Play about Testicles —
No indeed ! Those we have cut off I'll cut up and cast away.^
TRIPHALLUS ^
94-6
Gellius : I have not yet found, in the works of those who have paid close attention to diction, ' rescivi ' or ' rescire ' used otherwise than in connexion with things which were hidden of set purpose or happened contrary to hope or expec- tation. . . . Naevius in Triphallus ... —
If ever I come to know that my son has received any loan of money on account of a love affair, I will straightway lead you to that place where you couldn't spit down.*^
^ An obscure and doubtful fragment. If we read scicidi in ius, there may be a pun on ius, law-court and ius broth (cp. Cic, Verr., II, 1, 46); or a pun on testis, a testicle and testis a witness (cp. Plant., Cure, I, 1, 31); or a pun on both words.
' i.e. with a very big phallus; an adjective applied to Priapus, but, in this play, presumably to a man.
** Spitting was supposed to turn away something evil. Perhaps there is a reference to the muzzle worn by the beasts or bad slaves who worked the corn-mills, or to the wooden fork placed on the neck of bad slaves. It would prevent spitting dowTiwards.
NAEVIUS
TUNICULARIA
97-100
Festus, 290, 21 : ' Penem ' antiqui codam vocabant dietus est forsitan a pendendo. Naevius in Tunicularia-
Theodotum cum Apella comparas qui Compitalibus sedens in cella circumtectus tegetibus Lares ludentes peni pinxit bubulo ?
101
Varro, L.L., VII, 108 : Apud Naevium . . . — ecbolas aulas quassant quae eiciuntur a Graeco verbo iK^oXrj dictum.
102
Festus, 170, 6 : ' Naueum ' ait Ateius Philologus poni pro nugis ... —
eius noctem nauco ducere.
*^ cum Apella comparas qui compitalibus Umpfenbaeh compellas cd. compella S oppeilans Buecheler com- peiles vel compeilas Ribb. adpellas Bothe appellas
O. Mr. aris Maehly
®* circumtectus O. Mr. circumtectos Maehly circum- tecta S circumtectuas cd. circumtectas {sc aras) coni.
Ribb.
^"^ ecbolas O. Mr. exbolas Aid. exbole Varr. aulas
quassant Goth.q. a. rell. ecbolas quassant aulas {trib. aulas Varr.) Ribb. ed. 2
^"- nauci Bothe
io6
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
A PLAY ABOUT A LITTLE COAT
97-100
Festus : ' Penis,' Archaic writers applied this name to a tail . . . perhaps it is derived from ' pendere.' Naevius in A Play about a Little Coat- Do you compare Theodotus with Apelles — Theo- dotus who, sitting in a closet, and screened all round with mats, on the day of the Cross-Roads feast, painted with an ox-tail " the Guardian-Gods at play ?
101
Varro : In a passage of Naevius ... —
they shiver the outcast pots
by outcasts are meant pots which are thrown away ; the term is derived from the Greek word €k^oXt].
102
Festus : ' Naucum.' Ateius The Litterateur says this word is put for ' trifles.' ... —
A night of hers he values at one nut.
" sc. a paint-brush. Various readings of this fr. have been proposed (Panofka, Bh. Mus., IV, 133; Maehlv, Ann. Phil., 1861, 140; Jordan, Ann. Arch. Inst., 1862, 338; Preller, Myth. Rom., 495). One certainly thinks of a man painting with great ceremony a worthless and trivial picture. Cf. Abbot, in Transact, and Proceed. Am. Philol. Assoc, XXXVIII, 49. Apelles was a famous Greek painter of Alexander's time.
107
NAEVIUS
EX AMBIGUI TITULI A FABULIS
103
Nonius, 155, 24: * Prospica ' et 'despica,' intenta et con- templata. Naevius f Assitogiola f —
hac sibi prospica, hac despica
104
Nonius, 151, 1 : ' Praecisum ' et 'omasum' partes camis et viscerum. Naevius t Herularia f —
praecisum omasum pernam callos f glifis t
glandia.
105
Donatus, ad Ter., Adelph., IV, 1, 5 : . . . Eius modi adu- lescentis inducunt comici, ut Naevius in Tribacelo —
Deos quaeso ut adimant et patrem et matrem meos.
^071. 155 : contemplata Onions contempla C(?(Z. Astio-
loga (17 daretoAoyos) Ribb. {qui et Astrologa coni.) Agitatoria lun. Asoto, t giola f Onions
iVon., 151 : herularia c(Z(^. Nervularia Ritschl Ecularia vel Ferularia Buecheler
^'^* callos Onions callus Mercier callum Bentin.
gallus cdd. glissis Urbin. glires Bentin. glifis cdd. (clifis Lit.) glandia ed. jtrinc. grandia cdd.
Donat : Tribacelo Ribb. Triphallo Bothe Tribascelo ed. Mediol. tribaselo cd. L tribasello cd. Oand. ter baselo cd. D.
* There are one or two other fragments, quoted under uncertain titles, besides those given here. See pp. 142-3, 596.
