nhl oN RN AA tt TR See «5 ya? AANAEAMARAERA Division of Mollusks Sectional Library (gs a AN aS 12 as | Feet ee aS 2 ee SRS cnncesseemn, Cue eee Ra eae CE “3 = <= = plies -aie xe slag Piney I<ang Division of qqL Hoo Al Bul 5 Y MoLL. car BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. BY J Pror. EDUARD VON MARTENS, FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, Division of Moliaaies 1890-1901. ut Agsonian higaess, . SAATHSON Any JUL 21 1985 LIBRARIES. CONTENTS. > Page INTRODUCTION... ...... y Species Fruvratiuzs (con.). Errata et CorRIGENDA. . . 2°... XXVill GASTROPODA PROSOBRANCHIA. . . Bivatvia. Species TERRESTRES. Drei d reissenide. . . . . 2 GASTROPODA PULMONATA DIOICA. Unionjde Cyclophoride . . . . . . 1 Cyrenidee n Cyclostomide . . . . . . 12 Helicinide . . .. .. . 21 SPECIES SUBMARINE. GASTROPODA PULMONATA MONOICA. Auriculidee . STYLOMMATOPHORA. Tr uncatellidee . Oxygnatha . . . . . 104 <n a rs r fie Aulacognatha. 2. . 2. 126 eritina 7 B) ‘ Goniognatha. . . . . 179 Cyrenidee (Polymesoda) iz hi . oe wl we) BS Cylindrellidee 293 MaRinNE SPECIES LIVING at THE Movutus : 9 Stenogyride . . . . . 289 oF Rivers oR IN MANGROVE-SWAMPS. Pupide. . . . . . . 3825 , Elasmognatha 330 GASTROPODA RHACHIGLOSSA Arionide . . .. . . 3841 BivaLvia Limacide . . .. . . 3846 < Loy oe SUPPLEMENT . Veronicellide. . . . . 3850 BasOMMATOPHORA. EXPLANATION OF PLATES . 1 ad 9 Auriculide . . . . . 3d2 INDEX... ee bk ee ee Species FLUVIATILES. PLATES. GASTROPODA PULMONATA. Limneide . .... . - ddd 2 INTRODUCTION. More than ten years ago, chiefly at the invitation of my friend Dr. P. L. Sclater, I undertook the task of compiling the Volume on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca for the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana.’ It is almost needless to say that the work has taken me much longer than I anticipated, notwithstanding the previous labours of P. Fischer and H. Crosse, H. Strebel, and myself on the Molluscan fauna of the same region. Many species obtained by our Editors, as well as others in the Berlin Museum, or sent to me by various friends and collectors, required further examination ; and when this Volume was commenced the ‘‘ Mollusques ” of the ‘ Mission Scientifique en Mexique et dans l’Amérique Centrale,’ and the ‘ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna mexikanischer Land- und Stisswasser-Conchylien,’ were only in course of publication. Official occupation, too, at the Berlin Museum took up nearly all my time, so that I could bestow very little more than my leisure hours on this work; but I have had at my disposal the rich collection of shells and the valuable library belonging to the ‘Museum fiir Naturkunde.” The systematic arrangement of the Mexican and Central-American forms having been dealt with satisfactorily by the above-mentioned authors, my chief object has been to collate all the published papers, as well as various unpublished MS. notes, on the subject, in order to obtain a sound foundation for remarks on zoo-geographical distribution. For this purpose the known localities for each species have been grouped or arranged under different headings, chosen with regard to the political frontiers and the eastern and western slopes of the central portion of each country belonging to the region under investigation; the scheme adopted, it is true, has been slightly varied, or rather corrected, since the publication of the first portion of the work, but it will be, I think, easily understood in every case. vl INTRODUCTION. The general limits adopted for the whole fauna are the political frontier of Mexico in the north and of that of the State of Panama in the south, not on account of these being really natural, but because clearly-defined boundaries were needed. The Peninsula of California has been excluded by the Editors as not coming within the scope of their work, though its Molluscan fauna does not appear to be very different from that of N.W. Mexico; no new material from that region was, however, available for examination. The Tres Marias Islands, belonging politically to Mexico, are included, as well as Utila and Bonacca, in the Bay of Honduras. <A few forms from Cocos Island, situated between Panama and the Galapagos Is., and belonging politically to Costa Rica, are noticed, chiefly for the purpose of figuring two of H. Pittier’s novelties from that place, one of them being allied to a Nicaraguan form ; its fauna, however, has, on the whole, a somewhat Polynesian character. On the Plates, of which twenty-eight coloured and sixteen uncoloured have been required, I have endeavoured to figure not only the new species, but also those previously described that had not been satisfactorily illustrated before. The present Volume, with the above-mentioned works of Fischer and Crosse and Strebel, both indispensable to the student of the Mexican and Central-American Mollusca, will therefore include a figure of nearly all the known species of these regions. Moreover, I have in many cases given figures of the young state, or of individual variations, chosen from a large number of specimens obtained at the same locality, to show the various forms of the same species. The historical development of our knowledge of the Mexican and Central-American Mollusca having been. somewhat fully exposed by myself in the ‘ Malakozoologische Blatter, xii. pp. 1-4 (1865), and, at greater length, by Fischer and Crosse in the ** Mollusques ” of the ‘ Mission Scientifique en Mexique et dans Amérique Centrale,’ i. pp. 2-9, and ii. pp. 655, 656, I shall here confine myself to some remarks concerning the travellers whose collections have chiefly contributed to my own work on the subject. MEXICO. FerpinanD Depp, a gardener of Berlin, accompanied, in 1824-25, Count von Sack in his voyage to Mexico. He lived chiefly at Vera Cruz, Jalapa, and the City of Mexico, and remained independently in the country until 1827. In the followine 5 year he went again to Mexico, with Dr. Chr. J. W. Schiede, for the purpose of collecting plants and other objects of natural history, returning to Berlin, after the INTRODUCTION. vil death of the latter, in 1837, by way of California and the Philippines. His memory has been preserved amongst botanists by the name Deppea, given to a genus of Rubiacezee by Chamisso and Schlechtendal. A number of land, freshwater, and sea- shells collected by him are preserved in the Berlin Zoological Museum. C. A. Unpe was Prussian Consular Agent at Matamoros, near the mouth of the Rio Grande del Norte, about 1830-45. His botanical and zoological collections, including some land and freshwater shells (among others, Holospira imbricata, which has not since been met with), and many marine ones, from both the east and west coasts of Mexico, were acquired in 1862 for the Berlin Museum. It was upon this material, together with the specimens obtained by Deppe, that my paper on the “Mexican Land and Freshwater Shells,” in Pfeiffer’s ‘ Malakozoologische Blatter,’ vii. (1865), was based. Professor F. LresmMany, friend of the well-known Danish Prof. Japetus Steenstrup, travelled in 1840 from Copenhagen to Vera Cruz and Papantia. He afterwards crossed the country to the Pacific coast, and returned to Europe in 1843, as I have been informed by Dr. E. Warming, of Copenhagen. Specimens of land and fresh- water shells collected by him found their way into various private collections, as, for instance, those of Dr. L. Pfeiffer and Dr. R. A. Philippi, of Cassel, who described them in their works ‘ Monographia Heliceorum’ and ‘ Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Conchylien,’ and also into that of Prof. Dunker, of Marburg, whose Mollusca have now been acquired for the Berlin Museum. Car. PirscHen, Prussian Secretary of Legation, explored the Volcanoes of Mexico in 1853-54 ; and afterwards accompanied the Prussian Expedition to Eastern Asia, in 1859-62. He was honourably mentioned by A. v. Humboldt, in ‘ Kosmos,’ iv. pp. 428, 566, &c., and is the author of an instructive paper on the Mexican volcanoes in the ‘ Zeitschrift fiir allgemeine Erdkunde,’ vi. (1856). The Berlin Museum is indebted to him for an interesting species of Otostomus, found at Manzanillo, on the Pacific coast. Dr. Kart Hermann Berenpt, born at Danzig in 1817, left his country in 1851 on account of the political troubles of 1848. He lived for some time in Nicaragua (1853), the city of Mexico, Orizaba, and, finally (1855-62), in Vera Cruz, practising as a doctor. Here he met with the merchant HERMANN STREBEL, who was born in 1834 at Hamburg, and represented his father’s firm in the city of Mexico in 1849-52, and vill INTRODUCTION. subsequently (1853) at Vera Cruz. The younger man thus became interested in scientific pursuits. The chief field of their common researches was, however, not the city of Vera Cruz, in the hot coast-region, but the sugar-plantation of ‘* Mirador” (look-out) of Mr. Sarrortus, near Huatusco (between Orizaba and Jalapa), in the temperate region (tierra templada). The first novelties among the Mexican land- shells sent to Europe by Dr. Berendt were described by Dr. Pfeiffer in his ‘ Malako- zoologische Blatter’ for 1861 and 1862, among which were Cyclotus berendti, Helicina berendti, Helix berendti, and others; also Helix hermanni (p. 128) was named after him. STREBEL was afterwards assisted in his conchological researches by the family Sauas, to the members of which he dedicated his genus Sa/asiella, as well as S. joaquine and Glandina estefanie ; his own name is perpetuated in that of the genus Strebelia, Crosse. The unsettled state of affairs preceding the French-Mexican war rendered this scientific activity more difficult, but was the cause of the visit of the Prussian ship ‘ Gefion,’ the doctor of which, Dr. Cart FRIEDEL, brought home some shells from Vera Cruz, these afterwards coming into my hands. Dr. Berendt finally departed from Vera Cruz in 1862 for the Provinces of Campeche and Tabasco, and devoted himself almost entirely to ethnological researches till he died in 1878, in the city of Guatemala (see his biography in the ‘ Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society’ for April 1879, and in the German Geographical Journal ‘ Globus,’ lix. no. 22). Strebel left Vera Cruz in 1867, and returned to Hamburg, where he still resides as chief of a merchant house and promoter of scientific interests among his fellow citizens. He published there, in 1873-82, five quarto volumes entitled ‘ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna mexikanischer Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien,’ containing very accurate descriptions and excellent figures of about 263 species; the numerous anatomical notes in them were contributed by Dr. Gzor@ Prerrer. The shells collected by Strebel were given by him to the “‘ Hamburg Museum of Natural History,” and I have had occasion to examine many of them while studying the Mollusca for the ‘ Biologia Centrali-A mericana.’ H. Hoge collected land-shells principally in the States of Chihuahua, Puebla, Vera Cruz, and Oaxaca, in 1879 and 1880; H. H. Smita in Central, Eastern, and South-eastern Mexico, in 1887-1889; W. Ricuarpson in North-western Mexico, in 1889 ; and G. F. Gaumer in the Island of Bonacca, off the coast of Yucatan. The shells obtained by these four travellers were handed to me for examination by the Editors of this work, together with those found by F. D. Godman in Eastern Mexico and Yucatan in 1887-88. INTRODUCTION. 1x During recent years additions to the Mexican land and freshwater shells have been contributed by several North-American travellers, see Pilsbry in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1891, p. 310, 1892, pp. 153, 338, and 1899, p. 391; and Dall, in the ‘ Proceedings of the United States National Museum,’ xviii. (1895) p. 1, and xix. (1896) p. 333. GUATEMALA. The first collector of land and freshwater shells in Guatemala and the adjacent regions was ArtuuR More et, born at Dijon, France, in 1809, who travelled, mostly on foot, in 1847, in Yucatan, Tabasco, Vera Paz, and Guatemala, visiting the ancient ruins of Palenque and the Lake of Itzd (see A. Morelet, ‘ Voyage dans l’Amérique Centrale,’ 1857, in two volumes, 8yvo, and the obituary notice of him by H. Drouet, Dijon, 1893). He published two papers, containing descriptions of new species, under the title ‘Testacea Novissima,’ 1849 and 1851, including also Cuban forms. I am indebted to him for the opportunity of seeing and examining some of them, chiefly the smaller-sized critical species of Streptostyla, Helix, Hyalinia, and Guppya. After his death, on Oct. 9th, 1893, the whole collection passed into the possession of the British Museum, when E. Smith was kind enough to compare some of his freshwater types on behalf of this work. Ospert SaLvin, M.A., F.Z.S., collected land and freshwater shells in Guatemala in 1857, and again in 1861-62. A list of those found by him was given by Canon H. B. Tristram in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for 1861, pp. 229-233, 1863, pp. 411-413, seventy-nine species being enumerated altogether. In the second part of this paper it is stated that most of the species mentioned in the first list were found in the immediate neighbourhood of Duefias, near Antigua (S.W. Guatemala), and that those enumerated in the second list were chiefly from the district of Vera Paz and the Lake of Peten (N. Guatemala). Subsequently, Salvin sent me a number of Guatemalan shells for determination, and I gave a (third) list of them in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1875, pp. 645-647, thirty-two species being noticed. Through his kindness I have also had the opportunity of examining many of the types of those described by Canon Tristram. Dr. Orto Stout, of Ziirich, Switzerland, travelled in Guatemala in the years 1878-83. He has written an interesting work entitled ‘Guatemala, Reisen und Schilderungen’ BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. b x INTRODUCTION. (Leipzig, 1886), in which remarks on the land and freshwater Mollusca of various localities are to be found, pp. 47 (Lake of Amatitlan), 53 (City of Guatemala), 63 (Cerro Quemado), 198, 199 (district Cholhuitz), 461 (Izabal), and 472 (Livingston). The ninety-three shells he collected, kindly entrusted to me for determination, form an essential and important part of the material available for this work. Some of them I had previously described in ‘Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin,’ 1886, p. 161, and 1887, p. 106. The drawings of the living animal made by him have been reproduced on our Plates ; fortunately, we are enabled to represent nearly all the more important genera in this manner. Grorce C. Cuampion collected in Guatemala, in 1879-81, chiefly in Vera Paz, where also ConrADT obtained a number of shells, some of these latter having been acquired by the Editors of the present work and others by the Berlin Museum. HONDURAS. The land-shells collected in Honduras by Dyson were described by Dr. Pfeiffer in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for 1846 and 1851, some of them subsequently finding their way into the more important German collections. Others obtained by the Swedish pharmacist Justus Hsatmarson, about 1858, were partly dealt with by Dunker in the same year, these being now in the Berlin Museum. The Island of Utila has been malacologically explored by Mr. Cuarues T. Simpson : see Ancey, in the ‘ Annales de Malacologie,’ i. p. 237 (1886). NICARAGUA. Various land-shells from Nicaragua, principally from the neighbourhood of Realejos, and found by H. Cumine in 1827, have been recorded, and specimens from this country are to be found in the principal collections. Several interesting Unionide from the Lake of Nicaragua were described in 1847 and 1848, in the ‘Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, by R. A. Philippi, who received them from the French collector Lar@inLiert (the original specimens seem to have been lost), and others, in 1868, by Isaac Lea, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, these latter having been obtained from the botanist Bripeus (see Lea, Observ. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 56). Dr. A. S. Girsrep obtained three species of land and five of freshwater shells in Nicaragua, which were described by Dr. Mérch in INTRODUCTION. ml the ‘Malakozoologische Blatter,’ vii. (1861); the types of these are in the Museum of Copenhagen, and I have been enabled to examine and figure one of them, thanks to the kindness of Prof. Rud. Bergh. A more complete list of Nicaraguan shells, including thirty-three terrestrial and eighteen freshwater species, with detailed observations on their occurrence and habits, from his own observation, has been given by Ralph Tate in the ‘American Journal of Conchology, v. pp. 151-162 (1869-70). Some others, collected by T. Brett, in November 1877 and December 1879, and by E. Janson, between 1870-80, were contained among the shells sent to me for examination by the Editors of this work. COSTA RICA. Very little was known about the land and freshwater shells of Costa Rica previous to the researches of the late W. N. Gabb, who enumerated forty-four species from that country in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for 1879. Three German naturalists had, however, thoreughly explored many portions of Costa Rica, between 1853-66, but they paid no particular attention to the Mollusca: Moritz WaGNer, in 1853-54 (see ‘Die Republik Costarica, 1856); Dr. A. von Frantzius, in 1854-66 [see ‘ Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin,’ iii. p. 289 (1868), ‘Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, xxxv. (1869), and ‘Journal fiir Ornithologie, xvii. (1869)]; and Cart von Srepacu, Geologist, in 1864-65. To Moritz Wagner we are indebted for the very characteristic Helix costaricensis. ‘The Berlin Museum received in 1856 a number of shells, including a few land and fresh- water forms, collected by Dr. Cant Horrmany, a companion of v. Frantzius, who died in 1859, in Punta Arenas; in later times a few others were bequeathed to that institution by v. SeeBAcH ; and still more recently various land-shells, obtained in the interior of Costa Rica by Junius CarMion and van Parren, both residents at San José, in 1864 and 1868 [see ‘ Malakozoologische Blatter,’ xv. (1868)|, have been added. In 1861 Dr. Morch published descriptions of one terrestrial, one freshwater, and eight submarine species, found by Dr. A. S. GirstED on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (see ‘Malakozoologische Blatter,’ vi. and vii.). In 1878 A. Boucard described seven new species of Costa Rican land-shells in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for that year. Among the shells sent to me for examination by our Editors, in 1888, there were a few specimens collected by H. Rogzrs in Costa Rica. b2 xil INTRODUCTION. During recent years, however, shortly after having commenced the publication of this work, I have from time to time received for determination specimens of Costa Rican land and freshwater shells from Henry Pirrrer and Pierre BIoLiey, both residents in San José. These men have paid remarkable care and attention to the Mollusca, even to the very minute forms, and they have succeeded in rendering the conchological fauna of this country one of the best known within Central America. H. Pittier, first employed at the observatory in San José, and subsequently appointed a member of the Physical and Geographical Institute of that republic, commenced to send me shells in 1890, and then nearly every year afterwards, until the unexpected suppression of that Institute in January 1899, due to change of government. P. Biolley, of Neufchatel, Professor and at present Assistant Naturalist at the Museo Nacional of Costa Rica, since 1891 resident in that country, sent his shells to his old teacher P. Godet, Director of the Natural History Museum at Neufchatel, from whom I had most of them for determination and comparison. He has written a small pamphlet entitled ‘ Moluscos terrestres y fluviatiles de la Meseta Central de Costa Rica’ (San José, 1897), in which fifty-nine species are enumerated. PANAMA. Up to the present time nothing but a few stray notes on the land and freshwater Mollusca of the State of Panama have been published, the earliest being those relating to H. Cuming’s collections, made in 1827 and the following years. The marine and submarine shells have, on the contrary, been thoroughly investigated by C. B. Adams [see ‘ Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,’ v. (1852), and also Carpenter’s work], who has given a special list of those collected by himself, with accurate particulars of the localities of each species. The submarine Mollusca, therefore, of the shores of the Bay of Panama are better known than those of any other place in Central America or Mexico, either on the Pacific or the Atlantic coast. A few shells obtained in Veraguas by Warscewicz, about 1856, are preserved in the Berlin Museum. | For the knowledge of some additional terrestrial forms I am indebted to G. C. CuamPion, who collected in Chiriqui, in 1881-83. INTRODUCTION. "TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA. xiit Geographical Distribution of the Species in Mexico and Central America. GUATEMALA Honpuras Mexico. (with Tabasco, Chiapas, AND NICARAGUA. Costa Rica. Panama. and Yucatan). SALVADOR. | N.W.) Centr./S.W.| E. | Tabasco, | Yucatan. | N. | Centr.|S.W.] W. | E. Centr.| N.E.] W. |Centr.| E. | S.* | N. Chiapas. and H. and E (W.)) (£.) Motus). beryl PoP |? : ; aye ; Cyclophorus (Am- |< phicyclophorus). t 3 I | 2 l ! -(Cyrtotoma) .. 2 Tomocyclus ...... + 2 3 Choanopoma ...... 1] .. 1 a 2 Chondropoma...... 1 3 1 6 1 - 5 Diplommatina...... we fee fae a .. 1 Helicina .......... 4 2 | 14 5 3 5 9 3 9 1] 3) 2.15 1 1 Schasichila......... 1 2 1 1 Proserpina ........ 1 3 Strebelia.......... .. a .. | l Glandina ........ ) 6 13 | 24 4 2 8 2 4 2 1 1 3,7 1 1 Salasiella ........ .. 1 1 1 a .. .. 1 Streptostyla ...... 1 2 | 21 10 3 11) 4 2 3 1 1 | 7 6 1 Omphalina ........ 3 9 2 2 a a .. . | dL 1 Hyalinia.......... . 2) 3 - 2 2 1 . 1 2 | 6 + Guppya .......... 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 | 4 3 Pseudohyalina - 3 2 1 1 1 2 Patula et Microconus.| 2 .. .. 1 a a 1 1 a 1 Thysanophora...... 1 1/3 1 1 2 _ 1 Acanthinula ..... 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Vallonia .......... we fee .. a 1 Trichodiscina ...... 3.) 2 2 1 / 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Averellia.......... .. .. a .. a .. 1 1 Praticolella ...... 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 Arionta? ....... 2 .. 1 1 Pomatia .......... 1 Tysinoé ..........- 1 7 1 2 1 2471 Oxychona (costar } 2 l l 1 l l 9 censiS)......-. Solaropsis ......-- .. a we fee . .. 1? .e 1 Polygyra.......+-- 8 5 6 | 7 4 1 Le 1 Strobila ........-- 1 1 Labyrinthus ....-. a .. we fae .. a an e 1 1 2 1 Ortalichus .......- 3 2 6 | 2 1 4 3 2 1 1 4 3 - Lf ek 2 Otostomus .....--. 6 12 | 7 | 12 5 4 10 | 5 6 1 1 5 .. | 6 11 6] 4 Bulimulus ........ 1 2 2 | 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 Rhabdotus ........ .. 1 N.E Globulinus ........ 1 Peronseus ......-. 1 Leptomerus........ 1 | 2 3 1 2); 1 | 2 2 1 }1q71)1)i147 2 Simpulopsis ...... we fee fee 1 1. Encalodium ...... 3 4/5 7 4 Coelocentrum ...... 1 1 | 3 4 3 1 2 * «§” corresponds to the W. (Pacific) slope and “N.” to the E. (Atlantic) slope of Central America, as a whole. xiv INTRODUCTION. TERRESTRIAL MoLiuscaA.— Geographical Distribution (continued). GUATEMALA Hownpuras Mexico. (with Tabasco, Chiapas, AND NICARAGUA. Costa Rica. and Yucatan). SALVADOR, Panama, Chiapas. and EH. and EB. N.W.) Centr. |S.W.} E. | Taba 0, Yucatan. | N. | Centr.|S.W.] W. | E. | W. | Centr.) N.E.] W. |Centr.| E. Holospira ........ 2 5) 2) 4 Epirobia .......... ae fou. | we | 2 2 1. 4 1 Cylindrella ........ .. Macroceramus ....| .. 1 .. Opeas .......-.06- Le 3 2 Subulina.......... Le .s Pseudosubulina .. Spiraxis ........6. - a _ Tornaxis .......... .e .. a es .- .. 1 Leptinaria ........ .. a .. | 2 1 a .. _ Tornatellina ...... .. .. oe | ee Le a .. _ an re 1 Melaniella ........ .. a we |e Cecilianella ...... .. . . | 1 Oryzosoma ........ - Pupa ...sseeeeees 2 Pupoides.......... 1 Succinea.......... 1 Xanthonyx, | Cryptostracon.. | Ariolimax ........ Philomycus ...... Limacide ........ . .e .. | Veronicella........ . .e 1 | Carychium ...... Le i i | | 1 — . aOR or? 9 bo & bt pS prwor! — Ppr wi me be NO re bo: — a rw wb eo _ bo = = HH Qe bd! ao No alll alt rie bobo: bo amy rm bo The chief zoo-geographical interest in the land and freshwater Mollusca of the region under investigation lies in the intermingling of the North and South-American forms within its limits (rather than in the endemic species), and the relationship of the fauna to that of the West-Indian Islands, and also of that of the two slopes, the Atlantic and the Pacific, the one to the other. The most characteristic genera of land-shells inhabiting Mexico and Central America, or those including the greatest number of species, are Helicina, Glandina, Streptostyla, Polygyra, Ortalichus, Otostomus, Eucalodium (with the nearly allied Celocentrum), and Holospira (including Epirodia). Each of these has a somewhat different distribution. HELIcINA is very rich in species in the West Indies, moderately so in South America, INTRODUCTION. XV where it extends, however, to the southernmost part of Brazil; a few forms occur in North America, the genus reaching to Georgia and ‘Tennessee. GLANDINA has its headquarters in Mexico and Central America, extending not quite so far southward, and a little further northward, than Helicina; it is repre- sented in the West-Indian Islands by the somewhat different groups of Varicella and Oleacina, s. str. STREPTOSTYLA is almost peculiar to Southern Mexico and Central America, having one species only, so far as at present known, in the more northern parts of Mexico, viz. S. novoleonis, very few in the northern parts of South America, and some not very characteristic forms in the West-Indian Islands. PotyGyra is North American as well as Mexican, and does not extend southward beyond Honduras. In the West Indies it seems to be confined to the larger islands of Cuba and Jamaica (P. paludosa). In North America most of the species are restricted to the Southern United States, a few extending to the Cumberland subregion (Tennessee and Kentucky), one, P. leporina, to Illinois and Indiana. ORTALICHUS is almost equally well represented in Mexico and Central America, the West Indies, and the northern part of South America, extending southward to about as far as the Amazon valley *. It is wanting in North America, except in the southern part of Florida, which belongs more properly to the West- Indian region. Orostomus (= Goniognathmus, Crosse, nec Bulimulus = Orthotomium) is mainly South American, extending to Southern Brazil and the Argentine Republic (0. papyraceus) ; but it is also well represented in Central America and Mexico, becoming less numerous in species in the West-Indian Islands, and wanting altogether in the United States. EycaLopium and Ca@LOcENTRUM are peculiar to Central America or the southern parts of Mexico, but they do not extend south of Guatemala, and are therefore absent from the South-American continent. Ho nosrira, with Epirobia, is also almost peculiar to Mexico and the northern half of Central America: Holospira, s. sty., extends as far north as Texas and * The Berlin Museum has received specimens of 0. phlogerus, d’Orb., from Dr. von Steinen, from the upper affluents of the Rio Xingu, where they are used by the Bakairi Indians as ornaments; and also some of O. pulchellus, Spix, from the collector Rohde, from the banks of the Rio Mondego, in Matto Grosso. Xvl INTRODUCTION. Arizona, but is wanting in Guatemala; Hpirobia inhabits the southern part of Eastern Mexico (State of Vera Cruz), extending southward to Kastern Guatemala *. Amongst the genera common to Central and South America and the West-Indian Islands, and absent from North America (with the exception of Chondropoma, which occurs in Florida), are Oyclotus (Neocyclotus), Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus), Chondro- poma, and Cistula. Labyrinthus is peculiar to the southern part of Central America (from Nicaragua southward) and the northern half of South America. The species enumerated under the subgeneric names Praticolella, Lysinoé, and Oxychona are characteristic of several parts of Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica; but their natural affinities have not yet been made out sufficiently well to show whether they bear any relationship to the fauna of Western North America or to that of the Andes of the southern continent. Opeas is circumtropical, and Succinea has a world-wide distribution. As regards the smaller forms, and those which are without external shell, it must be borne in mind that their distribution in Mexico and Central America, so far as at present known, shows the results of collecting in particular localities rather than true zoo-geographical data. The most fully explored district is, without doubt, the State of Vera Cruz (E. Mexico, of our Tables); then follows Guatemala, Costa Rica, Chiapas and Tabasco, Central Mexico and Mazatlan (N.W. Mexico), and the region bordering the United States frontier; the least-known districts are Salvador and the State of Panama. The more characteristic genera and subgenera of the land-shells may be erouped together to show their geographical relationship in the following manner :— A. Essentially Mexican and Central-American. a. Not extending to the greater part of North nor to South America. aa. Not represented in the West-Indian Islands. Tomocyclus, southward to Honduras; Streptostyla; Trichodiscina, southward to Costa Rica ; Praticolella, from Arkansas and Texas to Costa Rica; the group of Helix costaricensis * It has been recorded from Venezuela, but this statement requires confirmation. INTRODUCTION. XVli (subgen. Oxychona, infra); Eucalodium and Celocentrum, southward to Guatemala; Holo- spira, from Arizona and Texas to South-west Mexico and Yucatan; Pseudosubulina ; Xanthonyx, from Misantla to Chiapas. bb. Represented in the West-Indian Islands. Macroceramus (Guatemala). &. Extending into the greater part of North and South America. Glandina, Lysinoé (as restricted in this work): both absent from the West-Indian Islands. B. Essentially West-Indian. Choanopoma, with Adamsiella, scarcely extending to South America, absent from North America ; Chondropoma, with Cistula, extending to South America, absent from North America; Helicina, extending a little north of the Mexican frontier and still further in South America ; Spiraxis. C. Prevailing North-American. a. Scarcely represented in the West-Indian Islands. Omphalina, southward to Guatemala; Polygyra, southward to Honduras; Pupa, with Vertigo and Leucochilus, southward to Nicaragua and (subgen. Leucochilus) to Panama (somewhat cosmo- politan) ; Pupoides, southward no farther than Central Mexico. b. Not represented in the West-Indian Islands. Strobila, southward to North Guatemala; Rhadbdotus (group of Bulimulus dealbatus), southward to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. D. Prevailing South-American. a. Represented in the West-Indian Islands. Cyclotus (Neocyclotus) ; Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) ; Ortalichus; Otostomus; Bulimulus, subgen. Leptomerus ; Simpulopsis ; Leptinaria. b. Essentially South-American, and not represented in the West-Indian Islands. Labyrinthus, to as far north as Costa Rica; Solaropsis, to as far north as N. Guatemala. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. C XVili Geographical Distribution of the Species in Mexico and Central America. INTRODUCTION. FRESHWATER MOLULUSCA. Mexico (with Tabasco, Chiapas, GUATEMALA Yucatan, and British Honduras). HonpDvuras AND SALVADOR. NICARAGUA. Costa Rica. PANAMA, Centr. Physa, a. Aplecta ........ b. Stenophysa c. Alampetis Limnea ............ Planorbis. . Helisoma........ . Menetus . Gyraulus . Spiralina . Taphius ........ . Hippeutis g. Planorbula Ancylus ............ Gundlachia Ampullaria.......... subgen. Ceratodes Vivipara Valvata Cochliopa Amnicola Tryonia ............ Pachychilus. a. Glyptomelania eet ee ee ee eo eee eo eee eee “Sa Qa Oa Cr oe eee ee eee ee ov ee ee eeee ee en b. Pachychilus, s. str.. c. Oxymelania Semisinus Neritina. a. Alina ......-... b. Neritzea Unio. a. Crenodonta Psoronaias ...... . Arotonaias ...... . Pleurobema...... . Sphenonaias Nephronaias . Simonaias . Lampsilis Elliptio ........ . Uniomerus l. Metaptera Anodonta. | fa. Anodonta, s. str... (|e. Patularia........ ae ce nreereee Tp SQ tia Qeo se ee ee rt © 2? a ell NS) mee! 1? met KH oo Pee bl DWN Or o> bo bo: DH WHEE? Yucatan, Belize. 22 Ww. Centr. and EH. N.E. HE oo bo bor cata a io 2 (3?) call aeis ee re OO “I 2? HHH OO 1? 1? bo co INTRODUCTION. xix Fresawater Mo.ivsca.— Geographical Distribution (continued). GUATEMALA . 1 . Honpuras Mexico. (with abasco, Chiapas, AND NICARAGUA. Costa Rica} Panama. Yucatan, and SALVADOR. British Honduras), W. | Centr. E. N. | Yucatan, ls. w. W. HE Centr. | N.E.| W. 8. N. Belize. | (W.) and E. (W.) | (E.) Anodonta (cont.). ( d. Scolianodon . .. 1 | e. Euryanodon 2 1 < f. Glabaris ........ _ 2 | g. Pseudoleila ...... 1 (hk. Pachyanodon .. 1 1 1 1? Mycetopus .......... 7 1 1 Polymesoda. a. Polymesoda, s. str.| 2 1(2?) 2 1 1 - 1 b, Egeta .......... 1 . 1? 1? Neocorbicula ........ 1 Spherium .......... 1 2 1(2?)] 1 .. 1 Hupera ............ . .. .. 1 .e 1 1 Pisidium .......... 1 1 1 1 FRESHWATER SHELLS CHARACTERISTIC OF Mexico AND CENTRAL AMERICA. Physa, sabgen. Aplecta, the species of larger size, ranging from Mexico to Peru. Cochliopa, from LNiSenta to Costa Rica. Pachychilus, with its four subgenera: Glyptomelania and Pachychilus, s. str., ranging trom Mexico to the northern part of South America, but absent from the West-Indian Islands; Oxymelania and Potamanaz, not reaching southward beyond N. Guatemala, but represented also in Cuba. Unio, subgen. Psoronaias, inhabiting South-eastern Mexico and Northern Guate- mala. The subgenera Arotonaias of Unio and Scolianodon of Anodonta are almost exclusively confined to the Lakes of Nicaragua and Managua. FRESHWATER SHELLS sHowiInG A Nearctic AFFINITY. The majority of the Limneide, chiefly the subgenus Alampetis of Physa, the subgenera Helisoma, Gyraulus, and Planorbula of Planorbis, and the species of Limnewa. All these are, so far as at present known, more abundant in Mexico and Guatemala than in Nicaragua or Costa Rica; Gyraulus, Planorbula, and Limnea extend, however, to the State of Panama. The somewhat doubtful Vivipara and the only Valvata, but limited to Mexico. c2 XX INTRODUCTION. Tryonia, of the Lake of Peten, the other species of this genus being Californian. Unio, generally, as distinct from the South-American Diplodon (in the sense of y. Ihering and Simpson), more especially the subdivisions Crenodonta, Lampsilis, Elliptio, and Metaptera. The genus is much better represented in Mexico and Guatemala than in the more southern countries ; of the subdivisions mentioned, Elliptio only is represented in Nicaragua and in Panama, and by a single species, no Unio being known from Costa Rica. Anodonta, in the more restricted sense, and Patularia, both reaching no farther south than N. Guatemala and Yucatan. It is very remarkable, however, that the family Strepomatide (Pleuroceridz), so widely distributed in North America, from Lake Winnipeg and Montreal to Florida and Texas, and occurring also in California, has no known representative within our limits, not even in the northern parts of Mexico, Pachychilus schiedeanus having been proved by Troschel’s examination of the radula to be a Pachychilus and not a Gontobasis. FRESHWATER SHELLS SHOWING A SOUTH-AMERICAN AND ANTILLEAN AFFINITY. The subgenera Menetus and Spiralina of Planorbis, and the subgenus Stenophysa of Physa, each of which is well represented in the West-Indian Islands and on the continent of South America, all three ranging from Mexico to Nicaragua, the last even to Panama. Ampullaria, including the subgenus Ceratodes. Ampullaria, s. str., 1s represented in the Southern States of North America ( Georgia and Florida) by one species only. Within our limits it seems to be absent from the elevated tableland of Central Mexico, ranging from the southern parts of Mexico to Panama. In Guatemala and Honduras the species are numerous and very little inferior in size to those of the continent of South America, whereas the genus is somewhat poorly represented in the West-Indian Islands. Ceratodes belongs essentially to the South-American continent, exceeding its limits only in the adjacent islands of Tobago and Trinidad, and in Costa Rica, if the latter record is reliable (cf. p. 425). Semisinus, a Caribbean and South-American genus, extending within our limits from N. Guatemala to Costa Rica. Neritina, subgenus Nerite@a, including also Caribbean and South-American forms, INTRODUCTION, XXxl extends from Mexico to Nicaragua, but is absent from the elevated tableland of Central Mexico *. Glabaris (as understood by Simpson), or the Anodonta with deep triangular sinulus (p. 525), a genus extending within our limits from S.E. Mexico to Panama. Mycetopus, a genus extending as far north as S. Guatemala. Eupera, a genus extending as far north as Yucatan. There are scarcely any Mexican or Central-American species more nearly allied to the West-Indian forms than to those of South America, probably because in all islands, unless they are of very large extent (such as Madagascar, Borneo, and Australia), the freshwater fauna is generally poor, We may mention the great resemblance of Unio yzabalensis, of Eastern Guatemala and Honduras, to the Cuban U. scamnatus. Amnicola coronata is widely spread in the West-Indian Islands, and also in Central America from Vera Cruz to Nicaragua, but on the continent of South America it is confined to Colombia and Venezuela. Menetus, Spiralina, and Stenophysa are equally characteristic of the freshwater fauna of the West-Indian Islands, and Gundlachia also inhabits Cuba, California, and the Potomac. From the above analysis it is clear that the Terrestrial and Freshwater Mollusca of Mexico and Central America, as a whole, are not altogether peculiar, neither can they be termed North-American nor South-American ; and as regards their relationship with the West-Indian fauna, no definite conclusion can be arrived at. But if one or two genera only are taken into consideration, it would be easy to suggest an affinity with the fauna of any of these main regions. On referring to a map, we find that the long stretch of country included within the scope of this work is narrowed in several places, so as to form four large tracts of land, as well as a small additional piece :— 1. Mexico generally, to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, broadly connected with the United States from the head of the Gulf of California to the mouth of the Rio Grande del Norte. Here, of course, the resemblance to the North-American fauna is the greatest, the species obtained in the districts explored by the ‘ Boundary Commission ”—Sonora, Arizona, Chihuahua, and New Mexico—being almost identical ; * On pages 472, &c., I have placed the locality Sayula urder the head of Central Mexico, but it would perhaps be more correctly assigned to S.W. Mexico. Xxil INTRODUCTION. and the same remark applies to the Mollusca of the States of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas, as compared with those of Texas. Streptostyla novoleonis is the first species to appear of the bright tropical fauna of Central America, and at Mazatlan an Ortalichus is a conspicuous land-snail. On the elevated tableland of Central Mexico the somewhat northern Polygyra, Holospira, and Helix humboldtiana are associated with the subtropical Glandina and the more tropical Otostomus and Hucalodium ; and in the State of Vera Cruz, not only in its hot lowlands, but also in the temperate hill- region of Jalapa, Mirador, Cordova, and Orizaba, the Molluscan fauna approaches still nearer to that of Central America*. Among the freshwater shells, Alampetis, Oxymelania, and Potamanax may be named as rather characteristic. Vivipara and Valvata are North-American forms not reaching farther south than Mexico. Among the Bivalves, Anodonte of South-American affinity (Huryanodon and Pachyanodon) make their first appearance in the southern part of Mexico, both east and west. 2. GUATEMALA, with Tapasco and CuHIApas (S.E. Mexico in our Tables), Yucatan, and Betize (British Honduras), from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the constriction between Istapa and the Golfo Dulce. This tract of land possesses the most typical Central-American forms: several Cyclophoride and Cyclostomide, Tomocyclus, Helicina, and Glandina in moderate numbers, many Streptostyle, and a few Omphaline; Trichodiscina and Praticolella are still present, Lysinoé is comparatively rich, and the group of Helix costaricensis is already represented by H. trigonostoma with its many varieties; Polygyra inhabits the lower districts of the Usumacinta, and Holospira is to be found in Yucatan; Ortalichus, well-developed Otostomus, Eucalodiuwm, and Celo- centrum are richer here than elsewhere; Lpirobia, Macroceramus, Pseudosubulina, and Leptinaria, each with several species; and Simpulopsis takes the place of the exclusively Mexican Xanthonyx. The characteristic Mexican forms are still visible, as are also most of the prevailing West-Indian and South-American ones. Among the freshwater shells numerous species of Unio of North-American affinities are present, but the large-sized Ampullarie and Pachychili give a tropical character to the whole. 3. Honpuras, Satvapor, Nicaragua, and Mosquito Coast, from the re-entering * Fischer and Crosse (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 673) were therefore justified in uniting the whole Atlantic slope of Mexico, from Tamaulipas in the north, with Yucatan, British Honduras, and Guatemala, into one geographical subregion. INTRODUCTION. XXill angle of the Gulf of Honduras with the Golfo Dulce to the depression of the Lake of Nicaragua. Here a comparative impoverishment of the fauna commences: Eucalodium, Celocentrum, and Omphalina are absent; Polygyra is represented by one species only ; and the Cyclophoride, Glandina, Streptostyla, and Ortalichus diminish in number. Among the freshwater shells, the species of Unio are fewer in number and of smaller size; the true Anodonte of northern affinity have disappeared; and the subgenus Arotonaias is nearly, and Scolianodon quite, peculiar to the basin of the Lake of Nicaragua. 4. Costa Rica, with Curriqur and Vreracuas, from the depression of Nicaragua to the Isthmus of Panama. The general features are about the same as in no. 3, but the number of known species is greater, for which we are indebted to the recent exertions of H. Pittier and P. Biolley; but the increase consists chiefly in small-sized repre- sentatives of more widely-distributed genera. ‘The impoverishment of conspicuous and characteristic forms still continues: the Cyclostomide and Tonocyclus are apparently absent, and Polygyra also; Helix ghiesbreghti is replaced by the group of H. costari- censis, including three species; the Cyclophoride, Glandina, Streptostyla, Trichodiscina, Ortalichus, and Bulimulus are well-represented; and new strictly South-American forms, like Labyrinthus and Solaropsis, make their appearance. Trichodiscina and the eroup of Helix costaricensis are the only subgenera which are not to be found in any part of South America. The total absence of Unionide in Costa Rica, if real and not simply due to imperfect research, may be attributed to the absence of large slowly- flowing rivers and great lakes. 