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GEOGRAPHICAL
AND
HISTORICAL
DICTIONARY
OF
AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.
CONTAINING
AN ENTIRE TRANSLATION OF THE SPANISH WORK
OF
COLONEL DON ANTONIO DE ALCEDO,
CAPTAIN OF THE ROYAL SPANISH GUARDS, AND MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF HISTORY;
WITH
3Large :^t)Ditton0 anD Compilations
FROM MODERN VOYAGES AND TRAVELS,
AND FROM
ORIGINAL AND AUTHENTIC INFORMATION.
G. A. THOMPSON, ESQ.
IN FIVE VOLUMES. VOL. IV.
Magna modis multis miranda videtur
Gentibiis hiimanis regio, visendaque fertur.
Rebus opima bonis. - Lucretius, lib. 1. line 727.
lonDon :
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, AND PUBLISHED BY
fARPENTBK jf^* SON. OLD BOND STREET; LONGMAN, IIUilsT, RBtl, OKME, AND BRUWN, PATEHNOSTER-ROW; %t IIITE, COCHR \N E, Akl) C(l. FLEET STREET, AND MURRAY, ALBEMAItLESTIIEBT, LONDON) PAKKEII, OXFORD, AM> UKIGHIU.V, CAMBBtDUE.
1814.
A-35 £
THE
GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL
DICTIONARY
OF
AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.
P A B
"ABLIIjIjO, m settlement of the Nuevo Reyno tie Leon in N.America; situate zs). of the garri- son of Santa Engracia.
PABLO, S. or Sao Paulo. See Paulo.
Pablo, a settlement of the province and corres^hniento "of Lipes in Peru, of the arch- bijihopric of Charcas. It was also called Santa Isabel de Esmoruco, and was the residence of the curate.
Pablo, another, of the province and corregi- tnicnto of Otavalo in the kingdom of Quito, at the foot of a small mountain, from which issues a stream of water alrounding in very small fish, called prenadillas, so delicate and salutary even for the sick, that they are potted and carried to all parts of the kino;dom.
Paulo, another, of the head settlement of the district of S. Juan del Rio, and alcaldia mayor of Queretaro, in Nueva Espana; containing 46 families of Indians.
Pablo, another, of the province and corre»»- miento of Tinta in Peru; annexed to the curacy of Cacha.
Pablo, another settlement or ward, of the head sf^tlement of the district of Zumpahuacan, and (ilcaldia viai/or of Marinalco in Nueva Es- paJia.
Pablo, another, of the head settlement of the district, and alcaldia mai/or of Toluca in the same kingdom, containing ItJl families of Indians ; at n small distance «. of its capital.
Pablo, anotlier, a small settlement or ward
VOL^lV.
P A B
of the alcaldia mayor of Guanchinango, in the same kingdom : annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Pahuatlan.
Pablo, another, and head settlement of the district, of the alcaldia mai/or of Villalta, in the same kingdom; of a cold temperature, and con- taining 51 Indian families.
Pablo, another, of the missions which were held by the Jesuits, in the province of Topia and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya; situate in the middle of the sierra of Topia, on the shore of the river Piastla.
Pablo, another, of the province of Barcelona, and government of Cumana; situate on the skirt of a mountain of the serrania, and on the shore of the river Sacaguar, «. of the settlement of Piritii.
Pablo, another, a small settlement of the head settlement of the district of Tcxmelucan, and alcaldia mayor of Guajozinco in Nueva Es- j>ana.
Pablo, another, of the district of Chiriqui, in the |)rovince and government of Veragua, and kingdom of Tierra Firme; a league and an half from its head settlement, in the high road.
Pablo, another, of the missions held by the Portuguese Carmelites, in the country of Las Amazonas, and on the slu)re of this river.
Pablo, another, of the missions which were held by the P'rench Jesuits, in the province and government of French (ruayana ; founded in 1735, on the shore of the river Oyapoco, and
B
'2
P A C
P A C
consistinif of Iiuli.nns of many nations converted to the Catliolii- faith.
I*AnLo, aiioilicr. of the province and iitrnhlia viai/or of Chiapa, in (he kiii^doni of Guatemala.
Paulo, another, of the province and n/rwMrt mat/or of Los Zoques, in the same kinijdom.
Pabi.o, another, of the province and govern- ment of Moxos in the kinijdom of Quito; situate on (he shore of (he river Santa Ana.
Paulo, another, formerly of this name, in the same province and kinjjdom, but wiiich wa.s en- tirely ruined hy an epidemical disease.
Paiu.o, another, of tlie province and govern- ment of Sonora; situate in the country of the .Cocoraftricopas Indians: founded in 1699 by tl>e Jesuits, on the shore of the river Gi-ande deGila. Pablo, a lake of the province and forrfg/wf/- ento of OtavaU) in (he kingdom of Quito, close to tlie setdement of its name ; a league long, and half a league wide, abounding in geese, widgeons, and other acpiatic fowl, and surrounded with reed called there totoras. It receives its water from the mountain of Mojanda, and from it issues aiv arm, which is the river Blanco. On the e. side of it is an estate called Caxas.
Paulo, a river of the province and govern- ment of V'eragua in the kingdom of TierraFirme, which rises in the si(rras of Guanico, on tlie *. and empties itself into the Pacific.
Pablo, another river, having the surname oP Los Paeces, in the province and government of Buenos Ayres. It runs tc. and enters the Jacegua between the Joseph Diaz and the Paso delChileno. Pablo, another, of the province and govern- ment ofChoco, in the NuevoReynode Granada. It rises from a lake and joins tlie river Quito, whicli rises from another lake, and these toge- ther form the Atrato.
Pablo, an island in the strait of Magellan, aear the e. coast, opposite cape Monmouth.
Pablo, another, a small island of the S. sea, in the bay of Panama, opposite the gulf of San Miguel.
[PABO, tlie Mickmac name of a river, on the ». side of Chaleur bay, about six leagues from Grand Riviere, ziK n.ic. of cape Despair.]
PABON, a small river of the province and government of Buenos Ayres, which runs ti.ii.e. and enters the Parama, between that De en Medio and the Caracanal.
Pa BON, another, also a small river, in the same province, which runs s. and enters the Plata at its mouth, on the side opposite the capital.
PAC, a small lake of the province and govern- ijuent of Yucatan.
Pac, a small river of the province and govern- ment of (luavana or Nueva Andaliicia. It rises in the couiUrv of (he ferocious Caribes Indians, and enters (he C'aroni, just after it is entered by the abundant stream of the .\rui.
PAC.VB.VRA, a river of the province and go- vernment of Moxos in the kingdom of Quito, which runs n. and enters the Beni.
PACA I PA MPA, a settlement of the province and ronrgf7H/fw/o of Piura; annexed to the cu- racy of Frias.
PAC.\,)AS, a river of (he coinitry of liasAma- zonas, which runs n. between those of .lacinida and Guanapi'i, or Uanapu, and enters (he Ma- rafion, or Amazon, in the arm formed by the island of Joaues. This river gives its name to a nation of Indians but little known, who dwell on the n. shore of the Maranon, nearly 80 leagues above the Paranaiba.
PACAJES, a province and corrf'giiniento of Peru; bounded by the province of Chucuito on the n. ao.; «. by the great lake of Titicaca ; >i.e. by the province of Omasuyos ; e. by the city of tj-A Paz and province of Cicoeica ; s. c. by the corregiitiientu of Ururo and pro\ ince of Paria ; s. by the province of Charangas, and s.ic. and m. by the jurisdiction ofArica, the cordi/lem inter- vening. Its length from the bridge of the river of the Desaguadero, which divides it from the province of Chucuito, as far as the province of Paria, is 56 leagues, and its greatest width 40.
From the loftiness of its territory, and the proximity of the Cordilleras, its temperature is unpleasantly cold, and it is comparatively barren. Its productions are sweet and bitter papas, of which is made the chiino, or bread. There is also grown here an abinidance of the grain, called caiiahua, serving as food, and for making chichn drink. They cultivate some bark, and breed ^nany flocks of native sheep, alpacas, ti- curias, and vizcachas. Here are many estates or pastures of sheep, of the milk of which they make well-flavoured cheese, killing every year some of the ewes for meat, which being salted and hardened by the fiost, they call chalonas ; and these, w ith a considerable portion of the c/itino, they carrv tor sale to the coast; where they take in exchange wine, brai>dy, and cotton : and from the province of Cochabamba, maize, wheat, and other seeds.
This province was formerly very rich in mines, those of Verenguela, San Juan, and Tampaya, being the most celebrated ; but these, together with another mine of emeralds, are no longer worked. Near the first of these mines, in whicb.
P A C
1» A 0
were discovered 700 veins of metal, and from whence an immense quantity was extracted, there was a laro;e population of Spaniards, at least as far as the remains and ruins of a large town tes- tify. This province has also a mine of very wfiite and transparent talc, which furnishes the whole of Peru for glasses of windows, both in the churches and houses.
The cotregi(tor used to collect ii repartimierUo of 90,505 dollars, and it paid an a/cabala of 772 dollars yearly. Its population consists of the following settlements :
Caquiaviri, Asiento de San Juan
Viacha, Berenguela,
Tiahuanaco, Calacoto,
Huaqui, Caquingora, '
S. Andres deMachaca, Callapa, Jesus de Machaca, (in Carahicara de Pacages, which is a Beataria Ilulloma, with 12 nuns,) Achocalla,
Santiago de Machaca, S. Pedro del Desagua-
dero. PACAMOROS YAGUARSONGO, or San Juan de Saunas, a province and government, vulgarly called De Bracamoroii, in the kingdom of Quito, to the s.; antiently called Silla and Chacainga, and now San Jean, from its capital ; bounded «. by the territory of Zaniora and the province of Loxa, zo. by the province of Piura, *. I)y the river Maranon, or Amazon, and e. by the woods and territories of the Xibaros Indians. Its population is included in the cities of Loyola, Valladolid, Jaen, and Santiago de LasMontanas, which is entirely destroyed ; the others being also reduced to miserable villages, having no- tliing more about them of a city than the name. This province is watered by the rivers Guanca- bamba, Chinchipe, Paracasa, Turunibasa, Num- balle, Palanda, Simanchi, Sangalla, and San Francisco, the which divides the bishopric of Quito from that of Truxillo.
It has rich gold mines, but not of the best quality, and it is but thinly peopled, and with- out any commerce. The jiastures are excellent, and there is very good t()i)acco, wild wax, and cotton, and the very finest cacao, though not in abundance. It is very subject to invasions from the Xibaros Indians, who dwell in the woods on the f.
It is governed by a governor, who resides either I ilaar penda.
PACANA, or Pacaxa, a river of the province and country of Las Amazonas, which runs//, pass- ing through the country of the Yurunas Indians,
in ilaar the
rned hy cap! till.
or in the settlement of Tome-
and enters the Xingu in the great bend which it makes before it enters the Maranon or Amazon.
PA CAN AS, Indians of N. America. They are a small tribe of about 30 men, who live on the Quelqueshoe river, which fiills into the bay between Attakapi and Sabine, which heads in a prairie called Cooko Prairie, about 40 miles s. w. ofNatchitoches. They are known to have emigrated from West Florida, about 40 years ago. Their village is about 50 miles s. e. of the Conchattas; they are said to be increasing a little in number; to be quiet, peaceable, and friendly people. Their own language differs fioni ally other, l)ut they speak Mobilian.
PACANTIRO, a smaU settlement of the head settlement of the district of Xacona, and alcaldia mayor of Zamoria inNueva Espaiia. It contains eight families of Mustees, and as many of Mula- toes, exercised in agriculture; three leagues from Its head settlement.
PACARAN, a settlement of the province and corre^imiento of Cafiete in Peru.
PACARAOS, a settlement of the province and corregimienlo of Canta in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Pari.
PACARICTAMBO, ^ settlement of the pro- vince and corregimicnto of Piura in Peru, annex- ed to the curacy of Frias.
PACARNI, a settlement of the government of Neiba,in theNuevo Reynode Granada; annexed to the curacy of its capital : of an hot tempera- ture, and abounding in gold mines, vegetable productions and cattle.
PACAS, Melxordos, a settlement of the province and captainship of Para, in Brasil ; in the island of Caviana.
PACASMAYU, a river of the province and corregimienlo of Saria in Peru. It Hows do«n from the mountains of Caxamarca, runs a;\ and /4aves the territories of San Pedro de Lloco, 20 leagues from Lambayeque. Its shores are very delightful and charming, and it runs into the Pacific sea forming a bay, in which is caught excellent fish. Its mouth is in lat. 7° 24' *.
PACAYAAS, a settlement of the province and captainship of Para in Brasil ; situate at the mouth of the river Tocantines.
[P.VCAYITA, a volcano in Guatemala, in New Spain. In 1773, the lava which issued from it destroyed the city of St. Santiago, which was situated in the valley of Piinchoi.J
PACCHA, a settlement of the province and
corregimicnto of Cucuoa in the kingdom of Zui-
to ; from which capital it is 5(5 leagues distant. In
its district to the $. is an estate called Cuanacauri.
b2
4 P A C
Paccha, another settlement, in the province and corre^imirnlo of Yamparaes and archbishop- ric of Charcas in Peru. ■"
PArriiA, another, of the province and corrc- gimiento of Huanta in the same kingdom, annex- ed to the curacy of Tiellas.
Paccha, another, of the province and cor- regimiento of Loxa in the kina;dom of Quito, near the river Tumblez.
PACCHO, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Chancay in Peru.
PaCHABAMBA, a settlement ofthe province and corregimiento of Guarucco in Peru ; annexed to the curacv of Santa Maria del Valie.
PACHAtAMAC, a settlement of tlic province and corregimiento of Cercado in Peru, annexed to the curacy- of Lurin : founded in the celebrated valley of its name, signifying in the Quechuan language Omnipotent, or Creator Preserver of all. Here the Indians had a magnificent temple dedicated to the invisible, supreme Being, whom they acknowledged and adored. The Emperor Pachacutec, who was the tenth monarch of Peru, conquered this place with all its delightful and fertile territory, and founded there a houeo for Virgins, dedicated to the culture ofthe deity Pachacamac. Francisco Pizarro, when he con- quered the kingdom, plundered this temple and the whole settlement of immense wealth, not- withstanding the Indians had removed a great deal. In its vicinity is a small mountain, and a rivulet still keeping the same name. At the present day there is nothing remaining of the temple and the town but a few ruins. The illustrious Senor Don Bcrnafdino de Almanza, Bishop of Santa Fe, had the honor of being curate here. It is 22 miles s. by e. of Lima, in lat. 12° W's.
PACHACHAC, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Guaroehiri in Peru, annexed to the curacy of Yauli.
PACHACHACA, a river of the kingdom of Peru, which rises in the province of Aimaraes, runs n. traversing the province of Abancay, and enters the Apurimac : on it are more than 40 bridges of cords and willow-twigs.
PACHACONAS, a settlement ofthe province and corregimiento of Aimaraes in Peru.
PACHACOTO, a setUement ofthe province and corregimiento of Guanuco in the same king- dom as the former : annexed to the curacy of Santa Maria del Valle.
PACAMA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Arica in Peru ; annexed to the curacy ofCopta.
P A C
PACH.VNGAUA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Caxatanibo in Peru ; annex- ed to »he cin-acv of Churin.
PACHAS, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Guamalies in the same kingdom as the former, to the curacy of which it belongs. It is in the centre ofthe province, near the river Marafion, which is called Quivilla, and is the residence of the corregidor.
