PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Biological Society of Washington

y^

VOLUME XXIII

1910

WASHINGTON
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

1911

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS

W. P. HAY, Chairman

AUSTIN H. CLAKK J. AV. GIDLEY

II. L. i*c .1. H. McQlKKN, Inc.

Uos I-: St. N. \V.

Wa.shington, D. C.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

For 1910

(ELECTED DECEMBER 11, 1909)

OFFICERS

President
T. S. PALMPnt

Vice-Presidents

W. P. HAY
E. W. NELSON

Recording Secretary
I). E. LANTZ

Cur responding Secretary
AUSTIN H. CLARK

Treasurer
J. \V. (ilDLEY

J. N. ROSE
E. L. GREENE

COUNCIL

\VILIJA:\r H. DALLt
THEODORE GILLt
L. O. HOWARDt
FREDERICK V. COVILLEf
F. A. Ll'CASt
C. HART MERRIAMt
FRANK H. KNOWLTONt
B. AV. EVERMANNt

GEORGE M. STERNBERG t
L. STEJNEGERt
A. D. HOl'KINS
A. B. BAKER
A. K. FISHER
VERNON BAILEY
DAVID WHITE

J. ^V. TlTCOMK
N. Hoi. LISTER

Austin H. Clark

STANDING COMMITTEES— 1910

Committee on Communications
31. W. Lyox, Jr., CJiainnan

Committee on Publications
W. 1*. Hay, Chairman

E. A. SCHAVARZ

C. V. Piper

J. W. (tIDLRY

f Ex-Presidents of the Society.

(iii)

EX-PRESTDENTS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Theodore X. (iii.r., 1S81, 1S82
*Chari.es a. White, 1883, 1884
*(t. Brown Goode, 1885, 188()
William II. Dall, 1887, 1888
Lester F. Ward, 188<i, 18'.t()
C. Hart Merriam, 18i»l, \s\)2
*C. V. Riley, 189;;, ]8!t4
Geo. M. Stern hero, ]8i)5, ls9(i
L. O. Howard, LSiC, 1898
Frederick V. Coville, 1899, 19iiil
F. A. Lucas, 1901, 1902
B. W. EvERMANN, 190:!, 1904
F. H. Knowlton, 190."), 1906
L. Stejneger, 1907, 1908

*l)cCl.'il.Sl'(l

(iv)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Officers and Coinniittecs lor I'.MO iii

Proceedings for IDIO vii

Descriptif)ns of Two New ]\Inskrats, by X. Hollister 1-L'

Fnrtlier Notes on Fishes from the ("anal Zone, by Barton Warren

pA'erniann and P^dnunid Lee Gold.sl)orongh 3-(i

A New Crinoid from the Solomon Islands, by Austin H. Clark . 7-8

Records of Some Reptiles and Batrachians from the Southeastern

Tniteil States, by C. S. Brimley TI-IS

Brief Synopsis of the Waterrats of Europe, by (ierrit S. [Miller, Jr. I!»-2L*

Notes on Mannnals of the [Middle [Mississippi Valley, with
Description of a New Woodrat, l)y Artluir H. Howell .... 23-o-i

The Stridulations of Some Katydids, by H. A. Allard 35-40

New Genera and Species of lssid;e ( Fulgorid;e), I>y E. D. Ball . 41-4(i
The Scales of the Atherinid Fishes, l)y T. D. A. Cockerell . . . 47-4S
The West African Forest Vifs: (Hylochoerus rimator Thomas), hj

(xlover M. Allen 49-52

Diagnoses of New Forms of [MicropudidtC and TrochiliiUe, by

Rol)ert Ridgway ". . 53-56

The Generic Name of the Hou.se Rats, by Gerrit S. [\riller, Jr. . 57-60
The Scales of the Clupeid Fishes, by T. D. A. Cockerell .... 61-64
A New Bird from the Island of Ceram, Moluccas, \>y F. Muir

ami .1. C. Kershaw 65-66

Unrecorded Specimens of Two Rare Hawaiian Birds, l)y Out-
ram Bangs (i7-70

New or Rare Birds from A\'estern Colombia, by Outram Bangs . 71-76
On the Name and Synonomy of the Antillean Sharp-shinned

Hawk, by J. H. Riley 77-78

Tw(j New Pocket Gophers of the Genus Tliomomi/ft, by 'N'ernon

Bailey 79-80

Fletcher Lake, Indiana, and its F'lora and Fauna, by Barton W.

Evermann and II. Walton Clark . . . 81-88

A New (tciius of Amphibia Salientia from Dutch New (iuinea,

by Thomas Barbour 89-90

On the Nature of the Teeth in Ctenoid Scales, by T. D. A.

Cockerell 91-94

On the Type Specimen of the Crinoid Descriljed by [Miiller as

Alecto purpurea,])}/ Aufitin Hobart Clark 95-98

General Notes 9!)-100

A Note Regarding the Green Anolis from the Northern Baha-
mas, by Thomas Barbour, 99; Eleutherodactylus rtcordii in
F'lorida, by Thinnas Barbour, 100 ; On the Name of the Trinidad
Ccereba, by J. H. Riley, 100.
A New Microsorex from the Mcinity of Washington, D. C, by
Edward A. Preble 101-102

^^^^'^'

vi The Biological Society of Washington.

A New Subspecies of Pigmy Owl, l)y E. AV. Nelson 103-104

A New Humming Bird from the Sierra Nevada de Santa ^larta,

Colombia, liy Outram Bangs 10o-10(i

A New Tinamou from Lake Titicaca, l)y Outram Bangs . . . 107-IOS

Jiera lonfjicomis Lucas Referred to the (ienus Stemiriiini, liy

Harriet Richardson IO!i-lin

On the Scales of Some IMalacopterygian Fishes, by T. D. A.
Cockerell 111-111

Description of a New Solitary Spadefoot (Scaphiopus hnrlcrii)
from Texas, with other Herpetological Notes, Ity John K.
Strecker, Jr llo-lL'2

C^neral Notes 123-lL'-l

Notes on Some Names of Lions, l)y N. Hollister, ]2.>; The use
of Epimys in a Generic Sense, by R. Lydekker, 124; Incuba-
tion Period of Box-Turtle Eggs, by Wells W. Cooke, 124.

A New Muskrat from tlie (ireat Plains, by N. Hollister .... 125-12(3

Ursus sheldoni, a New Bear from ^Montague Poland, l>y C. Hart
Merriam 127-130

On a Collection of Fishes from the Olymjiic Peninsula, together
with Notes on ()ther West Coast Species, by Barton Warren
Evermann and Homer Barker Latimer i:')l-i40

The Scales of the African Cyprinid Fishes, with a Discussion of

Related Asiatic and European Species, Vjy T. D. A. Cockerell 141-l.-)2

Two New Woodpeckers from Central America, by W. E. Clyde
Todd lo:',-lo(i

On a Collection of Fishes from the Lower Potomac, the Entrance
of Chesapeake Bay, and from Streams Flowing into these
AVaters, by Barton Warren Evermann and Samuel Frederick
Hildebrand ... 1.57- l(i4

The Amphibian Generic Name Engystoma Untenaljle, by Leon-
hard Stejneger Kio-Ki-S

A New Colubrine Snake from Java, by Thomas Barljuur . . . l(j'J-170

Description of a New Genus and Species of Bivalve from the
Coronado Islands, Lower California, by AVilliam H. Dall . . 171 172

Two New AVoodpeckers from the Isle of Pines, A\'est Indies, by

Outram Bangs I7:')-.171

PLATES
1. Facing p. ItO. Pomatops valvifera ^•Arhmw . Type.
II. " IK). Engystoma areolata Strecker, Euineccs 2)achyiinii<

Cope, and Scaphiopus hurterii Strecker.
III. " 152. Scales of Cyprinidte.

TEXT FIGURES.
Page 88. Etheostoma hildebrandti p]vermaiin and Clarke. Type.
91. Scale of Neomxnis griseus.

02. Scales of Anisotremus virginicus and Citharidium ansorgii.
\)1. Alecto purpurea J. Miiller. Type.

Vol. XXIII, pp. vii-xi January 28, 1911

PROCEEDINGS

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

PROCEEDINGS.

The Society meets in the Asseml)ly Hall of the Cosmos Club
on alternate Saturdays at 8 p. m.* Brief notices of the meet-
ings and abstracts of papers presented are ])ViI)lished in Science.

January 8, 1910— 464th Meeting.

President T. 8. Palmer in the chair and ')o ])ersons present.

Vernon Bailey exhibited the skull and beak of the Anhinga.

The following communications were presented:

The muskrat industry- in Maryland: D. E. Lantz.

From Nairobi to Washington with a collection of living
animals: A. B. Baker.

The present status of the chestnut tree disease in the United
States: Haven Metcalf.

January 22, 1910— 465th Meeting.

President Palmer in the chair and 9<S persons present.

The following communication was presented :

Fluctuations of animal population in the Northwest: Ernest
T. Seton.

The discussion was by T. S. Palmer, Barton W. Evermann,
Vernon Bailey, A. D. Hopkins, and others, and was closed by
Mr. Seton.

February 12, 1910— 466th Meeting.

Vice-President E. W. Nelson in the chair and 72 persons
present.

•Meetings for the early part of the year were held in the West Hall of George
Washington University.

vii

viii The Biological Society of Washington.

Barton W . Evermanii announced the arrival at the Bureau
of Fisheries of two j'oung fur seals, the first of these animals to
be successfully fed in captivitj\

The following communications were presented:

Alaskan and other far-northern mosquitoes: L. O. Howard.

A collecting trip to Alaska: A. S. Hitchcock.

March 5, 1910— 467th Meeting.

The president in the chair and 2o jxTsons in-cscnt.

General Wilcox reported the taking of a skunk at Woodley
Park.

The following connuunications were presented:

Remarks on a restoration of Basilosauros cctoidcH : .J. \\ .
G id ley.

The stridulations of some "katydids": H. A. AHard.

Japanese goldfish: Hugh M. Smith.

March 19, 1910— 468th Meeting.

The president in the chair and -"il persons present.

W. J. SpiUnian cxhitiited hoi^fs and foot-lHincs of the mule-
footed hog.

H. \V. Clark reported that he had ()l)Served a humming hird
and other birds feeding on sap that was oozing from a wounded
red-oak .

The following communications were i)resented:

The birds of Midway Island: Paul Bartsch.

International fisheries regulations: Barton W . Evermann.

April 2, 1910— 469th Meeting.

The president in the ciiair and ;>() i)ersons present.

C. D. iMarsh reported the receipt of interesting copepods
from northern Lake Michigan, through V. L. Shelford of
Chicago University.

T. S. Palmer reported plans of Professor Watson to continue
his observations on the homing instinct of birds.

The following communication was presented :

A hasty visit to some foreign zoological gardens: A. B.
Baker.

Proceedings. ix

April 16, 1910-470th Meeting.

Dr. L. O. Howainl in the cliiiir an<l 37 persons present.

Dr. C. L. Ludlow reported the purchase of ripe strawherries
with all the petals still attached.

H. \\^ C'lark reported observations on the three types of
flowers and fruit of the hog peanut.

The following communication was presented :

The mosquito campaign in New Jersey: Prof. John B. Smith.

The paper was discussed by L. 0. Howard, Barton \V. Ever-
mann, C. D. Ludlow, and Frederick Knal).

April 30, 1910— 471st Meeting.

The president in the chair and 27 persons present.

Barton W. Evermann reported changes in management of
the Fur Seal Islands.

T. S. Palmer described the Crlacier National Park about to be
estal)lished in northern Montana.

He also called attention to the field trips of the Audubon
Society on Saturdays during spring bird migration.

The following connnunications were pn^senttnl :

Two aspects of the species question : Edward L. Greene.

On the occurrence and habits of waterfowl in the south-
eastern United States: \\ . L. McAtee.

October 15, 1910— 472d Meeting.

Vice-President Nelson in the cliair and 33 persons present.

Vernon Bailey reported large numbers of very tame quails
within the city of Washington.

The following communication was presented:

Work of the Committee on Nomenclature at theGraz Zoologi-
cal Congress: Ch. Wardell Stiles.*

Discussed by L. O. Howard, Marcus W. Ly(jn, Theod(n'e Gill,
E. W. Nelson, and Dr. Stiles.

October 29, 1910— 473d Meeting.

President Palmer in the chair and 56 persons present.
Vernon Bailey exhibited specimens of the feet of sharp tailed
and pinnated grouse.

• Published in Science.

X Thr Biological Society of Washingto7i .

The following communications were presented:
Some foreign entomologists and their work: L. 0. Howard.
Periodic movements of liirds in relation to the weather:
\V. \V. Cooke.

November 12, 1910 — 474th Meeting.

The president in the chair and 38 persons present.

Barton ^\^ Evermann reported the arrival at Seattle of a
shipment of ten yonng fur seals intended for the National
Zoological Park and other places of exhibit.

The following communications were presented:

A new jaguar record for Texas : Vernon Bailej-.

Forage jilant investigations in Mexico : A. S. Hitchcock.

Pear thrips investigations in California: A. L. Quaintance.

November 26, 1910— 475th Meeting.

The president in the chair and 145 persons present.

O. P. Hay exliil)ited the remnant of the upper portion of a
mammoth's tusk, found in Alaska.

The following communication was presented :

Flashlight photographs of wild mammals: Hon. (ieorge
Shiras 3d.

December 10, 1910— 476th Meeting

THIKTV-FIRST ANNIAL >fKETIX(;.

President Palmer in the chair and 31 loersons present.

The reports 'of the recording secretary and treasuix'r were
read and accepted.

The following officin's were elected for the year 11)11 :

President : David White.

Vice-Presidents : W. P. Hay, E. W. Nelson, J. N. Rose, and
E. L. Greene.

Recording Secretary : D. E. Lantz.

Corresponding Secretary : N. Hollister.

Treasurer: .J. \V. Gidley.

Members of the Council: A. D. lIoi)kins, A. K. Fisher,
Vernon Bailey, A. B. Baker, Paul Bartsch.

Proceedings.

XI

President David White was elected vice-president to represent
the Biological Society in the Washington Academy of Science.

Tlie following chairmen of committees were appointed by the
chair :*

On Puiilications: W. P. Hay.

On Communications : Vernon Bailey.

'Additional meraljers of tlicse committees were appointed at the next meeting as

follows: Puhlication.s, N. IlDllistcr iiiid i. \V. Uidley, C'omnuiniciitioiis, I'aid Bartseli
and Albert Mann.

Vol. XXllI, pp. 1-2 February 2, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW JNIUSKRATS.

BY X. HOLLTSTER. \<^ .

■ A systematic study of the muskrats discloses two unnamed
subspecies, preliminary descriptions of which are herewith
presented. Both new forms are based upon specimens in the
collection of the United States Biological Surve3^

Fiber zibethicus mergens subsp. nov.

Type from Fallon, Nevada. No. 156,880X1. S. National Museum, Bio-
logical Survey Collection. 9 adult, skin and skull. April 3, 11)08.
Collected by S. E. Piper.

General characters. — Differs trom F. z. osoyoosensis in its much paler
color and distinct dorsal stripe, and from F. z. pallidus in its large size
and darker colors.

Color. — Fresh pelage: Above grayish brown; head and dorsal area
blackish; cheeks, shoulders, and sides rusty; underparts creamy white
with central area pale cinnamon or russet; usual spot on chin blackish
brown. Fall specimens before the black hairs have come in are some-
times quite rusty above. Worn or washed out pelage: Above uniform
pale yellowish brown ; sides and underparts with little rusty.

Cranial characters. — Skull smaller than that of osoiioosensis, with
shorter rostrum, more broadly spreading zygomata, and heavier jugal ;
much larger than that of pallidus.

Measurements of type. — Total length, 540; tail vertebrae, 240; hind foot,
76. Skull: Basal length, 61.6; zygomatic breadth, 40; palatal length, 39. o;
length of nasals, 21 ; breadth of nasals, 9.8 ; alveolar length of upper molar
series, 15.5.

Remarks. — Fiber z. mergens is a pale form of the osoyoosensis type,
occupying the northern part of the Great Basin. There is no evidence of
direct intergradation with the very different pallidus on the south.

Fiber zibethicus zaiophus subsp. nov.

Type from Becharof Lake, Alaska. No. 131,488 U. S. National Museum,
Biological Survey Collection. Skin and skull. October, 1903. Collected
by A. G. Maddren.

1— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIII. 1910. (1)

2 Hollister — Descriptions of Two New Muskrnts.

General characters. — Tail short; hind foot small; skull with zygomata
not broadly spreading anteriorly; molars small.

Color. — Fresh pelage: General tone of upperparts bistre, darkest on
back and hips, with little or no rusty coloring; sides like back, but with
a slight russet tinge; brown spot on chin reduced to a mere streak.
Underparts creamy white with a cinnamon wash, varying in its intensity,
and shading to white on throat and hind legs; lips whitish. Worn or
washed out pelage: Upperparts russet to cinnamon, varying greatly in
the specimens at hand, but usually showing much more red than in fresh
coat, or in any pelage of F. z. spatidatus.

Cranial characters. — Skull with zygomata not broadly spreading ante-
riorly as in spatulatus ; rostrum and nasals longer; parietals very small,
squamosal covering most of area of braincase, even in young animals;
interorbital ridge extreme in development into a blade-like crest; teeth
small.

Measurements. — The series from the type locality was received without
flesh measurements. The length of hind foot of the type, taken from the
dry specimen, is G6. Four adults from Lake Clark and Cook Inlet,
Alaska, measured in the flesh, average: Total length, 533; tail vertebrae,
228; hind foot, 69.7. Skull of type: Basal length, 60; zygomatic breadth,
38.3; palatal length, 38.3; length of nasals, 20.9; breadth of nasals, 9.2;
alveolar length of upper molar series, 14.4.

Remarks. — Fiber z. zalophus is a well marked form easily separated
from spatulatus by a niimber of constant characters. It ranges from the
Alaska Peninsula to the Cook Inlet region.

y

Vol. XXIII, pp. 3-6 March 23, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

FUrvTHER NOTES ON FISHES FROM THE CANAL

ZONE.*

BY BARTON WARREN EVI']R:\[ANN AND
EDMUND LEE GOLDSBOKOLXai.

In these Proceedings for June 25, lOOU (Vol. XXII, pp. 95-
104), the present writers reported on a small collection of fishes
obtained in the Canal Zone by Mr. August Busck of the U. S.
National Museum and Mr. Allan H. Jennings, of the Sanitary
Inspection Service, Canal Zone. In that paper were recorded
19 species, one of which {Cheirodon gorgotise) was described as
new.

Since the publication of that report we have received from
]Mr. Jennings another small, but interesting, collection embrac-
ing 133 specimens rejoresenting 14 species, which are here
recorded. In this connection we wish to express our apprecia-
tion of the interest which INIr. Jennings has taken in collecting
the fishes of the Canal Zone. He is especially interested in the
food of the freshwater fishes and its relation to the mosquito
problem. Much that we now know regarding the fishes of the
Canal Zone and their food, we owe to him.

Famh.y SILURID.E.

THE fATFISHES.

Pimelodus chagresi Steiiidachiier.
Une specimen 5 inches long. No definite locality given.

Family CHARACINID.E.

THE CHARACINS.

Piabucina panamensis Gill.
One specimen 2^^ inches long from a sluggish stream emptying into a
(lammed-up lake at Gatun, August lo. Dorsal 10; anal 10; scales 2(5,

* Published by permission of Hon. Geo. M. Bowers, Commissioner of Fish and Fish-
eries.

2— Proc. Biol, Soc. Wash., XXIII, I'.ilO. (:!)

4 Emrmann and Goldsborovgh — Fishes from the Canal Zone.

'Sir. Jennings says tliii^ species grows to a length of at least 8 inches, and
he did not observe it at any other point.

Brycon striatulus ( Kner).
^?ix specimens o to 334 inches.

Astyanax fischeri Steindachner.

( »ne specinu-n o inches long from Comacho River helow reservoir dam
at Empire, Jtme IS.

Astyanax a^neus (Giinther).

Two specimens 2% and l''f{ inches long from Comacho Kiver below res-
ervoir dam at P^mpire, Jnne 18 ; twelve specimens '^'g to 2% inches long, no
definite locality; one 13^ inches long from Tabernilla, taken in January;
anil two, 1^4 and l)^ inches long, from a shiggish stream emptying into a
dammed-up lake at Gatnn, August 15. The specimen from Tabernilla was
kept by Mr. Jennings in an aipiarium for more than o months. It ate
3o mosquito larvje in one day and 20 the next.

Astyanax mexicanus (Filipi)i).

Five specimens I's to 2i<, inches long; mi delinite data given. These
have the dorsal unifonnly with i> rays ; anal ll> or 14, + 2 or o short simple
rays; scales o3 to 35; teeth in maxillary in 2 rows, 2 teeth in outer and
4 in inner row; outside of this outer maxillary row is a single irregular
row of teeth in the ]ireinaxillary. These specimens agree well with typical
mciicanus, except in the number of anal rays; mexicanus is said to have
from 17 to 24 branched rays; none of ours has more than 14.

Roeboides guatemalensis (Gimther).
Six specimens 2% tn '.)% inches long; no definite locality given. Dor-
.sal 10; anal 40 to 50; gillrakers (i -,-^0; scales 78-85,

F.\.Mii.Y rcECTLIID.E.

THE KILLIFIsriES.

Rivulus isthmensis Garmau,

One specimen 1 incli long from a swampy, freshwater pond l)y side of
railroad atGatun, .fuly 15. Lives on bottom.

Qambusia nicaraguensis (iunther.

.'~^ix specimens 1 to 1 r",^ inches long ^frrim Cristobal, August 4. Mr. .k'U-
uings says these liave a spot on side near vent. This spot is now evident
in l)nt two of the specimens. It is dusky brown and covers 3 or 4 scales
just above vent, it not being on tiie scale immediately over vent. Three
specimens % to I,',; inches long from Folks River Swamji at Cristobal,
July 8, and four ]14 to 1% inches long from same place, August 4.

Gambusia episcopi Steindacliner.

Fourteen specimens Ito 13^' inches long; no definite locality given. These
all show distinctly the black sj)ot at base of anal wliich seems to be char-
acteristic of this species. One si)ecimen 138 inches long from swampy

Evermann and Goldsborough — Fishes from the Canal Zone, b

freshwater pond at side of railroad at Gatnn, July 15. Nine ft-male speci-
mens \}4 to 2% inches long and one male 13^8 inches long from reservoir
at New Porto Bello, February 10, 1909. ]Mr. Jennings says this is the most
abundant and characteristic species, ])ut not very efficient larvte destroyers.
It appears to be chiefly a bottom feeder.

Poecilia sphenops Cuvier and Valencienne~.
Eighteen specimens l}4 to 2 inches long from Folks Kiver Swamp, Cris-
tobal, August A. These show the many variations of this species indi-
cated l)y IJegan in BiologiaCentrali Americana. Onesjiecimen \% inches
long from reservoir at New Porto Bello, February 10, 1909. Dorsal 9;
anal ii, S; scales 2G. Teeth conical or pointed, some of them slightly
truncate, and one or two tricuspid. One female specimen 2% inches
long from Ancon. This flsh was kept in a tank for o months and pre-
served June IS. Six females and one male, % to 1% inches long; no
definite locality given. These each show a distinct black spot at anterior
base of dorsal tin, covering ?> or 4 rays. The modified anal tin is evident
in all, even in the very small one. In the largest example the anal is
entirely in advance of dorsal tin and in the others it is variously .so, its
origin grading back to directly under origin of dorsal. The origin of the
dorsal is uniformly ecpially distant from tip of snout and middle of caudal
tin. Seven specimens % to lyV inclies long froniGatun, August 15. These
all show 7 or 8 distinct vertical bars on body and 5 of the smaller ones show
the black sjiot at anterior l)ase of dorsal.

Famii.v MUGILID.E.

THE Ml'LLETS.

Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft).

One specimen o inches long; no detinite locality given. Four specimens
each al)out 2^4 inches long from stream l)elow reservoir at foot of dam at
New Porto Bello, February 10, 1909. IMr. Jennings says these are found
in swift water only and will not live in ordinary confinement. Habits as
to larv;c not observed.

Famii.v CICHLIDyE,

TIIK CICIILIDS.

Acara coeruleopunctata Kncr and Steindadiner.

( )ne six'cimen 2 inches long from Gatun, August 15. Mr. Jennings says
tills fish came from a sluggish stream emptying into a dammed-U]) lake at
( iatim, and that the species is apparently widely distril)Uteil in the Chagres
Kiver and tributaries, of wliicli this stream is one.

Qeophagus crassilabris Steindachner.
Five specimens 2% to o'^g inches long from Canal Zone. Dorsal N\'I,
10; anal III, 7; scales oO.

Neetroplus nematopus (iuntlur.

Two specimens 2% ami ?>% inche.>5 long. These specimens are very
badly preserved, the scales being rubbed ott' of the anterior part of the

n Evermani) and Goldsbo rough — Fishes from the Canal Zone.

HinalltTone and over much of anterior lower part of the hirger example.
The smaller one has dorsal XVI, 8; and V^I, 7; the larger one has dor-
sal XVII, 10; anal \'I, 7; scales 30. Each shows a white bar at base of
caudal rays, none of it on scales, Ijlack ])osterior to this bar; body of fish
luiiform dark l)rown.

Family GOBIID.E.

THE GOBIE.S.

Eleotris pisonis (imelin.
One specimen \% inches Ions from Beach Island Swami), Cristoljal,
August IS. This is brackish water. The feeding haluts of the tish were
not observed.

Dormitator maculatus (Bloch).

Four specimens \}4 to ;>% inches long from Folk Kiver Swamp.
Nine specimens 2% to ;5% inches long from Ancon. One sjiecimcn
2% inches long from Ani-on was kept in a tank ." months and ]>rc-
servc(l .lune IS. FJcvcn sjicciuK'Hs 1^2 to 1' inches long from New
I'orto Bello, Fel»ruary 10, from stream entering reservoir from sontii.
]Mr. .Jennings says: " Very shy, irihabit bottom, hiding under stones, etc.
Habits as to larva' and adaptability to confinement not observed." One
spt'cimen 1 inch long from running ditch of fresh water, with growth of
algfC at Cristobal, .July 1. Mr. Jennings says its food habits are not
known. It remains nuich at the l)ottom. Two specimens \ and 1 inch
long from Folks Biver Swamp, Cristobal, August 4; from mangrove
swamp, water lirackisii, swani]) not iufreiinently overflown, l)ut these lish
l)ore clianjre to fresh water well.

Vol. XXlll, pp. 7-8 March 23, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW CRINOID FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS.
BY AUSTIN H. CLARK.

The trustees of the Australian Museum at Sydney, New South
Wales, through the curator, Mr. Robert Etheridge, Jr., have
recently accorded me the privilege of examining their extensive
and valuable collections of recent crinoids. The full report
upon the material will shortly be pul)lished in the "Australian
Museum Records " in the form of a monograph upon the crinoid
fauna of Australia. It has seemed advisable, however, to pre-
sent in advance the diagnosis of an interesting new species from
the Solomon Islands which was included among the specimens
sent to me.

I take this opportunity of thanking the trustees of the Austra-
lian Museum and the curator, Mr. Etheridge, for their kindness
and generosity in submitting to me for study their very impor-
tant collections, the examination of which has served to clear
up many hitherto obscure points in regard to the interrelation-
ships of the Australian crinoid fauna.

Colobometra diadema sp. nov.

Type locaJity. — Ugi, Solomon Islands. The type specimen is in the
collection of the Anstralian ]\Iuseum.

Cirri xi, 33-40, 22 mm. long, in general resembling those of €'. veprctum.

Interambulacral areas of disk completely covered witli large plates.

Ten arms abont 70 mm. long, more slender tlian those of C. vepretiim.

Pa absent; Pi 10 mm. long, rigid and spinelike, resembling P2, witli
twelve segments, the first two not so long as broad, the third slightly
tapering and twice as long as the distal diameter, the following much
elongated, nearly or quite four times as long as broad; P2 to P5 similar,
but 12 mm. long; following pinnules shorter, more slender, and less
stiffened; distal pinnules 12 mm. long, very slender, the segments with
long spines on their distal edges.

3— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, 1910. (7)

Vol. XXIII, pp. 9-18 March 23, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

RECORDS OF SOME REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS_
FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. \^

BY C. S. BRIMLEY. \^

'^/f/ .

In the last fifteen years I have purchased a good many rep-
tiles and batrachians from points in the southeastern States,
and as they include a number of notable occurrences, it seems
to me advisable to publish a list of the species received, with
the localities from which they came. All those received from
States other than Florida were sent me alive, while from Florida
both living and preserved specimens have been received. The
localities from which I have received material are as follows:
Mississipjn : Bay St. Louis, Hancock County.
Alabama : Greensboro, Hale Count3^

Georgia: Mimsville, Baker County; Riceboro, Liberty County.
Florida: Green Cove Springs, Clay County; Hastings, St. John
County; Orlando, Orange County; Fruitland Park, Lake
County; Belleair, Tarpon Springs, St. Petersburg and Fort
Meade, Hillsboro County; Miami, Dade County; Key West,
Monroe County; Tallahassee, Leon County.

In some cases only a very few specimens were received from
a locality, while in other instances they comprised a very respect-
able proportion of the herpetological fauna of the place. The
detailed list follows. I have not deemed it necessary to give
comments in every case.

Ambly stoma talpoideum.

MOLE SALAMANDER.

Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, over thirty specimens received in the winters
of 181)7 to 1900; Mimsville, Georgia, 1 received alive February 7, 190o.

1— Proc. Biol. Sue. \V.\sh., XXIII, I'JIO. (9)

10 Brlmley — Ecptilcs and Batrachians of Southcad United States.

Plethodon glutinosus.

VISCID SALAMANDER.

Bay St. l^ouis, Mississippi, May 24, 1900, 1 ; ]\Iimsville, Georgia, Feb-
ruary 7, 1902, 12; CJreen Cove Springs, Florida, April, 1898, 1.

Spelerpes guttolineatus.

HOLHKOOK'S TRITON.

Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, Fel»ruary S, 1S98, 1.

Desmognathus fusca.

BROWN TRITON.
Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, T)ecOMil)t'r, IS'.l?, and .Alarcli, 1S9S, .5.
Desmognathus fusca auriculata.

SOITHERN TRITON.

Hastings, Florida, July, 1898, 3. Prol)al)ly the ^Mississippi specimen.^
belong here also.

Diemyctylus viridescens.

AMERICAN NEWT.

Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, December, 1897, February, 19i)l, S; Orlando,
Florida, July, 190o, 1 ; (ireeu Cove Springs, Florida, .Inly, ISOS, 4.

Amphiuma means.

TWO-TOED DITCH EEL.

Hastings, Florida, nuinerf)us small and medium sized specimens and
four lots of eggs in 1900 and 1901. The eggs were all taken in July under
logs in the partially dry mud of dried up pools. Orlando, ()ct()l)er 17,
1904, 2.

Amphiuma tridactyla.

THREE-TOED DITCH EEL.

(rreensboro, Alabama, numerous specimens received every spring for
the last ten years.

Siren lacertina.

OKK.XT SIRKX.

Hastings, Florida, April, I'.IO], .hily, I!l02, 2; Orlando, Florida, over
a dozen received at various times, mostly small; (ireen Cove Springs,
Florida, May, 1898, 2.

Pseudobranchus striatus.

LITTLE SIREN.

Orlando, Florida, 1, loO nun. long, received January 27, 1910.

Scaphiopus holbrooki.

SOLlT.MtV SI'.VDEKOOT.

Key West, Florida, 1 young one, April, 190i>; Miauii, Florida, Novem-
ber, 1900, 1; Orlando, Florida, August, 1902, 1.

Brimley — Reptiles and Batrachians of Southeast United States. 11

Bufo quercicus.

DWARF TOAD.

Eect'ivc'd from Hastiuo;.), Orlando, (Jreen Cove Si)riiiufS and St. Peter.*!-
Imrir, all in Florida. Evidently common at the first ami last two places.

Bufo lentiginosus.

SOUTHERN TOAD.

Bay St. Louis, Mis.sissippi ; Mimsville, Georgia; Riceboro, Georgia;
Belleair, Florida; Fort Meade, Florida.

Lithodytes ricordii.

RKORD'.S LITIK >DYTES.

Key West, Florida, 1, in April, 19Ui>.

Acris gryllus.

CRICKET FROC.

Bay St. Louis, Mississippi; (Jreen Cove Springs and Fruitland Park,
Florida.

Chorophilus ornatus.

ORNATE CllORlS FROG.

Hastings, Florida, June, lilUl, 1; ( J reen Cove Springs, F^lorida, July,
1898, 5.

Chorophilus occidentalis.

SMOOTH CHORUS FROG.
Bay St. Louis, ^Mississippi, February and April, 1S9S, ^^.

Chorophilus nigritus.

ROUGH CHORUS FROG.
Bay St. Louis, Mis.sissippi, February 10, 1898, 1.

Hyla gratiosa.

GEORGIA TREE FROG.

Bay St. Louis, ^Mississippi, two received in 1901. Scattering specimens
received at various times from Green Cove Springs, ( )rlando, Belleair,
St. Petersburg antl Fruitlantl Park, all in Florida.

Hyla cinerea.

CAROLINA TREE FROG.

Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, al)undant. In Florida, specimens from
Hastings, Orlando and Fruitland Park.

Hyla (sp. )

Bay St. Louis, ^Iis.sissippi, in .January and February, 1901, several
specimens of a tree frog with the sharjjly defined side line of cinerea, but
with dark spots on the back like squirella were received from this place.
My notes state that they were apparently a little stouter than cinerea and
grayer in color. A single specimen reseml)ling cinerea, but lacking the
yellow line on the side, also came from here.

12 Brimley — HepHles and Batrachians of Southeast United States.

Hyla squirella.

SQUIRREL TREE FROG.

Abundant at Bay St. Louis, ]Mi.ssis!?ippi ; Orlando, Hastings and Fruit-
land Park, Florida; specimens also from Green Cove Springs, Belleair
and St. Petersburg.

Hyla femoralis.

PINEWOODS TREE FROG.

Specimens from Belleair, Tarpon Springs, Orlando, Green t'ove Springs
and Fruitland Park, Florida. Apparently less common than cineren an<l
squirella.

Hyla versicolor.

COMMON TREE FROG.

Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, 3 specimens.

Engystoma carolinense.

XAKKOW-MOUTHED TOAD.

Key We.st, Florida, 3 specimens, April, 1909; Belleair, Floiida, 1, July,
1897; Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, 1, February, 1S98.

Rana pipiens.

LEOPARD FROG.

Received from Belleair, St. Petersburg and Fruitland Park, Florida;
and from Bay St. Louis, Mississippi.

Rana aesopus.

(;()i'iiKU KKoi;.

From Orlando, Fort ]\Ieade, Tarpon Springs, Belleair and (iiven Cove
Springs, Florida.

Rana catesbiana.

BULL FROG.
Green Cove Springs, Florida, May, 1.S98, L

Anolis principalis.

GREEN LIZARD.
Bay St. Louis, ^lississij)pi ; Fruitland Park, Florida.

Ophisaurus ventralis.

GLA.SS .'^NAKE.

Bay St. Louis, Missi.ssipjji; Mimsville, Georgia; Orlando, St. Petersburg,
Tarpon Springs, and Belleair, Florida.

Liolepisma laterale.

(iROUND LIZARD.
Belleair and Orlando, Florida.

Eumeces fasciatus.

RLUE-TAILKD l.l/.AUD.

Bay St. Louis, .Mississippi; .Mimsville, (ieorgia; 'rarium Springs, lU'lle-
air and ( )rlandi>. l'"|(irida.

Brimley — Reptiles and Batrachians of Southeast United States. 13

Rhineura floridana.

FLORIDA BLIXDWOK.M.

Orlando ami TarpDii Springs, Florida. Apparently common at ])otli
})lacos.

Parancia abacura.

IIOKX SXAKK.

:Mimsville, Georgia, ]\Iay 1(1, 1902, 1 ; August 10, 190^, 1 ; Riceboro,
Georgia, May 31, 1909, 1 five feet long; also 1 specimen each from Belle-
air and Orlando, Florida.

Diadophis punctatus.

KIXG-XECKEl) SXA KE.

Numerous specimens from Bay St. Louis, ^Mississippi; 1 from Riceboro,
Georgia; and 1 or 2 each from Orlando, Tarpon Springs and Hastings,
Florida.

Rhadinaea flavilata.

I5l;( »\VX-lIEAr)El> SXAKE.

Bay St. Louis, ^Mississippi, abundant. Two specimens from Orlando,
Florida.

Heterodon simus.

IKXiXOSED SXAKE.

^Mimsville, Georgia. Apparently rather common.

Heterodon platyrhinus.

SPKEADIXG ADDER.

Bay St. Louis, Mis.sissippi, 1, ^larch, 1901; ^Mimsville, Georgia, and
Riceboro, Georgia, common, but the black form nuich commoner than
the spotted one at these two places.

Cyclophis aestivus.

SOUTHERX (iREEX SXAKE.

Bay St. Louis, ]Mississippi ; ^limsville, CJeorgia ; St. Petersburg and
Tarpon Springs, Florida.

Bascanion constrictor.

BLACK SNAKE.

Bay St. Louis, ^Mississippi ; ]Mimsville, (ieorgia; Riceboro, Georgia.

Bascanion flagellum.

('OACHWIIll'.

^limsville and Riceboro, Georgia ; and Orlando, Florida.
Coluber obsoletus confinis.

SPOTTED CHICKEN SNAKE.
Only from ]Mimsville, Georgia, where it does not appear to be common.

Coluber quadrivittatus.

STRIPED ClIRKEX SXAKE.

Ricel)oro, (Jeorgia, common; also 1 each from ( )rhuido and Fort ^h^ade,
Florida.

14 Brimley — Reptiles and Batmchians of Soutlicnst United States.

Coluber guttatus.

RAT SXAKE; SPOTTED RACER.

Bay St. Lnni.^, ^lississipj)!, )^>; comiiion at both ]\Iiinsvillc ami llirclxirn,

(ieorgia; occasional specimens from Orlando, Tarpon Springs and i'.rlK'-

air, Florida.

Spilotes corais couperi.

GOPHER SNAKE.
Onlj' from Eclleair and Orlando, Florida.

Pityophis melanoleucus.

PIXE SNAKE.

]\Iiinsville, ( ieorgia, 2, Juno ;'>0, lHOd; a few specimens from Orlando,

Florida.

Ophibolus getulus.

KING SNAKE.
.Alimsville and lv'icel)oro, (Jeorgia; Orlando, Florida.

Ophibolus getulus sayi.

WESTERN' KIX(; SNAKE.

Bay St. Louis, Missi.>jsii)pi, ■'].

Ophibolus coccineus.

RED KING SNAKE.
Bay St. Louis, connnon; also from Orlando and Tarpon Springs, Florida.

Stilosoma extenuatum.

SHOUT-TAILED SX.VKE.

Fort -Meade, FU)ri(la, 1, April 19, 1909; Tari)on Springs, Florida, 1, Jan-
nary, ]S97.

Cemophora coccinea.

SCARLET SNAKE.

Bay St. Louis, ^Mississippi, 2; ]\Iimsville, Oeorgia, 7; ( )rlando, Florida,
9; Tari)on Si)rings, Florida, 1.

Natrix fasciata.

SOl'THERN WATER .SNAKE.

Received from Ikvy St. Louis, ^Mississippi ; ]Mimsville, (ieorgia; Rice-
l)oro, (ieorgia; and Orlando, Florida.

Natrix compressicauda.

FLAT-TAILED WATER SNAKE.
From St. Petersburg and Key West, Florida.

Seminatrix pygsea.

IJLAC'K SWAMP SNAKE.

Orlando, Florida, November 2:5, 1902; Tarpon Springs, I'lorida, Feb-
ruary lo, iS97; (ireen Cove Springs, Florida, ^lay 1(1 and June 2:!, 1898;
(') specimens in all.

Brtmley — Reptiles and Batrachians of Southend United States. 15

Storeria dekayi.

DEKAY'S SNAKE.

Green Cove Springs ivnd Orlando, Florida; F.ay St. Louis, ^lississippi.

Virginia valeriae.

VALERIAS SNAKE.

Mimsville, Georgia, April, May, 1903, 5.

Virginia elegans.

ELEGANT SNAKE.

Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, 10 specimens in ISilS and lS<t!t.

Haldea striatula.

BROWN SNAKE.

Bay St. Lonis, Mississippi, a dozen specimens lSi)7 to li»01.

Liodytes alleni.

ALLEN'S SNAKE.

tireen Cove Springs and Orlando, Florida.

Eutaenia sirtalis.

(iAKTER SNAKE.

Mimsville and Rieeboro, Georgia; Tarpon Sj)rings, Florida. TJie form
ordinatus is quite common at Mimsville, and I have had one also from
Rieeboro.

Eutaenia sackeni.

FLOJUDA RIBBON SNAKE.

Bay St. Lonis, ^Mississippi, 5 specimens. Also from Green Cove Si)ringp,
Orlando and Belleair, Florida.

Tantilla coronata.

CUOWNEl) TANTILLA.

r>ay St. Louis, Mississippi, common. Also from Taijion Springs, Flor-
ida, 4; and Orlando, Florida, 1.

Elaps fulvius.

CORAL ADDER.

]\Iimsville, Georgia; Rieeboro, Georgia; connnon at l)oth j)laees. Also
from Orlando and Green Cove Springs, Florida.

Ancistrodon piscivorus.

COTTON MOUTH.

Bay St. Lonis, Mississippi; Belleair and Orlando, Florida; Mimsville
and liiceboro, Georgia.

Ancistrodon contortrix.

COPPERHEAD.

Rieeboro, Georgia, commcju; not received from any other locality.

IG Brlinley — Itcptilcs avd Batracln'dih't of SontJieast United States.

Sistrurus miliarius.

GROUND U.Vl'TLESNAKE.

Bay St. [-Duis, ^rissis8ii)pi; ]Mimsville, Georgia; Orlaiiilo, P.cUeair and
Green Cove Sjtrintfs, Morida.

Crotalus adamanteus.

1IIAM( )XI) RATTLESNAKE.

^linisville, (ieorgia, 1, June 24, 1907; in Florida, I'rdin ()rlandi) and
-Miami.

Testudo polyphemus.

GOI'HER TORTOT.SE.
]\rinisville, Cieorgia; Belleair and ((rlando, b^lorida.
Malaclemmys macrospilota.

FLORIDA DL\M()XD15A(K.
Belleair and St. Petersburg, Florida'; ai)])arently eonnuon.

Qraptemys pulchra.

BAUR'S TERRAI'IN.

MiuLSville, Georgia, 1, Novend)er I'O, 1901.

Deirochelys reticulata.

CHICKEN' TERIiAI'IX.

Minisville, (ieorgia, aliundant. Also from (ireen Cow Springs, Hast-
ings, Orlando, St. I'etershurg and Belleair, in Flori<la.

Chrysemys rubriventris.

RED-BELLTED TERRAPIN.
Orlando, Florida, i, :\Iarch V.], li»02.

Chrysemys mobiliensis.

MOP.ILE TERRAI'IN.

This is Baur's mohiliensis, but I can not distinguish the few Mimsville,
(ieorgia, specimens I have received, from Baleigh, North Carolina, siK'ci-
mens of C covcinnn.

Chrysemys floridanus.

l'"I,oi;ll)A TERRAI'IN.
-MimsvilK', ( ieorgia, common. Also from ( )rlando and Uelieair, Florida.

Chrysemys scripta.

YELI.OW-I'.ELLIED TEURAPIN.

]\Iimsville, (ieorgia, abundant; none from Florida. Though there is
great variation in this respect, the markings on the ])lastron are a])t to
l)e larger and present on more plates in (ieorgia specimens than in
Italeigh, North Carolina, ones. Although the black si)ots on tlie two
gular ])lates are almost always jiresent, yet in two Bak'igii specimens I
had in I'.MJit there were no sjjots on eitiier bridge or i)lastron, and from

Brimley — Reptiles and Batrachians of Southeast United States. 17

this condition there is every gradation until at hist in some Minisville
specimens tliere are elongate black spots on every plate of the plastron
and of the bridge. The upright yellow l)ar behind tlie eye is the most
positive color mark of this species, but is sometimes very ol)SCure in old
specimens.

Chrysemys troosti.

TROOST'S TERRAPIN.

Three specimens from Mimsville, Georgia, received July 1, 1907, 2; June
18, 1909, 1. All the species of Chrysemys and Di'lroclit'li/s are commonly
known as cooters in Florida and Georgia.

Chelopus guttatus.

SPECKLED TERK.\PIX.

TJiceltoro, (Jeorgia, 1, received May 5, 1902.

Terrapene major.

LAU(iE P.OX TIUTLE.

Tallahassee, Florida, 2; Riceboro, Georgia, 1.

Terrapene bauri.

BAUR'S BOX TURTLE.

Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, 1; Mimsville, Georgia, 1; also numerous
exami)les from Florida (Green Cove Springs, ?Iastings, Orlando, St.
Petersburg and Belleair). I think this is identical with major, particu-
larly as there is no constancy in the luimber of i-laws on the hind feet,
they being as often 4-4, as 3-3, and not infrequently 4-.'>.

Terrapene triunguis.

THREE-CLAWED BOX TURTLE.

Mimsville, Georgia, abundant. Also from Riceboro, tJeorgia, and Bay
St. Louis, INIississippi. Apparently only a subspecies of Carolina, in
whicli connection it may be stated that at Raleigh, Xorth Carolina, tliri'c-
dawed examples of Carolina occasionally occur.

Cinosternum bauri.

BAUR'S MUD TURTLE.

Common in Florida; have received specimens from ( Jreen Cove Si>rings,
Hastings, Grlando, St. Petersburg and Fort ]\Ieade.