5. The small portion of the Stare or Panama east of the Isthmus. This region seems to have a fauna like that of the northern part of the South-American continent. I should have preferred the Isthmus as a limit in my Tables and for the whole work, but I have been constrained to adopt the political boundary of the State of Panama (which includes also the Isthmus of Darien), because authors give for many species simply “‘ Panama” as locality. These species can be enumerated safely as found within the State of Panama, but I have no means of knowing whether east or west of the deepest notch of the Isthmus. The facts stated show that neither the Isthmus of Tehuantepec nor that of Panama affords a satisfactory boundary-line between the North- and South-American fauna ; XX1V INTRODUCTION. the general resemblance of the land-shells of the Mexican State of Vera Cruz to those of Northern Guatemala forbid the former, the strictly South-American forms in Costa Rica the latter. The longer tracts of the Nicaraguan depression, or even that of the Golfo Dulce (as regards Eucalodium), will serve the purpose perhaps a little better, if we want a separating-line between the South-American and the Mexico- Guatemalan fauna. As a matter of fact, however, there is no definite limit between these zoo-geographical regions, no more than there are between the North- and South-European, and the Palearctic and Oriental or Indian region. The main divisions used in zoo-geography, radiating from one centre and extending their dominion until they meet another, with which it would intermingle only in a comparatively narrow border-zone, do not really exist; but each of them, the Nearctic as well as the Neotropical, or any other, includes an abstract compound of families and genera of very different geographical extension, all having their peculiar conditions of life, and therefore also succeeding more or less in the common endeavour of extending their habitat. For instance, a considerable part of the Nearctic fauna is formed of families, genera, and even species which live also in Northern Europe and Northern Asia: it is the circumboreal fauna, crossing the Northern Atlantic and the Northern Pacific, and prevailing not only in the desolate Arctic regions, but also in the forest- and lake- countries of British North America and a portion of the United States (e.g., Rangifer, Alce, and a Bison, the Mustelide and Arvicolide, the Tetraonide, Limnea stagnalis, Margaritana, &c.). But another essential part of the Nearctic fauna is formed of exclusively American families or genera, such as Didelphys, Procyon, the Sylvicolide, and the Strepomatide. Likewise within the Palearctic division we find, not only in its southern provinces, but even in Scandinavia and European Russia, families and genera which bear witness of a fauna limited to Europe and Africa, e. g. Hrinaceus and the Myoxidee. In the same manner, within the limits cf Mexico and Central America the various faunas are intermingled over the greater part of the region: the Nearctic represented by Strobi/a and Polygyra; that of New Mexico and Texas by Holospira and Praticolella; that of California and Peru by some Bulimulide ; the Caribbean by Choanopoma, Chondropoma, and Ortalichus; that of the South-American continent by Glabaris; and the Mexican and Central-American by Glandina, Streptostyla, and Kucalodium. As regards the elevation of the localities above the sea, I have noted what was available under each species in the body of the work ; for special particulars concerning INTRODUCTION. XXV numerous Costa-Rican forms I am indebted to H. Pittier and P. Biolley. But I dare not draw general conclusions, which might be disproved by the next observing traveller. The central Tableland of Mexico, without manifest drainage either to the Atlantic or to the Pacific, is treated in the enumeration of localities in the body of the work, and in the preceding Tables, as a distinct division. This region appears to be essentially poorer in Molluscs than the adjacent Eastern slope, the State of Vera Cruz, especially in Cyclophoridze and Cyclostomide, as well as in Omphalina, among the land-shells; Aplecta, Stenophysa, Ampullaria, Neritina, Glabaris, and Polymesoda, among the freshwater shells, are wanting in Central Mexico, while they are present on the Western and Eastern slopes: the number of freshwater shells is also remarkably smaller, especially in the genera Unio and Anodonta; Planorbis, on the contrary, and the subgenus Alampetis of Physa are, however, well represented: among the land-shells, Helicina, Glandina, Polygyra, Otostomus, Eucalodium, Holospira, and Succinea are comparatively numerous. In Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica I have also distinguished for the land-shells a central region, as distinct from the Pacific and Atlantic slopes: in Guatemala it comprises the metamorphic formations of the upper districts drained by the River Usumacinta and the upper half of that of the Rio Grande or Motagua River; in Nicaragua it corresponds to the basin of the Lake of that name, draining to the Atlantic, although nearer geographically to the Pacific; and in Costa Rica it comprises the elevated regions in the vicinity of the capital, San José, 1200 metres and more above the sea. The relationship of the fauna of these central parts to that of the neighbouring Pacific and Atlantic provinces will be seen particularized in the Tables: generally, it may be mentioned that Helicina, Glandina, Streptostyla, Otostomus, and Succinea are more or less well represented on the central plateaux, as in Central Mexico, and the Cyclophoridee and Cyclostomatidee very scarce. The species hitherto known to occur in the highest regions (2400-3500 metres, or about 8000-11,600 feet) on the central Tableland of Mexico and Guatemala belong to the genera Helicina (see infra, pp. 33, 37, 603), Glandina (pp. 54, 73), and Otostomus (pp. 208, 210) *. * Fischer and Crosse (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 677) mention correctly in this respect Helicina and Glandina ; but they go too far in stating that in South America, as a difference from the fauna of Mexico and Guatemala, the land-shells of the most elevated regions are Bulimulus ; for Otostomus sulcosus (Bulimulus, in the sense of Fischer and Crosse) reaches in Mexico the height of 3200 metres (see infra, p. 208), and O. ghiesbreghti, in Guatemala, reaches 2600-2900 metres, which is a much greater elevation than that known for Glandina (2250-2400 metres), but less than that reached by Helicina (3500-3900 metres). BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. d XXV1 INTRODUCTION. The Table given of the distribution of the Terrestrial Mollusca shows, further, a much larger number of species in North Guatemala than in what I have termed Central Guatemala; this difference is not due to the extent of the district or its lower elevation, or to the greater number of collectors, but chiefly to the geological formation of the soil. I limited “Central Guatemala” to the Province of Baja Vera Paz, occupied chiefly by metamorphic rocks, including also the drainage of the upper part of the River Usumacinta (Rio Salinas) to the north, and that of the Rio Grande to the east; the Province of Alta Vera Paz, which is mostly limestone, is here included in North Guatemala. Now in all parts of the world a limestone- formation is much richer in land-shells than a plutonic or volcanic one, not only with respect to the number of species, but still more as regards the number of individuals. In countries which have not yet been thoroughly explored the number of the individuals influences also the number of known species, as those which are most abundant are, of course, the first to be noticed by the passing traveller. The greater richness of this formation in land-shells is, however, not exclusively due to the chemical composition of the soil, but in large degree also to its physical qualities: limestone offers generally a very diversified aspect, with rocks and holes, and projecting edges and re-entering corners, more or less open to the sun’s rays and yet offering everywhere shady places for retirement during the heat of the day. Concerning Guatemala, Mr. Champion has sent me the following note:—‘‘If you travel from the limestone regions of Vera Paz (Coban, Senahu, Cubilguitz, &c.) to the volcanic districts of the central tableland of Guatemala, you find a vast difference in the land-shells—many species and individuals in the former, scarcely any in the latter. The absence of the limestone, in my opinion, explains the absence of many forms, quite apart from the geographical situation.” Dr. Stoll, in his work on Guatemala (1886), pp. 196-199, says, concerning the land-shells of the Pacific slope as compared with those of Alta Vera Paz:—“ The district of Cholhuitz, 2000-4000 feet (640-1280 m.), on the advanced slopes of the Volcan de Santa Maria, which has deeply-cut ravines (barrancas) and virgin forest, with copious rainfall and a warm climate, offers a very rich Molluscan fauna, which, however, is rapidly decreasing by the annual cutting and burning of the trees; this fauna shows a very remarkable conformity with that of Alta Vera Paz, from which it is separated by large, barren, elevated tracts of land. In both districts live Helix ghiesbreghti, H. eximia, and H. trigonostoma, Otostomus delattre: (on the Pacific slope represented by the INTRODUCTION. XXVil var. hiabundus), and Glandina sowerbyana*. Eucalodium, on the contrary, is wanting on the Pacific slope of Guatemala.” It must be borne in mind, however, that in Costa Rica the environs of San José have been more thoroughly explored by various collectors than the more remote lower districts ; this will account for the comparatively large number of species of Strepto- styla, Hyalinia, Guppya, and Leptinaria on the central tableland. But it is the more remarkable that none of the large-sized freshwater shells, which cannot be easily overlooked, as Ampullaria, Pachychilus, Unio, and Anodonta, have hitherto been found there. The differences between the fauna of the Pacific and Atlantic slopes, in both Mexico and Central America, are noticed in the Tables: they seem to be not very important as regards the land-shells. We find in many instances a very unequal number of species, but it must be remembered that in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua the Eastern slope is not only broader and provided with larger rivers, but has also, at least in Mexico, been more carefully explored by a greater number of scientific travellers and residents; it is therefore not a matter of surprise that the Eastern slope of these countries has offered, so far, more distinct forms and more species to science than the Western, especially among the freshwater shells. In * Dr. Stoll possesses a specimen of this species from the Hacienda Buenavista, in the upper part of the Cholhuitz district, which has an elevation of 3500 feet (about 1137 m.); this locality was not previously mentioned (infra, p. 55), because I had not seen the example. + Fischer and Crosse (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 678), speaking of the subregion of the Pacific slope, correctly insist on the peculiar geographical range of Holospira—the inland portion of Texas, and from Arizona through Coahuila and Chihuahua to the western provinces of Mexico,—corresponding to the range of the Cactacean genera Cereus and Echinocereus (also Mammillaria, see K. Schumann, “ Verbreitung der Cactacew,” Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1899). But they go too far in saying that Holospira is completely absent from the Atlantic slope of Mexico: San Carlos, the recorded locality in Chihuahua for H. coahuilensis, var. semisculpta, lies very near to the Rio del Norte, and by far the greater part of Chihuahua and of the adjacent State of Coahuila are drained by the same river to the Atlantic; moreover, H. teres, var. hoegeana, is found exclusively on the eastern slope of the Mexican tableland (see infra, p. 280), H. berendti in the States of Vera Cruz and Chiapas (see infra, p. 281), and H. veracruziana near Misantla, also in Vera Cruz (see infra, p. 635). + Fischer and Crosse, in their review of the geographical distribution (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. pp. 672, 678), state that the genus Unio is wanting (“fait défaut”) within Mexico in the streams running to the Pacific; but they mention themselves, in the descriptive part (p. 606), that Unio poeyanus, Lea, is found in the Rio Balsas, State of Guerrero, which empties into the Pacific. Page XXVili INTRODUCTION. Costa Rica and Panama the greater geographical extension belongs to the Pacific slope. One peculiarity of the fauna of the Western slope is worthy of note, viz., the occurrence of peculiar large-sized forms of Otostomus or Bulimulus in the western part of Mexico, such as O. dombeyanus, O. fenestratus, and O. chaperi, related somewhat to the Andean 0. millegranus and O. altoperuvianus; it is among the land-shells somewhat analogous to the phyto-geographical distribution of the majority of the Cactaceee. The submarine Mollusca of the eastern and western shores are of course distinct, more so even than some truly marine shells, as Tellina rufescens and Purpura patula, but there are remarkably analogous forms among them. oo bho © > orbon or eo bo Oo Se May 1901. EK. v. M. ERRATA ET for 1843 read 1883. for H. florida read H. flavida. for 1779 read 1799. for cinctelta read cinctella. for Plumas read Palmas. for above Jalapa read below Jalapa. for G. read S. for G. read S. erase the letters mm. at the head of the Anfr. column in the Tables. for Centrat read West. for Hége read H. H. Smith. for fig. 14 read fig. 12 b. add at end of line (Tab. IX. figg. 6, 6a.) for figg. 2, 2a-7, 7a. read 2-2a-5, 5a, 7,7 a. for tridonia read tridonta. add after albidus. (Tab. XIV. fig. 15.) for Bulimula read Bulimulus. add after apiostoma, (Tab. XVII. fig. 4.) add after pulchella. (Tab. XVII. figg. 3, 3a.) add after salpinw. (Tab. XVII. fig. 5.) . for Turubanes read Turubares. CORRIGENDA. Page Line 333 12 for concordlalis read concordialis. 336 3 for moerchi read mérchi. 342 1 for Astonrp& read ARIONIDE. 348 12 for Strebel read P. Strobel. 360 34 for figg. 5, 5a, b. read figg. 5, 5a, 6. 394 10 for N. read EK. 400 8 for Planorbulina read Planorbula. 402 18 for p. 3 read p. 321. 444 9 for t. 10 read t. 14. 451 34 for Mechychilus read Pachychilus. 471 1 for Bean read Beau. 472 27 add after reclivata. (Tab. XXVIII. fig. 2.) 498 19 for figg. 6, 6 a-c. read 6, 6a, b. 012 18 jor p. 103 read p. 105. 528 at head of fifth column in lower Table for Guatemela read Guatemala. 538 29 for latemarginata read latomarginata. 552 8 for figg. 2a, 6, c. read figg. 2, 2 a, b. 556 35 for Conovalus read Conovulus. 583 4. for ziczak read ziczac. 588 23 add after virginea. (Tab. XXVIIL. figg. 11, 12.) 599 after line 9 add CHONDROPOMA (p. 16). 600 10 for cordovanm read cordovanum. BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. ZOOLOGIA. MOLLUSCA. A. SPECIES TERRESTRES. GASTROPODA PULMONATA DIOICA*. One pair of feelers, eyes at their base ; sexes separated; operculum rarely wanting. Fam. CYCLOPHORIDA. Operculum circular, formed of numerous narrow whorls, which give it the appearance of concentric structure. Shell depressed or globular, widely umbilicated, generally of simple, somewhat coarse sculpture and brown (pale yellowish to chestnut) hue, conco- lorous or with a single darker band; peristome straight or (in the American forms rarely) expanded. Size rather large. Regular Teenioglossata as regards the radula. The Cyclophoride have two centres of geographical distribution—one in the East Indies extending to Polynesia (more rich in distinct genera, especially some with com- plicated structure of the peristome), and the other in ‘Tropical America. In the latter their head-quarters is the tract of the Andes from Mexico to Ecuador ; some species are also found in Bolivia and on the east coast of Brazil and Guiana, and (a few) in the Caribbean Islands (about twenty, more especially in Jamaica), but there are none in the Nearctic Region. The two principal genera, Cyclotus and Cyclophorus, discriminated somewhat artificially by the structure of the operculum, are common to both hemi- spheres; but there are natural groups or subgenera within each, which are also geographically circumscribed. The subgenus Cyrtotoma is confined to Mexico, Amphicyclotus to the continent of Central and South America. * In the arrangement of the letterpress I have tried an innovation by summing up the conchological differ- ences of the species in a common table, instead of giving a separate diagnostical description of each at its place ; I believe the comparison and determination will thereby be rendered more easy, as by this method the common and the differential characters of the species are seen at a glance, without referring to different pages. In opposition to the “ clavis”’-like tables, which are usual in many handbooks, it has the advantage that the student may choose between five or six qualities in beginning the determination, and may take that which is the most striking or the least ambiguous in his specimen.—E,. v. M. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1890. 1 MOLLUSCA. 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Cyclotus, Guilding, in Swainson’s Malac. p. 186 (1840). Operculum thick, calcareous, many-whorled, nucleus central. Subgen. APEROSTOMA. Aperostoma (Troschel), Pfeiffer, in Malak. Blatt. 1847, p. 47. Neocyclotus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 148 (1889). Peristome simple, straight. 1. Cyclotus (Aperostoma) irregularis. Cyclostoma (Cyclotus) irregulare, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1855, p. 117°. Cyclotus irregularis, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 15°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Cyclotus, t. 4. fig. 18°; Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 483°. Hab. %. Costa Rica: Costa Rica 23 (Gadd 4; mus. Cuming+); Cache (Rogers); ‘the commonest shell in Talamanca; coast region, and to 500 feet high on the hills” (Gabdb *). Lower margin of the aperture often injured, probably by the “animal grazing, so to say, to satisfy a demand for lime”*. From this circumstance it becomes doubtful whether C. bisinuatus is really distinct from C. irregularis. 2. Cyclotus (Aperostoma) bisinuatus. Cyclotus bisinuatus, v. Mart. in Malak. Blitt. xi. p. 118, t. 3. figg. 1, 2 (1864) *, & xv. p. 156 (1868) *; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 26°. Hab. S.W. Guatemata: Costa Cuca above Retalhuleu ; southern slope of “Los Altos,” at San Francisco Miramar 2500 feet; and in the district Cholhuitz, on the slope of the Volcan de Santa Maria, at an elevation of from 3000 to 5000 feet, in the woods on the ground, under decayed leaves (Stol/). C. Costa Rica: elevated plains of Costa Rica (C. Hoffman '* and Carmiol?, in mus. Berol.). { ye Le) Se Outer face of the operculum deepened in the middle; whorls at most six, the inner edge of each prominent in a right angle. Living animal pale reddish-grey ; feelers bright orange, tapering; muzzle produced, bilobed (Séo/@). 8. Cyclotus (Aperostoma) dysoni. (Tab. I. figg. 1, 2, 17.) Cyclostoma dysoni, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1851, p. 243"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 244, p. 259, t. 35. figg. 5, 6°. Cyclophorus dysoni, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 98°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 69%. Cyclotus dysoni, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 19 (operculum) ’; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Cyclotus, t. 6. fig. 31°; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 648"; Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 483°. 1* 4 MOLLUSCA. Platystoma (Aperostoma) dysoni, Morch, in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 66 (1860) °. Neocyclotus dysoni, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 164, t. 38. figg. 6-8, t. 39. figg. 9-12, t. 41. figg. 1, 2™. Cyclophorus translucidus, Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 232" (nec Sowerby). Cyclotus translucidus, Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159”; Angas, P.Z.S8. 1879, p. 483" (nec Sowerby). Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Rio Grande in Oaxaca (Boucard: Fischer & Crosse 1°, t. 39. £.12 ; 213 millim. in diameter); Istapa and Panistlahuaca in Oaxaca (Boucard: Fischer & Crosse}, t. 39. fige. 9,10; 20-23 millim. in diameter). CenTRAL Cutapas and Tapasco: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght ©: var. umbilico paullum latiore®), Teapa (H. H. Smith). Yucatan: Campeche (Dr. Berendt); Tabi in N.W. Yucatan (fF. D. G.; Febr. 1888: very small specimens, 16 millim.). (Tab. I. fig. 2.) N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Salvin 11), Coban’, Tactic and Tamahu (Sarg 1°), Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt, Sarg: Fischer & Crosse’, t. 39. f£ 11; 30 millim. in diameter), Senahu and San Juan in Vera Paz (Champion). S.W. Guaremana, includ. §.W. Cutapas: Tapachula (Hége), San Isidro, Zapote (Champion: 19-21 millim.); Low country between Retalhuleu and the sea (Stoll). Honpuras (Dyson ! 2 3 4610), CentraL Nicaragua: Acoyapa (Belt; Dec. 1879); Chontales—forest-region, not uncommon, ascending the Pena Blanca to an elevation of 3000 feet, sparsely distributed in the savana-region (Tate 12), S.W. Costa Rica: Lepanta, Gulf of Nicoya (Gabb 18); Cervantes—only on hills, not common (Gab *); Punta Arenas?! ( Orsted). From an inspection of the original specimens, I may be allowed to state that the Vera Paz shell quoted as C. translucidus by Tristram " is C. dysoni and not the true C. translucidus, Sowerby ; the latter is a closely allied species, and chiefly differs from C. dysoni in the sculpture being distinctly more feeble. I, therefore, dare not include C. translucidus in the Central-American fauna, although Angas 1% and Tate !2 have also quoted it from within our limits. The true C. translucidus is from Venezuela. Colours of the living animal as in the preceding (Stoll). Var. n. ambiguus. Testa magis depressa, costulis minus undulosis. Diam. 28, alt. 16, apert. 11 millim. Hab. EB. Mexico, Soledad, between Cordova and Orizaba (Hége). Var. n affinis. Testa magis depressa, sculptura normali, colore castaneo. Diam. maj. 20, alt. 15, apert. 10 millim. (Tab. L. fig. 1.) Hab. 8. Panama, Bugaba (Champion). [ob | CYCLOTUS.—CYCLOPHORUS. Var. berendti. , Cyclotus berendti, Pfr., in Malak. Blitt. viii. p. 171 (1861)'; Monogr. Pne m. Vivent. iii. p. 30°; Novit. Conch. ii. p. 232, t. 59. figg. 22, 23°. Cyclotus dysoni, var.?, Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, pp. 9, 10, t. 1. fig. 3%. . Hab. Yucatan, Campeche (Strebel*). Also recorded from Vera Cruz, from dead shells found on the shore, and from Mirador (Berendt1?°)—this locality appears doubtful. The solution of the aperture and the duplicity of the peristome, which are urged by Pfeiffer as specific characters, are perhaps only an individual aberration. Through the kindness of Dr. H. Dohrn I have had an opportunity of examining Pfeiffer’s original specimen : it offers a somewhat campanulated expansion of the last whorl just behind the aperture, and the so-called double peristome appears to be an accidental super- structure somewhat similar to that observed in some examples of Helix desertorum (H. chilembia, Bourg.). The general form appears rather more depressed than in C. dysoni; the sculpture is quite similar. Berendt’s other specimens from the same locality agree with it in the general shape, but want the superstructure of the peri- stome, therefore I have quoted them among C. dysont. Fischer and Crosse’s Neocyclotus berendti (t. 38. fig. 4) does not agree with Pfeiffer’s specimen, and may be also a variety of C. dysoni; these authors also give “ Boom, Belize river, British Honduras (Berendt)” as a locality. 4, Cyclotus (?) boucardi. Cyclotus boucardi, Angas, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 73, t. 5. figg. 3, 4°, and 1879, p. 483 ne Hab. E. Costa Rica: San Carlos (Boucard!); mouth of Banana river, five miles from Limon (Gabd”). The operculum seems to be unknown, and as Angas! compares the structure of the peristome with that of Cyclophorus (not Cyclotus) mexicanus, the genus of this species remains to be confirmed by the discovery of the operculum, CYCLOPHORUS. Cyclophorus, Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii. p. 290 (1810). Operculum thin, corneous. Subgen. Ampuicyctotus, Fischer & Crosse. Amphicyclotus, Fischer & Crosse, in Journ. de Conch. xxvii. p. 46 (1879). Edge of the aperture thin, straight. 1. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) ponderosus, Cyclostoma stramineum, Morelet, in litt. (nec Sow.)’. 6 MOLLUSCA. Cyclostoma ponderosum, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 243°, and in Martini & Chemarte, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 242, p. 257, t. 35. figg. 12, 14°. Cyclophorus ponderosus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 97°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 68°; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 232°; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 6487; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii., Cyclophorus, t. 15. fig. 70°. Amphicyclotus ponderosus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 147, t. 35. fig. 3°. Hab. N. Guatemaa (Morelet® 4° °8 ; mus. Cuming? ; Sarg ®), Coban (Salvin "), Senahu (Champion). The specimen delineated by Reeve has a yellowish band, which is wanting in other specimens. 2. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) maleri. Amphicyclotus maleri, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 102 (1883) '; Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 145, t. 41. £.3°. Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast 2); Tabasco (Maler ! 2), 3. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) texturatus. Cyclostoma texturatum, Sow. Thes. Conch. Suppl. no. 182, p. 160*, t. 81 a. fig. 3031; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 248, p. 258, t. 35. figg. 10, 11°. Cyclophorus texturatus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 97°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p- 684; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii., Cyclophorus, t. 15. fig. 67°; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 648%. Amphicyclotus texturatus, Vischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 144, t. 85. fig. 2, & t. 38. fig. 3%. Hab. 8.W. Mezxico: Tehuantepec (Swmichrast 7); Cerro de Plumas, near Puerto Angel, tropical forest (Hége). N. Guatemata !?345: Coban (Salvin %); at the side of the road between Tactic and Tamahu (Sarg *). 4, Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) boucardi. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) boucardi, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 328, t. 35. fig. 257; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 65 ”. Amphicyclotus boucardi, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 142, t. 35. fig. 1°. Hab. E. Muxtco: Cordova in the State of Vera Cruz (Sallé128, Hoge). 5. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) lutescens. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) lutescens, Pir. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 250°. Cyclostoma lutescens, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 345, p. 333, t. 43. figg, 12-147. Cyclophorus lutescens, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 82°, & iii. p. 69'; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 56° _ Conch. Icon. xiii., Cyclophorus, t. 16. fige. 75°; Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 483" CYCLOPHORUS. 7 Habropoma lutescens, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 38. oe 2. Amphicyclotus lutescens, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 189°. Cyclotus cooperi, Tryon, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1863, p. 281, t. 2. fig.2°; Pfr. Monogr. Praain Vivent. . iv. p. 80”. Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan in Sinaloa (Rémond 9 1). S.W. Mexico: Panistlahuaca in the State of Oaxaca, near the Rio Verde (Boucard * 8). Var. (?): W. Costa Rica, Lepanta near Nicoya (abd "). I cannot make out any difference of importance in the description and figure of C. cooperi to distinguish it from C. lutescens ; but as I have not seen an original specimen of the former the identity remains to be confirmed. One of Gabb’s specimens in the British Museum has still its operculum; it is thin and horny (Hdgar Smith, in litt.). Pfeiffer !23 first gave Brazil as a locality for this species (and this is the locality mentioned by Gray ® and Reeve °), but subsequently 41° changed it to Mexico. Subgen. Cyrtotoma, Morch (1852). Habropoma, Fischer & Crosse (1886). Peristome thickened, distinctly notched at its insertion into the penultimate whorl. 6. Cyclophorus (Cyrtotoma) mexicanus. Cyclostoma mexicanum, Menke, Synops. Moll. ed. 2, pp. 39, 183 (1830); Philippi, Abbild. i. 5, p. 104, t. 1. fig. 4”; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 49, p- 56, t. 7. figg. 21, 22°; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. no. 64, p. 112, t. 25. fig. 93 °. Cyclotus mexicanus, Gray, List Cycloph. p. 9°, and Cat. Phaneropn. p. 19°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 34’. Cyclophorus mexicanus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 55° (excl. var.) ; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. pp. 4, 151 (1865)°; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 8, tabb. 1, la. figg. 1, la, 10”. Habropoma mexicanum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 180, t. 35. fig. 5 a Hab. E. Mexico 5, Papantla, north of VeraCruz, in the woods (Deppe® "& Schiede? 67911); Misantla in the State of Vera Cruz, copiously 1; Cuesta de Misantla (MM. Tru- jillo) ; Jalapa (Hoge). S.W. Mexico: Playa Vicente and Tustepec, in the State of Oaxaca (Sallé 11); Cerro de Plumas in the same State (/6ge). 7. Cyclophorus (Cyrtotoma) salleanus. Cyrtotoma mexicanum (Menke), Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 40 (1852)'; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii. p. 176°. Cyclophorus mexicanus 8, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 55°. Cyclophorus salleanus, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xi. p. Lol (1865) *; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p.9, tabb. 1, 14a. figg. 2, 2a@°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 109°. 8 MOLLUSCA. Habropoma (Cyrtotoma) salleanum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 133, t. 85. fig. 4, t. 38. fig. 1”. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova in the State of Vera Cruz (Sallé?4°7); Barranca de Santa Maria, near Mirador (Berendt®"); Orizaba (Strebel®"); Misantla (Strebel’, Hoge); Quilate near Misantla, Atoyac, Coatepec (Héye); Jalapa (IZ. Trujillo, W. Richardson). Having now before me seven adult specimens of C. salleanus and five of C. mexicanus, in addition to those which I examined in 1866, I am enabled to add the following to the differences already given [cf Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 152 (1865)]:—The lower lobe of the columellar margin beneath the deep notch is always free in C. mea- canus, and soldered to the penultimate whorl in C. salleanus; this seems to be a constant character. ‘The break of contiguity in the upper suture just before the aperture, on the contrary, is not constant in C. sal/eanus and is to be seen also in two specimens of C. mexicanus; in these two even the upper lobe of the columellar margin is free (not soldered), but in the other three examples of C. mexicanus, and in all those of C. salleanus, it is soldered to the penultimate whorl. The peculiar swelling and more coarse sculpture near the suture are connected with its disunion of contiguity and are distinctly visible in five specimens of C. salleanus ; but are rather indistinct in the two other examples of this species and altogether wanting in all the specimens of C. mezi- canus, also in those in which the suture is not contiguous near the aperture. Concerning the prominence of the apex of the spire there is no trustworthy difference ; often it is broken. ‘The margin of the aperture is somewhat reflexed above—outside and below in C. salleanus, only thickened but not reflexed in C. mexicanus; there are, however, some gradations in this respect in both. The smallest specimen of C. salleanus (diam. maj. 243 millim., aperture included) is equal in size to the largest example of C. mexicanus. ‘The colour is a pale reddish in all whorls, or at least in those except the last (not decorticated), in C. salleanus, pale yellow or brownish in C. mexicanus ; if, however, the upper whorls are worn, a reddish hue is to be seen in them also in this latter species. Species of Cyclotus and Cyclophorus with doubtful locality. Cyclotus giganteus. Cyclostoma giganteum, Sow. P. Z.8. 1848, p. 30°; Thes. Conch. i. p. 92, t. 28. figg. 8, 9°; Reeve, Conch. Syst. i. t. 184. fig. 17°; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 2, p. 11, t. 1. figg. 11-14". Cyclotus giganteus, Gray, List Cycloph. p. 6°, and Cat. Phaneropn. p. 7°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. 16"; Hidalgo, Viaje al Pacifico, Moluscos, i. p. 144, t. 8. figg. 9-11°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Cyclotus, t. 1. fig. 3°. Hab. PaANaMaA: near Panama, in woods !47 9, All later discovered localities for this species are situated beyond the limits of CYCLOPHORUS.—MEGALOMASTOMA. 9 Central America, in Colombia south of the Isthmus of Panama, or Ecuador, viz. :— Marmato on the river Cauca, 54° N. lat. (Bland), Quito and Agua Rica in Ecuador (Paz and Martinez), Santa Elena>*7 near Guayaquil (Cuming), Salanga, north of Guayaquil (Jay °). Cyclophorus (?) purus. Cyclostoma purum, Forbes, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 56, t. 9. fig. 9* (copied in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 226, p. 245, t. 32. figg. 14, 15). Cyclophorus purus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. 1. p. 93°; Conch. Icon. xiii., Cyclophorus, t.7. fig. 28°. Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 65°; Reeve, Precise locality unknown!. It was found by Captain Kellett and Lieut. Wood, during the surveying voyages of the ‘ Herald’ and ‘ Pandora’ on the western coast of America, somewhere between Ecuador and Vancouver Island; and it has been there- fore ascribed to Central America‘. But nobody has again met with it. The nearest allied species is C. cwmingi, Sow., from the island of Tumaco, on the borders of Ecuador and Colombia; and perhaps C. purus may be only a variety of it (cf. Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 73). MEGALOMASTOMA. Megalomastoma, Guilding, in Swainson’s Malac. p. 186 (1840). Shell elongated, pupiform. truncated. Operculum as in Cyclophorus. ‘Tip of the shell often Subgen. Tomocycius, Crosse & Fischer. Tomocyclus, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 76 (1872). Peristoma duplex, externum ad insertionem excisum. This subgenus is contined to Central America. Sculptura. Basis. Peristoma.. Long. ee xel. : mm. mm. gealei, Cr. § Fisch. ...... arcuatim costulata. | funiculato-carinata. | dilatatum, anguste et; 39-43 | 114-124 flexuose excisum. simulacrum, Morel. ...... sublevis. Ra latiuscule emargi- 30-45 9-11 natum, appressum. , var. cobanense, Sow. 9 . ss 20-28 73-9 , var. gracilius ....... _ ss 3 380 5 guatemalense, Pfr. ...... striatula. compressa nec cari- | perangustum, exci- 24 8 nata. sum. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1890. 10 MOLLUSCA. 1. Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) gealei. Tomocyclus gealei, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 77 (1872) '; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 189°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 118, t. 40. figg. 1-3 °. Hab. Cutapas (Boucard 12 8), N. GuareMaLa: woods between Tactic and Tamahu, Alta Vera Paz (Sarg?*); Polochic valley above Panzos and Senahu (Champion). 2. Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) simulacrum. Cyclostoma simulacrum, Morelet, Test. Noviss.i. p. 22°; Pfr.in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 256, p. 267, t. 36. figg. 11, 12°. Megalomastoma simulacrum, Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 92°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 181°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 263. figg. 3, 4°; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 282°. Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) simulacrum, v. Mart. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 649". Tomocyclus simulacrum, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 76 (1872)°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 140°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 121, t. 40. fig. 9*°. Hab. N. Guatemata®®8%; woods near San Luis in Peten (Morelet11°); Coban (Salvin ™); between Tactic and Tamahu (Sarg}°); Vera Paz??4, Var. minus. Cyclostoma copanense, Sow. Thes. Conch. Suppl. i. p. 165, t. 31. figg. 310, 811%; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 182”. Tomocyclus simulacrum, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 40. figg. 4, 5, 7, 8, 10”. Hab. N. Guaremata: Coban?! (Morelet 13); Alta Vera Paz’ (Bocourt!*); Senahu (Champion). Var. gracilius. Tomocyclus simulacrum, var. 6, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 40. fig. 6 **. Hab. N. Guatemata: between Tactic and Tamahu, in the woods (Sarg 14). Fischer and Crosse (/. c. p. 120) insist on the specific differences between IV. gealei and MV. simulacrum, on the ground that in /. gealei the upper part of the peristome is never joined nor soldered to the preceding whorl; but we have an intermediate specimen collected at Senahu by Mr. Champion, distinctly costulated as M/. gealet, in which the upper edge of the peristome is really joined to the penultimate whorl. Of course this is only the consequence of a somewhat larger development of the broad peristome, and of less specific value than the sculpture of the whole shell. The var. gracilius approaches somewhat MW. guatemalense. The thread-like basal carina is more or less distinctly expressed in various specimens : in one, which was broken during life, there is no trace of it to be seen; it disappears in MEGALOMASTOMA. 11 all near the aperture. The expansion of the outer peristome is quite even in some specimens, in others somewhat concave. The notch at the junction with the penulti- mate whorl is always narrower at its commencement and somewhat widened more behind, but in different degrees in various specimens; the outer lobe of the peristome reaches always the penultimate whorl and is more or less appressed to it; the inner (left) lobe remains free of it, although it comes very near in some examples. ‘The chief character of I. gealei lies in the sculpture of the shell, but this is also subject to some gradation according to the specimens; generally, the outer lobe of the peristome is free in MW. gealei, or touches only the penultimate whorl; the borders of the notch form a . perpendicular wall which reaches the basal keel, but this is also to be seen in some specimens of WM. simulacrum and not in all of VM. gealei. Finally, the separation of the last whorl from the suture near the aperture is more distinct in W/. gealez than it is in M. simulacrum. By comparing more specimens (three of M. gealei, seven of M. simu- lacrum), however, all these differences prove to be very gradual, so that the right of M. gealei as a distinct species appears rather contestable. 3. Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) guatemalense, Cyclostoma guatemalense, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1851, p. 245+; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 257, p. 267, t. 36. figg. 18, 147. Megalomastoma guatemalense, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 182°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p: 92°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 263. fig. 6°. Tomocyclus guatemalensis, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 76 (1872) °; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 1407; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 124, t. 40. figg. 11°. Hab. S.E. Mexico: San Martin Tuxtla, in the south of the State of Vera Cruz (Bou- card, Sallé ®). | N. GuateMaLa®’, Vera Paz?34 (mus. Cuming '). Megalomastoma guildingianum. Cyclostoma guildingianum, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 28; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 218, p. 239, t. 31. figg. 25, 26. Megalomastoma guildingianum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 184; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 94. Locality unknown. Patel (Catalog. d. Conchyliensammlung, 1873, p. 120) cites Guatemala with a?; but nobody, so far as I know, has ever reported it thence. Very probably it belongs to one of the West-Indian islands. 9* 12 MOLLUSCA. Fam. CYCLOSTOMIDZ. The Cyclostomide are characterized by a generally oblong finely sculptured shell of reddish-grey colour, often with brown interrupted bandlets or rows of spots ; and, chiefly, by the operculum being of a rather ovate subangular form and composed of few spiral whorls. They are generally smaller in size than the Cyclophoride. As regards the radula they are also Tznioglossata, but the outer plates are often provided with many deep notches, so that they may be looked upon as forming a sort of transition to the Rhipidoglossata (Helicinide). Their geographical distribution is very peculiar, extending (1) over the whole cf Africa, with Madagascar and Arabia, Southern and Western Europe, and (2) Central America ; they are very plentiful in the larger islands of the West Indies, especially in Cuba (136 species) and Jamaica (66 species), and are also represented in nearly all the small islands, from the Bahamas to Trinidad (about 56 species). The species found on the continent of America are comparatively few in number, and they do not extend to any notable distance from the Caribbean Sea: five are found on the shores of Venezuela, two (so far as we know) in British Guiana, but one in Ecuador (Chondropoma aspratile, Morel.), and one is said to come from Bolivia (Cistula thoreyana, Phil.) ; this last statement, however, requires confirmation, as it dates from 1851 and has not since been verified. Not one is known from Cayenne or Brazil. It appears, therefore, that the Cyclostomide follow chiefly the chain of the Andes. In the United States, one species is found in Florida, which, as is well known, per- tains more to the Caribbean than to the Nearctic fauna. Within the limits of Mexico and Central America we know at most seventeen, or, including all doubtful ones, twenty- one species :—one or two only from north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, most of them (not only as regards species, but in the number of individuals) in Yucatan, Guatemala, and Honduras, that is to say, in the large tropical wooded countries which drain into the Caribbean Sea and are moistened by winds from that quarter. In Mexico (Yucatan excepted) the only precisely known localities are Cordova and Atoyac in the province of Vera Cruz, both on the eastern slope. It is very remarkable that hitherto no special locality situated on the western slope is known as a “ habitat” of a species of Cyclostomide ; only the vague statement ‘Isthmus of Tehuantepec” and the quite general ones ‘“ Mexico,” “ Chiapas,” “Guatemala” suggest the possibility that some species may perhaps also be found on the western slope. The most elevated locality known to me is Coban in northern Guatemala, Chondro- poma rubicundum being found there as well as at a lower elevation. The genera are not at all distinct from those prevailing in the islands of the Carib- bean sea; but not all Caribbean genera are represented on the continent of America— for example, Cyclostoma proper (Tudora’), Licina, Ctenopoma, Jamaicia. The geogra- CHOANOPOMA. 13 phical extension of the species appears to be rather limited ; not one of those inhabiting Mexico and Central America is known to live also in the West-Indian Islands or in South America; and even within our limits each species is as yet known only from one province or, in a few cases, from two neighbouring ones. As the general facies of both genera (Choanopoma and Chondropoma) is very. much alike, and they are discriminated only by the structure of the operculum, we give on pages 14, 15 one comparative table for the species of both. CHOANOPOMA. Choanopoma, Pfeiffer, in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 45. This genus is characterized by the elevated edges of the whorls in the operculum ; the operculum itself is somewhat more circular than in Cyclostoma proper and in Chondropoma; the shell is generally ovate, with swollen whorls divided by deep sutures, pale-coloured, and sharply sculptured. For the distinctive characters of the species see the table on p. 14. a. Last whorl adhering to the preceding in its whole length. 1. Choanopoma trochleare. Cyclostoma trochlea, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1851, p. 249°. Cyclostoma trochleare, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 315, p. 311, t. 41. figg. 7, 8°. Cistula (?) trochlearis, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 275, & ii. p. 185°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 194°. Xl Chondropoma trochleare, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. &. fig. 82°. Var. majus. Choanopoma chiapasense, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. t. 41. fig. 8 (letter- press not yet published) °. Hab. Cutapas® ° (Ghiesbreght *). The original locality was unknown to Pfeiffer '. 2. Choanopoma sumichrasti. Choanopoma sumichrasti, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xxii. p. 283 (1874)'; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 1567; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, u. t. 41. fig. 9 (letterpress not yet published). Hab. S.W. Mexico: Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Swmichrast ' *). MOLLUSCA. 14 ‘OPTNOVUL “4STI ‘VIO dOudNOH,) anv VNOdONVOH() HO Sdiodgdg AHL dO ATAVA, 9 6 ST -od ‘stydnasequr syna *‘wunereo “epRULEyeN4y) G Q “ sTjolosey ‘snarny opryyed *xordutis “eyessndep-O}VUIT[Ie “ -[@0-08Ud00 |" *yosET H ‘up ‘18.083 "BzC] *‘cIMsOT[NsNA Vd1TyUId -noryuep "ByLTNSOd ‘senpuoy | F g IL | -woo ‘wnsurdxe ‘xeydnp ‘snosnj-ojnd JoyT[LIQns | JoyITeoIJAeA WAY UOD “ é vt fooup ‘esmorpue "un] “SIULISST}.AaJ 09 G 6 LT -nyeord saLtyue0Tt09 ‘oqeipea “ystrod SNQITVOL}AIA —_ SITOOULIT “epeuoyenyy 89 cT | ‘wnsuvdxa 04x] ‘xotdnp | ‘stosny sipotosey ‘snapny “ ‘eyetty wiqedids “en pryTo “ “ ees 9940, SUIMsoIpRa ‘snqrjURgsip snqi] 4 A Te “TUN FVIAYS-OFVIPRA -BNIPAOA STAI] “VYBLIYS "ByRO *‘seInpuoyT 9 ral GI | ‘umnsuedxo oye] ‘xopdnp #6 ‘xerduris | esuep wtyedids ‘eynpryta | -una, = ‘voruoa-o8u0]qo “ seetereseres suf Gaus ‘unueyd “‘Tansued “epunjord ‘ognjnbuo ‘cINeLed ‘seanpuoH | 89 | 217 GI | -x® depacaq = ‘xeyduus ‘snaqny opitfed | yes ‘xeyduus "@yeTNISOO AVAITVOIAOA | Oo272GQuUN ‘eolUOd-OsOqoTs | -[vO-OC@MIOD |-*+ ‘4 fg ‘uMaoydosns|d - ‘oluvane “e]nosn a 9 Gt ‘wnyensue vadns ‘qstred ‘stqyvlies synt -1punjoad “Bye ‘snqnypos “yn “ayue “e[Teto}eNn4y &g OL ‘unsuedxeqns ‘xeqdnp | stjuoem = ‘snapnj-oas1a3 ‘xefduiis | -1148 JoqIAo] JozI[VoT}.L0A ‘eyeound} “ey Loimyqns “6 veeeseees syacteT “14.19qSO “wny *sI} ; 6 ¢ or -ejnsue eidns ‘uns -dnaaeyuigns sngqizus9 “epunjoad *ByR[Nysoo ‘snqynjos “4[n ‘eremmoyeny | 27 - L -uvdxe doqtaodq ‘xotdnp | -sejna stlotosey ‘snosti3 ‘xofduuis | -oso[fowe, deqyvorja0a | ‘aJuv “eywounsy ‘eduoTgo “ “+ along “UAN[NpIsi4 “slosny “eqepny ‘sodoyuenyay, | ¢ g sey ‘canjsnsue ‘xatdnp | Z stlosvy ‘snaynj-oavp ‘xojdutis | -s00 osuap 10} {]vOT].0A “ “ ‘Yost Pa Yserqorurns fo | #6 | 9T | | l ‘unaIeaT vO p gy { vr “wunyepnues9 ‘uinsued “sIJoTOSqo syn ‘epunjoud ‘unyerids ‘sedviyo ge, | -xe opnosnye, ‘xozdup | stpolosey ‘snapny epryped ‘xoqduuts "Bye TooURO ‘eywounsy ‘eyiainy | = -osoppeumreyp fret a fg ‘eavozyoor4 ‘uur | ‘uur | ‘oot ‘yst10d VLU] eq ‘joxe | urerq | ‘Suo0'T “eU10SIIOg *L0]09 ‘eanyng “eanjdpnog "BULIOT ‘ainpnaiedo “qaedy TALLVAVdWOD Yen) CHOANOPOMA.—CHONDROPOMA. *snyNfOs 19714 “WINYRIT}S ‘urns "@YBII]S OUI -O1q “J[N “apuR “eyVO enbryqo ‘oorxop ed | So | 289 | Ret | -wedxo aoqtaoaq ‘xopduns *sUd0SIATNJ-Opiqye *xoduris | -Isstytoyuoo zogitvorjazaa | -UNIy “RyLIny-oSu0TGO | ‘uMedvoreo [ttt ufy “eatdsouryd “sIosny “OOTXOW - &9 FI ‘umsuedxe ‘xeydnp | -ofna sipnoeur: ‘snayny | “eyepNoOUep “eyessnoep JeyuEdeyo *Byeouny “eyITAny ‘umnoutoo |*** *wéhary ‘uangvoun.t} Z TIN} B} “SIRT “RYRT - TG 8 Al -efip vadns ‘umsued -NO4LV-Oosnf Ja -0q|v -notyuep “WINdARO ‘svanpuoyy | 2p 9 FL | -Xe aojtaoaq ‘xofdu rqns | stporosry ‘snarny opryed T1419] U09 “BYV]TIOUVB LOqT[IIQus “eywounIyqus ‘eying | -[Bd-Oeutoa [rt fg Suny tIny L 6 Te ‘ans *syydnaiequt stosny “(vy ‘OO1xXOTL “W'S 0g | -wedxe 10}1A041q ‘xopdutis | stjorosey ‘snosnj-oestus | “eyepnoTyuEp “eyessnoop | -eounay snides) vytaany “ * “asopy ‘umutyrodsea ‘oyeTNoeUl ‘ystted = ‘syd n.ta0} ut “eyR[NJsoo ‘oorxoyy “| «| FG 8 fl “ Sljolosez ‘sNA[Nj-oOaep " -oyeord Jop[VoT}AaA | "VAS ayUT ‘VqLLIM4-001U09 “ ees af TINUBAOPLOD ‘s1] 8G 9 Or -dnaieyutqns stosnj ‘Ta@]qns “4yn “ajue *RTBUIOYLN4) &¢ g i SIPOLosvy ‘snestas-0ou.l09 “6 ‘eyeynysoo —- LJ 1 8914.10 A "BASIYUL “VPLIINY ‘uneUtod |**'"** “7avopny ‘UINTNG1808B ‘siqdna v 8 Gr -19JUT st}[NUL stosny : “eAS9JUL “VyRTNS ‘wunaIea ‘epeuojeny | ¢ L 201 “ SI[OLOSE] ‘sneutod-VEsLIs ‘xo[durts ‘eyenysoo Jop[voAea | -w¥qns “eqIting-oSuo0TGo | -eo-coudod | 2unpy ‘a ‘uINye_NSuGns t "org “e[pnosn “Tawe[qns gp th gr -ni ‘qstaed ‘oyuvo1as -Ipunjoad ‘qJn ‘ayue ‘eye[njsoo “eyeulayen L IL ‘tanjsnSuvqns ‘xeqdnp | -1a esorde ‘snjna-oaqny ‘xofduris | wijaejuoo = Aoytyvorjaaa | “eaSaqut ‘vqL1.1ny-o8u0TGO ‘uanatoo |*** ‘yasoyy ‘UINpuNoIqna ‘unye[Noine ¥ L gr xIaA ‘tunqnosntjsnsue ‘stydng10}UL stosny “ByB[NIy *SIJ19JUOO SLORVU SNQIT ‘ueyvon X Il ‘uinjnyosqns ‘xeqdnp | Slporosey ‘snests-oouavo | -Uep 988015 | -vOT]AIA SIOUT] ‘e}yeSsndap “ 6 rreseeres LT TIOGA] e *aIngrT “eye[NoTyUep fo | 8 | OL | -normeqns‘amnosny “sI}eLL08-F stosny mryeyno ‘snqitorpyyea snqq] “umno.vo “ueyvon X fp L SL -uy ‘ungnjosqns ‘xoqdup | si~novur ‘gnosiis-Ooulvo | -1OSsey 9ss019 -VOITLOA STOUT] ‘eyBssnoep . -[BO-O9ULOD fr fT tdnopoyeud “oyerp ‘cansuvdxe -va “qstaad ‘sryatosqo *eyRoundy ‘spinpuoH | g 8 GT | -ojepnurduvo ‘xejdnp | stjorsyy = ‘snosnj-ofna ‘xoydauis “eJB[NOYO1-0}F"[NUBIS ‘srmaojadnd ‘eSuopqo é seeeereesoe fT T9qsuy 16 MOLLUSCA. b. Last whorl disconnected from the preceding near the aperture. 3. Choanopoma rigidulum. (Tab. I. fig. 3.) Cyclostoma rigidulum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 18°. Cistula rigidula, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 184°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 191°. Adamsiella rigidula, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 176, t. 42. fig. 12. Hab. N. GuaTeMALA: province of Vera Paz?%, in rocky localities (Morelet 1). 4, Choanopoma osberti. Adamsiella osberti, Tristr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 232*; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 120°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 11. t. 42. fig. 13 (letterpress not yet published). Hab. Guatemata (Salvin? 2). The operculum is thick, calcareous, with prominent edges of the single whorls. The genus Adamsiella has been distinguished by Pfeiffer from Chondropoma by its operculum being cartilaginous instead of calcareous; but this difference is effaced by gradual transitions. A specimen of C. rigidulum from Patel’s collection, now in the Berlin Museum, exhibits a thick calcareous operculum. The majority of Pfeiffer’s species of Adamsiella have the last whorl not disconnected from the preceding. CHONDROPOMA. Chondropoma, Pfeiffer, in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 109. Operculum cartilaginous, either throughout or with a thin calcareous layer outside (Cistula, Pfr.). Shell conical, ovate or elongate, with varying sculpture, often of a reddish colour with brown interrupted bands. a. Sculpture vertical only. aa. Shell conical. 1. Chondropoma pleurophorum. Cyclostoma pleurophorum, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1851, p. 245'; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 299, p. 299, t. 40. figg.5, 6% Cistula pleurophora, Pfr. Monogr. Vivent. i. p. 262°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 183‘. Hab. Honvuras !2324: probably collected by Dyson. Very distinct from all the following by the short conical form and the wide angu- lated umbilicus. 2. Chondropoma andrews. (Tab. I. fig. 4.) Cyclostoma andrewse, Ancey, in Annales de Malacol. ii. p. 251 (1886) ’. Hab. Gulf of Honpuras }. CHONDROPOMA. ET bb. Shell oblong. 3. Chondropoma subangulatum. (Tab. I. fig. 5.) Cistula subangulata, v. Mart. Sitzungsb. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1886, p. 162°. Hab. N. Guatemata: Teleman in the Polochic valley (Stoll1); Senahu 2500 feet, in the same valley, above Panzos, copiously, in very humid forest (Champion). Approaches in general features the following, but is distinguished by the subangu- late or even angulate upper whorls and the pale colour. 4. Chondropoma rubicundum. | Cyclostoma rubicundum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 221; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclosioma, no. 273, p. 280, t. 37. figg. 29, 30°. Chondropoma rubicundum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 291°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 207°‘; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 232°; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 649°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 6. fig. 47 (not good)’; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 41. fig. 5 (letterpress not yet published). Hab. N. Guatemata’: province of Peten and Vera Paz?4, on the leaves of trees (Morelet 1%); Coban, Vera Paz (Salvin ® °) ; lower valley of the Polochic (Stol/). Somewhat variable in size and colour, ordinarily of a distinct red hue, the top dark bluish or nearly black. 