108
COMEDIES IN GREEK DRESS
COMEDIES" WITH UNCERTAIN TITLE
103
Nonius : ' Prospica ' and ' despica,' looking eagerly and contemplating. Naevius in f Assitogiola "f — • ^
here she was looking ahead for herself, there looking down
104
Nonius : ' Praecisum ' and ' omasum ' are parts of flesh and meat. Naevius in f Herularia f "
a cutlet, tripe, a ham, steaks . . . sweetballs
105
Donatus, on a passage '^ in Terence : . . . Writers of comedies bring on the stage young men of this sort, for example, Naevius in Tribacelus — ^
I pray the gods may remove my father and my mother.
^ Jonghe (Junius) reads Agitaforia, and this is perhaps right.
" Or ' Nervularia,' The Play of the Little Cord ? This was certainly the title of a play by Plautus (Gell., Ill, 3, 6). But ]\ISS. here in Non. have Herularia (jTAe Flay of the Little Master ?).
^ Where Ctesiphon, wishing to enjoy himself all day, agrees with Syrus' hope that Ctesiphon's father will endure some- thing ' better ' than fatigue — that is, will die.
* Thus Ribbeck, and he is probably right. Tribacelus would represent TpL^aKrjXos in Greek. ^6.Kr]Xos meant a eunuch dedicated to Cybele, and so a weak-minded or lewd man {haceolus in Suet., Div. Aug., 87).
109
NAEVIUS
106-7
Cicero, de Senect., 6, 60 : —
(A) Cedo qui vestram rem publicam tantam amisistis tarn cito ?
Sic enim percontantur, ut est in Naevi poetae Ludo. Re- spondentur et alia et hoc in primis —
(B) Proveniebant oratores novi, stulti adulescentuli.
TRAGOEDIAE
ANDROMACHA
1-2
Servius auctus, ad Verg., Georg., I, 266 : ' Fiscina ' genus est vasis, id est corbulae brevis. . . . Naevius in Andromacha —
Quod tu, mi gnate, quaeso ut in pectus tuum demittas, tamquam in fiscinam vindemitor.
Cic. de Senect. : ludo vel libro cdd. Lupo Ribb.
versus varie mutant docti
Serv. auct. : Naevius, Commelinus Novius, cd. 2 i. f. V. Bothe vindemiator i. f. Serv. auct.
" Naevius is certainly alluding to the politics of his day, but whether the title of the play was Ludtbs, and if so, what type of play it was, we do not know. Ribbcck reads L^lpo and assigns the fr. to the praetexta Lupus (see pp. 136-9). Mueller
IIO
TRAGEDIES
106-7
Cicero
(A) Tell me, how was it that you ruined such a mighty commonw ealth as yours so quickly ?
For that is the question men ask, as we find in The Game " of the poet Xaevius. Among other answers that are given, this will be the chief one —
(B) There came forward new-fangled orators, silly little youngsters.
TRAGEDIES
ANDROMACHE
1-2
Servius augmented, on ' fiscina ' in Virgil : A ' fiscina ' is a species of utensil, namely a small basket. Naevius in Andromache — ^
And this, my son, I beg that you press deep Into your heart, as might the vintager Grapes into a frail.
takes the name to be Lydus, and Norden (Sitz.-Ber. Berl. Ak., 1924, 229) believes Naevius translated Antiphanes' comedy AuSo?. See also Moore, Am. Journ. Phil., XXIII, 437 ; M. Lenchantin de Gubernatis, ' La leggenda Romana e le praetextae,' Biv. di filol., XL, 444; Ribb., Trag. Fragm., p. 278; B.T., 66.
* Thus the augmenter of Servius. It is possible that the play was a comedy (R., 50), and some follow the MS. reading and attribute it to Novius.
Ill
NAEVIUS
DANAE
Acrisius, King of Argos, in fear of an oracle which declared that the son of his daughter Danae would slay his grand- father, imprisoned Danae in a dungeon underground or in a brazen tower. In spite of careful watch kept by Acrisius, Danae was visited by Jupiter (or, according to one version, Proteus her uncle) in the form of a shower of gold, and gave birth to Perseus. Acrisius exposed both mother and son on
3
Nonius, 469, 34 : ' Contempla ' . . . Naevius Danae — Contemplo placide formam et faciem virginis.
4 Nonius, 186, 24 : ' Valentia,' fortitudo. . . . — Omnes formidant homines eius valentiam.
5 Nonius, 262, 24 : ' Confidentia,' constantia ... — Excidit orationis onmis confidentia.
6-7 Nonius, 138, 13 : ' ]\Ianubiae,' manus exuviae. ... —
manubiae subpetant pro me !
' contemplo cdd. contempla Ribb.
Non., 138 : manubiae W manubias cdd. exubiae
cdd. exuvias Quich.
* m. I 8. p. m. vel m. subpetiant p. m. W manubias
suppetiat prone Ribb. manubias subpetat pro me cdd.
sibi petat | pro me quid. a. Ribb.