Cinosternum louisianse.

LOUISL\XA MUD TURTLE.

^Mimsville, Georgia, 2 specimens. This appears to be a southern form
of C. poinsylvanicnm, possibly on the verge of becoming a species. At
]\Iimsville, pennsylranicum is the common form. At Colmesneil, in
eastern Texas, the mud turtles appear to be intermediate, some being
nearest pennsylvanicum and some nearest louisianiv. At A\'aco, Texas,
nearly all are loiiisiaiur, while at Austin, Texas, y/u(7'.sfv'//.s' is the common
specie.-*, with an occasional louisiaviv.

1<S Brimleif — Reptiles and Batrachians of Southeast United States.
Cinosternum pennsylvanicum.

COMMON MUD TURTLE.

.Miinsvillc, (Jeorgia; Eiceboro, (Jeorgia. Some speciniciii^ irceiv('(l from
liuy St. Jjonis, Mississippi, in 1S07 and 1900 are also referred liere astliey
were eertainly not louialamr, and pr()l)ably not stelndachneri.

Cinosternum steindachneri.

STEIXD.VCIIXER'.S MUD TURTLE.

Tfastings, Orlando and St. Petersburg, Florida, common. In tbe size
of tlie plastron is intermediate between the preceding and the next.

Aromochelys tristycha.

SOUTHERN MUSK TURTLE.

Orlando, Florida, connnon. Am very donbtful as to this being in any
way ditl'crcnt from odorafiDii.

Aromochelys carinatus.

KEELED MUSK TlltTLE.

;\Iimsvill(', (icorgia; (piite a nnnd)er received from this locality in 1000
and 1002.

Chelydra serpentina.

SNAPPING TURTLE.

Minisville, (ieorgia; a few small specimens.

Thalassochelys caretta.

LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLE.

Twenty-five newly hatclied young received from llelleair, Fhjrida, Octo-
ber, 1S97.

Trionyx ferox.

SOUTHERN .SOFTSHELL TURTLE.

Mimsville, (ieorgia; Orlando, Bclleair, (Jreen Cove Springs and St.
Petersburg, Florida.

Alligator mississippiensis.

ALLRi.U'OR.

Young speciniens received from Ivicelmro, (ieorgia; PaySt. bonis, Mis-
sissipjii; ()rIandoaiid llcllcair, l""lorida.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 19-22 March 23, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

(IF TIIIC

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

BRIEF SYNOPSIS OF THE \\^\TERRATS OF EUROPE.

BY GERRIT S. MILLER, JR.

The following brief synopsis of the European members of the
genus Arvicola is primarily based on studies made in tlic British
jNIuseum during the summer of 1908.

(tknus ARVTCOLA Lacei)i".le.
Arvicola amphibius (Liniumis).

Rize large (head and body about 200 mm., tail about 110 imn., hind
foot usually .10 to ;U mm., coudylobasal length of fully adult skulls 40 to
44.(1 mm.); tail somewhat more than half as long as head and l)ody;
color a])ove dark brown, blackening along back, the sides not decidedly
yellowish, the cheeks not contrasted with surrounding parts; skull not
fossorial in form, the occiput and rostrum tending to be squarely (verti-
cally) truncate, the upj^er incisors not conspicuously projecting; nasals
at widest region conspicuously narrower than rostrum ; roots of m j and
m 2 forming evident protuberances on lower surface of numdible in old
individuals; habits strictly a(iuatic, never mole-like. Confined to (Ireat
Britain.

Arvicola amphibius amphibius (Linnfeus).

175S. [Mus] amphibius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., I, 10th ed., p. (H (England:
base<l on the 3Itts major aquaticus of Ray).

Size maximum for the species (hind foot in adults usually o2 to o5 mm. ;
coudylobasal length of skull 42 mm. or more) ; color moderately dark, the
black rarely in exce.ss of brown on ui)per])arts ; melanism iufrecpient.
England and southern Scotland.

Arvicola amphibius reta nom. nov.

18o2. Arvicola ater Macgillivray, Mem. Wernerian Soc. Nat. Hist., VI,
p. 420. ( Aljerdeen, Scotland). Not IJi/pud;riis terrestri.t jS aler Bill-
berg, 1827, a synonym of Arricola terrestris.
Size less than in A. arnpliibius a)iiphibii(f< (hind foot usually .">(i to .■i2

nun., condylol)asal length of skull usually less tlian 42 mm.); normal

■'i— I'liuc. liioi.. Soc. Wash., XXIH, I'.ilo. (TJ)

20 Miller — Brief Synopsis of the Waterrats of Europe.

color darker than in the typical race, the black usually in excess onupiter-
parts; melanism frequent. Central and northern Scotland.

Arvicola sapidus ]Miller.

^AkeArvicolaamphihius but nasal bones much widened anteriorly, their
jrreatestcomljined breadth nearly equal to that of rostrum ; habits aquatic.
Iberian Peninsula and southern France, east nearly to the Italian Imrder;
northern limits of ran^e not known.

Arvicola sapidus sapidus ]Miller.

lt*U8. Arvicola sapidus Miller, Ann. and "Slag. Nat. Hist., Sth ser. ,T, j).
lO-l. Fel)ruary, 1908. (Santo Domingo de Silos, Burgos, Spain).

Color not so dark as in A. nnijihibius amphibius, the sides and face a
clear yellowish brown without noticeable sprinkling of blackish hairs.
Essentially the entire Iberian Peninsula ; lowlands of southern France east
of the Pyrenees. French specimens not perfectly typical.

Arvicola sapidus tenebricus (Miller).

19US. Arvicola teiiehricvH Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Sth ser., I,
p. 19(). Fel)ruary, 1908 (Biarritz, Basses-Pyrenees, France).

Color essentially as in .1. ainpJiibius arnplribins, the .sides and face con-
spicuously sprinkled with blackish hairs. Pyrenees and Atlantic coast of
.southwestern France, north to the Garonne; northern limits of range not
known.

Arvicola terrestris (Linnteus).

17.")8. [Mus] (erreslris Linna'us, 8yst. Nat., I, 10th ed., p. (11 (Upsala,
Sweden).

Size less than in A. ampJnbius (head and body about 17-5 mm., tail about
100 mm., liind foot usually 28 to ol mm., coudylobasal length of adult
skulls '.M> to ;!9 mm. ) ; color dark, essentially as in A. amphibius reta, but
cheeks usually more yellowish than surrounding parts; skull slightly but
eviilently fossorial in form, the rostrum and occiput tending to l)eobli(|uely
truncate, tlie up|H!r incisors projecting noticeably forward ; interparietal
tending to be sulxpiadrate in outline; teeth rather heavy, but roots of
m 1 and m ^ not forming protuberances on lower surface of mandible;
hal)its both aquatic and mole-like. Scandinavian Peninsula, eastward
into Russia; limits of range not known.

Arvicola italicus (Savi).

18:)9. Arvicola amphibius var. ifalica Savi, N. Giorn. de' Letterati,
XXXVII, No. 102, p. 202 (p. o of separate), February, 1839 (Pisa,
Italy).
Similar to Arvicola tvrrestris, but teeth not .so heavy and color not so
dark, the underparts washed with yellowish brown instead of rusty; the
cheeks not contrasting noticeal)ly with surrounding parts. Italian Swit-
zerland ami uortlieru Italy, south at least to the vicinity of Pisa.

Miller — Brief Si/nopsis of the Wdterrafs of Europe. 21

Arvicola illyricus (Barrett-Hamilton).

1S99. Microtns muslgnairi illyricus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and ^Fag.

Nat. Hist., 7th ser., Ill, p. 225. March, ISll!) (Bosnia, no exact

locality ) .
Like Arvicola italicus bnt underparts with a decided whitish wash.
Bosnia.

Arvicola musignani de Selys-Longchamps.

1839. Arvicola musignani deSelys-Longchamps, Kevne Zoologique, p. S,
January, ISoO. (Rome, Italy).

Size and general characters as in Arricola ilalicus, bnt coior jialc and
yellowish, like that of A. sapidus sajyidus. Central Italy, at jtresent
known from the west coast oidy.

Arvicola scherman (Shaw).

Essentially as in Arvicola ierrestris but more modified for fossorial life.
some of the races having become completely terrestrial ; palmar and plantar
tubercles reduced, occupying less than lialf surface of region in which they
occur; skull distinctly fossorial in form, the incisors strongly protru<ling;
interparietal tending to be narrow and ligulate in outline. ^Vest-central
continental Europe from the I'yrenees and Alps to the Baltic; eastern
limits of range not known.

Arvicola scherman scherman (Siiaw).

1801. Mas scherman Shaw, Gen. Zool., II, pt. I, p. 7') (Strassburg, Cier-
many).

Balniar and i)lantar tubercles relatively smaller than in Arricola (er-
restris, though not so much reduced as in the strictly terrestrial forms;
length of hind foot about 2(^5 mm.; condylobasal length of fully atlult
skulls 'MiA'i to ;>('). 4 mm. ; color of uppt-rparts dark brown usually much
clouded with black; tail usually dark brown throughout; habits both
aquatic and mole-like. Continental Europe from the Baltic south into
Belgium and to southern Germany; limits of range imperfectly known.

Arvicola scherman exitus subsp. nov.

Tyi)e, adult female (skin and skull) in British ]Mu.<eum (not registered),
St. Gallen, Switzerland, April 28, 1900. E. Zollikofer.

Palmar and plantar tubercles nmch reduced, occupying distinctly less
than half area in which they occur; length of hind foot 22 to 25 mm. ;
condyloba.sal length of fully adult skulls .'!:! to '.V-> mm. ; color of upper-
parts a light yellowish brown usually without nuich black clouding; tail
butty throughout or evidently bicolor (never uniformly blackish); audital
liulJienot highly inflated, their surface often irregularly flattened; anterior
loop of m J short and wide; habits strictly terrestrial, mole-like. Alps
(not known from the Italian side ) at moderate altitude-, and innnediately

22 Miller — Brief Si/noi^sis of the Waterrats <f Europe.

adjiiining lowlands of Switzerland and France; eastward intoTiml ; limits
of nuiire not known. ]Measnrenionts of tj^pe: head and body, l:!S; tail,
(14; hind foot, 1*4; ear, 13; skidl: condylobasal length, iJoS.

Arvicola scherman monticola (de Selys-Longchanips).

1S38. Arvicola monticola de Selys-Longchamps, Revue Zoologiqne, j).
240 ( Pyrenees).

Like Arvicola scherman exitus but audital bullte usually larger and more
evenly inflated, and Hrst lower molar with anterior loop longer and nar-
rower than in the Alpine form; habits strictly terrestrial, mole-like.
Pyrenees and their immediate neighborhood (known at present from the
French side only) ; a related and perhaps identical animal occurs in the
Puy-de-D6me region.

Vol. XXII, pp. 23-34 March 23, 191 0

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NOTES ON MAMMALS OF THE MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI
VALLEY, WITH DESCPJPTION OF [

A NEW WOODRAT. V^

BY ARTHUR H. HOWELL.

The field work of the Biological Survey in IDOl) included a
i^urvey of southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois and Indiana,
and parts of Kentucky. This trip, accomplished between April
20 and July 15, resulted in the accumulation of much new
information on the distribution of the mammals of the region,
and since very little has been published concerning the mam-
mals of any of the States visited, excepting Indiana,* it is con-
sidered desirable to place on record the more important results
of the season's work.

Missouri was the first State visited, and after a few days spent
near St. Louis — at Horseshoe Lake, St. Charles County (April
21, 22) — I proceeded to the interesting "sunken lands" of
southeastern Missouri. Collections were made principally on
the St. Francis River, west of Senath (April 25-30) and at
Kennett (May 1, 2), Portageville (May 3, 4), and Cushion Lake
(May 5-7). Short stops at Marble Hill (May 8-10) and at
Cape Girardeau (May 11, 12) resulted in determining the upper
limits of Lower Austral Zone in the State.

After crossing the Mississippi at Cape Girardeau, investiga-
tions were continued in Illinois at the following localities :
McClure (May 13), Olive Branch (May 14-21), Cobden and
Lick Creek (May 22), ^Volf Lake (May 23-25), Riehl Station,
near Alton (May 29, 30), Odin (June 4, 5), Olney (June 6-9),
Kansas (June 10, 11), St. Francisville (June 12), Shawnee-

* See a valuable contribution by W. L. Hahn, on "The Mammals of Indiana,"
< 33cl Ann. Rep. Dcpt. Geol. ct Nat. Resources of In<liana, I'.iO'.t, pp. -in-dOa.

G— Pkoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, 1910. (23)

24 Hovrll — Mainmah nf the Middle Mississippi VaUc]i.

town (June 17, 18), Golconda (June 19-21), and Reevesville
(June 22).

In Indiana short stops were made at Cypress, Knox County
(June 12), New Harmony (June lo-lo), and Mt. Vernon
(June 1(0.

In Kentucky collections were made at the following localities:
Rockport (June 23, 24), Hawesville (June 25-28), INIammoth
Cave (June 29-July 5), Midway (July 6-11), and Jackson
(July 12-14).

The region visited during this trip forms the meeting place
for Upper-and-Lower Austral Zones, and an effort was made to
determine with some exactness the boundary between them.
Lower Austral occupies the " sunken lands " and swampy river
bottoms of southeastern ^Missouri and western Kentucky, extend-
ing north in Missouri as far as Whitewater and Cape Girardeau.
A line drawn diagonally across the State through Poplar Bluff
and Cape Girardeau will mark quite accurately the upper limit
of Lower Austral in Missouri. In Illinois this zone covers the
whole of the southern portion of the State from East Cape
Girardeau to Golconda, with a narrow^ tongue along the Missis-
sippi as far north as Grand Tower. In Kentucky the eastern
limits of Lower Austral were not definitely determined, but it
doubtless includes the greater part of the counties bordering the
Mississippi River, and extends in a narrow belt along the Ohio
as far as Berry Ferry (opposite Golconda, Illinois). All the
rest of Kentucky is in Upper Austral Zone, excepting a few
isolated mountain summits in the extreme eastern part of the
State, where small areas of Transition appear.

Following is a list of the most characteristic Lower Austral
species occurring in southern Illinois:

MAMMALS OF LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE.

Peromyscus r/ossj/pinus S.i/lcilagus aqaaticus

Oryzomjfs palv.stris Blarina hrevicauda carolinensis

Nyct iceius humeral is .

BIRDS OF LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE.

CfUharista uruhu Helinaia swainsoni

Antrostomus carolinensis Protonoteiria citrea

Peucasa aestivalis bachmani

Howell — Mammals of the Middle Mississi^ypi Valley. 25

PLANTS OF LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE.*

Taxodium distirhmn Ulmns alnta

Ni/ssa aquatira. Celtls mJssissippiensis

Querrui^ lyrata Gleditsia aquatica

Arundinaria tectu

LIST OF :ma:\i:mals.

Sciurus niger rufiventer (ieoffroy.

FOX SQUIRREL.

Fox .squirrel.'^ are fairly common locally over the whole of the region
traversed.

Records were secured of their occurrence at the followino; localities:

Missotiri: Horseshoe Lake, St. Charles County; Marble Hill; Cushion

Lake (4 specimens).
Illinois: Wolf Lake; Olive Branch ; Kansas; Cxolconda.
Indiana: New Harmony (1 specimen).
Kentncky : Hawesville; Mammoth Cave; Midway; Jackson.

Tamias striatus (Linnaeus).

CAROLINIAN CHIPMUNK.

Occurs in moderate mnnhers nearly everywhere excepting in the big
swamps.

They were reported to me at the following localities:

Missouri : INTarble Hill.

Illinois : Olive Branch ; Wolf Lake ( 1 specimen ) ; A\'oodlawn ; Olney.

Indiana : New Harmony.

Ke)iliiek}i : Kockport; Mammotli Cave ( L' specimens ) ; Midway; Jackson.

Marmota monax (Linn;eus).

WOODCHICK; (JROUND HOG.

The woodchnck occurs in the hilly portions of tlie Mississippi Valley
States as far south at least as southern Illinois, southern Missouri, and
western Kentucky.

Records were secured of their occurrence in the following localities :
Missouri : Meramec Highlands ( 1") miles soutliwest of St. Louis) ; ]Marble

Hill.

Illinois : Shelbyville (sjiecinicn from there seen in a St. Louis taxidermist
shop); Riehl Station, near A Iti in; Woodlawn; Golconda; Olive Branch.

Indiana : New Harmony.

Kentuclqi : Mammoth Cave ( 1 specimen); Berry Ferry; ^lidway; Jack-
son.

* In this fonnootion, see paper.-* by Robort Ridgway on the native trees of the lower
Wahasli Valley, in Proc. U. S. N. M., V. pp. Jii-SS, 1SS2, un<l XVII, pp. tOtWUl, l.SiM.

26 Howell — Mammals of the Middle Mississippi Valley.
Citellus tridecemlineatus (]Mitcliill).

STRIPED SPKIIMOI'IIILE: OROrND SQl'IKKEL.

This small <:ruuu(l siniirrclis a iirairicdwcllcr, ami is (listribnted locally
over the northern parts of lllin(]is ami Indiana, llahn records it from
various places in northern In(hana as far sonth as Terre Ilante.* Its
sonthern limit in Illinois was found to be close to the town of Kansas,
where a small colony was located in a cemetery. Inquiries for the animal
at Casey and Greenup, a little fartlier south, indicated that it does not
occur there.

Specimens liave been idt'ntilled in tlie Biological Survey from the fol-
lowing localities:
Illinois : IVw'kory, Lake County; Sunbeam, ^ifercer County; Saxon,

Henry County ; Kishwaukee; Kansas; Argenta; AVarsaw ( specimen in

U. S. Nat. Mus.).

Peromyscus gossypinus megacephalus (Rhoads).

WESTERN COTTON MOUSE.

This species is common in the swamjis of the Lower Austral Zone and is
frequently taken, also, in wooded blntis in tlie same /.one. It ranges nortli
to southern Illinois and southeastern ^Missouri.

S})eciniens were collected at the following localities:
Missouri : St. Francis River (westof Senath), S; Portageville, 1; Cushion

Lake, 1 .
Illinois : Olive Rranch, 2; Wolf Lake, 1 ; (Jolconda, 3.

Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi (Hoy tV: Kennicott).

PRAIRIE WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE.

Although mainly confined to prairie regions, this s]iecie.shas been taken
occasionally in l)ottomland timber. Its range extends south to extreme
southern Illinois.

Specimens were taken at the following localities:

Missouri: Horseshoe Lake, St. Cliarles County, 1.

Illinois: Riehl Station, near Alton, 1; Kansas, :! ; ( )live Rranch, 1 ;
McClure, 1.

Oryzomys palustris (Harlan)-
RICE i;at.

This species is found throughout the Austrorii)arian Fauna and its range
extends also well into the Carolinian along streams.

It was taken for the first time in Missouri and Illinois and may l)e
looked for as well in southern Indiana and Ohio.

Specimens were collected at the following localities:
Missouri: Kennett, 2; Portageville, 1; .Ahirbk- Hill, 1.
Illinois: Olive I'.ranch, 4.

*Tliirl.v-thinl Ann. R(>i'. Dept. Cieol. of Imliana, ]i\>- I75-17S, T.iOi).

Hou-fU — Mainnial-i of the Middle Mississippi Vallaj. 2

^4

Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone.

ALLKOUKXY CAVE RAT.

Tlii.s .species may l)e found in suitable situations througliout the eastern
part of Kentucky at least as far west as ]Mammotli Cave, and as far north
as the Ohio River. It prol)al)ly occurs, also, in the cliflTs on the Indiana
side of the river. •

At jNIammoth Cave they are numerous, both in the main cave and in a
small cave known as the White Cave, but I found no signs of their pres-
ence aljout the cliffs and large rocks on the Green River hillside at this
place. In the ]Mammoth Cave they are found as far l)ack as one can
penetrate. Two specimens were trapped at a point aljout 2}4. miles from
the entrance, and others at the mouth of the cave. The rats enter the
cave through the main entrance (which is the'only known entrance) and
possibly also through small crevices leading down from thecliflls or small
caves on the Green River hillside. At various points in the cave their
tracks are very abundant in the sand on the floor and there are numerous
hard-i>acked trails running close to the walls and into side crevices. The
great numljer of tracks doubtless gives an exaggerated idea of the al)und-
ance of the rats, for since there is nothing except human footsteps to
obliterate the tracks, they may remain intact for a long period. Several
large piles of rat excrement were noticed, ])nt comparatively little rubbish
had been brouglit in by the animals. Quite a few nut shells (hickory,
acorns, and hazel nuts) were seen, but no green vegetation and no piles
of sticks.

The guides frequently see the rats wliile in the cave, and as they are
never distnrVjed they are very gentle and unsuspicious. They occasionally
come about the tables in the dining hall in the cave and instances are
reported of their having come regularly to be fed by the guides. The
former manager of the Mammoth Cave estate once had a cave rat in cap-
tivity, and he discovered accidentally that not only could he handle it
with impunity, but it actually enjoyed being stroked and seemed to become
drowsy under the operation. This rat always chose vegetable food in
place of meat when both were offered it.

In the White Cave, which is oidy al)out 200 yards long, and near the
surface, I found the rats numerous and was able to ol)serve their ])eculiar
mode of living. In this cave they make small nests or " forms " of finely
shredded cedar bark, just about the size and shajje of a meadow lark's
nest, though not arched over at all. These resemble closely the " forms "
of the cottontail rabbit. I found five or six of these nests placed on the
floor of tlie cave, close to. the wall, and on a narrow ledge of rock near
the ceiling. Some of them were occupied by the rats at the time, and
several specimens were secured here. The only other material brought
into this cave by the rats are small tips of cedar l^ranches ; these are strewn
quite thickly around their nests and one large rock was completely covered
with them. A few old nut shells were found also, but no leaves or
branches of any tree but cedar {Juniper us virglniana). The cedar may
have been brouaht in to be used as food, but none of it was found in the

28 Howell — Mammals of t\c Middle Mississippi Valley.

stomachs of the rats taken here which have been examined. They were
found to l)e tilled with a finely chewed mass of fresh green vegetation, not
identifiable, but certainly not cedar. The stomachs of the two individuals
taken 2)4 miles back in IMammoth Cave contained fragments of apple,
leaves, sorghum seeds and onion, a few small beetle larvfo, fly larvje and
bits of beetle.

At Hawesville, Kentucky, I found this species fairly numerous al)0ut
the wooded clifis along the river, and here, as at Mammoth Cave, very
few sticks had been carried into the crevices, l)ut freshly cut leaves and
plants were observed in several places.

In the vicinity of Jackson, Kentucky, these rats are well known to the
inhabitants and are apparently common about rocky ledges all through
that region. They often come down about farm buildings located near
the cliffs and are reported 'to do some damage in corn cribs. One speci-
men was trapped along a clilt' close to a house at Lost Creek, Breathitt
County.

Neotoma floridana illinoensis sul)sp. nov.

ILLIXOLS WOODRAT.

Type from Wolf Lake, Illinois. Adult female, No. 1(17, 752, U. 8. Na-
tional Museum, Biological Survey Collection, .January 12, 1010. Jolui
Johnson.

General characters. — Similar in color to A''. /. baileyi but with longer
and darker tail ; skull nearest to that of iV. /. rubida but slightly smaller.

Color. — ITpperparts mixed bufi" and black, varying in some specimens
to ochraceous bufi'; fore part of head and face gray ; tail distinctly bicolor,
blackish above, grayish-white below; feet pure white ; underparts grayish-
white with a tinge of yellow.

Cranial characters. — Skull slightly smaller than that of rubida; zygo-
mata more widely spreading anteriorly, their sides nearly imrallel ; palate
more deeply notched (the interpterygoid fossa less evenly rounded);
spheno-palatine vacuities reduced to narrow slits.

From baileyi and atfwateri the present form differs cranially in the
same characters that distinguish it from rubida and in addition the ros-
trum and nasals are longer and slenderer.

Measurements. — Average of eight adults from type locality: total length,
-JiJO (390-4:5.3); tail vertebrae, 195 (187-205) ; hind foot, 3S (3(i-40).

Remarks. — Woodrats of this group have not previously Ijeen taken in
the Mississippi Valley bottomlands at any point north of Louisiana. It
was quite a surprise, therefore, to lind the animals in southern Illinois at
the upper edge of the Lower Austral Z(~>ne. A few old signs and deserted
nests of woodrats were found in the heavy timber along the St. Francis
River, Missouri, but ail efforts to traj) specimens i)rovi'd unsuccessful.
The cliffs along the .Alississipj)! River north of Alton, Illinois, and south
of St. Louis, Missouri, were explored for signs of the.se aninuils, but no
in<lications of their presence were discovered. They were also looked for
unsuccessfully in the cliffs at ( Jolconda, Illinois.

The animals are common at Wolf Lake, inhabiting the high rocky bluflls

Hoivell — Mammals of the Middle 3Iiss{ssi2)]n Valley. l29

which border the east side ot the lake. They live in crevices and caves
into which they carry large quantities of sticks, leaves, and other rubbish.
Their habits in this locality are thus like those of N. pennsylvanica and
unlike those of rtibida in the Southern States where this species lives in
swamps and builds its nests in hollow logs or trees and in the branches
of trees some distance from the ground. The swamp conditions were
present at this northern station, l)ut the adjacent clifi's evidently proved
more attractive to them, as is usually the case Avith the members of this
genus.

Three adults aiid one young, all in worn pelage, were captured at M'nli
Lake ]May 24, 25, and in January, 11)10, eight more adults in full fresh
pelage were secured l)y a local trapper.

Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord).

KASTEUX MEADOW MOUSE.

The conmion meadow mouse occupies the l>Iuegrass region of Ken-
tucky, l)ut was not found in other sections of the State. It was rather
common at ^Midway, where specimens were taken, and Dr. ]Mearns has
also taken them at Lexington. Their range proba))ly does not extend
much farther south or west than this. None were found in southern
Illinois or in the AVa]>ash Valley in Indiana. Hahn records the .'^iwcies,
however, from Bloomington and Bascom, Indiana.*

Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner).
i'];aii;ie .meadow mouse.

This is the common meadow mouse of the upper ^lississippi Valley, at
least as far south as southern Illinois and Mi.s.souri. Unlike the eastern
species (M. pennsijloanictis) they prefer dry situations, and are frequently
found in matted grass along roadsides and in old meadows. They have not
as yet been taken in Kentucky, but in a grass field at ^lauunoth Cave I
found a few mouse signs which I believe were made by this species. Hahn
records the species from various points across the State of Indiana, t and
Langdon speaks of them as common in the vicinity of Cincinnati. t

Specimens were taken at tlie following localities:

Missouri : Horseshoe Lake, (i; INIarble Hill, 3.

Illinois: Olive Branch, 3; AVolf Lake, 1 ; McClure, 1 ; Odin, 2; Olney, 2;
Kansas, 2.

Fiber zibethicus (Linnaeus).

MUSKRAT.

]\Iuskrats are common on all the streams in the region visited, particu-
larly in the St. Francis River, ^Missouri, and on Horseshoe Lake ( near Olive
Branch), Illinois. IMany thousands are trapped here every winter, but
at the time of my visit (April and ]May ) their numbers had 1:)een greatly
reduced and they were very shy and difficult to secure. A few breeding

* Mammals of Indiana, 33d Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. & Nat. Resources of Indiana, pp.
536, 507, 1909.

f Mammals of Incliana, 1. c. pp. 509, 510.

t Journ. Chicinuati Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, p. 307, 1880.

30 Hoiccll — Mammalfi of the Middle Mississippi Valley.

(lens ))uilt umler the roots of large tupelos'or cypresses growing in deep
water, were examined, but only one young muskrat was caught. During
the winter the rats l)uild numerous large houses in the lakes or marshes,
hut by spring these dens are usually all destroyed or carried away l)y high
water.

Five specimens, taken in Horseshoe Lake, Illinois, in December, agree
very closely with September specimens oi zlbethicns from ^Massachusetts.

Muskrats were reported to occur at the following localities:

Missouri : Horseshoe Lake, St. Charles County; St. Francis River; Cush-
ion Lake; Marble Hill.

Illinois: Olive Brancli; Wolf Lake; AVoodlawn; Olney; Kansas; Shaw-
neetown.

Kentucky: ^Midway; Mammoth Cave; Jackson.

Synaptomys gossi Merriam.

(iOSS LEMMING MOUSE.

Tills sju'cies, previously known only from Kansas, was found in nund)ers
at Horseshoe I^ake, St. Charles County, Missouri, April 21 and 22, and a
goo<i series of specimens was secured. A large colony had occupied a low
marshy meadow close to the Mississippi River. At the time of my visit
tiie water in the river was very high, and the meadow was overflowed to
a deptli of 12 to IS inches. The mice had been driven from their burrows
l)y the high water, and were hiding as well as they could on tussocks and
under jiatches of floating debris. "When disturbed they ran rather slowly
over the submerged vegetation and swam freely, but were easily over-
taken. INLuiy had been killed by dogs or other predatory animals, and I
was able to get as many specimens as I needed by catching them in my
hands. The burrows in this meadow were on the little hillocks, the
entrances near the top. Thus they are probably dry except in times of
very high water. The entrances are perfectly open and not concealed
under vegetation as is the hal)it of S'/naptomi/s cooper i in the eastern
States. Well-beaten runways extended out from tlie burrows and under
the dead vegetation. A single specimen taken June 5 in an old dry
meadow at Odin, Illinois, is provisionally referred to this form. It agrees
with (jossi in color, but its skull is too young to l^e positively identified.

At the time this species was described, only a few specimens were in
existence and no skins were available. Since then the skins collected at
the tyiie locality by (loss have come to light and the Biological Survey has
received .si.x specimens from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, collected by Dr.
B. H. Dutcher. In view of the scarcity of this species and the lack of any
description of its external characters, the following brief synop.sis has been
prepared :

Specific characters.— Size large and stocky — the largest of the genus;
skull massive, larger than that of JirJaletcs (much larger tlian coopcri) but
with rostrum both actually and relatively narrower; colors dark.

Color. — Adults in full pelage (Kansas, April and June): rich reddish
brown above, with an admixture of black hairs; sides paler; underparts

Howell — Mammals of the Middle Mississippi Valley. 31

grayish, sometimes with asliojht linfFy or rufous tinge ; feet and tail clotlied
with grayisli hairs. A sHghtly worn April specimen is considerably paler
than the rest.

The series of V2 specimens (mostly adults) from Horseshoe. Lake,
Missouri (April 21), average a little paler and less reddisli than tyi)ical
Kansas specimens, but agree with them in size and cranial characters.

Mensurements. — Five adults from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: total
length, 132 (123-141) ; tail vertebrae, 21.4; ( 19-24) ; hind foot, 20 (19-21).
Skull (3 adult males): occipito-nasal length, 29.9; zj'gomatic breadth,
17.9; interorbital breadth, 3.4; breadth of rostrum, 5.8; length of nasals,
8.2; maxillary toothrow, 7.5. Nine adults from Horseshoe Lake, Mis-
souri: total length, 134(131-138); tail vertebrae, 20.7(20-22); hind font,
19.5 (19-20). Skull (10 adults): occii)ito-nasal length, 28.(1; zygiimatie
breadth, 17.6; interorbital breadth, 3.4; breadth of rostrum, 0; length of
nasals, 7.6; maxillary toothrow, 7.8.

Qeomys bursarius (Shaw).

I'OCKET (ioPIIKH.

Fllbrts were made to trace the southern limit of this species in Illinois.
It had been previously recorded from Belleville* and was found to occur
very sparingly at Coulterville, Woodlawn, and Odin, and a few miles
north of Olney. It does )iot occur on the prairie about Ducpioin, so that
Coulterville is considered to be about its si>uthern limit in the State.

Sylvilagus aquaticus (F>achman).

SWAM I* KAHl'.IT.

This rabbit is numerous in the swampy bottoms of southeastern Missouri,
western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. Its upper limit in ]Mi.ssouri is
a few miles south of Cape Girardeau. In Illinois it ranges slightly farther
north in a narrow belt of swamp close to the ]^.[ississippi I\iver, to within
a few miles of Grand Tower. In the Ohio Valley it is found in the
swamps on both sides of the river to a point about five miles below (iol-
conda, Illinois, and Berry Ferry, Kentucky, and is reported, also, from
Gilbertsville, Kentucky, in the Teimessee Valley. Careful in(juiries were
made in the lower Wabash Valley to ascertain if this species occurred
there, and I was positively assured by well-informe<l residents that it
never was known in that region, ^\'ith the exception of a few isolated
areas of swamp land there is no country there suited to their habits.

Sylvilagus floridanus alacer (Bangs).

SOUTHWESTERN COTTONTAIL.

This form of the cottontail ranges north to southeastern ^lissouri and
wt'stern Kentucky.

S|)ecimens were taken at tbe following localities:
Missouri: Cushion Lake.
Kentucki/: Berry Ferry.

•N. Am. Fiuma, No. S. p. 12i). isiir,.

o2 Howell — Mammals of the Middle Mississipjn Vallcii.
Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi (Allen).

NORTH WESTKItX ('< (TTOXTAIL.

Spt'ciiiu'ii^ of this form were taken at the followiiiir lncahties:
Misaoxi-i : Horseshoe Lake, St. Charles Connty; .Ahirhlc Hill.
Illiiioift : Kansas; Olive I>ranch.

Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber).

(iRAY VOX.

(Jray foxe.-^ were reported to me as occurrinif at Midway, Kentneky, and
Liek Creek, Illinois.

Vulpes fulvus ( Desman'st).

RKD FOX.

This species was reportc^d to occur at the follnwinLj: localities:
Kenlnckij: ^Midway; Bi<? Black Mountain, Harlan County (IDOS).
IIHiKils: Wolf Lake; Lick Creek (den of youuij: found aliout .Afay 20).

Canis sp.?

WOLF.

A few wolves are rei)orted in the ri\i:;ion about Clushion Lake, .Missoiu'i,
and one was killed near there in the winter of ]()0.S-5).

Canis latrans Say.

COVOTF.

I was informed by a resident of Kansas, Illinois, that several prairie
wolves had l)een seen and one killed a few niiU-s south of Kansas two or
thre(! years ii^o.

Spilogale putorius (Linuieus).

ALLKcillFNIA.N SI'OTTFD SKCXK.

The Spotted skuidcs undoubtedly range north as far as southern Illinois.
They were reported to be fairly conunon at Golconda, Illinois, and Berry
Ferry, Kentucky. Hahn gives a record from Knox County, Indiana,*
and they are said to occur at New Harmony.

Putorius noveboracensis Lnunons.

XFW YORK WFASFL.

This weasel is fairly conunon in S()utheru Illinois and Kentucky. Rec-
ords were secured of its occurrence at the following localities:
flUnifis: (iolconda C! s{)eciniens) ; Lick Creek.
Keiitnckii: Hawesville (1 specimen); ^lidway (1 specimen); Jackson.

Blarina brevicauda carolinensis (liachman).

CAKOLINIA.N ItLARINA.

Specimens of this form were taken at the f(jllo\\ing localities:
Illinois: Olive P>rancli, L'; (!ypre.ss Junction, near Shawneetown, 1; (Jol-

couda, L
Kentucky: Jack.son, I.

MiUiiin. of Iiidiaiia, loc. cif., ijp. 57.')-577.

Howell — Mammah of Ihc Middle Missisaijyin Vcdley. 33
Scalopus aquaticus machrinus ( Ralinesque).

PRAIRIE MOLE.

Moles are quite generally distributed in the Mississippi Valley, and in
some sections are abundant. Records or specimens were obtained at tlie
following localities:
Missouri: St. Francis River, west of Senatli (a few occur); rortageville

(common); Marble Hill (common; 1 specimen).
Illinois: Riehl Station, near Alton (common; 1 si)eciinen); Olive Branch

(common); Woodlawn (numerous); Olney (numerous; 1 specimen);

Golconda ( numerous ) .
Kentucky: Mammoth Cave (scarce) ; Hawesville ( uncommon ) ; Midway

(abundant; )] specimens).

Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier).

GEORGIAN BAT.

Generally distributed in tlie Mississippi Valley ; very numerous in
soutliern Illinois. Four small caves near Lick Creek, Illinois, were ex -
jilored on -May '2'2, but only about six bats of this species were found
all told, all hanging singly. They were sluggish, cold, and very loath to
move, even after being handled. All were males. No bats of any kind
were found in ]\Iammotb Cave at the time of my visit, although large
numbers of Mijotis lucifugus are known to live there in the winter. Nor
were any of the latter species shot in the vicinity.

Specimens of P. sid^flavus were collected at the following localities:
Illinois: OHve Branch, 2 (May 14); Lick Creek, 4 (?,Iay 22); Olney, 1

(JuneS); Reevesville, 1 (June 22).
Kentucky: Mammoth Cave, 1 (JuneiiO).

Lasiurus borealis (Miiller).

RED BAT.

Not very common ; specimens were taken as follows :
Illinois: Olive Branch, 1 (May 14).
Kentucky: Mammoth Cave, 1 (July ] ; two seen).

Nycticeius humeralis (Ratinesque).

RAFINESQUE BAT.

Sj)ecimens of this southern species were taken at the following localities:
Missouri: Cushion Lake, New Madrid County, 1 (May (>).
Illinois: Olive Branch, 4 (May 17, 18).
Kentucky: Mammoth Cave, 1 (June 30).

Vol. XXIII, pp. 35-40 April 19, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THE STRIDULATIONS OF SOME "KATYDIDS."*

BY H. A. ALLARD.

In tlie popular sense, the term "katydid" is applied to
members of several different genera of the Locustidse. These
insects are more strictly arboreal than the rest of the Locustidse,
and in many ways show marked adaptation to arboreal con-
ditions. Although of large size, the more or less oval outlines,
the green color, and the leaf-like venation of the large wing-
covers serve to harmonize them well with tlieir environment of
green foliage.

The katydids are nearly all nocturnal singers, and stridulate
only rarely during sunshine. The species of katydids which I
have met and with whose stridulations I have become acquainted
are included in the four genera. — Scudderia, Ambb/corypha,
Microcentrum, and Ci/rtophyllus. Most species of these genera
stridulate in a manner markedly different from others, so that
far greater differences characterize their notes than is usual
among the species oi Xiphidium, Orchelimum, or Conocephalus.

In the first genus, Scudderia texensis Saussure and Pictet is
one of the commonest and most widely distributed of all the
katydids. It is not an arboreal species, but dwells almost
entirely in the tall grass in neglected upland fields. At
Thompson's Mills, Ga., where it is exceedingly common, it is
almost entirely an upland insect. Here also it is a common
dweller among cotton plants. Its stridulations, produced by a
quick, shuffling wing-movement of brief duration, is soft, weak,
and delivered at rather long and irregular intervals. It is
usually heard during hazy afternoons and in the evening. It

•The katydids listed in this paper were kindly identified for me by Mr. A. N.
Caudell, of the U. S. National Mnseum.

7— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, 1910. (35)

36 Allard — The Stridulations of some " Kati/dids.'^

is a note difficult to express, but recalls the phrase, sh-sh-sh-
sh-sh-sh-sh. Scudderia texensis is a shy species, and when
flushed from the grass flies some distance, in a quiet, irregular
flight. It is a common insect around Washington, D. C.

Scudderia furcata Brunner is also a very common species at
Thompson's Mills, Ga., and also prefers the tall grasses, briars
and weeds of upland fields, for it, too, is strictly a terrestrial
species. At Thompson's Mills, in an old, abandoned field
which had grown up to a dense growth of broom-grass and
weeds, this katydid was extremely abundant in September and
October. Its note is a rather soft zeep, uttered singly, or
occasionally two or three times in succession. Like texensis,
furcata is not a noisy or persistent singer, and its brief notes
are uttered only at long and irregular intervals, in the afternoon
or during the night. This species sometimes finds a hiding
place among the foliage of an orchard tree, from which it pro-
duces its stridulations. S. furcata is a very common form
around Washington, D. C.

The species of Amblycorypha stridulate much more noisily
and persistently than the species of Scudderia. Amblycorypha
oblongifolia De Geer is a fairly common species at Thompson's
Mills, and stridulates almost entirely at night. In this locality
I find it almost always among the weeds and low shrubs of
upland situations. Here, my record of the first singer in 1909
was July 26. This large katydid is an especially common
species on Plummer's Island, Maryland, where it usually pre-
fers the willows and herbage close to the water. The note of
Amblycorypha oblongifolia consists of a single, Ijrief phrase
repeated at more or less regular intervals. When heard close
by, it is apparent that this note begins with a very rapid crepi-
tation, which may be likened to the sudden rasping of an
object across the teeth of a comb. This terminates sharply
with a sound remotely like " itzic." The entire song may be
likened to the syllables, z-z-z-z-itzic — z-z-z-z-itzic. At a dis-
tance, these notes recall the weak chirp of a small bird in the
weeds, — itzic-itzic-itzic-itzic-itzic . Amhlycorypha oblongifolia is
a persistent singer, and is usually heard in rather definite
colonies. Blatchley very aptly describes the note when he
likens it to a " creaking squawk — like the noise made by draw-
ing a fine-toothed comb over a taut string."

Allard — The Strididations of some " Katydids.'' ' 37

Amhli/roi'ppha rotundifolia Scudder is a smaller katydid than
A. oblongifolin, and occ-urs around Washington, D. C. On the
night of August 25, 1909, I caught a male of A. rotundifolia
close to the ground on a dry, rocky, wooded hillside on
Plummer's Island. Its stridulations were continued for some
time while I closely observed it near by. Its song is brief,
faint, and of the same lisping character as that of Amhlycorypha
uhleri, but entirely unlike it in delivery. Each phrase is a soft,
shuffling noise repeated at intervals, — sh-sh-sh-sh — sh-sh-sh-sh
— sh-sh-sh-sh. Scudder likens the notes to " chic-a-chee,"
several times repeated. In a study of the katydids occurring at
Thompson's Mills, I have not yet obtained this species.

One of the commonest eastern katydids is the little Amhly-
corypha uhleri Brunner. This species is very common around
Washington, D. C, and exceedingly common at Thompson's
Mills, Georgia. Everywhere, it dwells not far from the ground
in the tall grass and weeds of old fields and roadsides. The
individuals of this species do not seem to congregate into well-
defined colonies at all, but remain more or less evenly dis-
tributed throughout the fields. This katydid stridulates occa-
sionally during the day, but usually at night. On warm,
moonlight evenings its soft lisping responses are almost the
dominant notes of the low^ weeds of the fields and roadsides.
I have studied the notes of A. uhleri very carefully and find
them quite variable.

The complete song begins with a prolonged, soft, silken,
almost uniform noise produced by a rapid, shuffling wing
movement. This note soon passes into a succession of short,
vehement staccato lisps, — sip-itsip-itsip-itsip-itsip, and termi-
nates with a rapid, shuffling sound two or three times repeated,
sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh — sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh. The complete song
may be expressed, thus: — s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-sip-itsip-itsip-itsip-
itsip-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh — sh-sh-sh-sh-sh — sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh. In
some instances a succession of staccato lisj^s, tip-tip-tip-tip,
very slowly repeated, follow the final phrases, sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh,
recalling the lispings notes — tsip-tsip-tsip-tsip, in the song of
an Orchelimum. Other individuals deliver only the lisping
phrases, sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh, which are always preceded by an
almost inaudible click of the wings. This song may be
expressed as follows: tip-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh. If two males are

38 Alla7'd — The Strididat ions of some " Kati/dids."

stridiilating near each other, the responses are likely to be
similar. If one singer begins its song witli the soft, silken,
continuous note, s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s, it is very quickly answered by
the other in precisely the same way. Tlie usual notes of
AmhUicorypha uhleri are, tip-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh, or this may
be preceded by several short notes, slowly delivered, tip-tip-
tip-tip-tip-tip — , sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh. The stridulations of this
katydid have evidently never been completely described, as
every part seems to be an essential love-call in its song.

The katydids of the genus Microcentrurii are more strictly
arboreal than any of the preceding. Microrcntrnvi retlnerve
Burmeister is strictly an arboreal katydid, and dwells almost
exclusively in the crowns of the highest oaks, hickories,
maples and other deciduous trees. At Thompson's Mills, Ga.,
this katydid, judging from the numbers stridulating during
warm, midsummer nights, is one of the commonest and most
noisy of all the Locustidas. Owing to its arboreal habits, how-
ever, it is not readily located and captured. Its notes, which
are loud, harsh and persistently delivered throughout the
summer nights, consists of several rapidly shuffled phrases,
each briefer than the last — sh-sh-sh-sh — sh-sh-sh — sb-sh — sh.
Wherever this katydid occurs, it is very locally distributed, so
that certain groves are almost without a singer. This katydid
is very common in the woods on Plummer's Island, Maryland,
above Washington, D. ('., but throughout the sunnner of 1909
I did not hear a single individual in the trees at Lincoln Park,
although Microcentrum rJiovd)ifoliiim was very common there.

Microcentrum rhomhifol'mm Saussure is the largest and one of
the commonest katydids in much of the eastern United States.
At Thompson's Mills this s[)ecies is very common, and at
Washington, D. C, I find it perhaps the commonest katydid.
In the willows and small trees bordering the low grounds of
east Washington, it is a very common species, and the strident
calls of different individuals may be heard in m-arly every
bush. Although it is a rather shy species, with a little care it
may readily be taken, since it dwells in low shrubbery in open
situations, and is not a forest species.