5. Chondropoma cordovanum. Cyclostoma (Chondropoma) cordovanum, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 323°. Chondropoma cordovanum, Pfr. Novit. Conch. i. p. 91, t. 25. figg. 18, 19°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 145°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 4. fig. 24°. ? Chondropoma cordovanum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 41. fig. 6 (letter- press not yet published). Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé, Hége 13+); Atoyac (Hoge). cc. Shell elongate. 6. Chondropoma acerbulum. Cyclostoma acerbulum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 19°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 4207 ; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 225°. Chondropoma acerbulum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 41. fig. 4 (letterpress not yet published). Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Morelet +? °). BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1890. 3 18 MOLLUSCA. b. Sculpture spiral and vertical. aa. Shell conical; sculpture rather faint. 7. Chondropoma gruneri. Cyclostoma gruneri, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846, p. 47°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 73, p. 79, t. 10. figg. 28, 29°. Cistula gruneri, Gray, List Cyclopn. p.59°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 264°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 185°. Chondropoma gruneri, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 9. fig. 68 (enlarged) Hab. Honvuras * 4 * 6 (Gruner 1). Remarkable for its broad conical form and close spiral strie, crossed by faint and much more distant elevated vertical ridges. 6 8. Chondropoma radiosum. Cyclostoma radiosum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p.22*; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 267, p. 275, t. 87. figg. 15, 16°. Cistula radiosa, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 263°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 184°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 1-3* (letterpress not yet published). Chondropoma radiosum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 9. fig. 69 (enlarged) °. Chondropoma ottonis, Tristr. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 412 (nec Pfr.) °. Hab. N. and E. Guatemata: Province of Peten?4, in rocky localities (Morelet 1) ; Livingston, Bay of Honduras (Stoll); Vera Paz (Salvin ®). Somewhat similar to C. ot¢tonis, Pfr., from Cuba; but of a more oblong form and wanting the peculiar extension of the outer peristome on the body of the last whorl, which distinguishes the Cuban species. The specific name has reference to the radiating dark brown pattern of the peristome. ‘Tristram® also gives Duefias as a locality, perhaps in error. 9. Chondropoma sargi. Cistula sargi, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 103 (1843) '; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 4-6° (letterpress not yet published). Cistula trochlearis (Pfr.), var., Tristr. P. Z. 8S. 1861, p. 282, & 18638, p. 412°. Hab. N. Guaremata: Coban (Sarg1), Vera Paz (Salvin ?). 10. Chondropoma kiisteri. Cyclostoma kiisteri, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1851, p. 249°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 316, p. 312, t. 41. figg. 9, 10°. Cistula kiisteri, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 265°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 186’. ? Cistula kiisteri, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. fig. 7° (letterpress not yet published). Chondropoma kiisteri, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 11. fig. 87°. Hab, Honpuras (Dyson 12348), CHONDROPOMA. 4) bb. Shell conico-oblong, somewhat pupiform. 11. Chondropoma largillierti. Cyclostoma largillierti, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846, p.46'; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 125, p. 121, t. 14. figg. 26, 27”. Choanopoma largillierti, Gray, List Cycloph. p. 51°. Cistula largillierti, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 273‘; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 192°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 10, 11 (letterpress not yet published) °. . . Chondropoma largillierti (Pfr.), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 11. fig. 86’. Var. major, latior, costulis verticalibus minus confertis, peristomate latiore. Cyclostoma grateloupi, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1851, p. 246°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 309, p. 306, t. 40. figg. 28-31 °. Cistula grateloupi, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 272"; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 191”; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 10, t. 1. fig. 4°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 8, 9 (letterpress not yet published) ». Chondropoma grateloupi, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 11. fig. 84. Hab. Yucatan 359 101114 (Largilliert 1247; mus. Cuming ®); Campeche, in the woods (Dr. Berendt!”); Merida in Yucatan, copiously (Hége). After examining a large number of specimens I feel convinced that the distinction between C. largillierti and C. grateloupi cannot be maintained, many examples being intermediate—in one character (size or sculpture or breadth of the aperture) agreeing better with Pfeiffer’s description of the former, in others with the latter. cc. Shell elongate. 12. Chondropoma vespertinum. Cyclostoma vespertinum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 19°. Chondropoma (?) vespertinum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 418°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p- 200°. Chondropoma vespertinum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 41. fig. 7 (with operculum) (letterpress not yet published). Hab. S.E. Mexico: ruins of Palenque, in the woods of the province of Chiapas 2 (Morelet *). | 13. Chondropoma turritum. Cyclostoma turritum, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 248°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 318, p. 310, t. 41. figg. 1, 2”. Chondropoma (?) turritum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 289°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 205 *. Chondropoma turritum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 7. fig. 52°. 3* 20 MOLLUSCA. Hab. Honpuras (Dyson 1?34°), Remarkable for its slender turreted form and neat coloration variegated with white and dark reddish-brown. Doubtful Species of Cyclostomide. Chondropoma truncatum. Cyclostoma truncatum (Wiegm.), Rossm. Icon. vi. p. 49, t. 28. fig. 397 (1839) *; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 5 (1865) *. Chondropoma truncatum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 293°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 208 *. Hab. Mexico 1? 34 (Deppe). The original specimen is lost. The author’s description and figure agree rather well with Chondropoma turritum, Pfr.; but this has hitherto only been known from Honduras, and Deppe did not collect in that country, but in Mexico. Tudora planospira. Cyclostoma (Tudora) planospira, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. 11. p. 208 (1856) °. Tudora planospira, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 127”. Hab. ‘‘In republica Mexicana, teste Poey.” No other species of Tudora is known from the American continent. No figure is given. DIPLOMMATINA. Diplommatina, Benson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. (2), p. 193 (1849). Shell ovate, thin, with vertical riblets; whorls somewhat irregular, the one before the last the largest; aperture vertical, circular; peristome double, expanded. Oper- culum thin, shelly, paucispiral. ‘Tentacles long, filiform ; eyes bilobated, sessile at the hinder part of the base of the tentacles. 1. Diplommatina stolli, sp.n. (Tab. I. figg. 19 a, b.) ‘Kine winzige Art, welche einen sonst blos aus Ostindien bekannten linksgewundenen starkgerippten Typus darstellt.”—O. Stoll, Guatemala, Reisen und Schilderungen aus den jahren 1878-1883, p- 199 (1886). Testa sinistrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, costulis in anfr. penultimo 16 sat validis, albida; anfr. 6, convexi, priores duo leves, flavescentes, penultimus maximus, ultimus paullo angustior, rotundatus, leviusculus ; apertura subverticalis, circularis, peristomate continuo, incrassato, expanso, albo. Long. 23, diam. 1, apert. $ millim. HELICINID A. 21 Hab. N.W. Guatemaua: in the district Cholhuitz, on the slope of the Volcan de Santa Maria, at the plantation Helvetia, on the ground, in the second-growth woods, two specimens (0. Séol/). This strange genus was for a long time only known from the tropical parts of India and Polynesia. One American representative has, however, been recorded ; this was found on the island of Trinidad by L. Guppy (cf Am. Journ. Conch. iv. p. 178, and vi. p. 308), and referred by him to the Indian D. huttoni, Pfr. I have a specimen from Trinidad before me, and find that in D. stolli the riblets are very much stronger and less numerous. Fam. HELICINIDA. The shells of the Helicinide, as their name implies, resemble somewhat those of the well-known genus Helix; but they are easily to be distinguished from the great majority of the Helices by the central part of the lower face being filled up by a shelly callosity instead of being excavated into an umbilicus. Moreover, the presence of a shelly operculum (wanting only in Proserpina) and of but one pair of feelers, and the position of the eyes at the base (not on the tip) of them, widely separate the Helicinide from Helix, as also the internal structure, the individual distinction of the sexes, and the quality of the radula (Rhipidoglossata) ; as regards the radula, they agree only with the Neritine among all land and freshwater shells, and they seem therefore to belong to a peculiar series of Mollusca, ascending from marine life to a terrestrial one through Trochus, Nerita, Neritina, Hydrocena, and Helicina. ‘The semicircular form of the aperture and of the operculum, and the want of spiral structure in the latter, serve to distinguish them from the families Cyclophoride and Cyclostomide (with the exception of the genus Lourciera, which does not come within the limits of this work). The Helicinide are nearly circumtropical and prominently insular, being wanting only in the continent of Africa, but they are extremely scarce in the tropical regions of Asia, and here limited to the south-eastern sea-shores (China, Siam, Arakan); and they are represented in Europe, with the Azores and the Canary Islands, only by the peculiar and rare genus Hydrocena. The islands of the Pacific and those of the Carib- bean Sea are their head-quarters ; Cuba, for example, having eighty-three species, and Jamaica thirty-one. ‘They extend, however, in North and in South America farther than the Cyclostomide; Helicina orbiculata is found alive in Georgia and Tennessee, and also postpleiocene in the Mississippi valley, and several species occur in Southern Brazil. We know at present about forty species found within Mexico and Central America, including some which are doubtfully distinct. ‘They are distributed over the whole area in the following manner :— 22 MOLLUSCA. 1. Cenrrat Mexico, N. of the tropic. Helicina durangoana and H. borealis. 2. CenTRAL Mexico, between the tropic and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Helicina ghiesbreghti and H. tenuis. 3, WESTERN SLOPE OF Mexico, between the same limits. Helicina punctisulcata, H. fragilis. 4, EASTERN SLOPE oF Mexico, between the same limits, chiefly State of Vera Cruz. | Helicina cinctella, H. zephyrina (turbinata), H. deppeana, H. cordillere, H. chryso- cheila, H. tenuis, H. fragilis, H. succincta, H. delicatula, H. owentana, var., H. notata, H. flavida, H. lirata, H. mohriana. Schasichetla nicoleti, S. pannucea, S. alata. Proserpina eolina, P. salleana, P. berendte. This large number is due chiefly to the circumstance that many collectors, and among them some very zealous and exact, have collected in this district for a considerable time. 5. SOUTH-EASTERN Mexico, Chiapas, Tabasco. . Helicina ghiesbreghti, H. tenuis, H. oweniana, H. flotida, H. lirata. 6. YUCATAN. Helicina tenuis, H. arenicola. 7. British HonpvurRAs. Helicina dysoni. 8. NorrH-west GUATEMALA, Valley of the R. Usumacinta below Salinas. Helicina amena, H. tenuis, H. fragilis, H. oweniana, var., H. flavida. Schasicheila pannucea. 9. Nortu-east GuaTEMALA, Valley of the R. Polochic and of the R. Usumacinta above Salinas. Helicina amena, 1? ZH. sowerbyana, H. rostrata, H. tenuis, H. Fragilis, H. oweniana, var., H. flavida, H. chryseis, H. microdina. Schasicheila pannucea. 10. Sours GuateMata, Pacific slope. Helicina ghiesbreghti, H. tenuis, H. lirata. Schasicheila pannucea. HELICINIDZ. 23 11. Honpuras. Helicina rhynchostoma, H. denticulata, H. sanguinea, H. dysoni, H. lirata, H. antoni, H, diaphana, H. exigua. 12. SALVADOR. None recorded hitherto. 18. Western NicaraGua, Pacific slope. None recorded hitherto. 14, Easrern Nicaracva, valley of the great lake and Caribbean slope. Helicina amena, H. rostrata, H. denticulata, H. tenuis, H. dysoni. 15. Costa Rica and the Stare or Panama, Pacific slope. Helicina ameena, var. 16. Costa Rica, Caribbean slope. 2 Helicina funcki, H. tenuis, H. flavida, var. beatrix, t H. lirata. The present state of our knowledge permits us to come to the following probable conclusions :— The regions drained into the Caribbean Sea are much richer in species than those of the Pacific slope, not only because they are also much more extensive, but also because they are more favoured by a moist climate. The more northern part of Mexico has few really peculiar species. Several species extend along the Caribbean side, from the State of Vera Cruz to Guatemala (Helicina fragilis, H. oweniana, Schasicheila pannucea); some even to Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Helicina amena, H. tenuis, H. flavida, H. lirata) ; Helicina dysoni from Belize to Nicaragua. Helicina punctisulcata is peculiar to the Western slope of Central Mexico. Helicina ghiesbreghti extends from Central Mexico (territory of the Laguna de Chapala) along the west coast (Chiapas?) to Guatemala, but does not seem to extend to the Caribbean side. On the contrary, Helicina amena, H. tenuis, H. lirata, and Schasicheila pannucea seem to be common both to the Caribbean and Pacific shores, chiefly within Guate- mala. Helicina rhynchostoma and H. funcki extend from Honduras and Costa Rica through the Isthmus of Panama to Colombia, H. lirata even from Vera Cruz to Venezuela. But no species is common to the continent of Mexico or Central America and the Caribbean islands (cf. H. flavida?). The genus Schasicheila is limited to Eastern Mexico and Guatemala; Proserpina, on the contrary, is common to Eastern Mexico, the Caribbean islands, and Venezuela, and may therefore yet be found in the more southern parts of Central America. 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osogols |ufy ‘sisuederyo “1a ‘ ‘snsaodspe-oq[e [aA snyelosejiq oysnd P 5 “eYLUNUL LULLOF “eplylU ‘STAw] -Ue eA cOTOOIUN ‘oosequy, 19 él él -Yuep = eryUeu: =| -qns «‘eyepoo]peU oA ‘snouivo opryped ‘sinue4 ‘eyepnsueqne ‘Oolxe “A ‘e[vmoyeny| Gg tL 8 a -twioid = ‘eyenore | vsopnsna = auTISSITYQns | Joa suprlavpy-TyUeta | osnyqo ‘esoqo{S-ooru0d |"7a/0py ‘BITVUAOA “1A ‘—— "sNYVIOsesIUN ‘TVA i « ByeyUEpqns ‘snqerloseji4ty O1q ‘uejywonz | 9 OL OL ‘manqye ‘unsuedxo | winsi0rjon = Ist, ,, « B[NFVIAYS XA ,, | -nt_ SNpiq]e-oaut090 *BSOQO]S-OOTUOD OYepo [TT ATT ‘sInt9} ‘TTejotred o[Nodeqn} = ‘uingenuT “eye eyeu g0oxeyy | g SI QI | -1s eusedns ‘umsuedxo ‘IUIIOJIJUSp Opou | -1148 Je}INUSY UNjeaIds -liwoqns ‘voruod-osogoys fe’ “ufg “esonuls ‘wanyenu “eqeULBoqns ‘yuwej}eny | [I cl Iz | -ts eusodns ‘wnsuedxo “BLOJIPOU “eyeoTNs wiyeaids ‘snqye | ‘stusojtqoot} ossoadep [tts cufg “euekqaomos BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, June 1890. MOLLUSCA. 26 ‘snyelosey WNp19} -ut ‘oaqna ooide snides ‘sueos “eyTeULEyENy 9 f ‘cand -oqna Joa snprqye “eyenueldqns ‘oosequy, ‘Oolxey “| ~& &q $G -[e ‘uinsuedxo J0}1A01q ‘STULIOUL “eqenore | ‘eprytu ‘epnyeLys waryeatds| Joa snoyny opred | seq ‘vormoa-oyepungod | ayuayy “eptary ‘OART OT[BO : SuqBIO ‘stiojty | -sey snidas +: wy ‘OOIxoTT ‘M | FP $2) 6 ‘uunsuBdxe 10}TA0T “eyejnsueqns | -ound snqyurjstp stopns | -na vatds ‘sucoseyna | ‘vyetnsueqns “eaprouod |*** “qunp7 ‘a “eyeojnstyound ‘oyoomqns opnsue "gnyVSOLIBA “eyeTnsue ‘sempuoy | FT Z eg ‘mnynosnisuvdxo ‘onue} | ‘suepeded 10q1A0aq “eso[NSnA 1041A9] | ‘snoureo-1yUeose4nT] | 9J@[0Sqo ‘eoru0d-osoqoTs |*** (g‘anf ur) u/y7 ‘TaojUe “SH}0T ‘o}d1108 -osqo stpronqjed “WNXOPer -TUNDATIO ~—OssVAO -o9u0d sIpNoVUT “ueyeon XZ L JoyIAoIq §‘tUINyessBIOUT | OTTVo —‘eyeTNOAqQny “eyeLays Wiryeatids | ‘suoosoaep - Oprqie "goptouod ossordep |'******** 72407 “epooTueTe z “epry ‘epryjed vangns rg 6 i tan] *STULIO -1u ‘eyejooury enbitqo ‘snqvrosyjiun Oosny seaees { (amg ‘eestoyaq]) ‘OoIxoy "A | #¢ 89 8 -nosninue, ‘uinsuedxe | -ur ‘eyenore ‘stag | yo wiyeatds oumtssipyqns | onbuinaojd ‘sneyny “eS0qo[8-ooploucd Vqynyy “e[nyeorpop “eyepnsueqns “eyepNo ‘seanpuoy | $¢ #9 #01 ‘TUNyBIQVTqns ‘Uinzooer | ‘eyeyUep wMsAOT}UR ‘en}eLts-oyeyound ‘gnournSuvs | -1q10 ‘essordop-oeprouos |i" “uf “eoumnSues ‘uNXoPeL ‘Taneu “snalny “9L0 MT “eleuleyenyy 6 ‘10000 «= ‘UN BIqeTIq-qns ‘s1IvNsue é Joa ‘snutsy1o ‘snqye "egOqo]s-OoTUOD | “BUIOJSOUTNI0N “ABA * "BACT & p opred joa vaqre i Tpeanyns — BuoZ “pop af “eTBULOJENH | GC L 8 ‘maneyny ‘UINyesse1OUI “ “ ‘gUOOSOART - OOUTRO “"esOqols ‘guozouBe ‘BA ‘—— ¢ z “eqye Bany Y, 8 6 ‘TanoVTIyUBINeE ‘TINY ‘oyeTOsqo opNns “ernqerays waryeaids -ns ‘snpryiu ‘snow | “epeul-qeny ‘sedey9 | F L 8 -sndueqns ‘tunsuedxe x14 | -uv ‘xyenoae staodq | yo oenbritqo outisstiyqns | -ruresys Joa snpiqye “Bsoqo[S-ooruos | ttt uf “eueruemo ) ‘oydraosumno.a10 ‘uns =| osseatd OT[¥d “ens -eyepunyod ‘ojnu OOIXOWL “N | G By &T]_ | -wedxe xtA ‘uInjessesoul | -uvqzoor VUUTSSIAOTG ‘e[nyerjs | ‘snsopnoevut oqoposqo | -1moid eotde ‘essoadap |" "BMDP “a “sTTBet0q & g 18 Or "Osnyqo OTN1eqn4y Bye “eye[n3 ‘Oolxey “N.| Sp £9 g ‘tansuvdxe Jopiaodq | ‘strepnotpuedsedqns | -1448s wiyeads s9q1[HqQus ‘ovdo ‘snpiqre | -ue ‘eoprouoo osseadep |-***** ‘ssnoyy “eueosueanp ‘mw | "wo | ‘wo “BIE ‘qaody | 4Ty |‘ureiq *BU104STIOT “e[[oulnjoo sisegy *eanydjnog *10TOQ "eINSLT "(panutju0d) VNIOITHZT AO SAINIAG AHL AO WIAV], TAILVUVAWOD 27 HELICINA. "STAQT ‘eueueg | “ «“ “ . snqqns ‘eyeary = unqvards “ “ “MOG BY VLTYSTULOS “BA .—— - “Bywavoxo epunjosd ° 4 “Opr[ea O«eFUT e7top “BNQLIOTPITRA WlVeU.10} Isvq ‘eyepunjod ‘ByVA ‘seinpuoyT | Z aa p _ |‘ungeiqey-oqye ‘cansuvdxe ‘xoyduns | -7e star] ‘year, wUyeatds | ‘snqnprytu ‘snqpoqna | -opo xa vatids ‘essordop |w/fy ‘eyeyueprun ‘eA ‘—— : * <H “‘eyepnsue uoM ‘meywon X G-F f « * “sn][9qna-ooudoo | ‘eaprouod vids ‘essoadep |*7avopy*e[[oo1qysn4 ‘vA t “essoad “ejonzoue A ‘epeut an G g *OJo]OSGO OAOJUL “*EYVIT] O4LOJ -UlL I8¥q ‘eyBULIVd -oyeny ‘uvywon x ‘oorxepT |Z 8g 7 | oquep ‘umnsuvdxe to4ta0aq | ‘xoydunis ‘eurisstAortq | -u0d yo oynov wiyeatds ‘snpunoiqna | ‘eaprouos wards ‘essoadop [irre fg BqRaly *IOTyea *e[euleyEny p p *uunqoor ‘xopdurts “eyenoie “eyeit, wIyeatds | -nzes UINsans ‘snavy “eyensue ‘“eoruoo |-(g aul) "yavopy “eurpororut G y, 4 “eTep ‘sposnj-O1qna “eyensueqns Yost P40 “sBINPUOTT YstWUG | ¢E G 1-9 s "eyepnsur | -1y1u “emyelajs oyeposqo | Z stlosey ‘snpiqTe | ‘eoprouoo - osornqoysqus ‘qanod0q “Iva ‘ ‘svanpuoy | ZG } Gc 6 “ “ “eyE[NSUe ojouTysIp | 2vnpz ‘a ‘yuosuel “eA ‘—— | 2 *oyd 1108 “eno TF, 9 “wuny -wnadld = OpIq|® ‘stjsnsue -snisnyqo ‘eqeto vaids ‘seinpuoyy ‘(vjonzoue,) | F 9g 8 -NOSNIXoPet OUISSIAGIG | OT]VO ‘e}BouNAWqQnS ‘B[nqeiays | Z siiosey ‘snouteo| ‘voplouoa - oyepnorqao [terest uf7 Taosdp ) ‘wn4y “eye[Nsue ‘epemaqeny | ST Be g -equII]T oqye ‘umsuvdxe ‘eyenore | “e_nprfos ‘eyenueasqns ‘snAvp | ‘STULLOJITOOI] eynoV oyVTO [rr ttttt* sugsa4T, ‘steshayo . *sInUa4 ‘e7eT “e[Nyelt4s ‘snpron}jed -n8ue sjejosqo ‘efno *svInPUOFT z ‘a4 ‘enue, ‘xoydmts ‘siaodq | -oyejound sutissiqyqns| ‘snouzoo pred | -stirsngqo vatds ‘voiuoo |:***** (g*anl) uf ‘endrxe : “eyepnueyd ‘canovrjuBine ‘unsued "S[NIVLIYS OUTS Iseq ‘epnprjos “votuoad “Dp “a ‘OOlXOW “HL &9 6 -xo ‘UINyessBIOUT-OsoT][vO *xoidus | -stpqns enbiygo yo “t1ds | ‘snprqye-yueosoaep | -osogojsqns osseadop | ‘TyJAomeT}yNYs “ava ‘ *OOIXOT ‘OOBTJURING OT[VO “uqeny "(2 ByepNSueqns) “TN ‘seye1g poylug “q's g OL © | ‘wmoenueane ‘unsuedxe “SIMIIOUL ‘Byenore | -ound owIssI[Iyqns “epryiu ‘snavy | Suey ‘Bsoqgoys - CoTUOA |-""""* ‘wu ‘epeyoosAago *xopduis ‘entioy *B[NYVIAYS OULIS *BYBABOXO . OOLXOTL “HL & G ‘umynosnisuedxe XIA ‘sTAAQ | -sIyoTCSqO ‘sinus, ‘epratu *sUeO9SOINT-CoUIOD | Iseq “VyBpUNZO - ODTUOD [r*ttTTtTT TT ‘ufq “Bueltyout ‘sedeiyg c L ‘uinsuvdxe 104tAetq “é “ “SN PIA[N "eyRUIgANy-osogoys |'u/q ‘SLIqeTAedq “ava \ ‘oorxeyy “| £% ep-Sp |G “ “ ‘ *SNOTIVI-OALT "BS80QO[S-O9ptouod |" uf ‘TTeqoays ‘ABA — : “eqyR ‘OO1XOW “HT @P G ‘¢ “ “ einjns ‘snyNprara “eoplouod e779 | spbup ‘xI4yvoq “ava 28 MOLLUSCA. HELICINA. Helicina, Lamarck, Prodr. p. 76 (1779). I. Carinate. 1. Helicina ghiesbreghti. Helicina ghiesbreghti, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1856, p. 381°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. li, p. 215°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 293, t. 277. fig. 432°. Helicina ghiesbrighti, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 27. fig. 242 *. Hab. C. Mexico: Irapuato, near Guanajuato (Hoge). S. Mexico: Chiapas 3 4 ( Ghiesbreght 1). S. Guatemata: El Reposo 8000 feet (Champion); San Francisco Miramar, Costa Cuca, Pacific slope, 2500 feet (Stol/). 2. Helicina amena. Helicina amena, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1845, p. 119"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 73, p. 55, t. 8. figg. 18-15*; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. 1. p. 886°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 281‘; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 283°; Sow. Thes. Conch. ii. p. 292, t. 276. fig. 383°; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 649°; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xix., Helicina, t. 20. fig. 177°. Helicina purpureo-flava, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 19 (1849) °. Hab. Yucatan: Campeche (coll. Albers, ex mus. Heidelbergenst). N. GuatemaLA: Provinces of Peten and Vera Paz (Morelet? 4°); Coban, Vera Paz (Salvin 57); San Juan, Sabo 2800 feet, Chacoj, and Panzos, all in the valley of the Polochic River (Champion); Teleman in the same valley, ascending plants (Stol/). Honpuras 2° 4 (mus. Cuming 1), Honduras Bay © ®. Var. a: minor (diam. 12, alt. 84 millim.), pallide flava. Hab. Nicaracva (Janson). Var. b: depressa (diam. 13, alt. 73 millim.). Hab. S. Panama: Bugaba, W. of David (Champion). Somewhat variable in colour; the rose-colour often prevails on the upper whorls, but is absent in several examples. The obtuse keel is often white; in other specimens of the same colour as the rest of the last whorl. Young examples are sometimes covered by a dirty coat of apparently foreign matter. 3. Helicina sowerbyana. Helicina sowerbiana, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1848, p. 124°. | Helicina sowerbyana, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 65, p. 50, HELICINA. 29 t. 6. figg. 9,102; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 385°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 280°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 292, t. 277. fig. 418°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 23. fig. 202 °. Hab. Guatemata® (de Lattre}23 4). Not found by the later explorers. Very near the preceding, but larger and less angulated. N.B.—A variety of Helicina concentrica (depressed, trochiform, spirally ridged above, sharply keeled) is quoted by Pfeiffer (P. Z. S. 1848, p. 120, and Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 400) as found near Mirador in Mexico by Galeotti; but as nobody else (neither Berendt and Strebel nor Hége) has found it in the province of Vera Cruz, or elsewhere in Mexico, I think it better not to admit this species among the Mexican ones. It is common in Venezuela. Mr. E. Smith has examined the specimen marked “Mirador” in the British Museum, and states that it is not the original to the figures 18, 19, t. 8, of Helictna in Martini and Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2. 4, Helicina cinctella. Helicina cinctelta, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 304 (Diagn. no. 3°, p. 44) ; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 2157; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 21, t. 1a, and t. 2. figg. 13, a-d*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 298, t. 276. figg. 389, 390°. Helicina cinctilla, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 21. fig. 182°. Helicina botteriana, Pfr. in Malak, Blatt. xiii. p. 90 (1866)°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p- 279". Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova+ 5, Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod, Sallé, Hoge); Cerro: de Plumas near Cordova (Hége) ; Mirador (Strebel *) ; Orizaba’ (Strebel *, Bottert °). N.W. Mexico, Tepic, State of Jalisco (W. B. Richardson). Very variable in the relative height of the shell. Usually white, with a pale brown band above the keel; but in some examples this band disappears, and in others is extended on nearly the whole upper half of the last whorl. H. botteriana, Pfr., is, according to the specimens in his collection, not even a variety, but coincides fully with H. cinctella. 5. Helicina rhynchostoma. Helicina rhynchostoma (Shuttl.), Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ili. p. 245 *; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii, p. 294, t. 277. figg. 429, 430°. Helicina rhyncostoma, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 27. fig. 240°. Hab. Honvvras: Island of Bonacca, bay of Honduras (Gauwmer). CotomBia, Campanera 3000 feet}. VENEZUELA 73, This species, in its beaked peristome, approaches the following group. 30 MOLLUSCA. Il. Rostrate. 6. Helicina rostrata. Helicina rostrata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 17 (1851)'; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 8617; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 261°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 278. figg. 279, 280°‘; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 18. fig. 155°; Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159 (1870) °; Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 6497. Helicina salvini, Trist. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 238, t. 26. figg. 9, 10°; Pfr. Novit. Conch. i. p- 202, t. 53. figg. 12-15°; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 174 (1862) *; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 245%. Hab. N. Guatemaua: San Agustin Lanquin in Vera Paz’ *, in rocky localities (More- let1*); Vera Paz*5; Coban (Salvin™); Guatemala 8 9 10 11, Centr. Nicaragua: San Diego, in the savana region (Tate 6); Acoyapa (Belt), The specimen from the last-named locality is somewhat smaller (diam. 12, alt. 10 millim.) than those from Guatemala. 7. Helicina denticulata. | Helicina denticulata, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1855, p. 1037; Novit. Conch. i. p. 84, t. 23. fige. 9, 10°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 208°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 273. fig. 2814; Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. vy. p. 159 (1870)°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xlx., Helicina, t. 18. fig. 157°. Hab. Honpuras 13 45 6, E. Nicaracua: Forests of Chontales, rare, ascending trees (Tate >). Chiefly distinguished from H. rostrata by the denticulate suture. Ill. Turbinate. 8. Helicina zephyrina. Helicina turbinata (Wiegm.), Menke, Synops. Moll. p. 89 (1830) (without description)'; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. pp. 6-9 (1865) *; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 273. figg. 276-278° ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 8. fig. 63*; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 18, t. la & t. 2. fig. 6°. Helicina turbinata, var. 2, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 46, p. 40, t. 9. fig. 31° . Helicina zephyrina, Duclos, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1833, t. 217 (copied in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 48, p. 37, t. 4. figg. 16-18) °; Sow. Thes. Conch. i. p. 9, figg. 25, 27°, & iii. p. 288, t. 273. figg. 266-269 © (non Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 17. fig. 149); Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 268 ". * This locality is quoted as “San Agostino ” by authors: it is, no doubt, the San Agustin Languin near Cahabon. HELICINA. 31 Hab. BK. Muxico: Mexico 347 811 1617; Tampico (Hegewisch and Liebmann °) ; Jalapa (type of H. turbinata: Deppe & Schiede?; also Hoge, M. Trujillo, and F. D. Godman); Mirador, State of Vera Cruz, on shrubs and bushes, plentiful (Strebel 18) ; Cordova (Hége); Tejeria, only young specimens (Hége); Huatusco (Hille, coll. Dunker). Var. a: elatior. Helicina zephyrina (Duclos), Sow. Thes. Conch. i. fig. 118”; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. pp. 7,8”. Helicina turbinata, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 87"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 46, p. 39, t. 4. figg. 18-15, t. 7. fig. 6°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 870°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 268; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 13, t. la. figg. 60, e, f™. Hab. %.. Mexico: Papantla (Deppe & Schiede) ; Misantla and Mirador (Strebel 18) ; Rio de Misantla (Ff. D. Godman); Cordova, with the preceding (Hége). Var. b: excavato-angulata. Helicina behrendti, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 178, t. 3. figg. 14, 15 (1862) *. Helicina berendti, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ili. p. 230”. Hab. EB. Muxico: Vera Cruz 2° (Berendt }). Var. c: minima (diam. 10, alt. 8-9 millim.). Helicina turbinata, var. minima, Strebel, loc. cit. pp. 14, 15, t. la. fig. 6d”. Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz, on bushes and shrubs—probably stunted by the aridity of the soil (Strebel 21). The prevailing pattern of all the forms is a large pale reddish-brown band on the upper half of the last whorl; a row of small dark spots at the lower limit of this band is often seen on the upper whorls, and in some specimens also on the last, the band itself vanishing in proportion as these spots are conspicuous. Specimens without any band, of a uniform whitish or pale reddish colour, are found chiefly in the variety a. The original specimen of Pfeiffer’s H. berendti exhibits no trace of irregularity and deformity, and it is therefore to be regarded as a distinct variety, characterized by the concavity and angularity of the last two whorls. Its exact locality is not known: probably it was established on a bleached specimen found on the sea-shore at Vera Cruz. H. sandozi, Shuttl. (in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 303, Diagn. no. 3, p. 43, and Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 197), is a deformity of this species. Owing to the kind- ness of Prof. Th. Studer, I have been enabled to examine the original example in the late Mr. Shuttleworth’s collection; it proves to have been broken during life just behind the aperture, and to have restored itself, the newly formed peristome not meeting exactly the remains of the old near the columella, the slight inflection 39 MOLLUSCA. which exists here * in every adult specimen of this species being thus enlarged toa distinct notch; also the projection of the lower end of the columella is somewhat stronger than in normal specimens, perhaps increased by new secretion during the restoring process. Surely it is neither an Alcadia, nor belongs to 1. tenuis. H. turbinata is also quoted by Tate (Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159) as found in Nicaragua at Toro Rapids: 1 suppose this is an erroneous determination, as this Mexican species has never been found even in Guatemala, which has been explored by so many collectors; perhaps it was the common ZH. tenuis (vernalis). 9. Helicina sinuosa. Helicina sinuosa, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 191°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 94, p. 70, t. 10. figg. 7, 8°; Monogr. Pneum, Vivent. i. p. 369°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 267 *. Hab. Mexico #4 (coll. Cuming } ?). Not again found ; perhaps only an aberrant variety of the preceding. 10. Helicina deppeana. (Tab. I. fige. 7; 8, var.) Helicina turbinata, var., Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab, ed. 2, Helicina, no. 46, p. 40, t. 8. figg. 1, 2°. Helicina deppeana, v. Mart. in Monatsb. d. Berl. Akad. Novemb. 1863, p. 540°; Malak. Blatt. xu. p- 6, t. 1. figg. 11, 12 (1865) *°; Pfr. Monogr. Vivent. iii. p. 229 *. Helicina cordillere (part.), Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 273. fig. 270°. Hab. E. Mexico: Mexico 5, without nearer indication (Deppe??*); Jalapa (IZ. Trujillo); Soledad (Hoge); Yalalag, south of Villa Alta, State of Oaxaca (Hége). Distinct from H. zephyrina by its broader, conical, subangulate form, and the some- what more prominent basal tubercle of the columella, by which the adjoining part of the lower edge of the aperture appears slightly notched. ‘The typical specimens collected by Deppe are unicolorous, somewhat worn (fig. 76); fresh ones from Yalalag are pale rose-colour, with white, more or less reticulated, lines and two rows of some- what darker spots, one below the suture, and one above the angle of the last whorl (fig. 8). 11. Helicina cordillere. Helicina cordillere (Sallé), Pfr. in P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 823*; Monogr, Pneum, Vivent. ii. p. 193°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 272. figg. 264, 265 (not t. 278. fig. 270)? ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 16. fig. 143* & t. 17. fig. 149. * Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii. t. 268. fig. 96, and Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 3. fig. 20, represent, under the name of H. sinwosa, a distinct angulate shell with coarser sculpture, which is perhaps a similar deformity of another species. HELICINA. 30 Hab. E. Mexico: on the volcano Orizaba 12,000 feet above the sca* (Sallé! 2); Mexico 3 4, 12. Helicina funcki, | Helicina funcki, Pfr. in P.Z. 8. 1848, p. 1217; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 37, p. 33, t. 9. figg. 1, 2°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 361°; Sow. Thes. Conch. ili. t. 273. fig. 27°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 17. fig. 152°. Helicina funki (sic), Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 484, t. 40. fig. 7 (living animal) °. Helicina tuncki (sic), Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 261"; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Conch. ii. p. 302°. Hab. KE. Costa Rica: Talamanca, all the coast region and to the lower hills (Gabd °) ; Costa Rica (Carmiol) ; Cache (Rogers). Cotomsia 457, Santiago (Funck? 3, in coll. Cuming 1). Variable in size. Gabb’s specimens are much larger than the type: according to the figure they are 18 millim. in diam., Pfeiffer’s original one being 13} wmillim.; Rogers's examples are 13-14, Carmiol’s scarcely 13 millim. Gabb’s specimens vary in colour from straw-yellow to orange ; those collected by Rogers have the upper half of the last whorl reddish, with fine reticulated white lines, and the lower half yellow, the preceding whorls being either reddish or yellow. In general size and aspect this species resembles H. zephyrina; but differs from it in its peristome being narrow and more straight above, and rapidly increasing in width towards the periphery of the whole shell. 13. Helicina chrysocheila. Helicina chrysocheila, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of the United States, ii. p. 354, t. 74. fig. 4 (1851) '; Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. iv. p, 13, t. 18. fig. 24 (1869) *; Binney, Land and Freshwater Shells of N. Am. pt. 3 (Smithson. Miscell. Coll. vii. no. 144), p. 110 (with woodcut) (1865) °; Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. iv. t. 74. fig. 4 (as above) (1878); Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 197‘; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 33. fig. 294°. Hab. 8.K. Unttep States: Texas 2 3 5, N.E. Mexico: Tamaulipas (Couch); Tampico ?; Mexico 25. Var. n. shutilewortht. (H. chrysocheila, Tab. I. fig. 13.) Helicina chrysocheila, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 303 (Diagn. no. 3. p. 43) °; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 203. Hab. ¥. Mexico, Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod ®*). Pfeiffer regards H. chrysocheila, Binney, as without doubt distinct from H. chryso- cheila, Shuttl.; the latter was published a year later, and the coincidence of the names may be fortuitous. But on comparing Binney’s descriptions and figures with Shuttle- * The height of this mountain exceeds 16,000 feet. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, June 1890. 5 84 MOLLUSCA. worth’s original specimen, there are very few differences: chiefly the more elevated figure of the former [diam. 10, height 8 millim., Binney (1865); diam. 9, height 63 millim. according to Shuttleworth—Binney’s figure, t. 74. fig. 4, is, therefore, somewhat magnified]. I have never seen Binneyan specimens. Binney ! and Pfeiffer 4 give “‘ United States (?) ” as the locality. 14. Helicina tenuis. Helicina ambeliana, Sow. Thes. Conch. i. t. 1. fig. 19 (and fig. 26?) (nec Boissy) *. Helicina tenuis, Pfr. in P. Z.S. 1848, p. 124? [nec C. B. Adams, Contribut. to Conchol. 1. p. 14 (1840) *]; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 47, p. 40, t. 7. figg. 38, 34°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 372*; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 269°. Var. Helicina vernalis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 20 (1849)°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent, i. p. 8727; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 96, p. 71, t. 10. figg. 12-14°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 269°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 273. fig. 273"; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 649”. Var. Helicina chiapensis, Pfr. in P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 880"; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 198 "3 Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 272. figg. 255, 256™. Helicina chiappensis (sic), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 13. fig. 110”. Var. Helicina lindeni, Pfr. in P. Z. S. 1848, p. 123"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 67, p. 52, t. 8. figg. 25, 26 (not good)’; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 388%; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 282"; Sow. Thes. Conch. ii. t. 272. figg. 258-260 (not t. 278. fig. 270, nor t. 278. fig. 409, nor the description) *; Tristr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 2337; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 18. fig. 112”; Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 484°. Hab. Cuntrat Mexico: Sayula in Jalisco, Irapuato near Guanajuato (Hoge). E. Mexico: Soledad, between Cordova and Orizaba (banded specimens) (H@ge) ; Mexico, without nearer indication of locality 51415 2022 (77. tenuis, var. B; Pfeiffer *). S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 2 18) (normal and variegated specimens) ; Teapa and San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (Hoge, H. H. Smith); Tapinapa (Lin- den 16 18 19), Yucatan 5 (coll. Cuming *). N. Guatemata: Province of Peten’®%, in the woods (Morelet °); dense forests of Cubilguitz, valley of the River de la Pasion (Champion); Coban (Salvin 1"): San Gerénimo and the neighbouring mountains in Vera Paz (Salvin 21); Panzos, Chacoj, and San Juan, all in the valley of the Polochic River, Purula (Cham- pion) ; Guatemala 1°. S. Guatemata: Totonicapam Mountains 8500 to 10,500 feet (small variety) ; El Reposo 800 feet, Las Mercedes 3000 feet, Cerro Zunil 4000 feet, San Isidro 1600 feet, all on the Pacific slope; Zapote, on the slope of the Volcan de Fuego (Champion). * This belongs to the genus Trochatella. HELICINA. 30 NicaRacua (Janson: young specimens). Probably also Toro Rapids, in the woods (Gabb: H. turbinata, Angas, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159). Costa Rica (Gadd 23). This species has a wider geographical distribution than most others of the genus Helicina. It is easily recognizable by the thin shell and the sharp tooth-like projec- ~ tion at the base of the columella. In size and colour it is variable. Most specimens are unicolorous—pale yellowish, greenish, or reddish ; but many have two reddish-brown bands, one near the suture, and one below the periphery. More variegated specimens, speckled with white, are before me from Teapa in Tabasco, and Cerro Zunil, Las Mercedes, and Chacoj in Guatemala. Sometimes the apex is vividly rose-coloured. In Guatemala Mr. Champion captured examples of it on both the Atlantic and Pacific slopes, at elevations from a little above the sea-level to 4000 feet; also at ' Totonicapam, in the Los Altos region, at a much greater altitude. 15. Helicina fragilis. Helicina fragilis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 17 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 368’, & ii. p. 195°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 266°. Var. Helicina elata, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 304 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 44) °; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 201 °. Var. Helicina merdigera (Sallé), Pfr. in P. Z.S. 1855, p. 1027; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 202 ° ; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 243, 244 (magnified) °; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 16. fig. 140". ? Helicina, nov. spec., Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 19, t. la. figg. 12, 12a, & t. 2. figg. 12, 12a”. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod®*°); Vera Cruz (Sallé7 8); Vera Cruz, dead specimens found on the beach (Strebel 11) ; Mexico 9 1°. W. Mexico: Omilteme in the Sierra Madre del Sur, State of Guerrero, 8000 feet (#7. H. Smith). N. GuateMa.a : Province of Peten 24, in the woods, under decayed leaves (Morelet ') ; .Teleman, in the valley of the Polochic (Stoll, Champion); Purula 4000 feet (Champion). I have compared Shuttleworth’s typical specimen of H. elata, from Cordova, with Stoll’s Guatemalan example, and the only differences I can find are, that the latter is a little larger, more intensely coloured, and has a somewhat broader peristome. This species resembles H. tenuis, but is much smaller. From H. flavida it is distinct by the dentiform prominence at the base of the columella, resembling that of Z. tenuis. Strebel’s unnamed species !! is closely allied, but somewhat larger and less elevated ; the drawing of the base of the columella, seen from below, agrees exactly with Shuttle- worth’s and Pfeiffer’s specimen of H. elata. 5* 36 MOLLUSCA. 16. Helicina succincta, sp. n. (Tab. I. figg. 6; 9, var.) Testa globoso-conoidea, leviter spiratim sulcata, albida vel pallide rufescens, fusco-variegata; anfr. 5, con- vexiusculi, sutura impressa, ultimus prope aperturam basi planulatus, angulo valde obtuso prope aperturam evanescente cinctus; apertura diagonalis, triangulari-rotundata, peristomate incrassato, breviter expanso, albo, margine columellari subperpendiculari, in tuberculum subrectangulum terminato, callo crasso, parvo, circumscripto. Diam. maj. 9-10, min. 73-9, alt. 84-10 millim. ; apert. diam. 4-43, alt. obliqua 5-6 millim. (fig. 6). Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé, Hége) (fig. 6). Var. minor, diam. 8, alt. 63 millim., rufescens, fusco-strigata (fig. 9). Hab. EF. Mexico: Cuesta de Misantla (Mateo Trujillo) (fig. 9); Tlacolula, between Las Vigas and Misantla (Hége). Rather near H. arenicola, especially as regards the form of the peristome and colu- mella ; but of larger size, with more elevated spire, remarkably coarser spiral structure, and more reddish coloration. As the localities are also well separated, and I have seen no intermediate forms, I feel obliged to keep them distinct; it is possible, how- ever, that when additional examples are obtained they may prove to run one into the other. 17. Helicina raresulcata. Helicina raresulcata, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 173 (1861); Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 228°, & iv. p. 269°; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 19, t. la. fig. 9, & t. 2. fige. 9, 9a’. | Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Berendt!*); Vera Cruz, on the plain inland of the sand- hills, on the leaves and stalks of a stinging shrub called “ mala muger ” (Strebel *). 18. Helicina arenicola. Helicina arenicola, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 211; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch,-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 99, p. 78, t. 10. figg. 24-277; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 366°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 265*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 286, t. 271. fig. 303°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 28. fig. 250°. Hab. N. Yucatan : Sisal, in sandy localities * 4 (Morelet 1). The habitat “Cuba” quoted by Sowerby® and Reeve® is erroneous; Morelet described in the same pamphlet! several Cuban species, but to this he expressly attributes the locality given above. 19. Helicina punctisulcata, sp. n. (Tab. I. fig. 10.) Testa conoidea, subangulata, sulcis tenuibus subdistantibus punctiferis sculpta, nitidula, rufescens, interdum fusco-fasciata, subtus pallidior ; spira conica, rufa; apertura diagonalis, triangulari-semicircularis, peri- stomate incrassato, leviter expanso, albo, margine columellari brevi, subperpendiculari, basi subangulato, callo parvo, flavo. Diam. maj. 9, min. 73, alt. 7} millim.; apert. diam. 44, alt. obliqua 4 millim. pose) HELICINA. 37 Hab. W. Mnxico: Omilteme 8000 feet, on the Sierra Madre del Sur, State of Guerrero, Pacific side of the main Cordillera (H. H. Smith). | The suture of the upper whorls appears in some specimens slightly crenulated. 20. Helicina durangoana. Helicina durangoana, Mousson, in Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 218. t. 9. fig. 8 (1883) *. Helicina, sp., Binney, Land~ and Freshwater Shells of N. Am. pt. 3 (Smithson. Miscell. Coll. vii. no. 144), p. 116, with woodcut (shell, operculum, and radula) (1865) *. Testa turbinato-conoidea, subangulata, superne leviter spiratim sulcata, albida, nitidiuscula ; spira conica ; anfr, 53, convexiusculi; apertura paullum obliqua, rotundato-triangularis, peristomate breviter expanso, albo, superne subsinuato, basali tenui, margine columellari subobliquo, basi in tuberculum prominulum terminato, extus foveolato, callo parvo, crasso, diffuso. Diam. maj. 10, min. 84, alt. 8 millim.; apert. diam. 54, lat. 44 millim. Hab. Cuntran N. Mexico: Sierra Madre (Xantus!); Ventanas, in the State of Durango 2000 feet (Forrer). Approaches somewhat H. sowerbyana, Pfr., but is much smaller and more conically elevated, and may be better joined to a Mexican than to a Guatemalan series. lV. Delicatule. Globoso-conicee, flavee, minutim striatule, parve, nitide. 21. Helicina delicatula. Helicina delicatula, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 803 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 48)*; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 193”. Helicina heloise (Sallé), Pfr. in P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 322, t. 35. fig. 17°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. -p. 202*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 272. figg. 253, 254°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 18. fig. 111 (magnified) °. Helicina flavida, var., Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 17, t. 1a. figg.10c, d, t. 2. fig. 1057. | Hab. ¥:. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod | 2, Sallé* 4, Hoge) ; Vera Cruz (Strebel); Mexico 5°®, S. Central Mexico: San Carlos, east of Oaxaca (Hége). Var. albida, peristomate crassiore. Hab. Ki. Mexico: Atoyac hills, near Cordova, Vera Cruz (fHége). One of the handsomest species, glossy yellow, with or without a red-brown, more or less broad band. I have compared Shuttleworth’s original specimen : it is somewhat worn (and is, therefore, not so glossy as fresh ones) and several lines of growth are rather strongly marked, which explains Shuttleworth’s: words “obsolete et grosse plicatula” ; in other respects there is no appreciable difference. In the variety the whole shell is somewhat thicker, white, with or without band; the callus in the banded specimen is orange. . 