TRAGEDIES DANAE
the sea in a chest, which was carried to Seriphus island. . Here Polydectes' brother Dictys rescued them.
Only one or two fragments can be placed with any degree of certainty. The play may have been one of Xaevius' contaminations; Sophocles wrote a play 'AKpiacos and Euripides a play AamT^.
3
How Jupiter visited Danae in her dungeon : Nonius : ' Contempla ' . . . Naevius in Danae — I quietly scan the maiden's form and face.'^
4
The might of Jupiter :
Nonius : ' Valentia,' strength ... —
All mortals dread his mightiness.
5
Discovery that Danae is a mother ? :
Nonius : ' Confidentia,' steadfastness ... — -
All the self-confidence of speech is lost.
6-7
Danae calls Jupiter to witness ? :
Nonius : ' Manubiae,' as it were ' manus exuviae,' things which are stripped from the hand. ... —
^ Hand's strippings come as aid on my behalf !
" Possibly part of Danae's story to her father; or the play may have included the coming of Jupiter. But cf. R., 55.
^ The readings are uncertain and the meaning is obscure. The origin of biae is unknown, but it is generally agreed that ' manubiae ' means ' what is held in the hands ' ; it was usually employed in the sense of monej- obtained by the sale of booty, sometimes it meant the booty itself. But in augury it meant flashes of lightning, as here probably.
113 VOL. II. I
NAEMUS
Nonius, 110, 19: ' Fulgorivit,' fulgorcm fecit vel fulmine afflavit. ... —
Suo sonitu claro fulgorivit luppiter.
Nonius, 123, 33 : ' Icit ' significat percutit, ab ictu . . . (124,15)...-
. . . quae quondam fulmine icit luppiter.
10-11
Nonius, 456, 20 : ' Compotem ' ... in mala {sc. parte) positum ... —
. . . eam nunc esse inventam probris conpotem scis.
12
Nonius, 305, 23 : ' Fama ' est rursus infamia . . . (306, 6) . . .-
Desubito famam tollunt si quam solam videre in via.
Cp. Non., 518, 1 (. . . Naevius Danae).
13
Nonius, 366, 1 : ' Pretium ' pro praemio. ... —
Quin ut quisque est meritus praesens pretium pro factis ferat.
' quae cdd. quam Delrio quem Scriverius
<Semela> quam Bergk quamne Ribb. quandam cdd. (quondam Flor. 3)
1" probris Ribb. probriMercier proprisLu.l propriis rdl.
TT4
TRAGEDIES
8
Jupiter answers ? :
Nonius : ' Fulgorivit,' he made lightning, or made a blast with a thunderbolt ... —
Lightened Jupiter with his own loud din.
9
Acrisius scorns the sign ? :
Nonius : ' Icit ' means strikes, from ' ictus ' . . . — Which once smote Jupiter with a thunderbolt.
10-11 Acrisius is told that Danae alone is to blame : Nonius : ' Compos ' has been used in a bad sense ... —
And now you know that she has been discovered In lewdness a partaker.
12
No woman is safe :
Nonius : ' Fama ' again means infamy ... —
If men have seen some woman in the street Alone, straightway they raise a scandal.
13
Danae and her son are condemned to exposure on the sea ? :
Nonius : ' Pretium ' for reward ... —
Ready reward let each man rather take For deeds, in due proportion to deserts.
12 videre cdd. 518 videmus cdd. 306
l2
115
NAEVIUS
14
Nonius, 290, 31 : ' Exigere ' est excludere . . . (291, 6)—
Dariae . . . indigne exigor patria innocens.
15
Nonius, 503, 38 : ' Lavit ' pro lavat . . . (504, 3)— . . . amnis iugi eo fonte lavere me memini manum.
EQUOS TROIANUS
We have apparently one fragment from a Trojan Horse of Naevius, one from a Trojan Horse of Livius, and two from a Trojan Horse of which the author is not named (see pp. 10-1 1 ). There may be a confusion of names, and all the frs. may belong to one play by Livius or Naevius. The play dealt with the famous trick played by the Greeks on the Trojans. From a passage in Plautus' Bacchides (IV, 9, 1 ff.) we can see that the characters occurring or mentioned in Naevius' jjlay included
16
Macrobius, VI, 1, 38 : ' Numquara liodie efifugies . . .' {Ed., Ill, 49). Naevius in Equo Troiano —
Numquam hodie efFugies quin mea manu moriare. . . .
^^ amnis Ribb. iugieo(wnugis) W ar *m-iubeocrf(/.
auri fulvo (Jrotius a. iubeo Delrio amnis rivco Ribb- (eam n. vel enim ruboo Buecheler) me mcmin' Orotius
memini cdd. nemini Scriverius
^* mea manu moriare cdd. mea moriaris man' ll'bb.
ii6
TRAGEDIES
14
Nonius : 'Jixigere ' (to drive out) means to exclude . . . —
Danae
Unworthily am I, a guiltless woman, Driven out of my native land.