[PACHEA, the most ;i. ofthe islands called the Pearl or King's Islands, all low and woody, and about 12 leagues from Panama. Within a league of this island there is anchorage in 1 7 fathoms.]
PACHECA, a small island ofthe S. sea, in the gulf and bay of Panama : in which the inha- bitants of this capital have some plantations of maize and other grain for the food ofthe Negroes employed in the pearl fisheries on those coasts. [Tnis is one ofthe beautiful islands within the semicircular bay from Panama to point Mala. These islands yield wood, water, fruit, fowls, hogs, &c. and afford excellent harbour for ship- ping, in lat. 8° 3 h.1
rPACIIEGOIA, a lake of New South Wales, in N. .'Vmerica, in lat. 55" w.]
PACHIA, a settlement of tlie province and corregiiniento of .\rica in Peru, annexed to the curacy of Tacua.
PACHICA, a settlement of the .«ame province and corregimiento and kingdom as the former ; annexed to the curacy of Copta.
Pachica, anotlier settlement, in the same province and kingdom ; annexed to the curacy of Cibaya.
Pachica, a river of the province and corre- gimiento of Pataz in the same kingdom. It rises in the sierra, runs n. n. e. and enters the Ucayale.
PACHINA, a lake ofthe province and govern- ment of Moxos and kingdom of Quito ; in the territory of Massamaes Indians, between the rivers Marafion or Amazon and Napo.
PACHINI, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Caxamarquilla in Peru.
PACHITEA. See Manoa.
PACHO, a settlement of the corregimiento of Zipaquira in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada ; of an hot temperature, abounding in vegetable pro- ductions. In its vicinity the Jesuits had one of the finest estates in the kingdom. It contains 200 house-keepers, and lies at the back ofthe settle- ment of Zipaquira, 14 leagues from Santa Fe.
PACHUCA, a town and capital ofthe jurisdic- tion andalcaldia ma^or of its name in Nueya
P A C
P A C
5
Espafia : of a cold temperature, but beautiful to behold on account of the sjnnnetrj' of its streets, public places, and edifices, particularly- of its parish church, which is most maifiiificont. It has like- wise a convent of the missionaries of tlie bare- footed Franciscans, another called the Hospital de San Juan de Dis, and an house of entertain- ment of the monks of La Merced and several herniitaij;es in the wards of the Indians, where mass is said.
It was once more opulent, owing to its mines, which are now in a state of pfreat decav, from their beinjj^ partly filled with water which has flowed down from the sierra. Geuieli says that in the space of 60 leagues he counts more than 1,000 mines, and that fi-om one only, called La Trinidad, were extracted in the course of 10 years, 40 millions of dollars. In this town are the royal coffers, where the treasurer and accomptant reside, taking for the king one fifth of all the silver produced here. The trade of this metal is the principal of the place, although some of the Indians employ themselves in agri- culture, sou iiig maize, French beans, and other seeds. Its population consists of 900 fnmi- lies of Spaniards, Mustees, and Mulatoes, and 120 of Indians, with a special governor subject to the alcalde inai/or. but who resides in another town called Pachuquilla. The jurisdiction con- tains the following settlements :
Real del Monte, 2apotlan,
Tezayuca, Acayiica,
Huaquilpa, Tolaynca.
[Pachuca and Tasco are the oldest mining-
E laces in the kingdom of Mexico: a.id the neigh- ouring village Pachuquillo, is supposed to have been tlie first christian village foiuided i)y the Spaniards. The height of Pachuca is H, Ml feet, and it is 45 miles n. e. of Mexico.]
Pachuca, a lake formed to drain the waters from the heights of the above province ; in which there is a sluice, by which the waters may on occasion be turned into the lake Zumpango: the said sluice having been made in 1G!28, and lately much improved.
PACIFIC Sea, a name improperly given to the S. sea, as every one will maintain who has navi- gated it : ft»r, although the part between the tro- pic* may justify the name, the rest of it does not merit such a title, as being subject to violent tempests, in lat. W and 23", equally strong as any in Europe. The first Spaniards who navi- giited this sea gave it tlie name of Pacific for the serenity and gentle gales which they experienced in their first voyages, persuading tliemseUcs that it was equallv calm all over it ; but the fui\
of the tempests in the winter, and the dreadful agitation of its waters, declare it well worthy of another name.
The ])ilots of this sea have constantly observed that when a «. wind is about to blow, there will appear one or two days previous to hover round the ships a marine bird, which they call qiubrunla- liue.ios (break-bones), and which is seen on no other occasion : neither do they know to where it resorts. Tiiis bird is of a very singular figure, and a sure omen of bad weather.
[PACKEKSFIELD, a township of New Hampshire, Cheshire county, e. of Keene, on the head branches of Ashuelot river. It is 56 miles zo. of Portsmouth, was incorporated in 1774, and contains 721 inhabitants].
PACKOLET, a river of the province and colony of S. Carolina, which runs s. e. and unites itself with Large river.
PACLAS, a settlement of the province and corregiDiioilo of Luya and Chillaos in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of its capital.
PACLLON, a settlement of the province and corregiiiiieiila ofCaxatambo, in the same kingdom an the former ; annexed to tlie curacv of Man- gas.
rPACMOTE, a bay on the e. side of the island of Martinica, between Vauclin bay on the n. and Fere Ance or Creek on the s.'j
PACO, a small island in the lake Umaniarca, of the province and corregimknto of Omasuyos in the kingdom of Peru.
PACOCHA, a port of the coast of the S. sea, in the province and corrcginiioilo of Arica in the same kingdom.
[PACOLET,a small riverof S.Carolina, which rises in the White Oak mountains, and unites with Broad river, 32 miles al)ove Tiger river, and 8 ,«. of the N. Carolina line. Its cour.se is. about s. e. and on it are the celebrated Pacolet springs, 17 miles above its confluence with Broad river.]^
PACOMARCA, a settlement of the province and eorregiiniento of Cliilques and Mastpies, in the same kingdom ; annexed to the curacy of Pampacucho.
pAcOH.'I, a settlement of the province and. eorregiiniento of Sana, in the same kingdoni as the former ; situate in the road of Valles, leading to Lima.
Pacora. another settlement, in the ])rovinco_ and kingdom of Tierra Firme ami government of Pananiii, situate in a beautiful and exicnsive vall<>\, wiiicii gives it its name, and through wiiich a river runs. It is very fertile and of a pleasant temperature, and so healthy that all tht-
6
PAD
PAG
people of the neiffbbourinn; places come here to recruit tlieir health. It abounds also in cjittle, havinjr excellent pastures ; eight leagues from the capital.
Pacora, the river which waters the vallev aforesaid, runs s. until it enters the sea in the bay or gulf of Panama.
P.ACTLICHAN, a settlement of the head set- tlement of the district of Ancantepee, and afra/din niai/or of Tlapa, in Nueva Espafia. It contains 90 tamilios of Indians, who employ themselves in cultivating and dressing cotton, and is of an hot tem|)erature.
PAC'.A, a river of the province and govern- ment of I3uenos Ayres in Peru. It runs nearly due s. and enters the Plata, near the mouth w here the Uruguay enters.
PADAG( 'EL, a large lake of the kingdom of Chile, in the province and correo-iniicnlo of San- tiago. It is formed of the rivers Colina and Lanipa, the which, at\er a course of more than 20 leagues, unite. This lake is more than two leagues long, is very deep, and in it are excel- lent trout and ba^res. The shores are very plea- sant, covered witli herbage and trees. It is at no great distance from the city of Santiago.
PADAMO, a river of the province and govern- ment of Guayana, which rises in the interior of the same, between the rivers Caura and Orinoco, and forming a curve to the^. enters the latter.
PADDAVIRI, an arm of the river Parime or Paravillanas, one of the four into which it is di- vided, and the second which enters the Negro.
PADILLA, a town of the province and govern- ment of Sierra Gorda in the bav' of Mexico, and kingdom of Nueva Espafia, founded in 1748 by the count of that title Don Joseph de Escandoii, colonel of militia of Quereturo, who gave it this name of Dona Antonia de Pedilla, wife of the vicerov, who was then Count of Revillagigedo. It is small and poor, and has not increased in po- pulation as was expected.
PADOUCAS, or Paducas, a settlement of the province and government of Louisiana in N. America, on the shore and at the source of the river of its name, where there are also different villages of Indians of this name.
[This once powerful Indian nation (of which our author speaks) has, apparently, entirely dis- appeared ; every inquiry made after them has proved ineffectual. In the year 1 724, they resided in several villages on the heads of the Kansas river, and could, at that time, bring upwards of 2000 men into the field. (See Mons. Dupratz History of Louisiana, page 7 1 , and the map attached to that
work). The information that we have received is, that being oppressed by the nations residing on the Missouri, they removed to the upper part of the ri\er Plate, where tiiey afterwards had but little intercourse with the whites. They seem to have given name to the ;;. branch of that river, which is called the Paducas Fork. The most probable conjecture is, tliat being still fur- ther reduced, they have di\i(led into small wan- derinsj bands, which assumed the names of the subdivisions of the Paducas nation, and are known to us at present under the appellation of Wete- pahatoes, Kiawas, Kaneiiavish, Katteka, Dotame, &c. who still inhabit the country to which the Paducas are said to have removed.]
The aforesaid river runs «. e. then e. and enters the grand river ISlisouri.
PADKE, Pi NT A DE, an extremity of the n. coast of the island of Cuba, between port Ma- la^eta and the bay of Xavara.
PAECES,a nation of barbarous Indians of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, who dwell in the woods near the cities of Cartago and Timana. They were ferocious and cannibals, and routed, in 1540, the Spanish troops of Afiasco and Juan de Ampudia ; but they began to be reduced to the faith, together with the nation of the Yalcones in 1634. At present their numbers are much diminished.
Paeces, a city of the province and govern- ment of Popayan, in the kingdom of Quito, founded by captain Domingo Lozano, on the shore of the river Grande de la Magdalena in 13C3, in the valley of S. Saldana. It is nearly depopulated, since that it was destroyed by the Indians in the middle of the IGth century ; 60 leagues from the city of San Juan de los Llanos.
PAEZ, a river of the same province and go- vernment as the former city. It rises in the valley of its name, passes opposite the city of La Plata, and enters the Grande de la Magdalena at a small distance from this city.
PAGAN, a small river of the province and colony of Virginia in N. America, and of the county ofS. Isle of Wight. It runs c. and enters the sea at the mouth of the river John.
PAGANAGANDI, a river of the province and government of Antioquia in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. It rises at the foot of the sierras of Choco, and running n. zc. enters the sea in the bay of Candelaria ofthegulf of Uraba.
tPAGET'S Port, a small harbour within the gi'eat sound of the Bahama islands, and in. the most e. part of the sound.]
PAGUAROS, a nation of Indians but little
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known, inhabiting; tiie s. part of the river Ma- rafion, a little above the mouth of the Madera.
PAGUILLA.S, a settlement of the province and cones;inii(nlo of Atacama in Peru.
[FAGL'ISA, or Paquisa, on the to. side of S. America, in lat. 21" 55' s. and 10 leagues w. of the harbour of Cobija, in the bay of Atacama. Aguada de Paguisa, or tiie watering place of Pa- guisa, is 15 leagues from Cobija. The %vhole coast l)el\veen isliigh, mountainous, and rocky, in the direction of «. n. c .]
FAHUATLAN, a settlement of the head set- tlement of the district and alca/dia mai/or of Guauchinaiigo Ln Nueva Espana. It contains a convent of the order of San Agustin, and 490 families of Otomies Indians, amongst which are included those of the wards of its district ; six leagues n. of its capital.
PAICABI, a settlement of Indians of the king- dom of Chile, situate on tlie coast, at the mouth of the river Tucapel, near the spot where the Indians put to death Pedro de Valdi via, conqueror of this kingdom.
PAICAiVOS, u nation of Indians, of the pro- vince and governmeivt of Nanta Cruz tie la 8ifna in Peru, from which capital it is 20 leagues to the s. e. These Indians are poor, docile, and humble : the territory abounds in sugar-canes and cotton, and the climate is hot, save when the ,«. wind blows, which passing tlirough the snow-clad mountains of the Andes, brings with it a refresh- ing coolness.
PAICO, a settlement of the province and cor- reo;iniietilo of Lucanas in Peru.
Paico, a lake of the kingdom of Chile, be- tween the rivers V'^aldivia and Callacalla. It is formed from the waste water of the Quillen.
PAICOLLO, San Li ( as de, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Pelaya and Paspava in Peru.
PAIJ.W, or Paisan, San Salvador de, a settlement of the province and corres;i)niento of Triixillo in Peru, situate in the valley of Chi- cania, in the high road on the coast leading to Quito, JO miles from its capital, and eight from tlie port of Malabrigo.
P.AILAS, a port of the river La Plata, in the province and government of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Peru, «. of the capital.
PA I ME, a settlement of the jurisdiction of Mnzo and cornisciiiiioilo of Tanja in the Nuevo Revno de (iranada. It contains 150 house- keepers, who li\e by culti\ating suijar-cancs, «o1ton, and oilier fruits of a warm and mild cUiutvte.
[PAINTED Post, a station, so called in New Yorkstate, inTioga county on thew.side of Tioga river, between Hath and Newtown, 40 miles n. w. by to. of Lockhartsbrough, 45 x. e. of Wil- liamsburg on Genesse river, and 163 n. w. of Philadelphia. A post-office is kept here.]
[Painted Rock is on French uroad river, by which the line runs between Virginia and Ten- nessee.]
[Paintek's Harbour, on the w. coast of Cape Breton island, is nearly due e. of East Point in the island of St. John's, lat. 46' 22 n. long. 61 16 rc'..]
PAIPA, a settlement of the same province and eorregintifnto and kingdom as the former, situate near the road which leads to Santa P'e, between its capital and the lake of Toca or Totta. It was very large and populous in the time of the Indians, and was taken by Gonzalo Ximinez de Quesada in 1537. It is at present reduced to a miserable village, 15 miles n. e. of its capital.
PAIPIRU, Sierras de, some mountains of the province and captainship of Rey in Brazil, which run from k. toe. following the same course from «ln- river Lavacuan to the brink of the great lake of Los Patos. In these mountains the Portuguese have some rich gold mines, to which they give the san)e name.
PAIRA, a settlement of the province and go- vernment of Quixos and Macas, in the kingdom of Quito, belonging to the district of the second.
PAIRACA, a settlement of the province and eorrco-ii/iiento of Aimaraes in Peru. Annexed to the curacy of Chuquinga.
PAIRAPUPU, a small river of the province and colonv of Surinam, or part of Giiayana, possessed by the Dutch. It rises in the sierra of Usupama, and enters the Cuyuni.
PAIi'A, a small city of the province and cor- res;iitiietito of Piura in Peru, situate on the coast of the S. sea, with a good port, and well fre- quented by vessels from the kingdom of Tierra I'irme, Acapulco, Sonsonate, &c. Although this jiart, strictly speaking, is nothing more than a bay, it is considered one of the best in that coast, from the safety of its anchorage. It is the place where passengers disembark to go bv land to Lima, and the other provinces of Peru, and where ships bound to Callao touch to take in provisions, itc. : since, without this precaution, it woidd he almost impossible to make that vovage, so tedious by the usually contrary winds.
'I'he to« n is situate on a sandy soil, which pro- duces neither a sprout of herbage, or drop of fresh water. This is, therefore, brought tiom
n
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PAL
the settlement of Colan, and thoufifh of a Mliiti>ili and unpleasant look, is, nevertheless, accounted wholesome, and sup])osed to be imprej^nated with the medicinal virtues of sarzaporil/a, through a wood of which trees it passes. They bring it in bnh.as or ratVs, on wiiicn they also carry maize and other productions to the ships : but thev have no other cattle than goats, though ])lenty of fish, and particularly the sea-cats, whidi they catch in abundance, and carry for sale to the other provinces, when dried, and where they are used in the same manner as dried cod-fish.