38 MOLLUSCA. 92. Helicina oweniana. (Tab. I. figg. 11, 12.) a. genuina : subelate conoidea, pallida, peristomate aurantio; subinde unifasciata (fig. 12). Helicina oweniana, Pfr. in P. Z. S. 1848, p. 128'; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 48, p. 40, t. 7. figg. 35, 36°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 373° (excl. var.) & ii. p. 199; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 270°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 241, 242°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 16. figg. 144°. Hab. S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 1234); Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith). b. coccinostoma: globoso-conoidea, alba, citrina vel fulva absque fasciis, peristomate coccineo. Helicina coccinostoma, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 19 (1849)"; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 289, t. 273. figg. 295, 296°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 20. fig. 173 (magnified) °*. Helicina oweniana, var. 6, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 373°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p- 270". Hab. N. Guatemata: Province of Peten 4! (Morelet 7 1°). c. anozona : subglobosa, rubescens vel fulvescens, zona suturali pallida, peristomate luteo (fig. 11). Helicina oweniana, Tristr. in P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 233. Helicina anozona, v. Mart. in P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 649. Hab. N. AND CenTRAL GUATEMALA: Coban (Salvin 1213) ; Cubilguitz, Northern Vera Paz (Champion) ; Teleman, in the valley of the Polochic River (Stol/). These three forms can be well distinguished in the majority of specimens ; but there are _ also some others which are intermediate between them, either in colour or in shape. All those I have seen have a similar fine sculpture. 23. Helicina notata. Helicina notata (Sallé), Pfr. in P. Z. S. 1856, p. 328, t. 35. figg. 18-20"; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 203°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iil. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 2389, 240°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 81. fig. 276 *. Hab. E. Muxico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé1?); Atoyac (Hoge); Mexico 3 4, Easily recognizable by a peculiar dark red spot on the back of the penultimate whorl above the suture, the rest of the shell being unicolorous yellow. The specific name probably refers to this mark; but it is not even mentioned in Pfeiffer’s descrip- tion, although visible in the specimens in his collection. The malleated surface is somewhat like that of many specimens of H. tenuis; the spiral ridges bring it near to HH. succincta. 24. Helicina flavida. Helicina flavida, Menke, Synops. Moll. ed. 1, p. 79 (1828) *, ed. 2, p. 182 (1830)?; Sow. Thes. Conch. i. p. 9, t. 3. figg. 117, 184°, & iil. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 283-236'; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 52, p. 42, t. 1. figg. 31, 82, & t. 5. fige, 28- HELICINA. 39 30°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 376°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 2727; v. Mart. in Malak. Blitt. xii. p. 10 (1865) *°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 233-236°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 16. fig. 145°; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 16 (excl. var.), t. 1 a, figg. 10, 10a, 108, & t. 2. fig. 10%. ? Helicina ambieliana, de Boissy, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1835, t. 68”; Potiez et Michaud, Galerie d. Moll. i. p. 228. t. 23. fig. 2. Helicina trossula, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 19 ™. Var. Helicina strebeli, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 173 (1861) %; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p- 2382"°; Strebel, loc. cit. p. 18, t. la & t. 2. fig. 117. Var. Helicina brevilabris, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1856, p. 380; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 204”; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 33. fig. 296 (magnified) *°. Hab. Ceytrau Mexico: Cuernavaca (H. H. Smith). E. Mexico: Papantla (Deppe & Schiede*®); Vera Cruz and Misantla (Strebel 1) ; Mirador (Berendt * 16; Strebel 16 1”); Cordova, Atoyac, and Cuesta de Misantla (Hoge) ; Tabasco (Hage); Teapa and San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (H. H. ree S.E. Mexico: Chiapas 2° (Ghiesbreght 18 19). N. GuaTEMALA: Province of Peten? (Morelet 4); Coban (Salvin) ; Senahu, north of the Polochic Valley (Champion); Guatemala 4? 1°, Var.: viridula, elatior. Helicina beatriz, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 484, t. 40. fig. 13”. Hab. Costa Rica: on the hills, up to an elevation of 2500 feet (Gadd 21). The general colour is very variable in this species—whitish, yellow, pale red, or even somewhat greenish,—often without band, often with a narrow one, few specimens with a broad one like H. heloise. H. beatriz seems to be somewhat more elongate; its colour approaches that of H. anozona; a similar coloration—greenish, the penultimate whorl red—is also seen in specimens from Misantla, the form of which is that of the typical flavida. Some of the older conchologists ®7 1? give also Jamaica, Cuba, and the island of Tobago as habitats of this species; but these assertions are not corroborated by later researches. J. trochulina, Orb., from Puerto Rico and ? Cuba, is, indeed, nearly allied, but remarkably thinner, almost diaphanous, and more elongate. V. Elate trochiformes. 25. Helicina chryseis. (Tab. I. fig. 14.) Helicina chryseis, Tristr. in P.Z. 8. 1861, p. 233°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p, 238°. Hab. GUATEMALA: mountain-forests of Vera Paz? (Salvin +). Distinguished from the other small yellow conoidal species by the distinct angulation and the dull somewhat rough (not glossy) surface. 40 MOLLUSCA. VI. Depresse. 26. Helicina borealis, sp.n. (Tab. I. fig. 15.) Testa depressa, subleevis, striatula, alba, superne maculis griseis biseriatis plus minusve obsoletis picta; spira breviter conoidea, apice prominulo ; anfr. 5, ultimus rotundatus, infra paullo magis convexus ; apertura parva, valde semicircularis, peristomate incrassato, brevissime expanso, margine columellari brevi, sub- perpendiculari, in angulum prominulum terminata, callo crasso, cireumscripto. Diam. maj. 10-12, min. 83-9, alt. 7 millim.; apertura diam. 43-5, lat. 5-53 millim. Hab. N. CuntraL Mexico: Villa Lerdo in Durango, in an open country with patches of Mimose (Hége). Approaches in form H. guadelupensis, Sow. 27. Helicina sanguinea. | Helicina sanguinea, Pfr. in P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 124°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 10, p. 17, t. 8. figg. 20, 21°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 345°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 249°; Sow. Thes. Conch. ili. p. 292, t. 275. fige. 364, 865°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 20. figg. 178°. Hab. Honpuras ®® (Dyson ® 4). 28. Helicina dysoni. Helicina dysoni, Pfr. in P.Z. 8. 1848, p.121*; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helcina, no, 63, p. 49, t. 3. figg. 36-39? ; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 384°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 278%. Hab. VENEZUELA : Cumana (Dyson 3), Var. a: minor. Helicina dysoni, vars. B-6, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p- 884°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, no. 63, p. 49, t. 8. figg. 27-32°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p- 286, t. 271. figg. 218, 214”. Hab. Honpuras’ (Dyson). Var, b: subglobosa, Helicina bocourti, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch, xvii. p. 251 (1869) * Hab. British Honpuras: Belize (Bocourt ®), Var. ¢, jansoni, v. Mart.: distincte angulosa (diam. maj. 5, alt. 4, apert. 2 millim.) (Tab. I. fig. 16.) Hab. Honpuras: Island of Bonacca, Bay of Honduras (Gauwmer). The type is stated to be from Cumana, Venezuela, by Dr. Pfeiffer 1 3, According to Mr. Bland the same species occurs also on the island of Trinidad, on the coast of Venezuela, and has been described by J. L. Guppy [Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xiv. HELICINA. 4] (1864), p. 247, and (3) xvii. (1866), p. 47] as H. barbata. Ihave seen no Venezuelan specimens, Sowerby’s figures 217 & 218, Thes. Conch. iii. t. 271, of a shell from the island of St. Thomas, and Reeve’s fig. 250, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 29, seem not to belong to this species, as they are too much pointed at the tip. VII. Spiratim lirate, unidentate. (Poenia, H. & A. Adams.) 29. Helicina lirata. (Tab. I. fig. 18, showing anim.) Helicina lirata, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 150’; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 6, p. 14, t. 4. figg. 40-43 °; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 341° & un. p. 180*; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 246°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 281, t. 268. figg. 88, 89°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 14. fig. 1217; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 21, t. 1a, & t. 2. figg. 8, 8a"; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 413°. Helicina lyrata, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 484°. Helicina unidentata (Pfr.), Sow. loc. cit. t. 268. fig. 87"'; Reeve, loc. cit. t. 14. fig. 122”. Hab. E. Muxico: Vera Cruz, at the ‘“bajadas,” on the ground beneath shrubs (Strebel 8). S.& S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght +) ; Teapa and San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (H. H. Smith). Yooatan °7 (Hegewisch 135), N. GUATEMALA: mountain forests of Vera Paz (Salvin ®). S. GuaTEeMALA : Retalhuleu, in the woods, on the ground, never ascending plants (Stol/). Venezve.a (Tams, Engel, and Starke, in mus. Berol.). Var. Helicina rusticella, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 21 (1849) *. Helicina unidentata, var., Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 341“; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 246”. Hab. Yucatan: Island of Carmen, in the Gulf of Campeche (Morelet 13141). Var. Helicina unidentata, Pfr. in P.Z. S. 1848, p. 124°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 5, p. 14, t. 9. figg. 14-17'7; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 341; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 346 °. Hab. Wonrpuras (Dyson 16 17), Var. Helicina semistriata, Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 281, t. 268. fig. 86%; Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159 (1870) *. Hab. N. Panama: Boca del Toro, Chiriqui, in the woods and coco-nut groves (@abb"). It seems that the distinction between the above-named species cannot be maintained. According to Pfeiffer’s original figures, H. wnidentata is rather flat and more rounded BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 6 42 MOLLUSCA. than H. lirata, and the spiral ridges are said to be alternately weak and strong in H. unidentata 38; but the specimens in Pfeiffer’s collection show no remarkable differ- ence from H. lirata. Sowerby’s and Reeve’s H. unidentata do not agree at all with Pfeiffer’s; they are even somewhat more elevated than their H. lirata. H. semistriata is said to be smooth below; but HA. lirata, H. unidentata, and H. rusticella are conspicuously glossy and only faintly ridged on the under surface. VIL. Dubious Helicine. Of small size, with thin straight peristome (/desa, H. & A. Adams): these, perhaps, representing only the young state of other species. _ Helicina antoni. Helicina antoni, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 88°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 55, p. 44, t. 5. figg. 85-38°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 377°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 273*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 285, t. 270. fig. 181 (male)’; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 19. fig. 165 °. Hab. Honpuras °° (Dyson 1? 4). Helicina diaphana. Helicina diaphana, Pfr. P.Z.S8. 1850, p. 98'; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 384°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 279°; Sow. Thes. Conch. ili. p. 291, t. 275. fig. 341*; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 28. fig. 251°. Hab. Honpuras *° (Dyson ! 23). Helicina exigua. Helicina exigua, Ptr. P. Z. S. 1848, p. 121°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 353°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 255° (nec H. exigua, Homb. & Jacq.). Hab. Honpuras (Dyson } 23). Helicina microdina. Helicina microdina, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 18 (1851)’; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 854°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 256°. Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz?, common (Morelet ! 2), Helicina mohriana. Helicina mohriana, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 172 (1861)'; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 2197 Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba? (Mohr '). SCHASICHILA. 43 SCHASICHILA. Schasicheila, Shuttleworth, in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 301 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 41). Near Helicina, but covered with a thick dark periostracum forming spiral rows of membranaceous rays; upper edge of the aperture obliquely cut off; umbilical callus small; operculum pointed above and below, the lower point overtopping the edge of the aperture. Nearly peculiar to Mexico and Central America; only an aberrant species on the Bahama Islands. Series lacini Nomen. ee periostraci, um Forma. Anfr. supp. Diam. Alt. Patria. : millim. millim. nicoleti, Shutil. .... 3 subangulata. non convexi. 15-17 | 10-124 | E. Mexico. pannucea, Morel. ..| parum distincte. ” » 10-12 8-9 | E. Mexico; Gua- temala. alata, Pfr. ........ 4-5 rotundata. convexi; sutura 10 8-9 E. Mexico. profunda. 1. Schasichila nicoleti. Schasicheila nicoleti, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 302 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 42)1; Pfr. Novit. Conch. i. p. 89, t. 25. figg. 7-9°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 220°. Helicina nicoleti, Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 280, t. 267. fig. 67 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 13. fig. 109. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod!*, Sallé*); Cerro de Plumas, near Cordova, Jalapa (Hége). M. Nicolet, in La Chaux de Fonds, Neufchatel, gave specimens of this shell to Shuttleworth in the year 1845. 2. Schasichila pannucea. Helicina pannucea, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 21 (1849)’; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 369, footnote*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 267. figg. 68, 69°. Schasicheila pannucea, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 301 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 41) *. Schasichila pannucea, v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 649 °. Helicina alata (Sow.), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 13. fig. 107 °. Schasicheila alata, H. & A. Adams, Gen. rec. Moll. ii. p. 306, t. 87. figg. 6, 6a (operculum)’ ; Tristr. P. Z. 8S. 1863, p. 412°. Hab. N. Cuntrat Mexico: Aguas Calientes (£dége). E. Mexico: Jalapa (Hége). N. Guatemata: San Luis, province of Peten(Morelet 17); Coban, Vera Paz (Salvin ® §); Senahu, in the mountains north of the Polochic valley (Champion). S. GuatemMaLA: El Reposo 800 feet, above Champerico, Pacific slope (Champion). 6* 44 MOLLUSCA. 3. Schasichila alata. Helicina alata (Menke), Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 87 1. Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 54, p. 43, t. 5. figg. 18-207; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 368 °, ii. p. 221‘; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 267°; Sow. Thes. Conch. t. 267. figg. 65, 66 *. Schasicheila alata, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 301 (Diagn. no. 8, p. 41) *. Helicina (Schasicheila) alata, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 10 (1865) °. Schasichila alata, Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 23, t. 4. fig. 7 - Helicina pannucea, Reeve, Conch, Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 13. fig. 108 (nec Morelet) *. Hab. E. Mexico: Mexico (Menke 134°); Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé**, Hoge) ; Vera Cruz (Friedel 8) ; Mirador and San Cristobal near Orizaba (Strebel); Atoyac (H. H. Smith); Jalapa (Hége). PROSERPINA. Procerpena, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840, p. 90. Proserpina, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. ed. 1842, p. 90; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 18. Shell depressed, with basal callus as in Helicina ; peristome simple, inner margin ending in a plait; revolving lamelle inside the aperture. No operculum. Subgen. Ceres: Superne sculpturata, carinata ; faux utrinque trilamellata. | Nomen. Spira. Coloratio. Sculptura supera. Diam. maj. Alt. | Patria. millim, | millim. | eolina, Ducl. ....| subplana. pallide aurantia, cuti- | rugulis confertis, antror-| 23-24 9 10 | E. Mexico. cula albescente. sum descendentibus. | salleana, Gray ..| conoidea. ” striis aperture parallelis, | 22-23 12 | E. Mexico. subgranulosis. Subg. Prosrrprnetta: Utrinque polita, non carinata; lamella 1 parietali. | cula. | berendti, Bland...| convexius- alba. | ad suturam plicatula. 3 13 E. Mexico. The whole genus confined to the islands and shores of the Caribbean Sea and Mexican Gulf; the two subgenera peculiar to E. Mexico. Subgenus Ceres, Gray. Ceres, Gray, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 102. 1. Proserpina (Ceres) eolina. Carocolla eolina, Duclos, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1833 (dated 1834), Class V. t. 30* (copied in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 11, t. 100. fig. 10). Odontostoma (Carocolla) eolinum, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 117. PROSERPINA. 45 Proserpina eolina, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 290°. Ceres eolina, Gray, P. Z.S. 1856, p.102*; Pfr. P.Z. S. 1856, t. 35. figg. 28, 24°; Novit. Conch. i. p. 92, t. 25. figg. 1-3 °. Ceres eolina, Pfr. Monogr. Auric. Vivent. p. 168’. Hab. E. Mexico: Mexico 3 (Férussac*), State of Vera Cruz (Sallé1); Cerro de Plumas, near Cordova (fHége). 2. Proserpina (Ceres) sallezana. Ceres salleana, Gray, P.Z.S. 1856, pp. 100, 102 (woodcut of the radula)*; Pfr. Monogr. Auric. Vivent. p. 168°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 295 °. Proserpina (Ceres) salleana, Pfr. P Z. 8. 1856, p. 322, t. 35. figg. 21, 22*; Novit. Conch. i. p. 93, t. 25. figg. 4-6°. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz, in dense woods under leaves (Sallé 17° *); Huatusco, barranca de Dos Puentes (Mohr*); Cerro de Plumas, with the preceding and in greater number (/dége). Colour on the whole and disposition of the lamelle quite the same as in the pre- ceding ; perhaps only a sexual difference. Subgen. PRosERPINELLA, Bland. Proserpinella, Bland, Ann. Lyc. N. York, viii. p. 157 (1865). 3. Proserpina (Proserpinella) berendti. Proserpinella berendti, Bland, in Ann. Lyc. N. York, viii. p. 157, fig. 2 (1865)*; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 11, t. 4. fig.5°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p- 297°. Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador, Atlantic slope, 3000 to 4000 feet (Berendt | 3, Strebel), GASTROPODA PULMONATA MONOICA. Sexes united. No operculum. STYLOMMATOPHORA. Two pairs of feelers, the eyes on the tip of the upper ones. Fam. AGNATHA. No jaw. Teeth of the radula aculeiform, in oblique rows, median tooth very small or absent. 46 MOLLUSCA. STREBELIA. Strebelia, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvi. p. 90 (1868). Shell cornet-like, paucispiral, subcylindrical, smooth, shining ; aperture large ; inner edge of the aperture simple, arcuated; columella thin, not truncate. Animal three times the length of the shell, warty, with a median furrow on the back; no labial palps. Teeth of the radula pointed, with a blunt prominence at the inner side; middle tooth present. Only one species. 1. Strebelia berendti. Physella berendti, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 71, t. 1. figg. 1-4 (1861)*; Berendt, ibid. xii. p. 207°; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. ii. p. 73, fig. 118°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 40%. Strebelia berendti, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvi. p. 90 (1868)’; Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, p. 12, t. 1. figg. 1, la, 6°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 3, t. 4. fig. 1’, iii. pp. 5, 9, t. 1. figg. 1-10, t. 2. figg. 1-11 (anatomy) *. Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador and Coscomatepec, at the roots of trees (Berendt, Strebel, and Sartorius!~7); Pacho near Jalapa, in a wood, beneath rotten leaves and moss on the ground (Dota Estefania *); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Hoge). GLANDINA. Glandina, Schumacher, Essai N. Syst. p. 202 (1817); Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 27 (1852). Polyphemus, Montf. 1810 (nec O. Fr. Miller, 1785) ; Cochlicopa, Fér. 1821, part.; Oleacina (Bolten, inedit. 1798), Gray, 1847. Shell oblong or ovate, more or less fusiform, imperforate, usually with granulate or costulated sculpture, which is more distinctly expressed in the upper part of the whorls below the suture, with a thin fugacious periostracum (epidermis); mostly unicolorous. Aperture elliptico-oblong, much narrower above, the outer margin simple; columella arcuated forwards and abruptly truncate below. Living animal elongated in its fore part; eye-peduncles ending in a swelling, which is obliquely inflexed and prolonged beyond the eyes; rather long labial palps, besides the four feelers. Teeth of the radula narrow, spiniform ; a small median tooth. Carnivorous, nocturnal. Good figures of the living animal and an account of its anatomy are to be found in Fischer & Crosse’s Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. pp. 70-82, t. 3. fig. 2a, & t. 2. fig. 12 a; and in H. Strebel’s Beitr. z. Kenntniss der Fauna Mexik. Land- und Siisswasser- Conchylien, iii. pp. 35-44, t. 10. figg. 8-17, tabb. 11, 13-21, 22. fig. 1. | _ The distinction of sections and species is remarkably difficult in this genus, as the general shape is somewhat inconstant in the same species, and the characters taken GLANDINA. 47 from the sculpture, the varices, and the columella, good as they are in themselves, show many degrees of variation according to the different species. The sculpture consists generally of vertical (longitudinal) plaits, riblets, or striz, crossed by spiral impressed furrows. If both are strongly expressed, the sculpture may be termed “ plexa” (braided); in some species the spiral furrows are very weak, scarcely discernible under an ordinary lens, and in others they seem to be wanting throughout. It is not easy to clearly describe these gradations in a few words, and therefore only the extremes are mentioned in the adjoining table. The varices are interruptions of growth, marked by an impres- sion and by colour, either a dark streak alone or a dark streak preceded by a pale one: they are very distinct and numerous in some species, more or less rare and obsolete in others; so that it is not at all satisfactory to form two sections in this genus by the presence or absence of varices, as Fischer and Crosse have done. Many species have been described only from one or a few examples, and not figured; they have been admitted and handed down from work to work by subse- quent writers, who have themselves described new species, without the possibility of comparing the specimens. As it is rather difficult in this genus to determine the species from description alone, and many of them present considerable individual variations, it is to be feared that several species have been twice or thrice introduced as new, and that the actual number of species is not really so large. I have fortunately been able to compare the typical specimens of Shuttleworth’s species (kindly lent me by Prof. Th. Studer of Berne), some of Pfeiffer’s types (lent me by Dr. H. Dohrn), and drawings of others in the British Museum (kindly furnished by Edgar Smith), with the material of the Berlin Museum, which includes Albers’s and many of Strebel’s types, and with the shells collected by Messrs. Salvin, Godman, and their friends in various parts of Mexico and Central America. ‘This has enabled me to trace many well-charac- terized species through various localities, and to diminish the number of so-called species by reducing some to mere synonyms or subordinate varieties. On the other hand, I have been compelled, somewhat against my wish, to name several new species on single or few specimens; and to admit species proposed by previous authors, without being able to indicate very striking differences. In this genus, as in many others, it seems to be very difficult, or rather impossible, to draw a clear line of distinction between local variations and nearly allied species. Only one who can observe many specimens in various localities, and one who is well acquainted with the minute differences, can hope to settle this question. At all events, I have been able by the help of my friends to figure many—true or pretended—species which have not hitherto been figured, and were therefore scarcely recognizable by the practical conchologist. The Mexican and Central-American species of this genus may be arranged as follows :— A. Pleve: sculpture more distinctly granoso-reticulate; aperture large; sizeratherlarge . . . 2. . . . . . ee. imdusiata, vanuremi, sowerbyana, coulteri, cuneus, aurata. 48 MOLLUSCA. B. Marginate: elongate; suture marked by a well-limited bandlet ; size rather large . . . . . . . . . . ss ss . fusiformis, ghiesbreghti, decussata, tenella, cumingi, carmenensis. C. Turrite: elongate ; aperture rather short; size variable. . . liebmanni, audebardi, isabellina, longula, pinicola, turris, mazatlanica, pseudoturris, anomala, simplex, conularis, excavata, largillierti, multispira, oblonga, bellula. D. Lanceolate : elongate, but the ast whorl more convex; generally intensely coloured . . . . . . . .. Cdanceolata, aurantiaca, decidua. E. Biconice: spire shorter, tapering; last whorl swollen; pale coloured, with distinct varices ; outer margin of the aperture often angularly produced ; size moderate. . . . . . . cordovana, delicatula, conferta, speciosa, ambigua, ? tortillana. F. Turgide: ovate, apex rather obtuse ; size moderate or small . orizabe, turgida, filosa, fischeri, sulcifera, albersi, mitriformis, monilifera, obtusa, stigmatica, nana. G. Difficiles: columella distinctly twisted . . . . . . . . diffcilis. G. striata and G. plicatula will find their place in the subdivision B, Marginate ; G. truncata may be placed either in C, Turrite, or in F, Turgide, the variety parallela agreeing better with the former, the var. dudlata with the latter. It must be agreed that these groups run very much one into the other, and that it is very difficult, or almost impossible, to characterize them more precisely, but they will perhaps help somewhat to determine single species. The peculiar features of the living animal were first described by Say in 1831, the anatomical characters by Raymond and Ad. Schmidt in 1853. The known species were first enumerated as forming a distinct subdivision by Férussac in 1821, and then asa genus by Morelet in 1852; whereas Bolten and Montfort, and even Schumacher himself, founded their genera only on one species, and that an aberrant one (G. glans, Brug.). The geographical distribution of the genus Glandina is predominantly Central- American, the majority of the species, including the largest; being found there. A few species, nearly allied, inhabit the northern part of South America, one only, G. striata, extending to the southern half of that continent; in the southern states of North America three species are found, G. truncata (with several varieties), G. corneola, and G. texasiana. The West-Indian Islands have a number of species, which differ more or less consi- derably from the continental ones; they belong to distinct subgenera, as Varicella and Oleacina sensu stricto. Within the limits of Mexico and Central America they are almost equally numerous and well deveioped on the Atlantic slope of Mexico proper (EK. Mexico) and in Guatemala, the two provinces which have been most diligently and successfully investigated; the species of both these districts are partly the same, partly not very different from one another. G. sowerbyana extends, so far as we know, from the State GLANDINA. 49 of Vera Cruz into that of Panama. The central plateau of Mexico seems to be essentially poorer in this genus than the rich eastern slope; whereas in Guatemala the northern limestone regions are even richer than the volcanic slopes to the Pacific, and have generally the same species. Geographical Distribution of the American Continental Species of Glandina. Southern States of N. America N.E. Mexico N.W. Mexico Central Mexico . E. Mexico S.W.& 8S. Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Tehuantepec) Chiapas Tabasco Yucatan . Loe N. Guatemala (limestone) . Central Guatemala (metamorph.) . S. Guatemala (volc.) Honduras Salvador . Central Nicaragua . W. Nicaragua Costa Rica EK. Panama Colombia . Venezuela Guiana... Ecuador, E. Per Bolivia ? Brazil . . . . . BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Te « truncata (incl. parallela & bullata), (?) vanuxemi, corneola, texasiana. longula. liebmanni var. insignis, mazatlanica, excavata, albersi, (2) turris. . coulteri, liebmanni, audebardi (a), fischeri, sayulana. vanuxem (incl. var. guttata), sowerbyana, coulteri, tenella, audebardi (a, b, c), longula var. jalapana, (?) filosa, orizabe, lineata, monilifera var. pulcher- rima, ? difficilis, gracilis, cordovana, delicatula, con- ferta, speciosa, ambigua, nana, stigmatica, marga- ritacea, modesta, perpusilla, indusiata, vanuxemi, sowerbyana, cuneus, liebmanni, cognata, radula, audebardi (a, d), lanceolata, pseudo- turris, simplex, decidua, turgida, multispira, conferta, monilifera. ghiesbreghti, monilifera, pulchella. (?) cumingi (a,b). carmenensis, largilliertt. sowerbyana, aurata, fusiformis, decussata, cumingi (b), largillierti, monilifera. aurata, pinicola. carmenensis, sowerbyana, fusiformis, cumingi (a, b). cumingt var. rubromarginata, carmenensis. no species known hitherto. cumingi var. rosea & var. flavida. obtusa. sowerbyana, (?) aurata, cumingi var. rubromarginata, (?) isabellina, (?) largilkerti, aurantiaca, anomala, mitriformis. sowerbyana. stiibeli, striata, isabellina (Strebel, nec Pfr.), ornata, lucida, plicatula. plicatula, subvaricosa. striata, fulminea. striata, cylindrus, saccata. striata. striata. rr. and Fluviat. 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‘OoIxeHT | 6 8 81g | -nore 1041A0] “eyentiey}e “eyVULsIeUI-Oye[NULIs | ‘vueyderip ‘savy opted “stAa@Tqns ‘sLULIOFISNy |'yIsAT P assoug “B[NITEq eye “8.100 ‘siss ad ‘oorxoy “| $8 9 CL | nore uinaed "@XOAU09 | -v[Qns ‘e[NyelIys 19}1A9T “epryia ‘eaqny | -cir snqiowea ‘staaqns | “vooerpurpso “eyfaangqns fret fg “eduoTGo ‘mor | “wm ww] ‘UU BURGE | ytody | ‘urviq( | ‘suo'y | *e]yeurnyo "mend “eangn : ) *eangdpn “BINT “MUO NT : : TP™799 | enezoa eatdg yng O14e10O() JATROS : oomeneenmeeend ‘(panuijzuod) VNIGNFTH AO SMIOMAG FHL AO AIAV], HAILVUVAWOD 53 GLANDINA. *BYV “UY [Rt}UED 22} QT IT eg | -no1e oprea “BS0qoO “epiqye ‘xopdunis ‘epHiu ‘vay SIAR] ‘eottpurpso oysn3ue [af “eyenuey}e “efonzou 1g GG 09 “eyEssNdep L9}1TT} -2A “BIquo[oQ | Y1E 1g GL “*B] BNIB “eyenuezy}e "eyVULsAeUL ‘eyB[NUedo “epryt “vosnj-ojvd | -qns ‘epnqvortd untqseyu09 |-stut0jtsnj-osooltqueaqns | LT ‘epnqeord *(OOIXeTl 2) “eyeno ‘op SOP -1@ uanT[ned “eyenUsy “eyepNuBAs “SITIB}I[OS stosnj -wnogeiquiojog | og | €Z | gg | Jad 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durtsqns "Bosny “eyvoryd 109149] "eBuo|qo-TuLopisny [POAT “a “Loos ‘ooIxeyy “| SOT FI FE "eYBNIe XIA | “eTMasNIyNo’ | “B yBUTsIvUT “ezepNUeto *BoU109-OT[9qnI *@]B[NSOO UWI}L9JUOD ‘eBuoTgo-oyeao [rr afd “esoTy “Fl er | o8 ‘OOIXOWT “MM | OFT 8G “eyeno1e “ *xo[durisqns “eplAvp-OTjoqna *BYVLIYS AIPA] “eZuo[qo-oyeao |"***** Baepndes “18a ‘ “epyy “Bye ‘OOIXOHL ‘S| Gg el og “a4 o1148 “esnyqo “e{B[NUedO CUMIsstAG] | -1a uInaed ‘“BUTT]Eq"ST | -LYs WIJoyU0D 107142] *eyBAO-IUIOJISNyqns |r LT ‘gpra.in} 54 MOLLUSCA. A. Plexe. 1. Glandina indusiata. (Tab. II. figg. 1, 1a.) Oleacina indusiata, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 188°; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 79 (1861) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 284°. Glandina indusiata (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 121, t. 6. fig. 14. Glandina truncata, var., Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 6, t. 3. fig. 3 e°. Hab. CuntTRaAL Mexico: Angangueo in Michoacan, a young specimen (Deppe®). S. Mexico: La Parada in Oaxaca (Sallé1+), Oaxaca (Hoge). Easily recognizable by its ventricose form and comparatively very feeble sculpture. The relative width of the last whorl is somewhat variable, as will be seen by comparing the two figures. 2. Glandina vanuxemi. (Tab. lI. figg. 2a, 26, 2c.) Achatina vanuxemensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. p. 84, t. 19. fig. 78 (1832)!; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 294°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 18. fig. 48 °, Achatina (Glandina) vanuxemensis (Lea), Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. iii. p. 91 *. Glandina vanucemensis (Lea), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198°; Binney, Terr. air-breathing Moll. U.S. il. p. 299, t. 62. fig. 1°; Binney & Bland, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 15, fig. 4"; Binney, Man. of Am. Land-Shells, p. 347°. Oleacina vanuxemensis (Lea), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 36°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643 °°. Glandina vanuxemii, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 226, t. 16. fig. 6"; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 100"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. li. p. 14”. Achatina coronata, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1846, p. 158%; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 293"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 77,' p. 844, t. 88. figg. 1, 2°. Glandina coronata (Pfr.), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198‘; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii, p- 10 (1865) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 101"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 13, 14, t. 3. figg. 9, 9a, 6”; iii. pp. 7, 45 (anat.), & t. 11. fig. 3 (radula) **. Oleacina coronata (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 833”; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642”, & vi. p- 282. Hab. Centran Mexico: Volcan de Mexicalcingo 400 to 500 feet above the plateau (Deppe & Schiede1*); Cuernavaca, Tehuacan (Hége); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Vanuxem 1-4, Liebmann 14 15 16), S.W. & S. Mexico: Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith); Oaxaca (Hoge); Juquila, west of Oaxaca 74, The Omilteme examples have the spire somewhat more slender and the coloration darker; they reach the large size of long. 100, diam. 42, apert. 58 millim., and show in younger specimens the peculiar coloration of small whitish spots and dark brown short spiral lines in front of them very distinctly. The species is said to occur also in Texas 7 8 11, GLANDINA. 55 The spelling “ vanuxemensis ” is incorrect, the species having been named in honour of Prof. Vanuxem, not from a locality. Most authors have retained G. coronata and G. vanuxemi as distinct species; but Pfeiffer, myself, and Strebel had no specimen of G. vanuxemi, and the American authors not one of G. coronata, for direct comparison. Fischer and Crosse do not appear to have had any additional materials for judging them: they give the absence of white spots in G. coronata and that of brown lines in G. vanuxemi as distinctive characters. But the Berlin Museum has specimens in which both are very distinctly combined, and Binney’s figure ® 7 shows very distinctly the brown lines also in G. vanuxremi. Var. guttata. Glandina guttata, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 250 (1869)*; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 102, t. 3. figg. 3, 3a”. Oleacina guttata (Cr. & Fisch.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 330°. Hab, Cuntrat Mexico: near Puebla, rare (Boucard 1? °). 8. Glandina sowerbyana. (Tab. Il. figg. 3, 3a, 30, 3c.) Achatina (Glandina) sowerbyana, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1846, p. 32%. Achatina sowerbyana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 292°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 8. fig. 26°. Glandina sowerbyana (Pfr.), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198 (1850) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 98°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 14-16 (Forms A & B), t. 5. figg. 10, 10 a—o*; iii. pp. 7, 34, 50, tabb. 15-20 (observations on the living animal) ; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) "; Angas, P.Z.S. 1879, p. 480 °. Oleacina sowerbyana (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 33°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent, iv. p. 642". Glandina lignaria (Reeve), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 97, t. 3. fig. 1"; Angas, P. Z. 8S. 1879, p. 479”. Hab. E. Mexico: Misantla, San José, San Juan Miahuatlan, and Pacho, near Jalapa (Strebel) ; Jalapa (Hoge); Mirador, State of Vera Cruz 2630 feet above the sea (Strebel); Cerro Necoxtla between Jalapa and Orizaba 3000 to 5000 feet (Botteri °); Orizaba (Bottert **). | S.W. & S. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith); Totontepec, State of Oaxaca ? (coll. Cuming | *) N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Boucard"). CrenTRAL GUATEMALA: Guatemala city (Champion). E. & W. Costa Rica: only in elevated districts, as high as 6000 feet (Gabd§ ¥); Rio Jesus Maria (cull. Seebach); Caché (Rogers) ; San José (Koschny: figg. 10, — m-o%; and Biolley). | Panama: Chiriqui (Ammon ®); Volcan de Chiriqui 3000 feet above the sea (Cham- pron). 56 MOLLUSCA. Var. estefanie: minor, gracilior. Glandina sowerbyana, Form D, Strebel, Beitr. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 17, tabb. 5 & 5a, fig. 11”. Glandina estefanie, Strebel, |. c. iii. pp. 7, 45 \*. Hab. E. Mexico: Miahuatlan, between Jalapa and Misantla (Strebel 1° 14). The different variations in shape and size are well figured by Strebel (Joc. cit.). Younger specimens are distinctly more fusiform (fig. 3); but in the adult ones the general form is variable, being more decidedly saccate, 7. e. inflated below; if the suture is more strongly descending near the aperture. I cannot find trustworthy differences between the Mexican and the more southern specimens. 4. Glandina coulteri. (Tab. II. figg. 4, 4a, 4b, 4¢.) Glandina coulteri (Gray), Beck, Index Moll. p. 78, without description (1837) '. Oleacina coulteri (Gray), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. p. 642 (1859) *. Glandina uhdeana, v. Mart. in Monatsb. d. Akad. Berl. 1863, p. 540°; Malak. Blitt. xii. p. 10, t. 1. fig. 1 (1865) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 94°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 11, t. 4. fig. 6, & iii. p. 7% Oleacina uhdeana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 2827. Hab. CentraL Mexico: Zimapan, forty leagues north of Mexico (Rev. D. Davison) ; Puebla (Berkenbusch). KE. Muxico: State of Vera Cruz (Uhde® 7); Jalapa (H. H. Smith). In my original description? 4 “apert. long. 47” is a misprint for 37 millim., as is clearly shown by the figure; the diameter 254 is measured immediately above the upper end of the aperture, while in our table the diameter is measured on the most ventricose part of the last whorl. The specimen obtained by Mr. H. H. Smith (fig. 4 a) is considerably larger than the type, and somewhat more rudely and unequally striated ; in other respects they are much alike. A still larger specimen from Zimapan, pre- sented to Mr. Abraham Lincoln by Rev. D. Davison, is now in Peel Park Museum; I am indebted to Mr. Sowerby for a coloured drawing of it (fig. 4). 5. Glandina cuneus, sp. n. (Tab. III. figg. 1, 1 a-c, 2, 2a.) Testa conoideo-oblonga, anguste saccata, costulis confertis et lineis impressis spiralibus sat distantibus sculpta, fulvo-fusca, nitidula, tenuis ; anfr, 6-64, spira sat obesa, apice ipso obtusa, sutura distincte obliqua, leviter crenulata; apertura lanceolata, dimidiam longitudinem plus minusve superans, margine columellari arcuato. (a) Long. 49, diam. 19, apert. long. 29, diam. 12 millim.; (6) Long. 51, diam. 19, apert. long. 27, diam. 124 millim. Hab. S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Snvith). I have figured two specimens (figg. 1, 2) because they exhibit remarkable differences in the relative size of the visible part of the upper whorls, the degree of obliquity in the suture, and the breadth of the aperture, the one being somewhat more involute than the other. In all other respects their specific qualities are the same. This is an interesting example of the individual variation in the genus Glandina, which renders the precise distinction of species so difficult and uncertain. GLANDINA. 57 6. Glandina aurata. Glandina aurata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 12 (1849) +; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 106, t. 3. figg. 7, 7a; Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 480, t. 40. fig. 6 (anim.) *; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) *. Achatina (Glandina) aurata (Morelet), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iti. p. 517°. Oleacina aurata (Morelet), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 33°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642". Achatina lignaria, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 8. fig. 27°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii1. p. 519°. Oleacina lignaria (Reeve), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 384; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642". Glandina lignaria (Reeve), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p, 108%; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 647". - Glandina sowerbyana, Form C, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 17, t. 6a. figg. 12, 12 a-f™. Glandina, sp., Binney, Ann. N. Y. Acad. i. p. 261 (1879); i. p. 81, t.17. fig. BE (1884) (radula) **°. Hab. N. Guaremata: Woods of Vera Paz (Morelet!); Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt *) ; Vera Paz5 ¢ (Boucard *) ; Coban (Salvin '). Centra, GuatemMaLa: Mountain forest between Tepan and Totonicapam 8000 to 9000 feet above the sea (Stol/). S.E. Costa Rica (Gadd? 45 16), Strebel’s G. aurata (op. cit. ii. p. 21, t. 12. figg. 36, 36 a, b), from Ocaiia, Colombia, belongs, I believe, to another species, distinct by the more turrite-cylindrical form, the shorter aperture, the want of the numerous dark brown stripes, and a somewhat weaker sculpture ; a specimen collected by Herr Alf. Stiibel in the Llanos of San Martin appears to be referable to the same species, for which I propose the name G. stiibelt. The locality for Reeve’s specimen of A. lignaria was unknown °. B. Marginate. 7. Glandina fusiformis. Achatina fusiformis, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1845, p. 75"; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 11. p. 292 *; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 9. fig. 831°; Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 181, t. 187. figg. 1-3 *. Glandina fusiformis, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 33 (1852) °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 103, t. 3. fig. 2a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 26, t. 9. figg. 14, 14a"; v. Mart. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 647°; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) °. Oleacina fusiformis (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 82"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642 ™. Var. miltochila: anfr. ultimis stramineis, peristomate miniaceo. Achatina fusiformis, Reeye, loc. cit. fig. 31 0. Glandina fusiformis, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 104, t. 3. fig. 2. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 8 58 MOLLUSCA. Hab. N. Guatemaia: Coban, dep. Vera Paz? !° (coll. Cuming}; Delattre ?~*, Salvin 8, Sarg"); Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt*, Boucard®) ; Purula, upper part of the Polochic Valley (Champion). CENTRAL GUATEMALA: Guatemala city (Champion). Rather variable in the relations of length and diameter, in the proportion of the last whorl to the whole length, in the size of full-grown specimens, and also in the presence or want of a light rounded angulation in the upper part of the last whorl. The var. 6 shows in the upper whorls no difference from the type; but the lower whorls are pale yellow instead of reddish-orange (without periostracum white), and the aperture is bordered by a narrow band of bright red. It is chiefly found at Coban, with the type. G. binneyana (Pfr. op. cit. iv. p. 638), Fischer and Crosse (op. cit. p. 93), and Strebel (op. cit. p. 27), probably belongs to the same species. Pfeiffer’s description and measure- ments agree well with a middle-sized specimen from Coban; he gives no locality, but Fischer and Crosse state that a specimen has been found by Mr. O. Salvin in Vera Paz. I have examined this specimen: it is very worn and belongs no doubt to A. fusiformis. The author’s description, ‘‘parum nitens, carnea,” is very applicable to a somewhat worn example, in which the colour has become more reddish. ‘The spiral lines, which are very fine in well-preserved specimens, having disappeared wholly in worn ones, Dr. Pfeiffer has placed his G. (Oleacina) binneyana in another division “ § 5, longi- tudinaliter striate vel costulate,” far from G. fusiformis, which is in “ § 6, decussate ” ; Strebel is the first who has recognized its close resemblance to G. fusiformis. The measurements of not quite full-grown specimens are :— Long. 70, diam. 31, apert. 45 millim. » 98, , 293, ,, 40 ,, 8. Glandina ghiesbreghti. Achatina (Oleacina) ghiesbreghti, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 379’. Oleacina ghiesbreghti, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. itl. p. 2385 (1850) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 644°. Glandina ghiesbreghti (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 264; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 39, t. 10. figg. 31 a-e’. Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght ~*). Very distinct by the angular swelling in the upper part of the last whorl, and its considerable attenuation below. Mather solid. 9. Glandina decussata. Achatina decussata, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 182, t. 123. figg. 3, 4, & t. 184. figg. 33-35 '; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 519. Glandina decussata (Desh.), Morelet, in Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 186°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 112 (part.) “; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 84, t. 10. figg. 22, 22a-f°. GLANDINA. 59 Oleacina decussata (Desh.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 87°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 6447. Glandina ghiesbreghti, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 105 (part.) °. Hab. N. Guatemata: Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt*); Coban (Sarg); Senahu and Panzos, in the upper part of the Polochic valley (Champion, Conradt); Guatemala (Salvin 8). Having before me ‘Tristram’s specimens of G. ghiesbreghti®, collected by Mr. O. Salvin, I can state that it is not the G. ghiesbreghti of the German authors, but G. decussata; and Fischer and Crosse’s (. ghiesbreghti is probably the same species, as they say, “le dernier tour est arrondi et nullement subanguleux.” A nearly allied form from Mirador, Vera Cruz, is noticed under the name of G. decussata, var., by Strebel, op. cit. p. 35, t. 10. figg. 22 g-227; but in his figures the pillar-lip does not show the usual characteristic shape, and I hesitate to include this form in G. decussata. Perhaps it may be the full-grown state of the following species. 