15
Unplaced fragynent :
Nonius : ' Lavit ' for lavat ... — ■
I '^ do remember that I washed my hand In yonder river's fount which ever flows.
THE TROJAN HORSE
Epius, builder of the horse; Sino, who from Achilles' tomb gave the fire-signal to the Greeks at Tenedos ; Ulysses, Mene- laus, Agamemnon, Alexander (Paris), Helen, Troilus, Hecuba, Priam, and Cassandra {Plant., line 9, 0 Troia, o patria, o Per- gamum o Priame periisti senex may be a quotation from Naevius). Plautus indicates incidents such as the seizure of the Palladium, the death of Troilus, and the destruction of the lintel of the Phrygian gate.
16
Menelaus, after the capture of Troy, threatens Helen ? :
Macrobius, on ' You will never escape this time ' ... in "S'irgil : Naevius in The Trojan Horse —
Never will you escape this time ; no, no. By my hand you shall die.
<* Possibly Danae in a dream, as in Sophocles' Acrisius, or possibly Danae is thinking of her past danger on the sea.
"7
NAEVIUS
HECTOR PROITCISCENS 17
Cicero, Tusc. Disp., IV, 31, 67 : Aliter . . . Naevianus ille gaudet Hector —
Hector
Laetus sum laudari me abs te, pater, a laudato viro,
aliter ille apud Trabeam.
Cp. Cic, ad Fam., V, 12, 7; XV, 6, 1 ; Sen., Ep., 102, 16.
18
Priscianus, ap. G.L., II, 400, IK: ' Adorior ' et ' adorio ' . . . Naevius in Hectore Proficiscente —
Tunc ipsos adoriant, ne qui hinc Spartam referat nuntium.
HESIONA
19
Gellius, X, 25, 3 : Admonendum existimo lingulam veteres dixisse gladiolum oblongum. . . . Naevius in tragoedia Hesiona. ... —
Hercules Ne mihi gerere morem videar lingua verum lingula. Cp. Varr., L.L., VII, 107.
^® qui Hermann quis cdd.
'^ no mihi 0. Mr. sine mihi cdd.
ii8
TRAGEDIES
HECTOR'S DEPARTURE «
17
Hector''s parting with Priam :
Cicero : The famous Hector in Naevius expresses his glad- ness otherwise —
Hector
Happy am I, my father, to be praised By you, a man whom others praise, quite differently from the Hector in Trabea's play.
18
Council of tvar ; The Trojans must rout the Achaeans :
Priscianus : ' Adorior ' and ' adorio ' . . . Xaevius in Hector's Departure —
Then let them charge the warriors too, so that No man may bring the news from here to Sparta.
HESIONE 19
Hercules'' icrath at Laoniedon'' s faithlessness^ :
Gellius : I think I ought to advise you that the term ' lingula ' was given by the old writers to an oblong small- sword. . . . Naevius in the tragedy Hesione ... — •
Hercules Let men not think that I perform my will With word instead of sword.
" This play would naturally deal with Hector's farewell to his parents, wife, and child, and also (if only by a messenger's reports) his combats with Patroclus and AchUles, and his death at the hands of Achilles.
* Laomedon refused to give Hesione to Hercules as he had promised, and was killed by him.
119
NAEVIUS
IPHIGENIA
20
Eur., Iph., Taur., 236-7 XO. Kal ^irjv SB' aKras iKXincbv daXaaoiovs \ ^ovcf)opP6s t]KCL, a-qfiavtov ri aoi veov.
Isidorus, Orig., XII, 1, 30 : Latini {bovem) trionem vocant eo quod terram terat, quasi ' terionem.' Naevius —
Chorus . . . trionum hie moderator rustieus.
21
Eur., Iph. Taur., 1487 ?
Nonius, 370, 19 : ' Passum,' extensum, patens. . . . Naevius Iphigenia —
Passo velo vicinum, Aquilo, me hinc in portum fer foras !
22
Eur., Ip7i. Taur., 1388-9 e;)^o/Liev yap (LvTrep e'veK d^evov TTopov I TiVfXTrXTjydScov eacodev eiaeTrXevaafxev .
Nonius, 205, 23 : ' Fretuni ' . . . Masculini . . . Naevius — Dubii faventem per fretum introeurrimus.
20 hie <est> Ribb.
2^ velo lun. velod Ribb. velo me Maehl}"- hinc
i nunc (pro vicinum) Havet Aquilo me W Aquilo
med(w/nos com.) Ribb, Aquilo Orestem Havet Aquilo
in Mercier passo vel hoc vicinum aquilone cdd. <hinc
in> portum W (portum Mr.) e portu Havet hor- tum cdd. alii alia
TRAGEDIES
IPHIGENIA «
20
A herdsman com^s to report to Iphigenia that tivo young men have come to the land :
Isidore : This animal {sc. the ox) the Latins name ' trio,' as it were ' terio,' because ' terit,' he bruises the ground. Naevius —
Chorus
Here comes a peasant driver of ploughing oxen.