1 have carefully studied tlie peculiar stridulations of these
katydids by placing them on l)oughs in my room. Thi'oughout
the night tlieir crepitating notes were leisurely delivered in

AllanI — The Stridulations of some " Katydids.'" 39

response to others in the trees out-of-doors. The notes which
show considerable variation in length and intensity are sharp,
snapping crepitations, and sound much like the slow snapping
of tlie teeth of a stiff comb as some object is slowly drawn
across it. They may be more or less accurately expressed
thus: tek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-tzip — tek-ek-ek-ek-ek-
ek-ek-ek-ek-tzip. The first notes are very distinct and incisive,
but grow fainter with a rapid decrease in the intervals separat-
ing each single syllable, — ek-ek, and terminate with a single,
loud, rasping tzip. In some instances this tzip is followed l)y
a succession of several barely audible clicks of the wings, tek-
ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-tzip-ek-ek-ek-ek. After dark on warm, sum-
mer evenings this katydid is a very persistent singer. Riley
describes the notes of Microccntrum rhombifulium very accurately.
He says: "The song consists of a series of from 25-30 rasp-
ings, as of a stiff quill drawn across a coarse file. There are
about five of these raspings or trills per second, all alike and
with equal intervals, except the last two or three, which, with
the closing of the wings, run into each other. The whole
strongly recalls the slow tvirning of a child's wooden rattle,
ending with a sudden jerk of the same . . . . "

The true katydid CyrtopJn/Uvs perspicillatus Linnauis is also
strictl}^ an arboreal species. Its stridulations, which rarely
begin before dusk, are prol)abl3' the hardest and most rasping
notes produced by any of the LocustidtB. At Thompson's
Mills, Georgia, it is a very common species, and noisy colonies
occupy nearly every wooded tract. In the evolution of this
species, the power of sustained flight has been quite lost, so
that when disturbed in its leafy hiding place among the top-
most branches of the forest trees, it drops to a lower limb or
sails gently to the ground. Cyrtophylhis perspicillatus is very
sedentary in its halnts, and shows little disposition to migrate,
in part owing to its limited powers of flight. I have frequently
noted that the same individual may occujiy a certain tree or
liml) throughout the summer. This katydid is evidently gen-
erally distributed throughout the hill and mountain section of
north Georgia, for even in the forests on Tray and Blue Moun-
tains, Towns County, I heard their stridulations in late
September.

The notes of this katydid are sharp, emphatic rasping sylla-

40 Allard — The Strldulations of some " Katydids.^'

bles of a few seconds duration, usually from three to five
following in rapid succession, with intervals of rest — kitzy-
kitzy-kitzy-kitzy-kitzy — or kitzy-kitzy-kitzy. In the high forest
trees throughout the little settlement of Thompson's Mills, Ga.,
the strident calls of this katydid may be heard above all other
insects. Here, on warm, summer evenings, the quiet dusk is
suddenly interrupted by the incisive notes of a single singer,
and the din of the entire colony immediately starts up to con-
tinue throughout the night. It is also a noisy species in the
trees on Plummer's Island, Maryland.

The stridulations of nearly all the katydids are harsh and
unmusical reiterations, yet their lively notes add greatly to the
life and buoyancy' of the midsummer days and nights.

Vol. XXIIl, pp 41-46 April 19, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ISSIDAE
(FULGORIDAE).

BY E. D. BALL.

While collecting on a dry rocky slope in southwestern Utah
several years ago, the writer beat from the scanty vegetation of
this desert region three or four specimens of a very curious leaf
hopper, evidently an Issid, I)Ut apparently representing an
undescribed genus. The few specimens taken were apparently
stray captures and no more were found in this region although
diligent search was made on nearly every plant represented in
the original locality.

The past season the writer came upon this insect again in two
different regions in California. The first capture was on the
Mojave desert and a little later the same insect was found near
the Salton Sea. Both of these places are extreme desert regions
and very similar in vegetation to the Utah region where it was
first found. The insect, therefore, appears to be closely confined
to the extremely hot, dry desert areas of the Southwest. It is
much smaller and paler than its nearest relatives, no doubt an
adaptation to the sparse, pale vegetation of its normal habitat.
The genus is named in honor of Prof. Herbert Osborn, who has
done so much to further our knowledge of the American leaf
hoppers. The types of this and all other species here described
are in the author's collection.

Osbornia gen. nov.

Somewhat resembling Danepteryx but with elytra oval and abbreviated,
and the margin of vertex and front produced into a pair of acute horn-
hke angles above the eyes.

Vertex transversely concave, inclined, wider than long, anterior margin
elevated, meeting the front in an acute angle which is accentuated at the
lateral carinae, forming two acutely triangular "horns" nearly as high

»— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXHI, 1910. (41)

42 Ball — Xrjr Genera and Sperirs of ff^xidar {Fidgorulae).

as the width of an eye. The anterior margin of vertex broadly triangularly
emarginate, posterior margin deeply roundingly cmarginate. Front nearly
horizontal, Ijroad, convex below, slightly narrowing above to just before
the apex where it expands into the horns. Median carina distinct and
extending onto vertex. Clypeus strongly inflated.

Pronotum long on tlie median line, very narrow behind the eyes, median
carina distinct, mesonotuni tricarinate. Elytra l)rachypterous, oval,
corium with three ijrincipal veins and irregular reticulations. Abdomen
with the exposed segments strongly tubercularly elevated. I^gs as in
Danepteryx, posterior tibia with a single spine. ■

Type of the genus 0. cornida.

Osbornia cornuta sp. nov.

Superficially resembling Peltonotellus histrlonicus somewhat, smaller
than Danppteryx. A small brownish insect with abbreviated ashy gray
elytra and acute outer augles to the vertex. Length, •"> mm.

Vertex twice wider than its length on lateral carinae. Four times wider
than its median length. Lateral carinae distinct, elevated, meeting the
lateral carinae of front in an acutely produced ear-like angle or horn.
Between these horns the vertex is triangularly emarginate anteriorly.
Front horizontal, one-third wider than its median lengtli, margins nearly
parallel, slightly constricted just beneath the lateral iiorns. Clypeus large,
strongly inflated. Elytra abbreviate, roundingly truncate, usually slightly
separated by the elevated abdomen. The last four abdominal segments
with distinct tul)erculate, median elevations.

Color. — Quite variable, usually dark brown with the ground color of the
elytra and some stripes on the abdomen light. Front brown, the lateral
carinae, a row of dots just inside these and a narrow crescent above the
clypeus pale. Clypeus tawny or orange. Vertex brown, its carinae pale.
Elytra ashy gray with the reticulate nervures brown, especially around
the margins. Abdomen I)rown with five rows of irregular spots. Pale
specimens are sometimes almost straw color with the clypeus and the
tubercles on the abdominal segments reddish orange.

Described from twelve examples from St. (xeorge, Utah, and Mojave,
California. Collected by the author.

Naso melichari sp. nov.

Closely resembling robertsoni in size and form. Smaller with the cephalic
process less inflated at the apex. Pitchy 1)lack without markings. Lengtli,
3.75 mm.

Vertex sliort tr;insverse, sharply separated from the front l>y a distinct
carina. Front broad at base, broader than in fitchi, tapering gradually into
a long })()inted snout as seen from al)Ove. The lateral carinae expanded
just before the eyes, then contracted near the middle of the process, ff)rm-
ing a somewhat diamond-shaped conipartmcnt, lieyond this regularly
narrowing to the apex. Median carina obscure on the disc, becoming
prominent almost foliaceons around the I'xtremity. As seen from the side

Ball — New Genera an<J Sjyries of Imdae (Fvlgori/Jae). 43

this protuberance is inclined at an anj^le of about forty-tive degrees with
tlie extremity rounded and enlarged. Pronotum large with anterior and
median carinae prominent. Elytra rather narrow with a large number
of irregular longitudinal veins. Abdomen narrow, the segments weakly
pustulate.

Color. — Pitchy black, the posterior margin of the eyes fulvous, the ros-
trum and coxae white, and often a testaceous iridescence to the front and
elytra.

Described from three females from Arizona in the collection of the
author.

Hysteropterum unum sp. nov.

Resembling cornulum but larger and more strongly marked. Dirty
straw marked with l)rown and green. Length, 4 mm.

Vertex two and one-half times wider than long, much longer and
narrower than in cornutum, the anterior margin as seen from above
straight, disc depressed, posterior margin slightly, roundingly emarginate.
Front longer and narrower than in cornutum, the lateral carina straiglit
to just before the clypeus where they round in a trifle. ITnion of front and
vertex right angle<l, distinctly carinate ; as viewed from the front this union
is broadly angularly emarginate. Clyi)eus strongly obliquely ribbed and
with a Inroad median carina. Pronotum long and narrow, nearly as long
as the width of the vertex. Elytra longer than in niniiitiiin and more
definitely gibbous.

Color. — Vertex green, a pair of brown V-shaped marks in the posterior
angles. Front pale green with irregular brown spots between the carinae.
Clypeus orange. Pronotum and mesonotum pale green with traces of fus-
cous marking. Elytra pale straw, greenish attheliinge. A l)road l)rownish
stripe on either elytron, running back from the eye and enclosing a broad
pale sutural stripe, whit-h is angularly enlarged just before, the apex of
clavous.

Described from a single male from Pueblo, Colorado. Collected by the
author. Readily recognized by its distinct vertex and elytral markings.

Dictyobia combinata sp. nov.

Sliglitly larger than permutata with longer less angled elytra. An
oblique light stripe on each elytron. Length, 5 mm.

Vertex about six times wider than its median length with the margins
strongly carinate. Front horizontal, slightly convex, a trifle widened
between the antennae. Elytra decidedly longer and somewhat broader
than \u permutata. ]\ruch broader posteriorly, venation similar, the inner
veins of c(jrinni much closer to claval suture.

Color. — Female sulphur yellow with the elytra brown. A pair of brown
dots on the posterior part of the mesonotum. The brown of the elytra
interrupted by a broad, definite oblique, subhyaline band arising on the
middle of the clavus and extending to the c(jsta beyond the middle. The
anterior part of costal area and an oval area against the ajiex light. The,

44 Ball — New Genera and Species of Jmdae {FnUjoruhie).

brown markings often accentuated against tiie oblique band. Male, uni-
formly darker with the same markings.

Described from five examples taken at Colfax, ralifi)niia, by the author.

Dictyssa ovata sp. \u^\.

Slightly smaller and darker than areolata witJi only tiin-e discal hyaline
cells on elytra. Length, 3.5 mm.

Vertex narrow, anterior margin straiglit, cariuate, meeting front in a
right angle, slightly longer and more prominently angled than in areolata.
Elytra with the two inner branches on the corium widely separated and
curved to form an almost circular cell on the inner disc. In areolata and
mutaia the inner branch is not curved and the outer one less so than in
tlie pre.sent species.

Color. — Face vertex and pronotum clear pale yellow, rarely obscured
with smoky brown. Elytra varying from dark brown to almost l)lack
with the anterior half of the costa light, interrupted with transverse brown
nervures. Posterior half of costa and entire apical margin and most of the
sutural margin ornamented with small semicircular pellucid spots. Disc
of corium with three nu'lky-white subhyaline cells in an oblicjue band, the
median cell much the larger, almost circular, and its uuirgin studded with
about eight short, dark nervures. Inner hyaline area irregular, much
smaller, usually extending across the suture onto the clavus, and often
partially or wholly divided by a cross nervure. Outer cell nearly pen-
tagonal in outline, scarcely two-thirds the size of the middle one and
usually more than its own width removed from the spots along the costa.

Described from eight examples from Ti Juana, Mexico, and Tia Juana,
California, collected by the autlior. Closely resembling areolata but
easily separated by the smaller size and the abbreviated oblique marking
of the elytra which does not reach the costa.

Dictyssa fenestrata sp. nov.

Resembling ovata in form, slightly snuUler. Brown with two transverse
bands of hyaline spots behind the middle of the elytra. Length, 3 mm.

Vertex slightly longer and narrower than in ovata, with the carinae more
elevated. Elytral venation similar to ovata but with the first two sect(jrs
of the corium less widely separated as in mutnta, and with a smallt^r num-
ber of reticulate veinlets, especially towards the apical portions.

Color. — Pale dirty brown. Elytra brown with the nervures mostly pale.
Costal and sutural margins bordered with small pale spots. An oblique
hyaline band from the base of clavus to center of corium. A transverse
hyaline band just back of the middle of corium made up of five or six
angular cells, another transverse band across the apex composed of three or
four large oval hyaline cells and about the same number of minute round
ones against the margin between the larger ones.

Described from six exami)k's from Tia Juana, California, collected by
the author. A very distinct species and one easily recognized by the large
hyaline cells at the apex.

Ball — Neiv Genera and Species of Issidae (Fidgoridae). 45

Dictyssa obliqua sp. iiov.

Size and form of fenestrata nearly ))nt nincli darker, venation and ob-
lique band as in mntala nearly. Dark brown or black with an oblique
band and maru^inal spots on the elytra hyaline. Length, 3 mm.

Vertex and pronotum black, the marijin.s pale. Median carina definitely
white lined, face I:)rown or pale brown, the carinae margined with fuscous.
Elytra black, an ()l)lique hyaline band from the posterior disc of clavus to
the middle of the corium, then angled to the costa as in mulata, the two
outer cells oval and smaller than those on disc. Entire margin of elytra
sparsely ornamented with pellucid dots, the largest ones around the apex.

Described from twelve examples from Tia Juana, California, and Ti
Juana, Mexico, collected by the author. This is the only dark species of
the genus that has the oblique band.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 47-48 April 19, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THE SCALES OF THE ATHERINID FISHES.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

When examining the scales of various Acanthopterygians, it
was observed that those of the Scombrids differed so greatly
from those of the Percoids that it was hard to understand how
one could have been derived from the other. The typical
Percoid scale (e. g. that of Perca fluviatllis) has very strong
basal radii, the inferior margin being scalloped or crenulate.
Scales of this type may be cycloid or ctenoid, but their general
character remains the same. In Scomber the broad scale has
no basal radii whatever, and tlie lower margin is not scalloped.
It chanced that among some fishes of unknown locality, long-
preserved at the University of Colorado, I found a couple of
Atherinidffi. The examination of their scales at once revealed
the fact that they were (in respect to the squamation) exactly
intermediate between the Scombrids and Percoids; in fact the
different scales on the same fish virtually bridged the gap which
had seemed so great. Through the kindness of Dr. Evermann
and the Bureau of Fisheries, I have now been supplied with
four species of Atherinidffi, having authentic names and locali-
ties, and it seems worth wliile to report the results of their
examination. The Atherinid scale (from the middle of the
side) is broader than long, and in general very much like tliat
of the Scombrids. In Kirtlandia laciniata the scales from the
position mentioned have no basal radii, altliough the base is
wavy or subplicate; but the scales of the caudal peduncle show
strong basal radii. The diagnostic characters are as follows:

^o

(1.) Kirtlandia laciniata Swain. Chesapeake Bay, Va. ((Jrainpus Sta.
4). Scales nearly 3 mm. long, a little over 4 broad: apieal margin
thin, strongly irregularly crenate, with rudimentary radii; apical

9— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. Vol. XXIH, 1910. (47)

48 Cockerell — The Scales of the Atherinid Fishes.

field without circuli; basal and lateral fields with strong circuli,
not very dense ( least so laterallj' ) ; basal margin with a prominent
median lobe, bounded on each side by a shallow fold, but no basal
radii. Scales of caudal peduncle similar but nearly square,
with strong laterobasal angles, and five strong basal radii. The
scales are very suggestive of those of Scomber chrysozonus (proba-
bly better called RastrcUiger chrysozonus, as I learn from Dr.
Jordan), but the latter has no basal lobe, and has strong trans-
verse circuli in the apical field. In general, liowever, the resem-
blance is most striking.

(2.) Menidia menidla (h.). Cape Charles City, Va., above moutli of
King's Creek. Scales (from the usual situation on middle of side)
about 2% mm. long and ?)}{ broad ; nucleus central ; apical margin
simple, entire; no apical radii; apical field with dense rather ill-
defined circuli ; lateral field with widely spaced circuli ; basal field
with strong circuli and 8 or 9 .strong radii, M'hich, however, do not
nearly reach the margin; basal lobe slightly indicated. Scales
from caudal peduncle nearly square with strong posterior corners
and numerous strong basal radii.

(3.) Menidia notata (Mitch.). Wareham River, Mass., ])ractically in
fresh water. Scales hardly 2 mm. long, about 2j^' broad ; formed
as in M. menidia, except that there are about 8 strong basal radii,
which reach the margin, producing the characteristic scalloping.
Scale from caudal peduncle differing as in the others.

(4. ) Menidia peninsulw (Goode and Bean). Sebastian River, Fla. (Peli-
can Islands). Scales about 2 mm. long and 2% broad; structure
as in the other species of Menidia, except that the basal radii ( 7
or 8), while reaching the margin, which they irregularly scallop,
fail centrad, being in general less well developed than tliose of M.
notata. Scale from caudal peduncle diff"ering as in the others.

Kirtlandia and Meyiidia offer excellent generic differences in their scales;
Kirtlandia is, of course, the more Scomber-Vike.

The Atherinidse belong to the Percesoces, a suborder of which Jordan
and Evermann say: " The suborder marks a transition from soft-raj-ed
to spiny-rayed fishes, its nearest associates among the latter being, per-
haps, the Scombrid forms." The Scombriform character of the scales,
with a combination of Perciform features, is therefore of much interest.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 49-52 April 19, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THE WEST AFRICAN FOREST PIG (HYLOCHOERUS

RIMATOR THOMAS).

BY GLOVER M. ALLEN.

\ ■ v

Through the generosity of Col. William Barbour, the Museum
of Comparative Zoology has recently received a skin and skull
of the West African Forest Pig (Hylochoeriis rimator). I am in-
debted to the authorities of the Museum for permission to make
a brief report on this interesting specimen, the first of its kind,
apparently, to reach America. Reports had for some years pre-
viously been current of a " Giant Pig " inhabiting the forests of
Equatorial Africa, but it wsiS not until 1901 that actual speci-
mens were obtained from British East Africa and sent to the
British Museum. These, consisting of two skulls, an imperfect
skin, and a fragment of hide, were made the basis of the new
genus and species Hi/lochoerus meinertzhagenl by Thomas.* A
number of specimens of this species have now reached European
museums, so that it is fairly Avell known as regards external and
cranial characters. In 1006 Thomast described a second species,
H. rimator, from the Ja River, Cam croons, West Africa. This
was based on a single skull of a female specimen, and hitherto
no notice has appeared of the external characters nor have other
skulls apparently reached museums. The following notes are
therefore offered regarding the Forest Pig in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, and are of ])articu]ar interest since the
specimen is a topotype, obtained at the Ja River, Cameroons,
by Mr. G. L. Bates, the same gentleman who procured the type
skull.

Color. — The uiuzzle i;^ thickly covered with short black bristles some
10 mm. long, which increase in length posteriorly becoming abont 25mm.
in length on the cheeks. The entire edge of the ear is fringed with long

* Thomas, O. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1904, Vol. 2, pp. 193-199, pis. 14, 15.
+ Thomas. O. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 190(i, pp. 2, 3, figs. l,a,b.

10— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. Vol. XXIII, 1910. (49)

50 Allen — The West African Forest Pig.

black bristles which reach a length of 50 mm. at the apex; the posterior
surface has a very few scattered tine black bristles, bnt is otherwise prac-
tically bare. Tlie body is covered with coarse black bristles which are
longest on tlie neck and the dorsal ridge. The longest neck hairs meas-
ured 1(34 mm., those on the middle area of the ])ack, 132 mm. The fore
and hind legs are furnished with shorter bristles, from 10 to 20 mm. long.
On the ventral surface of the body, scattered among the sparse black
bristles are others of a pale cinnamon color or " yellowish white." Simi-
lar light-colored hairs are present on the inner side of the fore legs and
thighs, and on the anterior edge and proximal two-thirds of the inner por-
tion of the ears. At the corner of the moutli on each side is a patch of
these light bristles for a length of about 65 mm., and a conspicuous tuft of
the same along the posterior angle of the mandil)le, (>xtending vertically
some 45 mm., with a width of about 10 mm. Tlie hoofs are smooth and
blackish.

The skin is dark gray and rough, but there are no very definite warts on
the face, except that below the ear, along the posterior angle of the
mandible, is a thickened crescentic area on which grows the tuft of light
bristles, in much the same position as a similar tuft in the ^Vart Hog
{Phacochoerus}. The tail is laterally compressed and l)ears a few small
scattered black hairs, except along its dorsal and ventral edges, which
for their terminal 55 nnn. have a stiff crest of close-set black bristles the
longest of which, at the tip of the tail, attain a length of some 30 mm.

Measurements of the skin. — The skin, preserved in brine, when straight-
ened out, was found to measure approximately 1,500 mm. in total length,
of which the tail is about 250 nnn. The following additional measure-
ments were made: Greatest transverse diameter of snout irhinarium),
105 mm. ; greatest vertical diameter, 57 ; distance between nasal apertures,
42; ear from meatus, 119; greatest breadth of ear, 91 ; median lengtli of
hoof of fore foot, 41; of dew claw, 41.5; median length of hoof of hind
foot, 39; of dew claw, 35.

Skull. — The skull appears to l)e that of a nearly full-grown animal,
doubtless a female, and is even smaller than the type specimen as indi-
cated by the measurements. Tlie last molars are just erupted and unworn.
They are not so narrowed jiosteriorly as those figured by Thomas, but are
bluntly rounded. I'ollowing are the measurements of this skull, with the
(M)rresponding dimensions of the type in parentheses: Median occi]iito-
nasal length, 325 mm.; basal length, 279 (325zb); ))alatal k'Ugtli, 1!«)
(232); greatest lengtli of nasals, 1S2 (191 ); greatest width of combined
nasals posteriorly, 4S (42) ; greatest width between postorbital processes,
10(5; least interorbital width, 78 (88); least width between orl)it and
canines, 53; widtii at vertex, 90; orbit to tip of nasals, 213; height of
muzzle in front of premolars, (>5 (57); least breadtli of maxillary zygo-
matic processes below orbit, 39 (42); least vertical breadth of zygomata
behind true orbit, 34.5 (36); palatal width between posterior ends of ni\
52; mandible from condyle to tip of i', 277; depth of jaw at diastema,
42; width across sockets of canines, 97 (98): breadth between tijis of
canines, 163 (181); greatest diaineter of canines, 25 (24); upper molar

Allen — The West African Fored Fig. 51

row, 93; ui^per mular row from in front of p?7J^, 80(97) ; lower molar row,
'89; lower molar row from in front of pm-i, 81 (99); last upper molar, 32.5
X 17 (42.3 X 17.5); penultimate upper molar, 19 x 14.5; last lower molar,
37 X 16 (48.2 X 16); penultimate lower molar, 21.5 x 12; lower dias-
tema between premolars and canine, 51 ; between lower canine and inci-
sor, 14.

The persistence of the milk pm* in the upper jaw was noted by Thomas
in his specimen, and a similar condition is found in ours. In front of it
are pni', p7)r\ while wedged between them on both sides of tlie jaw is a
minute splint evidently representing a persistent root of milk jmv^.

In the INIusee du Congo at Bruxelles are skins and skulls of a young
female, a semi-adult, and an adult male Forest Pig from the Ituri Forest of
Central Africa, which have been made the subject of an elaborate mono-
graph by .Matschie.* lie figures the exterior and skulls of these specimens
and considers that they represent a species distinct from the two before
described, which he therefore names Hylorhoerus itnru'tisis. It is appa-
rently identical iu color with H. rimntor and //. meinertzltageni , but accord-
ing to the describer, its skull shows certain peculiarities, chief of which are
the following: ( 1 ) the salient crest from foranieu magnum to vertex is
much less marked than in the latter; (2) the zygomata are less bowed;
(3) the nuchal plane at the i)Osterior end of the skull is deeper; (4) the
occiput is not directed backward so much as iu meinertzlingeni; (5) the
canines are less curved at the ti)) and more pointed; ((>) the angle made
by the frontals witli the nasals is sliglitly less; (8) the height of the lower
jaw at the diastema is less than the least widtli of tin,' palate, instead of
being at least as great as is the case in the East African species.

Professor Matschie believes that the Ituri Pig can not be H. rhnator
because of the dimensions of the last upperand lower molars, which in two
adults are respectively 39.6 and 40.3 x 19; and 42.5 and 43.5 x 16. Thomas
gives for the type of rimator 42.3 x 17.5 and 48.2 x 1 7 for these dimensions,
a difference not very great. The Ituri Pig's upper molar row measures in
two adults, 90, 91.5; the lower molar row, 83.3, 90.5; those of our speci-
men are, 93 and 89 respectively. ^Matschie further states that in rhnator
and meinertzhageul the tubercles of 7h'' forming the anterior angles of the
two middle triangles do not touch, whereas in ituriensis they are in con-
tact. In our specimen of rimator the.se tubercles are, however, in close
contact. Ai>parently ituriensis is more nearly allied to rimator in size
and cranial characters thau to rneincrlzliageni and it uiay be questioned
whether the characters claimed for it are really sufficient to warrant its
recognition. At least it can be hardly more than subsiiecitically distinct.

That the terra " Ciiant Pig" api)lied to the.se animals is a misnomer is
now well recognized, for they are in reality not remarkably large, though
standing fairly big] 1. Plujtographs of living specimens of the Fast African
melnertzhageni have recently ajipeared in the " Proceedings of the Zoolog-
ical Society of London," 1908, part 1, p. 203, and in " Collier's Weekly,"
1909 (article by A. R. Dugmore).

•Matschie, P. Ann. Miis. du Congo, Hruxellcs, 1906, Zool. scr. 5, p. 2:!, pis.,'), Ito.

Vol. XXIIl, pp. 53-56 April 19, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

DIAGNOSES OF NEW FORMS OF MICROPODIDJ^: AND

TROCHILID^.

BY robp:rt ridgway.

[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. J

Streptoprocne zonaris mexicana subsp. iiov.

Type, from Rio Seco, near Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico. No. 41,636,
U. S. Xat. Mus. Adnlt male. January, 1866, Prof. F. Sumichrast.

Similar to S. z. albicincta (Cabanis), of Co.sta Rica and northern South
America, but averaging larger, general coloration decidedly duller (less
bluish) black, and forehead always distinctly grayish so(jty. A(hilt male
(type): Wing, 207.5 mm.; tail, 83; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 22.5;
middle toe, 15.

Cheetura richmondi sp. nov.

Type from Guayabo, eastern Costa Rica. No. 209,570, V. S. Nat. INIus.
Adult female. March 5, 1908. ^Nluseum-Zeledon P'xped.

Similar to C. gaumeri, of Yucatan, but larger and coloration darker,
the pileum and back more nearly black ; spiny tips to rectrices longer,
always well developed. Adult female (type): Wing, 115 mm. ; tail, 37.5;
exposed culmen, 4.5; tarsus, 10.5; middle toe, 8.

Cypseloides niger jamaicensis subsp. nov.

Type from Mayfield, St. Andrews, Jamaica. No. 78,205, L'. S. Nat.
]\Ius. Adult female. June 25, 1879, Edward Newton.

Similar to C. n. niger, of Santo Domingo, l)ut much darker (especially
the adult female), the upi)er and under parts sooty black, more or less
distinctly (but not conspicuously) paler or more grayish sooty on chin,
throat, and chest. Adult female (type): Wing, 149.5 mm.; tail, ()4.5;
exposed culmen, 5.5; tarsus, 11.5; middle toe, 9.5.

Cypseloides niger costaricensis subsp. nov.

Type from San Jose, Costa Rica. No. 108,275, U. S. Nat. IMus. Adult
male? May 10, 1885, Jose C. Zeledon.

Similar to C. n. borealis, of western North America, l>ut smaller and
decidedly darker, the adult female with feathers of abdomen and Hanks

n— Pruc. Biol. Sue. Wash., Vol.. XXIJI, 1'.)1U. (aU)

54 Ridgway — New Forms of MicroporUdx and Trorhilidve.

usually more broadly tipped with white; adult male s^imilar to that of
C. 71. jnmaicensis, but wing averaging longer and tail decidedly shorter,
and general color of head and neck decidedly more grayish. Adult male?
(type): Wing, 15.") nun.; tail, ">7; exi)()sed culinen, fl; tarsus, 12; mid-
dle toe, 9.

Phoethornis longirostris veraecrucis .subsp. nov.

Type from Buena Vista, Vera Cruz, southeastern Mexico. No. 177,330,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Adult male. May 23, 1901, A. E. Colburn.

Similar to P. I. mexicanus (of southwestern Mexico) in white (instead
of buff) terminal margins to lateral rectrices, but much smaller, and paler
in coloration. Adult male: Wing, t)0-65.5 ((i2.9) mm.; tail, 65-70
(67.9); culmen, 39-42.5 (40.3).*

Phoethornis adolphi saturatus subsp. nov.

Type from El Hogar, Costa Rica. No. 26,741, coll. Carnegie Museum.
Adult male. December 19, 1VI05, M. A. Carriker, Jr.

Similar to P. a. adolphi (from southern Mexico), but adult male decid-
edly darker, especially chin, throat and chest, the first being distinctly
dusky.

(Tuateniala to Panama. ((Tuatemalan sjjecimens are intermediate, but
seem to be more like those from Costa Rica than like those from Mexico.)

Hupherusa eximia nelsoni subsp. nov.

Type from Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, Mexico. No. 155,363, U. S. Nat.
Mus. (Biological Survey Coll.) Adult male. February 28, 1894, Nelson
and Goldman.

Similar to E. e. eximia, but larger, especially the bill; green of under-
parts more yellowish, and l)luck tip to lateral rectrices with line of de-
marcation against the basal white decidedly (iliiique and nmch less .sharply
defined.

Adult male.— \A'ngth, 93-1U3 (98) mm.; wing, ()U.5-(1] ((JO.7); tail,;!4-
35.5 (34.7); culmen, 18.5-1*) (18. 7). t

Amizilis bangsi sp. nov.

Type from Volcan de Miravallcs, northwestern Costa Rica. No. 16, 682,
coll.E. A. and (). Bangs. .Vdult male. Septend)er 7, 1895, C. F. Under-
wood.

Similar to A. cinnamomea cinnamomea, but whole side of neck, includ-
ing lateral portions of lower throat, metallic greenish bronze or bronze-
green instead of light cinnamon-rufous.

•Adult males of P. I. mexicanus measure as follows: Wing, 67-69.5 (68.1) ; tail. 83-87
(84.(1) ; culmen, 45.JV-47 (40.1).

tTwo s|)e<'inioiis. The corn'spoiidiiiK iiicasuriMiiciits of asorios of eleven adult males
of K. e. eximia (ten from (iiiateiiiala, one from Nicai'aKua) are as follows: Length, S4-9o
(S<i) ; wing, r)0.r>-Cl (r)8.7); tail, :i'J..')-:j|.rj (3:j.r.) ; eulmen, IC-lK (17. (J).

Ridgway — New Forms of Micropodidae and Trochilidae. 55

Anthracothorax prevosti gracilirostris subsp. nov.

Type from Bolson, Costa Rica. No. 22,62i), coll. E. A. and O. Bangs.
Adult male. December 16, 1907, C. F. Underwood.

Differing from A . p. prevosti in decidedly shorter and more slender bill,
less bronzy or golden green upper parts, and darker under tail-coverts;
from A. p. hendersoui in more slender bill and very much less bronzy
color of upper parts and lateral under parts.

Costa Rica and Nicaragua.

Average measurements of the three forms are as follows:

Males.

A. p. prevosti (24 specimens)
A. 'p. gracilirostris (9 specimens)
A. p. hendersoni (4 specimens)

66

35.6

65.9

35.3

67

36.7

26.2
24.4
22.9

Females.

A . p. prevosti ( 15 specimens ) . .
A. p. gracilirostris { 10 specimens)
A. p. hendersoni (2 specimens)

64.7

34.3

65.2

35.4

66.2

35

28.1
25.4

Florisuga mellivora tobagensis subsp. nov.

Type from Tobago. No. 74,908, U. S. Nat. Mus. Adult male. F. A.
Ober.

Similar to F. m. mellivora, but decidedly larger.
Measurements of type. — Wing, 70.5; tail, 38.5 mm.

Nesophlox gen. nov. iTrocliiiidn).

Type.- — Trochilus evelynte Bourcier.

Similar to CalliphJo.v Boie, l)ut wing relatively much larger, with outer-
most primary not attenuated terminally; adult males with lateral rectrices
broadly edged with rufous on inner webs, and adult females with tail more
than half as long as wing.

(v^ffos, island; ^X6?, aflame.)
Species :

Nesophlox evelyuie (Bourcier).
Nesophlo.c lyrura (Gould).
Nesophlox bryantif (Lawrence).

Vol. XXIII, pp. 57-60 April 19, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THF,

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THE GENERIC NAME OF THE H0U8E-RATS.I^ *■
BY GERRIT S. MILLER, JR.

The generic name Mus, is currently applied to lioth house-mice
and house-rats, as well as to an assemblage of rat-like species
comprising perhaps the greater part of the sub-family Murinae.
This arrangement involves many inconsistencies, the most glar-
ing of which is probably the close association of the house-mice
with the rats. The two groui)s are in fact generically distinct,
the rats retaining a primitive type of dentition, in which the
anterior molar shows no tendency to assume the chief function
of the toothrow, and the posterior molar remains a large, func-
tionally important tooth, while the house-mice and their allies
have a highly specialized toothrow in which the first molar is of
much more mechanical importance than the other teeth com-
bined, and the third tooth is greatly reduced. The incisors in
the house-mouse group are also noticeably specialized . With the
house-mice and their European and Central-Asiatic allies must
be associated the Indian and African group commonly known as
Leggcula, the main peculiarities of which are precisely the same.
In its most extreme deye\o\')ment Leggadn differs fi-om the house-
mice in the more pronounced reduction of the hinder molar and
in the further enlargement of »?' by the addition of a supple-
mental anterioi" transverse enamel ridge; but on taking into
consideration the numerous recently described species it seems
impracticable to retain tiie two groups as distinct genera.

The type of the Linna^an genus M^s is by tautonymy muscidus,
since this is the only inclujiled species " possessing the generic
name as * * * [a] synonym."* This name must therefore be
restricted to the house-mouse-Le^p'ac/a group.

* International Code, article 30.

12— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. Vol. XXIII, 1910. (57)

58 Miller — The Generic Nawe of the House-Rats.

In determining the generic name of the rats, as typified by
the species norvegicus and rattus, and without, for the present,
attempting to fix any exact limit for the group, it is necessary
to consider the genera ^'"a??</io?7i.vs Lesson, Eiichaetomys Fitziuger ,
and £5o?"?n?/s Trouessart, each of which as originally defined con-
tained species related to the house-rat.*

Acanthomys was proposedt as a subgenus of Mus to contain the
species retifer, aJexaivhinvs, perchal, platj/thrix and hispixlus.^ No
type was designated nor has one been selected by a subsequent
reviser. As the name has, however, generally been placed in
the synonymy of Acomysl. Geoffroy, it may be allowed to remain
there, with the species hispidus as type.

Fitzingerl united under the generic name Evrhsetomys the fol-
lowing species: palmarum, novaras, retifer, perchnl, kok, harduickii,
rufescens, ellioti, lepidiis, vittatus, pumilio, pardideus, zebra and
donovani. No type was designated and none has been selected.
Since the description indicates that the group was primarily
intended to contain the coarse-furred species, as distinguished
from the true rats (Rattus) on the one hand and the spiny rats
(Acoinys) on the other, I have no hesitation in referring it to
the synonomy of Nesokia Gray, 1842, and in choosing the
species hardwickii as the type.

In 1881 Trouessart§ formed the subgenus Epimys for the true
rats including both rattus and norvegicus. He designated no type
and none has since been selected. As this group exactly coin-
cides with the genus now under consideration the name should
be adopted for the rats congeneric with Mus rattus Linna?us, the
species which 1 choose as type.

The synonymy and characters of the genera Epimys and Mus are
briefly as follows :

Genus EPIIMYS Trouessart.

18()7. Rattus Fitziiifjer, Sitzung^bor. ]Math.-Xatur\viss. CI. k. Akad.
Wist^ensch. Wien, LVI, pt. II, p. 63 (type bj' tautonomy Rattxi^
domesticHH Fitzinger = Mus rattus Liniifeu?) not Rattus Donovan,
1827.

• Rattus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber, Miitli.-Naturwiss. CI. k. Alcad. Wissensch, Wien, LVI,
pt. n, p. 6:5. type by taiitoiioniy Mun rattus is antcAteri Iiy Rattus Donovan, 1S27, applied
to a South .\frican striped rat. Rattus Frisch, 1775, has no status in nomenclature.

+ Xouv. Tabl. KeRue Aniin. .Manini. p. 13.'). 1S42.

t SitzunRsber, Math.-Naturwiss, ('1. k. Ahad. Wis.senseh. Wein, L\'I, pi. II, p. 73. 1867.

$Bull. Soc. d'Etudes Set. d'Anpers, X. p. 117. issi.

Miller — The Generic Name of the Hovse-Rats. 59

1881. Epimys Trouessart, Bull. Soc. d'Etudes Sci. d' Angers?, X, p. 117
(type by subsequent designation Mufi rattus Linnseus).
External form, skull and teeth with no special modifications; molars
slightly graduated in size from first to third, the anterior tooth not tending
to assume the main function of the toothrow, the posterior tooth not tend-
ing to disappear, enamel folding of upper molars directly referable to a
simple 9-cusped pattern and its reductions, the outer margin of m' and m'^
never with more than three cusps, the inner margin of same teeth never
with more than 2 cusps; m^ usiially with 5 roots, its first lamina not dis-
torted by the backward displacement of antero-internal tubercle ; upper
incisor moderately compressed, set at such an angle that its outer side is
worn smoothly away by action of lower tooth.

Genus MUS Linn?eus.

1758. Mas Linnteus, 8yst. Nat., I, 10th ed., p. 59 (musculus). Part.

1814. Musculus Rafinesque, Precis des Decouv. Somiologiques, p. 13 (sub-
stitute for Mns).

1837. Leggada Gray, Charlesworth's ^lag. Nat. Hist., I, p. 586. Novem-
ber, 1837 ( L. booduga Gray and Mus platythrix Bennett).

1844. Drymomys Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 178 (D. parvulus Tschudi
= Mus musculus Linnaeus. See Palmer, Index Gen. Mamm., p.
246).

1876. Nannomys Peters, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. AVissensch. Berlin,
p. 480, August, 1876 {N. sctulosus Peters).

1881. .Icromys Trouessart, Bull. Soc. d'Etudes Sci. d'Angers, X, p. 133
(synonym of Drymomys wrongly attributed to Wagner. See
Palmer, Index Gen. Mamm., p. 246).

1896. Pseudoconomys Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p.
531 , December 8, 1896. Mus ( Pseudaconnmys ) proconodon Rhoads.

1900. Dryomys Philippi, An. Mus. Nac. de Chile, XIV, p. 20 (modifica-
tion of Drymomys Tschudi).

•

In general like Ejrimys but mechanical scheme of molars modified by
the elongation of crown of anterior tooth until it forms the main portion
of toothrow ; 7n} with three roots, its crown decidedly longer than those
of the two succeeding teeth combined, its first lamina much distorted by
displacement backward of inner tubercle into line with outer and middle
tubercles of second lamina; nv^ small and tending to disappear, in some
species without trace of first lamina; upper incisor much compressed, set
at such an angle that a subapical notch is normally cut in its outer side
by action of lower tooth.

Vol. XXIII, pp 61-64 April 19, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THE SCALES OF THE CLUPEID FISHES.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The scales of an ordinary Clupeid are very thin, more or less
circular, and very finely sculptured. In Alosa sapidissima they
vary from longitudinally to transversely oval on different jmrts
of the same fish, while the larger and best developed scales
(about 16 mm. each way) are subquadrate. A closer examina-
tion of the scales of A. sapidissima shuws the following features:
Apical field sharply separated from the rest, much broader than
long, without circuli, bvit with very numerous (2^-3 in a mm.)
delicate radii or grooves, which scallop the apical margin, and
have between them on that margin a series of low lobes or
angles, making the scale obscurely ctenoid; these lobules or
denticulations can also be seen more or less clearly repeated
once or twice in the submarginal area, marking periods of
cessation of growth, and indicating the process whereby the
rows of spines in the apical field of a Beryx scale are formed.
Delicate lines of growth can be seen also in the other parts of
the scale, but they have nothing to do with the circuli, wbich
exist as exceedingly fine lines (about six in 170 ,'0 all over the
scale except in the apical field. These circuli are transverse in
the middle and reach the lateral margins very obliquely. The
basal region of the scale is inclined to be thrown into three
radiating folds, suggesting a slight approach to the basal radii
of the Percoids, etc., but these folds are not marked by any
signs of radii.

The most striking feature of the scale remains to be men-
tioned. Everywhere except in the apical field, at variable
intervals averaging perhaps half a mm., there are grooved lines
crossing the scale, approximately following the circuli, bent on
the elevations between the basal grooves or folds, and curving

13— Pruu. Bioi.. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII. I'JIO. (61)

62 Cocker ell — The Scales of the Clupeid Fishes.

upwards to reach the margin at an acute angle. At first sight
the nature of these structures seems wholly ohscure, but in a
longitudinally oval scale, probably from the caudal peduncle,
it is seen that they pass gradually into apical radii. The first
stage of modification is that in which the apical radii on each
side of the middle become elbowed or curved at the base, form-
ing a sort of J. In Catostomus the basal radii show this condi-
tion, and the tendency is for the curved part of tlie J to
disappear, leaving radii which no longer point to the nuclear
area. In Alosa this curving of the apical radii continues until
a U rather than a J is formed, one arm of the U now pointing
apicad to the nuclear area. Then the inner arm loses all con-
nection with the nucleus, and those of opposite sides uieet at
an acute angle, forming a sort of reversed V. From this it is
a comparatively short step to a single line running transversely
across the scale. All this is complicated, especially in some
scales, by various degrees of anastomosis, and the frequent
disappearance of the inner part of tlic line. Nevertheless, by
taking different scales from a single example of the Alosa, it is
possible to demonstrate every transition from apical I'adii to
transverse lines below the nuclear area; the conclusion being
that these lines, which I have found only in Clupeidte, are
really greatly modified apical radii. Dr. Evermann kindly
sent me some scales of very young Alosa sapldlssima from the
fish ponds at Washington, D. C. These scales, only about 2
mm. diameter, do not look like those of the adult, but they
correspond exactly with tlu- nuclear region of the latter. They
show a strongly differentiated sculptureless apical li<ld ; the rest
of the scale is covered l)y very fine whoUy transverse circuli, and
exhibits two or three of the lines representing modified radii,
which are transverse, more or less bent apicad and obtusely
angled in the middle. Thus the young scale does not throw
any light on its evolution, and is, taken by itself, much more
difficult to interpret than that of the adult. I am indebted to
Dr. B. W. Evermann and Dr. S. Graenicher for other Clupeid
scales, which all possess the same essential features as those of
Alosa. They may be described as follows:

(1.) Clupea hareiKjus L. Sandy Island. Scalus about 8 mm. long and
73'3 broad; strncture as in .l/uaa, tht' ai)ie'al radii feeble, the trans-

Cockerell — The Scales of the Clupeid Fishes. 63

verse circuli reacliiug tlie margin at a larger angle, the transverse
radii (if thej' may be so called) essentially as in Alosa. There is
no generic difference from Alosa in sqiiamation.

(2.) Sardim'Ua hioiwralls C. ik V. Tampa, Fla, ( ^Milwaukee Museum).
Scales about 4 mm. broad and I' long, with evident laterobasal
angles. Scale formed and sculi)tnred as in young Alosa, except
for its much greater brea<lth, and some crenulation of the very
thin apical margin, with rudimentary radii. There are three
transverse radii, but the third presents only its middle part,
running into the margin where it is concave. The circuli are
strictly transverse, most n'aching the margin practically at a right
angle. If these scales are not immature, they at any rate repre-
sent a stage corresponding witli immature Alosa, but not in any
sense jirimitive.

{?>.) Pomolohus pseudohareiigus (Wilson) and P. tvstiralis (Mitch.) both
from six miles otl" Liverpool, X. S. Large yellowish scales, 10 or
11 nnn. broad, but those of P. pseudoharengus more transverse,
evidently broader than long, those of P. wstivalis about as broad
as long. The markings are quite the same, and of the Alosa pat-
tern; corresjxinding, however, to a rather immature stage of Alosa.

(4.) Pomolohus pseudoharevyus (Wilson). Lake Ontario, IMonroe Co.,
N. Y. Colorless scales little more than 4 nnn. broad, evidently
immature. I do not know any way to distinguish them from
young scales of Alosa.

Thus the Clupeid scales so far examined are exceedingly uniform, and
exceedingly distinct from all others I have seen. I have also examined
Knightia eocana Jordan, from the Eocene of Green River, Wyoming. In
this the scales are large and very l)road, an<l show the characteristic
transverse circuli very well. I can not make out any radii, transverse or
otherwise, but the thin edges of the scale are not preserved. Meletta
sardinites Heckel, a fossil species from Radoboj, is figured as having the
scales with three or four very strong apical radii, and the same basal.
This can not be a Meletta (i. e. Pomolohus) or a Clupea; it has no resem-
blance to any Clupeid known to me.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 65-66 April 19, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW BIRD FROM THE ISLAND OF CERAM,

MOLUCCAS. \<;V

BY F. MUIR AND J. C. KERSHAW.

While collecting in the Dutch East Indies a new Pitta was
captured whicli may be known as

Pitta piroensis sp. nov.

Type. — All adult male from Piroe, Ceram, Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cat. No. 49,997, collected by the authors, March 2, 1909.