10. Glandina tenella. Glandina ghiesbreghti, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 105, t. 3. figeg. 6, 6a’. Glandina tenella, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 35, t. 10. figg. 24, 24 a-d’. Hab. E. Muxico: Vera Cruz, in the so-called “ Callejones” (galleries) in the first woods, 4-1 hour from the city, on shrubs (Strebel?) ; near Vera Cruz (Hodge). S. Mexico (Sallé+). Strebel’s and Fischer and Crosse’s specimens seem to be not quite full-grown. 11. Glandina cumingi. (Tab. IV. fig. 7, var.) Glandina cumingii, Beck, Index Moll. p. 78 (1837), (a, lutea; 6, fulvescens; c, rufo-rosea) *. Glandina petiti (Desh.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 40-43 *. a: fulvo-rosea. Achatina rosea (Fér., Gray), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 294 (part.) ° ; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 55, p. 330, t. 27. figg. 6, 7 *. Glandina rosea (Fér.), Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. i. p. 133, t. 1. fig. 1°; Albers, Die Helic. p. 198 (1850) °, & ed. 2, pp. 26, 287; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 108, t. 71. fig. 2a°; Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 158 (1870)°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 107 (part.)*°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 42, t. 8. figg. 28, 28.4, 6, t. 12. figg. 27 f-h, & figg. 28f-h"; Binney & Bland, in Am. Journ. Conch. vi. p. 202, fig. 1 (radula) '*; Ann. N. Y. Acad. iii. p. 81, t. 17. fig. B (radula) ». b: flavida. (Fig. 7.) Achatina rosea, var. 8, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 294". Achatina petiti, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ul. p. 175, t. 122. figg. 12-14 8* 60 MOLLUSCA. (about 1850) *; Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 42, t. 1. fig. 5°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 518”. Glandina petiti (Desh.), Morelet, in Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 37°; v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, pp. 26, 28"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. t. 8. figg. 27, 27 a-e, t. 13. figg. 27 7, 287”. Oleacina petiti, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 36”; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643 ”. c: rubromarginata, Achatina rosea, var. y, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 294”. Glandina petiti, Form B, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 48, t. 8. figg. 29, 29 a, b*. Hab. S.E. Muxico: Teapa, State of Tabasco (H. H. Smith; Forms a and 6); Mexico, without precise locality (Hége). N. Guatemala: Chacoj in the Polochic Valley (Champion ; Form 8). S. GUATEMALA: Retalhuleu in the Costa Grande, 710 feet above the sea (Stoll ; Form 6); El Reposo 800 feet (Champion; Form 6); Hacienda de San Francisco Miramar, Costa Cuca 2500 feet, and Cholluitz on the slope of the Volcan de Santa Maria, 2000 feet (Stol/; Form a). Honpuras (Dyson *3; Form c). Nicaragua (McMiel 3, Bland 1°, Janson, Berendt ‘1; Form a); on the north of the Lake (Deshayes ; Form 6); throughout the savana region, under the leaves of Bromelia pinguis, at Granada on the N.W. side of the Lake, Mesapa, San Ubaldo, &c. (Tate® ; Form a); vicinity of Lake Nicaragua 1! 21, Costa Rica: San José (Koschny 4; Form c). Panama (Paz 10). This species is also quoted from Mexico by some authors, but without nearer indication of locality or collector: Fischer and Crosse are probably right in limiting this statement to the southernmost provinces. By Pfeiffer and Fischer and Crosse, a length of 60 millim. is given to this species, according to the figures in Férussac (t. 136. figg. 8, 9) and Reeve (fig. 46a); but I have never seen a specimen so large in size. Helix rosea, Férussac (Prodrom. no. 356), is, according to the locality (Florida) and two of the three synonyms, conspecific with the North-American G. truncata (Gmel.), which is represented by the figures left by Férussac on t. 135. fig. 3. G. alabastrina [ Albers, in Malak. Blatt. i. p. 220 (1852); Pfr. Novitat. i. p. 43, t. 11. figg. 5, 6 (Achatina); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 638 and vi. p. 278 (Oleacina) ; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 120; and Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Conch. ii. p. 38, t. 9a. figg. 82, 32.4, 6], based on one specimen, from Central America, long. 31, diam. 22, apert. 23 millim., is probably an unusually large and solid, but quite discoloured specimen of G. cumingi. Another specimen, from Tabasco [Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 278: Strebel, op. cit. p. 39, t. 9. figg. 82 c-82¢], and GLANDINA. . 61 Strebel’s G. alabastrina, Form B [op. cit. p. 89, t. 9. figg. 32-32], most likely also belong to the same species. An allied form is found in Texas; it is G. corneola, Binney, Terr. Moll. of N. Am. iv. p. 139 (1859) [= G. truncata, var., Binney, op. cit. 111. p. 302, t. 61. fig. 1; G. decussata, Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 18, fig. 8, and Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 227, t. 16. fig. 7; Oleacina corneola, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 283]. In Tryon’s figure (all three are copies of the same drawing) the characteristic form of the pillar-lip is wanting ; I have seen no specimens from this locality. 12. Glandina carmenensis. Glandina carminensis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 15 (1849)1; Journ. de Conch. iii. pp. 36, 42, t. 1. figg. 1-4 (living animal)? (copied in H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 71. fig. 2) ; Tristr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 230°* ; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) *. Glandina carmenensis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 109°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 37, t. 9. figg. 23, 23 a-d, h,i (Form A)°; Ancey, Annal, de Malac. ii. p. 257 (1886) *. Achatina carminensis, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. t. 187. figg. 11, 12°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 13. fig. 46 6 (A. rosea) °*. Oleacina carminensis, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 36°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 644". Hab. Yucatan: Island of Carmen, in the Bay of Terminos, Gulf of Campeche, on sandy soil (Morelet 125). S. GuaremaLa: Cerro Zunil, near Quezaltenango (Champion); Guatemala (Salvin °, Boucard *). Honpuras: Island of Utila, Bay of Honduras (Simpson "). Intermediate between G. decussata and G. petiti; distinct from the former by the straight pillar-lip, and from the latter by the more slender form; some specimens, however, do not show these characters so clearly. According to M. L. de Folin (Fischer & Crosse, op. cit. p. 110°), a yellow-coloured variety lives together with the type on the same islet, Carmen; see also Férussac, op. cit. figg. 11,12. Pfeiffer 1! gives the habitat ‘‘ Mexico (Sad/é).” C. Turrite. 13. Glandina liebmanni. (Tab. III. figg. 3, 4.) Achatina liebmanni, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1846, p.159*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 11. p. 293°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, p. 294, t. 23. figg. 4, 5°. Glandina liebmanni (Pfr.), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198 (1850) *; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xu. p. 11 (1865) °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 119°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. pp. 9-11, t. 4. figg. 5, 5a—/"; iii. pp. 7, 46, t. 12. fig. 2°. * Tristram *® erroneously states that this shell was “‘ described by Morelet from Costa Rica.” 62 MOLLUSCA. Oleacina liebmanni (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 34°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643”. Achatina striata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 6. fig. 19 (nec Miiller) *. Hab. Cuntrat Mexico: near the city of Mexico (Hahn"); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality 91! (Liebmann!?%°, Uhde*®, Hoge). S.W. Mexico: Chilpancingo, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith). Var. insignis. Achatina insignis, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1855, p. 100, t. 81. figg. 11, 12%; Novit. Conch. i. p. 63, t. 18. figg. 38,4. Oleacina insignis, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643 '*. . Glandina insignis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 110, t. 6. figg. 2,2a™; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 11 ™. Hab. N.W. Mexico: San Blas, State of Jalisco 16; Tepic (Richardson). Pfeiffer 12-14 did not know the habitat of the form insignis. A nearly allied, but more ventricose form, 67, 29, 31 millim., the locality of which is unknown, is repre- sented by Chemnitz (Buccinum striatum, part.), Conch. Cab. ix. t. 120, figg. 1028, 1029 (copied in ed. 2, Achatina, t. 8. figg. 38, 4, under the name of A. liebmanni); it approaches the above-quoted figure of Reeve 11. G. cognata, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 12, t. 4. fig. 7 (Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vill. p. 332), from Tehuantepec, seems to be intermediate between G. liebmanni and G. audebardi, having the more broad and solid shell of the former, but the weak sculpture of the latter. G. radula, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 13, t. 3. fig. 8 (Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 333), also from Tehuantepec, may be a dwarf form of G. lebmanni. Achatina marminii, Deshayes, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1831, t. 19 (copied in Martini & Chemnitz, ed. 2, Achatina, t. 3. fig. 2; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 288), locality unknown, is possibly a not full-grown specimen of G. liebmanni. G. nympha, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 115, t. 6. fig. 9 ““ Mexico (Sallé),” without nearer indication of locality, is founded on a large bleached specimen (long. 60, diam. 233, apert. 29 millim.) which bears a considerable resemblance to G. liebmanni, only its columella seems to be more arcuate. 14. Glandina audebardi. (Tab. III. figg. 5-8.) Glandina audebardi (Deshayes), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 30-33 °*. a. typica. (Figg. 5, 5a, 6, 6a.) Helix rosea, var. elongata, Férussac, Prodr. no. 8567; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. t. 135. figg. 1, 2 (about 1829) °, Achatina daudebarti, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 183 (about 1850) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 519°. Glandina daudebarti (Deshayes), Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 86°, GLANDINA. 63 Glandina audebardi (Deshayes, emend.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 1187; Strebel, loc. cit. ii. t. 11. figg. 19 ce, d’. Oleacina daudebarti, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 37°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 645 °°. Glandina amena, var. 8 pliculosa, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 114”. b. amena. (Figg. 7, 7a.) Glandina amena, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 12, t. 1. figg. 8, 9 (1865) ’; Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 114; Strebel, loc. cit. 11. p. 34, t. 11. fig. 4 (radula), & t. 13. fig. 9". Oleacina amena (v. Mart.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 283”. Glandina audebardi, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 118 *°. Glandina audebardi, Form A (part.), Strebel, loc. cit. 11. p. 30, t. 11. figg. 19, 19 a, b, e-h, m,n”. c. miradorensis. Glandina audebardi, Form B, Strebel, loc. cit. ii. p. 33, t. 11. figg. 20, 20a, 6”. Glandina miradorensis, Strebel, loc. cit. iii. pp. 7, 33, t. 9. fig. 14 (juv.) *. d. mtnor: isabellina, solidula, long. 31 millim. (Fig. 8.) Hab. Eastern Mexico: Forms a and /—in the plains of the State of Vera Cruz, on meadows and at the roots of Agave in the environs of Vera Cruz (Strebel and Berendt §*") ; Form a—Chiquihuitl, State of Vera Cruz (Boucard '!); Form 6— Vera Cruz, Jalapa, and Cordova (Hége) ; Form c—in the more elevated regions at Mirador, 2630 feet above the sea (Stredel and Sartorius 18 1°); and Tejeria (Hoge). CentraL Mexico: Form a—Chietla, State of Puebla (Boucard"'); Mexico, on Yucca jfilamentosa, young specimens (Deppe, in Mus. Berol.); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (4dge). S.W. & S. Mexico: Form a (fig. 6)—Venta de Zopilote 2800 feet, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith); Form d—Tehuantepec ({ége). The statement “ America centralis” given by Deshayes+ is not confirmed by any later observation. The typical form, a, is characterized by a rather long and attenuated spire; form 4, amena, is similar in the body-whorl, but the spire, and therefore the whole shell, is shorter ; form ¢, miradorensis, has the shell thin and of a translucent yellowish colour, not whitish as in the forms a and 0; form d, minor, is the smallest, but has the shell solid, of isabelline colour. | 15. Glandina isabellina. Achatina (Glandina) isabellina, Pfr. P.Z. S. 1846, p. 32’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 286%. Achatina isabellina, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vA, Achatina, t. 21. fig. 95°. Glandina isabellina (Pfr.), Morelet, in Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 36°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 188°. Oleacina isabellina (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 22°. Hab. Mexico: found in decayed trunks of trees (coll. Cuming '°). 64 MOLLUSCA. All the synonymy quoted seems to refer to one specimen, figured by Reeve and probably not full-grown ; long. 26, diam. 10, apert. 13 millim. It somewhat resembles in form G. simplex, but differs from it by the rather distinct marginated suture and spiral strie. G. isabellina, var., Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 480, from the hills of Costa Rica, not being figured, remains somewhat doubtful. G. isabellina (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 46, t. 6a. fig. 40, from Colombia, is quite distinct from the G. isabellina of Pfeiffer and Reeve. 16. Glandina longula. (Tab. IIT. figg. 9, 9a, 10.) Glandina longula, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 111, t. 6. figg. 6,6a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 11°. Oleacina (Glandina) longula (Fischer & Crosse), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 333°. Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio San Juan (Bland +). Var. jalapana. (Figg. 9,10.) Major, fulva, columella modice arcuata. Hab. E. Mexico: Misantla and Jalapa (Hoge; F. D. Godman). The form jalapana may be only a variety of G. audebardi ; but it is distinctly more elongate, the sculpture is somewhat stronger, and the colour more intense. The measurements of the three full-grown specimens collected by Herr Hoge are :— (a) long. 42, diam. 194, apert. long. 26 millim. (fig. 9). (6) ,, 54, ,, 20, » 25 .,, (fig. 10). (c) 5 5d, 4 9, - 26, a is from Misantla and approaches the type of longula also by its yellowish colour ; b and c are from Jalapa, and are reddish-brown in colour. 17. Glandina pinicola. Glandina plicatula, var. y. pinicola, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 95, t. 2. fig. 12+; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 20°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 331, footnote’. Hab. CENTRAL GUATEMALA: Totonicapam, in pine-woods (Bocourt 1°). The authors regard this form as a variety of G. plicatula, Pfr., which lives in Colombia and Venezuela. Considering the measurements and the figure (the diameter of the shell much smaller than half its length, the aperture occupying somewhat more than half the length), I am rather inclined to accept it as a distinct species from that living in South America, of which several specimens are before me, the diameter of these being two thirds of the length, the aperture nearly half the length of the shell; I have not, however, seen an example of the Guatemalan G. pinicola, so am unable to compare the two forms more precisely. GLANDINA. 65 18. Glandina turris. Achatina (Glandina) turris, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. iii. p. 91 (1846) '. Achatina turris, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 288°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 13. fig. 45°; Carpenter, Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 175‘; Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 227, t. 16. fig. 8°; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 19 (1869) °. ? Glandina turris, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 46, t. 12. fig. 4’. Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan‘? ; Presidio de Mazatlan (W. Richardson). The aperture is comparatively broader below than in most other species of Glandina. I have seen no specimen so large as Pfeiffer’s typical one (48 millim.), which is probably also that figured by Reeve. Mr. Richardson’s example is only 38 millim. long, but it so closely resembles Reeve’s figures in its general features that I have no doubt about its identity with G. turris, Pfr. Also the measurements given by Carpenter are not so large, long. 1°2 inch=55 millim. Concerning the specimen in the Berlin Museum, described and figured by Strebel’, locality unknown, I am rather doubtful whether it may not be an elongated variety of G. albersi. 19. Glandina mazatlanica, sp. n. (Tab. IV. figg. 2, 2a, 3.) Glandina turris, collect. Testa subcylindrica, solidula, confertim costulato-striata, corneo-fusca; anfr. 64, convexiusculi, apice obtuso, sutura subangulata, leviter marginata, vix crenulata; apertura dimidiam longitudinem fere attingens, lanceolata, margine externo arcuatim producto; columella subrecta, abrupte truncata. Long. 30-82, diam. 114-13; apert. long. 15-16, lat. 6-63 millim. Var. abbreviata. (Fig. 3.) Spira abbreviata, anfractu penultimo turgido. Long. 30, diam. 12, apert. 15 millim. Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Forrer; mus. Berol. no. 35386); Tres Marias Is. (Forrer) ;—var., also Tres Marias Is. (Forrer). This species is somewhat intermediate between G. pseudoturris and G. albersi; the colour and the suture is as in the former, but the form is less elongated. G. turris of Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p- 47, & i. t. 9. fig. 11, locality unknown, is similar, but somewhat larger and with the aperture pro- portionately much shorter. . 20. Glandina pseudoturris. (Tab. IV. figg. 4, 4a.) Achatina turris, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 186, t. 134. figg. 1, 2’. Glandina pseudo-turris, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 47, t. 6 a. figg. 41, 41a, 0. Oleacina (Giandina) pseudoturris (Streb.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 329°. Hab. S.W. & S. Mexico: Tierra Colorada, State of Guerrero (Z/.. H. Smith); Juquila, State of Oaxaca ** (mus. Berol.; Strebel). BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., ‘l'err. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 9 66 MOLLUSCA.: Much smaller and somewhat less elongated than the true G. turris. The impressed line immediately below the suture (fig. 4@) is not very distinct and not visible on the upper whorls; but there is an obtuse angulation of the surface immediately below the suture in all whorls except the 2—3 uppermost, which are quite smooth. ‘The colour is a rather dark brownish-fallow. The example from Guerrero here figured is somewhat larger than Strebel’s type specimen from Juquila. 21. Glandina anomala. Glandina (Oleacina) anomala, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 481, t. 40. fig. 9. Hab. 8.E. Costa Rica: hilly regions (Gabé 1). According to the author this is allied to G. turris, Pfr., and G. pseudoturris, Streb., which is confirmed by the figure. The suture is said to be strongly granulated, which is scarcely to be seen in the figure. Of course quite distinct from Oleacina anomala (Pfr.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. (Nothus anomalus, Albers, Die Helic. p. 169; Spiraxis anomalus, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vill. p. 258), which is a Jamaican shell. 22. Glandina simplex. (Tab. IV. figg. 5, 5a, 6.) Glandina turris (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 11 (1865) *. Glandina simplex, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 35, t. 10. figg. 25, 25 a, b,c’. Oleacina (Glandina) simplex (Streb.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 823 *. Hab. 8.W. Mexico; Oaxaca (Uhde!*; mus. Berol. no. 4241). Well distinct from G. turris by its glossy surface, smaller size, and more slender form, and by the well arcuated columella. One specimen only known hitherto. G. candida, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 202 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 22) (Achatina) [Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 512; Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 25 (Oleacina); Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 130], from an examination of the typical specimen (fig. 6), now in the Museum of Berne, seems to be a somewhat smaller, thoroughly bleached example of the same species. Although the name is of anterior date, I prefer not to use it, because it is founded on an accidental deterioration of the specimen. 23. Glandina conularis. (Tab. IV. fig. 8.) Achatina (Glandina) conularis, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 100°. Oleacina conularis, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 635 °. Glandina conularis (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 187°. Hab. Mexico (Sallé 1-°), GLANDINA. 67 Type now in the British Museum, Rather near to G. simplex, but distinct by the nearly straight columella. I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith for furnishing me with a figure of it (fig. 8). 24. Glandina excavata, sp. n. (Tab. IV. tigg. 9, 9 a.) Glandina albersi (Pfr.), Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 18, fig. 9 (not the description) ’. Testa subcylindrica, confertim striatula, striis in anfractu ultimo levioribus et magis irregularibus, sculptura spirali vix oculo armato conspicua, nitidula; anfr. 6, priores obesi convexiusculi, penultimus et ultimus subplani, apex obtusus ; sutura subsimplex, albida vel pallide grisea ; apertura piriformi-lanceolata, dimi- diam teste longitudinem vix squans, margine externo subperpendiculari, antrorsum leviter convexo, columella in medio excavato-arcuata, deorsum laminiformi, spiratim contorta, transversim truncata. Long. 31, diam. 114; apert. long. 16, diam. 6 millim. Hab. N.W. Mexico: ? Mazatlan. I have three specimens before me—two from Prof. W. Dunker’s collection, marked G. turris, Mazatlan (fig. 9), and one from Mr. Patel’s collection labelled G. albersi, Peru ; the real habitat of G. excavata is therefore quite uncertain. Nevertheless I do not like to omit this species, as it is very similar in its general form to G. pseudoturris, but quite distinct by the columella and also by colour. The figure given by Binney! represents G. excavata rather well, both in the general shape and in the peculiar conformation of the columella. It is said to have been drawn from an authentic specimen of G. albersi in Cuming’s collection; but it does not agree with the original description by Pfeiffer, who says “ testa ovato-oblonga” and “ columella substricte descendens,” nor even with that of Binney, which is a trans- lation of that given by Pfeiffer. | 25. Glandina largillierti. (Tab. IV. fige. 14, 14 a-d, 15.) _ Achatina (Glandina) largillierti, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. iii. p. 90 (1846) *. Achatina largillierti, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 1. p. 295 *. Glandina largillierti, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 36°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 116%. . Oleacina largillierti, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 38°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 645°, Achatina (Glandina) yucatanensis, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. iii. p. 92 (1846) 7; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 291°. Glandina yucatanensis, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 34°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw. Conch. ii. pp. 44, 45, t. 8. figg. 18, 18 a-f*. Oleacina yucatanensis, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 30"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 641”. Glandina (Achatina) cylindracea, Phillips, Proc. Acad. Phil. iii. p. 67, t..1. fig. 33”. Glandina cylindracea, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient, Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 123". Oleacina (Glandina) cylindracea, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 335". Achatina carnea, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1852, p. 157*°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 36, p. 318, t. 25. figg. 28-307; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 519”. 9* 68 , MOLLUSCA. © Glandina carnea (Pfr.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii p. 108 °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 123”. Oleacina carnea, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 38”; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 645”. ? Glandina (Oleacina) strebeli, Angas, P.Z.S. 1879, p. 481, t. 40. fig. 11”. Hab. Yucatan“) (Largilliert 1°78, Norman }*); Campeche and Merida (Hoge: 284-30 millim. long.). N. GuatTemaLa: Coban, Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt 2°); Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt*). S.E. Costa Rica: Middle Zhorquin to Cuabre, low hills and flat ground (Gadd 28), I adopt willingly the results of the accurate comparisons made by H. Strebel in uniting the above four so-called species, as I find no essential difference, neither in the specimens labelled with these names in different collections, nor in the above-quoted descriptions. | Amongst a number of examples collected by Herr Hége at Campeche I find the following measurements :— Long. 283, diam. 11, apert. 13 millim., 5 » Il » 1d, ” 23 99 104 9 123 99 all apparently full-grown and similar in other respects. A younger shell with thin peristome measures :— Long. 20, diam. 10, apert. 11 millim. At Merida Herr Hoge obtained two full-grown specimens :— (2) Long. 29, diam. 10, apert. 134 millim. (Fig. 14.) (6) » 264 4, Ills » 14 3 (Fig. 15.) In this instance the extraordinary elongation of the first specimen is compensated by the narrowness of its last whorl. A Mexican example found by F. Deppe on Yucca filamentosa was referred by me, in Malak. Blatt. 1865, p. 11, with some doubt to this species; a re-examination of this, however, compels me to retract this determination, the said specimen being apparently nothing but a young individual of G. audebardi. The misunderstanding which might arise from Fischer and Crosse’s statement “in Republica Mexicana, Dr. Berendt” 2, is explained by his friend and companion Strebel (Mex. Beitr. Land- und Siissw.-Conch., ii. p. 45), who mentions that Dr. Berendt has collected also in Yucatan. In this species the apex is very obtuse ; the vertical riblets begin in the third whorl, and are here relatively stronger and more distant than in the following ones (fig. 14 a). GLANDINA. 69 26. Glandina multispira. Oleacina multispira, Pfr. P. Z.S 1861, p. 26°; Novitat. Conch. ii. p. 163, t. 44. figg. 4, 5°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 270°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 125%. flab. 8S. Mexico: Juquila, State of Oaxaca ( Boucard 1-4). 27. Glandina oblonga. (Tab. V. figg. 6, 6 a,b.) Oleacina oblonga, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 86 (1866) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 273°. Glandina oblonga (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 138°. Hab, KE. Mexico: * Mirador, State of Vera Cruz (Berendt }~*). Central Mexico: Tehuacan, State of Puebla (/ége). A specimen obtained at Tehuacan by Herr Hoge (fig. 6) agrees very well with the oviginal description of Pfeiffer. G. oblonga somewhat resembles G. largillierti, but is much more glossy; at first sight it seems to belong to Streptostyla, but the form of the columella is that of Glandina. I have placed a point of interrogation to the locality given by Pfeiffer, because Strebel, who collected in company with Dr. Berendt, did not include its name among the numerous species from that quarter. 28. Glandina bellula. Glandina bellula, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 425 (1869) '; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 128, t. 6. figg. 3, 8a’. Oleacina (Glandina) bellula, Pir. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 324°. Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Bottert!?, Sallé 3). D. Lanceolate. 29. Glandina lanceolata, sp.n. (Tab. IV. figg. 1, 1a, 6.) Testa fusiformi-lanceolata, tenuis, irregulariter striatula, striis nonnullis varicis instar prominentibus, nitida, flava, concolor; spira regulariter attenuata, apice obtusiuscula ; anfr. 7, sutura leviter plicatula et margi- nata, ultimus infra sensim attenuatus ; dimidiam longitudinem paullo superans, lanceolata, margine externo subrecto, columellari valde excavato, transversim truncato. Long. 30, diam. 12; apert. long. 143, diam. 7 millim. Hab. S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith). Recognizable by the thin glossy shell of yellow (not reddish or brownish) colour and the distinctly attenuated spire. 30. Glandina aurantiaca. Glandina aurantiaca, Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 481, t. 40. fig. 8 (magnified) *. Hab. S.K. Costa Rica: hilly country (@Gadé 1). I have not seen a specimen of this species. 70 MOLLUSCA. 31. Glandina decidua. (Tab. 1V. figg. 12, 13.) Oleacina decidua, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 26'; Malak. Blatt. vill. p. 79 (1861) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 284°. Glundina decidua (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 122°. Hab. S. Mexico: Juquila, State of Oaxaca (Boucard*~*). The typical specimen described by Pfeiffer is not adult ; I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith for the drawing of it (fig. 13) and of another (also contained in the British Museum) which is full-grown (fig. 12). E. Biconice. 32. Glandina cordovana. Achatina (Varicella) cordovana, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 321°. Oleacina cordovana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 629°. Glandina cordovana (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 87, t. 2. figg. 11, lla’; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. pp. 51, 52, t. 18. fig. 45 *. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sadlé 1~*) ; Mirador (Sartorius 4, in mus. Berol. no, 18184), Both these localities are situated on the elevated tract between the coast-plain and the edge of the high plateau. Cordova is 2790 feet above the sea, near Orizaba ; Mirador is somewhat more to the north, 3630 feet above the sea, near the river Santa Maria. . . Pfeiffer’s original description was made from an imperfect example, but a satisfactory definition of the species is given by Fischer and Crosse. Their specimen is somewhat more slender than that of the Berlin Museum, and provided with brown varices, while in the latter the varices are white, like the whole shell. The ovate form with elongated spire and the angular production of the external edge of the aperture are characteristic of this species. 33. Glandina delicatula. (Tab. V. figg. 4, 5, 5a.) Achatina delicatula, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 202 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 23)'; Pfr, Monogr, | Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 514”. . . Oleacina delicatula, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 28°. Glandina (Melia) delicatula, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 108 *. Glandina delicatula, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 92°, a. Var. major (fig. 5). Long, 24, apert. 13} millim. Hab. K. Mexico: State of Vera Cruz '~*° (Jacot-Guillarmod) ; Cordova (mus. Bern) ; Jalapa (Hége).—Var. a. Coatepee (Hoge). GLANDINA. 71 Very near G. cordovana, but more elongated. In Shuttleworth’s collection (now in the Museum at Berne) the label indicates positively Cordova as the locality ; the speci- men, however, is somewhat larger than the dimensions given in this author's description, which appears to have been made from an example in the Museum of Neufchatel. The former is figured here (fig. 4). A specimen collected by Herr Hége at Jalapa is very like it, but wants the brown varices. The example from Coatepec here noted as var. @ (fig. 5) agrees with that in the Museum of Berne in most respects, especially in the sculpture, varices, apex, and columella; but it is distinctly larger and its last whorl is comparatively shorter. 34. Glandina conferta. Oleacina conferta, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 26’; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 79 (1862)?; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 280°. Glandina conferta, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 181 (part.)*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 50, t. 18. figg. 44, 444°; iii. p. 6°. Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador and Huatusco, State of Vera Cruz (Berendt®); Jalapa (Hoge). S. Mexico: Juquila, State of Oaxaca (Boucard }~*). Var. crosset. Ovata, fusca, sutura leviore, strigis fuscis nullis. Glandina conferta, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 6. fig. 7 (part.) 7. Hab. Ki. Mexico: ? Orizaba (Botteri *). This species seems to be very variable in size and also somewhat in general form. It may be distinguished from the allied G. cordovana by the more narrow and subcylin- drical form of the last whorl, and by the outer edge of the aperture being produced in a slightly arcuated line throughout its length—in G. cordovana it exhibits a distinct obtusely angular projection somewhat above half the length. - Amongst the specimens I have seen the largest (long. 34 millim.) is from an old collection, without indication of locality; the smallest, apparently a full-grown one (18 millim.), is in Patel’s collection and marked “ Juquila,” but I do not know whether by direct knowledge or only because Pfeiffer gives this locality. Pfeiffer’s original examples are about halfway between them (25 millim.). One of 21 millim., very slender, of yellow colour, has been received from Herr Hoge from Jalapa. The shell, probably from Orizaba, figured by Fischer and Crosse’ differs by its much more ventricose form, deeply arcuated columella, and livid fleshy-brown colour ; but they state expressly that Pfeiffer has determined these specimens as belonging ‘to his G. conferta. 35. Glandina speciosa. (a) Achatina (Varicella) speciosa, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 321, t. 35. fig. 7's Novitat. Conch. i. p. 106, t. 29. figg. 18, 14. 72 MOLLUSCA. Oleacina speciosa, Pir. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 629°. (b) Glandina speciosa (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 86, t. 2. figg. 10, 10 a‘. (c) Glandina speciosa, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ui. p. 51, t. 18. figg. 46, 46 a’. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé}~+); Huatusco, between Mirador and Orizaba; Orizaba (Botteri *). This species seems to be nearly allied to G. conferta, but distinguished by an evident difference in the sculpture of the last whorl, the upper half being costulated, the lower half smooth. The costulation renders the suture crenulate. There are some impressed varices, white and pale brown. All the quoted descriptions agree in these characters; but the figures given by Pfeiffer himself1?, Fischer and Crosse 4, and Strebel ° differ so much in shape znter se that I am at a loss how to reconcile them as belonging to one species—Pfeiffer’s figure is somewhat biconical, like G. conferta, Fischer and Crosse’s more narrowly cylindrical (perhaps not quite full-grown ?), and Strebel’s fig. 46, on the contrary, more ventricose, widened below. But as all these authors refer their — figures to the same species and I have no specimens for examination, I dare not make any change of names. 36. Glandina ambigua. | Achatina ambigua, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 821°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 619’. Oleacina berendii, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 85 (1866) °; Novitat. Conch. iii. p. 821, t. 77, fige. 16, 17*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 272’. Spiraxis (?) ambigua, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 190°. Glandina ambigua (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 139, t. 6. figg. 4, 4a-c’; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 58, t. 2. fig. 48, & t. 138. figg. 48, 48 a°. Hab. KB. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé!?°); Bajada del Ojo de Agua, near Cordova (Sallé"); Huatusco (Berendt ~*7 8); Orizaba (Botteri "). Quite peculiar in this genus by the regularly tapering spire and the rather broad pale band in the upper half of the last whorl. 37. Glandina tortillana. -Achatina (Glandina) tortillana, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 82°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 2917; . ? Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 15. fig. 66°. Glandina tortillana, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. ili. p.34*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.- Conch. ii. p. 50°. Hab. Cuntrat America: Tortilla (Pfeiffer, from a label in Cuming’s collection 1—*). Pfeiffer speaks’ of opaque yellowish irregular spots and streaks in this species. A specimen named “tortillana”’ in Patel’s collection has Opaque white roundish spots, GLANDINA. 73 which are rather irregularly distributed; they are visible also on the inside of the shell, and look somewhat as if they were foreign bodies lying inside; but this is not the case, as they remain unaltered if the inside is well cleaned. Reeve’s figure ° shows no spots at all. The situation of Tortilla is not known to me; Pfeiffer in the same publication (P. Z. S. 1846, p. 31), also gives it as the locality for Achatina (Streptostyla) cylindracea, which is found in Guatemala and in the State of Vera Cruz. The affinity of this species is equally doubtful: Strebel® is of opinion that it is nearly allied to G. conferta, but he has not seen a specimen of it and judges only from Pfeiffer’s description and Reeve’s figure. The latter, I think, more resembles G. turgida and G. jilosa; but 1 have some doubt whether the shell represented by Reeve may really belong to the species originally described by Pfeiffer. F. Turgide. 88. Glandina orizabe. Achatina (Varicella) orizabe, Pir. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 320, t. 35. fig. 6; Novitat. Conch. i. p. 105, t. 29. figg. 11, 12°. Oleacina orizabe, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 628°. Glandina orizabe, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 85, t. 2. fige. 8, 8a‘; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 52°. Hab. FE. Mexico: Volcan de Orizaba, at a height of 3000 metres (Sallé!—*); Las Vigas, State of Vera Cruz, on the edge of the plateau N.W. of Jalapa, at about 7900 feet above the sea (Hége). The specimens collected by Herr Hoge are yellowish, like the figures given by Fischer and Crosse; but the white varices are considerably less conspicuous, and the surface of the shell exhibits many whitish vertical, more or less elongate, streaks and whitish round spots, which seem to be the results of wearing and scraping. They agree better in coloration with Pfeiffer’s figures, but they are not nearly so dark. 39. Glandina turgida. (Tab. IV. figg. 16-20 a.) Oleacina turgida, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 26*; Malak. Blatt. vill. p. 79 (1861) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 280°. Glandina turgida, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 130°. Hab. S. Mexico: Juquila, in the State of Oaxaca (Boucard 1~*). Var. sayulana. (Figg. 17-204.) Testa ovato-oblonga, subcylindrica, leviter striata, nitidula, rubello-flavida; spira elongata, obtusiuscula ; anfr. 63, convexis, penultimo sat magno, sutura subsimplice, violascente ; apertura dimidiam longitudinem vix squans vel paullo brevior, lanceolata, margine externo leviter antrorsum arcuato, columella modice arcuata, alba. Long. 28-30, diam. 12, apert. 14-15 millim. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 10 TA MOLLUSCA. Hab. W. Mexico: Sayula, State of Jalisco (Hoge). Resembles in its general form G. largillierti, but larger, broader, and wanting the distinctly marginate and crenulated suture. Fischer and Orosse’s figure of G. filosa (t. 6. fig. 5) represents a shell somewhat similar in shape, but of larger size and with a stronger sculpture. I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith for a figure of the type of this species (fig. 16). 40. Glandina filosa. (Tab. V. figg. 2, 2a, 0.) Achatina (Glandina) filosa, Pfr. P. Z.S8. 1855, p. 100°. Oleacina filosa, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 640°; vi. p. 279°. Glandina filosa (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 129, t. 6. fig. 5 (part.) *. Hab. FE. Mexico: Orizaba *, State of Vera Cruz 4. Figured from a specimen in Pfeiffer’s collection. The vertical riblets are very distinct and narrow, the apex of the shell rather minute. 41. Glandina fischeri, sp. n. (Tab. V. figg. 3, 3a.) Glandina filosa (Pfr.), var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 129°. Hab. Centrau Mexico: Toluca (Boucard!, Hoge). I have no doubt that the specimens collected by Herr Hoge at Toluca are conspecific with Fischer and Crosse’s var. 6 of G. filosa from the same locality. Pfeiffer’s G. filosa belongs to quite a different species. I have examined a specimen in his collection, and find that it has a distinctly more tapering spire, and the vertical ribs (to which it owes its name) distinctly more elevated. These specimens from Toluca are irregularly plaited near the suture, but the plaits or riblets very soon become quite faint and flat as they descend downwards; the colour is yellowish brown, the columella very much arcuated. In the general form, sculpture, and colour of the shell, G. fischeri some- what resembles large specimens of Limnea palustris. It is intermediate in form between G. jilosa and G. pseudoturris; but is distinct from both by the much more blunt apex (like that of G. audebardi), the somewhat coarser sculpture near the suture, and the arcuated columella. . 42. Glandina sulcifera, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 1, 1a, 0.) Testa ovato-oblonga, brevispira, rugis perpendicularibus latiusculis per sulcos impressos divisis subinzequalibus sculpta, griseo-carnea, nitida ; sutura irregulariter crenulata, albo-violascens; spira late conica, obtusa ; anfr. 6, priores 3 leves; apertura ovato-lanceolata, dimidiam teste altitudinem paullo superans, margine columellari crassiusculo, valde obliquo, albo, late truncato. Long. 32, diam. 13; apert. long. 17, diam. 7 millim. Hab. W. Mexico: Jalisco (Schumann). GLANDINA. 70 43. Glandina albersi. (Tab. IV. figg. 10, 10a, 11.) Achatina (Glandina) albersi, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1854, p. 295". Glandina albersi, Carpenter, Cat. of Mazatl. Shells, p. 175°; Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. i. p- 227, t. 16. fig. 9 (young shell) °; Binney, Terr. and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 18 (not the figure)*; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 127°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 7-9, t. 11. figg. 21, 21a, 4 (good), t. 64. figg. 21 c, f, g, t. 12. figg. 21 c—e (not full-grown) °. Oleacina albersi, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 6407. Var. inflata. (Fig. 11.) Magis ventricosa, spira breviore, columella paullo magis arcuata. Long. 273, diam. 13, apert. 11 millim. Hab. N.W. Mexico; Mazatlan (Reigen?); Mazatlan and Tres Marias Islands (Forrer ; specimens in the Berlin Museum, 33 millim, long.); Sierra Madre de Colima (Xantus°); Tepic (Richardson; typical form and var. inflata). The original locality given by Pfeiffer! is the “ Gulf of California.” The additional habitat ‘“Tumaco” (in Ecuador) (Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 27) is founded on a label in the collection of the late Mr. Albers upon the authority of Cuming, and is very probably an error. By some authors this Glandina seems to have been confounded or combined with much more elongated species from the same country, such as G. turris and G. excavata. 44. Glandina mitriformis. Glandina (Oleacina) mitriformis, Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 481, t. 40. fig. 10°. Hab. S.E. Costa Rica: Middle Zhorquin to Cuabre, low hills and flat ground (Gadd +). In outline this shell resembles G. alberst ; I have not seen a specimen of it. 45, Glandina monilifera. | Glandina monilifera, Pfr. P. Z.8. 1845, p. 75°; Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. pp. 38, 258°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 89 (excl. var. 8)°; v. Mart. in P. Z.S. 1875, p. 647*; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. i. p. 169 (1878) °. Glandina monilifera, Form A, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 48, t. 13. fig. 42 °. Achatina (Glandina) monilifera, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 290’. Achatina monilifera, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 14. fig. 50°. Oleacina monilifera, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 27°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 641 °°. Glandina rubella, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 14 (1849) “, & ii. p. 27 (=monilifera) ”. Achatina (Glandina) rubella (Morel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 513”, Oleacina rubella, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 27%; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 641”. Var. pulcherrima Glandina monilifera, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 89, t. 3. fig. 5 °°. 10* 76 MOLLUSCA. Glandina monilifera, Form B, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 49, t. 18. figg. 43, 43a". Glandina pulcherrima, Strebel, Verh. Ver. f. naturw. Unterh. Hamb. v. p. 104 (1882) *°. Hab. E. Muxico: Coatepec above Jalapa, rather copiously (Doria Estefania 8, Hoge— only the var. pulcherrima); Quautlatitlan (Strebel; mus. Berol. no. 30738); Orizaba (Botteri "); probably also Cordova (Sadié *). S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith). Cuiapas (Ghiesbreght *). N. GuaTeMALA: mountains of Coban (coll. Cuming !) ; Coban (Delatire?7®, Salvin 4, Sarg ®); Vera Paz (Morelet*® 11 12, Salvin®, Boucard’) ; Cahabon (Champion). The variety is nearly allied to G. orizabe, but of smaller size, with more distinct costulation, especially on the upper whorls, and more distinct markings at the suture ; it has the varices very faintly coloured and in some specimens scarcely visible, whereas they are very distinct in the ‘type. Reeve’s figure® represents a more bulky form (long. 32, diam. 16, apert. 18 millim.) than I have ever seen. 46. Glandina obtusa. Glandina obtusa, Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. i. p. 182, t. 1. fig. 3 (1844) *; P. Z. 8. 1845, p. 42 (?)*; Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 197°, ed. 2, p. 27*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.- Conch. ii. p. 36, t. 10. figg. 26, 26.4, b°. Achatina obtusa, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 80, p. 347, t. 88. fige. 5, 6°. ? Var. major. Achatina (Glandina) obtusa, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 281 (1848) ”. Achatina obtusa, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 15. fig. 62°; Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 178, t. 134. figg. 3, 4°. Oleacina obtusa (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 17”. Hab. Nicaragua: Realejo, on the leaves of shrubs (coll. Cuming 1~!°). The quoted descriptions and figures, although all giving Realejo (also written Real Llejos) as the locality, refer to two forms, which are distinct one from the other in size and shape. The smaller one, 163-19 millim. in length, and about half as much in breadth, is that first described and figured in Philippi’s work 1, and it is also repre- sented in Pfeiffer’s collection ; this is the only form of which I have specimens before me. The larger one, 26-28 millim. in length, and distinctly less than half this in breadth, is figured by Reeve and Deshayes; it very much resembles in its dimensions G. largillierti, from Guatemala and Yucatan, but it seems to be more smooth and shining. The very obtuse, nearly flat apex resembles that of G. audebardi; but in this species specimens of the same size and with the same number of whorls as G. obtusa clearly show the unequal denticles at the suture. Young specimens of G. monilifera GLANDINA. 