The houses are low, and the walls of earth and cane, with the exception of the house of the cor- regidor, the parish church, and a convent of the order of La Merced, which arc all of stone ; but the slight structure of their buildings is only adapted to tliis climate, where it is something wonderful to rain: and thus, when a considerable shower fell in 1728, the greater part of the houses were quite demolished.
The climate is dry and hot, though healthy. There is a small castle for the defence of the fort, on the top of a small mountain, called the Silla de Paita. The English admiral Ocorj^e Anson, took, burnt, and destroyed this city in 1741. It is 494 miles n. by v). from Lima, and 192 s. by w. of Guayaquil, in long. 80 30 zc. lat. 3 5'.
Pairapupu, a point of land of the coast of Pern, in the same province and cories:imiento.
PAITANABA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Copiapo in the kingdom of Chile, on the shore of the river Huasco, not far from the junction of the two rivers which form this.
PAITILLA, a point in the bay of Panama, on the coast oftheS. sea, one league from that capital. It forms with the point of Chiriqui, a small road, which is dry at ebb-tide, and is the place where the canoes come to carry on the traffic of the place.
PAITITI, Grano, a province and extensive country of the kingdom of Peru, little known as being inhabited by infidel Indians ; among whom there are, however, some of the missions of the monks of San Francisco.
PAIX, Port de. See Port de Paix.
PAI-ZAMA, a large rock of the province and government of Buenos Ayresin Peru, near the city of Ascension, in the road leading toBrasil ; on the top of which rock are to be seen in the stone the marks of a man's feet, which, according to the ti-adiiion of the Indians, were of a certain person, who preached to their ancestors after the Deluge,
and whose name was Paizunia, the same which the rock still retains. Some historians pretend to prove, that it was the apostle S. Thomas, sup- porting their argument by the tradition of similar phenonmena in various other parts of America.
[PAJAHO, Pajaros, or Paxaros, islands on the coast of Chile, on the S. Pacific ocean. These are three or four rocks, the largest of which is called Piijaro Ninno, or Paxaro rSinno, and two miles II. w. by w. from the southernmost point of the main or point Tortugas, that closes the port of ('oqnimbo.]
[Pajaros, Lrs, or Islands of Birds, a clus- ter of small islands on the coast of Chile, 29 miles H. 71. Zi). of the bay of Coquimbo, and 66 s. s. w. of the harbour of Guasco or Huasco. The island of Choros is four miles «. of these islands, towards the harbour of Guasco. j
[Pajaros. See Paxaros.]
[PAKANOKIT.the seat of Masassoit, the fa- mous Indian chief, was situated on Namasket river, which empties into Narraganset bay.]
PAKEBSEY, or PouGiiKEEPsiE, a city of the
Frovince and colony of New York, e. of tne river ludson, and 02 miles n. of the city of New York.
[See PoUGHKEEPSIE.]
PALACE, an ancient province of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, now united to the pro- vince of Popayan ; discovered by Sebastian de Benalcazar in 1336. Its natives are cruel and ferocious, and descendants of the Paeces. It is at present w ithout inhabitants, although it has some gold mines not worked.
PALACIO, a river of the province of Sucum- bios, in the kingdom of Quito, which runs from w. to e. and unites itself with the river which rises fi"om the lake Mocoa, in lat. 1 w.
PALAGUA, a lake of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, in the province of Muzo or of Los Marqnetones : formed from a waste water of the river Grande de la Magdalena.
PALANCA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of ChocJiapoyas in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of Soritor.
PALANDA, an ancient province of the king- dom of Quito, belonging partly to the province of Jaen and partly to that of Piura, although thesettlement remains in a very dilapidated state; of the same name, and situate on the bank of a river, xi). of the city of Loyola, in lat. 4' 48' s.
Palanda, the aforesaid river, runs s. e. rising near the city of Valladolid ; waters the province, and enters the Chinchipe.
PALANIZUELA, a settlement of the head settlement of the district of Juguila and atcaldia
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9
inaj/or of Xicfivan in Nueva E'^pafia. It contains y4 families of Indians, and is 20 leagues e. of its head settlement.
PALANTLA, a settlement of the head set- tlement of the district of Zitlala and alcaldia mauor of Chilapa, in the same kingdom 'as the former. It contains 42 families of Indians, and is two leao;ues s. of its head settlement.
PALATA, ariver of the province and govern- ment of Tucuman in Peru, and of the district and jurisdiction of the city of Salta. Its shores abound with the pasture of simbolar, resembling the cane, and with leaves like barley, and on which the mules thrive and fatten.- It is also used by the natives for interweaving the heads of the carts used for transporting merchandize to Buenos Avres. It runs e. and enters the Pasage.
[PALATINE, New York. A part of this town was erected into two new towns by the legisla'- ture in 1797.]
[Palatini;, or Palentine, a toAvnship irt Montgomery county. New York, on the w. side of Mohawk river, and to. of Caghuawaga. In
1790 it contained S104- inhaliUnnts, iiirliuliiig'
192 slaves. In 1796, .'J8.5 of tlie inhabitants were electors. The compact part of it stands on the hank of the Mohawk, and contains a Reformed Dutch church, and 20 or 30 houses. It is 36 miles above Schenectady.]
[Palatine Town, in the state of New York, lies on the e. bank of Hudson's river, and ti. side of the mouth of Livingston river, wliich empties into the former : 10 miles n. of Rhyu- beck, and It southerly of Hudson's city.]
PALATOS, a settlement of the jurisdiction and corregimiento o( Bogotix in the Nuevo Reyno do Cirauada.
P.ALCA, a settlement of the province and cor- rrn-iminilo of Angaraez in Peru : annexed to the curacy of Acoria.
PALCAMAYO, a river of the province and rorrcginiiento of Patiiz in Peru, which runs «. in the district of the missions of Caxamarquilla for many leagues, and then unites with the Pangon to enter in a very abundant stream the L'cayale.
l*ALCAMAYo, a settlement of the province and corrrgimicnlo of Tarma in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of .\cobaniba.
PAIiC'ARO, a settlement of the province and rorrepmknlo of Cotabambas in Peru.
PALCIPA, a lake of the province and go- vernment of Tucuman in Pern, formed from the river Audahuilas in the confines of the kingdom of Chile. On its shore is a fort for defence Jigainst the Infidel Indians.
lOL. IV.
Pa LCI PA, an extensive, fertile, and delightful valley of the same province.
PALCO, a settlement of the province and conrgimicnto of Lucanas in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of Oloca.
Palco, another settlement, in the province and corregimiento of Concepciou in the kingdom of Chile, on the shore of the river Biobio.
PALENA, a settlement of the province and government of Maracaibo in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada ; on the shore of the river S. Do- mingo, to the 5. of the city of Barinas Nueva.
PALENQUE, a settlement of the province and kingdom of Tierra Firme, situate on the n. coast, in the jurisdiction of the city of Porto Bello, where terminates the jurisdiction of the province, and where, (hat of the province of Darien begins. It is composed of negro refugee- slaves, who have, for the sake of better security, selected a place craggy and difficult of access on the shore of the river Sardiuas. Many maintain their religion, and in 174." they intreated the ])resident of I'anama that ho would send them a cnvalc.
Pale.vque, another settlement, of the pro- vince and government of Cartagena, and district of the town of Maria, n. of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada.
Palenque, another, of tho province and go- vernment of Ciuayaquil in the kingdom of Quito, of the district of Bai)a -. situate on the shore of (his river, to the n. of its head settlement, at 24 leagues distance.
Palenque, another, of the province and go- vernment of Santa Marta in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, on the sea-coast.
Palenqi'e, a river in the same province and kinn-dom as the former. It enters the Sebastian.
Palenque, a point of land on the j. cosist of the island S. Domingo, between the point of Nizao and the river Ozania.
PALENQUES, a barbarous nation of Indians of (luayana or Nueva Andalucia. They took this name from the estacadcs which they made for their defence, and which resembled trenches. It is not numerous, but ferocious, and dwelling on the borders of the Oiinoco; bounded by tho na- tion of the (luamos.
PALIZADA. SeeMissisippi.
PALLACTANGA, a settlement of the i)ro- vince and corregimiento of Riobaiuba in the king- dom of Quito ; celebrated for (lie rich mines of gold and silver in its distriit, ;in(l which «ere for- merly worked to such profit as to exceed all the other mines of Peru ; one individual alone liav c '
iU
PAL
PAL
iiig a register, in which 18 veins of these metnls were marked as his own propert_y. These mines are no longer worked.
PALLAHUA,a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Arica in Peru; annexed to the curacy of Tacna.
PALLALLA, a settlement of the province and corregiiiiicnto of A ngaraez in Peru, where there is a coal-mine not worked.
PALLAQUEZ, Sa.n MicuEi, de, a settle- ment of the province and corregimiento of Caxa- marca in Peru.
PALLAS, a settlement of the province and cor- regimicnto of Tarma in Peru; annexed to the cu- racy of Atahilloshaxos.
1 ALL.VSC.V, a settlement of the province and corregimiaito of C'onchucos in Peru.
PALL ATE, a bay on the s. coast of the island Jamaica.
[PALLISER'S Islands, in the s. Pacific ocean, are between 15 and JO of*, lat. and from 146" to 147° of m. long. From lat. 14 to 20 s. and long. 138° to 150 13. the ocean is strewed with low half- overflowed islands, wliicli renders it necessary for navigators to proceed with much caution.]
PALMA, Nuestua Senoha de la, a city of the corregimiento of Tunja, in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada; founded by Don Antonio de To- ledo, in the country of the Colimas Indians, in 15C0, and not in 1512, as the Ex-jesuit Coleti as- serts : translated to the spot where it now stands by Captain Gutierre de Ovalle in 1563 (and not in 1572, as that author also affirms), giving it the name of Ronda, in hcMiour of his native place, but which it afterwards lost.
It is of a moderately hot temperature, pro- duces much cotton, m?L\ze, i/ticas, plantains, and sugar-cane, of which sugar is made in abun- dance, with preserves, particularly o( guai/aba; and with these and some cotton and linen manu- factures, it carries on a pretty trade. Money being very scarce here, articles of cotton are bartered for provisions, and vice vcrstl. The principal food of the natives is what tliey call soala, which is composed of maize and rcyamas. This city has, besides the parish-church, w hich is entitled Nuestra Seiiora de la Asuncion, a con- vent of the religious order of San Francisco, so poor as to maintain only one individual. The copper mines, which are very tine, are worked.
The inhabitants amount to 600 housekeepers, who by the commerce alone aforesaid of the sweets and linen, have raised themselves to such a de- gree of opulence and respectability as to vie with ^e inhabitants of the neighbouring town of
Pamplona, w ithout the advantages of their silver and emerald mines. They ha\e, however, » fairer mine, the soin-ce of all happiness, virtue. It is this that renders them beloved and esteemed throughout the kingdou). This city is situate on the €. shore of the river Magdalena, 54 miles n.a). of Santa Fe, and 68 w. by *-. of Tunja. Lat. 5' 8' «. and long. 74° 52 30 " xc.
Pai.ma, a settlement of the head settlement of the district of Tamazunchale, and alcnld'ia mayor of ^'aUes, in Nueva Espana ; situate in a spot surrounded by .?f/Trt«(Vj.«, in which dwell dispersed the Pames Indians. Few of these live in the set- tlement, but prefer scattering themselves over the mountains and woods, according to their antient habits, and in diftercnt times of the year they take up their residence by the stalls where they pen their cattle. The population (including these mountaineers) amounts to 3000 families. It has a convent of the religious order of San Francisco, and is 22 leagues w. of its head set- tlement.
Palma, another, of the head settlement of Zanguio, and tilcnldiu mttf/or of Zamora, in the same kingdom ; situate in an extensive and plea- sant valley.
It is of an hot and moist temperature; boimded r. by the mountain of Las Canoas, and w. and h. by the sea of Chapala, from the shores of which it is distant a league and an half. Its population is of 24 families of Spaniards, jl/w5/(f.«, and Mu- lattoes, and 13 of Indians, who maintain them- selves by fishing. Somewhat less than three leagues from its head settlement.
Palma, another, of the province and corregi- miento of Valparaiso in the kingdom of Chile : situate s. of the town of Santa Barbara.
Palma, another, with the dedicatory title of Nuestra Seriora del Rosario, of the missions which are held by the religious order of S. Do- mingo, in the district of the city of Pedraza, of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada.
Palma, a river of the kingdom of Brazil, which runs nearly w. with a slight inclination to «. zi). and enters the Paratinga.
Palma, an island situate near tlie coast of the. same kingdom as the former river, close to the mouth of the river La Plata.
Palma, another settlement, with the surname of Gorda, in the jurisdiction of Orizava, and ul- caldia mayor of Ixmiquilpan ui Nueva Espana.
PALMAR, Sam Acustin del, a settlement and head settlement of the district of the alcaldia wMyor of Tepeaca in Nueva Espaiia ; of a cold and dry temperature, and containing 36 femilies
PAL
PAL
11
Eight leagues e. one
of Spaniards, 48 of Mustees, 12 of Mulattoes, and 61 of Indians. Its territory is barren and fallow, so that the greater part of its inhabitants follow the trade of locksmiths. " quarter to .v. r. of its capital
Pai-mar, another settlement, of the province of Guayana and government of Cuniana : one of tlie missions held there by the Capuchin fathers of Catahina ; situate s. of the city of S. Tonias.
PAiy>iAR,another, of the province and govern- ment of Veragua, in the kingdom of Tierra Firme.
Palmar, another, of the province and govern- ment of Yucatan in the kingdom of Guatemala, on tlie side of the point of Piedra on the coast.
Palmar, a hay on the coast of the S. sea, of the province and government of Darien, of the kingdom of Tierra Firme ; situate between the port Quemado and that of Pinas. It is a good port, called De la Hambre, where the river of the same name empties itself.
Palmar, a lake of the province and captain- ship of Roy in Brazil, in the extremity of the coast formed by the i-ivor La Plata.
Palmar, a port on the coast of the S. sea, of the province and government of Esmeraldas, under the equinoctial line.
Palmar, a river of the province and govern- ment of Guayaquil in the kingdom of Quito, of the district of Yaguache, to the n. It runs n. w. and enters the Babahoyo in lat. 1 45' s.
Palmar, a point of land of the interior points which form the entrance or channel of the lake of Maracaibo.
P.ALMARES, San Diego de los, or De GuAMEs, a settlement of the province and go- vernment of Quixos and Macas in the kingdom of Quito : one of those which form the missions of the Sucnnbios Indians, and which were held at the cliarge of the Jesuits. It is situate on the shore of the river Guamcs, near where it is en- tered by the Putuinayo.
Palmares, another settlement, of the pro- vince and captainship of Hey in Brazil ; situate on tlie coast, near lake Ciiarqueada.
PALMAS, Salazar de los, a city of the government of S. Faustino in the Nuevo Reyno ae Granada : founded by Diego do Montes in 15.53, i)v way of security to the silver mines of S. Pedro, on (lie shore of a river which traverses a beautiful date-grove ; but its inhabitants shortly aban<loned it being pressed sore by the infidels, who succeeded in destroving it. in 15.55 it was re-peopled by Captain Diego Parada, with the name of Niri'ia, from its having been removed to
the shore of this river : but here it had not better fortune than in the former place, and in 1583 it was founded a third time in the spot where it now stands, by the Governor Francisco de Ca- ceres, by order of the Colonel Alonso Estevan Rangel, for the head of the alcaldia ma/yor^ which title the successors of the governor pre- served for many years.