Description. — Forehead and upper part of head and neck dark red-
brown, the crown divided by an obscure median bluish stripe: a large
sub-quadrangular scarlet nuchal patch. Throat dark brown, shading into
black on upper jiart of l>reast. Ear coverts and lower part of breast
silvery blue-gray. Back and scapulars dark olive green. Tail and upper
tail coverts grayisli-blue. Bend of wing nearly black, feathers lighter
round edge ; lesser coverts blue-gray, the feathers dark brown at base ;
greater coverts very dark brown, edged and tipped with dark blue-gray.
Primaries nearly black, the 2d, 3d, 4th and 5tli witli a white speculum
marking, but only the 4th and oth have the white on the upper side of the
outer web. Under wing-coverts dark bluish gray. Belly, A'ent and under
tail-coverts scarlet. Eyes brown ; bill black ; legs and feet pale lead
color; claws brownish; soles of feet ochreous. Total length, 6j^ in. ;
wing, 3% in. ; tail, 1% in. ; bill (to gape), 1 in. ; tarsus, 1^ in.

This species differs from P. rubrinucha "Wallace, in its slightly smaller
size, its silvery blue-gray ear-coverts, in the absence of the black line
separating the silvery blue-gray of the breast from the scarlet belly, in
the absence of a white shoulder spot, and in the different marking of the
white speculum spot on the primaries.

14— Pnoc. BroL. Soc. Wash.. Vol. XXIII, 1910. (G5)

Vol. XXIII, pp 67-70 May 4, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

UNRECORDED SPECIMENS OF TWO RARE HAWAIIAN

BIRDS.

BY OUTRAM BANGS.

Lately while arranging the skins of Acridocercus nobilis in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology I discovered among them a
fine example of the long ago extinct Acridocercus apicalis (Gould)
of Oahu Island.

This specimen came to the museum in exchange from Brown
University and had formerly helonged to John Cassin. It bears
a label in Casshi's liand with the inscription, "Sandwich Isld.
J. K. Townsend male," and was without doubt collected by
Townsend during his visit to Oahu in 1835. The skin, No.
17,598, Museum of Comparative Zoology, is that of a fine adult
male and although made seventy-five years ago is in perfect
preservation, except tiiat its feet and legs have, at some time,
been somewhat eaten by insects.

Wilson and Evans in their Aves Hawaiiensis, 1890-1899
(p. ' 103 " — the work is not paged) mention five specimens,
all that were known to them, of A. apicalis — three in the British
Museum, one of which went by exchange to Rothschild's Tring
Museum, and a pair collected by Deppe which are in Vienna.

Rothschild, Extinct Birds 1907, p. 27, enumerates the same
five specimens, but says that Deppe's skins are in Berlin.

Ours makes the sixth known example of A. apical i><, wliich
is believed to have been confined to Oahu and which has not
been seen alive by a naturalist since 1837.

It is the only one in America, Dr. Chas. \V. Richmond in-
forming me that the United States National Museum docs not
possess any, and Mr. Witnicr Stone says that there is none in

15— Pkoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, I'.tlo. (07)

68 Bangs — Unrecorded Specimens of Two Hawaiian Birds.

the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, although that
institution had most of Cassin's Collection of hirds.

In the JNIuseum of Comparative Zoology there is also a fine
pair of Ciridops anna (Dole), one of the very rarest of Hawaiian
birds and certainly one of the most beautiful.

The exact origin of these skins, of excellent make and in
perfect preservation, I have been unal^le to learn. They came
to the museum with a few other Hawaiian birds — six skins of
Acrulocercus nobilis and several petrels and terns — and were
catalogued by Dr. J. A. Allen in 1870; names for none but the
Moheo being written on the labels or in the register l)y that
naturalist.

Ciridops anna was described by Judge Dole in 1879 and is
supposed to be, or perhaps better to have been, confined to the
island of Hawaii. It was, until I unearthed our two skins,
known by three male specimens only, one now in the Bishop
Museum and two in Rothschild's Museum at Tring. The
female and young male were unknown.

Our male, Xo. 10,995, is in full plumage and very closely
matches the exquisite plate in \Mlson and Evans, Aves
Hawaiiensis.

Our other specimen, No. 10,987, 1 take to be an adult female.
Though a little smaller, it is exactly similar in proportions to
the male, but is wholly different in color. It may be described
as follows —

Forehead clothed in stiffened, pointed, semi-erect feathers as
in the adult male. Top of head, nape, and sides of head
cinnamon washed with dull olive-yellow on forehead and with
the lores and a narrow frontal band more dusky; cheeks with
paler shaft-stripes to the feathers; lower back grayish cinnamon,
gradually passing into the purer color of the head; rump and
upper tail coverts olive-yellow; tail dusky, fringed with olive-
yellow; j)rimaries blackish, narrowly edged with dark olive-
yellow; secondaries more broadly edged with the same, the
innermost nearly wholly dark olive-yellow; throat dull cin-
namon, the feathers with paler shaft stripes, slightly washed
with yellow-olive in lower middle; chest and breast dingy-
smoke-gray, somewhat washed with olive, gradually passing
into dark olive-yellow on belly; under wing coverts, axillars,
under tail coverts and a small ])atch in lower middle belly

Bangs— Unrecorded Specimens of Ttvo Haivaiian Birds. 69

dilute rufous-cinnamon. The general pattern thus resembles
that of the adult male, though the colors themselves are very-
different. Our two skins afford the following measurements
(ill mm.):

No.

Sex.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

C'ulmen

10995

( c? ad. )

80

44

22

11

10987

(9 ad.)

73.5

41

21

10

Vol. XXIII, pp. 71-76 May 4, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NEW OR RARE BIRDS FROM WESTERN COLOMBIA. '\^/ ^

BY OUTRAM BANGS.

The birds mentioned below were contained in a second collec-
tion* from western Colombia made by Mervyn G. Palmer,
which I received from Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg last summer
but only just now have had time to touch. The region Mr.
Palmer has been working in is a very rich one, and both collec-
tions sent me by Mr. Rosenberg have fairly astonished me in
the numbers of rare and new forms they contained.

Following are short descriptions of the new forms in the
present collection, and mention of a few other species where
ranges are extended or the record is apparently worth pub-
lishing.

Botaurus pinnatus (Wagler).

Two specimens, c? and Q , taken at Guabinas, Rio Canca, January 10,
1908. This bittern seems to be very rare in South America north of
Guiana, though it has been taken in Nicaragua.

Odontophorus baliolus sp. nov.

Type from Naranjito, Rio Dagua, western Colombia. Adult 9 , No.
28,482, Bangs collection, ]Museuni of Comparative Zoology. Collected
June 20, 1908, by M. G. Palmer.

Characters. — Somewhat similar to 0. parambx Rothschild of western
Ecuador, but very much darker; upper parts nearly solid blackish-brown,
only very slightly peppered and marked with paler (very diflerent from
tiie mottled upper parts of 0. pammb.-e); under parts deep chestnut,
much darker than in 0. paramhie; black of chin and upper throat bor-
dered al)o\e by a white strijie (not present in 0. parambic).

Meamrnnents.—T^\^e,ai\w\i 9, wing, 132; tail, 48; tarsus, 36; cul-

men, 18.

* In July, 1908, in these Proceedings, I published a short paper on the first lot sent
me from this source by Mr. Rosenberg.

16— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, 1910. (71)

72 Bangs — New or Bare Birds from Western Colombia.

Syrnium nigrolineatum nigrolineatum Sclater.

One adult 9 , La Maria, Dagua Valley, May 26, 1908. This skin is an
exact match for several Chiriqui specimens, and the form thus ranges
into western Colombia, while in the Bogota region Syrnium nigrolineatum
spUonotum Sharpe takes its place.

Picumnus canus sp. nov.

Type from Naranjito, Rio Dagua, western Colombia. Adult 9 , No.
23,434, Bangs collection, INIuseum of Comparative Zoology. Collected
June 20, 1908, by M. G. Palmer.

Characters. — Similar to P. olivaceus I^afr. in jiattern, but slightly
larger and of a very different color, being whitish and gray instead of
olive and greenish.

Top of head black with small white spots; rest of upper parts dull
smoke gray, wings somewhat edged with yellowish-white ; belly dull white,
faintly striped with dusky; chest dull grayish, passing into whitish-gray
on tliroat; sides slightly tinged with pale yellowish.

Measurements. — Type, adult 9? "\ving, 56; tail, 29.5; tarsus, 12.5; cul-
men, 12.

Threnetes fraseri (Gould).

A fine adult, sex not determined, of this Ecuadorian species was taken
at Naranjito, Rio Dagua, June 22, 1908.

Xiphorhynchus rosenbergi* sp. nov.

Type from Guabinas, Rio Cauca, western Colombia. Adult d^. No.
23,436, Bangs collection, INIuseum of Comparative Zoology. Collected
January 9, 1908, by M. G. Palmer.

Characters. — Nearest to X. chunchotambo (Tschudi), of which it may
be a subspecies, but with a much heavier bill; under parts jialer; throat
more bufTy, and striping of chest heavier. From A', nana (Lawr. ), which
it somewhat resembles in general coloration, the new form can at once
be told by having the middle of back distinctly marked with pale shaft
lines bordered by black, by the striping of the cliest being wider, the
stripes more distinctly bordered by black, and by the belly being less
indistinctly striped.

Measurements. — Type, adult cJ*, wing, 108; tail, 97.5; tarsus, 23; cul-
men, 36.

Rhopoctites alogus sp. nov.

Type from near Pavas, west slope of Colombia, at 4,400 feet altitude.
Adult c?*. No. 23,438, Bangs collection. Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Collected February 8, 1908, l)y M. ii. Palmer.

Characters. — Somewhat similar to R. rtifibrunneus (Lawr.) of Costa
Rica and Panama, but larger; bill both longer and stouter; colors above

• Nanu'il for Mr. W. !■'. II. Ivosenberj? of London, who has tiiken luncli interest in
securing collections from this region.

Bangs — Neio or Rare Birds from. Western Colombia. 73

duller, more olivaceous, less reddish brown; throat and sides of neck
ochraceous instead of orange-rufous ; body below from the chest back-
\\ar(l uniform tawny ochraceous, wholly unstreaked, darker and Ijrowner
on flanks and under tail coverts; pileum and cervix with narrow, pale
shaft streaks to all the feathers — very different from the solidly Ijrown
pileum of R. rufibrunneus.

Measurements. — Type, adult c?, wing, 97.5; tail, 91; tarsus, 27; cul-
men, 25.5.

But one specimen, the type, of this very distinct species was contained
in the collection sent me. It represents a species wholly unlike Autoinolus
ignohilis Scl. & Salv. or any other species so far as I can find, except R.
rufibrunneus, from which also it is strikingly different.

Myrmeciza berlepschi Ridg.

This species was represented by six specimens, adults of both sexes,
from Palmar, Pavas, and La Maria, western Colombia, taken in Febru-
ary, March, and June, which I have compared with the type from Chimbo,
Ecuador, and find to be identical with it.

Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens asemus subsp. nov.

Type from near Pavas, western Colombia, 4,400 feet altitude. Adult
6^, No. 23,439, Bangs collection. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Col-
lected February 15, 1908, by M. G. Palmer.

Characters. — Almost exactly intermediate between Rhynchocyclus cin-
ereiceps of Central America and R. sulphurescens ccorticns of the Santa
Marta region of Colombia; differing from the former in having the throat
and chest less strongly gray, but with the cap and back identically the
same ; from tlie latter it ditfers in having the cap much darker and clearer
gray — less mixed with olive green ; the back darker olive green ; and the
throat and chest just a trifle grayer.

Measurements. — Type, adult c?, wing, 70; tail, 59; tarsus, 18; cul-
men, 11.5.

Three skins of this form were sent in— the type, and two adult males
from Jimenez, killed in May. Tlie subspecies is one of those that has no
one very good character to distinguish it, but that is exactly intermediate
between two quite different birds, resembling above R. cinereiceps and
below R. evorthms.

It proves conclusively to my mind that R. cinereiceps is nothing more
than a northern subspecies of R. sulphurescens.

Mionectes olivaceus hederaceus subsp. nov.

Type from near Pavas, western Colombia, 4,400 feet altitude. Adult
9 , No. 23,442, Bangs collection. Museum of Comparative Zo(jlogy. Col-
lected February 12, 1908, by M. G. Palmer.

Characters. — Like M. olivaceus venezuelensis Ridg. in having under
parts heavily streaked, but much darker, more grayish olive below;
duller and darker greenish olive above, with the pileum nuich darker and

74 Bangs — Neiv or Rare Birds from Wederii Colombia.

grayer than back, and of the size of M. olivareus olirareus, not hirger.
From M. olivaceus olivaceus it diflers in niucli heavier, coarser streak-
ing below, and in general darker, grayer coloration, the pileinn nuich
grayer and the back much darker, more grayish olive-green.

Measurements. — Type, adult 9, wing, 62; tail, 47; tarsus, 15.5; cul-
nien, 12.5.

Another specimen, from Rio Bitaco, May 2, 1908, is precisely like the
type, and the west Colombian subspecies seems a very well marked one.
I also received a skin of M. strlaticollis poliocephahis Tsclindi, collected
by Mr. Palmer at San Antonio, Rio Call, November 21, 1907.

Pheugopedius spadix sp. nov.

Type from Naranjito, Rio Dagua, western Colombia. Adult d^, No.
23,446, Bangs collection, Musemn of Comparative Zoology. Collected
June 20, 1908, by M. G. Palmer.

Characters. — A very distinct species,, apparently most nearly related to
P. atrogularis (Salvin) of Costa Rica, I)ut at once distinguished from
that species by having a banded tail.

Color. — Pileum clove brown; sides of head and throat (not extending
at all onto chest or neck) black, the ear coverts, a narrow line of feathers
above the eye and on sides of the front, with white shaft stripes; upper
parts, including margins of wing feathers (the wings unhanded), under
side of neck, chest, breast and sides, rich chestnut; flanks dull brown,
about between Prout's brown and raw umber; middle of belly and under
tail coverts dull raw umber, with indistinct dusky cross bars; tail regu-
larly barred across with black and chestnut, the black bars a little the
wifler.

Measurements — Type, adult 6^, wing, 64; tail, 54; tarsus, 28; cul-
men, 16.5.

Pheugopedius mystacalis saltuensis subsp. nov.

Type from San Luis, Bitaco Valley, western Colombia. Adult d*, No.
23,448, Bangs collection, INIuseum of Comparative Zoology. Collected
June 5, 1908, by M. G. Palmer.

Characters. — Similar to P. mystacalis mystacalis (Scl.) of Pallatanga,
Ecuador, l)ut head and hind neck much purer gray; breast, chest and
sides nuich grayer, less buti'y, being mouse gray; black malar stripe wider
and consequently white supranialar stripe narrower.

Measurements. — Type, adult c?, wing, (58; tail, 61; tarsus, 26.5; cul-
men, 18.5.

An adult male topotyjie is exactly similar, and the two skins I compared
very carefully with many Ecuador specimens.

Henicorhina leucosticta eucharis sultsp. nov.

Type from near Pavas, western ('olombia, 4,400 feet altitude. Adult
d^. No. 23,444, Bangs collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology. Col-
lected February 18, J908, by M. G. Palmer.

Bangs — New or Rare Birds from. Western Colombia. 75

Characters. — Similar to H. leucosticta leucosticta (Cabanis) of Guiana,
but colors of upper parts and flanks paler, duller, nuich less chestnut or
reddish brown— in the adult <3^ of the new form the back and wings are
dull russet, the rump and upper tail coverts clear, pale russet, the flanks
and under tail coverts cinnanion-russet. The female is similar, but slightly
duller in color and with the pileum not solidly black, but dark brown
medianly.

Measurements. — Type, adult d*, wing, 62; tail, ;>1.5; tarsus, 23.5; cul-
men, 16.5. Adult 9 , No. 2.S,445, from near Jimenez, western Colombia,
April 16, 1907; wing, 58; tail, 30; tarsus, 22; culmen, 15.5.

Phoenicothraupis cristata Lawr.

Three adult specimens, two males and a female, were secured at Nar-
anjito, Rio Dagua, in June and July, 1908.

This species still remains so rare in collections that I have thought it
wortli while to make this record.

Vol. XXlll. pp. 77-78 May 4, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

ON THE NAME AND SYNONOMY OF THE ANTIL-
LEAN SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.

BY J. H. RILEY.

[By permih^sion of the Secretary of the .Smithsonian Institution.]

In 1827, Vigors described a small sharp-shinned hawk taken
near Havana, Cuba, by MacLeay, as Accipiter fringilloides,
under which name it has always appeared in print, but if
Haitian and Cuban birds are the same, as they have been con-
sidered by those who have had an opportunity of handling
specimens from the two islands, then Accipiter striatus oi Vieillot
has twenty years priority and must be adopted until the birds
of the two islands are proved distinct.

I am not aware that any direct comparison has been made
between birds of the two islands; in fact the rarity of specimens
in collections would preclude this. Lawrence, in 1860, described
the adult male, adult female, young male, and two young females
from Cuban specimens and Cherrie has described the adult
female, adult male, and young male from Haitian specimens.
Judging from descriptions, the birds of the two islands are simi-
lar or identical. I would like to add, however, that in the
only specimen of the adult male handled by me the feathers of
the nape have concealed white bases and the inner w^ebs of the
flight feathers externally, except the tertials, have dark cross
bars, a feature not mentioned by either Lawrence or Cherrie.
The following synonomy has been worked out by me and may
prove useful to future investigators:

Accipiter striatus Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 42, pi. 14 (Santo
Domingo). — Stiuckl.and, Orn. Syn., 1855, 109 (part).

Falco VieUotinus Sii.vw, Gen. Zool. VII, part 1, 1809, 204 (Santo
Domingo).

17— Phoc. lilOL. ."^oc. Wash., Vol.. XXIII, I'.HU. (V7)

78 Riley — Si/nonomy of the Antillean Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Sparrins f<fr!ntns Vikii.i.ot, Xouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. X, 1817, 325.

Slparvius] striatus Vikili.ot, Tab. Enc. Meth., Ill, 1823, 1265.

Accipiter fringilloides Vigors, Zool. Journ. Ill, 1827, 434 (near Havana,
Cuba).— Denn-y, P. Z. S. Lond., 1847, 38.— Lawrence, Ann. New
York Lye. Nat. Hist., VII, ISGO, 255 (Cuba; desc. plumages).-
GuxDi.Acri, J. f. 0., 1871, 368 (Cuba); Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876,
44; Orn. Cubana, 1895, 25 (habits, plumages). — Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. :\Ius., I, 1874, 135 (foot-note).— Cory, Bds. Haiti and St.
Domingo, 1885, 120 (desc. and plate $ juv.); Auk, IV, 1887, 41
(desc.; syn. ; crit. ) ; Bds. W. I., 188i), lOi); Cat. Bds. W. I., 1892,
98.

Nisus fringilloides D'Orbigxy, La Sagra's Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba,
Aves, 1839, 31; French ed., p. IS.— KinnwAY, Bull. U. S. Geol. and
Geog. Surv. Terr. II, 1876, 117 (dose, plumages and syn.).

A[stur] fringilloides Lembeye, Aves de Cul)a, 1850, 128.

A[stur] fuscus Lembeye, Aves de Cuba, 1850, 128.

Nisus fuscus Cabanis, J. f. 0., II, 8uppl. 1855, p. Ixxxiii (Cuba). —
Cory, Bull. Nuttali, Orn. Club, VI, 1881, 154 (Haiti).

Accipiter fuscus Brewer, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860, 306
(Cuba).

[Accipiter] fringilloides Brewer, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., VII,
1860, 306 (Cuba).— GuxDi.ACir, J. f. O., 1861, 322 (Cuba); J. f. O.,
1862, 188; Repertorio fis.-nat. Cuba, I, 1865-(i6, 224.— Gray, Handl.
Bds. I, 1869, 32 (Cuba).— ScLATER and Salvin, Nom. Avium Neotr.
1873, 120 (Cuba).— Cory, List Bds. W. I. 1885, 22.— Gurney, List
Diurnal Bds. Prey, 1884, 42.— Siiarpe, Handl. Bds., I, 1889, 252.

Ace. [ipiter] fringilloides GvsT)i.Acn, Anales Hist. Nat. Madrid, II, 1873,
100 (Cuba).

iV. [is/(.s] fuscus y 'dr. fringilloides Baird, Brewer and Kidgwav, Hist. N.
Am. Bds., HI, 1874, 223.

N.[isus] fringilloides Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Gcol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.
II, 187<), 95 (Cuba).

Vol. XXIII, pp. 79-80 May 4, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

X'

TWO NEW POCKET GOPHERS OF THE GENUS

THOMOMYS.

BY VERNON BAILEY.

A critical study of the genus Thowonnis shows two well marked
forms hitherto unnamed. One of these, from the yellow pine
plateaus of northern New Mexico, is large and dark; the other,
from the bottoms of hot desert l)asins of Avestern Nevada, is
large and pale. Both belong to the aureus group but mark its
opposite extremes.

Thomomys apache sp. nov.

Type from Lake La Jara (7,.3UU feet altitude), on tlie Jicarilla Apache
Indian Reservation, New Mexico. Nnmber 135,366, c? adult, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Collected September 19,
1904, by James H. Gaut. Original number 3289.

General characters. — Size large, hind foot 33-34; colors dark; hind feet
and tip of tail conspicuously white.

Color. — Upper and lower parts nearly uniform dull, sooty gray, slightly
washed with dull Ijuffy ocliraceous; back with an ill-defined stripe of
blackish; basal half U) three-quarters of tail brownisli or l)lackish, the
rest abruptly white; hind feet white; lips usually and chin rarely white.

Skull. — Heavy, angular and ridged, similar in form and general char-
acters to that of aureus; bullae full and rounded; pterygoids U-shaped;
nasals normally with slightly emarginate, doul:)ly rounded posterior tips;
iipper incisors white tipped and decurved at right angles to axis of skull.

Measurements. — Type, total length, 250; tail vertebrfe, 85; hind foot,
34. Adult female topotype, 229; 74; 33. Skull of type, basal length, 41;
nasals, 14; zygomatic breadth, 28; mastoid breadth, 23; alveolar length
of upper molar series, 8.5.

Thomomys canus sp. nov.

Type from Deep Hole, at north end of Smoke Creek Desert, Nevada.
No. 78,365, c? adult, U. S. National ^Museum, Biological Survey Collec-

IS— Pi;oc. Bkii.. Scic. Wash., V"I.. XXIII, 1910. (T'.D

80 Bailey — Tiro Neic Pocket Gophers of the Genus Thomomys.

tion. Collected May 14, 1896, by Clark P. Streator. Original number
oil)!).

General characters. — Size of aiireus or a little larger, hind foot 30-33;
colors ashy or pale huffy gray ; lower parts white.

Color. — Upper parts pale huffy gray, with dusky ear-patch and brown-
ish nose; lower parts, feet and tail wiiitish.

Skull. — Like that of aureus, but palate flat instead of arched between
the molar series ; interparietal larger and more quadrate; buUfe sliglitly
larger; anterior points of frontals less acute.

Measurements. — Type, total length, 242; tail vertebra^, (54; hind foot,
33. Adult female from type locality, 215; <J4; 30. Skull of type, basal
lengtli, 41; nasals, 15; zygomatic })readth, 28; mastoid breadth, 23;
alveolar length of upper molar series, !).

Remarks. — In color canus closely resembles the gray phase of its near
neighbor, nevadensis, l)ut in cranial characters it shows close relationship
with aureus.

Vol. XXIll. pp. 81-83 May4, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

FLETCHER LAKE, INDIANA, AND ITS FLORA AND

FAUNA.*

BY BARTON AV. EVEPaiANN AND H. WALTON CLARK.

U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

Fletcher Lake is situated in the southwest corner of Fulton
County, Indiana, about 12 miles nearly due north from Logans-
port, and only a few rods north of the Cass County line. It is
about 3 miles northeast of Lucerne on the Terre Haute and
Logansport Railway. Its position is about 40° 55' 80" north
latitude and 86° IS' IG" west longitude. It is among the
southernmost glacial lakes of Indiana.

Tlie writers visited Fletcher Lake, October 6, 1000, in the
interest of the U. B. Bureau of Fisheries, for the purpose of
making a physical and biological survey of it. Many soundings
were taken and the depths of the lake in many places accurately
determined. Many tempci-ature ol).servations were made and
recorded, the character of the bottom and shores studied, and
collections made of the animal and plant life of the lake. In
these investigations valuable assistance was rendered by Messrs.
John J. Hildebrandt and A. P. Jenks of Logansport.

Fletcher Lake is an elongate body of water with parallel sides
and no bays, capes or marked irregularities of shore line. Its
length is about | of a mile and its width i, the area being about
30 acres. It appears to occupy a sort of closed-up, narrow
valley. The long axis lies nearly due east and west. The
abruptness of the descent all around the lake is worthy of note,
as in this respect it differs markedly from Lake Maxinkuckee,
and chjsely resembles such lakes as Holem, Cook and Meyers t
of the Twin Lakes group in Marshall County, Indiana.

* Published by permi.ssioii of the V. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.
T On recent maps called Soutliwcit Luke, Northwest Lake and East I^iike.

19— Piioc. Biol. Soc. W.\sh., Vol.. XXIII. 1910. (81)

82 Evermann d- Clark. — Fletcher Lake, Indiana.

The water near shore and usually out for a distance of 50 feet
or less is shallow. At the edge of this narrow shelf the depth
suddenly increases to 15 to 25 feet. The soil about the lake
appears in general to contain considerably more clay than that
about Lake Maxinkuckee. The shores are nearly everywhere
high and dry. The south shore is high for its entire length,
and a few yards back is the terrace of a former shore-line. A
similar but less distinct terrace is seen on the north side. On
the north shore is some little marsh ground, and the ground at
both ends of the lake is rather mucky and quaky. The lake is
said to have once reached a considerably greater distance toward
the enclosing hills, ])ut was artificially drained to a lower level.
It has, however, little or none of the lake-plain aspect char-
acteristic of lowered lakes such as Eagle Lake, which is a good
type of lowered lakes, or the marshes about the inlet and outlet
of Lake ]\Laxinkuckee.

The catchment basin of the lake is quite small. At its head
is a little draw or ravine which, in wet weather, brings down
water about 2 miles. There are a few ditches also running into
the lake. The outlet is jieriodic, dry at the time the lake was
visited, Ijut during wet weather connecting with a small creek
at its west end. The outlet is called Bluegrass Creek. This
flows into Indian Creek which takes a course nearly due west to
the Tippecanoe, of which it is a tributary.

Although, as has been said, Fletcher Lake quite closely
resembles some of the Twin Lakes in general outline, it differs
from them, Holem Lake in particular, in having firm shores.
There is no fine sand beach such as is characteristic of Lake
Maxinkuckee.

Just as the soil and shore differ sonu'what from Lake Mnxin-
kuckee, so does the land vegetation. No collections were made
in the short time spent there, l)Ut the following notes were taken:

Among the sedges, the low sedge {Cyperus dinndrus) and the
straw-colored sedge (C. strir/o^ns) , common beach plants at Lake
INIaxinkuckee, are here i)resent also, as is also the little com-
posite, Edi'pta rdba. The cocklebur and barnyard grass, both
of which form a pretty continuous fringe about Lake Maxin-
kuckee, are here uncommon or wanting; but, as lake shore
vegetation varies considerably from year to year this is not nec-
essarily a constant difference. The rough sedge (Cyperus

Evermann cC' Chirk. — Fletcher Lake, Indiana. 83

inflexus}, which is very rare at Lake Maxinkuckee, and not very
near the lake, was rather common on the shore at Fletcher
Lake, and Hemiairpha micrantha, a delicate little Imlrush-like
sedge, which was not found at Lake Maxinkuckee, was found to
be rather common. The naturalized bittersweet nightshade,
Solanum didramara, which is not present near Lake Maxin-
kuckee, but which grows in abundance in a tamarack swamp
several miles west of that lake, Avas common near tlie shore of
Fletcher Lake and conspicuous liy reason of its scarlet berries.
The leafy bulrush, Scirpiis pob/phylhis, a plant of rathei" erratic
distribution, not found at all at Eagle Lake or Lake INLaxin-
kuckee, but seen in scattered clumps at others, was found here.
The soapwort gentian ( Gciitiana sapona.ria) grows in considerable
abundance near the lake. Other plants which enter into a
general picture of the region, are the clumps of low willows,
tangles of drop-seed grass {Muhlenberghia^, and arrow-leaved
tear thumb {Polygonum sagittativm} , Carolina rose (J?osa Carolina),
tall blue verl)ena (Verbena hastata), imtches of pepi:)ermint
(^Mentha piperita), stretches of sticktight (Bidens connata) now
brown and bristling, clumps of Cornus {Corniis sericea), bunches
of iron weed (Vernonia fasriciilata) and fragrant goldenrod
(Euthamia graminifoiia) . Along the marshy portions and at
places near shore were blue flags and Eleocharis, and tangles of
swamp loosestrife {Decodon verticellata) and patches of cattails
{Typha latifolia).

The aquatics with emersed leaves, the spatterdock or yellow
pond lily (Nymphsea ndrena), the grass-leaved arrowhead
(Sagittaria graminea) most of the leaves of which were sub-
mersed, the creeping spike-rush {Eleocharis palustris) , the shining
pond weed (Potamogeton Ivcens), the white water lily {Castalia
odorata), the bulrushes {Scirpus lacustris and S. americanus) and
the pickerel-weed {Pontederia cordata) are confined to a narrow
belt on account of the set-off in the bottom near shore. The
aquatics with submerged leaves, among which were thewhorled-
leave<l milfoil {Mt/riophylluvi verticillatum) , hornwort {Ccra-
tophyllum demersum), the ditch nioss {Philotria canadensis), Naias,
water marigold iBideiis lieckii), fennel-leaved pond weed i Pota-
mogeton pectinatus) and the eel-grass pondweed {Potamogeton
zostersefolius) , were exceedingly abundant; so much so that
masses of them, especially Philotria, collected in great rolls

84 Evermann d' Clark. — Fletcher Lake, Indiana.

before the net and interfered seriously with seining operations.
Various algae, among which were Chara, Spirogi/ra and Mcsocarjms,
were quite abundant; on the Chara grew considerable attached
Rividaria.

The water of Fletcher Lake was at tlie time of our visit a
clear lively green like that of Lake Maxinkuckee, and without
the yellowish cast characteristic of Eagle Lake. No plankton
was collected.

A number of soundings and bottom temperatures were
recorded. The only vessels of any kind on the lake were about
a dozen flat-bottomed boats, excellent for cruising aliout near
shore, but very difficult to row straight and hard to keep in
place, especially during a wind, such as prevailed at the time.
However, it is l)elieved that the soundings taken are sufficient
to determine the maximum depth and general topography of
the lake bottom.

Several lines of soundings were run and temperatures taken
as follows:

1. A line on the long axis and in the center of the lake from

east to west. Depths in feet— 22.5, 35, 3L5, 33.5, 34,
16.5. Bottom temperatures in fahrenheit degrees: 51°,
47.1°, 47.9°, 48.5°, 47°, 64.4°. Temperature of air, 77°.

2. A line on the long axis, from east to west, taking a sounding

at every 10 oar-strokes. Each stroke carried the l)oat
about 5 feet, thus puttii:»g the soundings at intervals of
about 50 feet. Depths in feet— 5, 22, 34, 34, 34, 32, 32,
34, 32, 32, 34, 40, 41, 40, 33, 28, 28, 30, 28, 26, 32, 38,
40, 40, 37, 30, 28, 15, 5.

3. A line ffuiu south to iiortli about 200 feet east of tbc west

end. Depths in feet— 15, 11), 24, 34, 38, 38, 33, 30, 21,
16, 6.

4. A line from north to south beginning about 200 feet east of

north end of line 3, ami ending about oOO feet east of
soutli end of line 3. Depths— 5, 14, 19, 24, 28, 28, 28,
28, 29, 29, 2S, 30, 31, 35, 34, 31, 21, 14.

5. A line from the cami) site on south shore to a point on shore

400 feet east of the brick house. Depths— 8, 19, 21, 27,
, ^0, 32, 30, 26, 20, 20, 17, 12, 2.

Evermann d, Clark. — Fletcher Lake, Indiana. 85

6. "A line from north to south parallel to line 5, but about 300
feet east of it. Depths— S, 17, 10, 22, 26, 28, 28, 29,
28, 28, 25, 20, 16, 6.

7. A line north from the boat-landing near Hall's house.

Depths— 2, 12, 18, 24, 36, 40+, 40+, 34, 32, 12, 3.

8. A line from the ice-house on north side near the church

southwest to Hall's boat-landing. Depths — 7, 16, 19,
20, 20, 22, 26, 26, 24, 24, 26, 28, 27, 30, 32, 38, 39, 41,
42, 41, 41, 40, 38.

The lake seems to occupy a long, narrow trough, with abrupt
sides all around and with pretty uniform depth. There are 2
deep holes, — one just off Hall's landing and another about the
same distance from the west end of the lake. The depth in
each of these scarcely exceeds 40 feet, — the greatest found in
the eastern being 42 feet, and 40 feet in the western.

The abruptness of the descent all around tlie lake is worthy
of note, as this lake in tliis regard differs markedly from Lake
Maxinkuckee.

The water of Fletcher Lake is unusually cold.' The bottom
temperature is about 2 degrees lower than that of Lake Maxin-
kuckee, although the depth is less than half as great. This
greater coldness has its effect on tlie animal and plant life
of the lake. The game and food-fislics are sufficiently numer-
ous as to species and individuals to make it of considerable
interest to local anglers. Of the 22 species of fishes known
from it, at least 14 are food-fishes of some value and at
least 8 possess some game qualities. The most important are
the straw bass, calico bass and the yellow perch. Each of these
is sufficiently abundant to attract many anglers to this beautiful
little lake.

Fauna of Fletcher Lake.

Not much attention was paid to any of the animals of the
lake except the fishes. A large number of dead shells of Fla-
norhis campanidata were seen on shore, and mussels were said to
be pretty abundant iAnodonta grandis), specimens of which were
later sent us by xMr. Joseph Clark Taylor of Logansport. A
number of whirligig beetles were noticed on the surface of the
water, and several cricket frogs were caught.

The following is a list of the fishes known from this lake;

86 Evermann d: Clark. — Fletcher Luke, Indiana.

1. Amia calva Linnpeus.

DOGFISH.

Probably not rare.

2. Ameiurus natalis (Le Sueur).
YELLOW CAT.

Not uncommon.

3. Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur).

COMMON JULLIIEAD.

Common.

Not rare.

4. Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede).

COMMON SL'CKER.

5. Moxostoma aureolum (Le Sueur).

COMMON RED HORSE.

Probably not common.

It is said that the suckers and redhorse run out to the prairie througli
the outlet during high water in the spring.

6. Campostoma anomalum ( Rafinesque ) .

STONEROLLER.
Our collection contains one specimen, o.o inches long.

7. Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque).

BLUNT-NOSED MINNOW.

Common. We have in our collection 7 specimens ranging in length
from 3 to ?).") inches.

S. Abramis crysoleucas (]\Iitchill).

(GOLDEN SHINER; ROACH.

Abundant. We have 21 specimens, from 3 to 4 inches long. The peri-
toneum is blackish. There are a few encysted trematodes in the skin
(Dtplostoinum), 5 fishes being affected; 4 with 1 and 1 with 4 of these
trematodes. The stomach of one specimen examined contained a consid-
erable amount of Spyrogyra (well disintegrated), a species with short
cells, and a few insect remains.

0. Notropis whipplii ((iirard).

SILVERFIX.

There are 2 specimens in the collection, each about ."5)4 inches long.
10. Erycimba buccata Cope.

C A \' E RN-J A W !•: I) M I N N (> W .

One specimen 3J^ inches long was procured.

11. Lucius vermiculatus (Le Sueur).

(JRASS I'IKE.

Rather common.

12. Fundulus notatus (Rafinesque).
TOP MINNOW.

Our collection contains 4 specimens from 1>^ to 2 inches long. All are

Evermann cC Clark. — FUicher Lake, IiuUana. 87

immature, and have the rudimentary cross-hars still present making the
lateral band very irregular in nutline. The short bars are vertical on the
anterior part of the iisli but on the caudal peduncle they slant backward.

13. Fundulus dispar (Agassiz).

TOP MIXXOW.

One specimen obtained.

14. Pomoxis sparoides Lacepede.

CALICO HASS.

There are two specimens in the collection 3 and 3)^ inches long. These
are rather slender and have the l^lotclies on the sides arranged more or
less regularly in bars or rings, in this respect quite closely resembling P.
annularis. One, however, has 7 dorsal spines and the other 8. They are
locally called crap]>ie.

15. Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque).

ROCK BASS

Probably common.

16. Cheenobryttus gulosus (C'uvier & Valenciennes).

WARMOUTII; MUD BASS.

One specimen i% inches long. It is probably common here..
17. Lepomis pallidas (Mitchill).

BLIEGILL.

Very common, i>ut reacliing a small size.

IS. Eupomotis heros (Baird & Giranl).

We have 4 specimens each about 5 inches long. It appears to be one
of the most common fishes here. I\Ir. Hall called them " Goggle-eye."

lit. Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede).

STRAW BAS.S.

Young examples 4 or 5 inches long were very common. Good-sized
fishes of this species are often caught, though fishing is said to Ije poor
this year. The small-mouth black bass does not occur in this lake,

20. Perca flavescens (Mitchill).

YELLOW I'ERCH.

Very abundant.

21. Etheostoma hildebrandti Evermann & Clark sp. nov.

Among the daVters collected is one which was identified in the field as
Etheostoma -iowac, but which, on closer examination, proves to belong to
an undescribed species.

It may be described as follows:

Head 3.78 in length; depth 6.52; eye 3.96 in head; snout o.ito in iiead
or 1.5 in eye; mandible 2.97; interorbital 5.97 or equal to snout; preor-
bital 7.93; D. VIII-9; A II, 7; scales 5-63-8, 26 developed tubes and
about 15 more rather faint pores.

Body slender and elongate, somewhat compressed, the caudle peduncle
long and slender; head rather long when considered in its entirety but

88

Erermrnii} t(- Clark. — fhtrher Lake, Indiana.

short and bhint anteriorly, the snout short and rounded; jaws about
equal; mouth small, nearly horizontal, the tip of maxillary reaching
about to anterior edge of \m\A\ ; eye large, placed high.

Scales small, the first row on the back above rather smaller and irregu-
larly i)laced; cheeks, opercles, and breast well scaled; belly with ordinary
scales.

Spinous dorsal rather high, highest anteriorly, the longest spine 2 in
head, the spines slender, the edge of the mendjrane fornjing straight
chords joining the spines near their tips; the base of the lin 1.20 in head
and covering about 14 rows of scales; dorsals well separated, the space
between them 4.25 in head and covering about 3 rows of scales; soft dor-
sal rather high and rounded, its longest ray equal to the longest spine, 2
in head, the base of the lin 1.32 in head and covering about 15 rows of
scales; anal fin rather large, its first spine 2.97 in head, the second spine
considerably shorter; the base of the fin 2.38 in head, covering 7 rows of
scales; pectoral long, acutely rounded, reaching to tip of ventral or half-
way to vent; ventrals rather short, acutish, their length 1.25 in head;
caudal rather acute, its length 1.4.S in head.

Fig. 1.
Elheostomn hihh'brandti Evonnann it Clark. Type.

Ground color, straw-yellow ; sides blotched all over with irregular ])rown
blotches; a series of rather elongate blotches along middle of side; belly
plain; dorsals, caudal and jiectorals with l)lotches consisting of dots,
lines and minute punctulations <>n tlie rays, these somewhat elongate on
the caudal and roundish on the other fins; these dots arranged in rather
zigzag bars; a dark streak downward from the eye.

This darter differs from E. iowtr, to wliicli it a|)pears to be mo.st closely
related, in the well scaled breast and tlu' more slender form.

The type (about 2% inches long) is No. (54, OK), U. 8. National ^Tusemn.

We take pleasure in naming this n(MV species for our friend, ^Ir. John J.
Ilildeltrandt oi Logansport, Indiana, an enthusiai^tic angler and a good
naturalist.

22. Microperca punctulata rutnam.

l.KAST D.VliTKU.

We have in our collection 1 specimen (^f this species about 13<2 inches
long.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 89-90 May 27, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW GENUS OF AMPHIBIA SALIENTIA FROM

DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
BY THOMAS BARBOUR.

Not long ago I procured a small series of Papuan reptiles
taken by Mr. Pratt at Fak Fak, New Guinea. One of the two
water snakes (^Natrix mairii) showed a large swelling along its
midregion and a single cut revealed the subject of this notice.

Pomatops gen. nov. Engystomatidarum.

Pupil large, round. Tongue large, much longer than broad, entire,
free on sides and behind to a considerable extent. Palate with two feebly
developed papillose ridges, curving forward, deep in the entrance of the
oesophagus. Tympanum hidtlen. Fingers and toes quite free, their
tips very slightly dilated. No precoracoids ; no omosternum; sternum
small and cartilaginous. Diapophy.ses of sacrum scarcely dilated at all.
Terminal phalanges T shaped. The most interesting feature of this new
form is the development of the eyelids. The upper eyelids are involved
in a flap of skin extending for some distance anterior and posterior to
the position of the eye. These flaps are sufficiently developed so that
they may be laid down and thus completely cover the whole eye. Two
semilunar shaped white spots one below the position of each eye give
the creature the appearance of l)eing open-eyed even when the folds of
skin along the sides of tlie head are down and the eyes are thus quite
hidden.

Pomatops valvifera sp. nov.

Type : A single example, well preserved. Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool. 2577.

Taken from the stomach of a specimen of Natrix xiairii (Ciray) from
Fak Fak, North we.stern Dutch New Guinea. The snake was caught
there by Mr. A. E. Pratt, the well known zoological collector.

Hal)it rather slender. Head short, snout not prominent, mouth ratlier
small, eyes directed laterally. I^imbs moderate; tlrst linger shorter than
second; outer toe longer than inner; subarticular tubercles very indis-
tinct; metatarsal tubercles wanting. The hind limb being carried

20— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, 1910. (89)

90 Barbour — A Neiv Genus of Amphibia Salientia.

forward along tlie body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the posterior
border of the eye. Skin of both upper and lower surfaces smooth.
Color : Upper surface of body and limbs slaty gray with lighter marblings ;
lower surface ochraceous buff, varying to l)oth a lighter and darker shade.
This curious and interesting find suffered a little by having been
swallowed, in that it is difficult to reconstruct the exact condition of the
sternum as well as the general habit in life. The fore limbs lay forward
along the sides of the head and the hind liiiil)s were stretched out behind
so that the whole creature was pressed out longitudinally. The skin is
only broken on the upper surface of one thigh, where it was evidently
ripped by a tooth. The snake from which it was taken is a water loving
form. There seems no reason to suppose that Pomaptops is a water frog.
Burrowing habits are suggested by the protections to the eyes. This
makes the tenth genus of Engystomatidae, so far as known confined to
Papua.

Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIH. I'JIU.

Plate I.

V

6

E. N. FISCHER, DEL.

HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON.

PoMAToi's VAi.vrFf:RA Pjarbour.

of head with I'.ve fl.il) rai.se<l artiticiiilly. Fig. 4. Lower surface of right pes. x 3.

Fig. 5. Dorsal view of type, x 1%.

Fig. 1. .'^ide view

X 3.
Fig. 2. Same but with eye Hap naturally depressed, x :!. Fig. 0. Interior of liuccal eavity. x ;i.

Fig. :!. Lower surface of right uianus. x 3.

Fig. 7. .Sternum, x 4.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 91-94 May 27, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

ON THE NATURE OF THE TEETH IN CTENOID

SCALES.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL AND EVELYN V. MOORE.

In the course of our examination of a number of ctenoid
scales, Ave have come to the conclusion that the teeth arise
through the modification of the apical ends of vertical circuli,
i.e., circuli which in the apical region retain their primitive ver-
tical position. It is not evident that they have anything to do
with the radii. In very highly specialized ctenoid scales, such
as those of Dlstlchodus among the Characinidee, or Rhinogobius
among the Gobiidse (these two genera, though so little related,
have the same kind of apical teeth), the teeth form a separate
fringe which appears to have no intimate connection with the
rest of the scale. From the study of such as these, the true
nature of the ctenoid feature could not be made out, but it is

mm

Fig. 1.

Scale of Neomxnis griscus, showing at left.

connection of lateral with apical circuli.

admirably shown in the Characinid, Citharidium ansorgii, in

which the comparatively few and remote teeth are seen to be

continuations of vertical apical circuli, supplemented by the con-

21— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII. 1910. (i>l)

92 Cockerell and Moore — Nature of Teeth in Ctenoid Scales.

vergence and coalescence of those immediately adjacent. The
few genuine radii in this scale are between the teeth, and in the
figure one is seen crossing the circuli obliquely.

The Lutianid, Neomxnis griseusO^-), and the Hpemulid, Aniso-

Fig. 2.
Scale of Anisotremus rirginicus, showing connection of vertical
circuli witli teeth (left) and connection of lateral with apical
cixculi (right).

tremus virginicKS (L.), (scales of l)oth from Tampa, Florida,
kindly sent by Dr. S. Graenicher) illustrate the same thing in
a different way. The jointed lines radiating at the apex are not
radii, but modified circuli. Their connection with the lateral
circuli can be distinctly made out as is shown in our figures.

Fig. ;i.
Portion of scale of Citharidium ansorgii, showing
a lateral apical tooth, A' R. on radius, other
ma risings circuli.

It follows from the above theory that a scale with completely
transverse apical circuli, such as that of Argyrosomus, can not
be and can not l)ecome ctenoid. The reason why there are no
ctenoid Cyprinid scales seems to be, that the group has advanced

Cockerell and Moore — Nature of Teeth in Ctenoid Scales. 93

too far along the line of modification in regard to the circuli to
be able to produce them. The more primitive Characinidse,
however, have been able to develop marginal teeth more than
once, independently.

According to our view, a scale can not have marginal teeth,
and transverse circuli running below them. Thus Sebastodes and
Pomotis have scales with similar basal radii, and in many-
respects alike, but Sebastodes has vertical apical circuli, and is
ctenoid, while Pomotis has them transverse and is absolutely
cycloid .