77 and G. pulcherrima are more tapering near the apex and have a distinctly stronger sculpture, | It is a question whether the larger form may not be the full-grown one, and the smaller only a young one. In the specimens before me of the small form, however, the outer edge of the aperture is not thin, but somewhat thickened and distinctly arched ; the same is the case with Pfeiffer’s specimen of the small form, which is figured by Strebel. So I think that they may be full-grown. The number of whorls is five and a little more. The Mexican example referred by myself in Malak. Blatt. 1865, p. 12, with con- siderable doubt, to G. od¢usa does not belong to it; it is a young specimen of some other species, perhaps of G. audebardi. Martini and Chemnitz’s figure (Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, t. 38. figg. 5, 6) is too dark in colour, and too much striped in comparison with that of other species and with the specimens I have seen. 47, Glandina stigmatica. Achatina (Polyphemus) stigmatica, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 202 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 22)'; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 514’. Oleacina stigmatica (Shuttl.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 27°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 641 *. Glandina stigmatica (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 91, t. 2- figg. 9, 9a’. Hab. EK. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod 1); Orizaba (Botteri®); Atoyac, State of Vera Cruz (Schumann; one specimen). This small, smooth, and rather narrowly fusiform species, with very broad dark streaks, stands somewhat isolated from the other members of the genus; it is, perhaps, nearest allied to G. monilifera and G. obtusa, notwithstanding its different general form. 48, Glandina nana, (Tab. V. fig. 7.) Achatina (Polyphemus) nana, Shutt). in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 202 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 22)". Achatina nana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 516°. Oleacina nana (Shuttl.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 32°. Glandina nana (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 133, t. 2. figg. 7, 7a, b*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 37°. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova®, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod 14); Misantla (Hoge). Very curious by its small size, in other respects resembling somewhat the North- American G. dullata. It cannot be a young state, because already the first whorls are remarkably small and in due proportion to the whole shell. The specimen collected by M. Sallé, and figured by Fischer and Crosse, is considerably more ventricose than the typical one in Shuttleworth’s collection, which we figure here (fig. 7). ‘The upper whorls are much narrower and the sculpture is much stronger than in G. obtusa. 78 MOLLUSCA. G. Difficiles. 49. Glandina difficilis. Glandina difficilis, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 426 (1869) ‘; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 182, t. 6. figg. 3, 3a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 54°. Oleacina difficilis (Cr. & Fisch.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 328 4 Hab. Mexico: probably in the environs of Orizaba (Botteri! *). This shell exhibits a distinctly twisted columella, by which it approaches some- what to Streptostyla ; in other respects it resembles some of the smaller species of the group “Turrite.” Strebel® thinks that it may be nearer allied to G. ambigua, but he has not himself examined a specimen. The following four species probably do not enter within the limits of this work; but as some well-known authors have admitted them among the Mexican or Central- American species, I also am obliged to enumerate them here, in order to ascertain their probable geographical distribution. Two of them are the first known species of the genus, and their synonymy, chiefly that of the older authors, is somewhat intricate. 50. Glandina truncata. —— ——, Lister, Hist. Conch. ed. 2, App. t. 4. (1059), fig. 4 (1770) °. , Kammerer, Conch. Cab. d. Erbp. v. Schwarzb.-Rudolst. p. 128, t. 10. fig. 5 (1786) *. Bulla truncata, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 6, p. 8434 (1788-1791) ’. Glandina truncata, Say, Amer. Conch. ii. t. 20 (1831) *; Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 78°; Binney, Terr. air-breathing Moll. U.S. ii. p. 301, tabb. 59, 60°, & v. p. 84°; Land- and Freshw.- Shells of N. Am. i. p. 15°; Manual of Amer. Landshells, p. 348°; Tryon, in Am. Journ. of Conch. ii. p. 225, t. 16. fig. 1, 2'° ; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. 11. pp. 5-7, t. 3. fig. 1", & i. p. 7”. Achatina truncata (Gmel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 287*°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 18. fig. 47 ™. Oleacina truncata, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 23 (1855); Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 638°. Polyphemus glans, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. i. p. 282 (1817-1818) (nec Montf.) *. Helix rosea, Férussac, Prodr. p. 50. no. 356 (1821-1822) *; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. t. 135. fig. 3”. Achatina rosea, Gray, Ann. Philos., new ser. ix. p. 414 (1825) *; Deshayes, Encycl. Méth. ii. p. 10 (1830) *. Achatina striata, Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Syst. Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, viii. p. 313 (nec Miill.) *. Hab. SoutHeRN Unirep States: Atlantic and Gulf States from South Carolina to Florida 4 1”, Louisiana §, and Texas®; very common on the islands and keys along the coast ’, also in the marshes behind the coast sand-hills 4; inland—as far north as Macon in Georgia, Bibb County in Alabama, and Jackson in the State of Mississippi 9. GLANDINA. 79 Var. parallela. Glandina parallela, Binney, Proc. Ac. Phil. 1857, p. 189”; Terr. air-breathing Moll. U. S. iv. p. 140, t. 62. fig. 3%; Land- and Freshw. Shells of N. Am.i. p.17. fig. 7”; Tryon, in Am. Journ. of Conch. i. p. 226, t. 16. fig. 3°°. Oleacina parallela (Binn.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 277. Glandina truncata, Form B, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 6,t. 3. figg. 2,2 a—d™. Hab. Sournern Unirep States: Louisiana *4?6, Florida 28, and Texas, especially at Matamoros *4 *. Var. bullata. Glandina bullata, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 64 (1848) *; Binney, Terr. air-breathing Moll. U.S. ii. p. 298, t. 62 a4; Land- and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. pp. 19, 20%. Achatina (Glandina) bullata, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 512. Oleacina bullata, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 24%; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 638 *. Glandina truncata, var. abbreviata, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic., ed. 2, pp. 26, 29%. Glandina truncata, Form C, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sissw.-Conch. ii. p. 6, t. 3. figg. 3, 3 a-d**, Hab. Sovruern Unitep States: Louisiana °° 35 36, A well-known species of the Southern United States. It is said to occur also in Mexico, but I have no positive evidence of this. ‘The specimen in the Berlin Museum, collected at Angangueo, Michoacan, by Deppe, and referred by Strebel °° (fig. 3 e) to G. truncata, I think probably belongs to G. indusiata. 51. Glandina striata. Buccinum striatum, O. Fr. Miller, Hist. Verm. ui. p. 149 (1774) (‘testa turrita, strigis raris fulvis”’) ‘; Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ix. 2, p. 86, t. 120. fig. 1030 (copied in 2nd ed., Achatina, no. 7, p. 296, t. 3. fig. 9) (not figs. 1028, 1029) °. Strombus striatus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1. 6, p. 8524 °. Bulimus striatus, Brug. Encycl. Méthod. i. p. 366 (1789-1792) *. Achatina striata, Gray, Ann. Philos. new ser. ix. p. 414 (1825) ’. Glandina striata (Mill.), Beck, Index Moll. p. 288 (1837) °; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.- Conch. ii. pp. 23-26, t. 7. figg. 15, 15a, 6, & t. 2. fig. 15"; v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 28 (1860) °. Achatina striata, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 287°. Oleacina striata (Mill.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 24”. Helix tenera, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 6, p. 3653 ™. Helix incumbens, Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Shells, ii. p. 955 (1817) ”. Helix (Cochlicopa) miillert, Férussac, Prodr. p. 50. no. 357”. Achatina miilleri, Gray, in Griffith’s Anim. Kingd. t. 27. fig. 5 *; Guérin, Icon. Moll. t. 6. fig. 14” ; Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Syst. Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, vill. p. 312°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 8. fig. 25". * Matamoros is on the south side of the mouth of the Rio Grande, and therefore in Mexican territory. But the Fauna and Flora are strictly Texan.— Epp. 80 MOLLUSCA. Bulimus miilleri, d’Orbigny, Voy. dans l’Amér. mérid. v., Moll. p. 256". Achatina dactylus, Brod. P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 32"; Reeve, Conch. Syst. ii. t. 179. fig. 16”. Glandina dactylus (Brod.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2. p. 287". Glandina strigosa, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 28”. ? Glandina lineata, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 47, t. 9. fig. 10 (1878) *. Hab.? E. Mexico. SoutH AMERICA, widely distributed : Colombia, Sonson and Ocana (Wallis 7); Guiana (Schomburgk), Cayenne (Howe 1*); Ecuador’, Tumaco I. 17 1 *°; North Peru, Xeberos on the River Huallaga, east of the Cordillera (Bartlett ") ; Bolivia, Yuracares (d’Orbigny 8); Southern Brazil, Theresopolis, in the province of Santa Catarina—a specimen given to the Berlin Museum by Dr. Aug. Miller. The specimen described by Strebel as G. lineata *’ is stated to have been found near San Juan Miahuatlan, between Jalapa and Misantla: I cannot distinguish it from examples from Colombia and Ecuador. In the collection of the late Mr. Albers “ Mexico ” is also given as a locality on the labels of two specimens, upon the authority of Cuming and Bernardi. Nevertheless, it is highly improbable that a species so distinct and so large should inhabit both Mexico and the continent of South America, and not yet have been found in the intervening region; I cannot help thinking that some mistake must have been made in labelling the supposed Mexican specimens. 52. Glandina plicatula. Achatina plicatula, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 258"; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 5177; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 38, p. 319, t. 26. fig. 2°. Glandina plicatula (Pfr.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. p. 108‘; Fischer & Crosse, Miss, Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 95°; v. Mart. Die Binnenmoll. von Venez. (in Festschr. der Ges. naturf. Freunde in Berlin, 1873), p. 8°; Mousson, in Malak. Blatt. xxi. p. 15 (18738) "; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 19, 20, & t. 6. figg. 33, 33 a-e, 34, 34a, b, 35, 35 a-c, & t. 4. fig. 33°. Oleacina plicatula (Pf.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 34°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643”. Achatina lignaria, Appun, Unter den Tropen, i. p. 548 (1879) ”. Glandina, sp. n., Appun, loc. cit. p. 551”. Hab. CotomBra: in the Andes! ? 39; Ocafia and Sonson (Wallis? 8). VENEZUELA: Cumbre de San Hilario, and Chino near San Felipe, in the mountain forests (Appun ® 11 12); Cumbre de Valencia (Dr. Kretz®); San Esteban, near Puerto Cabello’; Caracas (Lansberg°). Concerning the Guatemalan locality quoted by Fischer and Crosse 5, see G. pinicola, antea p. 64. 53. Glandina attenuata. Achatina (Glandina) attenuata, Pir. P. Z. 8S. 1851, p. 259°. Achatina attenuata, Pfr.in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 43, p. 322, t. 26. figg. 10, 11°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 527°. Glandina (Oleacina) attenuata, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 32+. GLANDINA.—SALASTELLA. 81 Hab. Centrau Amurica (coll. Cuming !*). The habitat of this species is doubtful. It belongs to a natural subdivision of Glandina with a smooth, shining shell, all other species of which are confined to the islands of the West Indies. SALASTELLA. Salasiella, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 6 (1878). Shell oblong, conical, or fusiform, of vitreous appearance, smooth or feebly striated, thin and shining; columella as in Glandina. ‘Teeth of the radula with distinctly stouter basal part and more blunt point than in Glandina, the two laterals next to the median very stout. For an account of the anatomy, see Strebel (op. cit. p. 29, t. 10). All the species are of small size and unicolorous. In an artificial system they must remain united with Glandina; but the rather peculiar facies and the small size give some additional weight to the difference in the radula. Dedicated to the family Salas in Vera Cruz, who helped Mr. Strebel most successfully in collecting the land-shells of this province. 1. Salasiella margaritacea, (Tab. V. fig. 8.) Achatina margaritacea, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 321°. Oleacina margaritacea, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 636°. Glandina margaritacea, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 136°. Hab. Fi. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé 1~°). Very distinct by its coniform shape, thus resembling many Streptostyle, but the conformation of the columella is that of Glandina. ‘The figure here given is drawn from a specimen in the late Mr. Patel’s collection, of somewhat smaller size than Pfeiffer’s example. 2. Salasiella joaquine. Salasiella joaquine, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Conch. i. p. 29, t. 9. fig. 6, & t. 10. figg. 1-7 (anatomy) *. Hab. ¥. Mexico: Jalapa (Doiia Estefania 1). 3. Salasiella modesta. Oleacina modesta, Pfr. in Malak. Blitt. ix. p. 98 (1862)’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 275°. Glandina modesta (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 185°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 52, t. 13. fig. 49 °. Salasiella modesta, Strebel, loc. cit. iii. p. 30, t. 9. fig. 9°. Hab. FE. Mexico: Mirador, on the soil of freshly uprooted woods, probably subterra- neous (Strebel *°). The statement “ Prope Vera Cruz (Berendt)” 1, or environs of Vera Cruz 3, is con- tradicted by Berendt’s companion Strebel *: the province of Vera Cruz is intended. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1891. 11 “RBMayeN puv OOTxeT 0} pouUyUos si snuss sity ‘uMOUY JUosoud yu se Iv] Og y ‘sedvrqg | L - S01 “ejoIgns | *eyeUIS1eUI oysNSur | *vo100-oxoAU0d *BpIqye-Oout0d “sTA@TQns eorapurpfogns |t* ufg “eqpoyotnd “epeumoyeny ~eqeounsy onht{qo *e{VULTABUL -eprontfed ‘oolxoW ‘Ht | EZ cal ap ‘eyenoie doyle, | eysnsue “epunjoid “esaqo yes | ‘eoutoons eprtied "24 B1148-0FBNIIB “ vee cuter Seqisndaed ‘eplony — | ‘snqrTeoyiea st];nuu0U <j ‘oolxeyy “| Fe EI ap "eyenoie “eyeulsavuiqns ‘esoqgo | -jod ‘vouavo opryyed | sissorduut sits ‘staepques *sttadozisng [tt fr “eysepour oO 2) —- = 5 ‘OKO “| g &g “eyenoie *xoyd urisqns “e[NOSNTAdIG "wavy oped “e[Nyeldys *eotapuipsogns |*"**** *gauggy ‘eeurnbeol g a oe 9 So 83 “ey VUIsABOL “epronyjad ‘OXI “A | 2 fo 4 ‘eyenoie JoyAe, | oysnSue ‘epunjoad "slaougq | ‘eurpecy - yucosoARp "START *STUIIOJIUOD |""* “uf “eeoeyaRsaeUr ‘mor | uo | ‘cau "Ble ‘qaody | ‘wercy | ‘duory *eT[oUuINTOH “eangng ‘euidg *oryea0[0N, *einyd nog “BINS “TOWON "y VITAISVIVG AO SAINTAG AO ATAVY, ql SALASIELLA,—STREPTOSTYLA. 83 4, Salasiella perpusilla. Oleacina perpusilla, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 86 (1866)'; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 281°. Glandina perpusilla (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 134, t. 3. figg. 4, 4a—c*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 53 4. Salasiella perpusilla, Strebel, loc. cit. iii. p. 80, t. 9. fig. 8°. Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador (Berendt~4); Jalapa, in the wood of Pacho (Dona Este- Fania ®). S. GuaTEMALA: Hacienda Helvetia, in the Costa Cuca, 2500 feet above the sea (Stold). Very near to the preceding ; whorls more inflate near the suture. 5. Salasiella pulchella. (Tab. V. fig. 9.) Achatina pulchella, Pfr. P. Z. 8S. 1856, p. 8793. Oleacina pulchella, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 635°. Glandina pulchella, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 136°. Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght 1%). ‘Typical specimens in the British Museum (fig. 9). STREPTOSTYLA. Spirazis, sect. 1. Glandineformes s. Streptostyla, Shuttleworth, in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 203. “‘Shell oblong, attenuated below; aperture narrow; outer margin often inflexed ; columella strongly contorted, furnished with a callous lamina, deeply intrant, and scarcely truncate anteriorly ” (H. &@ A. Adams). The living animal elongated in its fore part, with small triangular labial palpi in addition to the four feelers; eyes as in Glandina. ‘Teeth of the radula narrow, spiniform; median tooth present. Mode of life similar to that of Glandina. The majority of the species have a quite smooth shining shell; therefore this character will not be repeated for each species in the following table, but only the exceptions mentioned. Living animal—see Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. t. 2. fig. 15 a, and Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. t. 22. figg. 2, 3; an exact account of the anatomy is to be found in the same works. Like Glandina, this genus is pre-eminently Central-American, and its distribution within our limits is very similar; a few rather aberrant species are also found in the West Indian islands—S. cubaniana, S. moreletiana, S. suturalis, S. episcopalis, all in Cuba. But the northern limit of this genus lies in Mexico itself, and also towards the 11* 84 MOLLUSCA. south it is more restricted, only one species being found in South America, viz. S. sud- callosa, Pfr., in Venezuela. Pfeiffer quotes another from Peru, S. peruviana (Lam.) ; but this very fine species seems to be more nearly allied to the subgenus Varicella of Glandina, especially to G. leucozonias, and its habitat in Peru is, so far as I know, not confirmed by any later traveller. Geographical Distribution of the Species of Streptostyla. N. Mexico ... . . . +. No species hitherto known. N.E. Mexico. . . . .... » N.W. Mexico .....e. - » Central Mexico. . ..... - E. Mexico. . . . . . . « «~~ métcoleti, botteriana, mitreformis, delattrei (varr.edwards- tana and sallet), irrigua, shuttleworthi (with varr.), cylindracea, coniformis, turgidula, lurida, plicatula, flavescens, fulvida, glandiformis, physodes, limnei- formis, vexans, boyeriana, mohriana, ligulata. W.&S.W. Mexico. . . . . . ~~ shuttleworthi var. similis, conulus, flavescens var. boucardi. Tabasco and Central Chiapas . . dubia, nigricans, shuttleworthi, biconica, lurida var., limneiformis var. parvula, oblonga, ligulata, catenata. Yucatan . . . . . . . ~~) cylindracea, ventricosula, meridana. N. Guatemala. . . . . . . . nigricans, mitreformis, delattrei, turgidula var., labida, lurida, delibuta, meridana var. cobanensis, sargi, ligulata. Central Guatemala. . . . . . sololensis, ventricosula var. binneyana. E.Guatemala . ... . . . delattrei, delibuta. S.Guatemala . . . . . . . = turgidula var., meridana var. cobanensis. Honduras. . . . . . . . « obesa, thomsoni, dysoni. Salvador . . . . .. . . . No species hitherto known. S.W. Nicaragua . » Central Nicaragua. . . . . . dysoni. Mosquito coast . . . . . . . No species hitherto known. N. Costa Rica . . . . . . . Umitreformis, ? cylindracea, turgidula, ventricosula var. S.& S.E. Costa Rica . 2. . . . binneyana, viridula, ? flavescens var. boucardi. N. Panama .... . =... Nospecies hitherto known. S. Panama 33 Venezuela. . . . . . . . . ~~ gubcailosa. STREPTOSTYLA. 85 The Mexican and Central-American species may be arranged as follows :— A. Sculptee (Streptostyla, s. str., Albers): sculptured . nicoleti, botteriana, dubia. B. Polite (Chersomitra, v. Mart.) : polished. a. Nigricantes: with black bands . . . . . . ~~ nigricans, mitreformis. b. Oliveeformes: oblong-ovate, obtuse at both ends. delattrei, irrigua, shuttleworthi, cylindracea. c. Coniformes: oblong-ovate, attenuated below . . coniformis, conulus. d. Turgidee: ovate, swollen in the middle . . . . obesa, turgidula, labida, lurida. e. Physeformes: subovate, with longer tapering delibuta, ventricosula, thomsoni, spire. viridula, plicatula, biconica, flavescens, fulvida, glandiformis, physodes, limneiformis, oblonga. jf. Aplectzformes: subcylindrical, with rather long — sololensis, meridana, dysoni, vex- spire ; size small. ans, boyeriana. g. Subturritz : still more elongate; sizesmall . . sargi, mohriana. C. Ligulate (Petenia, Cr. & Fisch.): a mucous-pore at Jigulata, ? catenata. the foot. A. Sculpte. [Streptostyla, sensu stricto, v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 33 (1860). ] 1. Streptostyla nicoleti. Spiraxis (Streptostyla) nicoleti, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 204 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 24)’; Notitize Malac. 11. p. 14, t. 5. fig. 1 (1877) °. Spiraxis nicoleti, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 477 *. Achatina nicoleti (Shuttl.), Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 47, p. 325, t. 26. fige. 18, 19%, Streptostyla nicoleti (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 23°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. pp. 6, 12-14, t. 7. figg. 2, 2a-/f, p. 49, t. 22. figg. 3, 3 a—d (living animal), t. 3 (anatomy), t. 6. fig. 1 (radula) °. Hab. F. Mexico: Misantla, San Isidro, and San Juan Miahuatlan, woody hills, on decayed trunks of trees, solitary (Strebel®); Misantla and Coatepec (Hdége) ; Jalapa (MM. Trujillo); Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod }~*). Var. subovata. Streptostyla nicoleti, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 1. figg. 2, 2a’. Streptostyla nicoleti, Form B, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 14, t. 7. fig. 3°. Hab. ¥. Mexico: Toxpam, near Cordova (Sallé5) ; Orizaba (Botteri 8). 2. Streptostyla botteriana. Streptostyla botteriana, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 190 (1869) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 25, t. 2. figg. 4, 4a, 6°. Hab. E. 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CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1891. 12 90 MOLLUSCA. 3. Streptostyla dubia. (Tab. V. fig. 10.) Spirazis dubia, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 378°; Malak. Blatt. 1856, p. 232 *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 580°. Streptostyla dubia (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 65°. Hab. Cuiapas (Ghiesbreght 1~*). Costulated as in the first two species, but not of the same uniform colouring. I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith for a figure (fig. 10) and exact measurements of this aberrant shell. B. Polite. [Chersomitra, v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 33 (1860).] a. Nigricantes. 4, Streptostyla nigricans. Glandina nigricans, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 75"; Albers, Die Helic. p. 197 (1850) *. Achatina (Glandina) nigricans, Pir. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 280°. Achatina nigricans, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 14. fig. 54°; Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 179, t. 137. figg. 9, 10°. Spiraxis nigricans (Pfr.), Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 204 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 24) °; Notitie Malac. ii. p. 14, t. 5. fig. 27; Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 418 °. Streptostyla nigricans, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 60, t. 1. figg. 15, 15a (living animal)°; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 647°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 24, t. 9. figg. 8, 3.a, t. 12. fig. 1114; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) ». Hab. Tazasco (var. minor, coll. Cuming ®). N. Guatemata: Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt®); near Lake Peten (Salvin ®®); Coban (Salvin 4, Sarg 11, Conradt); Vera Paz (Boucard 1). The locality Vera Cruz given by Pfeiffer!? on the authority of Delattre, and repeated by Shuttleworth ®, is very probably an error, being perhaps a misprint for Vera Paz. A confusion may have arisen with the following species, as S. nigricans has not been found in the State of Vera Cruz by any of the numerous later collectors. 5. Streptostyla mitreformis. Spiraxis mitreformis, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 205 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 25)*; Notitiz Malac. ii. p. 14, t. 5. fig. 3°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 473°. Streptostyla mitreformis (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 62, t. 1. fige. 16, 16a‘. | Var. minor. Streptostyla mitreformis(Shuttl.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 25, t. 9. fig. 5°. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod 1 2%); Toxpam, near Cordova (Sallé *). STREPTOSTYLA. 91 N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg 5). Costa Rica (Rogers, var.); Rancho Redondo, 1600 metres above the sea (P. Biolley : var. ). Very near the preceding, but smaller and comparatively more narrow, the spire longer; generally the dark colour is more uniform, less interrupted by yellow streaks. In some specimens the yellow zone at the suture is wanting; in others it is propor- tionately as well developed as in S. nigricans. b. Oliveformes. 6. Streptostyla delattrei. Achatina lattrei, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 188°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 269 2; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 14. fig. 53°. Glandina lattrei, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 40‘. Spiraxis (Streptostyla) lattrei, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 205 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 25) °. Spiraxis lattrei, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280°. Streptostyla delattret, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 33, t. 1. figg. 5, 5a, 67; v. Mart. P. Z. 8S. 1875, p. 648°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 21, t. 8. figg. 10, 10 a—-c, & t. 12. fig. 10°. Glandina oliva, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 13 (1849) ”°. Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz, in the woods (Morelet7%1°); Panzos, Vera Paz (Bocourt 7 9); Coban (Salvin ®®, Bocourt", Sarg ®); Senahu 2800 feet and Panzos, both in the Polochic valley (Champion); Alta Vera Paz (Boucard). E. GuaTEMALA: Yzabal, on the borders of the Golfo Dulce (Séo//). Somewhat variable in size, form, and colour. The longitudinal streaks are often dark chestnut, but sometimes very faint and scarcely indicated, sometimes solitary and sometimes two close together; generally they are fewer and more faint on the second half of the last whorl. The aperture occupies rather more or less than two thirds of the whole length of the shell. Var. edwardsiana. Streptostyla edwardsiana, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 29 (1869); Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 35, t. 2. figg. 2,2 a'*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 338°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 20”. Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Sallé 11-14). Only distinguished by the suture being marked with an impressed line, which in other genera is a good specific character; but, as in other respects no real difference is to be found, I agree with Strebel that it may be accidental. Strebel figures, how- ever, as probably belonging to S. edwardsiana, young specimens (t. 8. fig. 7), which have neither the “sutura marginata” nor the dark streaks of Crosse and Fischer’s species. 12* 92 MOLLUSCA. Var. salle. Streptostyla sallei, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 30 (1 869) °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 36, t. 2. figg. 1, 1a’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 3387’; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 20, t. 8. fig. 4, & t. 12, fig. 20". Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Sallé15-17); Mirador or Orizaba (Strebel '*); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (ex Cuming, in the collection of the late Mr. Albers, now in the Berlin Museum !"), In vain I have endeavoured to make out clear differences between the Mexican 8. sallwi and the Guatemalan S. delattrei. In the descriptions quoted above, and in the specimen in the Berlin Museum (which is recognized as S. salla@i by Strebel), I find no other characters than a somewhat thinner and less narrow shell, a proportionately rather longer spire (aperture to the whole length =5: 8), paler streaks, and a some- what thinner columella. But in all these points there is so much variation among the Guatemalan specimens of S. delattrei that the peculiarities of S. sal/@i are included within their limits. 7. Streptostyla irrigua. Spiraxis irrigua, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 205 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 25)*; Notitiz Malac. ed. 2, p. 25, t. 5. fig. 5°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 47 °. Streptostyla irrigua, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 37 *. Var. cingulata. Streptostyla cingulata, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 31 (1869) °; Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 40, t. 1. figg. 6, 6a°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 338”. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot- Guillarmod 1~4) ; Tuxtla, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé 5-1), Intermediate between S. delattrei and S. coniformis. A comparison of the figures given by Shuttleworth and Fischer and Crosse shows that S. irrigua and S. cingulata are probably one and the same species. Fischer and Crosse could not have seen Shuttleworth’s figure when they described his species; S. cingulata seems to differ only by a somewhat more decided sculpture near the suture. 8. Streptostyla shuttleworthi. (8. dullacea, Tab. V. fig. 11; probably the young state of this species.) Spiraxis shuttleworthi, Pir. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 820, t. 85. fig. 8; Novitat. Conch. i. p. 102, t. 29. figg. 1, 2°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 576°. Streptostyla shuttlewortht (Pir.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 41, t. 1. fgg. 7, 7a, & t. 2. fig. 4°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. pp. 6, 18, t.'8.' fie. 9%. Hab. Ki. Mexico: Misantla and environs, in the woods, crawling on decayed leaves, more rarely on the leaves of shrubs (Strebel>); Cordova (Sallé1~4) ; Orizaba (Sallé*). Cuiapas (Ghiesbreght *). Tapasco: Teapa (H. H. Smith). STREPTOSTYLA. 93 Var. ventricosa. Streptostyla shuttleworthi, var. y, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 42, t. 2. fig. 3°. Streptostyla shuttleworthi, var., Strebel, loc. cit. iii. t. 8. fig. 9a". Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Sailé®); Nautla, near the sea-shore, dead specimens (Strebel *). Var. similis. Streptostyla similis, Strebel, loc. cit. iii. pp. 19, 50, t. 8. fig. 8, t. 12. fig. 7°. Hab. E. Mextco: Misantla (Strebel 8); Orizaba (Botteri ®); Vera Cruz (Shuttleworth, in mus. Berol.®). S.W. Mexico: Juquila (Hége). Var. quirozt. Streptostyla brevispira, Strebel, loc. cit. iii. p. 21, t. 8. fig. 3°. Hab. EB. Mexico: Tezuitlan and Misantla (Hége); Coatepec (Quiroz °); Miahuatlan (Dota Estefania °); San Antonio del Monte (Strebel). Rather variable in size and form, but constantly of a brilliant reddish-fawn-colour ; vertical streaks faint or wanting; columella rather thin and slightly twisted. Large specimens approach G. delattret, var. sallat. Spirawis bullacea, Pfr. [Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 84 (1866); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. Vi. p. 196], from Tabasco, is according to the original specimen (Tab. V. fig. 11) very probably only the young state of this species. 9. Streptostyla cylindracea. (Tab. V. fig. 13.) Achatina cylindracea, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1846, p. 31°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 269°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 18. fig. 91°. Spiraxis cylindracea (Pfr.), Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 206 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 475°. Streptostyla cylindracea (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 30°; Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 482”. Spiraxis shuttleworthii (Pfr.), Tristr. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 230°. Hab. E. Muxico: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod * ®). N. Guatemata (Salvin §). ?S.E. Costa Rica (Gabb*). Ceytrat America: Tortilla (ubi?: coll. Cuming 1 ?*). The suture itself is whitish and below it a fine white spiral line is to be seen, which is not impressed, and appears on closer examination to be produced by an internal thickening of the shell in the uppermost part of the lumen within each whorl. The specimen marked “ Spiraxis cylindracea” in Pfeiffer’s collection, now in the possession of H. Dorhn in Stettin (fig. 13), exceeds remarkably the dimensions given in 94 . MOLLUSCA. the original description, measuring 18 millim. in length, 8 in breadth, and 14 in length of the aperture, instead of 13, 54, and 10} respectively ; the subsutural white line is seen only on its upper whorls, not on the last. c. Coniformes. 10. Streptostyla coniformis. (Tab. V. fig. 14, young specimen.) Spiraxis coniformis, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 206 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26)*; Notitiz Malae. ed. 2, p. 15, t. 5. fig. 6’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ili. p. 474°. Streptostyla coniformis (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 48°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. pp. 6, 15, t. 8. figg. 6, 6 a, b (shell), t. 9. fig. 12 (living animal), t. 6. fig. 3 (radula), t. 4. figg. 11-13 (anatomy) °. Streptostyla blandina, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 31 (1869) °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 28, t. 1. figg. 8, 8a"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 342°, Hab. E. Muxtco: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod 1-4, Sallé &*) ; Mirador (Strebel°, Sar- torius®, Berendt*); Coatepec (Dona Estefania®); Orizaba (Botteri’). Var. pfeifferi : spira elatiore. Achatina streptostyla, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1846, p. 159°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 269"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 66, p. 338, t. 37. figg. 3,4™. . Glandina streptostyla (Pfr.), Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 41”. Spirazis streptostyla (Pfr.), Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 206 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26)”. Streptostyla pfeifferi, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 27"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 841 ”. Hab. Mexico: without nearer indication of locality (Liebmann °"). S. pfeifferi seems at first sight to be fairly distinguished from S. coniformis by the length of the spire (aperture to the whole length in S. coniformis=6: 7, in S. pfeiffert 2:3, according to the original descriptions), the thinner shell, and the presence of dark streaks; but if we take into consideration the specimens described and figured by Strebel, one of which (fig. 6 6) is in the Berlin Museum, these differences lose their value by gradual transitions. The original specimen in Pfeiffer’s collection is really rather thin; but the author himself subsequently placed by the side of it, under the same name, a quite solid example, which in size and in the comparative length of the spire is inter- mediate between S. pfeifferi and S. coniformis, viz. 21 millim. long, 9 broad, aperture 144 millim. ee 11. Streptostyla conulus, sp.n. (Tab. V. fig. 15.) Testa anguste coniformis, solida, levissime striatula, flava, nitida ; spira mediocris, obese conica, apice obtusi- uscula; anfr. 7, convexiusculi, penultimus antepenultimo duplo altior, ultimus deorsum angustatus, ad aperturam non deflexus ; sutura simplex, fasciola pallide grisea (non sulco) notata; apertura anguste STREPTOSTYLA. 95 linearis, infra paullulum dilatata, margine externo infra medium leviter antrorsum arcuato, columella crassa, valde torta, aperta. Tong. 14, diam. 5 ; apert. long. 93, diam. superne 2, infra 14 millim. Hab. W. Mexico: Sayula, State of Jalisco (Hége). Only one specimen. Resembles in many points S. coniformis, but is much smaller and yet very thick (so that it cannot be young); it is also considerably more slender, with proportionately longer spire. For comparison, a young specimen of G. coni- formis is figured (fig. 14). d. Lurgide. 12. Streptostyla obesa, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 12, 12a.) Testa oblongo-ovata, leviter striatula, nitida, aurantio-flava, unicolor; sutura submarginata, anguste alba; spira conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 8}, regulariter crescentes, leviter convexi; apertura dimidiam teste alti- tudinem superans, oblique lanceolata, margine externo inferius antrorsum arcuato, columella subperpendi- culari, leviter torta. Long. 38, diam. 18; apert. long. 18, diam. 9 millim. Hab. Honpvras: from a shell-dealer (Mus. Berol.). Nearly allied to S. turgidula, Pfr., but distinctly broader (diameter equal to the length of the aperture); coloration more orange, and without darker varices; the suture also in the last whorl is regular, not indented by stoppages of growth, and the white colour of the suture itself more conspicuous. I have seen only one specimen. 13. Streptostyla turgidula, Spirazis turgidula, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 320, t. 85. fig. 9°; Novitat. Conch. i. p. 102, t. 29. fige. 8, 4°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 577°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 58, t. 1. fig. 4°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 17, t. 12. fig. 6°. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé1~*); Jalapa (Dota Estefania®). Var. guatemalensis. Streptostyla turgidula, var. guatemalensis, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 59, t. 1. fig. 4a°. Streptostyla schneideri, Strebel, loc. cit. i. p. 26, t. 9. fig. 17. Streptostyla , Stoll, Guatem. Reisen und Schild. aus den Jahr. 1878-1883, p. 199°. Had. N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg ‘). S. GuatemaLa: San Agustin * (Bocourt*); Hacienda Helvetia 3000 feet, Hacienda Buenavista 3500 feet, both in Upper Cholhuitz, and Hacienda Germania near * There are several places of this name in Guatemala; the one on the Pacific slope is probably intended, one at least of Bocourt’s species being recorded from the “ San Agustin, Dep. of Solola.” 96 MOLLUSCA. San Felipe, 2000 feet above the sea, all three in Costa Cuca, and on the slope of the central plateau towards the Pacific, Dep. Retalhuleu (Sto// 8). Costa Rica: a somewhat imperfect specimen collected by van Patten (Mus. Berol., no. 21859). | In this species, as in S. delattrei, the Mexican specimens are smaller and more faintly coloured than the Guatemalan ones. But in S. turgidula the Mexican examples were first described, in S. delattret the Guatemalan ones; so we havea S. delattrei from Guatemala, with var. (minor) sal/@i from Mexico, and a 8S. turgidula from Mexico, with var. (major) guatemalensis. 14. Streptostyla labida. (Tab. V. fig. 16.) Glandina labida, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 13 (1851) *. Achatina (Glandina) labida (Morel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 508’. Oleacina labida (Morel.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 19°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 634%. Streptostyla labida (Morel.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 45°. Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz, in the woods (Morelet 1-5). Very near the preceding, but comparatively somewhat shorter and marked with a distinctly impressed line below the suture. Figured from a typical specimen sent to me by M. A. Morelet. 15. Streptostyla lurida. Spirazis lurida, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 205 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 25) 1; Notitiz Malac. ii, t. 5. fig. 4°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 473°. Spirazis , Tristram, P. Z.S. 1861, p..231 *. Streptostyla lurida, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 48, t. 2. figg. 6, 6a, b°. Streptostyla bocourti, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 34 (1869) °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 47, t. 1. figg. 14, 1407; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 648°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 340°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. lil. p. 24, t. 8. figg. 1, 1 a, 6 (and fig. 5?) ™. Hab. E. Muxtco: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod 135); Pacho, in the woods (Dona Este- : fania ©); Orizaba (Botteri*). Tasasco: San Juan Bautista, on the banks of the R. Grijalva (H. H. Smith). N. Guatemata: Coban (Bocourt 67, Salvin 8, Sarg 1°), Var. major. Streptostyla bocourti, var. y, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit.*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p- 340 *, Sireptostyla bocourti, vars. B, C, Strebel, loc. cit. . Hab. Cutapas 11 12, N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg 13). STREPTOSTYLA. 97 The figure of 8. lurida, left by Shuttleworth and published in the posthumous second part of his ‘ Notitie Malacologicze,’ proves very clearly that this species is inseparable from S. bocourti, and that too much stress must not be placed on his words “ad suturam et ad basin pallida,” as this is scarcely to be seen in the coloured figure—at the base the paler colour seems only to be due to the columellar plait, which is dirty white in not very fresh specimens. Crosse and Fischer could not have seen this figure when they first described their S, docourti. In size, according to the different authors and the specimens which are before me, the Mexican examples vary between 131° and 15 millim. 1-4, the Guatemalan ones between 14° and 18, perhaps even 21 millim. !!; the difference is, therefore, not an absolute one. The type of the var. major, 23 millim., is said to be from Chiapas 11; I have not seen so large a specimen. e. Physeformes. 16. Streptostyla delibuta. (Tab. V. figg. 18, 18 a.) Glandina delibuta, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 18 (1851) ’°. Achatina (Glandina) delibuta, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 508”. Oleacina delibuta, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 18°. Streptostyla delibuta, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 44 *. Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz, in woody districts (Morelet 14), EK. GuateMaLaA: Environs of Yzabal (Séo/0). Var. crassa. Streptostyla crassa, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 26, t. 9. figg. 2, 2a, 6°. Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg and Salvin ®); Alta Vera Paz (Stol/). The suture becomes very obliquely descending and distinctly margined (accompanied by an impressed line) in the last whorl, but much less so in the preceding ones; the spire is a little concavely attenuated at about the third whorl, though on the whole rather broad and obtuse at the apex: “ delibutus,” anointed, from the greasy lustre of the surfaces. The figure here given is from a typical specimen kindly sent me by M. A. Morelet. 17. Streptostyla ventricosula. (Tab. V. figg. 20, 21, 21 a.) Glandina ventricosula, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 15 (1849) *. Spiraxis (Glandina) ventricosula (Morel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. il. p. 475”. Hab. Yucatan: Merida, with S. meridana (Morelet '?). Var. major. (Figg. 21, 21a.) Streptostyla binneyana, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 29 (1869) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 29, t. 1. figg. 3, 3a*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p- 341°. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, February 1892. 13 98 MOLLUSCA. Hab. Centrat Guatemata: Totonicapam (Bocourt?~). : Costa Rica (van Patten, mus. Berol. no. 21859; and Rogers) ; San José (P. Biolley : var. major). This species has been wrongly identified with S. cylindracea, Pfr., first by its author, Morelet himself, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 40, but with a point of interrogation, and afterwards by all subsequent authors; it is, however, sufficiently distinct from it, as will be seen by comparing the figures of Morelet’s type (fig. 20) with that of Pfeiffer’s S. cylindracea (fig. 18). The Costa Rican specimens (figg. 21, 21 @) differ in their dimensions somewhat from the typical ones—the one obtained by Rogers being longer (17 long, 8 broad, ap. 114 millim.), the other by van Patten shorter (21 ea 84 broad, ap. 12 millim.), the breadth remaining nearly the same. : | 18. Streptostyla thomsoni. Streptostyla thomsoni, Ancey, Aun. de Malac. 1886, p. 2577. Hab. Honvuras: Utila Island (Simpson 4). 19. Streptostyla viridula. Streptostyla viridula, Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 482, t. 40. te. 12°. Hab. §.K. Costa Rica: hills of Uren (Gadd 1). An imperfect specimen, which may belong to this species, found by Mr. Carmiol in Costa Rica, is in the Berlin Museum. 20. Streptostyla plicatula. Streptostyla plicatula, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 16, t. 8. fig. 27. Hab. EH. Mexico: Orizaba (Botteri 1). 21, Streptostyla biconica, (Tab. V. figg. 17, 17a.) Spiraxis biconica, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 378°; Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 233 (1856) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 578°. Streptostyla biconica (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 32‘. Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght 1~*). Figured from a specimen in the collection of the late Mr. Albers, who had it pro- bably from Pfeiffer himself. _ 22. Streptostyla flavescens. (Tab. V. fig. 19, var.) Spiraxis flavescens, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 206 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26) 1; Notitiz Malac. ii, p. 15, t. 5. fig. 7°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 476 *. Streptostyla flavescens, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 39 *. Hab. K. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot-Guiliarmod !-), STREPTOSTYLA. 99 Var. boucardi. (Fig. 19.) Spiraxis boucardi, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 24°; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 16 (1861) °; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 194. Streptostyla boucardi, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 43° ; (?) Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 482°. Hab. S.W. Mexico: Juquila (Boucard *-8), S.E. Costa Rica: on the ridge between Tilorio and Zhorquin (Gadd °). S. boucardi, according to a sketch drawn by Mr. Edgar Smith, seems to differ very little from Shuttleworth’s figure of S. flavescens. The chief differences which can be gathered from the descriptions have been given above. 23. Streptostyla fulvida. | Streptostyla fulvida, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii, p. 32 (1869)*; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 49, t. 1. figg. 11, 11a’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p- 839°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sitissw.-Conch. iii. p. 17, t. 12. fig. 8 *. Hab. KE, Mexico, Orizaba (Sallé1—*, Botteri 4). 24, Streptostyla glandiformis. Streptostyla glandiformis, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 84 (1869) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 50, t.1. figg. 10, 10a°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p- 339°. Hab. KE. Mexico, Orizaba (Sadlé 1-8). 