Escape of Orestes and Iphigenia from the Tauri ; Orestes speaks ? :
Nonius : ' Passmn,' stretched out, spread open. . . . Naevius in Iphigenia —
Wind of the North, bear me with sail full spread Hence to a neighbouring haven ! ^
22
Messenger ? reports to Thoas the escape of Orestes and Iphigenia :
Nonius : ' Fretum ' ... of the masculine gender. . . . Naevius —
With doubting hearts across the friendly sea We run within.'^
" The single certain fr. points to Iphigenia in Taurica as the stor\% with Euripides' play as the model. Three other frs. of Naevius, which look like adaptations of passages in Euripides, are added here in the likelihood that they belong to this play. The chorus would be one of Greek captive women.
^ Cf. Ribb., Trag. Fr., Corollar., XI-XII.
*■ sc. The S^'mplegades. The fretus favens is the Euxine ('Hospitable'). The messenger reports the mysterious voice that came from the middle of Orestes' ship.
I2T
NAEVIUS 23
Eur. Iph. Taur., 1422 <L TrdvTeg darol rrjabe ^ap^dpov xOovos,
Cicero, Oral., 45, 152 : Nobis, ne si cupiainus quidern, dis- trahere voces conceditur ; indicant . . . omnes poetae praeter eos qui ut versum faceront saepe hiabant, ut Naevius —
Thoas
Vos qui adcolitis Histrum fluvium atque algidam.
LYCURGUS
The legend of Lycurgus in the main took two forms : — (i) Lycurgus, son of Dry as and king of the Edones on the river Strymon, chased Dionysus (or Liber), who was passing through Thrace, into the sea, and made his Bacchants and Satyrs prisoners. But the Bacchants were suddenly set free, and Lycurgus, gripped by a Dionysian frenzy, mistook his son Dryas for a vine and slew him. Famine now seized the land, and in obedience to an oracle, the Edones left Lycurgus in bonds on Mount Pangaeus, where he was, at the wish of Dionysus, torn to pieces by horses (Apollodorus, III, 5. There were some variants in this story), (ii) When Dionysus was passing from Asia into Europe, he made a treaty of friend- ship with Lycurgus, a king in the region of the Hellespont, who allowed the Bacchants to enter the land, but treacherously
24
Nonius, 476, 6 : ' Tutant ' . . . Naevius Lycurgo —
Nuntius Tuos qui celsos terminos tutant,
23 qui cdd. ques vel queis vd quis Ritschl adal-
gidum Klussmann
122
TRAGEDIES
23
Thoas orders his people to pursue the fugitives :
Cicero : We do not allow ourselves to leave a hiatus even if we wish. . . . All the poets point this way to us except those who .used many a time to allow a hiatus in order to make a line ; for example, Naevius — •
Thoas
All you who ^ dwell By Danube River and the region chill.
LYCURGUS
planned to have them and Dionysus killed by night. Dionysus, warned by Charops a Thracian of the plot, obtained reinforce- ments too late to prevent the massacre of his Bacchants. But he defeated the Thracians in a pitched battle, captured Lycurgus, blinded, tortured, and crucified him. Charops was made king of the Thracians and initiated into the orgies (Diodor. Sic, III, 65).
The extant fragments, most of which can be placed in probable contexts, might belong to a play on either form of the legend. Naevius' model may have been a play from Aeschy- lus' tetralogy entitled AvKovpyeta (cf. R., 55 ff.). Scene: in front of Lycurgus' palace; chorus of Bacchants. Compare Accius' tragedy The Rebels (pp. 534 ff.), where the chorus was composed of Lycurgus' followers.
24
The coming of Liber and his followers is reported to Lycurgus ; how they passed the garrison on the frontier :
Nonius : ' Tutant ' . . . Naevius in Lycurgus —
Messenger
The men who guard your lofty boundaries,
" Cicero's copy of Naevius evidently read qui ; but Naevius may have originally written ques or queis without hiatus.
NAEVIUS
25
Nonius, 191, 12 : ' Angues ' masculino genere . . . — Alte iiibatos angues in sese gerunt.
26
Nonius, 192, 29 : ' Arva ' . . . feminine. Naevius Lycurgo —
. . . quaque incedunt, omnis arvas opterunt.
27-9
Nonius, 322, 34 : Ingenio . . . sua sponte vel natura ... —
Lycurgus
Vos qui regalis corporis custodias agitatis, ite actutum in frundiferos locos ingenio arbusta ubi nata sunt non obsitu.
30-32
Nonius, 6, 15 : ' Illicere ' est proprie illaqueare. ... —
alii sublime in altos saltus inlicite . . . ubi bipedes volucres lino linquant lumina.
25 in sese cdd. inlaesae Bothe
Non. 192 : Lycurgo lib. II quaque cdd. Liberi quaque Mercier Liberi <8unt> quaque Ribb. qui et liberi i
coni. (liberi Mercier) i (ii Quich.) quaque Linds.