Vol. XXIII, pp. 95-98 May 27, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE ,''.

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

ON THE TYPE SPECIMEN OF THE CRINOID DESCRIBED
BY MtJLLEPv AS ALECTO PURPUREA.

BY AUSTIN HOBART CLARK.

In the year 1843 Professor Johannes Miiller described, under
the name of Alecto purpurea, a supposedly new comatulid which
had been brought from Australia by Preiss. No further men-
tion of this form is found until 1884 when Professor F. Jeffrey
Bell, in reporting upon the collections made in northeastern
Australia by the Alert, tentatively identified some of his speci-
mens with it. Dr. P. H. Carpenter, in the preparation of the
Challenger report upon the comatulids, visited Berlin, and was
able personally to examine Miiller 's original specimen. From
an examination of the notes which he made from it, he decided
that it represented the species which was originally diagnosed by
Linntfius in 1758, on the basis of an example from the Indian
Ocean still preserved at Lund, as Asterias pectinata . Carpenter's
verdict has been everywhere accepted as final, and Miiller 's
Alecto purpurea has been allowed to lapse into the synonomy of
the Linnsean Asterias pectinata, the Comatida pectinata as now
understood.

The authorities of the Berlin Museum have recently been so
kind as to submit to me for study, in connection with the
material in the U. S. National Museum, their entire collection
of recent crinoids, and they had the generosity to include such
of the old Miillerian types as are in their possession. It is
needless to remark that this act of courtesy on their part has
placed me under the greatest obligation to them. All who
have studied the recent crinoids know that many of Miiller's
descriptions, written nearly 70 years ago, are very difficult to

22— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, 1910. (95)

96 Clark — On the Type Specimen of Alecto Purpurea.

appreciate, and in some cases his original diagnoses have never
been revised, so that the identification of certain of his forms is
now more or less a matter of guesswork. Carpenter placed
some of Miiller's species in the synonomy of earlier species
described either by him or l)y Lamarck, without any notes in
regard to the type specimens. While in most cases this course
was no doubt justified, increasing knowledge in regard to the
differential specific characters of comatulids has raised certain
questions as to the propriety of his action in so doing in one or
two instances, and it has thus become imperative that Miiller's
types be reexamined, and described and figured along the lines
followed in the systematic work of the present day. Through
the kindness of the Berlin Museum I have been placed in so
fortunate a position as to be able to do this Avith the types in
their possession, and I take this opportunity of acknowledging
my deep indebtedness therefor to that institution, and in par-
ticular to Drs. W. W'eltner and R, Hartmeyer.

Professor Miiller's systematic work on the comatulids, con-
sidering his limited amount of material, was exceptionally good.
Most of his descriptions even at the present day leave little to
be desired, being far more detailed and accurate than very
many of those subsequently drawn up by others. But he very
rarely gave any comparative notes; each of his descriptions he
regarded as a unit which needed no comparison with any other
similar unit. This has resulted in one or two instances in the
suppression of a species which, had a comparison with other
allied species been given, would have been recognized as valid.

Alecto purpurea belongs to the Comasterida^ falling in the
subfamily Comactiniina^ and in the genus Comatula as now
understood. It is a rather small species, and is most nearly
related to C. fxrtinata from which, however, it is quite distinct,
being separal)l(' at once by the curious segregation of its cirri,
which are from five to ten in number and occur singly oi- in
pairs in the intei-radial angles of the centrodorsal, those of C.
pectinnta occurring in an, irregular row all around the margin.
I have examined a large number of specimens of C. purpurea,
all from Queensland, and compared them with some dozens of
C. pectinata from all parts of its range, and have never had any
difficulty in difT(>rentiating them. The type sju'cinien may be
described as follows:

Clark — On the Type Specimen of Alecto Purpurea. 97

Alecto purpurea J. Miiller.

Alecto purpurea J. ^Iui.i.er, Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1843,
I, p. 132 (New Holland).

Centrodorsal a small thin disk, with the sliglitly concave dorsal pole
about 1 mm. in diameter.

Cirri broken; ten cirrus stumps remain, the longest 5.5 mm. long with
ten segments, the first short, the remainder about one-third broader than
long. The cirri are segregated in the interradial angles of the centro-
dorsal .

Radials very short, just appearing beyond the centnidorsal ; i Bri and
I Br2 very closely united, appearing externally as if united l)y syzygy,
when taken together broadly pentagonal, twice as broad as long; i Bri
laterally united; i Br2 (axillary) triangular, the lateral angles not in
aijpositioii.

Alecto purpurea J. Miller; the type in the Berlin Museum.

Ten arms 70 mm. long; first two brachials tmited by what appears to
be a perfect syzygy, forming a wedge shaped pair about twice as broad as
long in the median line; the first l^rachial is short with its proximal and
distal edges parallel, and the second is triangular, twice as broad as the
exterior length; third and fourth ])rachials united by syzygy, forming a
short nearly oblong pair about twice as broad as the maximinn length;
following three brachials short, slightly wedge shaped, nearly three times
as broad as long, the following becoming triangular, twice as broad as
long, with the anterior edge slightly concave and the exterior slightly
convex. The V)rachials gradually increase in length distally, and in the
outer part of the arm become wedge shaped, and distally about as long as
broad. In the median line of the dorsal surface of the arm there runs a
narrow low rounded carination which is rather prominent and is continued
to the arm tip. The arms increase slightly in diameter to the twelfth or

98 Clark — On the Type Specimen of Alerto Parpurea.

fourteenth brachials, then taper slowly distally. Syzygies occur between
the third and fourth brachials, again between the eleventh and twelfth to
thirteenth and fourteenth (usually in the latter position) and sixteenth
and seventeenth or seventeenth and eighteenth (usually in the latter
position) and distally at intervals of from three to five (usually four)
oblique muscular articulations.

The pinnules resemble those of Comntula peclinata ; the second segment
of the second and third is more or less enlarged and carinate dorsally,
most marked on the former; the third segment is similarly, l)ut inucli
less noticeably, modified.

Color, deep purple.

Type locality. — New Holland. The type is in the Berlin .Aluseum.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 99-100 May 27, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

GENERAL NOTES.

A NOTE REGARDING THE GREEN ANOLIS FROM THE NORTH-
ERN BAHAMAS.

In December, 1904, I reported on a collection of reptile.s from the
Bahama islands (Bulletin Mus. Comp. ZooL, Vol. 46, 1904, p. 55-61). I
then surmised that the specimens called Anolis porcatiis Gray were really
(lifterent from that Cuban species. Last year while in Cuba I collected
series from Santiago, Puerto Principe, and near Havana, which, added to
the small material previously available, makes it possible to present a con-
firmation of the suspicion of distinctness between Bahaman and Cuban
specimens.

In 1894 Cope (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1894, p. 4?.2) described A.
principalis brunnevs as a new subspecies from Crooke<l Island. Now,
even though no topotypes of this form are available for comparison, but
judging from what we know regarding the distribution of Bahaman
lizards, there seems no reason to believe that the specimen which Cope
had was different from the examples before me from New Providence and
Andros islands. The Bahaman specimens then should stand £ls a distinct
species, which may be known as A. brunneus Cope. They may be distin-
gui-ihed from Cuban examples by a much smaller size; the ab.sence of the
prominent sky-blue markings on the head and neck of the male; and the
more weakly developed longitudinal rugae of the rostrum. The snout of
small specimens oiA. porratus is somewhat shorter than in the specimens
of A. hrnnneiis of a similar size; but otherwise they are almost identical.
The adult Cuban male sjjecimens can, of course, l)e distingui.-ihed at once
in life by the brilliant V)lueness of their heads, a color which I have not
observed them to change.

^tejneger in his paper onBatrachians and Land Reptiles of the Baha-
man Islands (in "The Bahaman Islands," New York, 1905, the :\Iacmil-
lan Company, p. 382) says: "The Bahaman specimens are very close to
the Cuban ones, though I have a strong suspicion that eventually they
may be found to be separable. So much is certain, however, that the
Bahaman form is in no way directly connected with A. carolinensis, but
that its relationship is with Gray's A. porcatas."

It is interesting to note that the suspicion which was expressed by both
Dr. Stejneger and my.self regarding the distinctness of these two forms
is confirmed; but while there seems no reason to doubt the derivation

•23— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. Vol. XXIII. 1910. (y.t)

100 General Notes.

of .1. hninneiii^ from A. porrntuf;^ a? Stejnojrer lias suggested, it should be
noticed that A. hrunneus is much more similar to A. carolinensis than is
A. porcatus.

— Thomas Barbour/

ELEUTHERODACTYLUS RICORDII IN FLORIDA.

Tlie capture of a specimen of Eleutherodactylus rirordii (Dumeril et
Bil)ron) at Eau Gallic about the center of the East Coast of Florida in
January of this year was a great surprise as I am reasonably familiar with
the fauna of this locality. Cope in his Check List of North American
Batrachia and Reptilia (Bull. 1, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1875, p. 31) records it
from Southern Florida, Cuba and Bahamas. Boulenger (Cat. Batr. Sal.,
1882, p. 218) gives a similar distribution though he had seen no specimens.
Later Cope writing again in his Batrachia of North America (Bull. 34,
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 318) says "A single specimen from Key AVest,
Florida, is now in the National Museum. Its proper habitat is Cuba."
This seems to be the single capture upon the strength of which Southern
Florida has generally been included in the area of its occurrence.

The Eau Gallie example differs in no wise from Bahaman and Cuban
individuals plenty of which are available here in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology for comparison.

Stejneger has remarked on the identity of Cuban and Floridan examples
(The Bahama Islands, New York, The Macmillan Co., 1905, p. 331). He
informs me that there is no specimen in the National Museum from Key
West, but one old one lal)eled " Southern Florida" and four others more
recently received from Lemon City.

That this form has reached Florida fortuitously and in very recent times
there can l)e no doubt whatever. The questions of the speed of its dispersal
and whetlier it retains permanently its identity with West Indian examjiles
are of very vital interest. This note is ofl'ered with the hope that collec-
tors may be on the watch for this species and that they may record speci-
mens that have or wiiicli may in future come to their notice.

— Thoinna Barhonr.

OX THE XA:\IE OF THE TRINIDAD CCEREBA.

The yellow-breasted honey-crec'iter from Triniilad was iianied C. [ifrchn]
trinitatis l)y Lowe (]l)is, Oct., 1907, 56()), l)ut unfortunately Bonaparte
(Comp. Rendus, 38, 1854, 258) gave the same name to the blue honey-
creeper, now known as Cyanerpes crrnlra trinitatis (cf. Hellmayr. Nov.
Zool. xiii, 1906, 8). As this leaves the yellow-breasted bird from Trini-
dad, if distinct from C. Inteola, without a name it may be calh'd Cn'reba
htleola hcUtiiinirl.

—J. II. Riley.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 101-102 June 24, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW MICROSOREX FROM THE VICINITY OFn^^ ^-/as'
WASHINGTON, D. C. \^ #

BY EDWARD A. PREBLE.

On April 25, 1903, while searching for salamanders in com-
pany with W. H. Osgood and W. P. Hay on the Virginia shore
of the Potomac above Plunnner's Island, I dislodged from the
decayed interior of a large fallen log a tiny shrew. The rarity
of any species of long-tailed shrew in the vicinity of Washington
caused me to take special pains in preserving the specimen.
Later, when I examined it carefully, I was surprised to find that
it belonged to the genus Microsorex, hitherto unknown to occur
south of Ohio and New York. It was apparent that the specimen
represented an undescribed form, but its characterization was
deferred in the hope that other specimens would be detected.
This did not occur until January 24 of the present year, when
William Fink of Berwyn, Maryland, found a second specimen
in the decayed heart of a dead chestnut tree, which he cut from
a dry hillside at some distance from water. He presented it to
the U. S. National Museum, and owing to the courtesy of the
curator of mammals it has been loaned to me for study. Unfor-
tunately the condition of the specimen at the time it reached the
museum precluded its being made into a skin, and it was put
into alcohol. Consequently it is not possible to describe the
color of the winter pelage. It was carefully measured while in
the flesh, however, and the skull was removed. Since it agrees
closely in measurements and skull characters with the original
specimen, there remains no doubt as to the advisability of
describing the species, which may be known as

Microsorex winnemana sp. nov.

Type from Fairfax County (hank of Potomac River near Stubblefield
Falls), Virginia. No. 126,320 U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey

24— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII. 1910. (101)

102 Preble — A New Mlcrosorex from Vicinity of Washington, D. C.

Collection. 9 young adult, skin and skull. Collected by Edward A.
Preble, April 25, 1903.

General chnrncters. — Similar to Mirrnaorex hoyi, l)ut considerably
smaller; braincase proportionally higher and more rounded.

(.'olor. — Upperparts grayish brown, slightly tinged about head and face
with ochraceous ; lowerparts ashy-gray, the line of demarcation being quite
distinct; tail bicolor, the upper surface like the back, the lower silvery
gray. The type is apj^arently in summer pelage, and tlie hair is much
shorter than that of the Berwyn specimen, taken in winter.

Cranial anddentnl characters. — Compared with skulls of Microsorexhoyi
from Elk River, ■Minnesota, assumed to be typical, the skull oi Microsorex
winnemana is decidedly smaller; the braincase more rounded and rela-
tively higher; the rostrum proportionally shorter and lighter, and in
consequence the teeth much crowded, the minute third unicuspid being
detected with difficulty. The teeth do not differ essentially in shape
■from those of Mlcrosorex hoyi.

Measurements. — Type measured in flesh: Total length, 78; tail verte-
brae, 28; hind foot, 9 (in M. hoyi 10 to 10.5 mm.). The specimen from
Berwyn, ^Maryland, measured: 86; 29; 9.5. Skull of type: Greatest
length, 13.8; breadth of braincase, 6. Skulls of M. hoyi measured ap-
proximately 15.5 by 7 mm.

Remarks. — Microsorex winnemana is the smallest species of shrew (and
therefore the smallest mammal) thus far discovered in America. Tlie
specific name vjinnemnna (l)eautiful island) is in allusion to Plummer's
Island, the home of the Washington Biologists' Field Club, near 'which
the type specimen was taken.

While comparing the Berwyn specimen Gerrit S. INIiller, Jr., and Ned
Ilollister brought to light a peculiar situation regarding the supposed type
of Microsorer hoyi. Baird in his original description oiSorex hoyi ( Rep. Exp.
& Sur. R. R. Pac. VIII, p. 32, 1857) described and listed two specimens,
both from Racine, Wisconsin, an alcoholic (No. 1688), with skull in situ,
and a skin with its skull (No. iW-). in his plate (PI. XXVIII) he figures
the alcoholic (No. 1688), and a skull without number) which would nat-
urally be assumed to belong to the alcoholic. Lyon and Osgood (Bull. 62,
U. S. Nat. Mus. p. 244, 1909), regard No. 1688 as the type. Miller and
Ilollister, however, inform me that No. 1688 is an undoubted Sorex per-
sonatus, as shown by the skull, which has never been removed but has
been partially bared to expose tlie teeth. Since the skull figured l)y Baird
does not belong to No. 1688, it is fair to presume that it represents his
other specimen. No. 1783. It is plain that this skull, which is still in the
U. S. National Museum, should be regarded as the type of Sorex hoyi
Baird, and it is so considered l)y INIiller and Hollister.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 103-104 June 24, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF PIGiMY OWL.
BY E. ^y. NELSON.

The Pigmy owls of the Rock}^ Mountain region of the United
States have heen considered to be true Glaiicidium gnoma which
was described from "Mexico." Specimens in the collections
of the Biological Survey and the U. S. National Museum show,
however, that typical G. gnnma is limited to the mountains
about the southern end of the Mexican Tableland (and prol)ab]y
southward) while the bird of the Sierra ]Madre of northern
Mexico and of the Rocky Mountains in the United States is a
recognizable subspecies, which is described below.

QIaucidium gncma pinicola sub,sp. nov.

ROtKY MOINTAIN I'lGMV OWL.

Typp from Alma, New Mexico; No. 20(3,021, $, U. S. National :Mn-
seiim (Biological Survey Collection) ; collected December 25, 1908, by Clay
Hunter.

DIstrihvtion. — Rocky IMountaiii region of tbe United States and the
Sierra Madre of northwestern ^Mexico.

Snbsi'enfic charni ters. — Much larger and grayer than true G. (/noma.

Remarks. — Glaucidium gnoma Wagler was described from a specimen
in the Wurzluirg Museum collected in " Mexico" by Dr. Petz. No defi-
nite type locality was given but Dr. Petz collected several other birds in
southern Mexico and it is a fair inference that this owl came from the
same region. This supposition is confirmed by the description of the type
which proves it to be a representative of the small grayish ])ro\vn owl
which inhabits the mountains about the southern border of the ^Mexican
Tableland.

Glaucidium gnoma pinicola is the largest and grayest of the subspecies.

Glaucidium gnoma californicum, intermediate in size between guoma
and jrinicoJa, is the darkest and most red<lish brown of the subspecies.
It occupies coniferous forested areas in the Pacific Coast region of tlie
United States and British Cohimbia.

25— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, 1910. (101?)

104 Nelson — A New Subspecies of Pigmi/ Owl.

True gnoma is more suffused with brownish than pinicola and approaches
in coloration unusually pale specimens of callfornicum. In a series of 11
specimens of pinicola all l)ut one aeree closely in the "jeiieral grayness of
the uppcrparts. A single specimen from Fort Wliiitple, Arizona, however,
is almost as brownish as typical gnoma but may be distinguished by its
larger size.

The following measurements of typical specimens show the differences
in size between the three sul)species:

G. gnoma gnoma, d" (type), "Mexico": Wing, S3; tail, 57; tar-
sus, 19.

G. gnoma californicum, c?, Pescadero, Calif.: AVing, '■X); tail, G7; tar-
sus, 20.

G. gnoma pinicola, d. Flagstaff, Ariz.: Wing, 96; tail, 69; tarsus, 20.

G. gnoma gnoma, $, Huitzilac, Morelos, Mex. : Wing, 91; tail, 59;
tarsus, 19.

G. gnoma californicum, 9, Rockport, Calif.: Wing, 97; tail, 66; tar-
sus, 21.

G. gnoma pinicola, 9, (type) Alma, N. M. : Wing, 101; tail, 72; tar-
sus, 22.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 105-106 June 24, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW HUMMING BIRD FROM THE SIERRA NEVADA
DE SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA.

BY OUTR.IM BANGS.

While Mr. W. \V. Brown, Jr., was collecting birds in 1899 in
the higher parts of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Mavta, Colombia,
he secured at altitudes ranging from 7,500 to 11,000 feet, three
specimens of a Lifresnayea, which at the time I called L'lfres-
nayea said (Delat. and Bource.).

Since then I have compared these skins with many specimens

of L. said and L. lafresnayei (Boiss.) and find that the Santa

Marta mountain bird is quite different froiu either. It may be

known as

Lafresnayea liriope sp. nov.

Tijpe, from Paramo de Chiruqua, 11,000 feet altitude, Sierra Nevada
de Santa Marta, Colombia, adult cJ*, No. 6216, Bang.s Coll., Museum of
Comparative Zooloofy. Collected February 25, 1899, by W. W. Brown, Jr.

CJinrarterx. — With the rectrices ( except of course the middle pair) icliite,
below the dark tips, as in L. saul, but with the bill nearly straight as in L.
lafresnayei (which has the rectrices yellow below the dark tips) very dif-
ferent from the much curved bill of L. saul; central pair of rectrices and
longer upper tail coverts, strong greeni.sh coppery, in marked contrast to
color of back. In all skins I have examined of L. saul the central rec-
trices and upper tail coverts are green, concolor with back. In most
skins of L. lafresnayei the central rectrices are slightly bronzy, not so
much so however as in the Santa JMarta form, but this character and
the straighter bill would seem to indicate, that in spite of liaving a white
tail the new l)ird is really more nearly related to the yellow-tailed L.
lafresnayei than to L. sanl.

MEASinUiMEXTS.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

Wing.

Tail.

Kxposod
Ciilnien.

6216
6217
6218

9

Santa Marta Mts. 1 1 ,000 ft.
" 7,500 ft.
" 9,000 ft.

64.

6:5.

62.5

;-]S.

37.5
88.

24.

24.5

24.5

2G— Pkoc. Bioi,. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, 1910.

(105)

Vol. XXIII, pp 107-108 June 24, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW TINAMOU FROM LAKE TITICACA.
BY OUTRAM BANGS.

Among the birds collected for the Museum of Comparative
Zoology by Mr. S. Garman at Lake Titicaca, where in 1875 he
accompanied Dr. Alexander Agassiz in his explorations of this
lofty sheet of water, were two examples of a Nothura.

Dr. J. A. Allen, in his list of the birds of the expedition
(Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. Ill, p. 355, July, 1876), referred
these specimens to Notlioprocta hranickii Tacz, thus obscuring
until now the fact of the occurrence of a Nothura on the western
side of the great Andean divide.

As might be expected from its isolated position — no other
member of the genus occurring nearer it than in the high plateau
of southern Bolivia east of the Cordillera Real — the Lake Titi-
caca " Perdiz " is a very distinct species. In memory of the
great naturalist who undertook the expedition, during which
the specimens were secured, it may be known as —

Nothura agassizii sp. nov.

Tiipe from Moho, on the iiortheru border of Lake Titicaca, adult (not
sexed) No. 24,295 Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool. Collected (between Jan. 1
and March 5) 1S75 by S. Garman.

C/iarflc/er.s.— Belonging to the section of the genus characterized by
very fine spottings and vcrmiculations of the upper parts, that inchides
N. boraquira (Spix) of Brazil and western Argentina and iV. darvnni
Gray of Patagonia; upper parts much blacker than in either of these,
the vermiculations very fine and tlie pale edges of the feathers very
narrow; under parts pale— exactly bufi" of Ridgway; the dark markings
on chest and fore neck very pronounced and consisting in wide trans-
verse bars of dusky directly across the feather; whole lower sides and
flanks innnaculate, the dusky markings stopping at sides of breast.
Size about as in N. boraquira, but the tarsus shorter and the toes very
short. Type, unsexed, wing, 140 ; tarsus, 29.5 ; middle toe with claw, 24.5 ;
exposed culmen, 16.5.

27— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, 1910. (107)

Vol XXIII, pp. 109-110 July 23, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

J.ERA LONGICORNIS LUCAS REFERRED TO THE
GENUS STENETRIUM.

BY HARRIET RICHARDSON.

[Collaborator, Division of Marine Invortobratcs, U. S. National Museum.]

In 1849 Henri Lucas described a new species of Jxra which
he called J. longicornis. Recently in referring to the Explora-
tion Scientifiqiie de I'Algerie, where the description was pub-
lished,* I noticed that the form does not belong to the genus
Ji£ra as now understood, but should l)e referred to the genus
Steiietrium Has\vell,t a genus described much later, in 1881,
and of which S. armatum. is the type.

In 1886 Bovallius X established the genus Jaiiwa for Jsera
longicornis, and also placed Jsera filicomis Gxxxhe § in this genus.
Jamna therefore must now be considered a synonym of Stene-
triiim. Beddard || also in 1886 remarks that Jfera longicorixis
has been wrongly assigned to the genus Jsera, but does not
place it in any other genus. Jsera longicornis was first recorded
from Algeria, but has since been found at Lesina in the Adriatic
according to Heller. H

Jsera filicornis Grube was considered by Heller to be identical
with Jsera longicornis. Finally, in 1893, Stebbing** refers to
Jamna longicornis, thus recognizing the genus Jamna.

Dr. H. J. Hansen, tt in his conspectus of the genus Stenetrium,
mentions all tlie species described before 1905, but seems to have

* I, p. 66, IV, pi. 6, fig. 4.

f Proe. Linn. Soc. New Soutli Wales, V, p. 470, pi. XIX, fig. 1.

t Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, XI, No. 15, pp. 22-M.

§Die Insel Lussin, 1864, p. 75.

II Challenger Report, XVII.

IT Verb. K. K. Zool.-bot. Gesellsch. in Wien, XVI, 1806, p. 783.

** Hist. Crust., 1893, p. 379.

■h- Proc. Zool. Soc. London, l',)04. 11, Pt. 2, 190ri, i)p. 316-330, pi. XIX, tigs. 2a-'J/(.

28— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, I'JIO. (109)

110 Richardson — Jxra lunglconiis Lucas.

overlooked Jxra longicornis Lucas. The new species described
by him as 5. mediterraneum is probably a synonym of Stenetrium
iJxra) longicornis, as a comparison of the figures of the two
authors will show.

Since the publication of Hansen's paper, four new species
have been aihhnl to the genus. Stcnetrhni) chlltonl from Ceylon
was described by Stebbing * in 1905, and Nobili t in 1907
described three new species from Polynesia. Stebbing has
referred /S. Inerme to the genus Notasellns PfefTer, so that the
genus Stenetrium now includes the following thirteen species:
5. armatuvi Haswell, »S. fractum Chilton, S. haswelli Beddard,
»S'. stehbingl IJichardson, S. serratum Hansen, S. occidentale
Hansen, S. avtlllcnse Hansen, *S. siamense Hansen, S. chlltonl
Stebbing, »S\ hanseni Nobili, .S. eiicJiinnn N()I)ili, S. ■proximuni
Nobili, and S. longicornis (Lucas).

• Ceylon IVarl Oyster Fislicrics. 1905. Pt. IV, pp. 55-57.
iMfiii. It. Acail. Sc. Torino, (J), .57, l',Kt7, pp. -111-417.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 111-114 July 23, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

r"

UJ L I E

OX THE SCALES OF SOME MALACOPTERYGIAN ^^^

FISHES.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

In the endeavor to trace the evolution and relationsliip of tlie
scales of the Teleosts, and through these of the fishes themselves,
it was obviously necessary to become acquainted with as man}-
as possible of the families and genera of that great assemblage
classed by Boulenger as Malacopterygii, and placed by him at
the base of the Teleostean system. Many of the smaller Mala-
copterygian families, however, consist of fishes which are rare
and difficult to obtain, and I could have made little progress
but for the great kindness of Dr. G. A. Boulenger in sending
me scales of Notopterus, Heterotis, Pantodoyi, Phractolasmus and
Knenia, ''^ aud of Dr. D. S. .Jordan in contributing scales of CJii-
rocentrus. In some future paper I hope to figure all these scales,
but the results of their examination are so interesting that they
deserve to be put on record without delay.

Oslcoghssidx.

Heterotis niloticus Ehrenb. Large oval scales with the exposed portion
thick and corrugated, with a more or less vermiform sculpture; base
rounded or narrowed (as in 3Iormyrid;e), not at all truncate; radial
sculpture throughout a large-meshed network, quite in the manner of
the Mormyrid?e, but better developed, and covering the basal as well
as apical area; circuli resolved into granules, but in the lateral field
remaining as well formed though monilifoim lines. This is the only
scale known to me, outside of the Mormyridae, having the true ]\Ior-
myrid form and pattern. Are we to see in the Osteoglossids the
ancient type from which the IMormyrids came? There is a curious
superficial similarity in the fishes themselves; thus compare Mormy-
rops with Osteoglossum, Dapedoglossus with Petrocephalus. The dif-

' Dr. Boulenger notes that all are from the middle of the side, above the lateral line
29— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI II. UHO. (Ill)

112 Cockerell — Scales of Some Malacopterygian Fishes.

ferences in structure, however, are considerable, and I do not wish
to suggest tliat the scales should count against a positive opinion of
experts in fish-anatomy that the suggested relationship is impossible.
A chance to examine the other three living Osteoglossid genera is
of course eagerly awaited.

Nijtopteridpe.

Notopierus afer Gthr. Elongate (oblong) scales, with rounded corners;
nuclear area far apicad ; circuli extremely tine, the apical transverse ;
apical radii numerous but rudimentary, wholly submarginal ; basal
radii about 22, very long, very well developed, the middle ones inclined
to be wavy; basal margin not at all scalloped. Boulenger compares
this family with the Hiodontida, and the scales are of the same gen-
eral type, although readily separable. They do not at all resemble
those of the Mormyrids or Osteoglossids. In general appearance, tlie
Notopterids are very unlike the Hiodontids.

There is a distinct, even close, resemblance between the scales of
Nutopterus and Gadus. This is singular, because the (ladidfe are sup-
posed to have Ijeen derived from some ]\Iacruroid form, and the 31acru-
ridie are superficially much like the Notopteridte.
Macrurid scaler I have never seen.

rantodontidrc.

Pantodon huchhohi Peters. Scales subcircular, with rounded but evident
laterobasal angles; nuclear area a little apicad of the center; circuli
very well developed, the apical transverse. With a microscope it is
seen that the lateral and basal circuli are moniliform, the inner ones
actually broken into separable minute elements, while the apical cir-
culi are thickened near the nuclear area, much broken beyond, and
lacking in the submarginal field. Kadii few and very strong, more
basal than apical, the latter more or less branched. In the radii, and
general form, this scale is like that of the Alestini and the South Ameri.
can Characinids of the type of Erythrinus, Huplias, Pyrrltulina,
Chalceus, Clialcinus, etc. It is also like one of the groups of Barhu-s.
Boulenger states that the Pantodontidie are closely allied to the Osteo-
glossidie; the scales are very dissimilar, and yet agree well in the
character of the circuli, which in both are moniliform or resolved into

granules.

I'liractuhi'inUUc.

I'liravtolwmus ansorgii Boulenger. Scales also of the Alestiform type,
with very strong laterobasal angles and few very strong railii; the
truncate base is broad and crenulated. The circuli are dense and
strong basally and laterally, but apically are very remarkable, every
third or fourth being strong and conspicuous, while those between
are evanescent, the whole being entirely longitudinal, the strong
ones ending in short triangular teeth on the margin; between these
strong circuli,, in the sul)apical field, are scattered ^^niall circular j)its.

Cockerell — Scales of Some Malacopterygian Fislics. 113

Nowhere are the circuli at all moniliform. From the nucleus a radius
extends on each side laterally, and from it spring three or four
upwardly directed radii, following the lines of the apical circuli; two
of these apical radii may start almost from the nucleus. There are
three or four strong basal radii.

It thus appears that although the scales of Pantodon and Phracto-
Ixnius may both be described, on superficial characters, as Alestiform,
they are extremely diflferent in detail, the whole system of circuli being
diverse. The scale of Phractoliemus is incipiently ctenoid.

Boulenger states tliat the Phractolaemidee are an isolated group,
nearest apparently to the Osteoglossidae.

Kneriidse.

Knerin cameronensis Boulenger. ]\Iinute subquadrate scales of a most
peculiar type. At the sides are widely spaced longitudinal circuli,
about four in number, and basally and apically are widely spaced
radii ; between the basal radii are numerous very irregular but
mainly transverse broken lines, which seem to represent the circuli.
In the middle of the scale, over a large area, the radii and other
markings become very strongly zigzag, producing a very singular pat-
tern. I do not know anything like this, unless it is the Rhodeine
Cyprinidfe, in which the radii become more or less zigzag. There is
a certain suggestion of Umbra, but on comparison it seems to be
fallacious.

This family was formerly placed among the Haplomi, but in Bou-
lenger's work on African fishes follows the Phractolpemida?. The
fishes have a Cobitoid apiiearance, but the scales do not resemble
those of the Cobitids.

Chirocentridse.

Chirocentrus dorah (Forsk.). Cavite, Philippine Islands. Scales alto-
gether Clupeoid, differing however from all Clupeidte seen in having
the apical field with five transverse circuli, much less dense than
those of the basal field, the latter sometimes evanescent. Transverse
radii as in the Clupeids. One scale is elongate, the long basal field
free from circuli, and witli about twelve wholly longitudinal radii,
which do not run to a nucleus, but connect with the apical radii.
This must be abnormal.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 115-122 July 23, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SOLITARY SPADEFOOT

(SCAPHIOPUS HURTERII) FROM TEXAS, WITH

OTHER PIERPETOLOGICAL NOTES.

BY JOHN K. STKECKER, JR.

Baylor Umversitv, \V.\co, Texas.

Cope and otlier herpetological writers have included the
eastern half of the State of Texas in the range of the Solitary
Spadefoot {Sraphinptis hnlbroohii Harlan), hut have cited no
definite localities for specimens.

In June, 1904, the present writer captured a spadefoot of
this type near Refugio, Refugio County, and recorded it as a
" typical example of -S. holbrookii,^^ hut later was uncertain as
to whether he was justified in inserting the word typical. In
as much as this specimen possessed the conspicuous i)arotoid
glands, distinct tympanum, and in a way, general appearance
of the eastern species, in these, particulars diflfering from
S'aphiopus rourhii B. and G. and »S. hainmondii, Baird of the
Sonoran and Central Zoological districts, the reference was, in
a measure, correct. On the other hand it differed from
holhrookil in many particulars, l)eing cliaracterized hy a
peculiarly narrow and compact form, for a Scaphiopiis, and
possessing a remarkahly short and hlunt head.

On the night of April 13, 1910, while collecting toads in and
around temporary hreeding pools on an elm flat about 3i miles
east of the city of A\'aco, I captured a second example of the
same type. By the dim light of a lantern I was at firs't under
the impression — on account of its greenish coloration, tubercu-
lar upper surfaces and high round parotoids — that I had
captureil a large Blc^o pnnrtatus B. and G., and did not realize
the importance of my find until after I had reached the house
on my return.

30— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, 1910. U15)

116 Strecker — A New Spadefoot ivith Other Herpetological Notes.

The temporary pools on the flats were swarming witli
common toads, Itut the spadefoot, a single Lithodytcs latrans
Cope and a large smooth-skinned Ilj/la were found hopping
around among dead leaves a j'ard or more from the water.
Before reaching these pools I could distinguish the voices of
the common toad, the narrow-mouthed toad {Engj/stoma texense
Girard) and a spadefoot. If other specimens of the latter were
present they concealed themselves so effectually that I was
unable to discover them.

This type of spadefoot must be exceedingly rave in Texas.
I have collected and examined hundreds of Scaphiopus in several
sections of the State, Init with the exception of the two above
mentioned, all have been specimens of S. couchli.

I am fully satisfied after making careful comparisons between
mj'' specimens and examples of Scaphiopus hoi hrooki if roin North
Carolina that the Texan form is a distinct species. It requires
comparison only with the eastern spadefoot, from which it may
be distinguished by its more compact form, narrow head, blunt
muzzle, unusually high parotoids, smaller palmar tubercles and
shorter hind limbs. The sides, buttocks, tibia and posterior
portion of the abdomen are covered with tubercles instead of
being almost perfect)}' smooth. The tuljercles on the U])per
surfaces are more uniform in size.

I dedicate this interesting species to Mr. Julius Hurter, the
well-known herpetologist of St. Louis, ^lissouri, in recognition
of his generosity and encouragement to me in my herpetological
studies.

Scaphiopus hurterii sp. iiov.

Plate II, figures 3 and 4.

Type from Waco, Texa^ C^^4 miles east). No. 4179, Baylor Fuiversity
Collection. Adult nuile. April 1."., 1910. Collected by J. K. Strecker, Jr.

Habitat. — Eastern half of Texas.

Material. — One siicciiiicu from Kcfugio, Texas, in additinn to tlu>
type.

Description. — Size medium. i.enj;th of liead and body, (i7 nun. Head
short, length al)out equal t<i widtii. ( In holbrookii the head at augle of
jaws is much wider tiian lung.) Snout heavy and l)hmt, nut exteuding
beyond the mouth. I'arotoids nearly round, higher aud ev(>n more con-
spicuous than in tlie eastern spei'ies. Tympajuiui distiuet l)ut rather
smaller tlian iu liolhrookii. (In tyin- iiardly more tliau lialf the diameter
of the parotoid.) Crown distinctly rugose. No black granules in space
between and in front of the eyes. Upper surfaces with small, closely .set

Pkoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, I'Jlo.

Plate II.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. :J.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 1. Eagysloina arcolala .'^troclvcr.

Fig. 2. Eumeces pachyurus (ope.

Figs. 3 and 4. Scaphiopus hurteril Sirvcki'i-. now species.

Strecker — A New Spadcfoot and Other Herpetologiccd Notes. 117

tuhert'les very imil'orni in size and (ILstribution. Many tubercles on sides,
buttocks and posterior portion of the abdomen. ^lany pustules on upper
surface 111" tibia. Glands on thorax present, conspicuous. Enlargements
re -emi)lino; glands on inferior surface of femur (present in both speci-
mens). Spade-like process of foot narrowly margined with black.
Palmar tubercles rather small. Fingers slender. Tibia about equal to
that of S. huthrookii but femur and foot much shorter.

Color above, pale grei'nish, with a pale yellowish line from each orbit;
these converge again on tlie coccyx. Upjx^r surface of head and area
t)etween the light lines, dark plumbeous. Parotoids olive. Sides of head
and under surfaces yellowish-white.

The Pefugio specimen is slightly smaller. (Length (jo mm.) Colora-
tion in life darker. Greenish above, light lines inconspicuous. In form
and other important characteristics resembling the type.

Engy stoma areolata Strecker.*

Plate II, figure 1.

The specimen illustrateil is a catype (Baylor University Collection Xo.
4080) from A'ictoria County, Texas. The figure, which is from a worked
over photograph, gives a very fair idea of the general appearance of this
rough-skinned, brightly marked little toad.

Hyla versicolor chrysoscelis Cope.

Hylafrmoralis chri/so^iveU.^ Cope, P.ull. U. S. Nat'l Mus., No. 17, 1880,
p. 20.

Cope's brief description of this variety is as follows: " Hyla femoralis
Daudin. A specimen larger than the largest individuals I have previously
seen; differs also in the greater extent of the palmation of the fingers,
and in the coloration of the concealed surface of the femur. In eastern
specimens the |)osterior surface of the feniur is brown, with rather small
yellow spots; in this form it is yellow, with a blackish cc^rse reticulation,
which only extends to the lower surface on the proximal half of the
thigh. The sides have a double row of small black spots, which enclose
a yellow band. This is probably a subspecies and may be distinguished
by the name of c7i/-//-s'o.sc('//'.s. Gne siiecimen as large as a large Hyla versi-
color was taken by Mr. Boll near Dallas."

A number of tree-frogs obtained by Combs at Hot Springs, Arkansas,
were identified as HijUi chrysuxceUs by Dr. Stejneger. In the latter's
letter to Mr. C. S. Brindey, who sent him the specimens, attention was
called to the fact that clirysoscclis is related to versicolor and not to
femorali's. Several Hi/las collected at Waco, Texas, a year or two later
agreed in all important characters with those from Hot Springs. Miss
Dickerson, in her " Frog Book," ignores this subspecies but records Hyla
femoralis from Texas on the authority of Cope!

It seems strange to me that Cope should refer this form to feiiwrolis,
even as a variety. It clearly indicates to my mind that the type must
have been a sninoth-skinnetl animal, in this respect resembling Daudin's
species.

* Proc. Biol, Soc, Wash., 1909, XXII : 118.

118 Strecher — A New ^padefoot icith Other Kerpetotogieat Xotffi.

Hyla versicolor dirysoscclis is certainly wortliy of a subspecitic name,
although the one given by its author is hardly fitting. The retieTilation
of the femur he describes is a common character of western examples of
versicolor. It agrees Avith femontlis in having a smooth skin but in no
other important cliaracter. Hyla ffmoralis is a smaller frug, lacks tlie
light spot under the eye so characteristic of rfir.f/co/or and di Hers in the
extent of the palmation of the fingers. It also has a dark line through
the eye and ear not present in versicolor.

Chrysoscelis differs from versicolor in having the skin of tiie U])])er sur-
faces almost perfectly smooth, only a few tubercles being present along
the margin of the snout and on the eyelids. Tlie light s))ot under the
eye, in living specimens, is invariably yellow. The color ]iattern is nnuh
the same as in tlie typical subspecies.

This spring I found this tree-frog breeding in small rock-hound pools
in a gravel pit. The tadpoles were light yellow. Specimens collected
April 21st had the hind-lindjs well developed.

Eumeces pachyurus Cope.

Plate II, figure 2.

This skink was described by Cope* from a single example collected by
Jacob Boll near Dallas, Texas. According to the author, the specimen
had been temporarily mislaid and he was unable to give a figure of it.
The same statement is repeated in his monumental posthumous work on
the Crocodilians, Lizards and Snakes ))ul)lished by the National .Museum
in 1898. Xo other specimen has since been ](laced on rec(jrd.

On Ajiril (i, 1910, I stirred a small dark i)rown lizard with two light
lateral lines on each side, from among some drift material which had
accumulated at the base of an Ojiuutia lejitocaulis, in a woodetl pasture
about 3 miles east of the city of Waco. It was very agile in its movements
but I succeeded in capturing it before it could enter its burrow under the
roots of the Oj>unlla. As it was the first Eimiecis of its type that I had
ever seen, I redoubled my efforts ami a few minutes later brought another
specimen to light from under a mass of dead leaves only al)out a yard
away. This one also attempted to enter a burrow at the base of an
0/iuntio, hut its movements were much slower than those of the other
example, its weak lindis appealing to be of little .-service in carrying for-
ward its long body and heavy, thick tail. This specimen was nnich
larger than the first one and was ajiparently a well-grown adult. The
color was nmch lighter hut the color jiattern was identical.

The soil of the pasture is sandy ami the lizards were captured on the
side of a draw which carries the water from the truck farm above down
to a small slough nearly an eighth of a mile below. On both sides of the
draw are thick growths (jf .scrubby tree- — (Jiiercus hreviloha, limns alala,
Gleditsia Iriacanthos and Jimi/irr saliinoiiles. ()puntias, both h'litocaulis
and the common heavy-stemmed variety, grow around the bases of these
trees. Specimens of Lelolepisma latenile Say and Ilnhh'it siriatula Linn,
were also found under the roots of the.se plants, but although I spent live
days in the vicinity, I was unable to find any more examples of the skink.

•Bull. L'. S. Nat'l Mus.. No. 17, isso, p. lii, .-39.

Strerker — A Nciv Spadcfooi uith Other Iterpdologlnd Kotes. 110

Following are descriptions of my two .specimens which I refer to Cope's
lost Eumecpx pnrJn/iirus.

(1) No. 41^-^ ailult. LtMiy,tli of head and l)ody, ()7 mm.; vent to tip
of tail, SS nnn.; fmm car to mu/zle, I'Jmm.; of hind lind). i:^ mm.; of
fore limit, Ki mm. Tail \nu^ and thick, slightly depre-se<l at hase, not
perfectly cylindrical for first ]'2 nnn. of length; 24 mm. in circumference
for first 2.3 mm. of lengtii. (Measurement around body at insertion of
fore lind)S only :!0 nnn.)

No postnasal plate. Anterior loreal elevated, as high as long, and
reaching the tran.sverse interfrontonasal plate, as in the tyjie. Other
headplates as in original description of the species. Color above, light
brown. Head and njiper labials olive. Inconspicuous dark borders to
labials, Underparts white (pure white on throat and chin — bluish white
posteriorly). Two narrow light lines on each side; white in color and
with the enclo.sed area l»etween each jjair black. A narrow black border
above upper and below lower light stripes. The dark area between the
lateral lines occupying one whole and two half scales. Six scales between
the two upper light lines which extend to within 'AO mm. of the end of the
tail. A few scattered dorsal scales are black spotted (27 in 40 mm. of
length), l.imbs smaller than in examples of Enmeces brecilint'otas Cope
and E. trlrngrdmmns Baird of approximately the same size. (.''^I'^vs
noticeably smaller and weaker than in an example of telragrannnns only
00 mm. in length (head and Ijody ). Rows of scales, 2(j. No dark borders
to any of the dorsal scales.

(2) No. 4113, jnv. Body heavier than in examples of Li'iolrpisma hde-
r((le of medium size but length about equal. Tail short, thick at l)a.>^e,
length about equal to head and Ijody. Color above, rich brown, tinged
with bronze in the living animal. Each dorsal scale with a dusky spot at
base. Upper surfaces of limits dark brown. Lateral light lines yellow,
enclosed area coal black. Cnderparts l>luish, excepting on chin and
throat, which are white. A heavy Itlack line above upper light stripe; a
dusky line along lower border of lower light stripe. Tlie immatui^ty of
this specimen will account for its rich dark coloration and tlie ditierence
in the proportions of the tail. Cojte states that in the young E. letra-
graiiniiits the sides and limits are scarcely darker than the back, which is
certainly not the case in the young of the present species.

For comparison with these specimens I had examples of the following
species of skinks fntm Texas: Eumeces qu'inqurHneatus Linn., E. obsohtus
B. &. (jr., E. gnttulntitx Hallowell, E. nuiltirlrgatns Hallowell, E. anthra-
ciniis Baird, E. brerlliueatas Cope and E. dtragratnmus Baird.

Alligator mississippiensis Dandin.

The Texan range of the alligator is yearly becoming more restricted. In
an attempt to outline its present distribution I have Ijeen greatly handi-
capped by a lack of definite locality records but I occasionally come into
possession of .some data of real value. Recently, Mr. Turner Hubby and
two other gentlemen killed a nine-foot specimen in a marsh along the
Trinity River, about three miles south of Dallas. In 1909 a German boy

120 Strcckci — A AVin Spadrfoot n-ith Cthcr Herpetological Notes.

caught a two-foot fxaiiii>lt' on the Bo.sque lliwr, about live miles north
of Waco. In February of this year a specimen 'A^ feet in length was
caught on a honk on a "trot" line in the IJrazo-^ Uiver not over a mile
south of AVaeo.

The Waco specimens may ])os<il>ly have escaped from captivity but
^Ir. Hubt)y informs me that tlie Dallas specimen liad every appearance
of being an old residenter and was killed in a form among drift material
which it had i)robal>ly occupied for some time.

Zamenis constrictor flaviventris Say.