25. Streptostyla physodes. Spiraxis physodes, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 207 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 27)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 476°, & iv. p. 579°. Achatina physodes (Shuttl.), Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 48, p. 326, t. 26. figg. 20, 21*. Streptostyla physodes (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 54°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. pp. 6, 22, 47, t. 7. fig. 1, & t. 22. fig. 2 (living animal) °. Var. major. Spiraxis auriculacea, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 3207; Novit. Coneh. i. t. 29. figg. 5, 6°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 578°. Streptostyla auriculacea, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 55”. Streptostyla physodes, Form B, Strebel, loc. cit. iii, p. 23, t. 12. fig. 12", Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod 125, Sallé7—!, Hége); Pacho near Jalapa, on moist ground in the woods, often on decayed wood, and Coatepec (Dona Estefania *); Mirador (Sartorius); Vera Cruz (coll. Cuming*); Huatusco (Dr. Hille, in coll. Dunker). 13* | 100 MOLLUSCA. In its glossy lustre and in general form 8. physodes resembles the shells of the genus Physa, especially P. rivalis from the West Indies. Pfeiffer mentions a larger variety (long. 15, diam. 7 millim.), from Chiapas, which seems to be also somewhat different in colour, as he calls it “‘ pallida ;” itis unknown to me. The columella is remarkably thick and strongly twisted in full-grown specimens, but rather thin and nearer to the perpendicular direction in younger ones. Pfeiffer’s description of S. awriculacea™ agrees very well with large individuals, and deserves scarcely the name of a variety. 26. Streptostyla limneiformis. (Tab. V. fig. 24, var.) Spiraxis limneiformis, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 207 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26)*; Notitiz Malae. ii. p. 15, t. 5. fig. 8°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iti. p. 476 °. Spiramis limneiformis, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 34°. Streptostyla limneiformis (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 38°. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod 1°). Fischer and Crosse think it is probable that this species is based on specimens which are not full-grown. ; Var. parvula. (Fig. 24.) Spiraxis parvula, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 379°; Malak. Blatt. i. p. 284 (1856) " ; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 579°. Streptostyla parvula (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 57°. Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght °°). In Pfeiffer’s collection there is a specimen from Chiapas, marked “ parvula, var.,” which is a little larger than the type (length 9, breadth 4, aperture 5 millim., instead of 8, vix 4, and 4%) and wants the reddish band at the suture; it is marked with rather deep lines of growth and-in general form and appearance much resembles 8S. limnei- formis, but is considerably smaller. 27. Streptostyla oblonga. Spiraxis oblonga, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 378'; Malak. Blatt. iii. p..283 (1856) >; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 579°, Streptostyla oblonga, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 57 *. Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght 1*). Known to me only by Pfeiffer’s description. STREPTOSTYLA. 101 f. Aplecteformes. 28. Streptostyla sololensis. (Tab. V. figg. 22, 23.) Streptostyla sololensis, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 33 (1869) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 53, t. 1. figg. 12, 12a, & pp. 16-20, t. 4. figg. 1-5 (anatomy) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 340°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Conch. iii. p. 6+. Bernsteingelbe Streptostyla, Stoll, Guatem. Reisen und Schild. aus den Jahr. 1878-83, p- 52°. Hab. CuntraL GUATEMALA: mountains of Solola (Bocourt1-4); ruins of Iximché or Pueblo Viejo near Tepan, 7000 feet above the sea, under heaps of stones (Stoll >) (figg. 22, 23), According to Dr. Stoll®, the living animal is of a bright amber colour, without spots. 29. Streptostyla meridana. (Tab. V. figg. 25; 26, var.) Glandina meridana, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 15 (1849) *. Spiraxis (Glandina) meridana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 475°. Streptostyla meridana, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 32°. Hab. Yucatan (Morelet 1—*), Var. cobanensis. Major, paullo latior. (Fig. 26.) Spiraxis cobanensis, Tristram, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 231°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 195°. : Streptostyla cobanensis (Tristr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p, 52°. Streptostyla cornea, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 33 (1869)"; Fischer and Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 51, t. 1. figg. 18, 13 a@°; Pfr.. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 343°. Hab. N. Guatemata: ? Coban (Salvin 4°), S. GuateMALA: San Agustin, Dep. Solola (Bocourt ‘~®); Hacienda Helvetia in upper Cholhuitz, Costa Cuca, 3000 feet above the sea (Soll). _ Near the preceding, but of smaller size, thinner, the suture not white, but of the same pale yellow colour as the rest of the shell. Owing to the kindness of M. A. Morelet, I have been enabled to compare directly his original specimens of S. meridana (fig. 25) with the type of S. cobanensis, Tristr. (fig. 26), and with the figure of Fischer and Crosse’s S. cornea; Morelet’s type is only a little smaller, comparatively more slender, and paler in colour, without any marked difference. The statement “length 18 millim.” * is a misprint for 13 millim., as shown by the specimens themselves. 102 MOLLUSCA. 30. Streptostyla dysoni. Achatina dysoni, Pfr. P. Z. 8S. 1846, p. 32°; iodbee: Helic. Vivent. jii. p. 270°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 19. fig. 99 °. Spiraxis dysoni (Pfr.), Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 208 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26)‘; Pfr, ae Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 476’. Glandina dysoni (Pfr.), Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 41°; Tate, in Amer. Journ. of Conch. vy. p. 158°(1870) *. 7 Streptostyla dysoni, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vili. p. 343°. Hab. Honpuras: under decayed leaves (Dyson 1~* 8). CENTRAL NICARAGUA: in the fosse to the Castillo Fort, also in the forest near Toro Rapids (Tate). Very near the proceming, but much smaller. 31. Streptostyla vexans. Streptostyla vexans, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 28, t. 9. fig. 7°. Hab. E. Mexico: Jalapa (Strebel 4). Resembling S. meridana, var. cobanensis, but considerably smaller. 32. Streptostyla boyeriana. Streptostyla boyeriana, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 82 (1869) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 46, t. 1. figg. 9,9a*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. a vill. p. 342°. Hab, KH. Mexico: Orizaba (Sallé 1-8). More elongated than S. bicontca. g. Subturrite. 33. Streptostyla sargi. Streptostyla sargi, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xxiii. p. 225 (1875); Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 343°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 27, t. 9. fig. 4°. Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg 1-3); Senahu, north side of the Polochic valley, 2800 feet (Champion). The most turreted of all species of Streptostyla. 34. Streptostyla mohriana. Spirazis mohriana, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ix. p. 97 (1862) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 196°. Streptostyla mohriana (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 65°. Hab. E. Mexico: Cerro de Borrego, near Orizaba (Mohr 1), STREPTOSTYLA. 103 C. Ligulate. [Petenia*, Crosse & Fischer. | The shell is smooth and shining, as in the preceding sections, rather elongated, and provided with a narrow dark spiral band. The foot of the animal shows at its hinder end a mucous-pore, a character which has not yet been found in any of the preceding species. 35. Streptostyla ligulata. Glandina ligulata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 12 (1849)*; Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 257, t. 10. fig. 8 (1852) °; Mérch, Journ. de Conch. xiii. p. 36 (1865) *. Achatina ligulata (Morel.), Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab., ed. 2, Achatina, no. 40, p- 821, t. 26. figg. 4, 5 *. Spiraxis (Glandina) ligulata (Morel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 475°. Petenia ligulata (Morel.), Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 35 (1869) °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 68, t. 1. figg. 17, 17 a”. Streptostyla (Glandina) ligulata (Morel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 344°, Hab. EK. Mexico: Ojo de Agua near Cordova (Sallé"). N. Guaremaua and Centrat Curapas: woods of Peten and Palenque (Morelet }~>"). _ N.B.—The length of 11 millim. given by Morelet ! ? is evidently a misprint for 16, as is shown by the indication of the natural size in his figure 7. 36. Streptostyla catenata. Spiraxis catenata, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 378'; Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 233 (1856) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 579°. Streptostyla catenata (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 63 *; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 27, t. 12. fig. 5°. . Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght ~°). Although it is not yet known whether this species is provided with a mucous-pore on the foot, the general resemblance to S. diguiata in the painting of the shell suggests that it may belong to the same subgenus. * Preoccupied in Pisces (Giinther, 1862). 104 - MOLLUSCA. Fam. OXYGNATHA. Jaw smooth, with a median projection at its cutting-edge. Median and lateral teeth of the radula subquadrate ; marginal teeth aculeiform. Shell ordinarily thin, glossy; edges of the aperture simple. For the purposes of this work, and to render easier the determination of the shells, I have excluded from this family all.the genera without external shell (Limacidse),: or with an incomplete one, partly covered by the soft parts of the animal (Vitrinide) ; and I propose to place them near the analogous forms of the Aulacognatha., OMPHALINA. Omphalina, Rafinesque, Enum, and account of some. remarkable Nat. Objects, p. 3 (Nov. 1831) (see Binney and Tryon, Complete Writings of Rafinesque, p. 67). Mesomphiz, Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 7 (1888). Subfam. Neozonitine, Pfeffer in Strebel’s Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. Conch, iv. p. 1 (1880). Shell depressed, umbilicated, corneous, smooth and shining on the lower side; aperture moderately oblique ; peristome simple, thin. Foot with a double marginal furrow and a distinct mucous-pore at the hinder end. Edge of the mantle extending on the neck of the creeping animal, but not on the shell, Median tooth of the radula with a lateral cusp on each side; lateral teeth few (4-11), with the outside cusp only distinct and placed higher up; marginal teeth spiniform, numerous. Genital organs rather simple, without vesicule multifide or dart-sac. as ; For the anatomy, see Fischer and Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. pp. 143-151, t. 8; and Pfeffer, in Strebel’s Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. pp. 1-4, 7, 9, 12,17, t. 8, and t. 9. figg.1-8. Fischer and Crosse unite the Omphaline, the Palearctic Zonites, and the cosmopolitan Hyalinia into one genus, Zonites; Pfeffer makes it a distinct subfamily “ Neozonitine,” and splits it into three genera, Voreletia, Zonyalina, and Patulopsis. The shell is brown or yellow, unicolorous, or with one or, rarely, more dark spiral bands. The periphery is in most species rounded, even in young shells, in opposition to the Palearctic Zonites, in which the young shell is always, and the adult often, angulated. 105 . 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CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, February 1892. 106 . . . MOLLUSCA. a. Upper face of the shell sculptured, more or less opaque. (Moregietia, Gray.) 1. Omphalina euryomphala. | | Helix euryomphala, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1845, p. 7L'; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 107 *, and ii. p. 101°; and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 896. no. 948, t. 144. fige. 1,2‘; Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 27’, and in Journ. de Conch. 11. pp. 14-17, t. 2. fige. 6, 7 (living anim.) (1851)°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vil., Helix, t. 97. fig. 5383"; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 230, and 18638, p. 411°. Zonites (Moreletia) euryomphala (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 148 (1855) °. Zonites (Moreletia) euryomphalus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 67 (1860) ; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 155, t. 7. figg.-1, la, 6, t. 8. figg. 1-9 (anat.) Moreletia euryomphala (Pfr.), v. Mart. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 648°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und | Stissw.-Conch. iv. p. 5”. Helix cymbalum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p- 7 (1849) ™. Hab. N. Guatemata: Mountain forests of Vera Paz !° (Morelet 14, Salvin §) ; Moun- tains of Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt1!); Coban?49 (Morelet®*%, Salvin, Sarg ®, Conradt). . : _ Erroneously ascribed by Pfeiffer 12 and Reeve’? to Cuba. Conradt’s specimens are marked as having been found at an elevation of 6000 feet. 2. Omphalina zonites. Helix zonites, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1845, p. 127*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 997, and iv. p. 86 (vars.) *; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helia, t. 167. fig. 1122* (not 109, 615). Nanina zonites (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 140’. Hyalina (Edusa) zonites, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 72 (1860) ° Zonites (Moreletia) metonomasticus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 157, t. 7. fig. 2a (22)7, | Moreletia metonomastica (Fisch. & Crosse), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv p-5°. fab. S.K. Mexico: Tuxtla (Bowcard 37 8), S. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 37 8). Mr. Edgar Smith informs me that two of the three examples in Cuming’s collection have a second infra-peripherical band faintly visible, and this is also to be perceived 1 in Albers’s specimen. B. Shell slightly sculptured above, shining, subinflated ; umbilicus narrower. (OMPHALINA, sensu str.) 3. Onivhaliina lucubrata. (Tab. VI. figg. 1, » 1a, b, 2, 2a, 3, 4, 4a, 4, 5) a, typica: rufescens, Helix lucubrata, Say, Descr. of some New Terr. & Fluy. Shells of N. ioe in New Harmony OMPHALINA. 107 Dissem. ii. p. 229 (1829) *, and reprint, p. 13 (1840)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 1. p- 98°; Binney, Complete Writings of Say, p. 36‘, and Bibliogr. N. Am. Conch. i. p. 264° [not Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 68, v. p. 182, and vii. p. 183 (= friabilis, Binn.) ; nor Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 225, t. 82 (= levigata, Raf.)]. Hyalina lucubrata (Say), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 247, t. 18 (8). fig. 14 (1866) °. Hab. E. Mexico: Las Vigas, near the edge of the plateau, and Cordova (Hége). | _'S.W. Mexico: Oaxaca (Hoge). ‘b. fasciata: pallidior, fascia peripherica distincta fusca alteraque suturali minus distincta. Helix caduca, var. 8, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 747; P.Z.S. 1856, p. 324, t. 35. fig. 14°. Zonites (Moreletia) caducus, var. 8. fasciata, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 163, t. 7. fig. 36°. oe Moreletia angiomphala, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. pp. 8, 92, t. 1. figg. 2 a-/, : 3.a-c,5, 7b, d, and 8a-d; t. 8. figg. 2, 3 (anat.), 8, 8a (shell); t. 9. figg. 2-4 (radula) and 16 (jaw) *°. Hab. EK. Mexico: Cajetes near San Juan Miahuatlan, between Jalapa and Misantla (Strebel 1°); San Antonio del Monte, near Naolingo, on the road to Misantla (Strebel 1°); Cuautlatitlan, between Jico and Perote (Strebel 1°) ; Ixhuacan, between Jalapa and Quimistlan (Strebel!°); Coatepec, near Jalapa, in the mountains near the edge of the plateau (Strebel !°); Jalapa (F. D. Godman); Cordova (Hége); Jacale, near the Volcan de Orizaba (Sallé%); Mirador (only young specimens, somewhat doubtful: Sartorius }°); Vera Cruz (Sallé§). c. deppeana: virescens, umbilico paullum latiore. (Figg. 4, 4a, b.) Hyalina (Mesomphiz) fuliginosa (Griff.), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 16 (1865) ”. Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Deppe#). — d. olivaria: subglobosa, brunneo-viridula. Zonites (Moreletia) lucubratus, var. olivaria, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 161, t. 7. figg. 4, 4a”. Hab. S.W. Muxtico: Tepansacualco, Oaxaca (Boucard ). I believe that I have again detected the long misunderstood species of Say in some specimens which agree very well with his words “ polita ” and nevertheless “anfr. corrugati,” “rufescens, subtus pallidior.” The very shining surface, with unequal plait-like strie, and the distinctly paler yellowish, or even greenish, colour of the lower side are characteristic of the species before me. Spiral strize are present, but very fine, scarcely perceptible under an ordinary lens, and very numerous. The same characters are to be found in the specimens of 0. angiomphala given by Strebel himself to the Berlin Museum ; also the fine spiral strie, which he does not note in his otherwise very good description. The varieties ¢ and d differ by the greenish colour; ¢ (deppeana) shows all the mentioned peculiarities of sculpture, and forms 14* 108 _ MOLLUSCA: somewhat a transition to d (olivaria), which I can judge. only from the description and figure given by Fischer and Crosse. - The jocality given | Say joapied by later writers) is “* Mexico” }. 4. Omphalina caduca. A | Helix caduca, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 158 (1846)*; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 100. no. 518, t. 88. figg. 26-28°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 89°, and iv. p. 74‘; P. Z.S. 1856, p. 324, t. 35. fig. 13°; Ferd. Romer, Texas, p. 455 (1849) °; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Melia, t. 97. fig. 530’; Binney, Terr. air- breath. Moll. N. Am. p. 107 °. Hyalina (Ammonoceras) caduca (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 72”. Hyalina caduca (Pfr.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 248, t. 18 (3). fig. 15”. . Zonites caduca (Pfr.), Binney & Bland, Land and ‘Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 286, fig. 513". | Sots aon | Zonites (Moreletia) caducus (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 163, t. 7. fige. 8, 3a, and t. 8. figg. 13-16 (radula) *. Zonites caducus (Pfr.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. (in Bull.. Mus. Comp. Zodl. Harv. Coll. iv.) p. 102. fig. 22°; Manual of Am. Tand-shells (in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 28), p. 352, fig. 380". Moreletia caduca (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 6, t. 1. figg. 1 6 and 7 a, ¢, t. 8. figg. 1 (anat.) and 9, 9 a (shell), t. 9. figg. 1 (radula) and 17 (jaw) ™. Hab. Nortu America: New Washington, Texas (Romer ° 81°), , E. Mexico: Quilate near Misantla, and Soncoautla near Coatepec (Dona Este- fania ®); San Antonio Huatusco (Dr. Hille, in coll. Dunker); Jalapa, Cerro de Palmas near Cordova (Hége) ; Cordova 4, Orizaba 1? (Sallé) ; Mirador (Strebel ', Berendt , Sartorius )°). | , Var. strebeliana: magis depressa, magis obscura, strigis fuscis subobsoletis. Moreletia fuliginosa, Form B, Strebel, loc, cit. p. 6, t. 8. figg. 7, 7a eee Hab. E. Mexico: Quilate, Hirial, and Palpoala, in the environs of Misantla (Strebel ') ; Cajetes near San Juan Miahuatlan, between Jalapa and Misantla, in the moun- tains (Strebel 16), | This species comes very near the preceding, O. lucubrata, from whieh it may be distinguished by the finer and more regular strie, the more uniform and yellowish colour, the fewer and less fine spiral striae, and the more open umbilicus. ‘There is no distinct peripheric band, but in one specimen I have detected a faint sutural one. I therefore transfer Pfeiffer’s var. 6 (with Strebel’s angiomphala) to O. lucubrata. O. fuliyinosa (Griffith), Fischer and Crosse, op. cit. p. 164, and Strebel, op. cit. p. 5, has not hitherto been found within the limits of Mexico. These authors have admitted it through my having, in 1865, with. much less material,;determined as “ 0. fuliginosa” the specimen which I now call O. lweubrata, var. deppeana. | OMPHALINA. 109 5. Omphalina paradensis. Oo Helix paradensis, Pfr..in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 233 (1860); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 133%. Helix faradensis (errore typ.), Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 20°. Zonites (Moreletia) paradensis (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 158, t. 7. figg. 7, 7a". . Moreletia paradensis (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 10, t. 1. fig. 6, € 2. figg. 4, 7°. Moreletia dohrnii, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 93, t. 15. fig. 1 (radula and anatomy) °. Hab. E. Mexico: Cajetes near San Juan Miahuatlan, Consolapa near Coatepec, and Cuautlatitlan (Strebel °°), S.W. Mexico: Parada, State of Oaxaca (Sallé 1~*). Pfeiffer states 1-3 that spiral lines are visible under a lens in this species, but neither in Fischer and Crosse’s specimen, which comes from the same source as Pfeiffer’s, nor in that contained in Patel’s collection are such strize to be seen. Probably they are irregular and only present in some specimens, as is sometimes the case in the species of this and of the allied genera. Fischer and Crosse have established a variety, and Strebel even a new species, upon such specimens. Mr. Edgar Smith informs me that in his opinion “ O. paradensis, notwithstanding the very faint spiral striation, is a rather unsatisfactory species.” 6. Omphalina bilineata. (Tab. VI. fig. 6, var. apicalis.) a. subunifascrata. Helix bilineata, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1845, p. 1287; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab, ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 96. no. 509, t. 83. figg. 23-25°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 91°, and iv. p. 784; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 144. fig. 928°; Berendt, in Malak. Blatt. xu. p- 208 (1865) °. _ Hyalina (Zonyalina) bilineata (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 16 (1865) *. Zonites (Moreletia) bilineatus (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 167°. Zonyalina bilineata (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sussw. -Conch. iv. p. 1], t. 2. figg. 3, 12 (young), 14, t. 8. fig. 4 (anat.), t. 9. figg. 5, 6 (radula), 19 (jaw) ’. Zonites (Zonyalina) bilineatus (Pfr.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 312”. Hab. FE. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé48); Vera Cruz (Friedel’); Mirador (Strebel & Sartorius®); Misantla (coll. Dunker); Jalapa (Hége); Pacho near Jalapa, on a creeping Lycopodium called “ doradilla” by the natives (Stredel°) ; Cuautlatitlan (Dota Estefania ®); Orizaba, 300 to 500 feet above the town (fetlprin"). b. trizonata. _ Helix zonites, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 109. fig. 615”. Helix bilineata, var., Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 78”. Zonites (Moreletia) bilineatus, var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 168°. Zonyalina venusta, Strebel, loc. cit. iv. p. 13, t. 2. figg. 13 a, b,d™. ‘110 . MOLLUSCA.. Hab. E. Mexico: Toxpam, on the slope of the Matlaquiahuitl, near Cordova, in company with the typical form (Strebel 1+); Jalapa and Cordova (Hége). c. bizonata. Zonites (Moreletia) bilineatus, var. 8. bizonata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 168, t. 7. figg. 5,5a”. Hab. E. Mexico: no special locality is stated 15, but probably the Specimens were found by Sallé at Cordova. d. apicalis: fascia nulla, apice fusca, zonula peripherica albida. (Fig. 6.) Hab. E. Mextco: Cordova (Hége); Orizaba (Hedlprin }°). In the typical form there is a distinct but narrow dark band in the periphery of the shell, and a fainter one just at the suture. In) the var. trizonata this upper band is very broad, the periphery, and also the third one on the lower face of the shell, like- wise broad; the surface between this lower band and the umbilicus is considerably paler than the other interspaces. In the var. dézonata the sutural and peripheric bands are united into a single very broad one, and the lower band also is very broad, so that very little of the yellow ground-colour remains. Compared with the varieties of bands in Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis, one might give to the typical form the formula 1-3— —, to var. trizonata (1, 2) 3 (4, 5), and to var. bézonata (1, 2) 3 (4, 5); but there is this difference, that in H. nemoralis and H. hortensis the uppermost band, 1, never reaches the suture, as it does in Omphalina bilineata. Strebel’ has also seen an example of the form a, subunifasciata, in which the narrow peripheric band is divided into two very narrow ones, as is also found, but very rarely, in Helix nemoralis. Specimens without bands at all are mentioned by Strebel ; but I have seen only one amongst about thirty from different localities. 7. Omphalina tuxtlensis. Zonites tuxtlensis, Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xviii. p. 237 (1870) '; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 166, t. 7. figg. 6, 6a”. Hab. §.E. Mexico: Tuxtla (Sallé 1). This shell is said to be distinct from the preceding, not only by the more globose form, but by the finer and regular strie. The coloration is the same as in O. bilineata, ar. dizonata. Mr. Edgar Smith is inclined to consider it a banded specimen of O. zonites. | 8. Omphalina modesta, sp. n. (Tab. VI. figg. 7, 7 a, b.) Zonites (Moreletia) oe var. 6, oe Fisch. & oe Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 168, t. 7. fig. 5 51. Zonyalina bihneata, Form B, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. -Conch. iv. p. 13, t. 2. fig. 14a’. OMPHALINA. 111 Testa umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, nitida, levissime striatula, obscure lutea, concolor; spira convexiuscula, sutura striolata; anfr. 5, convexi, regulariter crescentes, ultimus rotundatus; umbilicus angustus 3 apertura lunato-rotundata; peristoma simplex, acutum (intus albo-labiatum), margine columellari brevis- sime reflexo. Diam. maj. 15, min. 14, alt. 8 millim.; apert. diam. 8, lat. obliqua 7 millim. Hab. Ki. Mexico: Las Vigas, on the edge of the plateau N.W. of Jalapa (Hége) ; Jalapa and probably also Nacimiento de Quilate near Misantla (Strebel 2). Nearly allied to O. bilineata, but distinct in shape, by more convex whorls and a larger aperture ; it is also of a deeper brownish-yellow colour, and is without bands. The sculpture—very light radiating striae, more distinct immediately at the suture, and very fine, scarcely (and not everywhere) visible spiral linee—is essentially the same as in O. bilrneata. The apex is usually somewhat worn, and a little paler than the rest of the upper surface ; but it is not so distinctly whitish and opaque as is generally the case in O. bilineata. In one specimen, the largest of all, there is a somewhat thickened whitish inner lip within the aperture, and in some others, of rather smaller size, there are faint traces of such a lip, which seems to be repeated if the nearly full-grown animal is interrupted in its growth; but as the lip is wanting in some other specimens, it is not to be relied upon as a specific character. Fischer’s* figure represents a shell even somewhat more convex than the specimens which I have before me. He gives no distinct locality; but it is probable that his specimens were collected by Sallé at Cordova, with the true O. bilineata. 9. Omphalina veracruzensis. (Tab. VI. figg. 8, 8a, J.) a. typica. Helix veracruzensis, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 318’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 78° (nec Fisch. & Crosse). Hyalina (Mesomphix) veracruzensis (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 71°. Testa umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, valde nitida, levissime striatula, prope suturam distinctius striatula, pallide flava vel rubello-cornea; spira convexiuscula, sutura subcrenulata; anfr. 43-5, planiusculi, ultimus latus, non descendens, depresse rotundatus; umbilicus latiusculus; apertura lunato-ovalis; peristoma rectum, margine columellari arcuato-declivi, vix reflexiusculo. Hab. FE. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé ! 23). b. jalapensis. Zonyalina jalapensis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 15, t. 2. figg. 11, lla, t. 8. fig. 5 (anat.), t. 9. figg. 7 (radula), 19 (jaw) *. Hab. E. Mexico: environs of Jalapa, especially in the wood of Pacho, also at Conso- lapa and Soncoautla near Coatepec, and at Dos Arroyos, between Jalapa and Naolingo (Strebel 4); Jalapa (Hoge, F. D. Godman). N. GuatemaLa: Coban (Sarg *). ¥i2_— .’ MOLLUSCA. There is some difficulty in making out this ‘species, Pfeiffer not having figured it ; bat his description is clear, and agrees very well with a shell found rather frequently at Jalapa by Strebel and Hége, except the dimensions, which are given somewhat larger by Pfeiffer. The diameter of the largest specimen found by Strebel is 11-4 millim., and many of those collected by Hoge do not exceed 9, but some are: 11 millim. . The height given by Pfeiffer cannot be compared directly with ours, because he only measures from the apex to near the umbilicus (which is rather vague) in the heliciform shells (Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. vi), and not to the base of the aperture, as is done in our descriptions; Pfeiffer’s measurements of the height are, therefore, somewhat lower than ours. 1 here give the measurements (in millimetres) of the typical form and of the var. yalapensis:— Diam. maj. 124, min. 104, alt. 5 (?) ; apert. diam. ? , lat. obliqua ? (Pfr.). 1 . 52 7 42 a a ne ee The thinness, quasi-crenulation of the suture, and the rounded periphery of the J alapa shells agree very well with Pfeiffer’s description. The colour is somewhat variable in individuals from the same locality, but the darker ones may well be said to be “ rubello- cornea.” This species, moreover, is labelled as “ veracruzensis, Pfr.,” in Dunker’s and Patel’s collections; and I know no other Mexican shell to which Pfeiffer’s description could be reasonably applied. In Albers’s collection there is a shell labelled ‘ H. vera- cruzensis, Pfr., ex Cuming,” and to this Strebel alludes on p. 144; it has nearly the size given by Pfeiffer (12 millim.), and also the splendour and subcrenulated suture, but it is very pale, somewhat more elevated, and its umbilicus is comparatively narrower. Nevertheless it may be an individual or local variety of this species. On its last whorl it has a peculiar impressed furrow, but this is evidently abnormal and is not mentioned by Pfeiffer. This specimen is figured here, Tab. VI. fig. 8. Fischer and Crosse’s so-called O. veracruzensis is quite different by its distinct angulation, and I propose to separate it under the name of O. sallwana. In O. veracruzensis (Pfr.) the apex is often worn and whitish, sometimes to a greater extent than in O. bilineata ; and in some specimens there are worn spots, which are more or less in the form of long and narrow spiral bands. 10. Omphalina sallzana, sp. n. Zonites (Moreletia) veracruzensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex , Mollusca, i. p. 159, t. 7. figg. 8, a,b (nec Pfr.) *. Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé 1). _ Differs from Pfeiffer’s species by the distinct angulation of the last whorl, which is formally excluded by Pfeiffer’s words “anfr, ult. depresse rotundatus,”? and is not even found in very young specimens of O. veracruzensis. This isthe shell figured by Fischer and Crosse, and referred by them on p. 160 1, with some doubt, to O. veracruzensis (Pfr.). OMPHALINA.—HYALINIA. 113 11. Omphalina sculpta, sp. ». (Tab. VI. figg. 10, 10a, 3.) Testa subdepressa, anguste umbilicata, argute striatula et passim impressionibus linearibus brevibus oblique descendentibus notata, lurido-flavida, nitida ; spira brevis, obtusa; sutura sat profunda; anfr. 43, con- vexi, sat celeriter crescentes, ultimus rotundatus, antice vix descendens; apertura perobliqua, truncato- ovata, peristomate recto, tenui, margine columellari ad insertionem triangulariter reflexo. Diam. maj. 10, min. 83, alt. 5; apert. diam. 54, alt. obliqua 4 millim. Hab. W. Mexico: Omilteme, in the State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith). In some specimens there are one or two longer spiral linear impressions on the lower side of the last whorl. c. Shell keeled, costulate above, smooth beneath. (Patutopsis, Strebel.) 12. Omphalina carinata. Patulopsis carinatus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 16, t. 4. figg. 15,15 a, b, t. 8. fig. 6 (anat.), t. 9. figg. 8 (radula), 20 (jaw) °. Hab. E. Mexico: Wood of Pacho near Jalapa and environs of Coatepec (Strebel ) ; Jalapa (Hoge). The shell of O. carinata looks somewhat as if it was not fully grown, on account of the small number of whorls and the comparatively large size of the first; but I do not know any Mexican species to which it can be referred. HYALINIA. Les Hyalines, Férussac, Tabl. Synopt. Anim. Moll., Prodr. p. 44 (1819). Zonites, Gray, in Lond. Med. Direct. xv. p. 286 (1821) (and of many subsequent French and British authors) (nec Montfort, 1810). Hyalinia (Agassiz), Charpentier, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Helv. i. p. 13 (1837). Hyalina, Gray, in Turton’s Man. of Land & Freshwater Shells, p. 168 (1840) ; Albers, in Malak. Blatt. iv. p. 91 (1857); v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 67 (nec Schumacher, 1817). Polita, Held, Isis, 1837, p. 915. Helicelia (Lamarck ?) (Risso, part.), Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 6 (1838). Oxychilus (part.), Discus (part.), and Vitrea (one sp.), Fitzinger, Syst. Verz. Weichth. 1833, pp. 99, &c. Vitrea (Fitzinger), E. Smith, Journ. of Conch. vi. pp. 337-339 (1891). Shell shining, smooth, depressed, mostly umbilicated, with simple peristome. No mucous-pore at the end of the foot. Jaw smooth, with median projection. Marginal teeth aculeate. We include in this genus the Mexican and Central-American species of moderate or small size with shining surface of the shell, which resemble the European Hyalini@ so much as to suggest the probability that the internal structure may be similar. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, February 1892. 15 MOLLUSCA. 114 PONT 24800, *eYyVIpPea “esdouruat wanypned [eaquey ‘epemoyeny “A ge I re -oqye ‘vurpe<y-oqye *B[NYVI4S XTA *BYVOTTIQUIN OULISST}R] erids ‘essoidap jt tt gunyr ‘a ‘I{TOIS qu “ajuR UT OF Bolo = ‘snqique “eleUToyeNn4 [e1zUE— gp C 9 ‘suaosaAey opry[ed | -Ipva sisiour stout “eyeorTIquin eoIpoul "exoAtoa | “yauony “eyvarpioned ‘90 “jue Ul OF *OOIXOTT valid ‘snqijzue ‘M'S ‘Seouomy ‘N ep 8% G "e0U100 | -IPBL SISIOUT STeUI] “eye.1oprodqns ‘epnosniued jot tts Loge “eyequepur *BOlNy ®1809 $ fy zB “epiq[e ‘“ “c “ steeeseeeees TOUIUL BA ‘ OOIXOT “OT fp 6-T 6-Z “sudoseaep opted "e[NyeLys oynuliM 7 “exaauoo [""''''' “gags “ejsopourzed “OOTXOPL “i ge T eG eurre<y-opiq]e "B]CSIAB] “ ‘eued por tt ufo “eurpedyqns “Sort “up ‘epeueyeny “NT ‘Oolxeyy ‘WY ‘VolIoWwY ‘Ny 5-7 £e-@ c-} “eaudoo opted sf “ ‘exaauoo po hing “eatoqae “B[eUL *e}VIPBI-OQ]e "YOSUT -078ND “NT ‘OOTXOTT “A'S Epp e-¥T &q-8e ‘epnpiita epiyied "B[NYVIAYS 194 TA9T *RYCOT[IQUIN 9dTPOTL *enutmodd x14 | ff “49 ‘stsusdadoyuenye4 “BOIY BISOD [RA}UID fp 8o 9 “SUBOSOIIA OpIT[ed “UTNyVLIys “BJ VOITIGUIN 042] *BXOAUOO Fes [8 “QuDyT “a “TUUBUT OY “eyepeis “epBUegeny) “NT 57 § ce] ‘epiq{e | °B[N}el4]s OWISSTAOT “ -qns ‘exoauoo opyea | 8? “puppy *a “epNaaUIOTS *e[BULO}EN [VIJUO_D) F - L *BoUlOONS *B[N4eLays “eYBOT[IQUIN oJsnsUB “exoauioa [ts ‘yauopy ‘sisdopryu “Wut “WU "TUL “elLayeq ‘Juv 4V "UIVICy *OT}RIOTO,) “einjdpnog “siseg: *vaidg “MOTO NT ‘VINITVA}T 40 SAIOGAG AHL dO WIAV], TALLVUVANKOD HYALINIA. 115 A. Species of the usual form and sculpture. (HyYAtInta, sensu str.) 1. Hyalinia nitidopsis. (Tab. VI. figg. 9, 9 a-c.) Helix nitidopsis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 8 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 68°. Zonites (Hyalinia) nitidopsis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 173°. Hab. Cuyrrau Guatemana: Salama, very rare (Morelet 1-3). I give here a figure of this species, from a specimen lent me by A. Morelet. On microscopical examination, under a magnifying-power of £°, a very faint, close, spiral striation is visible on the surface, no trace of which is to be seen under an ordinary lens. 2. Hyalinia glomerula, sp.n. (Tab. VI. figg. 14, 14 a-d.) Testa anguste umbilicata, subdepresse globulosa, levissime striatula, nitida, albida, diaphana ; anfr. 4, tumidi, sutura profunda discreti, ultimus supra et infra subequaliter convexus, antice modice deflexus; apertura paullum obliqua, lunato-subcircularis, marginibus ad insertionem inter se remotis, columellari arcuato, latiusculo. Diam. maj. 5, min. 43, alt. 3; apert. diam. 2, alt. obliqua 2 millim. Hab. N. GuatemaLa: San Luis, Peten (coll. Morelet). Somewhat like the preceding, but distinct by its more globular form, deeper sutures, different colour, and smaller size. Even under a magnifying-power of §°, no trace of spiral strize can be perceived. 3. Hyalinia hoffmanni, sp. n. (Tab. VI. figg. 11, 11 ac.) Testa late umbilicata, conoideo-depressa, striatula, nitidula, pallide virescens, concolor ; anfr. 44, convexiusculi, sutura sat profunda, ultimus rotundatus, antice non deflexus, infra excavatus, sensim in umbilieum fere 4 diametri equantem transiens; apertura paullum obliqua, emarginato-subcircularis, marginibus remotis, columellari distincte ascendente. Diam. maj. 6, min. 53, alt. 33; apert. diam. 24, alt. obliqua vix 2 millim. Hab. Costa Rica: Quebrada Honda, on a stem of fern (C. Hoffmann, in mus. Berol.) ; San José, among moss on the trunks of trees and below dry leaves (H. Pittier) ; Hacienda El Roble, between the Volcanos Irazu and Turrialba (P. Biolley). Has the general appearance of H. nitida, Mill., but is distinct from it by the less swollen last whorl and the wider umbilicus. From /H. nitidopsis it differs also by the width of the umbilicus, as Morelet says that this is narrower in his species than in H. nitida. No spiral striz can be detected, even under a magnifying-power of 4°. H. tehuantepecensis of Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 18, t. 4. fig. 4, from Pacho and Mirador, E. Mexico, probably belongs to the same species; it differs very considerably from the shell so named by Crosse and Fischer. 15* 116 MOLLUSCA. 4, Hyalinia tehuantepecensis. Zonites tehuantepecensis, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. Xvili, p. 297 (1870) *. Zonites (Hyalinia) tehuantepecensis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 174, t. 10. figg. 1, la’. Helix tehuantepecensis (Cr. & Fisch.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vil. p. 155 _ Hab. S.W. Mexico: Tehuantepec (Sallé+ °). 6. var. major: diam. 53 millim. Hab. N. Guaremata: Senahu in Alta Vera Paz (Champion). The white radial stripes are not to be seen in Fischer and Crosse’s figure, but they are clearly indicated in the description. 5. Hyalinia arborea. (Tab. VI. figg. 13, 13 ac.) | Helix arborea, Say, in Nicholson’s Encycl. ii., Conchology, t. 4. fig. 4 (1816 *) ; Complete Writings on Conch. p. 5, t. 72. fig. 47; Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 422, t. 22. fig. 1°; Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 235, t. 29. fig. 3*; A. Gould, Invert. of Massach. p- 182, fig. 110, & ed. 2, p. 110’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 95°, and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 114. no. 533, t. 85. figg. 38-35 "; Whiteaves, in Canad. Nat. 1863, p. 24°. Hyalina arborea (Say), Albers, Die Helic. p. 66°; v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 69"; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 33, figg. 38, 39 (jaw), 40 (radula) *'. Zonites arboreus (Say), Binney, Manual of Am. Land-Shells (in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 28), p. 61, fig. 18”. Hyalinia subhyalina, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch, iv. p. 18, t. 4, fig. 14° (nec Pfr.). Hab. Norta America®~7: from Great Slave Lake ! 12, 62° N. Lat., Labrador }! 12, and Lower Canada, where it is one of the commonest land-snails °, to Florida}! ¥°, Texas 11 12, New Mexico !! 1, and California 1! 12, KE. Mexico: Las Vigas (Hége) ; either Vera Cruz or Mirador near Jalapa (Strebel 1°). N. Guatemata: San Luis, Peten (coll. Morelet). ANTILLES: Cuba®?7; Guadeloupe !! 2, The Mexican and Central American specimens in A. Morelet’s collection are a little yellower than the majority of those from North America; but in form, size, and sculp- ture I cannot detect any difference. Strebel’s figure and description !° agree very well with the specimens from Las Vigas in size (4 millim.), height (2 millim.), number of whorls (4), somewhat elevated spire, sculpture, &c. ; but differ considerably in all these characters from the original description and figure of Pfeiffer’s H. subhyalina, which is “ discoidea, leevigata, albido-hyalina, spira plana; anfr. 34, diam. maj. 24.” Our figure is drawn from a Mexican specimen, found at Las Vigas by Herr Hoge. The shell appears, at first sight, somewhat less flattened than the figures given by HYALINIA. 117 Binney, A. Gould, and Pfeiffer; but the specimen agrees very well with those from North America in the Berlin Museum and in Albers’s collection. 6. Hyalinia subhyalina. Helix subhyalina, Pfr. in Malak. Blitt. xiv. p. 196 (1867) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 476°. Zonites (Hyalinia) subhyalinus (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 172°; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 812+. Hab. Ki. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Berendt 1-8); Orizaba, on hills (Heilprin *), Strebel suggests that this may be the young state of the preceding. 7. Hyalinia permodesta. | Hyalinia permodesta, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 19, t. 4. fig. 97. 18¢0 Hab. E. Muxico: Plantation Mirador, near Jalapa (Strebel 1). Distinct from H. arborea by its narrower umbilicus, higher spire, narrower whorls, and smaller size. Var. minor (2 millim. diam.), Hab. Costa Rica: San Francisco de los Rios, 1100 metres above the sea (H. Pittier). B. Upperside of the shell marked with sharply defined radial impressions. (GLYPHYALINIA, subg. nov.) 8. Hyalinia indentata. Helix indentata, Say, in Journ. Acad. Phil. ii. p. 372 (1822)*; Binney, in Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iil. p. 415, t. 22. fig. 3°; A. Gould, Invert. of Massach. p. 181, fig. 109°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 59*, and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 221. no. 190, t. 34, figg. 12-15°; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 242, t. 29. fig. 2, & iv. p. 119°. Hyalina indentata (Say), Binney & Bland, Land & Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. p. 35, fig. 44 (also figg. 46, 47, jaw and radula) *. Zonites indentatus (Say), Binney, Manual of Am. Land-Shells (in Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 28), p- 62°; Suppl. i. p. 139, t. 4. figg. H, 1’. Zonites (Hyalinia) indentatus, Pilsbry, in Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 312”. Hab. Norta America: from Canada to Texas, and from Dacotah to Florida? 8, S.W. Mexico: Yautepec, Morelos, Southward from the city of Mexico and also the plateau on the upper confluents of the Rio de las Balsas (Hezlprin 1°). Probably also in Northern Mexico. The Latin name “indentata” is to be under- stood in the signification of the English “indented.” According to Pilsbry 1, this is the most abundant of the smaller Zonites in Texas. 118 MOLLUSCA. 9. Hyalinia paucilirata. (Tab. VI. figg. 12, 12 a-c.) Helix paucilirata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 8 (1851) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 94”, Zonites (Hyalinia) pauciliratus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 178°. Hab. Cextrat GuatemaLa: Salama, not frequent (Morelet 1°). The chief peculiarity of H. paucilirata is the “ lineolis remotis irradiantibus utrinque lirata.” These are, according to the original specimen kindly lent me by the author, impressed radiating lines or indentations, as if cut into the surface of the shell—such as are to be found also in the North-American J. indentata, Say, and in H. insecta, v. Mart., from Puerto Rico, but somewhat numerous; in the last whorl about thirty are present, ten of which are within the last 2 millim. of the aperture, the rest some- what more apart one from the other. Three species only of this subdivision are known to me, all from North or Central America. c. Whorls rapidly increasing in size, the last proportionately very large, not descending at the aperture ; spire flat or immersed. (AMMoNocERAS, Pfr.) 10. Hyalinia stolli, sp.n. (Tab. VI. figg. 15, 15 a-—c.) Testa latissime umbilicata, depressa, nitida, vix striatula, albido-hyalina, strigis radiantibus albis compluribus ; anfr. 33, celeriter crescentes, spira paullum immersa, sutura profunda, ultimus rotundatus ; apertura sat obliqua, dilatata, margine supero valde arcuato. (2) Diam. maj. 23, min. 2 , alt. 1; apert. diam. 1 , alt. obliqua 1 millim. (0) ” 3 oe 23 ” 9 13 9 1 millim, Hab. W. Guatemata: Retalhuleu (0. Stol/).—Dimensions a. Costa Rica: San José, at 1135 metres above the sea, among moss (P. Biolley).— Dimensions 6. No spiral strie are to be seen, even under a magnifying-power of £2. The representatives of this subdivision are confined to Central and South America; some species of much larger size are found in Colombia (1. flora, Pfr.) and Brazil (H. euspira, Pfr.). GUPPYA. Stenopus, Lansdown Guilding, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 527 (1828) (nec Latreille, 1825, Crustacea). Guppya, Morch, in Journ. de Conch. xv. p. 256 (1867) ; Tate, in Amer. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 154 (1870). : Habroconus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. pp. 154, 171 (1878); Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 28 (1880). Shells of small size, shining surface, and trochoid shape, with simple aperture and very small or no perforation. Foot with a distinct mucous-pore at the hinder end and a longitudinally tripartite sole. Marginal teeth of the radula bicuspid. GUPPYA. ComPaARATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF GuPPY4d. 119 Nomen. Figura. Basis, Sculptura. Coloratio. Diam.| Alt. | Anfr. Patria. h ao ; mm. | mm. | mm. championi, v. conoideo-globosa,| valde convexa, levissime stria- | flava. 7 5 5} | N. & W. Guate- art. rotundata. imperforata. tula, striis spi- mala, Centr. ralibus nullis. Costa Rica. trochulina, Morel. globoso-trochi- valde convexa, | leviter striatula. | pallide cornea 5 41. 6, E. Mexico, N. formis, angu- anguste per- vel corneo- plani.| Guatemala, lata, forata. fulva. Centr. Costa Rica. angasi, v. Mart....|\obeso-trochiformis,, convexa, anguste | striatula. fusco-cinerea. 5 34 63 | Costa Rica. filo-carinata. perforata. elegans, Streb. ...| elate trochiformis,! modiee convexa, | striatula. pallide cornea. 44 4 7 E. & Centr. pon angulata. imperforata. Mexico, Centr. Guatemala. pittieri, v. Mart. .| trochoides, sub- | modice convexa, | levissime stria- | corneo-fulva. 34 | 24-23) 53, | Centr. Costa angulata. subperforata. tula, micro- con- | Rica. scopice spira- vexi. tim striolata. biolleyi, v. Mart. .| conoideo-globosa,| sat convexa, an- | leviter striatula. | fulva. 24 2 5 W. Guatemala, subangulata. guste perforata. Centr. Costa Rica. micans, Angas ...| depresso-globosa,| valde convexa, | striatula. fulva? 6 4 5 Costa Rica. (subangu- anguste perfo- lata ?). rata. utillensis, Ancey .| “ conica.” convexa, perfo- | levis? pallide cornea. 24 231 | vix 5 | Honduras. rata. gundlachi, Pfr....| depresse turbina-| excavata, subper-| subtiliter spi- | fulva. 