-* arbusta ubi nata S a. ut n. B arbusto vineta cdd. obsitu Gen., Bern. 83 obstutas rell. obsita S
2° alii S alis cdd. {an rede .^ = alius) < alias > alis Ribb.
3^ sublime in altos (vel alios) Buecheler sublimen (subumen Lii. 1) alios rfZ</. sublime Linds. <invios>
suppl. Ribb. alis sublime in altos {vel alios) inlicit [ Buecheler
124
TRAGEDIES
25
The wonderful array of Maenads :
Nonius : ' Angues ' in the masculine gender ... —
High on their persons bear they crested snakes.
26 who tread down the fields :
Nonius : ' Arva ' ... in the feminine. Naevius in Lycurgns " —
Wherever they march they crush down all the fields.
27-9 Lycurgus sends his bodyguard to repress the intruders :
Nonius : ' Ingenio ' . . . ' of one's own accord ' or 'by nature ' . . . —
Lycurgus
You whose duties are To be my royal bodyguard, go you Straightway into the leafy places, where Greenwoods have grown in nature's way and not From a man's sowing.
30-32
Nonius : * lUicere ' (lure) properly means the same as ' illaqueare ' (ensnare) ... —
Go, others of you, lure them up on high
To lofty glades, . . . wherein these hopping birds
In flaxen toils may leave the light of day.^
" After Lycurgo, the MSS. have lib. Ily which is perhaps a false interpolation. But Nonius may have written Liber i <sunt> ' Liber's they are ' . . .
* This fr. is corrupt, but the Bacchae appear to be spoken of in a metaphor as birds (so that it would be wrong to take alis of the cdd. as alius). Cp. Eurip,, Bacch., 748 ff., where the Bacchae are compared with birds.
125
NAEVIUS
33-4 Nonius, 224, 37 : ' Schema ' . . . neutro ... —
Chorus
Pergite thyrsigerae Bacchae [modo] Bacchico cum schemate.
35
Nonius, 213, 10 : ' Melos ' generc neutro ... —
suavisonum melos
36
Priscianus, ap. G.L., 11, 228, 21 K : Antiqui et hoc iter iteris et hoc itiner itineris dixerunt. ... —
Ignotae iteris sumus, tute scis.
Cf. Non., 124, 32; 485,5; TAes. wot'. Lai. ap. Mai, CZ. ^mc<., VIII, 127, 194.
37-8 Nonius, 14, 19 ' Vitulantis ' veteres gaudentes dixerunt
ut in venatu vitulantes ex suis
locis nos mittant poenis decoratas feris.
^* Bacchae Bentin. brehcae cdd. modo Bacchiaco
Bergk {seclud. modo Ribb.)
^^ suavisonum Gulielnnis suave summum cdd.
3" ignotae cdd. Non. 124 ignoti cdd. Non. 485, Prise, 7'hes.fortasse ignotei ignotae <hic> i.s. <si> vel <an> coni. Ribb. trih. Plant., Thes., 127, 194
^' ut in cdd. uti Buecheler suis cdd. aviis S
^* locis cdd. lucis Mercier Poenis S pennis
Mercier decoratas Ribb. decoratos Gulielmus
decoratus cdd.
126
TRAGEDIES
33-4
Enter chorus of Bacchants :
Nonius : ' Schema ' ... in the neuter ... —
Chorus
On, on ! you Bacchants, bearing sacred wands. With Bacchic posturing.
35
Nonius : ' Melos ' in the neuter gender . . . — sweet-sounding melody
36
They seek a road through the land :
Priscianus : Archaic writers used both forms : ' iter,' nomina- tive singular, ' iteris,' genitive singular ; and ' itiner,' nomina- tive singular, ' itineris,' genitive singular ... —
The road we ° know not ; it is you who know it.
37-8
They are informed of Lycurgus^ plans against them :
Nonius : ' Vitulantis ' is a term used by the old writers for rejoicing ... —
While they go gladly trippling in the chase, That they may drive us out from their demesnes Smartened by savage punishments.
" I have retained ignotae, but ignoti may be right, if we assume that the chorus was composed of Satyrs as well as Bacchants.
127
NAEVIUS
39
Nonius, 540, 3 : ' Patagiura,' aureus clavus ... —
Satelles ? pallis patagiis crocotis malacis mortualibus Cp. Non., 548, 32.
40 Nonius, 487, 6 : ' Timor ' ct ' timos ' . . . — lam ibi nos duplicat advenientis Liberi timos pavos.
41-2
Nonius, 547, 23 : ' Creterra ' est quam nunc situlam vocant ... —
nam ut ludere laetantes inter se vidimus f praeter
amnem
creterris sumere aquam ex fonte,
Cp. Non., 84, 13.
*" Liberi suppl. W
*^~2 nam vel {vel sim.) Par. 7666 Lugd. Bamh. nam ut rell. fortasse nemut namque ludere ut Voss. in se Harl.