It is of an hot temperature, and lies amongst some rough and craggy mountains ; but is very abundant in cacao, sugar canes, plantains, i/ucas, and maize. It has, besides the parish church, a chapel of Nuesta Seiiora de Belen. Its popula- tion is composed of 400 housekeepers, and it is 16 leagues n. n. w. of Pamplona ; from the ju- risdiction of which it is divided by the river Sa- lazar, or Sulia.
Palm AS, another city, with the dedicatory title of San Miguel, in the same kingdom : founded by Fernando Valdes in 1544, on the shore of the grand river Magdalena, n. of Santa Fe ; but it has fallen into such decay as to be nothing more than a miserable hamlet.
Palm AS, a settlement, with the dedicatory title of San Juan, in the province and govern- ment of Cartagena, of the same kingdom as the former cities. It belongs to the district of the jurisdiction of the town of Sinn, and is situate at the bay of this name, near the coast.
Palm AS, another, with the dedicatory title of San Luis, of the missions which are hefd by the religious order of S. Domingo, in the district and jurisdiction of the city of Pedraza, of the Nuevo Iteyno de Granada, on the shore of the river Canagudn.
Palmas, a river of the province and alcaldia OT«^o/' of Panuco in Nueva Espaiia, which runs into the sea in the bay of Mexico.
Palmas, another river, of the alcaldia mayor of Tabasco, in the same kingdom ; which also enters the sea between the rivers Santa Ana and De Dos Bocas.
Palmas, a bay on the coast of California, op- posite Nueva Espana, between the bay of Cer- ralvo and the cape Porfia.
Palmas, a port of the province and govern- ment of Santa Marta in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, in the river Grande de la Magdalena, with a settlement of considerable traffic.
Palmas, another river, of the province and government of Venezuela in the same kingdom, which runs >■. and enters the Manapire.
Palmas, another port, on the n. coast of the island of Cuba, between the port of Sama and the bay of Baxanas.
12
PAL
PAL
Pai.mas, an island of the S. sea. discovered by Francisco Fizarro in 1327, who a;ave it lliis name from the number of palms found njjon it. It lies in the hay of Chiramina, is a league and an half in circumference, opposite the mouth of the river San Juan, of the province and govern- ment ofChoco. Twenty-si.x leagues Irom the cape of Corrientes, and is desert and uncultival(>d.
Pal.mas, another river, of the island of Gra- nada, one of the lesser Antilles of the French. It runs €. and enters the sea in lat. 12° 4' «.
Palmas. Some islands of the N. sea, near the coast of the province and government of Da- rien, and kingdom of Tierra Firme. They arc many, and form a semi-circle between the island Pinos and the Playon Grande and the bay of Mandinga.
[PALMER, a rough and hilly township in Hampshire county, Atassachusctts, 63 miles w. by .V. of Boston : it is situated on the n. side of Ouebang river, and bounded c. by Western in Worcester county. An act passed in last session, 1796, to incorporate a society to make a turnpike- road between these two towns. It was incor- porated in 1752, and contains 809 inliabitatits.]
[Palmeh's River, a water of Narraganset bay, which empties with another small ri^er, and forms Warren river, opposite the tow n of Warren. J
P.VLMERAS, Punta de, a point on the coast of Los Humos, of the province and captainship of Seara in Brazil : between the island Corubuu and port Tortuga.
[PALMERSTON'S Island, of which one in particular has been so named, is in lat. 18 10' s. and long. 163" 20' w. and is the second in situation from the s. e. of a group of 9 or 10, all known by the same general name. It affords neither anchorage nor water; but if the weather is mo- derate, a ship that is passing the 5. Pacific ocean in this track, may be supplied with grass for cattle, cocoa-nuts, fish, and other productions of the island. The principal island is not above a mile in circumference ; nor is it elevated more than three feet above the surface of the sea.]
[PALMETTO, the most e. point of the bay so called, on the «. w. coast of the island of S. Christopher's, in the W. Indies. The sliore is rocky, and a fort protects the bay. Also the most 71. point of the island of Jamaica ; having Ma- aatee bay on the zo. and Island bay on the <".]
PALMILL,-\., San Lucas de los, a settle- ment of the liead settlement of the district and alcaldin mayor of Guejozinco in Nueva Espafia. It contains 77 families of Indians, and lies n. of Us capital.
Pai.mili.a, another settlement, with the de- dicatory title of Santa Cecilia ; a nduccion of Indians made by the missionaries of the order of San Francisco, in the district and jurisdiction of the akaldia mayor of Guadalcazar in Nueva Esfrana. It contains 40 families of Indians, with- out those who live dispersed about its precincts,, and is 20 leagues from the head settlement of the district of Tula.
Pai.milla, another, of the province and go- vernment of Sierra Gorda in the bay of Mexico, and kingdom of Nueva Espafia, founded ia 1740, by Don Joseph de Escandon, Count of Sierra Gorda. colonel of militia of Queretaro.
[PALMISTE Point, on the ;/. side of the «. tt'. part of the island of St. Domingo, three leagues s. of point Portugal, the c. point of the small island La Tortue, and five c. of Port de Paix.l
PALMISTES, Punta de, a point on the s. coast of the island of S. Christopher, one of the lesser Antilles, between the river Pentecoste and the rivulet of Pelau.
PALMITAL, a small river of the province nnd captainship ofPortoseguro in Brazil. It rises near the coast, runs n. n. w. and enters the river of Las Piedras.
PALMITO, a river of the province and coun- try of the Canelos Indians, in the kingdom of Quito, which runs e.n.c. and enters the Bobo- nasa by the a\ shore, between the Caspi-yacu to the n. and the Chambira to the s. in lat. VST s.
Pai.mjto, a point of huid of the «. coast of the island Jamaica, between the river Annoto and. the bay of Orange.
[PALAIYRA, a town and the only port of entry and delivery in the state of fennesse^ constituted a port of entry by Jaw of the United States, January 31, 1797.]
PALO, Colorado, a settlement of tlie pro- vince and co;Tfgm//ew/o of Quillota in the king- dom of Chile ; situate on the coast at the mouth, of the river Limari.
Palo, Arecife del, an island near the coast of Vera Cruz in the bay of Mexico and kingdom of Nueva Espana, between the island Verde and La Anegada.
PALOM.\S, Is LA DE LOS, an island in the gulf of Venezuela, at the entrance or mouth of the lake of Maracaibo, to Uie n. of the city. It has a small settlement of the same name, and is in lat. 10 '56 ti.
PALOMETA, a small river of the province and government of Santa Cruz de la Sierra ia Peru. It rises from some veiy lofty mountains.
P A M
P A iVI
13
to the K\ of the settlement of Los Desposorios, runs w. and enters the Piray.
PALOMINO, a river of the province and p^o- \crnmcnt of Santa Marta in the Nuevo Key no de Granada, which rises in the sierra of the Po- segueicas Indians, runs n. and enters the sea be- tween the capo San Juan de Guia and the river llacha.
[PALOMINOS. Small islands on the coast of Peru, S. America ; three miles w. of St. Law- rence island, or St. Lorenzo. They have from 13 to 14 fatiioms water on tliem.J
PALOMOS, a barbarous nation of Indians, of the province of Gran Chaco in Peru. It extends from e. to zo. from the river Bcrmejo, and the spacious Hmniras of Maiiso to the s. These barbarians are ferocious, and issue from the woods to infest the neighbouring^ provinces ; and as a defence an;'ainst them there is a fort called San Joseph, supplied by the Spaniards.
[PALONQLJE, the cape c. of Nisao point, at the mouth of Nisao river, on the s. side of the island of St. Domingo, in lat. 18 13 «. and long;. 73 '2 w. of Paris.)
P.VLOILV, a rapid riyer oflhe province and goveiumc-nt of Macas in the kingdom of Quito, which rises in the province of Hiobamba, to the n. of a lake of the mountain of Sangay, close to tile settlement of Cebadas. It runs from le. to e. till it enters the Pastaza or Pastaca, and in tlie woods of its vicinity dwell some Indians of the na- tion of Los Xibaros. Its mouth is in lat. r47 *.
PALPA, a settlement of the province and cor- regimiinlo of lea in Peru ; situate on the shore ol the Kio Grande, not far from the sea-coast.
PALPACACHI, a settlement of the province and corrcscimii-nlo of Cotabamhas in Peru ; an- nexed to the curacy of Iluaillati.
P.4LPAL, a small river of the kingdom of Chile in the province and corrcp;i?nic>ito of Itala. It runs n.n.w. and unites itself with the Temuco to enter the Dinguilli.
PALPAS, a settlement of the province and rorrei^iiiiitnto of Caxatand)o in Peru ; annexed to the cunicy of Ciorgor.
Pali'As, another settlement, in the same pro- vince and kingdom as the former; annexetl to the curacy of Churin.
( PAliTZ, New, a town.ship on the a;, side of Hudson's river in Ulster county, New York, about 18 miles n. of Neyvburgh. and 30 ti.e. of Goshen. It contains ii309 inhabitants, including 30'i slaves.]
PA M HAM A RCA, a settlement of the pro- »:ince and corregimicii(o of Lucanas in Pern.
Pa M BAM A lie A, a very lofty paramo or moun- tain, always covered with snow, of the kingdom of Quito : one of those chosen bv tiie acade- micians of the sciences at Paris, wlu) visited this kingdom to measure one of the degrees of the equator, on which to make their observations. On it are seen the ruins of four fortresses of the Incas, called piicares, consisting of concentrical ditches of three or four royvs, an J in the interior one a wall or parapet. The exterior one, which yvas in general about tyvo toises yvide and as many deep, is in some parts so wide as to be seen at a league's distance : and indeed it was altogether so ordered for the safety of the be- sieged, that the inner border should command, the exterior ones. At the top of this mountain there blows a constant wind, so strong that people can scarcely live in it.. It is 2{) miles yvith a slight inclination to the n. of Quito.
PAIMAI'NKE. See York.
[PAMLICO Sound, on the e. coast of N. Carolina, is a kind of lake or inland sea, from 10 to 30 miles broad, and nearly 60 miles in length. It is separated from the Atlantic ocean, in its whole length, l)y a beach of land hardly a mile wide, generally covered with small trees or bushes. Through this bank are several small inlets bv which boats may pass : but Ocrecok inlet is the only one that will admit vessels of burden into the districts of Edenton and Neyv- bern. This inlet is in lat. 31' 51' ;/. and opens betyveen Ocrecok island and Core bank. This sound communicates with Core and Albemarle sounds, and receives Pamlico or Tar river, the river Nens, besides other small streams. See 0( RECOK, Cape Hatteras, &C.]
PAMPACHIHI, a settlement of the province and corre^imicnto of Andahuailas in Peru.
PAMPACOCHA, a settlement of the province and corres^imicnto of Canta, in the same kingdom as the former ; annexed to the curacy of Arahuay.
PAMPACOLCA, a settlement of the province and corregimicnto ofCondcsuios de Arequipa in, the same kingdom.
PAMP.VCt'CHO, a settlement of the pro- vince and corr(s;i»ii(»to of Chilques and Masques, in the same kingdom.
PAMPADEtJlES, San Pabi.o ni;, a settle- ment of the missions which were held by the Je- suits, in the province and government of Mainas of the kingdom of Quito.
PAMP.MIL'ACIS, a barbarous nation of war- like Indians, who dwell n. ofCirzco: sn!)jected to the en\pire by H uay na Capac, thirteenth enjpe - ror of the Incas.
14
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V A M
PAMPAMARCA, a settlement of the province and corregimicnto of Aimaraes in Peru.
Pampamarca, anotlier settlement, in the pro- vince and corregimiento of Parinacochas, of the same kiiia^dom.
Pampamarca, another, of the province and corregimiento of Tinta or Canes, and Canches, same kin<;'dom.
PAMPANO, a small river of the province and fifovernnient of Maracaibo in the Niievo Reyno de (Jrraiinda : it enters the lake Atolc at a small space from its head.
P.VMPAQUINCHIS, a settlement of the pro- vince and corregimiento of Yauyos in Peru ; an- nexed to the curacy of Huanic.
PAMPAROM.VS, a settlement of tiie province and corregimiento of Andahuailas in Peru ; an- nexed to the curacy of Moro in tiie province of Santa.
PAMPAS, a barbarous nation of warlike Indians of the kinirdom of Peru ; extendins; n. and w. of the Paraguay, and bounded by Cordoba del Tucuman.
Pampas, some extensive Uanuras of the pro- vince and government of Buenos Ayres, running s. for more than 300 leagues, as far as the pro- vince ofCuyoof the kingdom of Chile. In them there lives some wandermg barbarous nations of Indians, the Huarcas or Pampas, the Aucaes, Pehuenches, Pulches and Uncas ; who for the most part go about on horseback, robbing, plundering, and murdering the travellers which fall into their way : accordingly it is necessary, in passing from Peru to Chile, and xice-versA, that the carts (these being the vehicles used for the purpose) should go in large parties, so as to give a more eftectuEU resistance to this race of banditti : nor is the same precaution unobserved by such as go to collect salt from the great saline grounds 200 leagues from Buenos Ayres ; this salt being extremely white, and of excellent quality, and employing, in conveying it, no less than 300 carts, which, although in close company, are not unfrequently attacked in their journey. They start about November, and are two months away on their rout.
In these vast plains are found many tigers, leopards, ostriches, quiriqiiinchos or nrmadil/os, partridges, hares, and other animals. In the pas- tures which are exceedingly fine, and in some parts so lofty as to cover a man on horseback, breed a great number of l)ulls, horses, and mules, 'escendants of those brought from Spain at the time of the conquest. Many troops of these wild animals, in their rout from one place to an-
otlier, will often meet and attack the unwaiy traveller, and even the aforesaid carts in their way from Buenos Ayres to Mendoza in the king- dom of Chile. Sometimes |)roceeding in multi- tudes to drink at one of tiie many rtvers which irrigate tliese parts, they ^vill rush with such violence into the water that the foremost will be driven so deep into the mud by the pressure of those behind, as to be unable to extricate them- selves, and there perish ; and this is the reason why there are constantly seen such heaps of bones on tiie banks of the abrevaderos or orink- ing places.
The Indians have an easy method of catching any of the above animals by a small cord of two yards long, with a ball of iron or stone at one end, at the other a piece of wood or some light substance : this they use as a sling, and such is their dexterity in throwing it that, without ever missing the animal aimed at amongst the vast herd, they cause it so to entwine its legs, that, in effort to escape, it immediately falls, and becomes an easy prey.
Here are also many asses, by which, in this province as well as that of Tucuman, they produce a fine and numerous breed of mules, which are carried for sale to Peru. There are likewise many dogs, so voracious and bold, that, in lack of cattle to feed on, they will fall upon the people ; nor is it uncommon that, under such circum- stances, travellers have been sacrificed to their greediness : these dogs will not merely attack cattle, but they will go in troops and fight the tiger, and although many of them, as is generally the case, will fall victims to their presumption, they never fail to be finally victorious, and glut themselves on its flesh : the same system of warfare they practise, but with less cost, upon the bulls. Those who have seen these engage- ments represent them as horrible though extreme- ly fine and amusing : more so, perhaps, could they be witnessed in security.