24 13 5 | N.Amer., Yucatan ta, rotundata. forata. ratim striata. Centr. Nica- ragua, Antilles. orosciana, v. depresse trochoi-| parum convexa, ” leete fulva. 23 13 5, | ?N. Guatemala, Mart. des, angulata. anguste perfo- plani.; Costa Rica. rata. spirulata, Pfr. ...| lenticularis, cari-| medio impressa, | distincte spiratim| fulva. 9 4} 5 W. Nicaragua, nata. imperforata. striata. 1. Guppya championi, sp. n. rotundata, peristomate simplice, margine basali horizontali, stricto, tenui. Diam. maj. 7, A. Testa levis vel indistincte spiratim striatula. alt. 5 millim. (Tab. VI. figg. 16, 16 ac.) Testa imperforata, conoideo-globosa, tenuissima, nitida, levissime striatula, striis spiralibus nullis, pallide flava ; anfractus 54, convexiusculi, ultimus ad peripheriam rotundatus, basi valde convexus ; apertura lunato- (GuppyYa, s. str.) Hab. N. GuateMata: Purula, towards the head of the Polochic valley (Champion). W. GuatemaLa: district of Cholhuitz in the Costa Cuca, Pacific slope (Szol/). Centra. Costa Rica: Hacienda El Roble, between the Volcanos Irazu and Turrialba, and environs of San José (Biolley). Distinct from the following species by the larger size and the rounded periphery of the last whorl. No spiral striz visible, even under a magnifying-power of 4°. 120 MOLLUSCA. 2. Guppya trochulina.: (Tab. VI. figg. 17, 17 ad.) Helix trochulina, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 10 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Viv. iii. p. 40°. Zonites (Habroconus) trochulinus (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 172°. Habroconus trochulinus (Morel.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 24°. Zonites selenkai, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 77 (1866)*°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p.58°; Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philipp., Landmoll. i. p. 80, t. 5. fig. 25 (radula)’. Zonites (Habroconus) selenkei (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 171, t. 7. figg. 9, 9a, 5°. Habroconus selenkai (Pfr.), Strebel, loc. cit. p. 23, t. 4. figg. 1, 1 @ (shell), t. 9. fig. 9 (radula) °. Hab. E. Mexico: Agua Caliente near Misantla, and plantation Mirador near Jalapa, in ravines (barrancas), on shrubs (Berendt & Strebel >) ; Jalapa (Hoge). N. GUATEMALA: woods of Peten, near San Luis (Morelet }~*). : CentraL Costa Rica: environs of San José, near the streamlet Atajueleta, 1135 metres above the sea, among moss (volley). Morelet’s species has not been recognized by Pfeiffer and later authors, because in his description ! it is termed ‘“‘imperforata.” But an examination of the only specimen which still exists in his collection has satisfied me that there is a very minute perforation at the centre of its base, visible only by close inspection under favourable light; and as I can find no other tenable difference, I feel bound to treat G. trochulina and G. selenkai as belonging to one and the same species. Under a magnifying-power of §° irregular spiral strize are to be seen on the surface of the shell, not close together, but with large intervals. The figure here given is drawn from Morelet’s specimen. 3. Guppya angasi. Stenopus guildingi, Angas, P. Z. 8S. 1879, p. 484, t. 40. fig. 14 (nec Bland)’. Hab. Costa Rica (Gabo). Appears to be distinct from all others of the genus by the “ strongly defined thread- like” carina. The specific name given by Angas cannot stand, as there is already a Stenopus (or Guppya) guildingi, from Venezuela, named by Th. Bland in 1865. 4, Guppya elegans, Habroconus elegans, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 24, t. 4. figg. 15, Le’. Stenopus elegans, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 3127. Hab. E. Mexico: wood of Pacho, near Jalapa (Dofia Estefania1); Orizaba, about 500 feet above the town (Heilprin ?). CentraL Mexico: Yautepec, Morelos (Heilprin ?), CrentraL GuaTEMALA: Salama (coll. Morelet). GUPPYA. 121 5. Guppya pittieri, sp.n. (Tab. VI. figg. 18, 18 ad.) Testa anguste perforata, rotundato-conica, angustispira, tenuis, nitida, levissime striatula, eorneo-fulva; anfractus 54, convexiusculi, ultimus ad peripheriam obtuse angulatus, basi modice convexus; apertura. lunato-rotundata, peristomate simplice. Diam. maj. 3, alt. 24 millim. Hab. Centrau Costa Rica: San Francisco de los Rios, near San José, 1100 metres: above the sea, in the hedges surrounding the coffee-plantations (Pittier); La Urraca, near San José, at 1135 metres above the sea, in moss (Biolley). This species bears about the same relationship to G. biolleyi as (. elegans does to G. trochulina (selenkai), differing chiefly by the narrower and more gradually increasing whorls, the last of which occupies a smaller part of the whole height. Under the microscope, with a magnifying-power of §°, very faint and very close spiral striz are to be detected under favourable light, chiefly at the base of the shell. Named in honour of H. Pittier, of the National Physico-geographical Institute of San José de Costa Rica, who has sent me valuable shells collected by himself during his explorations in that country in 1891. 6. Guppya biolleyi, sp. n. (Tab. VI. figg. 19, 19 a-d.) Testa anguste perforata, conoideo-globosa, tenuis, nitida, leviter striatula; anfractus 5, convexiusculi, ultimus ad peripheriam obtuse angulatus, basi convexus ; apertura lunato-rotundata, peristomate simplice, margine basali arcuato, Diam. maj. 23, min. 24, alt. 2 millim. Hab. W. Guatemata: Hacienda Helvetia, in the Costa Cuca, Pacific slope (Stol/). CentraL Costa Rica: La Urraca, near San José, 1100 to 1135 metres above the sea,. on trunks and among moss (Biolley); San Francisco de los Rios (fH. Pittier). This species comes near the preceding (G. pittieri), but is more globose, somewhat like G. gundlacht. By examination under a magnifying-power of °° only very faint, scattered, indistinct spiral striz are visible on the surface of the shell, the strie being somewhat more distinct on the underside. Named in honour of P. Biolley, who has sent several interesting land and freshwater shells from Costa Rica to the Museum in Neuchatel, Switzerland. 7. Guppya micans. Stenopus micans, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 485, t. 40. fig. 15°. Hab. Costa Rica (abd +). The figure given by Angas does not correspond with the description: in the figure the periphery of the shell is quite rounded, and there is a dark line which is intended perhaps to mark a subangulation, somewhat above the periphery of the last whorl, but no trace of it is to be seen near the aperture; in the description the periphery is said BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, March 1892. 16 122 MOLLUSCA. to be bluntly angulated. ‘To judge from the description only, one might suppose it to belong to the same species as the preceding, but the figure shows a much more depressed and rounded shell. The aperture in the figure, however, looks as if it had been drawn from a broken specimen. | 8. Guppya utillensis. Conulus uiillensis, Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 238 (1886) *. Hob. Honvuras: Utilla Island (Stimpson '). I have not seen a specimen of this species. B. Testa lineis incisis spiralibus regularibus sculpte. (SPIROCONULUS, subg. nov.) 9, Guppya gundlachi, Helix pusilla, Pfr. in Wiegm. Archiv fiir Naturg. 1839, 1, p. 351° (not H. pusilla, Lowe, 1833, from Madeira). Helix gundlachi, Pfr. loc. cit. 1840, 1, p. 250°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 239. no. 218, t. 30. figg. 25-28 °; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 50*, and iv. p. 25°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 67. fig. 345°; Shuttl.in Bern Mittheil. 1854 (Diagn. no. 6), p. 180°; Gloyne, Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 28 (1872) °. Zonites (Conulus) gundlachi (Pfr.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 116°. Zonites gundlachi (Pfr.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 127, t. 2. fig. D (radula)”; Suppl. iii. (in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. xix. 1890) p. 195*'; Manual of Am. Land- Shells (in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 28), p. 358, fig. 882”. Hyalina (Conulus) gundlachi (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 73; Binney & Bland, Land & Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 48, fig. 77%. Conulus gundlachi (Pfr.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 256, t. 19 (4). fig. 647°. Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.), Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 155; v. Mart. in Jahrb. d. Malak. Gesellsch. iv. p. 346 (1877) *”. Conulus (Discoconulus) gundilachi (Pfr.), O. Reinhardt, in Sitzungsber. d. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde zu Berl. 1883, p. 85°. Helix fulvoidea, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 9 (1851) “; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 66”. Zonites (Hyalinia) fulvoideus (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 177”. Helix egena, A. Gould, in Binney’s Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 245, t. 22a. fig. 3” (nec Say). Hab. Nortu America: Florida 1° 22, on the southern extremity of the peninsula, and also on the west coast as far north as Cedar Keys 12; Texas 41, | Yucatan: Carmen island, at the entrance of the Laguna de Terminos (More- let 19 2021), | CentRaL Nicaragua: Chontales and forest by the River San Juan, Toro Rapids, amongst moss on trees (Tate 1). ANTILLES: Cuba 1~4612-16, Jamaica 8, Porto Rico 712131417, Vieque 7121417, St. ‘Thomas *7 12-14, Guadeloupe 10 12, GUPPYA. 123 G. gundlachi appears to be widely distributed in the Antilles and on the continent of Central America, and has, perhaps, been introduced with vegetables into some of these places. | The systematic position of this species is somewhat doubtful, as it bears a consider- able resemblance to the European Conulus fulvus; the radula, however, figured by Binney, agrees very well with that of Guppya trochulina (selenkat), figured by Strebel (see anted, p. 120), and the mucous-pore has been observed by R. Tate 1%. The spiral strie in G. gundlachi are only visible under a strong lens; they are very regular, deeply cut, and rather numerous, but not very close together. Similar strie are also present in Mr. A. Morelet’s specimens of G. fulvoidea, from Carmen Island. This circumstance gives some additional weight to Tryon’s } identification of a Nicaraguan shell with Pfeiffer’s G. gundlachi. 10. Guppya orosciana, sp. n. (Tab. VI. fig. 20, 20 a-d.) Testa anguste perforata, depresse trochoides, tenuis, nitida, sub lente spiratim striata, lete fulva; anfr. 5, planiusculi, sat celeriter crescentes, ultimus ad peripheriam distincte angulatus, basi leviter convexus ; apertura lunata, peristomate simplice, margine basali leviter arcuato. Diam. maj. 22, min. 23, alt. 12 millim. Hab. *N. GuatemMata: Coban (coll. Morelet). Costa Rica: Calera de San Ramon (S. Orosco). Distinct from the preceding (G. gundlachi) by the whorls being really angulated. The spiral strie are nearly as in that species. The specimen from Coban, in Morelet’s collection, is somewhat smaller, 24 millim. in diameter, and of a paler yellow colour ; but in other respects it agrees with the Costa Rican type, from which our figure is taken. Named in honour of Sefior Secundino Orosco, who assisted Prof. H. Pittier in his exploration of Costa Rica. Several species of a somewhat similar form and size, but distinct by the opaque (not shining) surface of the shell, will be found below (p. 131) under Helix, subg. Acanthinula. 11. Guppya (?) spirulata. Helix spirulata, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1845, p. 129'; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 37°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 244. no. 220, t. 30. figg. 11-14°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 110. fig. 617 *. Zonites (Trochomorpha) spirulata, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 115”. Helix (Pelia) spirulata (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 91°. Hab. W. Nicaraeua: Realejo, on trunks of trees (Cuming 1 ®). Although this species differs by the remarkably larger size and the less glossy appearance of the shell from all the preceding, yet the spiral sculpture and the general outline of the shell seem to bring it near @. gundlachi. 1 therefore place it here pro- 16* 124 MOLLUSCA. visionally, until the knowledge of the living animal and its radula may confirm or refute this view. Albers proposed for it the subgenus Pelia (of Helix), which he placed between Patula and Gonostoma; but this name was already twice preoccupied in zoology, among the Crustacea in 1835, and in the Lepidoptera in 1849. PSEUDOHYALINA. Pseudohyalina, Morse, Journ. Portland Soe. i. p. 16 (1864). | Chanomphalus, Strebel (et Pfeffer), Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 19 (1880). Pycnogyra, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 20. Shell somewhat glossy, but with minute sculpture, rather whitish, diaphanous ; aperture simple; umbilicus wide. median projection. of the whole number. Jaw minutely perpendicularly. striated, with a small _ Radula with spiniform lateral teeth, amounting to about a third This genus connects somewhat the family Oxygnatha with the Aulacognatha, on account of the sculpture (minute, however) of the shell and jaw. P. Fischer [Manuel de Conch. fasc. v. p. 470 (1882)] has treated it as only a section of Patula; but the form of the marginal teeth, I think, places it distinctly near Hyalinia. Nomen.. Forma. Basis. Sculptura. Coloratio. Diam. Anfr. Patria. mm. | mm. minuscula, Binn. | subdiscoidea,spira | perspective um-| minute striatula. | corneo-albida. 24 13 4 |N. Am. E. & SE. leviter convexa, | _bilicata. Mexico, Yucatan, rotundata, E. Guatemala, Centr. Nicaragua, Antilles, &e, elegantula, Pfr...|discoidea, spira| late umbilicata. _| distincte costulata | albida. 13 4 33 | E.Mexico,W. Guate- plana, rotun- usque in umbi- mala, Centr. Costa data. licum. Rica. cidariscus,v.Mart.| subdepressa, spira ” » 3 24 2 4 |S8.E. Mexico. gradata, rotun- data. berendti, Pfr. ...|depressa, —_spira | perspective umbi- | minute costulata. | corneo-flava. 4 24 63 | EH. Mexico. prominula, an-| licata, gulata. A. Whorls 4, rounded. (PSEUDOHYALINA, sensu str.) 1. Pseudohyalina minuscula. Helix minuscula, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii, p- 435, t. 22. fig. 4 (1840) *; Pfr. Symb. _ Hist. Helic. ii. p. 8337; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p- 114°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 112. no. 530, t. 85. fige. 20-23; Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852 (Diagn. no. 6), p. 129°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 67. fig. 349°; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N, Am. iii. t. 17, fig. 2"; Morse, Am, Nat. i. p. 548, fig. 85 (1867)*; PSEUDOHYALINA. 125 Newcomb, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 13 (1866) °; Arango y Molifia, Contrib. faun. malac. Cabana, p. 67 (1878) *°. Helicella minuscula (Binn.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 188”. Helix (Microphysa) minuscula (Binn.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 82”. Pseudohyalina minuscula (Binn.), Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. i. p. 16, fig. 34, and t. 7. fig. 35 (jaw, radula) *; Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 264, t. 19 (4). fig. 62". Hyalina minuscula, Binney & Bland, Land & Fresh-water Shells N. Am. i. p. 37, figg. 50-52”. Hyalina (Pseudohyalina) minuscula (Binn.), O. Reinhardt, in Sitzungsber. d. Gesellsch. nat. Freunde zu Berl. 1876, p. 92"; A. Adams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) i. p. 467°. Zonites (Hyalinia) minusculus (Binn.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 175 an Zonites minusculus, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl. Harv. Col. iv.) p. 118, t. 3. fig. H (radula) *; Manual of Am. Land-Shells (in Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 28), p. 63, fig. 19”. Chanomphalus minusculus (Binn.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 19, t. 4. fig. 10°. Helix minutalis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 7 (1851) ™. Helix apex, C. B. Adams, Contrib. to Conch. i. p. 86%; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 66. fig. 339 *, Helix lavalleana, d’Orbigny, in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. fis., polit. y nat. de Cuba, Moll. p. 84, t. 8. fige. 16-19”; French edit. p. 161, t. 8. figg. 20-23 °°. Helix blakeana, Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 155, t. 16. fig. 3 (1870) ”. Had. Norva America: from Maine 4, and Vermont !~‘ 12, Ohio 1 8, and Red River 1° 19 2° to Florida 1215 19 20, Arkansas 19 20, and Texas 190; San Bernardino valley, California 9; Arizona !° 7°. E. Mexico: wood of Pacho near Jalapa (£. Salas?!) ; Hacienda de Mirador near Jalapa (Sartorius, Berendt, and Strebel *). S.E. Mexico; Palenque (coll. Morelet). Yucatan: Carmen Island (coll. Morelet); Palizada (Morelet 18 22). E. Guatemata: Yzabal (coll. Morelet). CentraL Nicaragua: Chontales forest (Tate ?"). Bermupa }. ANTILLES : Cuba 4 10 15 22 2526; Jamaica 41523; Porto Rico®?? ; St. Thomas 1°. Asiatic Russta: Vladimir Bay, Mantchuria 1’. Japan: Yedo!°. One of the very widely distributed small land-shells. I cannot detect any trustworthy difference between P. blakeana and P. minuscula. 9. Pseudohyalina elegantula. Helix elegantula, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiv. p. 196 (1867) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 474’. Zonites (Hyalinia) elegantulus (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 177°. Chanomphalus elegantulus (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p, 20, t. 4 fig. 11°. 126 MOLLUSCA. Hab. E. Mexico: environs of Vera Cruz (Berendt and Strebel 1-*). W. Guaremata: district of Cholhuitz, in the Costa Cuca, Pacific slope, on the ground, in the woods (Stol/). Cenrrat Costa Rica: Tierra Blanca, on the southern slope of the Volcan de Irazu (Biolley). 3. Pseudohyalina cidariscus, sp. n. (Tab. VII. figg. 1, 1 a-d.) Testa perspective umbilicata, subdepressa, costulis sat confertis, paullum obliquis sculpta, albida; spira pro- minula, subgradata; anfr. 4, valde convexi, ultimus rotundatus, basi convexus ; apertura lunato-rotundata, peristomate simplice, margine basali valde arcuato. Diam. maj. 24, alt. 2, apert. 1 millim. Hab. 8.E. Mexico: Palenque, in the forest (coll. Morelet). Near the preceding (P. elegantula), but with the upper whorls very distinctly elevated above the last one, the sculpture rather more strong. B. Whorls 63, subangulated, rising one above the other. (Pycnoeyra, Strebel.) 4, Pseudohyalina berendti. Helix berendti, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 72, t. 1. figg. 9-12 (1861)?; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 155%. Helix (Microphysa) berendti, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 226, t. 10. figg. 6, 6a, 6°. Pycnogyra berendti (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 20, t. 4. fig. 5 (shell), t. 9. fig. 12 (radula) *. Hab, E. Mexico: environs of Jalapa; Hacienda de Mirador (Sartorius, Berendt, and Strebel !—4) ; Coatepec, Consolapa, and Dos Arroyos (£. Salas *). Fam, AULACOGNATHA. Jaw more or less distinctly ribbed, its cutting-edge crenulated. All the teeth of the radula rather subquadrate ; no spiniform marginals. Shell generally more solid, sculptured and coloured, of very various form. PATULA. Patula, Held, Isis, 1837, p. 915. Euryomphala, Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 8 (1838). The normal forms of this genus are characterized by a sculptured, opaque (not glossy) shell, a wide umbilicus, and a thin-edged aperture. The jaw has many, not very prominent, ribs; the teeth of the radula are all subquadrate; no spiniform laterals. No dart-sac; no vesicule multifide ; no flagellum. Geographical distribution nearly cosmopolitan, but chiefly in temperate climates. PATULA. 127 The anatomy of very few of the Mexican and Central-American species is known as yet; the others are only placed here by the general analogy of the shell. Some are very aberrant in a single character, ¢. g. by a very narrow umbilicus; but I refrain for the present from treating these aberrant forms as generically distinct, and place them as subdivisions of the cosmopolitan genus Patula, until better information is obtained. CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF Paruza. Nomen, Forma. Unmbilicus. Sculptura. Coloratio. |Diam.| Alt. | Anfr. Patria. . ; mm. | mm. mazatlanica, depressa, spira latus, $ diametri. | conferte costulato- | fusco-grisea. | 34 1 4 ? California, N.W. Pfr. parum convexa, striata. Mexico. rotundata. hermanni, P/r.| discoidea, spira latissinus, 4 dia- | conferte costulata. | cornea, niti-| 2 1 4 | H. Mexico, 8. Guate- plana, rotundata.| metri. dula. wala, wilhelmi, Pfr. .| depresse turbinata, | latiusculus, }-3 | subtiliter insequali- | rufo-fusca, 3 2-23 | 4 E. Mexico, Centr. spira conoidea, diametri. ter striatula. nitidula. Guatemala, Centr. rotundata, Costa Rica. conspurcatella, | depressa, infra tu- | latus. membranaceo-stria- | cornea. 33 3-4 | ?E. Mexico, Yucatan, Morel. mida, rotundata. tula. N. Guatemala, Honduras. impura, Pfr.... ” mediocris. rugoso - costulata, | corneo-fusca.| 4-44 | 3-33 | 44-5 | E. & S.W. Mexico. lineis membra- naceis obliquis. paleosa, Stred. .| trochiformis, sub- ” subtiliter costulata, | rufo-fusca. 42 3k 5 Hi. Mexico. angulata. lineis membra- naceis obliquis. turbinella, ” angustus. irregulariter rugosa.| albido - vi- 5 4 5 N. Guatemala. _ Morel, rens, A. Spire fiat ; whorls rounded, 4-5. 1. Patula mazatlanica. Helix mazatlanica, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 43 (1856)*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 89°; Carpenter, Suppl. Report Moll. W. Coast of N. Am. p. 573°; Bland, Ann. Lyc. N. York, viii. p. 164, fig.9*; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells N. Am. i. p. 82, fig. 144°; v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 180, t. 33. figg. 10-12 °. Helix (Patula) mazatlanica (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Moll., Mollusca, i. p. 231’. Pseudohyalina mazatianica (Pfr.), Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. i. p. 16, t. 7. fig. 35 (1864) °; Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 266, t. 19 (4). fig. 59 (1866)°; Cooper, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 201 (1870) ”. Patula mazatlanica (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 29". (PaTULa, sensu str.) Hab. Norta America: ?Lone Mountain, near San Francisco, in rotten oak-stumps (Cooper 3°). N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (ZH. Klocke 1° 12), According to Binney [Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. pp. 21, 168 (1878), and 128 MOLLUSCA. Manual of Am. Land-Shells, pp. 22, 87, 261 (1885)], the Californian locality is doubtful. 2. Patula hermanni. Helix hermanni, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 80 (1866)*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 175°. Helix (Patula) hermanni (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 238, t. 10. figg. 4, 4a, b°. Patula hermanni (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 29, t. 4. fig. 8°; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314’. . Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador (Berendt1~*); Orizaba, 500 feet above the town (Heilprin °). S. Guatemata: Volcan de Agua, in the woods, at an elevation of about 9000 feet, amongst moss (Sto//). B. Spire raised ; whorls rownded ; umbilicus moderate, deep. (Microconts, Strebel.) 3. Patula wilhelmi. Helix wilhelmi, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 79 (1866)*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 187°. Helix (Patula) wilhelmi, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 230, t. 10. figg. 5, 5a, 6 7 Microconus wilhelmi (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 29, t. 4. fig. 7 7 Hab. EF. Mexico: Mirador (Berendt\*). CenTraL Guatemata: Salama (coll. A. Morelet, one specimen). CentTRAL Costa Rica: San José, at 1135 metres above the sea, among moss (P. Biolley) ; San José and San Francisco de los Rios, 1100 metres above the sea, in the hedges surrounding the coffee-plantations (H. Pittier). This species looks somewhat like the European P. rupestris. Strebel suggests * that its riblets may be provided with cuticular lappets or hairlets in a very fresh state, which would bring it near the following section, Thysanophora. c. Cuticular lamellae in oblique rows, crossing the riblets. Spire more or less raised ; whorls rounded or scarcely subangulated ; umbilicus moderate or rather narrow. (THysanopHora, Strebel.) 4, Patula conspurcatella. Heliz conspurcatella, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 7 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 97 *. Helix (Patula) conspurcatella (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 282, t. 12. figg. 3, 3a—c’. Thysanophora conspurcatella (Morel.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 31°. Patula conspurcatella (Morel.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 814°. ? Heliz horni (Gabb), Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 240 (1886) °. Hab. E. Muxico: Vera Cruz (Heilprin >). PATULA.—HELIX. 129 “Yucatan: Merida, under stones (Morelet 4, Heilprin®); Tunkas and Tekanto (Heilprin >), | N. Guatemata; Tenosique and Flores, province of Peten (Morelet 8), ? Honpuras : Utila Island (Simpson ®). _ Known only from Morelet’s description, and a somewhat doubtful not full-grown specimen in the Berlin Museum, given by the late dealer L. Parreyss of Vienna, and described by Strebel*. I cannot help suspecting that Ancey’s Helix horni® may belong to the same species. 1. horni, Gabb, is from Arizona, and the description of it nearly agrees with P. conspurcatella. 5. Patula impura. : Helix impura, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 79 (1866); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 137°. Helix (Patula) impura (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 229°, . Thysanophora impura (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. -Conch. iv. p. 30, t. 4, Bg. 24, Patula impura (Pfr.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314’. ; Hab. ¥. Mexico: Mirador, near Jalapa (Berendt !~*); Vera Cruz (Heilprin ». S.W. Mexico: Yautepec, Morelos (Heilprin ®). It is somewhat doubtful if P. ¢mpura is really distinct from P. sonspureatelta 6. Patula paleosa. Thysanophora paleosa, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 30, t. 4. fig. 3°. Patula paleosa (Streb.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314°. Hab. E. Mexico: woods of Pacho, near Jalapa (Strebel +); Orizaba, on hills, 500 feet above the town (Heilprin ). i 7. Patula turbinella. (Tab. VII. figg. 2, 2a, 5.) Helix turbinella, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 9 (1851)'; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iil. p. 58°. Helix (Patuila) curdinella (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 229, t. 12. figg. 2, 2a-c | Hab. N. GuateMaLa: woods of Peten, very rare (Morelet 1~°). The single specimen of this species kindly lent me for examination by M. A. Morelet is elegantly trochiform, only subangulated, of a pale greyish colour, somewhat yellowish near the aperture, with very oblique, somewhat unequal, distinct strie. Our figure is taken from this shell. HELIX. Helix, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 678 (1758); Draparnand, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. de la France, p. 78 (1805) ; Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 80. Shell globose, depressed, or trochiform; aperture with reflexed edges, generally without plaits. Jaw ribbed. Marginal teeth of the radula short, with several cuspids. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, March 1892. 17 130 MOLLUSCA. Genital apparatus ordinarily with various appendages, as a flagellum on the penis, one, two, or numerous glandule mucosex, and a thick-walled bag (dart-sac) producing a calcareous dart. Without doubt, this genus, as it is here circumscribed, must, eventually, be still more dismembered. Solaropsis and Oxychona will probably prove to be generically distinct ; but as their anatomy is very little known as yet, I prefer for the present to treat them as subgenera of Helix. TABLE OF SUBGENERA. mida, umbilicata. variegata. laris, lunata, breviter reflexa. | Nomen. Forma. Sculptura. Coloratio. Apertura. Magnitudo. Patria. | mm. _ ACANTHINULA...... subglobosa, perfo- | rugulosa vel cornea vel fusca, simplex, recta. 12-3 Florida, and E. rata. striolata. unicolor. Mexico—Nicaragua. | Varuomta seenveces depressa, umbili- | sublevis (vel albida. circularis, re- 3 Centr. Guatemala cata. costulata), flexa. (cireumboreal). | 'TrrcHoprscrwa ee * granulata et fusco-cornea, ple- | perobliqua, leviter| 8-17(80) | E. and Centr. | pilosa. rumque fasciata. reflexa. Mexico-S. Costa l. Rica. | PRaTIcoLELLA ...| globosa, perforata. | sublzevis. fulva vel albida, subverticalis, re- 8-15 Texas, and N. seepius fasciata. flexa. Mexico-Nicaragua. |__— | ARIONTA........004. ” striatula vel rugu-| flavescens, fusco-uni-| sat obliqua, re- 12-19 N., N.W., and E. | | loso-punctata. fasciata. flexa. Mexico. | — —| | PoMATIA............ globosa, perforatione| striata. fasciata. subverticalis, am- 30-38 Centr. Mexico (in- | obtecta. pla, reflexa. troduced) (Europe | &e.). | LysInok ............ globosa vel depresse| granulato-pilosa. ” ” 26-70 N. Mexico-Salvador | globosa, perforata. and Mosquito | Coast. | OXYCHONA «0.0.2... trochiformis vel levis, nitida. alhida, fusco-fasciata| subhorizontalis, 15-38 N. Guatemala-S.E. lenticularis. vel guttata, late reflexa. Costa Rica. SoLAROPSIS......... depressa, infra tu- | granulata, flavescens, rufo- subperpendicu- 20 (60) 8.H. Costa Rica, Subgen. AcanTHINULA, Beck. Shell small, thin, unicolorous, horny, rather globose ; umbilicus small ; peristome thin, straight, or a little reflexed. Under this head may provisionally be included, until the anatomical characters are known, several small shells which differ from Guppya by the surface not being so smooth and glossy, and from Patula by the very small umbilicus. In general appear- ance they more or less approach the European Helix (Acanthinula) aculeata, Miill., in which the presence of a dart and a flagellum has been stated by A. Lehmann, Die lebend. Schnecken u. Muscheln Stettins, 1873, t. 11. fig. 32, _ HELIX. 131 CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS ACANTHINULA. | Nomen. Forma, Basis. Sculptura. | Coloratio. | Peristoma.|Diam.} Alt. | Anfr. Patria. | . . | mm, | mm excoides, Tate ...) conoideo-glo-| perforata. lamellse rugulosse,) corneo-fusca. | rectum. 3 3 4 Honduras, Centr. | bosa. | oblique. Nicaragua. granum, Strebel... ” ” costulze obsolete | pallide cornea. ” 2:8 28 43 | Florida, E. Mexico, et rugule ob- Yucatan. liquee. punctum, Morel. .| globoso-tur- | (obtecte) per-| ? corneo-rufa. ” 13 13 34 | 8.E. Mexico, - binata. forata. Yucatan. guatemalensis, |turbinato-glo- perforata. oblique striolata. | cornea. » 2 2 4 N. & W. Guatemala. Cr. & Fisch. bosa. intonsa, Pilsbry...| elate globoso-| anguste um- levissime stria- | castanea. ” 18 2 6 E. Mexico. turbinata. bilicata. tula, sparsim | pilosa. } 1. Helix cacoides. Heliz cecoides, Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 155, t. 16. fig. 2 (1870)’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vil. p. 77°. Pseudohyalina cecoides (Tate), Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 239 (1886) *. Hab. Honvuras: Utilla Island °. CrentraL Nicaragua: Chontales forest, amongst moss on trees, in company with Guppya gundlachi (Tate +). 2. Helix granum. Acanthinula granum, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 31, t. 4. fig. 13°; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am., Suppl. iii. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. xix.) p. 200, with fig.* (nec Helix granum, Pfr.). Patula granum (Streb.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314°. Hab. Norta America: Florida ?. E. Mexico: Hacienda de Mirador, near Jalapa (Strebel '). Yucatan: Progreso, an albino specimen (//ez/prin °). The sculpture of this shell somewhat resembles that of Putwla, section Thysanophora. 3. Helix punctum. (Tab. VII. figg. 3, 3a, 4.) Helix punctum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 9 (1851) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 43 *. Helix (Patula) punctum (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 228, t. 12. figg. 1, La, 6°. Hab. S.E. Mexico: San Juan Bautista, Tabasco (H. H. Smith). Yucatan: Merida, in the gardens of the city, upon the leaves of trees (Morelet }~*).. Seems to be distinct from H. granum by its smaller size and somewhat smoother 17* 332 MOLLUSCA. surface, the umbilicus being, in Morelet’s specimen, covered for about one-third of its circumference by the margin of the aperture. In the Tabasco example the umbilicus is a little more open. We figure a specimen from Morelet’s collection, as it differs somewhat 1 in outline from the one given by Fischer and Crosse ®. 4, Helix guatemalensis. Helix guatemalensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 222 (1872)', and xxi. p. 274, t. 9. fig. 3 (1873) ?. Pseudohyalina guatemalensis, Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 240 (1886) °. Hab. N. Guatemata: probably Coban (Sarg 1”). W. Gvuaremana: Retalhuleu, Pacific slope (Stol/). Stoll’s specimens are somewhat larger and higher (3 millim. in both dimensions) than Crosse and. Fischer’s type, but in other respects they agree with it. 5. Helix intonsa. Patula intonsa, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314, t. 15. figg. 1-3°. Hab. ¥. Mexico: Orizaba (Heilprin'). Subgen. VaLtonta, Risso. Shell small, depressed, rounded ; umbilicus rather wide; peristome thick, reflexed. No glandule mucose. Dart long, smooth, simple. | H. pulchella, Mill. Depressa, modice umbilicata, sublavis, albida, peristomate subcirculari, late reflexo. Diam. maj. 3, alt. 2 anfr. 34 millim.—Circumboreal. 6. Helix pulchella. Helix pulchella, O. Fr. Miiller, Hist. Verm. ii. p. 30 (1774)? ; Draparnaud, Hist. Nat. de Moll. Terr. et Fluv. de la France, p. 112, t. 7. figg. 33, 34°; Voith, in Sturm’s Deutschl. Fauna, vi., Wiirmer, part 3, t. 12 (living animal) (1813) °; Rossmassler, Icon. d. Land- und Siissw.- Moll. ii. p. 5, t. 31. fig. 440°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent, i. p. 365°; Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit. Moll. iv. p. 78, t. 119. figg. 8-13°; Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Nat. de Moll. Terr. _ et Fluv. de la France, ii. p. 140, t. 11. figg. 84 (shell), 28-30 (anatomy) *; Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 101°; Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. i. p. 224, and v. t. 14. figg. 1 a, 6°; L. v. Schrenck, Reisen im Amur-Lande, i. p. 681"°; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh- water Shells of N. Am.i. p. 157, fig. 270"; Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 175, t. 17. fig. 1”; ~ Lehmann, Lebend. Schnecken u. Muscheln Stettins, p. 90, t. 11. fig. 30 (anatomy) ". Helia minuta, Say, in Journ. Acad. Phil. i. p. 123, (1817)”. Vallonia pulchella (Mill.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 344"; Manual of Am. Land-Shells, p. 77 °°. Hab. CentRaL GuaTeMsLa: Antigua, in gardens, probably introduced (O. Stod/, 1878). . Widely distributed throughout the whole of Europe, from Norway (622° N. lat.) and HELIX, 133 Russia (662° N, lat.) to Sicily, Algeria, and Syria; also in Siberia and Tibet; introduced in Madeira®; within North America from Canada ! 45 to Florida !!, Idaho 15, Colorado ©, New Mexico 15, and Arizona ». Subgen. TRICHODISCINA. Trichodiscus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 32 (1880) (preoccupied in the Infusoria by Ehrenberg). Shell of moderate size, finely granulate and hairy, more or less flat above, umbili- cated; peristome slightly reflexed above, more distinctly beneath. Jaw with strong ribs. : The anatomy of this subgenus is only imperfectly known: see Strebel, loc. ezt. p. 33. For Table of Species, see page 134. 7. Helix coactiliata. | | Helix coactiliata, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. i. p. 18, t. 72. figg. 1-5 (before 1838) '; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 200°, and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 165. no. 610, t. 95. figg. 23-25 (not adult)*; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 107. fig. 595°; Tristram, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 230°; Guppy, P.Z.S8. 1875, p- 318 °. Heliz (Patula) coactiliata (Fér.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p, 234 (excl. var.) ". ; | Trichodiscus coactiiiatus (Fér.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 34°. Patula coactiliata (Fér.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314°. Helix teniata, Nyst, in litt.*. Heliz nystiana, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1845, p. 1380". Helix bridgesi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 303, t. 20. figg. 9, 10 (1866) (nee Newcomb) ”. Heliz parkeri, Tryon, loc. cit. 11. p. 106”; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vii. p. 175 ™. Hab. S.E. Mexico: Tabasco (Nyst ? 3). Yucatan: Tunkas and Labna (/eilprin °). British Honduras: Belize (Bocourt*). N. Guatemaua (Salvin °). EK. GuaTeMALa: near Livingston, Bay of Honduras (0. Séo//). W. Nicaragua: Realejo (coll. Cuming 22"); Nicaragua (Bridges ~"4). According to 'Tate and Guppy °*, ZZ. coactiliata is also found in Venezuela and Trinidad. | The flattest species in this subgenus ; usually five bands are present, the uppermost near the suture (sometimes wanting), a second and third also on the upper side of the * Guppy’s statement that this species also occurs in Peru is apparently a mistake, caused probably by Deshayes referring the locality—Tuspan—of his H. coactiliata, var. 3 (our H. cordovana), to Peru instead of Mexico. MOLLUSCA. 134 ‘oyepNOTqnyTUN “eyep LIVT[OUIN [Oo "S.Le UE “eqe ‘meanjrede auod -UNjOI — “BSaUT “BOIyY BISON 9 ‘eguudxd 19}1A2T -sejl11 9}eTOsqo @ sissoadu s1opns , “WIE waNpnyTued TS 7 oa MS! RP G §¢ FI ‘sITeyvozLioyqns | ‘vostad-1yUeoseosny | “esopidqns-oyvjound sureip £ ‘snyey | vadns ‘eepioosip |*t**"** ~— asscug ‘TIeuoeul 2 “e}ejnsuL ot Tg ; “eq{e *10[OO -qns eyueurmoid “*eTBUayeny ‘NT G eT FI | £93 ‘esuvdxa ‘enbiqqo | -1un ‘easnj-oaud09 “epnqerays |-uierp £ edoad ‘snqvy | evards ‘essaadopqns |--"'''*** -yosag “up ‘Sars 2 "eqs “exapjod *ByLT , “e]VULIed esn}qo ‘enutjuod ‘e78A0 *“IOTOO -NUTLDLT JO ByVIUYS ‘@X9AUO) BLJUL OOIXOW MS PH | «FP 9 L LT ‘siveyuoztaoyqns | -u0o ‘vestas-oosnj | onbiyqo eynosnissoas | ‘wep $ ‘sizoolpeut | ‘euefdqns veadns |*"'yoseg £ “49 ‘Tyseaqorurns | ‘Oosny OaTpIquin “esurdxe ‘styvl g stlosey “eyelnsueqns ‘ooIxoW MA'S | SF 9 8g OL | aoqtacy ‘enbryqouod | ‘vousoo = opted “ ‘snqnosni7R] | ‘Baplouoa = oessaadap |" "** uf ‘sisueaeleo “VOTYT BISON “IJUA:) “B]BUTayeN4) *BYBIOSUT . “mM B “ayueg “N | Sp 8G 8 ral ‘enbtjqo snurm | -tun ‘vouto0-oavp “ “ "exoauoo wards | ‘yavopyy ‘epnssaid “rea ‘—— “sBnp -uoFyT ‘epemoyensy *B]VIOSRT -euvyd [etjueQ «= puk “Tun que 0,00 orpeur = “enutur "N ‘OOIxeop, “A'S - G L ral “ -u0d ‘BaUdod-OdsNJ “ ‘uurp $ ‘staoorpout | -ord eaids ‘vqgegur | cag ‘sIpeangns “eorroydraed P 4 él eun onbuinaeyd . “eqnurmosd eards ‘OOIMO M'S PA! FF g Be | 8g “ BlOSV} ‘VOULOI-O9STAS ‘ureip § ‘snqey] = “aqeputqns ‘euepd js uf “eueAOpaod “BNSRIVOINT “M ‘sItoyut Z ‘staodns ‘ejemoyeny “i @-Z = sigsnSue RN ‘oztpoq ‘uey “esuedxo syna SIIOSVT “esoTIdiaoiq ‘eye] *1IJOUr ‘eyepunjor ‘euryd -wonX ‘OdIxey “W'S ¥ § F IL | aoqraoy ‘enbriqosed | ‘voutoo = apryed | -nueas wityaejuoo | -erp ¢ ‘snutisstyvy] eiids ‘eeproosip | "tt “uguy “eyBI[OwOO : ‘muur | “WUU |} ‘UU “‘Bldyeq ‘yuy |-qyaedy| ‘apy | weg -einqaody ‘O1YBALOTORD *eanydinog *SNOITIq UI) “eULLO “UOTION ‘VNIOSIGOHOIA | SANANANG AHL dO SAINAdS AHL AO ATAVY, TAILVUVANOT) HELIX. 135 last whorl, the fourth and fifth on the lower side, all at about equal distances, only the second and third somewhat nearer to each other. A not full-grown calcified specimen from Uhde’s collection, now in the Berlin Museum, is marked “ Vera Cruz”; perhaps it came from the southern part of that province, which borders on Tabasco. The specific name refers to the rough hairy surface of the shell, the Latin word “ coactilia,’ neutr. plur., signifying coarse cloths or felt-coverlets. 8. Helix cordovana. Helix coactiliata, var. b (testa superne unizonata), Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. i. pp. 18, 19%. Helix cordovana, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 318°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 295°. Helix (Patula) coactiliata, var. 8. cordovana, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 234, t. 12. figg. 4, 4a-c*. Trichodiscus cordovanus (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 32, t. 3. fig. 5, t. 11. figg. 1 (radula), 10 (jaw), 17”. ? Helix obsita, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. v. p. 80 (1866) °; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 170". Hab. S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith); Oaxaca (Hoge). E. Mexico: Tuspan, south of Tampico!; Nacimiento de Quilate, Cerro de Espal- dilla, and Rancho de Guerrero, all in the environs of Misantla, and Nautla (E. Salas *); Chirimoyo, Coatepec, Dos Arroyos, Soncoautia, Consolapa, and Barranca de Teocelo, all in the vicinity of Jalapa (#. Salas®); Hacienda de Mirador, on old rotten wood (Berendt and Strebel®®7) ; Misantla, Soledad, Almolonga (Hége); Cordova (Sallé?°+, Hoge). Distinct from the preceding, H. coactiliata, by its less flattened shape and less enlarged umbilicus. In most specimens only one band is to be seen, corresponding to the third band of the preceding species but somewhat larger, above the periphery; in some examples it is not visible, especially if the hairs are well preserved. A somewhat darker hue of the general colour occupies on the upper side the places where the first and second bands should be, together with the space between them, and in the same manner on the lower side the place of the fourth and fifth bands with the space between them, so the general pale colour is limited to the sutural and umbilical regions and a small stripe on either side of the (third) band. Strebel® states that he has a calcified specimen from Misantla in which the five bands are distinctly present, and Pfeiffer ? mentions two bands on the upper side in his H. cordovana, none in his H. suturalis. As regards the size, there is also a remarkable variability. Strebel states that his largest specimens, up to 11:8 millim. in diameter, are from the environs of Misantla, and Pfeiffer gives to his H. cordovana even 124 millim.; the usual size of full- grown specimens is diam. 11 millim. 136 MOLLUSCA. 9. Helix suturalis. | Ae ag ATA | Helix suturalis, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1846, p. 37°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 201°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 61. fig. 301 and t. 110. fig. 625°. Discus suturalis, H..& A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 117 *. Helix (Patula) coactiliata, var. y. suturalis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. __ pe 284°. Hab. S.E. Mexico: Teapa.j in Tabasco (Hoge). N. Guatemata: San Luis, Peten (Morelet >). CENTRAL GUATEMALA: San Gerénimo, near Salama (Champion). _ Honpuras (Dyson \~°). | Var. pressula: spira convexa. (Tab. VII. figg. 4, 4a, b) Helix pressula, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 8 (1851) °; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 11. p. 156 s Helix (Patula) pressula (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 236, t. 12. figg. 5, 5a-c*. Trichodiscus pressulus (Morel.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 34°. Helix almonte, Tristram, P. Z: S. 1868, p. 4117°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 142”. Helix (Patula) almonteana (Trisir.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 231”. Hab. N. Guatemata: Purula, i in the upper valley of the Polochic. river (Champion) Vera Paz (Salvin 0-2), ° ue _W. Guatemata: Las Mercedes, in the Costa Cuca, Pacific slope, in the. ‘coffee-planta- | tions (Champion); in virgin forest, at Istapa, near San José, on the shore of the Pacific (Morelet °~*). , - CENTRAL GUATEMALA: on the limestone mountain ‘* La Pedrera,” north of the city of Guatemala, on the ground under Mimosa-shrubs, and on the branches cf trees covered with Bromeliaceew, during the dry season locked up by a thin mem- branous epiphragma (Stoll). CentraL Costa Rica: La Urraca, near San José (Biolley: var. without band). The specimens I have seen from Teapa, San Gerénimo, La Pedrera, and Las Mercedes are not all full-grown, with straight thin peristome, but they are easily distinguishable from H. cordovana of the same age and size by the inflated form of the shell; also the colour is more reddish-brown or yellowish ; the band is similar. The spire is either quite flat, with somewhat deepened centre, as described by Pfeiffer1, or more or less convex, as figured by Fischer and Crosse 8; but there are no other differences between the typical form and the variety. Our figure i is taken from the Purula specimen. Tristram’s species —” is founded on a not full-grown specimen. 10. Helix oajacensis. ‘Helix oajacensis (L. Koch, MS.), Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii. p. 35 (1842)}; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 203 *, and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 337, no. 848, t. 132. figg. 3, 4°; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. i. 2, p. 28, t. 2. fig. 6°. HELIX. 137 Heliz (Discus) oajacensis (Koch), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 237°. Trichodiscus oajacensis (Koch), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 35°. Hab. S.W. Mexico: Oaxaca (Hegewisch 1-*), A somewhat doubtful species. According to the quoted descriptions and figures H. oajacensis seems to be sufficiently distinct from H. suturalis by the more elevated spire, the angulated periphery, and the two large dark chestnut bands. But it has not again been found, so far as is known. Strebel® thinks that it may have been an aberrant specimen of the preceding species. Hoge has found at the same locality, Oaxaca, a quite normal H. sutwralis, which with a diameter of 8 millim. has no trace of a keel; whereas H. oajacensis, with a diameter of 15 millim., according to Pfeiffer (162 millim. in Philippi’s figure), is said to be “ obtuse carinata.” 11. Helix sumichrasti. Helix sumichrasti, Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 147 (1872) ', and xxi. p. 265, t. 9. figg. 4, 4 a (1873) ”. Hab. E. Mexico: Soledad, between Cordova and Orizaba (Hége). S.W. Mexico: Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Swmichrast 12), Quite distinct by the keel of the shell. The locality ‘“‘ La Huallaga,’” Tehuantepec, quoted by Crosse and Fischer i is probably a mistake for Laoyaga (sometimes written Laollaga). 12. Helix sargi. Heliz sargi, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 146 (1872) *, and xxi. p. 277, t. 9. fig. 2 (1878) ?; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 648°. Hab. N. GuateMata: in the woods of Tamahu, Vera Paz (Sarg }?); Coban (Salvin 3). H. sargi appears to be nearer to the subgenus Trichodiscina than to Lysinoé, but the authors do not mention any hairs or elevated points in their description of the species. Or it may, perhaps, be an angulated species of the section Praticolella. 13. Helix macneili. | Helix mac-neili, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. xxi. p. 67 (1878) *, and xxii. p. 71, t. 2. fig. 3 (1874) * Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vii. p. 451°; Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 476%. Hab. S.W. Costa Rica, Terraba, on the banks of small streamlets (H. Pittier). E. & S.E. Costa Rica: coast region and lower hills from Parismina to the hills of Zhorquin (Gabb*); Chiriqui lagoon (MacNeil }~*). Very peculiar by two infolded spots in the last whorl, somewhat like those in Helix (Solaropsis) pellis-serpentis, Chemnitz, but in other respects agreeing well with the species of the subgenus Trichodiscina. ‘The specimen collected by H. Pittier exhibits BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, March 1892. 18 138 MOLLUSCA. a dark ‘brown, somewhat velvety, periostracum, and.on the spots where this is lost a very fine punctuation of the shell, which leads me to believe that the most natural place for this species may be in the subgenus Trichodiscina. With H. (Solaropsis) tiloriensis there. isnot much similarity in the general appearance. Crosse 1-8 erroneously refers the locality “¢ Chiriqui lagoon” to Nicaragua. _ Subgen. PRATICOLELLA. Dorcasia (Gray), Binney, Terr.