The western vai-iety of the blue racer or black snake is very variable in
color. A specimen (ill' mm. in lengtli, collected near Waco l)y Dr. J. L.
Kesler, repre.'^ents the transition stage between the spotted (young) i)hai-e
antl the jtlaiu colored adult and is worthy of description.

Color above, olive green, darkest on dorsal region. Head brownish-
olive, unspotted. Iris yellow. Upper surface of body with black spots
on the scales, the-^e disappearing on the ))Osterior sixth of its length.
These spots form broken rhomboids along the dorsal line and are edged
with chestnut. <>uly about two nut of every four scales show the black
coloration. On separating the scales on the lateral portion of the body,
the skin shows l)lack underneath. Along the lateral line (rather, point
of division) every other scale is marked with a black i\eck. Tlie chin,
upper and lower labials and anteorldtal scales are pure white. Under-
parts light yellow, changing to white in the anal region aud on the tail.
From two to four blackish spots, surrounded by pink, on i-ach gastrostege.
U[)per surface of tail brownish-olive, unspotted. Superior lal)ials 7-7.
Ventrals 175. This s|iecimen coml)ini>s the characters of the eastern and
western subspecies. In anotlu'r s})ecimeu 4o(l mm. in length the doi-sal
blotches were bright n-d.

Coluber emoryi B. it <i.

Two examples of this species were recentlj' captureil near Waco and are
now in the Baylor T/niversity ('ollection. The first, an adult i)40 nun. in
total length, was sent in alive and was the most pugnacious snake that I
have ever handled. When first rec(Mved it was in sfilendid condition,
indicating that it hail taken food ipiitc recently, .\liout tiie end of the
third week of its captivity it became restless and an examination disclosed
the fact that it was preiniring to shed its skin. Thinking to hasten the
operation, I oH'ered it eggs, mice, toails and li/.ards but it absolutely re-
fused to accept anything in the way of food. ( )ne morning about a wt'ck
later I found it deail in its cage, with the skin of the side- loosiMied in
patches and the new skin underneath oidy partially formed.

The second examjyle was a young female about 4(t(i nun. in length. ISoth
were captured on a |)rairic farm some live or six miles from the city. (>nr
common Colaber (C. nhsulctnK coujiuus H. ik ( J. , according to A. F. i!rown
or C. spiloides D. ct B. according to Cojje) inhaiiits tindiered districts
and is a better dispositioned snake.

Strecker — A New Spadefoot with Other Herpetological Notes. 121

Terrapene Carolina triunguis (Agassiz).

This box tortoise inhabits the eastern lialf of Texas, but is by no
means common. Examples have been recorded from Colmesneil, Tyler
County (C. S. Brimley), Demings Bridge, Matagorda County (S. W.
Garman), Gainesville, Cooke County (F. W. Cragin), and San Antonio,
Bexar County (H. C. Yarrow). Last October Prof. J. L. Kesler found
a specimen in Gurley's l)ottom, two miles south of Waco. It was con-
cealed in a patch of tall weeds and was discovered only by accident.
Since its capture it has been confined in a small enclosure. It spent the
winter in a shallow cavity in the hard ground, under cover of a mass of
dry moss and weeds.

It is an adult. The shell is unsymmetrical, the plates on tlie right side
being much wider and longer than those on the left. Carapace above,
olive, without traces of the usual oVjscure markings of this subspecies.
Keel distinct. Neural plates indistinctly margined with black. A black
spot at Ijase of each- marginal. Plastron light yellow, the plates mar-
gined with black. Top of head light chocolate. Iris orange red. Upi)er
jaw, chin and throat, liglit yellow. A few scattered scales on throat
orange red. I'pper surfaces of limbs light chocolate. Inner surfaces of
fore-limbs orange red. Hind foot with three toes.

Waco is well within the range of this animal, and it seems strange that
it should have been so long overlooked.

'e

Aspidonectes emoryi Agassiz.

" Though this species is closely related to the southeastern soft-shelled
turtle ( T. ferox) there ar3 no tubercles on the front margin of the cara-
pace "—Ditmars, "The Reptile Book," X. Y., 1007, p. 78.

I beg to diflfer from ]\Ir. Ditmars and others who have made the same
distinction. I have adult examples of ^l. emonjl which have from 14 to
18 conical tu])ercles on the front margin of the carapace. Dr. Siehenrock
referred a specimen of this type (labeled by me A. emonji) to A. spinifer
but afterward changed his opinion and recorded it under its correct
name. I have young examples 4 inches in length in which the tubercles
are alreaily in process of formation and are represented liy very small
round knobs. *

In Aspidonectes ferox the carapace is olive or brownisli olive with dull
blotches or black rings; m nnoryi it is olive with numerous white dots.
In the former species young specimens and adults differ in coloration;
in the latter they are similar. A. ferox is much the larger turtle. Both
species occur in some localities in the eastern half of Texas (Brownsville
[Yarrow], Bullhide Creek, McLennan County [Baylor Univ. Coll.]).

Vol. XXlll, pp. 123-124 September 2, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

7^

GENERAL NOTES.

J'i^'

NOTES ON SOME N.OIES OF LIONS.

The names for tliree snbsiiecie.s of lions, Fells leo barharus for tlie animal
of extreme northern Africa, Felis Jeo persicus for the form found in western
Asia, and Felin h'o senecjnlensis for the Senegal Lion, have lieretofore <lated
from Fischer's " Synop.-is ]\ramnialium," 1829. Through the courtesy of
Dr. C. W. Richmond I have been able to examine a work by J. N. von
^leyer, published in ^'ienna about August 1, ISi'G, in which all three of
these forms are properly named and diagnosed. Fortunately the names
here used are exactly the same as those in current use, witli the exception
of the first, which is given as harhnricus instead of barharus. The title of
the work is as follows: "Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico-medica de
Genere Felium," etc., by Joannes Nep. nobilis de Meyer. There can be
no po.s.«ible doubt as to the time of publication as the introduction is dated
July 12, 182G, and the title page advertises a discussion at the Vienna
University for August 5, 1826. The descriptions occur on page (i. These
three subsjiecies of the lion will stand as Fdis Jeo harhnricus ]\Ieyer, type
locality Barbary ; Felis leo persicus Meyer, type locality Per.'^ia; and Feli.-<
leo senegiileusis ^leyev, type locality Senegal.

The lion of the Cape Region of South Africa was llrst named by Fischer
in his "Synopsis ^Mammalium," p. 565, 1829, as Felis leo var e capensis,
and was later recognized as a distinct species by Fitzinger (Sitzb. Akad.
Wiss., LVIII, p. 436, 1868), who called it Leo capensis. The form
nowadays is generally considered a subspecies, under the name Felis leo
capensis. The name Felis capensis was, however, previously used by
F'orster (Thil. Trans. R. Soc, LXII, p. 1, 1781) and (imelin (Syst. Nat.,
I, p. 81, 1788) for the .'^erval of .South Africa. The name caprnsi.'t obvinusly
can not be used for any form of the lion.

A valid specific name for the Cape Lion is found in the Leo melano-
chaitus of Charles Hamilton Smith in his " Introduction to Mammalia,"
Jardine's Naturalists Library, Vol. XV, second edition, i)age 177, 1858.

On plate X this name occurs as Felis (Leo) melanochoetiis. As in
another instance in the same work tlie engraver is evidently responsilili'
for this dili'erence in the spelling of the specific name on the plate. T\\v
('a])e Lion will therefore stand as Felis mclanocJiaitati (Smith).

— V. IloUister.
;n— rnoc. isioi.. soc. w.vsn., Vol.. xxiir, r.nd. ui-'O)

124 General Notes.

THE rSE OF EPIMYS IX A GENERIC REXSE.

In his recent paper on the fienus name of the rats (Proc. Biol. Soc.
AVashington, Vol. XXIII, p. o7) Mr. G. S. Miller appears to be under
the impression that he is the first to recuscitate Dr. Trouessart'ssubgeneric
name Epiniys and to employ it in a treneric sense. This, however, is not
the case, for Dr. K. A. Satunin employed the name Epimys norwegicus
for the brown rat on pages 19 and 71 of a paper in Vol. IV of Mitteilungen
des Kaukasischen Museums, Tifiis, 1908. I may add that if it is considered
necessary to separate the rats from the mice under a distinct name, in
my opinion subgeiieric rank is sutHcient; so that we should have JIiis
(Epimys) norvegicus and M. (E.) rattus, as originally proposed by
Trouessart.

— 7'. LydeJcker.

IXCUBATIOX PERIOD OF BOX-TURTLE EGGS.

So few data have been published on the sul)ject, that it seems advisable
to record the following observations: A box-turtle {Terrapene Carolina)
was found June 10, 1908, depositing its eggs on the south side of a higli
dry knoll at Viresco, Ya. The eggs had not hatched August 2'^, but on
August 20 the young had dug their way to the surface and left behind
them the fragments of the shells. The period of incubation was therefore
70-72 days.

— Wells W. Cooke.

Vol. XXIII, pp 125-126 September 2, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW MUSKRAT FROM THE GREAT PLAINS.
BY N. TIOLLISTER.

Tlic muskrat of tlie (ircnt Plains region of the Avestorn United
States ])V(>\\'S to he one of tlie best characterized forms in the
groui).

Fiber zibethicus cinnamominus snl)si). nuv.

Tijife from Wakcvncy, Trego County, Kansas. No. |5|f Merriam
Collection. c? adult, skin and skull. Collected I)y A. P.. Baker,
January 14, 1SS7.

General characters. — Smaller than Fiber z. zihet]iici(s or Fiber c.
osoi/ooxen,sis ; larger than F. z. ripensis. Coloration pale, with much
more reddish in hoth fresh and Avashed out pelage tlian any of these
forms. Skull smaller than that of zibethicus or osoyoosrnsis, with smaller
teeth.

Color. — Fresh pelage: Upperparts and sides cinnamon brown, dorsal
area only sliglitly darker, with few black liairs. Nose to foreiiead and
eyes seal brown. Cheeks and underparts creamy clay coh^r, lighter on
neck, throat, and inner sides of legs. A very small brown spot on chin.
Feet drab; nails yellowish; tail dark brown. AVorn or washed out
pelage: A'arying from wood brown to russet. Specimens in the short-
haired early fall pelage are the darkest, and those in extreme faded early
summer coat are the lightest.

Skull and teeth. — Skull smaller than that of Fiber z. zibethicua, Avith
smaller teeth ; larger than that of F. :. ripensis. Compared Avith skulls
of zibethicus it has a proi)ortionally shorter and heavier rostrum, accom-
panied by a shortening and widening of the nasals.

Measureynents. — The type s])ecimen is without flesh measurements.
Two other specimens from the type locality measure: Total length,
4S9; 50:>; tail vertebrae, 287; 24:). AA'erage of hind foot in twenty-one
specimens from various localities on the Great Plains, 7:].o. Skull of
type: Basal length, 55. U (5(5.;))*; zygomatic breadth, 34 (35.5); palatal

* Measureiiients in parenthesos arc the avcragos of five skulls of adults from the
type locality.

;VJ— I'Kor. IJioi.. Sor. Wash., Vol.. .\XIII, 1910. (V-'."))

126 HoUister — A Neiv Muskratfrom the Great Plains.

lengtli, ',]o C'o.o); length of nasals, lil..) (lil..)); breadth of nasals, 8.(>
(8.!>) alveolar length of upper molar series, 14.1* (15).

Remarks. — This is the mnskrat of the prairie streams and sloughs of
the interior (Ireat Plains region. In color it exhibits the maximum
amount of reddish, and, with the exception of Fiber z. pallidus of
Arizona, the minimum amount of black. It intergrades with Fiber z.
zibetliicns and Fiber z. osoyoosensis on the borders of the Great Plains,
^ly thanks are due to Dr. C. Hart Merriam for the privilege of describing
this form from his collection.

Specimens referable to this subspecies have been examined from
southern Manitoba, North and South Dakota, eastern INIontana and
AVyoming, Nebraska, eastern Colorado, Iowa, Kansas and northern Texas.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 127-130 September 2, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

URSUS SHELDONI, A NEW BEAR FROM MONTAGUE'^

ISLAND, ALASKA.

BY C. HART MERRIAM.

Since it is not likely that my work on the American Bears
will be completed during the present year it seems desirable to
])lace on record the description of a large and remarkable new
species from Montague Island, Alaska, of which five specimens
of both sexes and different ages Avere obtained in May, 1005,
by Charles Sheldon; and three additional specimens in l'.)()S l)y
Miss Annie M. Alexander, all of whicli have been generously
placed at my disposal for study.

Montague Island lies in the western part of the mouth of
Prince William Sound, in latitude GO degrees, only al)out 20
miles distant from th(! east shore of Kenai Peninsula — the home
of UrsHS kenaiensis. It is not surprising therefore that the
iNIontague Island bear proves to be related to kcnnie7isis. The
two together form a group quite apart from all the other known
species.

It is peculiarly fitting that the Montague Island bear should
be named in honor of its discoverer — Charles Sheldon of New
York — who by zeal and perseverance in the face of many ob-
stacles succeeded in killing five, and generously presented the
specimens to the U. S. Biological Survey.

The new bear may be known from its onl}' near relative,
Ursus kenaiensis, l)y the following description :

Ursus sheldoni i^p. iiov.

Tijpc. — Xo. i;;7,.")18, c? a<b, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection. ^Montague Island, Alaska, May, I'JOo. Charles Sheldon.
Original number 17.

33— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, I'JIO, (127)

^

128 Merriam — .1 Ncv Bear from Montague Island, Alaska.

Characters. — Size larj^e; claws of adult Iohlt and of tlio grizzly type;
hairs over shoulders elongated to form a small hut distinet hnni]); ears
dark, with whitish tips; general cdlor lirownish, varying from i)ale to
dark, the hairs of the haek sumetimes yellowish tipped, those of the head
grizzled; enlor darkest (almost hlaekish) dii lielly, legs and feet. An old
she ))ear kilU'd.hy Sheldon ^lay IS, lilO."), is very pale grizzli'd gray on the
npperparts, and only moderately darker on the legs and feet. Tin- euh of
this hear, killed tin' same day, was in its 2d year (about Ki months old)
and is very pale — alnio.«t hntl'y gray — with dark feet and legs and a strongly
marked hump.

Cranial < 'Jiaracfrrs. — Skull in general similar to that of keualrnsis l)ut
basisphenoid hroadiT and flatter, its length nearly equal to that of hasi-
occipital ; posterior roots of interpterygoid fossa more widely spreading;
condyle of jair more e.rscrted [in Icenaicrms sessile], reaching so far hack
that a line dropped from ]ieuk of coronoid to tip of angle touches or
traverses it [in kcnaiensis this line passes freely behind the condyle] ;
coronoid, in females of same age, smaller and lower — its area for muscular
attachment less; ramus of jaw strongly ))ellied posteriorlj', its inferior
border belriw tlie coronoid ^tromjhj conre.r doinnrard and curving eveidy,
with only a very slight break, to angular process. [In krnaiensis the
inferior border of ranuis is nearhj slraicjht (iiol appreciably bellied under
coronoid) and ends abruptly in a step or jog at some distance behind the
angle.]

In general form and appearance skulls of females closely resemble thoi^e
of female kcuaieusis, diti'ering chiefly in the characters above mentioned
and in certain <lental peculiarities — notal)ly the smaller size and more
jiointed heel of the last upper molar, and the oblique truncation of the
1st upiier molar.

Skulls of males dilier widt'ly from those of kenaicnsis. Only two full
grown males of slieldoni and one of kenaiensis are available for compari-
son.* The two adult c? skulls of slieldoiii, while full grown, are by no
means so old as the old male kenaiensis, compared with which they are
decidedly larger (averaging 2 inches longer), much higher, more massive,
broader across the .squamosals and also across the frontals (both inter-
orbitally and postorbitally). The ramus of the jaw i.s deciiledly broader,
and its inferior jjorder more bellied and convex posteriorly. The sagittal
crest does not reach the froutals [in the oM c? kenaiensis it readies to
middle of frontals] ; the frontals arch well upward, are traversed by a
broad median sulcus, and swollen above and behind the orbits; the nasals

*1"lios(' of alicbhivi iiic llic typo, Xo. 1?>7,.')1S, collected l).v Slidduii in I'.Mi.'i; and a
slislitly older male of approxiinatcly the same size (No. i>70, Miis. \'ert. Zoo!., liiiversity
of Califoniia), collecleil and loaned by Miss .\nnie M. Alexander (killed by her lunitrr.
\. llasselborK. .Inly ,\\. I'.tdS. at Mel.eod llarlior, MoiUiiRne Island). The old male
kenaiensis (No. S'.IK), Mnsenm Vert. Zool., fniv. ( alif.) was collected by Andrew Berfi fur
Miss Annio M. Alexan<li'r, to whom I am indebted for the privilege of comi)arinK it
with skulls in the TSioloKical Survey coUeetion. It is very old and presents the maxi-
nunn ilevelopment of crests and ridges — the sagittal ci'est liein^i vi'ry louK and hiRh.
slinhtly convex, and reaching anteriorly to middle of frontals — the lenuioral ridnes
spreading thence at a right angle to the postorl)ital processes.

Merriam — A New Bear from Montague Island, Alaska. 129

are broad and hm<x (in tlie type specimen reaeliin«r plane of pontorhital
processes ) .

Dental ('haraclirs. — Teeth in f^eneral of the ijrizzly type. Last (Ith)
lower itreniiilar normally with luirizontal iieel, slightly ui)tnrned at pos-
terior end, and shallow median snlcns reaciiin.i,' from cnsp to end of iieel,
its detininir ridges ending in slightly developed i)osterior cnsplets. [In
kenaiciisis the last lower premolar is more conical, the heel sloping, the
sulcus incomiilete, with oidy a single posterior cusplet— on inner side
of main cusp posteriorly.] First upper molar peculiar, having hoth ends
oblifjachi Inuicatc and parallel, sloping strongly from outer angles hack-
ward and inward; inner row of cusps pushed I)ack so that each falls
behind |)lane of corresiifinding cusp on outer .side; the tooth as a whole
more rectangular, its inner corners sqnarer (less rounded), and inner side
more llattened and nmch less convex than \n kniairiii<ls.

In the females tiie last lower molar is conspicuously smaller than in
kenaiensh, and the last upjier molar is smaller, narrower, more wedge-
shape, and more pointed ])osteriorly. In one of the males it is similar.
In the three other males the last upper molar is larger and less acute
posteriorly than in tlie females, and the :'.d cnsp on tiie inner side is better
develoi)ed.

Skull Mcasarciiiciitft. — Following are measurements of two adult males —
the type sjxH'imen collected by Sheldon, and a slightly older male collected
by ]Miss Annie M. Alexander ( Xo. '.(70, ^luseum of Vertebrate Zool.,
Univ. Calif. ). In each case the measurements of the tyi>e come first,
followed in parenthesis by those of the Alexander skull. Basilar length,
;')(;0 C;.").!); /.ygomatii- breadth, 1'70 (27l*); occipito-sphenoid length, 110
(104); postpalatal length, Ki:'. (K'-")); least interorbital breadth, 102 (!)'.));
distance from foramen magnum to plane of front of last upper molar, 242
(2:)0); length of upper molariform series, 72 (75); of upper molars, 57
((>1); of lower molars, 71 (72).

Ilentarkx. — The skull of Urfias shrldoni is large and massive, and
contrasted with those of the big bears of other parts of Alaska igtjas,
in'nhlendorffi, dalli) is short and remarkably broad. The breadth is most
consi>icuous across the squamosals ami frontals. iM'en the nursing cub
shot by Sheldon has the skull strikingly broader throughout than any
other cub in the collection. [I have not seen a cub of kenalensis.] Skulls
of fenuiles are flattened like those of kenainiAis. Skulls of nuiles are high
and rounded, and tho.se approaching maturity — say in the 4th and 5th
years, and doubtless for several years later — have the I)raincase and
frontals so elevated and swollen that were it not for the snout the skulls
would appear almost globular.

Another curious feature is that as the skulls lie in a row on the table,
those of slieldoiii have the noa^ conspicuously tilted up. In females the
actual diflference in height of tips of nasals (above the table) is S or 10
nun. ; in the males, M5-45 nun. This appears to be due to two causes — the
more exserted condyle of sheldoni, which throws the jaws a little further
forward, and the more bellied basal part of the ranms, which tilts the
front part of the skull upward.

130 Mcrrlam — A Neic Bear from Montague Island, Alaska.

It is interesting to note that the Itli lower ])renioIar is distinctly of the
grizzly type, while in kenaiensis it is varialile.

The material on which Ursus sheldoni is based is ample to show tlie
constancy of the characters hy which the species difl'ers from all other
V)ears. This material consists of :.' adult males, '2 young males ( -1 or o years
old), ;> adult females, and 1 cub of the 2d year (about 10 months old).

Vol. XXIII, pp. 131-140 September 2, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

ON A COLLECTION OF FISHP]8 FROM THE OLYMPIC

PENINSULA, TOGETHER WITH NOTES ON

OTHER WEST COAST SPECIES.*

BY BARTON WAKUEX EVERMAXX AND
HOMER BARKER LATIMER.

In 1S!)7 the late Mr. Cloiulslcy RuttcT and Mr. Elmer R.
Brady, under the direetion of the L^. S. Conaniissioner of P'i.sli-
eries, made considerahle collections of the fishes of the Olj'mpie
Peninsula, \Yashington. These collections remained unstudied
until recently when the loresent writers had occasion to go over
the entire lot. It was found that the collections contain a
number of species of special interest, and as the fish-fauna of
that region has until now received practically- no study it is
thought that the publication of this list will prove of interest.

The waters and localities from which specimens of fishes were
obtained by jNIessrs. Rutter and Brady during tliese investiga-
tions are as follows:

Willapa River near Holcomb, July '.10 ; Humptulips, in small
creek, August 20; Quiniault Lake, August 23, 24; Beaver Lake,
August 24 and September 9 ; Prairie Creek and Elk Creek,
August 25; Raft River, August 26; Tacoma Creek, August 27;
Queets River at Evergreen, August 27 ; Hurst Creek and at Clear-
water, August 29; Hah River and Mill Creek, September 1;
Snells, in small creek, September 1; Bogachiel, September 8;
Ozette Lake, September 4; Pleasant Lake, September '8; Moss
Creek, Prairie Creek and Ilwah River, September 11; Crescent
Lake, September 17.

All these are in the Olympic region west of Puget Sound.

* Published by permission of the Commissioner of Fisheries.

34— Peoc. Biol. Hoc. Wxsh., Vol. XXIII, lUlO. (131)

132 Eccrmann and Lntlmci — Fishes from the Oh/mpic reninsida.

A\'e take this opportunity to record certain other small collec-
tions of West Coast fishes which we have recently examined.
They are as follows:

1. A small but interesting collection made in the spring of
1897 in Marin County, Cal. Tlie localities represented are:

Paiicrmill Creek, March 11, 22 and 24; Bear Valley Creek,
March 15 and April 7; Olima Creek, A])ril i); Tomales Bay
near Point Rej^eg, Ai)ril 28 and May 9, 14; Nieasio and Paper-
mill creeks at junction, April 25, 26; Walker Creek, 5 miles
above mouth near Tomales, Cal., IVFay 5 and 18.

2. In 1890 and again in 1891 Dr. Charles H. Townsend,
then naturalist on the steamer Albatross, while making a study
of the shrimp fisheries of San Francisco Bay, obtained and
preserved a numl)er of fishes taken in tiie nets of the Chinese
shrimp fishermen. The localities rei)res('ntcd aretlie following:

Mare Island, April IC), 1S90; San PaMo Bay, NovenduT S,
1890, and May, 1891; Angel Island, November 7, 1890; San
Bruno Point; San ^lateo Camp; and South Belmont Oyster
Beds.

3. A few specimens obtained by the U. S. Biological Survey
in British Columbia, at Malaspina Inlet, July 19, 1897; and
Rivers Inlet, June, 1904.

4. A few specimens collected in 1901 ))y Prof. T. D. A.
Cockerell at San Pedro, Cal.

5. A small collection made August 14, 1908, l)y John Tread-
well Nichols at Chinook, Wash.

6. A single jar of specimens obtained by the steamer Albatross
at Barclay Sound, September 27, 1888.

The aV)Ove statement regarding collectors, dates and localities
will enable one to understand readily the l)rief locality refer-
ences in connection with each species in the following list.

These collections, embracing a total of 1,391 specimens, have
all been deposited in the United States National Museum.

ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES.
1. Hntosphenus tridentatus ((iainlnor).

TURKE-'IOOTIIKD LAMPRKV.

One specimen from I^ake Pleasant, 4 from Bo^ac.liiel and 2 from SncUs,
these IJ-g to 4% Indies long; seven, 5 to 7% inclies long, from San Pablo
Bay.

Evermann and Latimer — Fishes from the Olum-pic Peninsvla. 133

1'. Rhinotriacis henlei (Jill.

Six exainpk'8, 7 to 1.'] inelies long, of tliis shark from slirimji iietj at San
Bruno Point, San Francisco Bay.

3. Triakis semifasciatum (i Irani.

LEOPARD SHARK.
Two specimen.^, 7% '^ii<^l ~% inches lonw, from Tomales Bay.
4. Raja inornata Jordan t^ Gilhert.

COMMON 8KATE OF CALIKORXIA.
Three S]iecimens, 5 to 0^4 inches loner, from San I'ahlo Bay.

o. Acipenser transmontanus Kichanlson.

WESTERN STfUi lEON".

One specimen from Chinook.

(). Ameiurus catus (Linna-us).

CATFISH.

One specimen, 1% inches lontj, from Mare Island. An introduccil
species.

7. Catostomus macrocheilus Girard.

COLUMBIA VA\VA\ SICKER.

Nine s])ecimens, 1^4 t<) •")^-i inches lone;, from Lake Pleasant; one, \Ti}4
inches long, from Willapa Piver.

S. Pogonichthys macrolepidotum (Ayres):

SI'LIT-TAIL.

Thirteen siiecimons, 2^4 to SI4 inches long, from Mare Island,
i). Ptychocheilus oregonensis (Pichardson).

SQCAWFISir.

Eighteen sjjecimens, 2% to ~}4 inches long, from Lake Pleasant ; eight,
• l^i to 5 inches long, from Ozette Lake.

lU. Ptychocheilus harfordi Jordan t*i (iilhert.
One specimen, 9^4 inches long, from Alare Island.

IL Leuciscus bicolor (tiirard).

Nine specimens, 1% to '^% inches long, from Lake (^ninianlt.

12. Rutilus bicolor ((urard).
Twenty specimens from Walker Creek.

1:5. Rutilus symmetricus (P>ainK<c Girard).

Twenty-three si)ecimens, '1\-'^ to 4)2 inches long, from a dee]) jiond one
mile from mouth of Olima Creek, hnt connected with it; six sj)ecimens,
3% to U% inches long, caught on hooks at the mouth of Papermill Creek;

134 Evermanv and Latimer — Fishes from the Olympic Peninsula.

ten, 1^8 to o inches long, from Bear Valley Creek, below flood gate; six-
teen, 1 to 2 inches long, from Papermill Creek; three specimens, 2)^ to
2% indies, from Lake Qninianlt; sixteen. ]% to 2 inches long, from
month of Bear Valley Creek; tweiity-fonr, 1 to \% iiiclics long, from
rapermill Creek at tide water.

14. Rhinichthys cataractae dulcis f(iirard).

I)A( E.

Seventy-eight specimens, 1 to 2% inches long, from Tacoma Creek ;
twenty-three, 1 3^ to 33^ inches long, from Lake Qninianlt ; two, ^% and
'2% inches long, from Queets River; ten, 2 to '1% inches long, from Clear-
water; eleven, '^^ to P4 inclies long, from A\'il!apa Kiver.

]-■). Clupea pallasii Cnvier c*c Valenciennes.

CAlJFoltXIA HERRTXG.

One specimen, (i^i^ inches long, from San I'alilo Bay; one, 2^4 inches
long, from Angel Island; one, 2^o, inches long, from South Belmont
Oyster Beds; one, 7^4 inche- long, from San .Alateo Camp.

IC). Alosa sapidissima (Wilson).

COMMON SHAD.

One specimen, o?^ inches long, from Mare Island. An introduced
species.

17. Engraulis mordax Girard.

CALIFORNIA ANiIIOVV.

Five specimens, 2)^ to 2% inches long, from Tomales Bay, between
Hamilton landing and Inverness; five, .">^4 to :'.^4 inches long, from San
l'al)lo Bay; one, .">% inches long, from South Uelmont Oyster Beds;
three, :'> to 2)'^, inches long, from San .Matt'o Camj).

is. Coregonus williamsoni <iirard.

WILLIAMSONS WlllTKl'ISiL

Five specimens from Hah River and four from (Qninianlt Biver above
lake, 2% to 2>7j^ inches in K'ligth; and t'ighteen t'xamples, 2% to (1 inches
long, from C^neets Kiver.

Gillrakers ii+12 to 14; scales, !I-7S to S4-S ; 1). 14; A. 12.

111. Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (\\'all»anm).

( IIIXOOK SALMON.

Eight specimens, 1^4 to 2 inches in length, from a deep |iond one mile
from the month of Olima Creek, but connected with it; one from junction
of Nicasio and Papermill creeks, 4^4 inches long; nineteen examples, 2^15
to 4,^4 inches long, from (iuinianlt River al)ove the lake; eight from
Lake Qninianlt, 2,^4 to 2% inches long; ten from <^ieets River, '.\}4 to
4,^4 in(4ies long; one example, 1^4 inclies long, from Wills Cieek ; six
specimens, ;') to 1)1^ inche- long, from Clearwater; and two, I'-';, and 1 '.j
inches long, from Bear N'ailey Creek.

EveriDfi))}} aivl Lai) met — Fishes from, the Oli/mpir PenhisnUi . lo.)
L'U. Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbauiu).

SILVKR SALMON.

Two Specimens, ?,)4 and 4 inclies long, from Ilnrst Oeek ; tliirty-tliree
PpccinuMis, 1% to 0^4 inches long, from Moss Creek; eigiit from Lake
Pleasant, L'% to 4 Indies long; live, 2I4 to 0I4 inches long, from Wills
Creek; five, l')^ to ?,}4 inches long, from Raft River; two, 0I4 and ?,}{
inches long, from Bogachiel ; thirteen specimens, 2 to 4 inches long, from
Tacoma Creek ; nine specimens, '2}4 to ?,^4^ inches long, from Ilwah
River; eleven specimens, l' to '.\^4 inches long, from T*rairie Creek ; nine-
teen specimens, I ^g to :', inches long, from a creek tribntary to Hnmp-
tnlips Creek, near Ilnmptnlips; four specimens, ll to ~}4 inches long,
from Willapa River; three sjiecimens, '2}4 to 4)4 inches long, from Elk
Creek; and tliree, '2)4 inches long, from Ozette Lake.

2\. Oncorhynchus nerka (\Vall)anm).

I'.LfKlSACK SALMON.
Fifteen si)ecimens, 1 to 1 1^4 inches long, from Rivers Iidet.

I'l'. Salmo mykiss W'alhanm.

crTTlIKOAT TKOIT.

One specimen, 7)4 inches long, from Malaspina Lilet, at Lund.
2:]. Salmo gairdneri Richardson.

STKKLUKAI).

Eight specimens, 1}^ to o^^ inches long, from junction of Xicasio and
Papermill creeks; sixteen specimens, T^g to 8^4 inches long, from Beaver
Lake; eight specimens, ^% to -1^ inches long, from Quinianlt River
above lake; four, 2 to 2}^ inclie-s long, from Ilnrst Creek; four, 4 to 7J^
inches long, froui a creek tributary to Lake Qniniault; thre(^, 2 to 5}4
inches long, from Queets River; three, 1\ t'i :>% inches long, from
Clearwater; seven, I'^g t<' 2}4 inch(^s long, from a creek tribntary to
TTnmptnlips Creek, near Iluniptulips; and ninetcHMi specimens, 1 ^^j^ to 2^4
inchi's long, from Willapa River.

24. Salmo irideus Gibbons.

KAINI'.OW TltorT.

One specimen, -"i^^ inches long, from Bear N'alley Creek, l)elow Jlood
gate; one specimen from Chinook; two, 7)4 and 8 inches long, from
Lake Crescent; one, 4I4 inches long, from Hah River; twenty-seven
specinuMis, ^% to 4^4 inches long, from ]Moss Creek; fourteen sijecimens,
T'r to ()-'^4 inclies long, from Wills Creek; four, ]% to 4)4 inches long,
from IJaft River; thirteen specimens, Ij^ to 2% inches long, from Tacoma
Creek; four, 1% to 2^ inches long, from Bogachiel; five, 1% to 4 inches
long, from Ilwah River; and two, 2 inches long, from Lake Pleasant.

2"). Osmerus thaleichthys Ayres.

Ten specimens, 2 to 4% inches long, from San P;d>lo Bay; one, 2%

loO Evermann and hdimcr — Fishes from the Oh/wpic Peninsula.

inches lonsj, from Sau ]Matoo Camp; and two, I'^^g and :! incln's lonir.
from Marc Island.

2(1. Hypomesus pretiosus ((orard).

SCRF SMELT.

One specimen, ?, inches long, from Tomales Bay near tlic raiiioad Ions
trestle, ."> miles from Point Reyes Station.

L'7. Qasterosteus williamsoni microcephalus ((iirard).

t'ALIFORNI.\ STKKLP:BACK.

Tliree specimens, 1% to 1% inches long, from Papermill Creek; two
specimens, I'^'g and 23^4 inches long, from Papermill Crei'k onedialf mile
below White House; one, 1% inches long, from South Belmont Oyster
r>eds; thirty, ^ to 2^ inches long, from a deep i)(»nil one mile from the
month of Olima Creek; sixteen, 1}^ to 2}^ inches long, from jimction of
Nicasio and Papermill creeks; ten, from Walker Creek; twenty-live, 1 to
2% inches long, from Lake (ininianlt; nine, Ij^ to 2J4 inches long, from
Lake Pleasant; one, ]% inches long, from Elk Creek; four, 1,^^ to ^%
inches long, from Ozette Lake; three, 1% to '2]>^ inches long, fmm mouth
of Bear Valley Creek, and one, 2)^ inches long, from Pai)ermill Creek at
tide water.

2S. Siphostoma californiensis (Storer).

('.\LIFORNIA I'lPKFISH.

Fifteen specimens, 4 to si;, inches long, from San Pahio Bay.
2!>. Siphostoma griseolineatum (Ayres).

Three specimens, 7\ to i) inches long, from Tomales P>ay, at railroad
"long till," :') miles from Point Reyes Station; three, ") to S)^ inches
long, from Tomales Bay, between Hamilton landing and Inverness; and
eight, 4}^4 h) i>^4 inclies long, from Tomales Bay near railroaddong trestle
I> miles from Point Reyes Station.

:!(). Atherinopsis californiensis (iirard.

<ALIF()i;XIA SMKLT,

Eleven sju'cimens, 2% to -(-^4 inciies long, from Tomales Bay near rail-
road long trestle, 'A miles from Point Reyes Station.

:!1. Atherinops affinis (.Vyres).

LITTLE S.MELT.

One specimen, -\% inches long, from San Pedro; seven specimens, '2%
to (')}4 iiiclies long, from Angel Island; twenty specimens, l\ to .">'_,'
indues long, from South r.ehnont Oyster Beds; and on(^, -l'-}^ inc'hes long,
from Hamilton landing tower, Papi'rmill Creek.

:'>2. Atherinops regis .IcnUins and Isvcrmann.

ElcNcu specimen^, 1 to I 'a inches long, iVom 'I'oniales Bay, }._> niilc
below the " lomr lill."

Evermann and Latimer — Fishes from the Olympic Peninsula. 137
:;:). Archoplites interruptus (Girard).

SACRAMENTO PERCH.

One specimen, 5% inches loufi, from Mare Island.
.■)4. Roccus lineatus (Blocli).

STRll'El) BAS8.

Three .specimens, -\% to o}4 inches long, from Tomales Bay, at rail-
road "long till," :') miles from Point Keyes Station; and one specimen,
'5^4 inches long, from Tomales Bay, near railroad long trestle, .". miles
from Point Kejes Station.

An introducecl siiecies.

:'■). Paralabrax clathratus ((iirard).
One specimen, 4^ inciies long, frmii San Pedro.

;')(). Qenyonemus lineatus (Ayres).
Three sjjecimens, :'>i4 tu (i indies long, from San Pablo Bay.

.".7. Cymatogaster aggregatus (iililmns.

VlVirAKOlS I'HRCll.

Four specimens, -132 to oj^a inches long, from Tomales Bay, l)etween
Hamilton landing and Inverness; six specimens, L'''^ to -1% inches long,
from San Pedro; live, 1)^4^ to -I inches long from San Pahio Bay; nine,
L'3^8 t'i-'^8 inches long, from South I5elmont Oyster Beds; and three, L'^-g'
to o^s inches long, from San .Mateo Camp.

.")S. Damalichthys argyrosomus ((iirard).

VlVll'AUors WHITE I'ERCH.

One specimen, 4^ inches long, from San Pedro.

'V.). Hypsypops rubicundus ((Jirard).

(iARIlSALDl.

One specimen, I inches long, from San Peilro.

-10. Sebastodes melanops ((drard).
Six specimens, .")34' to S inches long, from Barclay Sound.

41. Sebastodes ruberrimus Cramer.

RED ROCRFI.SH.

Four specimens, l'% to 0% inches long, from San Pahlo Bay.

4l'. Scorpsena histrio Jenyns.
One specimen, 4 inches long, from San Pedro.

4:5. Ophiodon elongatus Girard.
CULTLS COD.

One specimen from Chinook.

188 Evermann and Latimei — Fishes from the Ohimpic Peninsula.
44. Cottus asper Richardson.

I'KICKLEV ]'.L"LLIIEAD oil SCILPIX.

Four f^iK'finieiiti, :5.^4 to o inches long, from Bear \'allcy Crci'k lu'low
flood gate; .seven, :>% to 7 inches long, from mouth of rapermill Creek;
eleven specimens from Walker Creek; two, 2J4 and 4 inclies long, fidui
Papermili Creek, ^4 mil^ below White House; two specimens, 1'^ and
:5% inches long, from South Belmont Oyster Beds; three specimens, \\%
to .5?^ inches long, from ]Mare Island; ten, 1% to (i inches long, from
I>ake Quiniault; one, L' inches long, from Hurst Creek; twenty-six speci-
mens, ]% to ()% inches long, from Quiniault Kiver, above lake; twenty
s|)ecimens, 1% to 0)4 inches long, from Beaver Lake; twelve, 1% to l'^'
inches long, from Lake Pleasant; five, '2 to 2% inches long, from Wills
Creek; two, 2}^ to 2% inches long, from Kaft Iviver; one, ^'^4 inches
long, from Prairie Creek ; one, 2 inches long, from a creek tril)utary to
Humptulips, near llumptulips; four, 2}^ to 43ij inches long, from Ozette
Lake; one, 1,^4 inches long, from I>ranch entering east fork of Hump-
tulii>s Kiver; and eight, I'^'g to 2\ inches long, from Tacoma Creek.

4o. Cottus gulosus ((iirard).

Thirty-two specimens, 1% to '.)% inches long, from junction of Nieasio
and Pa|>erniill creeks; one, 4 inches long, from Hurst Creek; twelve, 1%
to L'% inches long, from Quiniault Iviver, above lake ; ten, from Hah
Kiver, '.> to 4 inches long; eleven, 1^' to '.\% inches long, from ]Moss
Creek; five, L'% to :') inches long, from Wills Creek; two, 2% to )! inches
long, from Kaft Kiver; one, l'% indies long, from Bouachiel ; three, 2%
to :)% inches long, from Queets Kiver; four, l'>4 to '.l^ya inches long, from
Ilwah Kiver; two, '.) inches long, from Prairie Creek; one, 2% inches
long, from Clearwater; nineteen, ^^ to :! inches long, from Willajia
Kiver; lifteen, 2 to 3}4 inches long, from YAk Creek; and one, 'M^^ inches
long, from Tacoma Creek.

4(1. Leptocottus armatus (iirard.

Twenty-nine sjiecimens, 1^4 to 2^,, inches long, from Toiuales Bay;
six, A}<2 t" '^/t inches long, from Point San Bruno; three, 4% to .i^/^
indues long, from San Pablo Bay; two, .">^ and (1 inches long, from South
Behiiont Oyster Beds; one, 4}4 inches long, from San Mateo (/am]);
tifty-seven, I'o t" -'^g inches long, from Hamilton hunling tower, Paper-
mill Creek.

47. Ilypnus gilberti ( iMgenmann and lugenmann).

Thirty sj)ecimens, 1)^ to 2% inches long, from Tomales Bay; three
from Walker Creek, and one from Papermili Creek.

4.S. Liparis pulchellus Ayres.

Fifteen sj)ecimens, 2^4 to ry^ inches long, from San I'ablo Bay.

4il. Typhlogobius californiensis Steindachner.
One specimen, 2^^ inches long, from San Pedro.

Evermann and Latimer — Fishes from the Olympic Pcninsvlei. 139

50. Porichthys notatus Girard.

Thirteen specimens, 2^ to 33^ inches long, from San Pablo Bay; two
specimens, 1% and 8 inches long, from Point San Bruno.

51. Heterostichus rostratus Girard.
Two specimens, Q% and l^i inches long, from San Pedro.

52. Gibbonsia elegans (Cooper).
Three specimens, 3j^ to o inche.^ long, from San Pedro.

53. Pholis ornatus (Girard).
Eight specimen^!, 3,^4 to 4)^ inches long, from San Pablo Bay.

54. Arbaciosa rhessodon (Rosa Smith).
One specimen, \% inches long, from San Pedro.

55. Merluccius productus (Ayres).
One specimen from Chinook.

5(). Microgadus proximus (Girard).

CALIFORNIA TOMCOD.

Four specimens, 5 to 7 inches long, from San Pablo Bay.

57. Psettichthys melanostictus Girard.
One specimen, G% inches long, from Point San Pedro.

58. Hypsopsetta guttulata (Girard).

DIAMOND FLOUNDER.

One specimen, 4% inches long, from San Pedro, Cal.
59. Parophrys vetulus Girard.

Three specimens, 5 to ().^4 inches long, from Point San Pedro; one
specimen, '?>% inches long, from South Belmont Oyster Beds; three
specimens, 4 to o% inches long, from San Mateo Camp.

(iO. Platichthys stellatus Pallas.

CALIFORNIA FLOUNDER.

Four specimens, \% to 1% inches long, from Tomales Bay; two speci-
mens, b}4 and Q% inches long, from Point San Pedro; and one, b%
inches long, from South Belmont Oyster Beds.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 141-152 September 2, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THE SCAI.ES OF THE AFRICAX CYPRINIT) FISHE^; ' ^ ^
WITH A DISCUSSION OF RELATED ASIATIC

AND EUROPEAN SPECIES. ^^. -

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

For an opportunity to study the scales of the African Cyprin-
ida' I am indebted to Dr. G. A. Boulenger, and the account
given helow is based wholly on the collections in the British
Museum. In Dr. Boulenger's Catalogue of the Freshwater
Fishes of Africa, \\)\. I (1909), there are recognized ten genera
of Cy])rinid;e proper, namely, Labeo, Discognathm, Varicorhinus,
Jinrhiix, Rdshofd, Lcaciscus, Lepton/pris, Barilius, Neohula and
Clirdtthio'ii^i. OF these, all but Rasbora, Leuciscus and Lrptac)/-
pris arc found in the Nile l)asin. Leuciscus, or rather Phoxinellus,
is a PaUearctic type found in northern Africa; Lcptocypris
Boulenger, 1900, is a relative of Barilius, found in the Congo
basin ; Rushora Bleeker is an Asiatic genus, of whicli one of the
Asiatic species (i?. ihinlronlus Ham. Buch.) occurs at Zanzibar.
Chcluthlojis Boulenger, 1899, is an African genus related to the
Asiatic Chela ; it occurs in the Congo basin (C. clongatus) and
in the Nile (C. lilhle). Neuhola Vinciguerra, 1894, is said to be
allied to the Asiatic Bola (which Day includes in Barilius); it
was based on a species (iV. liuitcgol) from Somaliland, and has
another (A^. argcntea) confined to Lake Victoria. It thus appears
that the Ethiopian Cyprinid fauna, though numerous in species,
shows very little generic differentiation, and is in all respects
closely related to that of the Oriental region.

The scale-characters of the African genera, as observed in
scales taken from the vicinity of the lateral line, at about the
level of the beginning of the dorsal fin, are as follows:

(1.) Chchcthiops. C. hibie Joanni^. Kiver Nile. Scales broader than
long, the basal and lateral eirenli coarse, the apical ones much
y.")— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wa8h.. Vol. XXIII. I'JIO, (111)

142 Cockerdl — The Scales of the African Cyprinid Fishes.

Hner, th(_' transition :il)rnpt; al)out nine delicate apical radii, and
a few irregular, poorly developed l)af^al ones. Tlie nuclear area is
a little basad of the middle, and may he hroadly free from circuli,
or circulate nearly to tlie middle. The lish is small and silvery;
the scales are large in proportion, though only about 1% mm. across.
There are no distinct laterobasal angles. Both the fish and the
scales are rather suggestive of the American Xotropis, though nuuiy
differences are apparent on close comparison.

The Indian Chela arrjentea Day (Wynad, F. Day) has larger
scales, with evident laterobasal angles. The apical radii are well
defined, al)out 14, l)ut several imperfect centrad ; the basal radii are
two or three, but very strong. All this shows evident reseml^lance
to the type of radiation found in Alestes, and in the ]ilcurol;vnia
group of Barbus; that is to say, with few strong radii arising from
the nucleus. In Chela ur<ientea tiiis is superimposed, as it were,
on a system of more ordinary apical radii, and it is only the latter
that occur in Chehi'thiops.