In these Pampas blow several strong winds very similar to hurricanes, which they call pam- peros ; and so impetuous are they as to arrest the force and progress of the carts drawn by six oxen and with a load of upwards of 600 arrnbas.
Pampas, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Yauyos in Peru, in the district of which is a road leading down to the settlement of Tupe, called de las cinco mil escalones (of the 3000 steps), since it is asserted that there are this number in its descent.
Pampas, another, of the province and corre- gimiento of Guailasci in the same kingdom.
P A M
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Pampas, another, of (lie province and corrcgi- mieiito of Conchucos in the same kingdom ; annex- ed to the curacy of Pallasca.
Pampas, another, of the province and corregi- miento of Gunata in tiie same kins^dom.
Pampas, another, of the province and corre- gimienlo of Canta in the same kingdom ; annex- ed to the curacy of Arahuay.
Pampas, another, of the province and corre- gimiento of Gua'Aasci in the same kingdom ; dis- tinct from that aforesaid, and annexed to the curacy of Marco
Pampas, a large river, of the province and correginiiento of Lucanas in the same kingdom of Peru. It rises n. of the settlement of Sora, runs n. and enters the Apuriniac, in the province of Guanta. It has a bridge of hurdles, of 30 yards long and one and an half wide, over which pass the goods on their way from Lima to Cuzco.
PAMPA YATA, a settlement of the province and corregimienlo of Aimaraes in Peru, an- nexed to the curacy of Moro in the province of Santa.
PAMPICHI, a settlement of the province and kingdom of Guatemala, annexed to the curacy of Amatitan, to which it is very near.
PAMPLONA, a city of the province and corre- gimiento of Tunga in the Nuevo Reyno de Gra- nada : founded by Captain Pedro de Ursua and Orlien de Velasco in 1549, according to the order of the Most Illustrious Picdrahita, and not Miguel Diez de Armendariz, as the Ex- Jesuit Coleti asserts, in 1358. He gave it the name in memory of his native place of Ursua, capital of Navarra. It is situate on a plain or llano called Del Espiritu Santo, surrounded on all sides by mountains, which make its temperature extremely cold. It is very foHilc, and abounding in cattle, vegetable productions, sugar-engines, and cotton munnfactures, with all of which it hasa great com- merce, as well as by gold and copper taken from some mines, (he last of which and the best was discovered in 1763.
The parish churcii is one of the handsomest buildings in (he whole kingdom. Here are beau- tiful houses, public edifices and squares, an her- mitage which is a vice-parish, and in Mhich is venerated an image of Christ crucified, with two of the (hieves, all being fine pieces of sculjjture; some convents of the religious orders of San Fran- cisco, Santo Domingo, San Agus(in, a college which belonged to the Jesuits, an hospitiil, and a monastery of nuns of Santa Clara : the which, together with (he whole city, sulVered much from an eardiquake which happened in 1044.
I(s jurisdicdon ex(ends as far as Tunja, 24 leagues further on the part towards Jiroii, and the same distance to the e. and towards the town of San Christoval. It has, besides the governor, a corregidor of Indians, and an alcaldia mnuor of the mines. It has been the native place of r'r. Fran- cisco Vivar, of the order of San Francisco, a man of great virtue and science, 185 miles >?. e. of Santa Fe, 124 n. e. of Velez, 156 w. s. zo. of Trux- illo, 110 m. s.w. of Merida, and 131 w. wi(h a slight inclination to the s. of Varinas, in lat. 7 ' 1 30'«. and Ion. 72' 21' a.\
PAMTICOE, an abundant river of the pro- vince and colony of N. Carolina ; which runs s. e. and enters the sea in the strait of its name.
This strait is formed by the coast of S. Carolina and the island of Hateras.
[PAMUNKY, the ancient name of York river in Virginia : but this name is now confined to the 4. I)ranch, formed by the confluence of the N. and S. Anna. This and the «. branch, Matta- pony, unite and form York river, just below the town of De La War.]
PAMUUACOCHA, a lake of the province and corregimienlo of Parinacochas in Peru. It is long and narrow.
PAN, Boca de, a creek of the coast of the S. sea, in the province and con-egimiento of Piura an(l kingdom of Peru : situate in the bay of Tumbes.
Pan, de Azucar, a setdement of the province and governmen( of Paraguay, situate near the strait of its name.
Pan, another settlement, of the missions which were held by the Jesuits in the Orinoco, and now under the cliarge of the order of the Capu- chins.
Pan, a very lofty mountain, of a conical figure, on the shore of the river La Plata, at its entrance; in the province and government of Buenos Ayres, close to the river Solis Chico.
Pan, another, on the s. coast of the strait of Magellan, at the mouth of the river Jelouzelt.
Pan, another, on the«. c. coast of the island of Martinique, between (he bay of S. Jacques and that of Charpentier.
Pan, a strait or narrow pass formed by the river Paraguay, in the province of (his name.
[P.\N.\, an island on (he coast of Peru, 35 miles s. s. u). of Guayaquil. At point .Arena, which is the n. zc. point, all ships bound farther into Guayaquil bay stop (or pilots, a-; there is good anchorage over against the middle of the toH n, in five fathoms, and a soft oozy ground. It lA also called Puna.]
16
PAN
PAN
[PANACA, a burning mountain on the u\ coast of New Mexico, about three leagues from tlie volcano of Sansonate.]
PANACACHI, a settlemei^of the province and conegimiento of Chayanta"- or Charcas in Peru.
[PANADOU, or Menadou, a bay on the coast of Cape Breton island, near the 5. part of the gulf of St. Lawrence].
PANAMA, a city and capital of the kingdom and government of Tierra Firme ; founded on the coast of the Pacific or S. sea, upon an istiimus to which it gives its name, at the foot of a lol\j mountain called Ancon. It was founded by Pedrarias Davila in 1518, in a part now called Panama la xicja (the old) where it was sacked and burnt in 1670 by the English pirate John Moro;an, when it was in the follow ing year trans- lated to a league's distance by the Major-general Don Antonio Fernandez de Cordoba : and was first fortified by Alonso Mercado de Villa-corta. It is irregularly and badly defended ; but has been one of the richest and most important towns of commerce in the whole world, as being the regular depot of all the goods going from Peru to Europe, before that the navigation of Buenos Ayres and of Cape Horn were so much practised.
It is the head of a bishopric, created in 1521 ; lias besides the cathedral, two parishes, one with the title of S. Felipe in the city, and another of the title of Santo Ava, in the suburbs without the wall, which are larger than the city itself; like- wise the convents of the orders of San P'rancisco, S. Domingo, La Merced, the barefooted Angus- tins with the title of S. Joseph, a college which belonged to the Jesuits, with a seminary for stu- dies, and an university founded by the bishop Don Francisco Xavier de Luna y Victoria in 1571 : an hospital of San Juan de Dios and a monastery of the nuns of Nuestra Seiiora de la Concepcion.
In its early times it had a mint, which lasted but a short time. It was governed by a president and a tribunal of the royal audience, erected in 1535, which was abolished in 17.52, only a military governor and viceroy being let>. This city, fiom being once great and opulent, is reduced to a poor and miserable state from the decay of its commerce since that the galleons have ceased to go to Tierra Fiiine, and since that it had endured two dreadful conflagrations in 1737 and 1756. To the latter evil it was very liable, most of its houses being built of finely carved wood : the cathedral, however, is of stone and of magnificent architecture.
The temperature of this city is burning hot. though the niglits are fresh and agreeable. The territory is fertile i)ut little cultivated, as the city is supplied with necessaries from the pro- vinces and settlements of its jurisdiction, as well as from those of Pern by the S. sea, and from those of Europe and the foreign colonies by the N. sea, from whence it lies 1 1 leagues. It is ce- lebrated for the meeting held in it by the Trium- virate, who deliberated in 1525 concerning the discovery and conquest of Peru, who were V ran- ciso Pizarro, Diego de Almagro, and Hernando de Luque.
The port is formed by some islands at the dis- tance of two leagues and an half from the town, where vessdis may lie sheltered from the winds. The tides are regular, and the high water is every three hours, when it runs to a great height, and falls with such rapidity as to leave three quarters of a league dry when down.
The city of Panama has the arms which were granted it in 1521, by the emperor Charles V. with the title of very noble and very loyal ; a shield divided into a pale and gold field, having in tlie middle of the right side a yoke and a bundle of brown-coloured arrows, with blue points and silver feathers, this having been the device of the catholic kings : then in the other half, or the left side, two carvels, one above the other, and above them a star, which denoted the arctic pole, and in the orle of the shield castles and lions. It is the native place of father Agus- tin Hurtado, of the Jesuits ; put to death in the settlement of Gayes of the missions of Mainas, at the hands of the Indians, whilst instructing them in the faith in 1688 ; also of father Ignacio de Caceres, his companion. In lat. 9° 0 30' n. long. 79' 19' w.
Catalogue of the Bishops who have presided in Panama.
1. Don Fr. Vicente de Valveide, a monk of the order of S. Domingo ; elected bishop of Santa Maria del Darien, the first church of the kingdom of Tierra Firme, in 1533.
2. Don Fr. Juan de Quevedo ; a monk of the order of San Francisco, native of Bejori in the mountains of Burgos. He passed over to the church and returned to Spain, and had many disputes with Fr. Bartolome de los Casas, in presence of the emperor Charles V. on the sub- ject of the liberty of the Indians, in which he was convinced and conquered by the bishop Casas : he died at Barcelona.
3. Don Fr. Juan de la Guardia, of the order of San Francisco, of w:hom we know no more
PANAMA.
17
ihaii that his name is mentioned in the catalog;ue of the bishops oftliat holy church.
4. Don hr. Martin de Bejar, of the order of San Francisco, native of Sevilla ; presented hy the emperor Charles V. to be bishop of Santa Maria del Darien. In liis time the See was translated to the city of Panama.
3. Don Fr. Tonias de Berlan^a, of the order of S. Domingo, native of the town of his name; he passed to America, where he was provincial of his order, and elected bishop of Panama in 1530. He renounced the bishopric in 1537 ; and died in his native place in 1551.
6. Don Fr. Vicente de Peraza, of the order of S. Doniinffo, colleg'iatc in ihe college of S. Gregorio de Valladolid. According- to Fr. Alonso Fernandez, he was bishop in 1540.
7. Don Fr. Pablo de Torres, of the order of S. Domingo, and not of San Geronimo, as Gil Gonzalez Davila wrongly asserts : he was bishop in 15(iO.
8. Don Fr. Jimn Vaca, of the order of S. Benito, abbot oi the monasteries of Sahogun and Carrion; presented hy Philip II. to the bishopric of Panama, and died on his passage.
9. Don Francisco Abrego, elected bishop of Panama in 1309: he governed 13 years, and died in 1574.
10. Don ir. Manuel de Mercado, of the order of San Geronimo: he entered Panama, and took possession of his bishopric in 1378, and died in 1380.
1 1. Don Bartolome Martinez Menacho, native of Almendralejo in Estremadura, archdeacon of the holy church of Lima in 1587 : he was the first who made the visitation ; and passing to Santa Fe in 1593, he died at Cartagena.
12. Don Pedro Duque de Ribera, collegiate of the college of Santa Maria do Jesus of Sevilla, and dean of the church of S. Domingo; elected bi!?hop of Panama in 1394 : he also died at Car- tagena, ulien about to take possession.
13. Don .Vntonio Calderon, dean of the holy church of Santa Fe, bishop of Puerto-rico; pro- moted to the church of Panama in 1594 : he founded there a mass of the Virgin for every Sa- turday, and another on Fridays, of Christ's pas- sion ; he was promoted to the bishopric of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in 1605.
14. Don Fr. Agustin de Carvajal, native of Mexico, of the order of S. Agustin, assistant ge- neral of the .same. When prior of his convent at V^alladolid, he was elected to the bisliopric of Panama, of which he took possession in 1608 : he consecrated the bells of its church, founded
VOL. IV.
the college of San Agustin with six collegiates, according to the Trideiitine council, for the ser- vice of the cathedral, and was promoted to the bishopric of Gujitr.anga in l(jl2.
15. Don Fr. Fi^ncisco de la Camera, of the order of S.. Domingo : he })assod to Ain'-rica as visitor of the provinces of Quito and Chile ; and, having finished the visitation, was presented to the bishopric of Panama, of whict^ he took pos- session in 1614 ; he endowed funds for two ad- ditional collegiates in the college of San Agustin, and gave a prize of 300 dollars in the college of the Jesuits for promoting the study of the cases of conscience ; he also gave 4000 dollars for the finishing of the cathedral, which had been be- gun, endowed two chaplains of the choir, and died in 1624.
16. Don Fr. Christoval Martinez de Salas, Premonstratensiau canon, native of Medina del Campo, definidor of his order, abbot of the con- vent of Segovia, rector of the college of Santa Susana in Salamanca, and visitor-general of his order : presented by the king Don Philip IV. to the bishopric of Panama in 1625 : endowed two masses sung to the Virgin on Wednesdays and Saturdays, gave 9000 dollars for building a col- lateral chapel, and died blind and full of infir- mities in 1640.
17. Don Fr. Hernando Ramirez, a monk of the order of la Santisima Trinidad, native of the Arroyo del Puerco in the bishopric of Coria : he studied arts and theology in Salamanca, was vicar and preacher of the convent of Nuestra Seiiora de las Virtudes, procurator-general of his order at court, minister of the convents of Toledo, Fuente Santa, Alcala, and Talavera, commissary and visitor of the provinces of Ara- gon, Cataluila, and Valencia, provincial and virar-general in that of Castilla ; elected bishop of Panama in 1640, he entered to take possession in 1643. ' In his time, when the city was on fire, he, abandoning his house to the fiames,. ran to save the sacred vases of the altar : he died in 1652.
18. Don Bernardo de Izaguivre, native of Toledo, fiscal of the inciuisition of Cartagena of the Indies and of Lima, also inquisitor in the latter : elected bishop of Panama in 1655 : he was promoted to the bishopric of Ciizco in 1660.
19. Don Diego de \'ergara, native of Lima, professor of sacred writings in its royal,nniver- sity, penitentiary canon of its holy church, elected bishop of Panama in 1663 : he died be- fore he could be consecrated.
20. Don Sancho Pardo de Figueroa, native of
D
18
PANAMA.
Lima, dean ofTruxillo, niajiistorial canon of the holy cliiircli of his native phice : elected bishop of Panama in 1667, and promoted to the bishopric of Gnamanga.
21. Don Antonio de Leon, who was promoted to the bishopric ofTruxillo in 1677, haviii"; been provisional president and captain-general by order of the lvin°:.
22. Don Lucas Fernandez de Piedrahita, na- tive of Santa Fe in the Nuevo Heyno de Gra- nada, raciotiero and canon of this holy church, treasurer and chanter in the same, ))ishop of Santa Marta, and promoted to Panama in 1682 : he died in 1688.
2J. Don Diego Ladron de Guevara, collegiate mat/or in the real de Alcala, canon of the cathe- drals of Siqiienza and Malajra : presented to the bishopric of Panama in 1689, and promoted to that of Guanianga in 1699, when he was pro- visional president.
24. Don Fr. Juan de Arguelles, of the order of S. Agustin, native of Lima : elected bishop of Panama in 1694, and promoted to the bishopric of Arequipa.
25. Don Fr. Manuel de Mimbela, of the order of San Francisco, native of Fraga in Aragon : he passed over as missionary apostolic to i^aca- tecas in Nueva Espaiia, where he was lecturer in theology, and twice guardian in his convent, and then returned to Spain as procurator-ge- neral. After this, promoted to the church of Oaxaca ; and, before he took possession, to that of Guadalaxara.