Escorial. Par. 7667 inter se rell. inter sese Voss. praeter ccld. propter lun. ut petere Buecheler terris studere fecisset sumere aquam ex fonte cdd. 84 creter(r)i8 cdd. 547 ex fonte Harl. Par. 7667 Escorial 547 ex (s)ponte rell. 547 aquam creterris sumere Ribb.
128
TRAGEDIES
39
The guards report to Lycurgus how they captured the Maenads ; their attire :
Nonius : ' Patagium,' a golden stripe ... —
Servant ?
. . . with gowns And golden edgings, with soft saffron dresses, And clothes of death."
40
Hoio the guard feared the approach of Liber : Nonius : ' Timor ' and ' timos ' . . . —
. . . Then and there The fear and dread of Liber ^ at his coming Did bend and double us.
41-2
Nonius : ' Creterra ' (bowl, bucket) is a vessel which they now call a pail ... —
For as we saw them playing joyfully
One ^\ith another by the riverside,
And drawing water from the stream in buckets,*'
<* ' mourning clothes ' — an unexpected end to the list ; perhaps it means grey or dark clothes.
* By conjecture I supply Liber i and take advenientis as genitive singular, not accusative plural.
<= The words of the passage 7iam . . . amnem make good sense but uncertain metre; Vossius' corrections namque ludere ut and inter sese should perhaps be accepted.
129 VOL. II. K
NAEVIUS
43 Varro, L.L., Vll, 53 : Apud Naevium ... —
Satelles Diabathra in pedibus habebat, erat amictus epicroco, utrumque vocabulum Graecum.
44
Nonius, 481, 28 : ' Potior illam rem ' . . . —
Lycurgus Die quo pacto eum potiti ; pugnan an dolis ?
45 Nonius, 159, 5 : ' Pecua ' et ' pecuda ' . . . —
Satelles sine ferro ut pecua manibus ad mortem meant.
46-7
Nonius, 9, 16 : ' Mutus ' onomatopoeia est incertae vocis quasi mugitus ... —
Lycurgus
Ducite eo cum argutis Unguis mutas quadrupedis.
** pugnan (pugnad olim) Botlie pugna cdd.
*5 ferro cdd. terrore Ribb. pecua mansueta Bue-
cheler (pecua Mercier) manibus pecua ut Bergk pecora manibus ut ad m. m. cdd. ut transp. W j)ecua manibus ad quid, a p. I an.
*^ cum Aid. turn cdd. seclud. Havet
TRAGEDIES
43
Liber^s dress :
Varro : In a passage of Xaevius ... — •■
Servant
Slippers he had upon his feet, was clad
In safFron-tinted frock,
' diabathra ' and ' epicrocum ' are both Greek words.
44
Lycurgus asks how Liber was captured : Nonius : ' Potior ' with the accusative ... —
Lycurgus Say how you got him — fight or trickery ?
45
Submissive behaviour of the captives :
Nonius : ' Pecua ' and ' pecuda ' (cattle) ... —
Servant
... as cattle walk to death Hand-guided," not by goad.
46-7
Lycurgus orders them to be bound and imprisoned :
Nonius : ' Mutus ' is an onomatopoeia of a vague utterance, as it were a ' moo ' . . . — -
Lycurgus
Lead you them mumbling thither, ratthng tongues And all, dumb creatures crawling on all fours.**
<* The readings and the meaning are uncertain; manibus is awkward, and maiisueta may be right. * He probably means 'gagged and bound.'
k2
NAEVIUS
48
Nonius, 258, 38 : ' Contendere ' significat comparare . . . (259, 6) . . .—
Liher Cave sis tuam contendas iram contra cum ira Liberi.
49 Nonius 73, 16 : ' Aerimonia ' est animi vivacitas . . . - —
Lycurgus Ne ille mei feri ingeni atque animi acrem acrimoniam
50-51 Nonius, 124, 33 : ' Iniurie ' dictum pro iniuriose ... —
Liher Oderunt di homines iniuros.
Lycurgus
Egone an ille iniurie facimus ?
52-3
Nonius, 109, 21 : ' Fimbriae ' sunt omnis extremitas. <NaeYius Lycurgo * * * ' Flora.' > Naevius Lycurgo —
Liher
. . . ut videam \ olcani opera haec flammis fieri flora.
^° iniuros Bothe iniustos Havet iniuriose cdd. Non., 109 : < Naevius . . . ' Flora '> add. Mercier "-3 flora fieri Ribb.
132
TRAGEDIES
48
Dispute between Lycurgus and Liber :
Nonius : ' Contendere ' means to compare . . .
Liber Beware, I pray you, setting up your wrath With Liber's wrath, in opposition.
49
Nonius : ' Acrimonia ' is a liveliness of the mind ... —
Li/curgus Let him not ^ roase my savage temper's wrath, And my soul's hearty hate.
50-51 Nonius : ' Iniurie.' A term used for ' iniuriose ' . . . —
Liber . . . The gods do hate unrighteous mortals.
Lycurgus Do he or I unrighteously ?