A further study of the scales of Chela shows that C. argentea is
quite exceptional, and I find one species which has scales of essen-
tially the same type as those of Clwhcthiops, except that there are
fairly well developed laterobasal angles, no basal radii, and the
apical radii are greatly reduced, with not more than two or three
complete. This species is C. (Paralanbuca) typiis (type of Para-
laiihuca lateralis Sauvage) from the Me Kong (Paris Museum).
C. anomalurua from Sarawak has a scale of the same general char-
acter as C. typus, but it is excessively short and liroad (long, (i,
lat. 10 mm.), with no laterobasal angles, and quite munerous l)ut
very weak apical radii. On the other hand C. chipeoidcK (Alnrree,
F. Day) has .small scales which are much longer than broad, with
six or seven apical radii and no basal. C. hacaila (Orissa, F. Day)
has scales of the type of C. clupcohli's, ]m{ with at least twice as
many apical radii.

The scales of C. macrochir ( Menam River, Royal Siamese Museum )
are transversely oval, scarcely radiate, mucli like Chehvthiui)s hut
with the coarse lateral circuli extending over into the a]iical region.
This species has the dorsal tin very far back, and the scales were
taken from the middle of tln'side. Chela sardiurlla (Sittang liiver,
E. W. Gates) has broad weak scales with al)out 12 apical radii;
there is a dark spot at the fork of the camlal lin.

Thus Chela, on the scales, seems to fall into at least three distinct
groups: (1.) C. argentea, (2.) C. clupeoides and hacaila, (:'..) C.
typus, macrucliir and sardinella, with asul)group f<jr C. anomalurus.
Chehethiops is evidently to be compared with the third group.

The ChcUvllviops scale has (|uite a strong suiterlicial resend)lanci'
to that of the Characinid Cithariims cuiiyicus, although in the
latter the lateral cinaili are more numerous, and less abruptly <lif-
ferentiated from the apical.

Corlrrell — The Scales of the African Ci/pnnid Fishes. 143

(2.) Neohola. N. argentea Pellegrin (Bugala, Lake Victoria, Br. E.
Bayon). Small transversely elongate scales about 2 mm. broad,
and not mnch more than 1 long; no evident angles; nuclear area
a little t)asad of middle; apical and basal radii, but very few and
feeble ; lateral circuli very widely spaced, abruptly separated (about
middle of side ) from apical ones. A weak scale of the same type
as that of Chehefhiops. It may be even better compared with
Barilius (EngrauUcypris) sardella from Lake Nyassa; this is a
slender fish with easily deciduous scales, wdiich are transversely
elongated, with the circuli as in Xeohola, but with better defined
apical radii.

(o.) Barilius. The following key indicates in a general way the diag-
nostic characters of tlie scales of a numl>er of African and Asiatic
species.

Large reddish scales with many apical radii 1.

Smaller pallid scales 2.

1. Scale much broader than long B. microlepis

(Lake Xyassa; ./. E. S. Moore).

Scale about as broad as long B. microcephalus

(Lake Nyassa ; /. E. S. Moore).

2. Scales with a few very strong radiating ribs (or in reverse,

grooves), and in all things resembling those of Chela argen-
tea «^.

Scales not thus marked 4.

3. Intervals between the few apical radii broad . . . . B. gatensis

(Wynad, F. Day).
Intervals between the ai)ical radii much narrower . B. canarcnsis

(S. Canara, F. Day).

4. Scales of a rather broad tyi)e ; basal radii strong; a central spot

of dark pigment . . . B. l)eiidelisis (Simla, F. Day) and B.
coeaa (East Indian Company's collection). These fishes are
mnch alike.
Scales without a dark pigment spot 5.

5. Thin scales of a rather or very broad type B. sardella

(Lake Nyassa, E. L. IlJioades), B. uhangensis (Kribi River at
Efulon, S. Cameroon, Bates), B. neavil (mountain stream
near Petanke, N. E. Rhodesia, »S'. A. Neave).

Scales not especially broad, basal radii absent or somewhat de-
veloped 0.

G. African . . B. ?/ioo)'// (Snmba, Lake Tanganyika, C'!n;?;/H<//o?;;
not adult), B. loati (Gondokoro, W. L. S. Lout), Jl. kiiu/s-
leyiv (S. Cameroon, G. L. Hates). B. itiloticits also comes
in this group.

Asiatic . . . B. iileo, B. andersoni, B. polylepis, B. goha, B.
harila, B. gutlalus, B. eagra, B. ornatus.

144 Cockerelt — The Scales of the African Cyprinid Fishes.

In B. iileo there are two rows of round spot? along the side. Tlie
upper row, of larger spots, alternates witli the lower. B. ijuttahis
has spots much as in B. tilro, and B. barila has ohscure spots of
the same sort. B. oruatus has indications of the same spots.

B. gatensis has hars in place of the spots; B. canarevsis ii^ o])-
scnrely harred. B. ?ooii and near//" have vertical hars; B. uhamj-
ensis looks like nearii. B. moorii has rather ol)Scure vertical hars.
B. hingsleyx has dusky lateral spots. B. sardclln is a slender
species with easily deciduous scales. B. niloticus has the hack
dusky and the sides silvery, without hars or spots. Dr. Boulenger
writes me (Dec, 1009) that he has now removed B. sardclla from
Barilius "and placed it, also with the Neohola, under the name of
Engranlicypris Giinther." As I have remarked ahove, the scales
are very similar to those of Neohola argentcn. The lateral circuli
terminate ol)li(|uely, alxiut the middle of the side, herein diftcriug
very conspicuously from those of ]>. ubaugcnsis and nearii, which
are placed in the same division in the tahle.

Pelotrophus Giinther may lie taken to include T>. mirrolepis
and B. microccphalus of Lake Nyassa, constituting a subgenus, I
suppose.

Opsaridium Peters, type B. zambesensis Peters, I d(i not know.

PachyHtoiiuis Heckel ini'ludes Asiatic species with funr hai-licls,
as B. Ijcmkle^iis and rayra. The name PacJij/nfomiis is not avail-
able, having been used more than thirty years earlier in Diptera.
Day also recognizes a sul^genus Bendelisis, for B. barila, a vertically
barred species with two barliels, according to iiis description,
thongh my notes from tlie lislies (Assam, F. Dai/) describe obscure
spots.

According to the scale-characters, the most distinct group is that
of B. gatensis and ranarevsis; these are jilaced by Day in typical
BariJiua, along witli />'. (iico and B. giitlahis.

\\\{\i tlie removal of Ei)graiiliryj>ris, tlie African P>arilii(x remain
a fairly compact group, with no imiiortant dillerence from the
Asiatic forms. Tlu' large lishes called Pclolroplms, in Lake Nyassa,
indicate a ct'rtain amount of divergence, in response to conditions
not found in Asia.

(4.) Lrptocypris. L. modesliis ( Ikinzyville, I'hauzi, Congo Free State,
Cap!, lloyaux). Scales about ;!'4 mm. long and .'> broad, with
prominent lafembasal angles; nuclear area far basail; obscure
rudiments of basal radii ; apical radii S or 10, well-deliued, widely
S[)aced ; lateral circuli moderately dense, in the same line with the
closer ai)ical ones. This scale is ]ik(^ that of Barilius Jcingsleyie,
excejit that the apical radii are fewer.

(5.) Phoxinellns. See I'roc. P.iol. Soc. Wash.. XXII (1!»00), p. L'lO.

(0. ) Baxbora. I liave only tlie Asiali<' h'. argyrnlniiin ( I'.arani, Lorneo,
Hose). Tiie scale is large (about li' mm. long and liroad), with

Cockerctl — The Scales of the African Ci/prmid Fishes. 145

distinct thouf^h rounded laterobasal angles; nuclear area su1)])asal,
very broad; apical radii very numerous (45 or more), parallel;
))asal radii similar to apical, but liner and closer; basal circuli
transverse; npircil cirmli all longitudinal, becoming irregular and
more or less wavy. The cliaracter of the apical circuli is very dis-
tinctive ; it is an extreme development of the condition found in
C')vrhi)ia jtillieni, in which the very strong apical circuli are ol)lique,
forming with the radii angles of about 4o degrees.

( 7. ) Barhng. This innnensc genus will be discussed fully in a later paper ;
it will suffice at the present moment to call attention to some of
the groupings based on the scales :

(a.) B.harhitfi (typical) group. Scale ol)long, much longer than
broad ; the apical circuli much coarser than the lateral ; base thrown
into folds, one of which projects, as in tlie American genus Gila.
Also includes B. lacertoides. PaUearctic group.

(b. ) B. eaiicnsicus group. Elongate-oval scales, without the basal
lobe. Numerous European species; some, as B. hocaqii, much
broader. I>. .tetlriiD/'n.'iiii from the Atlas Mts. goes in this group,
l)ut the scale is broader than tyjiical, with the lateral radii evanes-
cent. A very distinct tyjie is B. grahami from Yunnan Fu, the
scales oval, extremely minute, the circuli not dense. This fish has
four long barbels.

(c. ) B. affinls group. Scales allied to the last, but much shorter and
l)roader, with laterobasal angles, and the lateral radii usually poorly
di'velopiMl. Well developed in Asia, with such species as B.
u'ynade)isis, B. paradoxus, B. for (mosal), B. hramoides, B. enop-
losus (but fewer radii), B. ohtusirostris (but peculiar), and the
Persian B. hofschyi (but with distinct lateral radii). In the Medi-
terrean region it is represented by/?, callt'nsis (Algiers), B. h/diarnts
(type locality Smyrna), B. ksihl (Morocco), B. Jiarlerti (Morocco)
and B. sclatt'ri from the Guadalquiver River in Sjiain. African
species are 7>. hynni (II. Nile), B. affinis, B. siirki.^, B. oreas (few
ai)ical radii ).

(d.) B. iriacmiUani group. Much like the last; no lateral radii;
basal radii few. Also includes the African B. tropidolepis and the
Asiatic B. armalus. A doubtfully valid group.

(e. ) B. kolus group, also including B. waldoi from ]\Iorocco. Scales
longer and narrower than in the last group, the laterobasal angles
more rounded. The base of the scale is truncate, not rounded as
in the caucasicus group.

(f. ) B. gonionotus group, including also B. jarauicns and B. alttis,
all Asiatic. Base of scale wavy; lateral radii olilique. May be
regarded as a long form of the next group.

146 Cockerell — The Scales of the African Cyprinid Fishes.

(g. ) B. chilotfs gronp. Broad scales, a1)ont a>; hroad as long, the
laterohasal angles fairlj^ strong, the lateral radii usually bent in-
wards centrad, or the outer ones failing. A very common type of
scale, including the African B. chilntes, jilatystomits, gorgitari,
crlangeri, plagiostomus, duchendi, oreas (between this and the
ajfi)iis group), batesii, rueppelli, lobogenys, allianalis, nedgia, rus-
polii, and radcUffii.

Asiatic species are B. Jithopidos (l)ut lateral radii not curved
basally), hexastichvs, douronensis, ihomnssi, carnaticus (lateral
radii vert/ many), malabaricus and jerdoni.

(h. ) B. micropogov group. Mu(!h like the last, liut very broad scales,
broader than long. Includes the Asiatic B. micrnpogon, jarsinus
(hardly so broad), oatesii and sharpryi (I'crsia). Also the African
B. leplosoma (not nearly so broad), rolhschUdi (]Morocco), and
progctij/f<.

(i.) B. loiigiceps, from the Lake of Cialilee, has a peculiar (ina<lrate
scale with rounded corners, and very many radii, apical and basal.

(j.) J>. /k> w; 7.7' /■/ group. Shape nearly as in r(///y//.s gniu}i, laterohasal
angles evident; middle of base emarginate; radii well developed
all round. Here go the Asiatic B. chiUnoides (himalayensis) and
macrovema (large scale, rather peculiar), and the African />'. bon)-
kcri {laarujiioisis), gregorii (l)ut basal radii fewer, and weak;
lateral radii weak), inlermedivs (Imt Inisal radii longer, nuclear
area nonnal), inermis (much. like intermedins), gudaricus (large
scale), margarita, hursensis, hotlrgoi and frilsrJiii, the last from
Morocco. The miclear area is usually l)roadly granular.

(k.) /?. opogon ffnmp. INIuch like the last in form, l)ut no lateral
radii, and basal radii nearly obsolete, or with a single one going to
the notch. Includes the S. African J!, luihihi, and the Asiatic /.'.
srhlcgeJii (Formosa and Japan), Inben, collingwoodii, maculaInK,
re}iax!ion, esocinus (Persian tiulf), yunnanensis, apogon, chnginiio
and eompressus (but apical radii fewer, and two or three weak
basal radii).

(1.) 7>. brevibarbus group (African). :\ruch like the last, but scale
obtusely triangular; a slight tendency to jnilj-goual areas in nuclear
region, aflbrding some transition to the following groups.

Thefour following groups are closely related, and very distinct from
all the i)revious ones, having a few very strong radii (ai)ical and
basal) coming from the miclear area, in the niaiuier of the Chara-
cinid <xrnu^ A lestcs. This may be calle(i alcstiform scul|itun'. In
many cases the miclear area is broken up into [xilygonal spaces;
this may occur or i)e absent in scales from the same lisli.

(m.) B. pin naiuxt I Its jirou\i. Scale suhijuadrate, at least as long as
broad, with rather numerous strong radii. Includes the Asiatic

Cockcrdl — The Scales of the African Cyprinid Fishes. 147

B. pmnauratus, sarana (large scale, with ])asal region larger),
scJianicus, dorsalis, diola, pleurotxnia, and the African B. perince
(R. Xile) and camptacanlJius.

(n.) B. rjonhjsoma group. Like the last, hnt the polygonal nuclear
pattern excessively developed. Includes the Asiatic ijoniosoma,
maculatus (fish very like goniosoma) and hurmanicus. The African
B. f/arnci/i (natalensis) may go here, but is peculiar.

(o.) B. h I o-chelli gronp. Like pinnaMr«<MS group, V^ut scales Ijroader.
Lateral circuli coarse in hurcJiclU, fine in others, as mahccoln. In-
cludes the African -B. burcheUi, t.niiurus, capensis, aspilus, (some
polygonal areas), guirali, nunimifer, rJioadesl (\mt radii weak) and
trispilus {n^aJkeri). Asiatic species are B. lateristriga (scale not so
l)road), ]mlawaiiensis, liampal (immense scale, not so broad) and
maliccola.

(p.) B. cJtri/f^opomd (Asiatic). Scale of the ])hinniiratus type, but
long, with the nuclear area far apicad.

It is not suggested that all these groups are natural, l)ut to some
extent at least they must be significant. Later studies will no
doubt suggest modifications, especially wlien tlie characters of the
fishes are correlated. Some generic and subgeneric names are
applicable as follows :

Cheilobarbus A. Smith. Type, cnpensis (gr. o. )

Pseuilobnrbus A. Smith. Ty|ie burchi'Ili (gr. o. )

Ani'inaticJilhi/.'f Bleeker. Type upogon (gr. k. )

i/f m//jar/v/s Bleeker. Type ^rtc/m.s Schlegel iachlcgclii) (gr. k. )

Labcobdrbij.f Uiipi). Type vedgia (gr. g. )

Numerous other names have been jiroposed for subdivisions of
BcD-hus, which is here interpreted in the broadest sense, following
Bouleuger. No doul)t some of these represent valid genera, and it
is pnibable that Bctrbus should ])e restricted to the Pala?arctic
groups, but I am not in a position to propose a new classification.
According to any reasonable scheme, it appears that enough generic
names already exist to supply all requirements, unless perhaps a
name should be ]troi)osed (at least in a subgeneric sense) for
B. grahami of Regan.

Day, in liis work on the species of British India, recognized
three subgenera:

Barbados, with four barbels.

Capo'i'ia, with two barliels.

Puiitius, without barbels.

I have examined the scales of 17 of his Barbodcx, five of his
CapoHa, and two (ajxjgon and Jilatnenlosiis) of his Pnnlius. On
the scale characters, the groups do not hang well together, and for
this and other reasons I believe they are to a considerable extent
artificial. Day calls attention to the great resemblance between
B. maliccola, which has four barbels, and B. filamcnlosus, which

148 Cockerell — The Scales of the African Cyprinid Fishes.

has none, and even raises the question whetlier they are (Ustinct
species.

(8.) Varicorhinns. An Asiatic and African genus related to Lahco and
Barbus. I have examined three species:

T'. bcso. Hawasli River {Zaphlro). Scale al)Out 11 3^2 mui- long
and 14 broad; laterobasal angles much greater; basal and lateral
circuli very fine, apical (on exposed part of scale) al)ruptly difler-
entiated, very coarse, broken up into tnl)ercles between the radii;
nuclear area nearly central; ai)ical radii nuinerous, al)out 40,
parallel, not very conspicuous ; basal radii three or four, feel)le and
broken. This rather recalls some of the Labro scales, but is much
broader, and without or with oidy faint traces of the curved lateral
radii. This is the type of the genus.

V. taiKjanicr. Lake Tanganyika (Cinni.iinffon). Small delicate
scales about 4 mm. long, about as broad as long, varying to broader
than long, obtusely subtriangular, with a broad basal median lobe.
Nuclear area broadly roughened ; lateral and basal circuli widely
spaced, or the basal fairly dense; apical circuli evanescent; apical
radii about IS, delicate, wavy; basal radii as in V. bcso. Very
distinct from V. bcso. ■,

V. marocrauHS. Gum Erl)iah, Morocco (Jlif/goibacJi). Not
adult. Scales subquadrate, about (> nun. long and (^)4 broad;
structure essentially as in V. ba^o, with the same sort of tuberculate
apical circuli. Apical radii about Ki; nuclear area circulate to
middle or very broadly rugose; feeble and broken basal radii
rather numerous. Belongs to the subgenus Pterocapocia Giinther.

In Boulenger's key, 1'. bcso goes in the first division, with three
other species, while T'. maroccau us -dml ?a/?^rt?v/o.T form the second.
It seems evident, however, that the two latter are not closely
allied. T'. maroccaniis, in spite of several peculiarities, must be
grouped with V. beso, while T'. <(ni.7a/i*c.r Boulenger forms a group
apart. The tanr/aniar group is distinguished not only by the
small size ( (14-70 in lateral line) and sculpture of the scales, but by
the dorsal originating above the ventrals, the last simple ray very
strong and ossified, the large eye, the reduction of the barbels to a
single rudimentary pair, and the falcate apex of the dorsal and of
the caudal lobes.

Dr. Boulenger (lilOl) originally described ]'. tanganicx as a
member of the Asiatic genus Cnporta, writing as follows:

" The discovery of a sjjecies of this geiuis in Lake Tanganyika is
particularly interesting from the fact that only one was known
from Africa, viz. the Abyssinian C. diUonii V. and V.; this is dis-
tinguished by the absence of barbels and the greater size of the
scales (;>0 to W'l in the lateral line). In the presence of a pair of
barbels and the small size of the scales, C. tauycuiicw belongs to

Cochercll — The Scales of the African Cyprinid Fishes. 149

the typical section nf the genus, inhabiting southwestern Asia; hu\
it lias the enlarged dorsal ray neither feel)leas in C. fundulns I'all.
and allied species, nor serrated as in C. tnitfa Heck."

C. (liUonii is now i)laced by Ur. Boulenger in the synonymy of
T'. heso. Upon conii)aring the scales of 1^ tanrjanicx with those
of Asiatic Capo'Ha, I find a very marked resemblance. Caporla
fi(7uhilus (Knra River, St. Peters) mrg ^Museum) has scales closely
like those of T'. tangauiav in size, sculpture and consistency, but
broader, with the apical radii strong and not wavy. C. stein-
dachneri, Kessl, is rather more modified, tiie scales l)eing longer
than broa<], with strong laterobasal angles, and the sul)ai)ical cir-
culi forming strong o])lique ridges. The scales of C. ( Gnatliupogoii )
gracilis are clo.se to those of T"". tanganicx, but the apical radii are
stronger, and the tuliercles formed l)y the circuli l)etween them are
large.

All things considered, V. ianganiar does seem to stand apai't
from true Varicorhinus, and shows some atRnity with Capo'Ha. It
may therefore be taken as the type of a new sul»genus Acai-oeta.

(!i. ) Discognathus. A genus of southern Asia and northeast Africa,
especially found in torrents and mountain rivers, having a more or
less developed suctorial disc on the chin. The skin is usually
thick, and is always be.set with numerous minute jjigment dots; in
D. johnstonii these are rather larger and very den.se, producing a
sort of line marbling. According to Day, typical Discognathus f)f
ITeckel, which T have not seen, has only one pair of barbels. The
Indian and African species have two pairs, and go in the subgenus
Garra Ham. Buch. The only Asiatic species I have examined is
D. lamta from Harnai, Afghanistan {F. Dug). This has sub-
quadrate scales, broader than long (about (i nun. long and (\%
broad), the apical half covered by the yellow skin. Laterobasal
angles evident but obtuse ; basal and lateral circuli very fine; apical
radii excessively line and immerous, only about 70 to !I0 /tx ai)art,
giving the idea that they may be merely coarse longitudinal
circuli, but the remains of the true apical circuli (following the
line of evolution initiated ])y Varicorhinus) are visible as rounded
tubercles between the radii; ])asal radii irregular and poorly
developed, as in allied forms. This scale can easily be recognized
as an extreme mollification of the Varicorhinus type. The ajiical
tubercles (remains of circuli) are suggestive of those found in
Capoi'ta gracilis though of course they are much smaller.

The four African species of Discognathus seen by me have .smaller
and broader scales (4 mm. broad and ;^> long in D. johnstonii, the
others a little smaller).

D. hlanfordii. Jerrer IJiver, near Harrar (7?. 7>('r/e/0. Formerly
confused with D. lamta, with which the scale agrees in all impor-
tant features. The basal radii are fairly numerous, hut very
irregular.

loO Cockerell-^Thc Srahs of the African CyprimJ Fhhcs.

D. johnstoiil. Victoria Xyaiiza (Sir II. Johnston). Appparanre
of scale much a;^ in D. binnfordii, liut the hiterohasal angles have
wholly disappeared, and the broad nuclear area is broken up by a

■ number of short irregular lines. The apical radii extend to the
side of the scale, where they are obliquely crossed by the circuli.
The lateral circuli are not so regular as in D. lamta.

D. fjiiadrimaculains. Lake Zwai (Zaphiro). Scale much as in T).
hlanfordii. Laterobasal angles rudimentary ; nuclear area very far
basad ; apical radii extremely fine, the middle ones about oO m a]»art ;
lateral radii irregular and widely spaced, obliquely crossed by cir-
culi; apical circuli represented by scattered round tubercles.

D. (lemheemis. Matti R. (Blue Nile) (P. C. Zaphiro). Thin scales
embedded in thick skin. Scales essentially as in qnadriviamlal <(.'<,
the nuclear area far basad. The short basal radii are well devel-
oped, and extend laterally in an irregular manner, so that tiie scale
is radiate all round.

Thus, so far as the scales go, the genus DiscogncUhn.^ hangs well
together, and is separable from Varicorltinvx l)y the extreme close-
ness of the radii.

( 10. ) Laheo. The scales of this large genus may be divided into a uum-
ber"of groups, as in IkirhHs.

(a.) L. fimhriatus group. Scales very long, parallel-sided, rounded
apically, truncate basally; those oi fnnbrialns are aliout 1") nun.
long and 9 broad. A very distinctive group, api)roached, but not
nearly equalled, in Barbus by the group of i>. goiiionotuts. The
species are Asiatic, including L. cur.m, microphthalmns, kawrus,
gon'nis, fimbriates, bata, kontiiis, h'schnianltii ; and as a subgroup
with shorter scales L. dussninieri, pangnsia, chaJi/beatiis iuu\ nigri-
pinnis. The apical circuli are broken up into tubercles; the apical
radii diller, being much more innnerous in //. Jiala tlian iu L.
findiriatiis. One African species, L. barl/atus llouleuger ( llonui,
]jower Congo) might be classed with the shorter-scaled division of
this grou]), but it is n-ally a rather narrow-scaled memlier of tiie
marrosloma grou[).

(1).) L. 'laacrostoma group. Scales of the subipiadrate type, but not
much elongated ; basal margin obtusely lobed iu middle. I have
placed here the Asiatic L. calliasn and falcatns (dgi)rltilns), but the
latter is broader. The African species are numerous, including /..
macrostoma, niloticus (few basal \-.\d\\) , annectms (but broader),
cylindricns, mesnps, vclifn- (large reildisli ^ca]('), forshalU, green it
and victoriavvs. The large scales of L. viclorianiis are badly in-
fested by some parasite.

(c.) L. sladoni grouji. bike tiu' last, but no basal I'adii, and the
basal margin straight, or not obviously lobed. This group consists

Cockereil — The Scales of the African Ci/prinid Fishes. 151

of two lots of species, one Asiatic, the other from tlie Transvaal.
The Asiatic inemhers are L. sladoul (Mandalay, F. Day), L.
ricnorhiinchiis (Janiu, ITiinalayas, SchJnijiiitireit), L. biculor (Cal-
cutta, F. Dai/), L. s///(/t'//.s/.s and L. (Jiplot^tonuis. The Transvaal
ones are L. ?"o.s.r, rnthli and capensls. This .(jfrouj) prohahly has no
proper standing, bnt consists ratlu'r of slightly divergent members
of the last.

( d. ) L. aUivelis group. The often large scales sculptured about as in
the ?/t<7C?"Osfo?rta group, but subcircular, without laterobasal angles.
All African, including L. allivrlis, sencf/aloii^is, Jineatns, couhie
(many basal radii), darllngi and timhratus. The last is tlie tyjje
of Ahrostomus A. Smith. Jj. lioric forms a subgroup with reduced
sculpture.

(e.) L. icalkcri (bracJiijporim) group. Type of inacrostomn, but the
scales becoming ()l)tusely subtriangular. Tiiis may be com|)ared
with tiie hrcviharhls grouj) of Ilarhus.

( f. ) L. cJiri/sopJiekadion grouj). This species, from the jNIenam
River, Siam, is very distinct by the character of the apical circuli,
which instead of being broken up into tubercles, are continuous,
and meet at a sharp angle in the middle line, as in Cirrhiiia
jnllieiii. They are however denser than in the Cirrhina. Tj.
rohila from Calcutta (,,Thos. Moore) has essentially the same struc-
ture, but the circuli are more or less broken ui) into tubercles.
The shape of the scale is essentially as in the macrostoma group.

It will be seen that the grouping of Laheo here given does not
accord well with that based (e. g. by Boulenger) on the fishes.
There is however a tendency for the groups to agree with geograph-
ical areas, and it is probable that they have some real significance.
No doubt some of the groups are artificial, including similar look-
ing scales which actually have difl'erent origins.

Tiegarded as a whole, the African Cyprinid fauna i)resents some
curious historical problems. Africa is the home of a varied fauna
of Characinids, which belong to endi'mic genera. As America was
])rol)ably the home of this family, and in view of the distinctness
of the African Characinid fauna from tliat found in the Neotropical
Region, it nnist be supposed that the arrival of the Characinids in
Africa took place very long ago, perhaps in the Mesozoic. On the
other hand, the Ethiopian Cyprinid fauna is obviously Asiatic, and
the amount of endemicity (aside from species) is so slight that we
must postulate a more recent period of arrival, certainly Tertiary,
perhaps not earlier than ^Miocene. It is curious that with the
country so well stocked in advance with Characinids, it was ]>ossi-
ble for the Cyprinids to spread even to the extreme south, and
produce such a large nundjer of specific forms. This may be due
in part to a greater adaptability (already well developed in Asia)

152 Cockerell — The Scales of the African Cypniud Fishes.

to ujiland streams, as may Ik? suggested liy the great number and
variety of species in Al)jssinia.

Another interesting feature is tlie paljcarctir fauna, ])ni>r in
species, in north Africa. This fauna docs not have tilings all its
own way. It seems natural enough that Kthidjiian types should
come down the Xile into Lower Egypt, hut it is curious that the
surprisingly rich (as to species) fauna in the Atlas ^fonntains
should be mixed, Pahearctic and Ethioi)ian. Thi< seems to jmint
to former (IMiocene) conditions in the Sahara region, very (lill'erent
from those ol)served to-day.

Pkoc. Rior,. Soc. Wa^h., XXIII, 1910

Pr.ATE III.

Fig. 1. Barhiif! rhri/nopniiia.

Fig. 2. Lahro tiiiibriafini.

Fig. 3. lldrhiif: hiitrxii.

Fig. 4. Barbas harbus (culgaris) .

■Scales of Cypijixid.e.

Fig. 5. Barbus ksibi.
V\g. (i. Bdrhim pleiiroticnia.
Fig. 7. Lnhro >if7iefinlc)isis.
Fig. S. Virrlihin juliicni.

Fig. 9. Barbiin c/raliami.
Fig. 10. Bariliiis loKti.
Fig. 11. Chehftlii(>t)» bibic.
Fig. 12. Chela ai-<jentea.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 153-156 December 6, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

TWO NEW WOQDPECKERS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA.

BY W. E. CLYDE TODD.

Ill tlie course of tlic writer's studies of the neotropical birds
in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, two heretofore unrec-
ognized races of the genus Melnnerpes have been discovered,
but pending the examination of additional material their pub-
lication has been delayed. INIore recent comparisons having
apparently confirmed their validity, it has seemed best to pub-
lish descriptions of the new forms in advance of the more
extensive ])aper in which they were originally intended to
appear. The type specimens have been generously presented
to the Carnegie Museum by Pomona College, Claremont, Cali-
fornia, through the courtesy of Prof. C. F. Baker.

Melanerpes formicivorus albeolus subsp. nov.

BELIZE WOODPECKER.

Type, No. 3l', 702, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; near Mana-
tee, British Honduras, September 21, 1905; J. D. Johnson.

Subsprcifi.c chararfers.—^umhAr to if. f. striatipectus Eidgway, but
with sides and flanks much less streaked, and throat paler yellow, often
nearly white.

Description.— Adn\t male: nasal tufts, chin, sides of head and neck,
upper breast, cervix, back, wings, and tail black with a metallic green
sheen, less decided on remiges and rectrices, the outer pair of rectrices with
small distal spots of white, a large white patch at base of primaries, and
the secondaries barred with white on inner webs; rump, upper tail-
coverts, forehead, mastax, throat, breast, abdomen, and crissum white,
tlie throat washed with canary yellow, the breast broadly, the sides,
flanks and cris.sum narrowly streaked with black ; w hole crown and occi-
put red.

Adult female similar, liut crown black.

Measurements of type.— Wing, 136 mm. ; tail, 82; exposed culmen, 25;
tarsus, 21.

3G— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXiri, 1910. (153)

154 Todd — Tioo Neio Woodpeckers from Central America.

Remarks. — The new form resembles the more southern M. f. striatipec-
ius in the character and extent of the breast striping, but differs as afore-
said, tlie tliroat being practically white or witii onlj' a slight tinge of
canary yellow, while in strintippctHn this color is more ]-)rononnced and
constant (irres])ective of season) than in any other form of this species.
Compared with M. f. formicivorus from Tetela del Volcan, Morelos,
]Mexico, assumed to ])e typical, the British Honduras bird differs further
in ])eing much less distinctly streaked on the sides and fianks, giving it a
Avhiter appearance below, this character serving to separate it from all
the other known forms, while the pectoral band is less "solid," more
extensively striated. None of tiie series of birds examined from eastern
Mexico approach the present form at all closely, so that it seems well
entitled to recognition. I have seen no examples from Honduras, but
Guatemala specimens seem referable to true fnrmic.ivorus , so that it is
probable that the present form is confined to the coast region of British
Honduras, possibly extending northward into Yucatan.

Melanerpes pucherani perileucus suljsp. nov.

WHITE-BARRED WOODPECKER.

Type, No. 32,703, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; near Mana-
tee, British Honduras, December 22, 1905; J. I). Johnson.

Subspea'fic cliaracters. — Similar to Melanerpes pucherani from Nicara-
gua southward, but with more white on the wing-coverts, rectrices,
remiges, and back; and the abdominal red more restricted.

Description. — Adult male: extreme forehead cadmium yellow; crown
and occiput carmine ; postorbital stripe, superciliary stripe, cervix, sides
of neck, back, wings, and tail jjlack, the back regularly barred with
white, the wings (except lesser coverts) conspicuously spotted externally,
barred internally with white, the outer pair of rectrices imperfectly barred
distally with bntfy white, the middle pair broadly l)arred on inner webs
with pure white; a white postocular spot; rump and upper tail-coverts
white, somewhat spotted and barred with black; lower parts olive gray,
deepest on breast, whitish on crissum, and barred with black on all pos-
terior portions; middle of abdomen carmine; lining of wing mottled
black and white.

Adult female similar, but crown black, bnffy white on anterior middle
part.

Measurements of type. — Wing, 115 mm.; tail, 01; exposed culmen,
23.5; tarsus, 21.

Remarks. — Zebrapicus pucherani was described by Malherbe (Revue et
Magasin de Zoologie, 1S49, 542) from "Tabago" (lege Tobago), a locality
where the species is not known to occur. The later description and i)late
by the same author (^lonograpliie des Picidees, II, 1S()2, 227, PI. 10;*),
figs. 1, 2), however, seems to apply better to the form inhabiting Nica-
ragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, which is characterized maiidy l)y the
less amount of white on the Ijack, wings, and tail, this color being very
prominent in the northern bird, giving a decidedly barred effect to the

Todd — Two New Woodpeckers from Central America. 155

upper parts. The South American l)ird may possibly belong to a third
form, judging from the only skin available (No. 101,21)7, U. S. National
Museum, Guayaquil, Ecuador), which may be the true pucherani, but
in any case the l)ird occurring from Honduras northward to southern
Mexico is subspecitically separable. The differences are obvious even in
young birds, as may l)e seen Ijy comparing two such sijecimens as Nos.
192,800, U. S. National Museum, Carrillo, Costa Rica, and 112,582, Trux-
illo, Honduras, September 27, 1887, both in fresh juvenal dress. Care
must be taken in making comparisons to choose specimens in the same
state of plumage, for the white spots and edgings wear away more readily
than the black areas, as in other woodpeckers. Many of the Mexican
specimens examined are in poor plumage, and consequently fail to show
the distinctive characters to the best advantage.

The form under consideration is evidently that which, according to
Malherbe (/. c), had been provisionally designated as melanotis by Dr.
Sclater in 1857, but this name is, of course, a pure nomen nudum.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 157-164 December 6, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

ON A COLLECTION OF FISHES FROM THE LOWER

POTOMAC, THE ENTRANCE OF CHESAPEAKE

BAY, AND FROM STREAMS FLOWING

INTO THP]SE WATERS.*

BY BARTON WARREN EVERMANN AND
SAMUEL FREDERICK HILDEBRAND.

U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

/■.

The collection upon \vhich this paper is based is a miscella-
neous one, made chiefly in behalf of the U. S. Fish Commission
at various times during the years 1892 to 1900, by the U. S.
Fisheries Steamer Fish Hawk, and by Messrs. M. C. Marsh,
W. C. Kendall, W. H. Sterling, E. C. Starks, W. T. Lindsay,
A. Marmaduke, E. Daws, and Capt. L. G. Harron. This
material remained unstudied until recently when the present
writers went over the entire lot. It was found to contain sev-
eral interesting species, and enables us to record an extension
of the geographic range of a number of species beyond their
previously recorded limits. It is hoped that the publication of
this list may prove of interest to students of the fish fauna of
the region covered by the collection.

The waters and localities from which specimens have been
obtained by the above named collectors are as follows:

Potomac River at Jackson City, Alexandria, and Mathias
Point, Ya.; Bryans Point, Somerset Beach, Riverside, Blacki-
stone Island, Piney Point, and St. Georges Island, Md.; Matta-
pony River at Milford, Ya.; Blackwells Mill Creek, Cockerel
Creek, Cape Charles City, Mobjack Bay, Gloucester Point,
Buckroe Beach, Old Point Comfort, Hampton Roads, Hampton
Creek, Ocean View, and Cape Henry, Ya.

* Published by permission of Hon. George M. Bowers, U. S. Commissioner of Fish-
eries.

37— Pkoc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. Vol. XXIII. 1910. U57)

158 Evermann and Hildehrand — Fishes from Lower Potomac.

This collection consists of a total of 1,487 specimens, all of
which have been deposited in the National Museum.

1. Notropis hudsonius (De Witt Clinton).

SPAWN-EATER; SPOT-TAILED MINNOW; SHINER.
Four specimens, 1.5 to 2.3 inches long, from ]Mattapony River.

2. Notropis hudsonius amarus (Girard).

SHINER: SFAWN-E.^TER; SILVER-FIN.

Five specimens, 2.75 to 4 inches long, from Jackson City.

3. Notropis amoenus (Abbott).
Two specimens, 1.5 and 2.() inches long, from Mattapony River.

Hybopsis kentuckiensis (Rafinesque).

HOKXY-IIEAD; RIVER CHUIJ.

Five specimens, 2.5 to 5 inches long, from Mattapony River.
5. Anguilla rostrata (Le Sneur).

AMERICAN EEL; FRESHWATER EEL.

Three specimens, 3 to 11 inches long, from Somerset Beach; two, 11
and 12 inches long, from Riverside.

6. Pomolobus mediocris (Mitchill).

HICKORY SHAD; FALL HERRING.

Thirty-two specimens, 1.5 to 2 inches long, from Somerset Beach;
three, 2 to 2.5 inches long, from Riverside; one, 3 inches long, from St.
Georges Island: twenty-eight, 3.25 to 4 inches long, from the mouth of
Hampton Creek.

7. Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Wilson).

ALEWIFE; BRANCH HERRING.

Seven specimens, 1.75 to 2.25 inches long, from Bryans Point.

8. Pomolobus zestivalis (Mitchill).
GLUT HERRING; SUMMER HERRING.
Twenty-one specimens, 1.8 to 2.25 inches long, from Riverside; one,
1.5 inches long, from Blackistone Island; eighteen, 2 to 2.2 inches long,
from St. Georges Island ; fifty-six, 1.4 to 1.0 inches long, from Cockerel
Creek; three, 1.5 to 2.4 inches long, from Buckroe Beach; eighty-four,
2.4 to 3 inches long, from the month of Ham])ton Creek.

9. Alosa sapid issima (Wilson).

COMMON SHAD; AMEUICAX SHAD; POTOMAC SHAD.

Forty-six specimens, 1 to 1.5 inches long, from Jackson City; forty-
eight, 1 to 3 inches long, from Bryans Point; five, of equal size, 2 inches
long, from Somerset Beach; one 3.3 inches long, from Gloucester Point;
five, 2 to 4 inches long, from the mouth of Hampton Creek.

10. Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe).

MENHADEN ; " BUGFISH " ; " ALEWIFE."

Six specimens, of equal size, about 2.75 inches long, from Somerset

Evermann and Hildehrand — Fishes from Lower Potomac. 159

Beach; three, 4 to 5.5 inches long, from St. Georges Island; eight, :5 to 6
inches long, from Blackwells jMill Creek; seven, from Cockerel Creek;
fifty-nine, 2 to 3.5 inches long, from Mobjack Bay; four, 6 to 9 inches
long, from Old Point Comfort; three, 2.75 to 4.25 inches long, from the
mouth of Hampton Creek.

11. Stolephorus mitchilli (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

ANCHOVY.
Thirty-seven specimens, 1.5 to 2.5 inches long, from Somerset Beach;
ten, 1.3 to 1.6 inches long, from Riverside.

12. Synodus foetens (Linnfeus).

LlZARD-FlSH.

Four specimens, 4.5 to 5.5 inches long, from St. Georges Island; one,
2.7 inches long, from Cape Charles City.

13. Esox reticulatus Le Sueur.

COMMON ExVSTERN PICKEREL.

Two specimens, 4 and 4.5 inches long, from Mattapony River.
14. Fundulus majalis (Walbaum).

KILLIFISn ; MAYFISH.

One specimen, 4 inches long, from Mathias Point ; four, of equal size,
2 inches long, from Riverside ; five, 3 to 5 inches long, from Blacki-
stone Island; two, 3 and 5 inches long, from Piney Point; thirty-eight,
1.75 to 5.5 inches long, from St. Georges Island ; one, 4 inches long, from
Cape Charles City ; five, 1.2 to 2. 25 inches long, from the mouth of Hamp-
ton Creek.

15. Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus).

COMMON KILLIFISH ; MUD MINNOW.

Ninety-three specimens, 2 to 3 inches long, from Somerset Beach;
twenty-six, 1 to 2 inches long, from St. Georges Island ; one, 3 inches
long, from Cape Charles City ; one, 1.4 inches long, from the mouth of
Hampton Creek.

IG. Fundulus diaphanus (Le Sueur).
Eleven specimens, 1.5 to 2.5 inches long, from Somerset Beach; five,
1.5 to 3 inches long, from Blackistone Island; five, 2 to 3 inches long,
from St. Georges Island.

17. Lucania parva (Baird & Girard).

RAINWATER-FISH.

Fifty-four specimens, .75 to 1.3 inches long, from St. Georges Island;
three, .75 to 1.25 inches long, from Cape Charles City.

18. Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepfede.

SHEEPSIIEAD MINNOW.

Ninety-one specimens, .75 to 1.75 inches long, from St. Georges Island.

160 Evermann and Hildehrand — Fishes from Lower Poiomad.

]'.). Gambusia affinis (Bainl c*t Girard).
TOP MINNOW.
Ninety-one specimens, .75 to l.l'o inches long, from St. (ieorges Island.
The lot is composed of 14 males and 77 females.

20. Tylosurus marinus (\Vall)anm).

GARFISH; BILLFISII; NEEDLE-FISII.

One specimen, 4.75 inches long, from Bryans Point.

-!1. Apeltes quadracus ( !\Iitchill).

One specimen, l.l' inches long, from St. Georges Island. Trevionsly
not recorded sonth of New Jersey.

22. Siphostoma floridae Jordan & Gill)ert.

Two specimens, 5.25 and 5.5 inches long, from Cape Charles City ; three,
3.25 to 6.5 inches long, from month of Hampton Creek. Previonsly not
recorded north of Beanfort, N. C. .

2o. Siphostoma fuscum (Storer).
COMMON PIPEFISH.

Two specimens, 4.5 and 0 inches long, from Riverside; one, 5.75 inches
long from mouth of Hampton Creek.

24. Hippocampus hudsonius I)e Kay.

COMMON AMFKK AN SEA-HORSK.

Tvvo young, al)ont 7 inches long, from Cape Charles City.
25. Kirtlandia iaciniata (Swain).

SILVER-FISH.

One specimen, 3.2 inches long, from Cape Charles City.

2(). Menidia gracilis (Giinther).
Four specimens, 1.75 to 2.1 inches long, from Hampton Creek.

27. Menidia gracilis beryllina (Cope).
Six specimens, 2 to 2.5 inches long, from Ale.xandria; eight, of about
the same size, 2.25 indies long, from Bryans Point; live, 1.5 to 1.75
inches long, from Blackistone Island; fifty, 1 to 1.25 inches long, from
St. Georges Island.

2S. Menidia notata (^litchill).

SIIAEKSIDE.
One specimen, 3 inches long, fi'oni Piverside; thirty-six, 2 to 4 inches
long, from Blackistone Island; oiu(, 2.75 inches long, from St. Georges
Island; twenty-one, 2 to 3.75 inches long, from Cape Charles City; four,
3 to 3.75 inches long, from mouth of Hampton Oeek.

21». Querimana gyrans Jordan & Gilbert.
WHIULKiKi MULLET.

Three sj)ecimens, each about one inch long, from Hampton Creek.
30. Sphyraena borealis De Kay.

NORTHERN I'.AKKACFDA.

Two specimens, 1 to 3 inches long, from Cape Charles City.

JEvermann and Hildehrand — Fishes from Lower Potomac. 161
31. Trachinotus falcatus (Linn?eus).

ROUND POMPANO; PALOMETA.

One specimen, 2.5 inches long, from near Ocean View.
32. Enneacanthus gloriosus (Hoi brook).

Seven specimens, each about 1 .U inches long, from Somerset Beach. One
specimen abnormal, D. X, 10; A. IV, 9.

33. Lepomis auritus (Linnpens).

YELLOWl'.ELLY; REDBREAST BREAM.

One specimen, 2.25 inches long, from Somerset Beach.

34. Eupomotis gibbosus (Linupeus).
PUMPKIN-SEED.

Fourteen specimens, 1 to 3 inches long, from Somerset Beach.
35. Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede).

LAR(iE-MOUTHED BLACK BASS.

One specimen, 2.5 inches long, from Mattapony River. Introduced
species.

3(). Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi (Storer).

TESSELATED DARTER.

Two specimens, 1.25 and 1.5 inches long, from IMattapony River.
37. Roccus lineatus (Bloch).

STRIPED BASS; ROCKFISH ; ROCK.
Eleven specimens, 3.25 to 4.75 inches long, from Hampton Creek.

38. Morone americana (Gmelin).

WHITE PERCH.

Twenty-two specimens, 1.5 to 3.25 inches long, from Somerset Beach.
39. Mycteroperca microlepis (Goode & Bean).

GA(i.

One specimen, 5.5 inches long, from Old Point Comfort. Previously
not recorded north of Beaufort, N. C.

40. Centropristes striatus (Linnfeus).

BLACK SEA BASS; BLACKFISH.

Three specimens, each 2 inches long, from Cape Charles City; six, each
2 inches long, from Cape Henry.

41. Neomaenis griseus (Linnpeus).

GRAY SNAPPER.

Five specimens, 2.25 to 3 inches long, from Old Point Comfort; one,
2.6 inches long, from Ocean View.

42. Orthopristis chrysopterus (Linnaeus).

PIGFISH; SAILORS CHOICE; HOGFISH.

Thirty-four specimens, 1 to 3 inches long, from Cape Charles City.
43. Eucinostomus gula (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

MOJARRA DE LEY.