26. Don Fr. Juan Joseph de Llamas y Rivas, of the order of the Carmen Calzado, native of Murcia, provincial of his order in the province of Andalucia : elected bishop of Panama, and after- wards nominated provisional president, gover- nor, and captain-general of the kingdom in 1716.
27. Don Fr. Bernardo Serrada, of the order of Nuestra Seiiora del Carmen Calzado, pro- vincial in his religion ; elected bishop of Pa- nama in 1720, and promoted to Cuzco in 1725.
28. Don Agustin Rodriguez, curate of Hor- taleza in the bishopric ot Toledo ; elected the aforesaid year of 1725, and promoted to La Paz in 1731.
29. Don Pedro Morcillo, who went as auxi- liary bishop to Panama in 1732 : he died in 1741.
.30. Don Fr. Diego de .Salinas y Cabrera, of the order of San Agustin : he reUised to accept the office.
31. Don Juan de Castaneda, archdeacon of the holy cathedral church of Cuzco ; bishop of
Panama in 1743, and promoted to that of Cuzco in 1749.
32. Don Felipe Manrique de Lara, native of Lima : elected to the bishopric of Panama in 175.5, but he renounced it.
33. Don Francisco Xavier de Luna y Vic- toria, native of the same city of Panama : founder of the university of San Xavier in the college of the .Jesuits, presented to the bishopric of his native place in 1751, and to that of Truxillo in Peru in 1759.
34. Don Manuel de Romani y Carrillo, native of Guamanza ; elected bishop ni 1759, and pro- moted to that of Cuzco in 1763.
3b. Don Miguel Moreno y Olio, native of Pa- nama, canon of its holy church, commissary of the tribunal of the inquisition of Cartagena ; elected bishop in 1763, and promoted to tJua- manga in 1770.
36. Don Fr. Francisco de los Rios, of the or- der of San Francisco : elected, the above year, bishop of Panama : he died in 1777.
37. Don J oso))h Antonio I 'meres de Miranda, inquisitor of the holy tribunal of La Fe in Car- tagena of the Indies : elected bishop of Panama in 1777.
Commandants-general, Presidents, and Gover- nors, who have ruled in the Kingdom of Tierra Firme.
1. Don Pedro Arias Davila, native of Segovia, brother of Count Puiisolem-rostro ; elected bj the emperor for his qualifications to command in Darien in 1514, where his glories were sullied from his having commanded, in a fit of passion, the heads of Vasco Nufiez de Balboa and of Francisco Fernandez de Cordoba to be cut off: he governed until 1526, when his successor ar- rived in,
2. Don Pedro de los Rios, native of Cordoba, nominated on account of the complaints made against the former, and through the death of the Licentiate Lope de So.sa, also of Cordoba, who had been nominated, and had died suddenly. The clamours still persisting, the Licentiate An- tonio de la Gama was sent out as residentiary judge in 1528 ; and as successor to the govern- ment was sent,
3. Francisco de Barrionucvo, native of Soria, famed for his conquests in the islands of Puerto- rico and S. Domingo, appointed to the govern- ment of Tierra Firme ; but receiving a commis- sion to attend the treaty of pacification with the cazeque Enrique at S. Domingo, he did not take possession till 1533.
PANAMA.
19
4. The Licentiate Pedro Vazquez de Acuna, who was iioiniiiateci governor and residentiary judge ; and sore complaints iiaving been raised, there was shortly sent out another in the per- son of,
5. Doctor Francisco Robles, with the same commission as the former : he entered on his of- fice in lo39, filled it with prudence and justice: but whether it was the eft'ect of the climate, or some malignant fate had sown the seeds of dis- cord in this government, he could not escape, covered as he was with perfections, the shafts of calumny and malice.
6. Pedro de Casaos, native of Sevilla, who, with the title of corrfg/f/or of Panama, was no- minated by the king to govern it. In his time occurred the robberies and depredations per- formed by Hernando Bachicao, captain Gon- zaJo Pizarro.
7. The Licentiate Don Pedro Ramires deQui- nones, first president, with the title as such of that audience : he settled the existing disturb- ances in the kingdom, and made war against the Negro Bayano, so as to succeed in restoring a perfect trancjuillity.
8. Juan de Bustos Villegas, who passed whilst governor of the plaza of Cartagena to the go- vernment of Panama in 1531 : he died by a fall from his mule.
9. The Licentiate Juan Lopez de Cepeda, who was oidor deacon of the island of S. Do- mingo, when he went to Santa Fe in the same capacity : from thence he went to be alcalde del crimen of the audience of Panama, and promoted to Charcas in 1558.
10. The Licentiate Francisco de Cardenas, the last robed president of Tierra Firme, from the establishment there of the commandancy-gencral of the kingdom, the city of Panama, its capital, being the place of arms, (plaza de arnias): he died in 1594.
11. Don Juan del Barrio Sepulveda, oidor deacon of the royal audience, provisional go- vernor through the death of the former, and was holding the reins when arrived,
12. Don Alonso de Sotomayor y .Andia, Mar- quis of Valparaiso, comendador of Villa-mayor in the order of Santiago, native of Tuxillo in tstre- madura, an officer of great credit in Flanders and at Chile, where he had governed the king's ar- mies : was at Lima, on his way to Europe, when he was nominated president of Pauiinia, by the viceroy the Marquis of Canete, to defend the kingdom against an English armament, which, when arrived, he gloriously and completely re-
pulsed : he governed until 1396, when he passed to Spain.
13. The aforesaid Juan del Barrio Sepul- veda, oidor deacon of the audience, returned to be provisional governor till 1601, when there came,
14. The same Don Alonso de Sotomayor, no- minated by the king in consideration of his con- duct and great ability in the fortification of the Plaza of Portobello, in company with the re- nowned engineer Juan Baptista Antoneli. Al- though he had received an order to proceed to the government of Chile, he embarked for Eu- rope in 1605.
15. Don Diego de Orozco, native of Lima.
16. Don Rodrigo de Viveroy V^elasco, in whose time the conquest and spiritual reduction of the Guaimies Indians of the province of Veragua was commenced by the reli"fious order of S. Do- mingo : his government ended in 1624.
17. Don Alvaro de Quiiiones Osorio, knight of the order of Santiago, Marquis of Lorenzana : he governed until 1632, when he was promoted to tne presidency of Guatemala.
18. Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcucra, pro- moted from the presidency and captainship-gene- ral of the Philippine isles in 1634, having held that of Panama only two years.
19. Don Enrique Enriquez de Sotomayor, promoted from the government of Puertorico to this presidency, which he exercised until 1638, when he died, causing great sentiments of re- gret.
20. Don Ifiigo de la Mota Sarmiento, knight of the order of Santiago, chamberlain to nis majesty the Archduke of .\lberto, and of the supreme council and junta of « ar : promoted to the government of Puertorico in 1639, and died at Portobello whilst assisting at the dispatch of the galleons under the charge of the general Don rrancisco Diaz Pimienta, in 1642.
21. Don .luan de Vega Baziiii,wlio had been ad- miral of galleons, nominated president, governor, and commandant-general of the kingdom of Tierra Firme.
22. Don Juan de Bitrileante y Navarra. knight of the order of Calatrava : he died at Portobello, assisting at the dispatch of the armada of gal- leons, commanded by admiral Don Juan de Ec- havarri, in 1651, as may be seen by the stone over his sepulchre in the church.
23. Don Fernando de la Kiva .Aguero, knight of the order of Santiago, colonel, governor of Cartagena of the Indies, when he was nominated president of Panama : he died also at Porto-
D 2
•20
PANAMA.
bello, assisting at the dispatch of the galleons, in 16G3.
'2i. Don Juan Perez do Guzman, knight of the order of Santiago, colonel, governor of Car- tagena, and after liaving served in the militia and been governor of Antioquia and Puortorico, he %vas promoted to this presidency in 1665, through the death of the former. lie went to retake the island of Santa Catalina, in the hands of tlie English pirate John Morgan, and was, nevertheless, deposed froni the government by the viceroy of Peru, Count of Lemos, owing to some charges made against him by Don Bernardo Trilco de Figueroa, oidor deacon of tliat au- dience.
25. Don Agustin de Bracamonte, nominated provisional governor by the viceroy of Peru.
26. The aforesaid Don Juan Perez, who was now fully and honourably acquitted of all the charges against him. In his time the citv was ruined and destroyed by the English pirate in 1670; when he was again suspended by the viceroy, and sent to answer for his conduct be- fore the king.
27. Don Antonio Fernandez de Cordoba, knight of the order of Santiago, nominated im- meuiately that the misfortune of the city was known, with orders to remove it to some more favourable spot. He accordingly embarked with a troop, called La Chamberga, and began to put his designs in e.vecution on his arrival in 1671, when he died.
28. Don Francisco Miguel de Marichalar, af- calde del crimen of the royal audience of Lima, sent as provisional-governor by the viceroy, Count of Lemos : he ruled till the proprietor ar- rived in 1676.
29. Don Alonso Mercado de Villacorta, ma- jor-general, who was serving as governor of the provinces of Tucuman, where he had performed singular services to the king. He was promoted to this presidency, and translated the city, as commanded, to the spot where it now stands ; who also began its fortification, as we find in- scribed on the stone over the land-gates : but he ■ died before he concluded his work, in 1 681.
30. Dr. Don Lucas Fernandez de Piedrahita, native of Santa Fe, bishop of the holy church of Panama, and celebrated author of the history of the conquest of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. He entered through the death of the former, and through the nomination of the viceroy of Peru, Count of Castellar. Although he manifested great powers, his reign was of but short duration, since in 1602 the proprietor arrived.
31. Don Pedro Ponte y Llorena, count ol I'aimar : he was the only president who ful- filled tlie term of the appointment, eight years, and this, notwithstanding that certain charges were made against him by the ministers of that audience.
S'i. Don Pedro Joseph Guzman, Davalos, Ponce de Leon, Santillan y Mesia, Maninis of La Mina, native of Sevilla, general of artdlery, who, on account of his extraordinary services by sea and land, was nominated president of Pa- nama, and commandant-general of the kingdom, of which office he took possession in 1690: he governed five years, when by charges made against him, he was seized and treated with a rigour theretofore unexampled, being confined for four years without being allowed any com- munication with any one whatever.
33. Dr. Don Diego Ladron de Guevara, bi- shop of that holy church : encharged with the government by the king until the anival of the proper successor.
34. Don Pedro Luis Henriquez de Guzman, Count of Canillas, knight of the order of Cala- trava, corres^idor of Potosi : he took possession in 1696, and ruled to 1699, when, from the com- plaints of the people against the violence ottered to the Marquis of La Mina, a successor was no- minated in,
33. Don Joseph Antonio de la Rocha y Car- ranga, Marquis of Villa Rocha, knight of the order of Calatrava, general of the artillery in J 699, when he entered into the presidency ; but he, in six months after, received a cedu/e, or- dering him to give up the government to the same.
36. Don Pedro Luis Henriquez de Guzman, Count of Canillas, on account of his having falsely- given the king to understand of services he had performed for the kingdom, and robbing the go- vernor of Cartagena, Doutluan DiazPimienta, of the honour of having routed the Scotch from Darien ; for he, the count, having barely sent home an account of the success, witnout mention- ing who had performed it, the king nominated him as viceroy of Peru, by way of reward for his prowess ; but he did not reap any fruits of his stratagems, as he died the same year that he re- ceived his appointment, in 1699.
37. Don Fernando D-Avila Bravo de Laguna, knight of the order of Santiago, major-general, native of Lima : he entered in 1702, and go- verned till 1707, when he died.
38. Don Juan Eustaquio Vicentalo, Tello, Toledo y Leca. Marquis of Brenes, knight of the
PANAMA.
21
order of Santiajjo, native of Sevilla, nominated on the death of the former, by the viceroy of Peru, the Marquis of Casteldios-rius. He only gfovcrned five months wlien the successor ar- rived,
39. The aforesaid Marquis of Villa Rocha, wliose re\s;n was of no long- duration, as he was suspended in a few days by a adiilc transmitted at the the instij^ation of the audience, who had certain charges against him.
40. Don Fernando de Haro Monterroso : he exercised the power for six montlis, until 1709, when the viceroy of Peru sent a minister of the audience of Lima to try him upon certain ex- cesses which he had committed ; upon which he was taken prisoner to Spain, and died in a prison lit the court of Madrid.
4 1 . Don J nan Baptista de Orueta y Irusta, al- calde del crimen of the royal audience of Lima ; commissioned on the deposition of the former : he governed till 1710, when the successor no- minated by the king arrived, himself returning to Lima to the execution of his office.
42. Don Joseph de Larraneta y Vera, briga- dier of the royal armies ; serving; in the govern- ment of Portobello, with the optional quality of accepting the precedency and captainship-general of the kingdom, in case of a vacancy of the pre- sent one, by a ccdiilc from the king nominating him as it were viceroy : he took the reins in 1710, and half of the following year had not elapsed before two successors an-ived at once.
43. The one, a person twice mentioned, the Marquis of Villa Rocha. His reign was so short that it could only be counted by hours, for hav- ing reached the capital from the fort of Chapo, where he had been confined, he took possession, and at five in the evening of the same day ar- rived,
44. Don Joseph Hurtado de Amezaga, briga- dier-general of the royal armies : he took pos- session in 1711, and governed till 1716, when he was deposed by the king's order, deposition being committed to the charge of the bishop of that cliuixh, and the tribunal of audience being at the same time abolislied.
4.5. Don Fr. Juan Joseph de Llamas y Rivas, of the order of Nucstra Sefiora del Carmen, bi- shop of Parama, who also by the above-men- tioned commisson was encharged with the go- vernment in 17 IG; and he held it till 1718, when arrived,
46 Don Geronimo Vadillo, brigadier of the royal armies, promoted to the government of Cartagena, which he was then exercising, ac-
cording to the new establishment of five years provision in the governments which have no au- dience : his government lasted till 1723.
47. Don Caspar Perez Biielta, who had been o/rfor of the audience then abolished, but which was by order of the king restored in 1723 : he was tfiere provisional deacon for three months and an half, when he embarked for Peru : pro- moted to the audience of Lima at the beginning of 1724.
48. Don Joseph de Alzamora y Ursino, who became deacon of the audience at the departure of the former, and as such encharged with the provisional government, tiie presidency and the cominandancy-general, when in a month the pro- prietor arrived.
49. Don Manuel de Alderete, knight of the order of Santiago, field-marshal of the royal ar- mies : he was promoted from the situation of viceroy of the Plaza of Cadiz to this presidency, and took possession in 1724 ; he governed till 1730, when he was deposed, and taken captive to the castle of Chapo, and being sent from thence at the departure of reg-istrar of the house of commerce, in the fi-igate of war the Ginovesa, which was wrecked upon the shoal of La Vivora. he was there drowned.
.50. Don Juan Joseph de Andia Vivero y Vo- lasco, Marquis of Villa-hermosa, brigadier-gene- ral : he was governing at Cartagena, when he was promoted to the presidency of Panama, with a commission to depose the predecessor the afore- said year of 1730 ; and having solicited a licence to return to Spain, he obtained the permission of his majesty, who exalted him to the rank of lieutenant-general, in 1735; and shortly after his arrival he was made grandee, with the title of Marquis de Valparaiso.
51. Don Dionisio Martinez de la Vega, briga- dier-general of the royal armies; promoted from the government to relieve the former governor in 1735. He remained till 1743, when his successor arrived, nominated by the king. As a reward for his services in making a peace with the In- dians, his majesty raised him to the rank of lieutenant-general, as also admitted him to be gentleman of tlie bed-chamber. In his time the English, commanded by admiral Vernon, took the city of Portobello and castle of Chagre : he died at Panama in 1744, whilst arranging his voyage to Spain.