52-3
Liber prays that he may do harm to Lycurgus :
Nonius : ' Fimbriae ' (fringe). A term for the extremity of anything. Naevius * in Lycurgus * * * ' Elora,' Naevius in Lycurgus —
Liber . . . that I may see by Vulcan's work These buildings flaring in a flower of flame.
" But ne may here be positive — ' Yes, he shall feel . . .' And by acrimoniam Naevius meant something much stronger than Nonius implies,
* Mercier was doubtless right in thinking that a quotation from Naevius illustrating the use of fimbriae has fallen out with a new lemma flora.
133
NAEVIUS
54
Nonius, 503, 16 : Ab eo quod est fervit breviato accentu fervere facit ... —
Lycurgus
late longeque transtros nostros fervere.
55-6 Nonius, 84, 31 : ' Cette ' signifieat dicite vel date ... —
Liher
Proinde hue Dryante regem prognatum patre Lycurgum cette.
57 Festus, 220, 7 : ' Obstinate,' obfirmato, perseveranti ... — Vos qui astatis obstinati,
58 Nonius, 191, 31 : ' Amnem.' . . . feminino ... — se quasi amnis celeris rapit sed tanien inflexu flectitur.
59
Nonius, 334, 24 : ' Liquidum ' rursum signifieat molle et fluxum ... —
lam solis aestu candor quum liquesceret,
^* transtros nostros Ribb. Thracia nostros Grotius
Thraces n. Bothe {recte ?) trans nostros cdd.
^* proinde hue Dryante Ribb. (proin Dryante lun.) proin dustriantte cdd.
^* so W sic Ribb. sed cdd. celeris rapit Ribb.
cita Buecheler cis rapit cdd. rapida Mercier rapit se Bothe rapida taraen Voss. inflexu cdd. in fluxu
Mercier
134
TRAGEDIES
54
The palace of Lycurgus is set on fire :
Nonius : ' Fervit.' From this verb comes ' fervere ' with the vowel shortened ... —
Lycurgus our transoms glowing far and wide.
55-6 Liber, '^ victorious, calls for Lycurgus :
Nonius : ' Cette ' (hither with ! bring hither !) means ' tell ' or ' give ' . . . —
Liher
Then bring me hither The King Lycm-gus, son of his father Dryas.
57 Lycurgus'' bodyguard must submit : Festus : ' Obstinato,' steadfast, persevering ... — All you who stubbornly stand by him.
58 Unplaced fragments : Nonius : ' Amnem ' ... in the feminine ... —
as a river swift Goes hurrying on, yet twists and turns withal.
59 Nonius : ' Liquidum ' again means soft and flowing ... — When now the brilliant white of snow was melting In the sun's scorching heat,
" R., 58 suggests a messenger demanding to see Lycurgus so as to report the intrusion of Liber and his followers.
5^ quum ed. an. 1480 cui cdd.
^35
NAEVIUS
FABULAE PRAETEXTAE
Fragments of apparently two plays, and no more, have survived.
Clastidinm dramatised the campaign (222 B.C.) whereby the Romans completed their conquest of Cisalpine Gaul through the victory of the consuls M, Claudius Marcellus and Cn. Cornelius Scipio. Marcellus came to the rescue of Clasti- dium when it was besieged, and defeated the Gauls, killing with his own hand their chief Viridomarus, Virdumarus or Brito- matus and thus winning the spolia opima. Although great credit was due to Scipio, Marcellus only was awarded a triumph
CLASTIDIUM 1
Varro, L.L., IX, 78 : In vocalibus casuum possunt item fieri t . . . ac reponi quod aberit, ubi patietur natura et consuetudo . . . ut in hoc apud Naevium in Clastidio —
Vita insepulta laetus in patriam redux.
ROMULUS sivE LUPUS
Donatus, ad Ter., Adelph., TV, 1, 21 : Falsum est quod dicitur intervenisse lupam Naevianae fabulae alimonio Remi et Romuli, dum in theatro ageretur.
* i.e. we may, under certain conditions, use in a missing case a noun which in ordinary speech is defective.
'' It was perhaps somewhere near this sentence that Naevius used the term ' vitulantes ' (trippling along), to express
136
HISTORICAL PLAYS
HISTORICAL PLAYS IN
ROMAN DRESS
(Polyb., II, 34-35; Plut., Marc, 6-8, etc. Grauert, PhiloL, II, 119 ff.; Ribbeck, 72 ff.).
Romulus or Lupus {The Wolf). Apparently one play based on the old Roman legend. (Cf. Ribbeck, 63 ff., who believes Romulus and Lupus to be separate plays; H. Reich, ' Ueber die Quellen der altesten Rom. Gesch.,' Fetschr. 0. Schade, 408 &.; Mesk, Wien. St., XXXVI, 27 flf.; Holzinger, Wien. St., XXXIV, 19, 7 ; Fraenkel. in Paulys Real-Encyd., Suppl.-B. VI, 629). We cannot tell whether Naevius followed a different legend in this play from the legend which he followed in The Punic War (pp. 46 ff.).
CLASTIDIUM 1
Triumphant return of