Sixty-nine specimens, .75 to 2 inches long, from Cape Charles City.

162 Evermann and Hildehrand — Fishes from Lower Potomac.
44. Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier& Valenciennes).

SPOTTED WEAKFISH; SPOTTED SEA TROUT.
One si)ecinien, 11.75 inches long, from St. Georges Island; three, 2 to
2.5 inches long, from Old Point Comfort.

45. Bairdiella chrysura (Lacepede).

^lADEMOlSELLE ; YELLOW-TAIL.

One specimen, 3.25 inches long, from St. Georges Island ; thirty-eight,
.9 to 3 inches long, from Cape Charles City.

46. Sciaenops ocellatus (Linn,ieus).

RED DRL'M; CHANNEL BASS; REDFISH.

Eight very small specimens, each ahout .7 inches long, from Gloucester
Point.

47. Leiostomus zanthurus LacepMe.

SPOT; GOODY.

Six specimens, 2.5 to 3.25 inches long, from Somerset Beach; twenty-
two, each about 2 inches long, from Cockerel Creek; eleven, 3.25 to 4.75
inches long, from Hampton Creek; six, each 2 inches long, from Cape
Henry.

4S. Micropogon undulatus ( I^innieus).
CROAKER.

Eighteen specimens, 1.5 to 2.5 inches long, from Hampton Creek ; two,
1.25 and 2 inches long, from Cape Charles City.

4!). Menticirrhus americanus (Linufeus).

SAND WIIITINO; CAROLINA WHITING.

Fourteen specimens, 1 to 2.5 inches long, from St. Georges Island; one,
3.25 inches long, from near Ocean View.

50. Tautoga onitis (Linnpeus).

TAUTOG; ULACKFISH; OYSTER-FISH.

Three specimens, 2.1 to 3.25 inches long, from Cape Charles ('ity ; one,
2.75 inches long, from Old Point Comfort.

51. Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet).
ANGEL-FISH; SPADE-FISH.

Two specimens, each 2 inches long, from Hampton lioads ; two, 2 and
2.1 inches long, from near Ocean N'iew.

52. Monocanthus hispidus (Linnaeus).

FOOL-FISH; FILE-FISII ; LE.VTHER-FISII.

Three specimens, 1.1 to 1.75 inches long, from Cape Charles City ; four,
1.75 to 2.75 inches long, from near Ocean View.

53. Spheroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider).
One small si)eciinen, I incli long, from St. Georges Island; one, 3 inches
long, from Cape Charles City.

54. Chilomycterus schoepfi ( Walhaum).

COMMON 15URRF1SH; SWELL TOAD.

One small specimen, 1.25 inches long, from Cape Charles City.

Evermann and Hildebrand — Fishes from Lower Potomac. 163
55. Hemitripterus americanus (Gmelin).

SEA-RAVEX.

Two specimens, 2.() and 2.9 inches long, from Cape Charles City; one,
5 inches long, from Old Point Comfort.

56. Microgobius eulepis Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Two specimens, each 1.25 inches long, from month of Hampton Creek.
A rare species, previunsly recorded only from Fortress JMonroe (the
type locality), Beaufort Harhor and from Uncle Israel Shoal, near Beau-
fort, N. C.

57. Qobiosoma bosci (Lacepede).

CLINGING GOBY.
One specimen, 1.5 inches long, from Blackistone Island; one, 1.5 inches
long, from Cape Charles City; one, 1.75 inches long, from Gloucester
Point; one, 1.75 inches long, from Plamjiton Creek.

58. Astroscopus guttatus Abbott.
One specimen, 2.75 inches long, from Gloucester Point.

5i). Opsanus tau (Linnaeus).

TOADFISH.

Three small specimens, 1.25 to 1.5 inches long, from Cape Charles City.

(10. Hypsoblennius hentz (Le Sueur).
One specimen, 3.25 inches long, from Old Point Comfort; two, each 2
inches long, from near Ocean \'iew. Previously not recorded north of
North Carolina.

01. Chasmodes bosquianus (Lacepede).
One specimen, 2 inches long, from Blackistone Island.
62. Prionotus carolinus (Linnseus).

C0M:M()N GURNARD; SEA-ROBIN.

One spechnen, ?> inches long, from Old Point Comfort; six, 2.5 to 8
inches long, from Hampton Roads; six, 1.5 to 3.5 inches long, from near
Ocean View; six, 1.25 to 2.25 inclies long, off Cape Henry.

63. Qobiesox strumosus Cope.
One specimen, 1.25 inches long, from St. Georges Island; one, 2 inches
long, from Gloucester Point.
Head 2.5; D. 10; A. 8.
Not previously recorded north of South Carolina.

()4. Urophycis chuss (Walbaum).

Four specimens, 4.25 to ().5 inches long, off' Cape Henry.

65. Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus).

SUMMER FLOUNDER.

One specimen, o.o inches long, from St. Georges Island; two, 1.75
inches long, from Hampton Creek.

()(). Achirus fasciatus Lacepede.

AMERICAN SOLE; HOG-CHOKER.

Three specimens, each 1.5 inches long, from St. Georges Island.

Vol. XXlll, pp. 165-168 December 29, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THE AMPHIBIAN GENERIC NAME ENGYSTOMA

UNTENABLE.

BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER.

The genus Engi/stoma, as now generally understood, embraces
a number of American species, among them our well known
southern E. carolinense. The term is untenable, however, for
this genus.

When Fitzinger instituted the genus in 1826 (Neue Classif.
Kept., p. 39) he expressly stated (p. 40) that it was based on
Linne's Rana gibbosa, that Merrem's Breviceps, of 1820, was
also based on the same species, but that he preferred his own
genus which he alleges was " gleichzeitig aufgestellt." There
is no evidence that he published the name Engystoma before
1826, however. The later name therefore becomes a synonym
of Breviceps. That it was so understood by all herpetologists
up to 1811 is plain from a perusal of the literature. Cuvier
(Regne Anim., 2 ed., II, 1829, p. 112) synonymizes them. So
does Wagler (Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 205) who substitutes
Si/stoma for both of them. So does Tschudi (Classif. Batr.,
1838, p. 86) who accepts Wagler's term. Finally, Fitzinger
himself, in 1813 (Syst. Rept., p. 33), abandons Engystoma and
accepts Systoma. Wagler, as early as 1828, separated the Eana
■.vails of Schneider monotypically as Microps (preoccupied) and
Tschudi, 1838, substituted for it Stenocephalus (which was also
preoccupied).

It was not until 1811 that the confusion began. In that year
Dumeril and Bibron (Erpet. Gen., vol. 8, p. 740) designated
Rana ovaiis as the type of Engystoma and in this they were
followed by Guenther and later authors, including Boulenger.

r,S— Fitoc. Hior,. Sor. Wash., Vol. XXHI, T.HO. (ir,."i)

166 Stejneger — The Amphibian Generic Name Engystoma.

In the face of Fitzinger's original designation this perversion
can not be accepted under the International Rules of Zoological
Nomenclature and it becomes necessary to select a name for
the genus which now erroneously is called Engi/stoma. The two
earliest names, as stated above, are preoccupied. The next
available term is Fitzinger's Gastrophryne based on Dumeril and
Bibron's Engystoma rugosiim, which has been considered a
synonym of our E. curolinense.

The synonymy of the genus will tlien stand as follows:

Qastrophryne Fitziiiger.

1828. Microps Wagler, Isis, 1828, p. 744 (monotype, Microps

unicolor = Rana avails Schneider) (not of Meg.,

1823).
1838. Ste nocephal us Tschudi, Classif. Batr., p. 86 (same type)

(not of Latr., 1825).
1811. Engystoma Dumeril and Bibron, Erpet. Gen., vol. 8,

p. 738 (same type by designation) (not of

Fitzinger, 1826).
1843. Gastrophryne Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., p. 33 (type by

original designation, Engystoma rugosum Dum.

Bibr.).

Tbe species belonging to this genus will stand as follows:

1. Gastrophryne usta (Cope) Mexico.

2. Gastrophryne carolinensis (Holbrook) S. E. United States.

3. Gastrophryne texana (Girard) Texas.

4. Gastrophryne areolata (Strecker) Texas.

5. Gastrophryne elegans (Boulengcr) Mexico.

6. Gastrophryne oralis (Schneider) Soutli America.

7. Gastrophryne microps (Dumeril and Bil)ron) Brazil,

Guiana.

8. Gastrophryne aeqiiatorialis (Peracca) Ecuador.

9. Gastrophryne albopunctata (Boettger) Paraguay.

10. Gastrophryne leucostirta (Boulenger) Sta. Catharina,

Brazil.

11. GastropJtri/ne muelleri (Boettger) Paraguay.

12. Gastrophrjine pirticentris (Cope) Nicaragua.

13. GastropJirifne horneensis (Boulenger) Borneo.

Stejneger — The Amphibian Generic Name Engi/stoma. 167

As shown above Engysioma becomes a synonym of Breviceps,
and with it must also disappear the family name Engystomidse
(and Engystomatidse). The name Brevicipitidse , created by
Cope, in 1867, for a smaller group becomes available, however,
and may l)e used. The more familiar Phryniscidse is unavail-
able since it has been shown that the genus Phryniscus belongs
to the Bufonidie.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 169-170 December 29, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW COLUBRINE SNAKE FROM JAVA.
BY THOMAS BARBOUR.

Among a large number of Javanese reptiles collected by-
Mr. Owen Bryant and Mr. W . Palmer in West Java was a
single undescribed snake, representing one of the most distinct
species of the genus Liopcltis (=^ Ablabes auct.). Curiously
enough Mr. Bryant got this specimen right at Buitenzorg, the
one locality of all others in Java which has been best explored,
and whence collections have been sent to various museums for
over a hundred years. There is perhaps less reason for surprise
than one might at first suppose; for nearly every year some
astonishing novelty turns up here in the United States, which
we believe to l)e even more thoroughly worked over than is this
region of Java.

Liopeltis libertatis sp. nov.

Resemblinoj in many respects L. major, but really widely different.
This new species has two loreals, a much longer tail, and other differ-
ences, as a comparison of specimens or descriptions will readily show.

Specific Characters. — Rostral as broad as deep, well turned back above;
internasals about two-thirds the size of the praet'rontals, which latter
are barely in contact with the supraocular; frontal very slightly longer
than its distance from tip of snout, longer than the interparietal suture;
slightly wider in front than l^ehind, and wider than a supraocular; pari-
etals about equal to the frontal in length; nostril large, slightly oval
vertically, in the centre of a large divided nasal; two loreals, the anterior
square, the posterior slightly lower and only one-third the width of the
other; a single long praeocular, very narrowly separated from the frontal;
two postoculars, upper twice as large as lower; temporals 2+2, large
with straight edges; eight supralabials on each side, fourth and fifth
entering eye, seventh largest being, however, but little larger than eighth,
sixth tending to a trapezoid form; five lower labials in contact with
anterior chin shields, whicli are slightly shorter than the posterior ; fifteen

39— Proc. Biol. Soc. W.vsh., Vol. XXni, I'.ilO (lf>9)

170 Barboai — A New Colubrine Snake from Java.

rows of smooth scales; 173 ventrals, not angulate laterally; anal divided;
109 Hubcandals (the very tip of tail misj^ing). Color: In spirits, uniform
slate color above, lighter below.

Type: Cat. No. 42, 932, United States National Museum ; Buitenzorg,
Java ; Owen Bryant collector, July 4, 1909.

This snake is conspicuous at once from the peculiar shape of its head.
The profile is arched and very sharply decurved at the snout, the eye
being of great size, almost equal, in fact, to its distance from the suture
of the nasal shield.

The name is given to commemorate the discovery of this species on
Independence Day.

Vol. XXIll, pp. 171-172 December 29, 1910

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

/■

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES O

BIVALVE FROM THE CORONADO ISLANDS, /^
LOWER CALIFORNIA. ^

BY WILLIAM H. I) ALL.*

During a collecting trip made from San Diego to tiie Coronado
Islands by Dr. Fred Baker and Miss J. M. Cooke quite a number
of minute sbells were obtained, which were submitted to me for
examination. Among them is a small bivalve, with an internal
ligament, which can not be referred to any recorded genus.

Bernardina gen. iiov.

Shell small, of the general form of Rochefortia, concentrically scnlptnrcil
externally, with a conspicuous prodissoconch, which is elevated in the
center and at the margins and between these points somewhat excavated ;
pallial line entire; hinge with the posterior dorsal margin of the right
valve fitting into a shallow groove in the margin of the opposite valve;
anteriorly with a strong left lateral fitting between two prominent flexu-
ous right anterior laterals; two right and three left cardinals with the
resilium posterior to them all. Hinge formula, exclusive of laterals,
L. rlOlOl
R. rOlOlO ■

The type is B. bakeri sp. nov. The genus is named in honor of the late
F. Bernard, of Paris, to whom we owe so much of our knowledge of tjie
developmental history of the bivalve hinge.

Bernardina bakeri sp. nov.

Shell small, short-ovate, white, with sculpture of fine regular concentric
grooves with wider interspaces ; moderately compressed ; umbones mod-
erately elevated, capped by the prodi.ssoconchs ; internal margins smooth,
the posterior adductor scar larger; hinge as de.scribed under the genus,
with no external ligament; texture of the shell porcellanou.'^ and rather
solid. Length, 2.8; height, l.ii; diameter, 1.0 mm.; the vertical of the
beaks behind the middle of the shell about one-ninth the total length.
* By permission of the Director of" the U.S. Nat. Museum.

4C— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. Vol. XXIII, 1910. (171 )

172 Dall — A New Bivalve from Louer California.

Near the South Coronado L-^land, in three fathoms, collected by Dr.
Fred Baker, after whom it is named.. Types, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 220,0!)!».
Cotypes in Baker and Cooke collections.

This genus differs from the Leptonacea by haviufj the internal resilium
behind the cardinals as in the Astartacea, to which group it probably
belongs. In the structure of the hinge its nearest neighbor is the genus
Cuna Hedley, Ijut the latter is sufficiently different in detail to require no
special comparison.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 173-174 December 29, l9IO

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

TWO NEW WOODPECKERS FROM THE ISLE OF PINES,

WEST INDIES.

OUTRAM BxlNGS.

When in 1905 (American Naturalist, Vol. XXXIX, No.
460, pp. 179-215) Mr. W. R. Zappey and I published an
account of the birds of the Isle of Pines, based mostly upon a
collection made there the previous year by him, we were aware
that the red-bellied woodpecker of the island was not quite the
same as that of Cuba; but on account of lack of material for
comparison, we did not note any differences in the green wood-
pecker.

Since then the bringing togetber of large series of skins has
shown that both the woodpeckers of the island are well differ-
entiated subspecies; and Mr. Ridgway has urged me to describe
them in time to appear in tbe forthcoming part of his great
work, generously refusing to do so himself.

They may be known l)y tbe following sbort diagnoses:

Centurus superciliaris murceus subsp. nov.

Type from San Juan, Is^le of Piue.s (near Cuba), adult cJ*, No. 13,2()0.
Bangs coll. Now in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Collected I\lay
2, 1H04, by \V. R. Zappey.

Characters. — Similar to C. aiiiicrcillarli^ sitperriliarlti (Temm. ) of Cuba,
Imt decidedly smaller; mider parts much paler and decidedly less
yellowish.

Measttre77wnts.—Type, adult d". ^Ving, 138; tail, 94.5; tarsus, :;;>;
culmen, ;U>. Adult $ , No. 13,2();5. Wing, V.VJJi; tail, l»i); tarsus, 24;
culmen, 35.

Xiphidiopicus percussus insulse=pinorum subsp. nov.

Tupe from Santa Fe, Isle of Pines (near Cuba), adult c?. No. 13,480,
Bangs coll. Now in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Collected April
18, 1904, by W. R. Zappey.

41— Proc. Bioi,. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIII, 1910. (173)

174 Bangs — Two New Woodpeckers from the Me of Fines.

Charncters. — Similar to X. percussus percussits (Temni.) of Cn])a, but
sixiftiler; coloration paler, especialjj^ l)elow; under parts more narrowly
and less distinctly streaked, the streaks less blackish, more grayish; red
Oi foreneck more restricted; auricular stripe lighter gray and rather
narrower.

Measurements. — Type, adult ij*. Wing, 105; tail, 78.5; tarsus, 22; cul-
men, 2:1.5. Adult 9, No. 13,479. Wing, 10(i; tail, 84.5; tarsus. 20.5;
culmen, 21.

INDEX

New names aiv priiUril in heavy type.

A bra mis crysoleucas . •

Ariiiitlioiuys

Acapoeta

Acara (•(T-nilt'opunctata .
Act'Uiiter I'riiigilloidt'S .

stria tiis

Afliinis lasciatus ....
Acipoiiscr traiismoiitamis

Acris (rr.vlliis

Acroiiiys

Acniliicciius apicalis . .
Asonostdinus monticola

Alccto |iur|iurea

Allan!. 11. A. The strii
some l<aty<li<ls • •

Allen, (ilover M. The ^Vest
forest pis i Hi)lochoern!<

'I'liomas*

.Mlijjator iin'ssissi|>pii;nsis . •

.\losa saiii<lissima

Aml)lopliles riipi'stris . . .
Aml)lyeoryplia oblongi folia

rotnnilifolia

nhleri

.\mlilystonia talpoiileiim . .
Ameiuriis catiis

natalis

nebulosiis

Amia ealva

sc,
.">s

nil

ulatlons of
. . viii. :'i-
African
fiiiintiir
.... I'
. . IS,
(11, l:;i.

If,:;

l:;:;
11
•"I'.i

ti"
'.I.")

■)-10

l-.'lli
ll'.l

i:>s

S7

si;

Amizilis bang:si . . .
.\mi>liiuma triuaetyla .

means

.Vneistroilon eontortrix

liiseivorus

.■>!
10
II)

l.'>

.VniMiiatiehthys apoRon 117

Anguilla rostrata l'">s

Anisotrejnns virgiHicus . '.I'i

Anodonta grandis S.")

Anolis brunnous itO

farolinensis '.''.•

P(n-eatus '.•'.•

principalis I'J

.Viithraeorax gracillrostris •"«

hen<lersoni •>.5

prevosti '''•>

Antrostomns carolineusis 21

Apeltes qnadracus bUi

Arbaciosa rliessodon I'!'.'

Arehoplites interriiptiis b!"

.\romoelielys carinatns bs

tristyeha is

Annidinaria teeta 'J5

Arvicola amphibius I'.i

exitus 21

illyricu.s 21

italieus 20

monticola 22

musignani 21

reta 19

sapidiis 20

scherman 21

Arvicola tenebricus 20

terrestris 20

Aspidonectes omoryi 121

ferox 121

.\sterias pectinata It5

Astroscoinis gnttatus Ifti

Astnr fringilloidi^s "S

fnsciis 7S

.\styana.x aeneiis 4

rtscheri 4

mexieanns 4

Athi'rinops aftini.s ... 18(i

regi.s . b^fi

Atherinopsis ealiforniensis 136

B

liailey. A'. Kxbiliition of skull and
l)eak of the aidunga vii

Exliibitionof the feet of grou.so ix

.\ new .iaguar record for Texas x

Two new pocket goiihers of the

genus TlidiHdKijis 7'.)-S0

llairdiella clirysvn-a . . . ■ ■ • 162
baker, .\. H. From Nairobi to Wash-
ington with a collection of living
animals vii

A visit to some foreign zoologi-

ical gardens viii

ball, E. 1). New genera and spi'cies of
Issidw (Fiilgoridie) 41-46

bangs. O. Unrecorded .specimens of
two rare Hawaiian birds .... 67-70

Ne\v or rare I )irds from western

( 'oloml)ia 71-76

A new hmnming bird from the

Sierra Nevaila dt^ .'<anta Marta,

( olombia ••.... 10.V106

A new tinamou from Lake

Titicaca 107-108

Two new \voo<l peckers from

the Isle of F'ines, West Indies . 17;!-174

Harbodes mahecola 147

Barbour. T. A new genus of Amphibia
.Salientia from Dutch New Guinea

..... 89-90

A note regarding the green

Anolis from the northern Bahamas
— Eleutlierodactylus ricordii in

99
100

Ba

Florida
— A new colubrine snake from

.lava 169-170

[•bus aflinis 14o

altianalis 146

altus 145

apogon 146

armatus 145

aspilius ; • • • ^^"^

barbns 145

batesii 146

bocagii 145

bottegoi 146

bowkeri 146

42— PROC. Biol. Soc. W.\sh., Vol. XXIII, 1910.

A 175)

17(1

The Biolugical Society of Washington.

Barbus tjramoiiles 14/>

l)i-evil)arbus 14(i

hiirchelli 117

bunimnicus 1 17

byniii 11")

calleiisis ll.'i

caniiitai-anthus 1 17

capeiisis 1 17

cariiaticus 1 Hi

caiK-asicus ll'">

cliagiiiiio 1 lii

I'hilinnides 1 111

chilotes 1 111

chola 117

fhrysopoma 147

folliiigwoodi 1 Iti

compressus 146

(lorsalis 147

(louronensis 14(1

•luchesiii 14H

enoplosus 145

erlangeri 14H

esocimis 14(i

filamentosus 147

fritschii 146

gonionotus . • 145

gorguari 146

grahami 145

gregorii 146

gudaricus 146

guirali 147

gurneyi 147

hampal 147

harterti • . 145

hexastifhus 146

himalayensis 14()

holulji 146

hursiMisis 116

incnnis 14()

iiiteiinediiis 146

.iarsimis 146

.iavaiiiciLS 115

.icrdoni 146

kolus 145

kotschyi 145

ksibi 145

lalX'o 146

la eurtoides 145

lateristriga 147

leptosoma 146

lithopidos 146

lobogeuys 146

longifeps 146

lydiamis 145

inacmillani 145

macroiiema 146

inaculatus 147

iiialiecola ... 147

nialabaricus 146

margarita 146

iiianiuisensis 146

micropogon 146

mo.sal 145

nataloiijiis 147

uedgia 146

muninii'er 147

oatcsii 146

obtusirostris 145

oreas 145

palawanensls 147

paradoxus 145

l)oriiK'e 147

piniiauratiis 147

lilagiostomus 146

platystoimis 146

plourota'iiia 1 17

radcUm 146

repas.son 146

rhoadesi 147

Barbus rotli.<chiIili 146

ru('|)]»'lli 146

riispiilli 146

sclianicu,-; 147

sehlegolii 1 17

sclatori 115

setiviineiisis 145

surkis 145

ta'iiiiu'us 147

tlioniassi 146

tor 145

trispilus 147

tropidulepis 145

waldoi 145

walkeri 147

wynadt'iisis 145

yiinnanensis 146

Barilius andersoni 143

barila 143

bendelisis 143

canaren.si.s 143

coesa 143

gateusis . . 143

goha ■ 143

guttatus 143

kingsleypp 143

loati 143

microoephalus 143

mifrolc'iiis 143

moorii 143

uoavii 143

nildticus 1 13

ornatus 143

polylo|)is 143

sardella 113

tileo 1 13

ubangensis 1 13

vagra 1 i:!

Bartsch, I'. Tlir liirds of Midway

Islaiiil . . viii

Baseanioii coiisti'ictor 13

tlagolluiii 13

Bemlelisis liarila Ill

Bernardina 171

bakeri 171

Bidcus ln'ckii >^3

foiinata •'^^i

Blariua caroliueiisis 32

Boleosoma olmstedi • • 161

Botaurus pinnatiis 71

Brevic'cps 165

Bri'viciintiila' 167

Brevoortia tyraniui-; 15S

Brimley, ( '. S. Itccords of sonic rcptilos
and batrachians from the south-
eastern U. s '.i-ls

Brycon striatuUis 1

Bufo leutiginosus 11

quercicus . . 11

c

Campostoma anoiiialmn S6

Canis latraus 32

('ai)oeta dillonii 148

fundulus 14ci

gracilis MH

steiudachucri 14ii

tanganiciv 14is

trutta 1411

("astalia odorala H3

Oatharista uruliu 24

Catostoiiius coiiiinersonii 86

inacroclicilus 133

Ccltis iiiississip|>i(^iisis 25

Ccmophora ciicciiica 11

Ccutropristes striatus 161

Ccnturus murceus 173

Ceratophylluiii deniersum 83

Index.

177

Chsenobry ttus gulosus 87

(^htetoflipteriis faber It'i2

('htetura richmondi .").■;

chasmodes bosquiamis It;:!

I'heilobarl.ms eapfiisis 147

Chela argentea U'J

anomalunis IJJ

bacaila MJ

plupeoides Mii

macrochir 1-12

sardinella 142

typus 142

C'hekethiops bibie 141

( 'helopus guttatiis 17

< 'lielydra serpentina is

( hilomycterus seha-pfi 1()2

Chiropentnis dorab IKi

Chorophilus occidentalis 11

oriiatus . 11

Chryseinys Horidaims b;

mobilensis Id

scriptii li;

troosti 17

Ciiiostermiiii baiiri 17

loiiisianie 17

pennsylvanicum is

steindaehneri is

Ciridops anna (IS

Cirrhinajullieni 14.'i

('itelhis tiideceiiilineatiis 2(1

('itliaridiiiin ansm'gii >.il

t'lark, A. H. A new criiKiid fniiii the
Solomon Islands 7-s

On the type specimen of the

crinoid described by Miiller as
Alecto purpurea iifHlS

riark. H. W. On ))irds feeding on
oak sap . viii

On the flowers of the hog

peannt ix

and Evermann, B. W. Fletcher

Lake, Indiana, and its flora and
fauna sl-ss

Clupea harengiis (12

pallasii 134

Cockerell. T. T>. A. The scales of the
Atherinid tishes 47-lS

The scales of the Clupeid

flshes . . . • ■ • ci-ci

On the scales of some Mala-

copterygian flshes 111-111

The scales of the African Cy-

prinid flshes, with a discussion of
related Asiatic and European
species " • 141-1.72

and Miiore, Evelyn V. On the

nature of the teetii in Ctenoid

scales .... 'ji-94

Ccereba hellmayri 100

luteolu 100

trinitatis 100

Colobometra diadema 7

Coluber conflnis 13

enioryi 120

guttatus . 14

cjuadrivittatns 13

Comatula pectinata 9.')

Cooke, \V. W. Periodic movements of
birds in relation to the weatlier . . x

• Inculcation period of box-turtle

eggs 124

Coregomis williamsoni 134

CoriKissericea S3

<'ottus asper 13s

gulosus 13S

Crotalus arlamanteus It;

Cyanerpes trinitjitis 100

Cyelophisaestivus 13

Cymatogaster aggregatus . 137

Cynf)scion nebulosiis 102

Cyperus diandrus 82

inflexus .... 82

strigosus 82

Cyprinodon variegatus 159

Cyi)seloides costaricensis 5;!

jamaicensis 53

Cyrtoiihyllus perspicillatns 39

D

Dall, W. H. Description of a new
genus and species of bivalve from
the Coronado Islands, Lower Cali-
fornia 171-172

Damalichthys argyrosomns 137

Decodon vertieellata 83

Deirochelys reticulata 1(1

Desniognathus aiu'iciilata lo

fusca 10

I)iadophis punctatis 13

IMctyobia combinata 43

Dictyssa fenestrata 44

obliqua 45

ovata 44

Diemyctylus viridesceus 10

Discognathus blanfordi 149

denibeensis 150

johnstoni 150

(luadrimaculatiis 150

Distichodus 91

Dornn'tator maculatus G

l)rymomys 59

Dryomys 59

E

Eclipta alba 82

Elaps fulvius 15

Eleocharis paluslris 83

Eleotris pisonis 6

Eleutherodactylus ricordii 100

Engraulis niordax 134

Engystoma areolata 117

carolinense 12, 165

rugosnm 166

Enneacanthns gloriosus 161

Entosphenus tridentatus 132

Epimys 58

norwegicus 124

rattus 58

Erycimba buccata 86

Esox reticulatus 159

Etheostoma hildebrandti 87

Eucluetoinys 58

Eucinostomns gula 161

Eumeces fasciatus 12

paehyurus 118

Euphernsa eximia 54

nelsoni* 54

Eup<imotis gibbosns 161

heros 87

P'utaenia sackeni 15

sirtalis ... 15

Euthamia graminifolia 83

Evermann. B. W. International fish-
eries regulations viii

On the arrival in Washington of

two young fur seals . . . - viii

On the change in management

of the Eur .<eal Islands ix

■ ■ — Further noteson young furseals x

— and Clark, H. \V. Fletcher Lake,

Indiana, and its flora and fauna Sl-SS

and CiOldsborough, E. L. Fur-
ther notes on flshes from the Canal
Zone 3-6

178 The Biological Society of Washingtov .

Everniann, B. W. ami Ilildebraml, lleiniharlnis liailms UT

S. F. On a colli'clion of lishes schlcgdii 1-17

from tlio lower rotonuif. tln' on- Hfinicai'ijliu iiiicranllia s:!

irance of ( 'liesapmike Hay, ami llrmiiriutiTus aiiiericamis li;:',

from stroams How iiig into tlii'Si- lli'iiicorhina eucharis 7-1

waters I.'i7-li'il Hi'ti'roiloii iilatyi'liiniis 1:!

and LatiiiiiT. II. li. On a colli'i- siimi.-; i:;

tioii of li.'ilics from till' Olympic Hclorosticliiis i-o.<lralu.-i l.;;i

Peniii.-^iila, logcilicr with iiolos on lU-tiMotis nilotifus Ill

other West (.'oast sin'cles . . . i:;i-14U Hildi'brainl. S. V. and Kvcrmann,

H. W. On a {■ollection of lishes

F

from the lower Potomac, the en-
trance of Chesapeake Kay, and

„ „„ from streams flowing into these

Falco viellotiiuis </ waters 157-1(;4

larancia abaciira 1.. Hippocampus hudsoniiis ICO

I'clis harharicns 12:. Hitchcock, A. .s. A collecting trip lo

''•t'l'"'!'^ ]'^?, Alaska viii

capensis 11... Forage plant investigations in

mi'lanochaitiis 12:'. Mexico x

persiciis VJ:; Hollister, N. Descriptions of two new

mnskrats l-ii

'negalensis V.

I-iher cmnamominus r2:> Notes on som.- names of lions . 1

mers^ens 1 A new niuskral from thi' (in-al

zaiophus 1 Plains IJ.VIJC,

z'I'eihicus . . 'Jii Howard, L. O. Alaskan and other

Florisuga loliagensis a.) far-northern mosciuitoes . . viii

FundnUisihaphanns l.)'.t ^o,,,,. foreign entomologists

'li^i'''!" • ^^' anil their work x

heteroclitus .^>".i Howell, A. H. Notes on mammals of

"laj'i'i'' '•!'I tlie middle Mississippi Valli',\,wilh

notatus M' description of a new woodrut 'S-'-.'A

-^ Hvliopsis kentuckiensis l.">s

U Hyla chrysoscelis 117

cinerea 11

(iamliusia allinis Itld femoralis IJ

episcopi 1 gratiosa 11

nicaraguensis I sqnii-ella IJ

(Jasterosteus micmcephahis ];!i) xfrsicolor IJ

tiastropln-yne ae(inatorialis lin; H.\ loclioerns itin-iensis .M

alhopinii'tata lUi; iiieineit/.hageni t'.i

areolata liiC. rimator A\t

lioi-neensis ICii'i Hypomesns pnniosiis l:;ti

carolinensis Kid Hyp.solilennins lient/ If.:!

elegans ICiC. Hypsopsella gnttnlata l;!li

knicosticta IC.i; Hypsypops ruhicundns 1:17

nncrops IC.ii Hysteropternm ununi -I:!

muelleri l)i(i

oval is Ii'.fi I

pictiventris 10(1

te.xana ICd llypnns gilherli l;l.S

J

usta l(;c.

Oentiana saponaria s:;

(leiivonenius linealns 1:!7 , .... , ,

(;,.omvs hur.sarius ;il •''^■'■" hli''<V'"-^ '"■

(J.^opliagiiscrassilahris h longicornis In'.i

(iil)lionsia elegans ^^■'^^ |^

Oi<lley. .1, \V. On a I'rsioralion of

/'"•-■''"^""■"•^' '■'■'"'■'''•-• V'ii Ki'i'shaw, ,I.C. and Miiir. 1'. .\ new

(dancidnnii calilornicum |(i:; i,,,.,! i,.,,,,, ji,,. j^i;,,,,) ,,i (Vriim,

Knoma ... .10:! M„lnccas (;.vr.(l

pinicola in:: Kiidandia laciniala 17,1(10

<;iediisia aqnatica •-'•> Kn.'ria cameroneiisis 11:!

(inathopogon gracilis Ill) Knightia eoc;ena (i:!

(lobiesox strumosns 1(1:!

(iobisoma bosci 1(1:! L

Goldsbomngh, K. L. and Kvei-mann,

15. W. Fni'ther notes on fishes Labeo allivelis I.'il

from the ( anal Zone '.\-Ct annectens l.'iO

(iraplemys pnh'hra Kl bata liVJ

(ireene, E. L. Two aspects of the spe- barbatns l.'iO

cies Qiie.stion ix bicolor I.'il

brachvpoma l.'il

H calbasii l.}0

capensis h'll

llaldeastriatiila I.'') clialybealiis l.'iO

llay.O. I'. On a mammolh's tooth clir.\ sophekadion I.'il

from Alaska x conbi.' l.'d

Helinaia swainsoni 24 cursa luO

hide?'.

179

Liilioo oylindricus 150

darliiigi !•}!

diplostomii.s I'^l

rlussuniieri loO

dvoehilus 1-')U

faleatus KiU

limbriatus l.'iO

forskalii 150

goiiionotus 150

goiiius 150

greenii • • 150

liorie 151

jullieni 151

kawriis . . . ' • 150

kontius 150

Icscheiiaultii 150

liiieatiis 151

macrostonia 150

meiiops 150

luicrophthaliniis 150

nigripinnis 150

iiilolicus 150

pangiisia , . . 150

rienorhyiifluis 151

rohita 151

rosfe 151

ruddi 151

seuegalen^is 151

sindensis 151

sladoni 150

iiiabratus 151

velil'er 150

victoiiamis 150

walkoi'i 151

Lalicobarljiisnedgia 117

Laiitz, 1). E. The inuskrat iiuliislry in

Maryland vii

Lai'icsnayea liriope 105

Lasiiirus borealis ;'.:!

Latimer, H. B. and Kverniaiiii, )'.. \\ .
On a folleftioii of fishes from ihe
Olymiiic Peninsula, together witli
notes on otlier West Coast spo-

eies l:!l-140

Leggada 57

Leiostonuis /.anthiirus ICi'J

Leponiis auritus h'll

pallidus ><7

Leptoeottus arniatus l:is

Leptocypris niodestus Ml

Leueiseiis bieolor i:!.!

Liodytes alleni 15

Lioli'pismii laterale Vl

Liopeltis libertatis li'i'.i

J>iparis pulehellus l:'.s

Litliodytes rieordii 11

hucania parva 15<i

Lucius veriiiieulatus .... ... Si;

Ludlow, ('. L. On strawberries willi

attached petals ix

Lydekker. R. The use of Kjiimijt' in a
generic sense iL'l

M

Malaeleiniiiys niacrospilota hi

Marniota inoiuix 25

Marsh. C. D. On interesting oopepods

from northern Lake IMichigiin . . viii
Mc.Vtee, W. L. On the occurrence and
hal)its of waterfowl in the south-
eastern r. .'^ ix

JlelaiiiMiies albeolus VC

perileucus 151

Meletta sar<linites d:'.

Meniilia berylina 1(10

gracilis ICiO

nienidia is

notata 48, 100

^Menidia peninsula? 48

Mentha piperita 8:5

Mi'uticirrhus aniericanus IC'2

Merluccius productus 139

Merriani, ('. H. I'l-.-iiis slicldonl, a new
bear from .Montague Island,

Alaska VJ7-180

Metcalf, Haven. The present status
of the cliestunt tree disease in the

Ihiited .States . . . vii

Microcentruni retinerve 38

rhonibifolium 38

Mierogadus proximus ........ 139

Microgobius eulepis ltJ3

Microperca punctulata 8S

Micropogon undidatus 102

Micropterus salmoides 87, 101

Microsorex hoyi lO'i

winnemana 101

Microtus ochrogaster 29

pennsyl\ani<'ns 29

Miller, (i. S., ,lr. Brief synopsis of the

waterrats of Europe 19-22

The generic name of tlie honse-

rats .57-CO

Mionectes hederaceus 73

polioccphalus 74

Monocanthus hispida 102

Morone aniericana 101

Moxostonia aureolum so

Muir, F. and Kershaw, .1. ('. .\ new
Ijird from the Island of Ceram,

Moluccas 0.5-00

Mns imisculus 59

norvegicus 124

rattus 124

Mycicroperca microleiiis 101

M,\riophyllum \erticillatum .... S3
Myrmeciza berlepschi 73

N

Xannoniys 59

Nasi) melichari 42

Natrix conipressicanda 14

fasciata 14

Xeetroplus neniatoims 5

Nelson, E. W. -\ ur\\ subspecies of

I)igmy owl 103-104

Neoiiola argentea 143

bottcgoi 141

Neimuenis griseus 92,101

Ncotoma illinoensis 2S

pennsylvanica .... ... 27

Nesophlox .55

bryanta' .55

evelynse .55

lyrura 55

Nissus fringilloides 7S

fuscus 7S

Nothura agassizii 107

Notopterus afer 112

Nolropis amarns 1.58

amii'nus 158

hudsonius 1.5S

whipplii . 80

Nycticeius humeralis 33

Nymphica ad vena 83

Nyssa aquatica 25

o

()<lontopliorus baliolus 71

On<'orhynchus kisnlcli 135

nerka 135

tschaw ylscba 134

( Ipliibolus cocciiieus 14

getulus 14

sayi 14

ophidion I'longalus 137

180

Hie Biolngiral ^ocieti/ of Wnshingtnn.

Oliliisauni* veiitnilis VI

(Ipsa mis tail l(i:;

( ipsariiliuiii zaiuboseiisis 1-14

DrtliDprislis (•lir> sopterus lill

(»ryz(jiii.vs pulustris •Jd

Usbornia U

cornuta 12

O^iiii'iiis tliali'icluliys !;!•')

I'acli.vstoiniis bendelensis 144

vagra 144

I'alnier, T. S. On the plans to continue
()l)sorvatioiis on the homing in-
stinct of birds viii

On tlie Glacier National Park . ix

I'antodon buchholzi 112

l'aralal)rax clathratus 137

I'aralaubuca lateralis 142

typus 142

I'araiichthys di'iitatus lt>;!

I'arophrys Nctulus i:;;i

reloirophus niicrocephalus 144

iiiicrolepis 144

I'erca Havcscens .S7

I'eroniyscus bairdi 2i;

gossypiniis 24

in('gai-e])lialus 20

I'cuca'a baclniiani 24

l'lifiigii|iedius saUiii'iisis 74

spadix 74

I'hilutria canadensis ,s;:J

I'iucaicothraupis cristala ir-,

I'hii'thoniis saturatus 'A

niexicahLis 54

versecrucis 54

Pholis Dinatus l;{9

I'hraclokenuis ausorgii 112

]^lii'yniscid;e 1G7

I'ialnii-iua pananiensis o

I'icuiinius canus ... 72

l'iinel(><lus chagresi o

I'iinephales notatus S6

I'ipisti'ellus snbflaviis ?^?,

I'ilta piroensis t;5

I'ityophis nielanoleiu'us 14

I'lanorbis canipannlata S5

I'latiflithys stellatus i;i9

I'lelliodon ghitinosus 10

I'o'cilia splienoiis 5

I'ljgonichtliys nuicrolepidotuni .... 1;5;>

I'dlyguiuini sagittatuni So

Pomatops 89

valvifera S9

I'oiiHildljus testivalis 0:!, 158

niediocris 158

psendoharcngus (lo, 158

I'onioiis 9:5

I'oinoxis sparoides 87

l'onte<leria cordata 8;J

I'oriclilhys notatns l;i9

I'otamogeton lucens 8;^

pectinatus 83

zostera'l'olins 83

Preble, E. A. A new Microsorrx from
the vicinity of Washington.

n. C 101-102

Prionotus caroliniis IG;!

Protonotaria citrea 24

Psettichthys m(>laiiostictus 139

Pseii<l()liarhiis liurchelli 147

Pseudobranchus striatns 10

Pseiidoconuinys .59

I'tychoclieilus harfordi 133

oregonensis 133

Puntius apogon 147

tilamentosns 147

Putorius noveboracensis 32

Quaintanee, A. L. I'ear llirips inves-

tigalions in ( 'alifdrnia x

Qnercus lyrala 25

Querimana gyrans ICiO

R

Raja inornata Vi?,

Rana aesopus 12

catesbiana 12

gibbosa 1(15

ovalis I(i5

pipiens 12

Rasbora argyrota?nia 144

Rhadintea Havilata 13

Rhineura floridana 13

Rhiniehthys dnlcis 131

Rhinogol)ins 91

Rhinotriacis lienlei 133

Rhopoctites alogus 72

Ivliynehocyehis asemus 73

cinereiceps 73

sulphurescens 73

Richardson. II. J;cra loiKjicovnix
Lucas referre(l to the' genus

l^tentlriitm 109-110

Ridgway. R. Diagnoses of new forms

of Micropoilida' and Trochilida' 5,',-5t"i
Riley, ,1. II. (in the name and sy-
nonomy of the Antillean sharp-
shinned hawk . . 77-78

On the name of ilie Trinidad

Cvereha . 100

Rivuhis isthmensis 4

Roccus lineatns . . ..... l.;7, ltd

Roeboidi^s guatemalensis 4

Rosa Carolina .... S3

Rutilus bicolor K!3

synnnetricus 133

Sagittaria graminea S3

.'^alnio gairderni 1:!5

irideus 1:!5

my kiss 135

.'^ardineJla Inmieralis C,;',

Scal()i)us machrinns 3.'!

.Scaphio|)US hnlbi-onki 10, 115

hurterii 115

■Scia^nops ocellatns Iii2

Sciriius americainis 83

lacnstris S3

polyphylhis S3

Sciurus rutiventer 25

.'-icorpa'Ha histrio 137

.^scudderia fnrciita 3(1

texensis 35

Sebastodes 93

nielanops 137

ruberrinnis 137

8eminatrix pyga'a 14

Seton, l'>rnest T. l^'hietuations of
animal popidation in the North-
west vii

Shiras, (ieo. I'lashlight photographs

of wild manmials x

.Siphostoma califoriuensis 13ii

flori(hc icn

fnscum li'ii)

griseolineatiun 13i>

•Siren lacertina 10

Sistrurus miliariiis Id

Smilli, II. .M. On .la panese goldfish .\iii
Smith,.!. R. The inosniiito campaign

in .New .lersey ix

Solanum dulcamara 83

Index.

181

Sorex hoyi 102

Sparvius striatus 7S

Spelerpes Kiitti)linoatus 10

Sphperoidt's iiiaculatiis 1(i2

Sphyneiia bormilis ](i()

.Spillniiiii, W. .1. I'Lxliiliitidii of hoofs
and footboiios of tlie iiiiile footed

hop \ iii

SpiloKali' putoriiis ;;j

Spilotes coiipiTi II

Ste.iiii'Kor, L. Till- aiupliiliiaii m-mis

Eii(jijiiliiiii'i \U\\fUii\i\r lO.VlliS

Stt'iK'triiini aiitillonso 110

annalmn . . 110

cliilloiii 110

I'lichiruin 110

fractiini 110

hanseiii 110

haswelli 110

ineniie 110

lonfricoriiis 110

meditenaiieuni 110

oecidcntalo . . 110

proxiimmi 110

serratum 110

sianiense 110

stebbingi 110

Steriocephalus lf;5

Stiles, C. \\'. Work of the Committee
on NoiiiPiiclHttire at tlicGraz Zoo-

oloKical (oiitri'i'ss ix

Stilosonia rxtcmiatuni II

Stolcphonis initchilli 159

Storcria dokayi 15

Sti'(>ckor, .1. K., .Ir. Description of a
new solitary spadel'oot ( Scnjihinjiiis
liurtevii) from 'I'l'xas. with ollii'r

lierpi'toloui<"tl notes ll.'i-122

Stiv|itoprocTie mexicana 5:!

.Syl\ ilauns alacrr :!1

aiiuatieus ;',l

mearnsi :;2

Synaptomys uossi oO

Synodns fretcns . . In!)

Syrninm nisrolinr'atum 72

Systoma 105

T

Taniias striatus 35

Tantilla corona ta 15

Tautoga onitis 102

Taxodiiim <iistichiim 25

Terrapene banri 17

Carolina 124

major 17

trimiKuis 17, 121

Ti'studo polyphemns 16

Thalassochi'lys caretta IH

'Phoiiiomys apache 70

canus 7!l

Thri-neles fraseri '•>

Todd, \V. K. ( '. Two new woodpeckers

from Central America 15;!-15(;

Trachinotns ialcatiis Ifd

Ti'iakis seinifascialnm 18;>

Trionyx ferox 18

Tylosurus ma.rinus 100

Typha lati folia W

Typhlogobiiiscaliforniensis ISH

u

Ulmnsalata 25

t'rocyon eineri'oarffetiteus S2

Crophyeis chnss 10:-!

Ursu? sheldoni 127

V

^'aricorllinns beso US

maroccaiHis MS

tiiiiffaniciT' ll.s

Vi'rbona hastata S.S

Vernonia fasciculata s:!

^'irginiaeleKans . . 15

valeritc 15

\'idpes fulvus :!2

w

Wilcox, Cell. T. K. On the occm-rence
of askiiid< at Woodjey Park . . . . viii

Xiijhidiopiciis insulee=pinorum .... 17:i
Xiphr)rhynclnis rosenberjfi 72

Zamenis Hayiyentris .

120

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