52. Don Dionisio de Albedo y Herrera, who had served in the presidency of Quito and com- mandancy-general of this liingdom, and found himself at court when nominated by the king to
•22
PAN
P A N
proceed to Panama, and to undertake the de- tente of Tierra I'irnie, threatened by invasion from the Englisli fiom the year 1739! He was charged with different commissions, on acconiit of his knowledaje of America and Iiis zeal in the service of his kini; : fulliMed his important duties witli the g'reatest abilitv till 1749. when lie was separated from his office through some calumnies made ajjainst him by the oidors of thai audience, the origin of all the discords of this province. During his government he chastised the smug- glers of the province of iNata, who to the nuin- ber of 200, and supported by the English, had taken up arms against his majesty : he returned to Spain, where he was honourably acquitted.
63. Don Manuel deMontiano, brigadier-gene- ral oftlie royal armies : he was promoted from the government of Florida, and entered Panama in 1749, when the audience was abolished through the representations made by the former, proving it to be the only means whereby to ensure the tranciuillitv of the government, as was in fact proved till 17.50, when arrived,
54. Don Antonio Guiil, colonel of the regi- ment of infantry of Guadalaxara, a man of great talent, virtue, and military experience : he was shortly removed to the presidency and captain- ship-general of Chile in 17()1, his short reign being universally regretted.
53. Don Joseph Kaon, brigadier of the royal armies : he governed for little more than two years, as having been removed to the presidency and captainship-general of the Philippine isles in 1763.
oG. Don Joseph Blasco de Orozco, knight of the order of San Juan, colonel of the regiment of infantry of Burgos : he passed over to this go-
vernment in the aforesaid
year,
and died in
1767.
57. Don Vicente de Olaziregui, colonel of the regiment of infantry of Granada: he governed in 1769. and died in 1773.
38. Don Pedro Carbonel, colonel of the regi- ment of infantry of Aragon, nominated in 1775 : he governed till 177,9.
39. Don Ramon de Carvajal, colonel of infan- try, who was governing at Vique in the province of Catalnna, when he was destined to the go- vernment of Guayaquil in the kingdom of Quito, and before he took possession was promoted to this of Panama in 1780: which he exercised till 1785, when the king nominated a successor in,
CO. Don Joseph Domas, brigadier of the royal arma<la, nominated in 1785.
Pa.\am.\, or Del Dabie.v Isthmus, a wide
strip of land uniting N. and S. .America, washed on tlie )i. 1>\ (he N. sea, and on the .<. by the Pacific or S. soa, and foriiiiii'j the gull' oi" Pa- nama. Its width from llu' nioiilh of the river Cliagrc in the N. sea, to tliat of the river Cai- milo or Capiiia in the S. is 4 I miles, and at its narrowest part, namely, from the mouth of the river Bayame in the gulf of Panama, to the bay of Mandinga in the N.sea, it is 20 miles only. Its length from e. to w. is more than 20() miles. The tordillcra of the .Vtides mountains, wliicii are the lowest here, traverses its whole length, and then splits itself into several branches in N.. Ame- rica. This isthmus belongs in part to the pro- vince of Tierra Firme, and in ])art to that of Darien. The climate is nearly throughout hot and moist. It takes its name from the city of Panama, which is situate upon it, on the shore oftlie S. sea; and in the opposite part, to the n. is Portobello, where there used to be celebrated the large fair of merchandizes on the arrival of the galleons, inasmuch as all the riches that were carried from Peiu to tiie inother-coiintry were brought by this isthmus, as also the effects returned from Spain to the former ; the same being carried by a round-about journey of 18 leagues, owing to the asperity of the mountains and the immensity of the rivers that obstructed a direct communication.
In the time of Philip II. it was projected to cut through this isthmus and to unite the two seas ; and accordingly two Flemish engineers were sent to reconnoitre it. but they found in- superable difficulties: and the council of the In- dies having represented the mischief which might ensue to the monarchy in case the idea were carried into effect, it was ordained by the Spanish government, that no one should afterwards treat on the subject on pain of death. Eugenio Uay- nondi calls it Strait San Miguel, but improperly, as there is no communication between the two seas.
[Of all the subjects, either of political or com- mercial consideration, relating to (he continent of America, none perhaps is of greater moment than this idea of the communication of the At- lantic and Pacific oceans. For a diffuse disqui- sition on this topic, as likewise of the relative facilities for effecting the same object with re- gard to other parts of America, see Index to new matter respecting Mexico. Chap. X.]
[PANAMBUCO, a harbour or bay on the coast of Brazil. See Pkbnambuco.]
PANAO, a settlement of (he province and cor- regimiento ofGuanuco in Peru; annexed to the
PAN
PAN
23
curacy of Santa Maria del Valle ; situate on the confines of the Panatan;uas Indians.
[PANAPA Island ot the Orinoco. See Vol. III. p. 491. of this Dictionary.]
PANAQUIRE, a settlement of the province and government of Venezuela and Nuevo Reyno de Granada, founded in the seventeenth century for the greater convenience of commerce, after the establishment of the Guipuzcoanan com- pany.
PANATAGIJAS, a barbarous nation of In- dians of the kingdom of Peru, inhabiting' the country bounded n. and c. by the province of Guanuco. From them are descended many other nations of different names, some of them having been reduced to the faith by the missionaries of the order of San Francisco in 1631 ; and although they once rebelled, putting to death their priests anJ flying to the mountains, they again returned to their obedience, since they are of a pacific and docile disposition ; and the first settlements which were made of them, have been ever since rapidly enlarging.
PANC'HES, a province and corregimicnto of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. Its length is 15 leagues from e. to zo. and its width 12 from n. to s. of an hot temperature and rough and craggy territory, full of mountains and ravines. It is watered by several rivers, the largest and principal of which IS the Bogata. It is fertile in maize and vines, of which there are two gatherings yearly, although commercial regulations have prohibited the making of wine here. Here are, however, many sugar engines for the manufactory of sugar from the abundance of the canes.
Its natives, and from whom it takes its name, are the most strong, robust, and valr)rous of any in the kingdom ; ferocious, of warlike appearance, and cannibals. They are at continual war with the Muzos, and did not marry the womeu of the same settlement, looking upon such as sisters : they adored the sun and moon, and althougli their number, with regard to other nations, was not large, they were so much feared by all, that the Zipas of Bogota had a garrison of them in the settlements on the boundary of their jurisdiction. Their arms were bows and arrows and wooden clubs. The greater |)art of them, at the present day, live in the woods and mountains.
This province was conquered by Captain Venegas Carrillo, after that it had been attempted in vain by other Spaniards; but they have frequently risen in their ditferent settlements and committed shocking murders. The capital is Tocaima.
PANCHIMILCO, San Juan de, a settle-
ment of the head settlement of the district of Mazatepec, and alcaldia maijor of Cuernavaca, in Nueva Espafia, on tlie shore of a river. It
firoduces much maize, fruit, and cotton. Is five eagues from its head settlement, very close to the settlement of Tetelpa ; and contains only 9() Indian families.
PANCICHA, a settlement of the province and corregimienlo of Porco in Peru, on the shore of the river Pilcomayo.
PANCITARA, a settlement of the province and government of Popayan. in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada.
PANCRACE, S. a port of the ». coast of the river S. Lawrence in Canada, between the ri- vers S. Nicholas and English.
PANDABEQUES, a barbarous nation of In- dians inhabiting the country of Las Aniazonas, to the s. of the river Marafion or Amazons, and bounded by the Chingacuchuscas : reduced to the faith in 1632 by the missionaries of the Jesuits, who formed of them a settlement dependent upon that of Xiaweos, in tlie province of Muinas.
PANDIYA CU, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Pasto in the kingdom of Quito.
[PANDO, a parish of the province and govern- ment of Buenos Ayres, situate on the small river of this name, near the sea-coast about 20 miles n. t. of Monte Video, inlat. 34 '41' 18 , Ion. 55 49 4".] Pando, a river of the province and govern- ment of Buenos Ayres in Peru, which runs s. and enters the Plata at its mouth, betwen the rivers Solis Chico and Monte Video.
PANDOMINE, a chain of mountains of the province and corregimiento of Loxa, in the king- dom of Quito, between the mountains Colay- Sacapy to the n. e. and Sosoranga to the *. w. It runs from w. w. to s. e. and unites itself with the chain of Pichinche.
PANDIERO, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Sicasica, in Peru, ein-ht leagues from its capital.
P.ANECILLO, a small mountain in the Uanuru of Callo, in the province and corregimiento of Latacunga, and kingdom of Quito to the n. It is thouffht to have been made by the Indians, and stanas near the antient palace of the princes of this kingdom, to serve as a place of look-out, fronj whence the whole of the surrounding coun- try may be viewed. It is 85 fathoms iiigh, mea- sured per])eii(iicularly ; is the figure of a very regular truncated cone : and on tlie si side it is washed by the river Callo ; and may be well dis- covered by the height of Tio-pullu, and from the
24
PAN
P A Tvi
llatnira of Mula-hal(i, as you proceed along the river Alajes, in lat. 44' 32' s.
Panecillo, another, a small mountain of the same figure, and 100 Parisian toises high, near the city of Quito, and having at its tikirts some houses of the suburbs. From its top may be seen the llMiitras of Turu-bamba to the s. and of liiaquito Onaquito to the w. The skirts of this mountain are cultivated and sown with wheat, and in it is a quarry, from whence stone is ex- tracted in large pieces for the works of the city. It Iiad formerly a subterraneous rout cut througli it by order of the prince, the symptoms of w hich are still observable on the part by Chiniba-calle. In this mount spring various streams of delicious water, towards the Dominican convent, the best of which is drank at Quito.
PANERI.4, a river of the province and corre- gimiento of Pasto, in the kingdom of Quito, which runs f . and enters the Guanies.
PANGOA, a river of the province and corre- gimiento of Caxamarquilla, in Peru.
PANGOR.V, a river of the province and corrc- gimieiUo of Quanta in Peru. It rises in the pro- vince of Castro-Virreyna, runs e. then turns n. and returning to e. unites itself in a large .stream with the river La Sal, and these together run into the An^ovaco.
PANGfUE, a small river of the province and corrtgimiento of Maule, in the kingdom of Chile, whicti runs n. n. w. and enters the river Maule.
PANHANONS, a river of the province and co- lony of Pensylvania, in N. America, v,'\\\c\\ runs n. then turns ». and enters the Ohio.
PANIAS, a tribe of Indians oi the province and government of Louisiana, where the French have a fort. They live in a settlement, situate on the shore of the river Arkansas.
[With these Indians, the idea of the possession of soil is similar to that of the Ottoes. They hunt on the s. side of the river Plate, higher up and on the head of the Kanzas. A great pro- portion of this country consists of open plains, interspersed however witli groves of timber, which are most generally found in the vicinity of tlic water-courses. It is generally fmtile and well watered ; lies level, and free of stone. They have resided in the country which they now in- habit since they were known to the whites. Their trade is a valuable one, from the large pro- portion of beaver and otter which they furnish; and it may be expected yet to increase, as those animals are still abundant in their coiuitry. The periods of their residence at their village and hunting are siunlar to the Kanzas and Osages.
Their population is increasing. They are friend- ly and hospitable to all white persons ; pay great respect and deference to their traders, with whom they are punctual in tiie payment of their dehis. They arc, in all respocts, a friendly, well-dis-
f)osed people. They cultivate corn, beans, mo- ons, (itc]
[PANIAS LOUPS, or AVolves. These In- diansarea branch of the Panias Proper, who sepa- rated themselves from that nation many years sincc,and established themselveson a w. branch of the river Plate, to which their name v»as given. These people have no idea of an exclusive right to any portion of country. They hunt on the Wolf river, above their village, and on the river Plate, above the moutli of that river. Tliis country is very similar to that of the Panias Pro- per, though there is an extensive body of fertile well-timbered land between the Wolf river, be- low their village, and the river Corn de Cerf. or Elkhorn river They cultivate corn, iieans, &c. The particulars related of the other Panias are also applicable to them. They.are seldom visited by any trader, and therefore usually bring their furs and peltry to the village of tlie Panias Pro- per, where they traflic with the wliites.j
[Panias Pique. These Indians have no inter- course with the inhabitants of the Illinois; the information, therefore, which we have been ena- bled to obtain, with respect to them, is very imperfect. They were formerly known by the name of the White Panias, and are of the .same family with the Panias of the river Plate. They" are said to be a well-disposed people, and inhabit a very fertile country ; certain it is that they enjoy a delightful climate.]
[Panias Republicans, are a branch of Pania Proper, or, as they are frequently termed, the Big Paunch Indians. About ten years since they withdrew themselves from tlie mother-nation, and established a vilhige on a large northwardly branch of the Kanzas, to which they have given name ; they afterwards subdivided and lived in different parts of the country, on the waters of Kanzas river ; but being harassed by their tur- bulent neighbours, the Kanzas, they have lately rejoined the Panias Proper What has been said with respect to the Panias Proper is applicable to tliese people, except that they himt principally on the Repul)lican river, which is better stocked with timber than tliat hunted by the Panias.]
PANICO, a settlement and alcaldia of the Portuguese, in the kingdom of Brazil, between the rivers Corixes and Tocantines, nearer the shore of the former than the second.
PAN
PANIMA, a settlement of the province and government of Louisiana on the shore of tlie river Arkansas, witli a ibrt biiill b\ the French.
PAMMAIIA, a settlenieiit of the nation of the Bread Intlians, in N. America, on tlic shore and at the source of tiic river Panis. In its vicinitj are other settlements.
PANIMALIAS, a settlement of Indians of the same nation as the former, situate also on the shore of the river by the other small settlements.
PANINDIQUAKO, San Andres dk, a set- tlement of the head settlement of Puruandiro, and (ilcaldin umi/or of Valladolid, in the province and bishopric of Mechoacan ; situate in a Hat bottom, of a hot and moist temperature, and containing- 32 families of Indians, who cultivate some wheat in its district ; 18 leagues 5. ^o. of Pasquaro.
PANIOVASAS, a settlement of Indians of the provjnce and afovernment of Louisiana, on the shore of a small river which enters the Padoukas.
P.ANIS, a settlement of Indians of the nation of this name, in the province and o;-oveniiueiit of Louisiana in N. America, where the French had an establishment defended by a fort. It is sur- rounded with two small settlements on the shore of the river of its name.
Panis, another settlement, in the same pro- vince, on the shore of the river Missouri, where also the French had a fort and establishment ; and round about it are upwards of 40 small set- tlements of Iiuliuns.
[The Indian tribe mentioned in the two above settlements, are called by the French Panis, and b_v the Spaniards Towiaches : the latter is the proper Indian name. They live on the .v. side of Ued river, by the course of the river, upwards of SOO miles above Natchitoches ; and by land, by the nearest path, it is estimated at about 340. I'hey have, at present, two towns near toij-rllier : the lower tow n. where their chief lives, is called Niteheta, the other is called Towaahach. They call their present chief the Great Bear. They are at war witli the Spaniards, but friendly to those French and American hun- ters who have lately been amonij them. They are likewise at war with the Osiiajes, as are every other nation. For manv hundreds of miles round them the country is rich prtiirii', co\ered with luxuriant ijrass, which is fjrecn summer and w int-r, with skirts of wood on the river bank, by the sprini{;s and creeks.
They have many horses and mides. They raise more corn, pumpkins, beans, and tobacco, than (hey want for their own consumption ; the
VOL. IV.
PAN
.io
surplus they exchange with the Hietans for buf- falo, rugs, horses, and mules. The pumpkin they cut round in its shreads, and when it is in a state of dryness, that it is so tough it will not break but bend, they plait and work it into large mats, in which state they sell it to the Hietans ; who, as they travel, cut oft" and eat it as they want it. Their tobacco they manufacture and cut as fine as tea, which is put in leather bags of a certain size, and is likewise an article of trade. They have but i'ew guns, and very little ammunition : what they have they keep for war, and hunt with the bow. Their meat is principally buffalo : seldom kill a deer, thoui^h they are so plentiful as to come into their villages, and about their houses, like a domestic animal. Elks, bears, wolves, antelopes, and wild hogs, are likewise plentiful in their country, and white rabbits, or hares, as well as the common rabbit : white bears sometimes come down amongst them, and wolves of various colours. The men gene- rally go entirely naked, and the women nearly so, only wearing a small flap of a piece of a skin. They have a number of Spaniards among them, of fair complexion, taken from the settlement of Santa Fe, when they were children, who live as they do, and have no knowledge of the place from whence they came. Their language differs fiom that of any other nation, the Tawakenoes excepted. Their present number of men is esti- mated at about 400. A great number of them, about six years ago, were swept oft' by the small- pox]
Paxis, a river of the territory in which the
Indians of this name reside. It runs e. and enters the Missouri, in lat. 39" 44 n.
PANO, a river of the province and govern- ment of Quixos and Macas, in the kingdom of Quito, Avhich runs e. and niiiting itself with the Tena enters the Hollin, in lat. JS .«.
P.\NOJORIS, a barbarous nation of Indians, little known, who inhabit the countiy of Las Amazonas, between the ri\ers Tigre and Cura- ray ; from these are descended the Semigals.
P.\N()."VKl:>, a lake of the province and colony of Sagadahook, formed from the ri\er Penob- scot, at its mid-course ; on the confines ot No\a Scotia, or Acadia.
I'ANOS, a barbarous and numerous nation of Indians of the province of Las .Vmazoiias. dwell- ing in the woods near the river I'cayale to the c. boundfd u. h\ the nation of the Cocamas, and 4. by those of the Piros and Cuni\os. They are ferocious, treacherous, and cruel : some were
2G
PAN
PAN
rediirod to a sottlemont in 1608 : but tliev rose in IT^S, ami aa^ain letiietl to tluir native woods.
[PANSK, DE LA, a brancli of Wabasli riviT. in the N. W.teiTitory.]
PANTAl.KON', S. a settlement of the pro- vince and ijovernnient of Sonora in N. America, of the country and tt-rritorv of the Apaches In- dians; on the shore of a river, l)et\veen the set- tlements of Rosario and San Euijenio.
Pantaleon, another settlement, of the pro- vince and government of Buenos Ayres in Peru ; situate on the shore and at the source of the river Las Conchas, and s. of the capital.
Pa.ntai.eon, a lake of the same province and STOvernment as the former settlement, near the shore of the river Saladillo.
PANTEPEC, a settlement and head settle- ment of the district of the alcaldia maiyor of Guauchinanofo in Nueva Espana. It contains 470 lamilies of Otomies and fotonacos Indians, and its territory is the most fertile of the whole jurisdiction ; producino; in abundance, cotton, rA/Vr, tobacco, sujjar, wax, maize, French beans, and various fruits. In its district are five wards, and it is 22 lean^ues n. of its capital.
Pantkpec, another settlement, of the pro- vince and akaldia maijor of Los Zoques in the kinafdom of Guatenifila.
PANTIPATA, a settlement of the province and corres^iniiento of Abancay in Peru.
[PANTON, a township in Addison county, Vermont ; situate on the e. side of lake Champ- lain, between .Vddison and Ferrisbin-s^, and about 87 miles w. of Benniui^ton. It contiiins 200 inhabitants.]
P.VNIJAYA, a river of the province and cor- re^imiento of Mexico in Nueva Espana, which rises in the mountains of the sietra Nevada, and runs to empty itself in the lake of Chalco.
P.VNIJCO, a province and ulcaldia mm/or of Nueva Espafia : bounded ». by the Nuevolieyno de Leon, and by one part of the audience of Guadalaxara, e. by the "fidf of Mexico, s. by the province of Tlaxcala ana that of Mexico, and w. by the kingdom of Mechoacan. The tropic of Cancer traverses this province, so that it lies partly in the torrid, partly in the temperate zone : 55 leaj^ues long, and nearly the same wide. The part bordering upon the province of Mexico is the best and most fertile, and abounding in provisions, and having some gold mines and several salt earths ; but the other part, which is bounded by Leon, is miserable and barren. This country was one of the first discovered by
Hernau Cortes, but its conquest and settlement caused him infinite labours. It is rather fertile and pleasant than rich, and by no meauH po- pulous.
Panuco, the capital, situate on the shore of a ri\er, from whence it takes its name: 39 miles from the sea, and I4ij n. with a slight inclination to the r. of Mexico: founded by order of Her- nan Cortes in 1520, with the title of San Estcvan del Puerto. It contains about 500 families, and consists of some very neat houses of stone with roofs of palm leaves. The river is navigable for large vessels much above the city : but the port has at its entrance a bar, so as to impede the passage of the vessels from coming up: a great disadvantage to its commerce. It is in lat. 22°48 ;?. and long. 98 52' K).
Panuco, a settlement and real of silver mines, of the (dcaldia niai/or of Fresnillo in Nueva Es- pana : of a small population, as being near to the city of Zacatecas, about three leagues dis- tant.
Panuco, another settlement, of the province and government of Tucuman in Peru ; situate n.ti.w. of the town of San Fernando.
PANUELO, QuADiiADo, a large square sand-bank, having in the midst several small isles, some of which are called Los Abrojos, and on which many vessels have been lost. This bank is «. of cape Ilojo of S. Domingo, and c. of Los Caicos.
PAN UN, a settlement of the province and corres;iniieiito of Chancay in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of Canchas.
PANZfACOLA, a city and garrison of Flo- rida, in the province of its name: situate in the bay of Santa Maria de Galve : founded by D. Andres de Aveiola, by order of the viceroy of Nueva Espana, the Count de Galve, in 1596.
It was Ibrmerly small, and is of a moderate temperature, the heat or cold never being ex- cessive at the different seasons. The territory although sandy is fertile, and yields abundantly of whatsoever is sowed. It produces many wild fruits, such as bitter acorns, two kinds of wal- nuts, the one of which is very delicate, medlars and chesnuts, which have the appearance of nuts, and are of the same taste as the Spanish nuts, and vines which yield large grapes of a purple colour and somewhat sour.
In the forests are various sorts of wood, pine, sassafras, savines, and oaks; of animals, as deer, cebolos, bears, and also of fowl as large as the turkies of Europe.
P A O
PAP
27
In 1719 this city was taken by the French, but rcstorotl in the same yenr by Alfonso Car- rasrosa de la Torre, who constrtictod al the point of Sii;tipn/a, one of those which form the en- trance of the bay, a fort with the name of Prin- cipe do Asturias; but the French, commanded by Count de Chamelin, returned aijain to attack it with a naval force, against which Don Afonso Carrascosa, with very limited means, in vain made an intrepid defence, anrl it was eventually burnt and destroyed. In I7Gii it was ceded to the Eni>;lish by the peace of Versailles, and in I7HI it was conquered and rei^ained by the Spa- niards under ( -ount de Galves. Forty-five miles e.s.e. of Mobile, in lat. 30 33' n. and long. 78 22 w.
PAO, CoNCEPCiON DE, a town of the pro- vince of Barcelona and frovernment of Cumana : founded in 1744 by some islanders of La Marji-a- rita and Trinidad, and other inhabitants of the Caracas who had their cattle and estates in this province; situate at the source of the river of Its name, and in its district its inhabitants, who (of all classes, should amount to 63ii souls) have 30 estates, conslstin"^ of some narrow g-lens planted with maize and i/ucas, also 19 farms of the larger cattle.
The soil is the richest and most fertile of the province, and the natives being very laborious, it is extremely well fiirnished with (irovisionu ; and its populalion, though small, instrumental to the guarding against invasion from the Ca- ribes Indians in the settlements of the missions of the Orinoco and llanos of San Juan. The geographer, Don .fuan de la Cruz, places this city, in his map of S. America, in the province of Venezuela, to the s. of the city of Valencia ; [but this is very erroneous, as it is situated 92 miles s. by w. of Barcelona, 82 n. zc. of St. Tome, and 152 v. e. of Caracas, in lat. 8 43 «. and long. 6.5 10 M.]
Pao, San Juan Bautista del, a city of the province and government of Venezuela. Its population is 5400 souls. It has a large trade in horses, mules, and horned cattle, and a vast quantity of cheese is made here. The air is wholesome. The river Pao runs to the c. of the city, its course is w. and s. It discharged itself formerly into the lake of Valencia, but by a re- volution of nature it is now made to fall into the Apure, and thus contribute to swell the Orinoco. A canal might easily be cut frf)m about the source of the Pao to join the Orinoco, which would be of vast benefit to commerce, iinismuch a£ the trade from Venezuela to Guayana would
not be liable to the interruption of enemies cruizers, and, in the event of an invasion of the latter province, it might receive early succour from the former. The city of Pao is in lat. 9 22 n. and long. 68 21' w. and lies 105 miles s. w. of Caracas.
Pao, a river of the former province and go- vernment of Barcelona, and known also by the name of Macinos. It is large and abundant, rises at the back of the serrania, to the s. of the table-land of Guanipa, runs s. e. and collects some streams by the s. w. Near its source dwell some barbarian Indians of the Ivarecipes and Peritos Indians. It aboinids in small fish, and on its shores grows excellent cacao. The geo- grapher Cruz is also wrong respecting the course of this river, when he gives its source in the pro- vince of Venezuela, and makes it enter the Por- tuguesa ; the fact being that it runs into the Orinoco, 48 miles w. of St. Tome, and from whence it is navigable as far as the town of its name. Its mouth is on the n. shore of the Orinoco, in lat. 8 5 ??.
Pao, another, a small river in this province, which rises in the country and territory of the Pandacotos Indians, between the rivers Paragua and Arvi, runs n. and turning at mid-course to Z0. enters the latter of those two rivers.
Pad, another, with the surname of Amarillo, in the province and captainship of Itamaraca in Brazil. It rises near the coast, runs e. and en- ters the sea between the Doce, or Dulce, and the town of La Concepcion and fort of Orange.
PAOBONCA, an island of the river Parana- pane, in the province and captainship of Rio Janeiro in Brazil.
PA OS, a barbarous nation of Indians who dwell >?. of the river Orinoco, and .v. of the A])ure. These barbarians are bounded uk by the Oto- macos, iiiul n.io. by the Iraruros. Their con- version was begun by the Jesuits in 1722.
fPAPAGAYO, agulfon the n. Pacific ocean, and on the lo. side of the isthmus of Nicaragua, a small distance from the zi\ parts of the lake of Nicaragua, and in about lat. 11 10 w.]
PAPAGAYOS, a settlement of the province and cnrrcgiinietito of Cuvo in the kingdom of Chile, n. of the town of Corocoto.
Pai'agayos, a bay, called also Puerto Sil- vestra, on the c. coast of the strait of Magellan, between cape Verde and cape S. Valentin.
P.VPAtJAYOSO, a settlement of the province , and captains/lip of S. Vicente in Brazil, a I the source of a small river which enters the Uru- guay.
E 2
m
PAP
PAP
'- PAPAGUAI, a mountain of Cayenne, on the skirts of which the French have an establish- ment.
I'APAIjLACTA, a settlement, formerly larije and commercial, in the province anil ijovernment of Quixos and Macas, ol'thc kingdom of Quito, to the u\, and at present reduced to a miserable village. It lias lor its parochial curate a re- li^fious of the order of S. Dominjjo, who is sup- ported by the synod from (lie royal treasury of Quito. Tiie inhabitants li\e by ciittinj;- «oocl and planks on the mountains, and by tnakiii<r of them vaulted roofs, which tiioy call liatras. It is situate at the foot of the cardH/mi of tlie Andes, on the //. shore of the ri\er of its name, and in liie road leadinii^ from Quito to Archidona, in Iat.^i219*.
Papai.lacta, the aforesaid riyer, flows down from the mountain of Pambaniarca, and enters the RIaranon.
rPAPAI.OA PAIN, a lar^e river of Vera Cruz in New Spain, chilled also Alvarada. It rises in the province of Oaxaca, and beinsj enlarfjed by the accession of lesser rivers, falls into the bay of Mexico, 35 miles s. e. of the city of Vera Cruz.l
PAPALOTIPAC, the principal or head settle- ment of the district of the ahaldia mayor of Cui- catldn in Nueva Esnafia ; of a cold and dry tem- perature. Its population is composed of 142 fa- milies of Cuicatecos Indians, audit is five leagues t. of its capital.
PAPALOTIPAN, a ward of the akddia mayor of Guauchiuansfo in Nueva Espana ; annexed to the curacy of Tlacuilotepec.
PAPALOTLA, Santo Toribio de, a settle- ment of the head settlement of the district and ttlcaldia mayor of Tezcoco in Nueva Espafia : si- tuate in a valley Avhich produces wheat, maize, French beans, fruits, and garden herbs, the trade and support of the inhabitants. These are com- posed of 189 families of Indians, and 32 of Spa- niards, AJustees, and Mulattoes. One league n. of its capital.
Papaloti.a, another settlement, with the de- dicatory title of S. Miguel, in the head settle- ment of the district of Santa Isabel, and alcaldia mayor of Cholula, in the same kingdom. It con- tains 44 Indian families, and is half a league nearly n. of its head settlement.
Papat-otla, a river of the same kinsdom, which rises in the mountains c. of the city of Mexico, and enters the lake of this capital.
PAPAMENE.a rapid river which flows down from the mountains of Fosca. to the e. of Santa
F6, in the Niievo Reyno de Granada. It runs throujjh the llanos of San Juan and enters the Meta, and in its vicinity dwell the nations of the Ciiiipis or Giia\ pis and Macos Indians.
[PAPAN.Ai!;ES, Indians of Brazil. See ad- ditional matter respecting the history, &c. of tlii< kingdom. J
PAPANTL.V, an alcaldia mayor and jurisdic- tion of Nueva Espafia; for the most part of an hot and moist temperature, extending \b leagues along the sea-coast to the leeward of Vera Cruz, beginning at the bar of the renowned river of Nantla, wliere it is <livided from tiiat govern- ment, and running as far as the bar of Cora- zones, which serves as limits to the jurisdiction of Guauchinango, and as an impediment to even the smallest vessels to enter ; this however not being the case with the bar of Nantla : for al- though over this the water is less deep by three or four yards, yet it is navigable for bilanders and small craft as far as the river of Los Bar- riles.
This alcaldia has several other rivers, all abounding in various kinds offish, and affording thereby a commerce to the natives. The shores of these rivers are lined with cedars, mulberries, and other trees for ship-building. Of these was the frigate called the Tecolutena built, and since that various others. This jurisdiction produces also much wax, which the Indians collect from the bee-hives abounding in the woods ; pita- trees, which they call hore magiieycs de hc/iugilla, and irom the milk of which is distilled from the trees of Zapota, a kind of resin called chicle, serving as a medicine. On the mountains are found also fine haynilla, which is bought by traders to carry to Europe. The cultivation of tobacco, to which the soil is peculiarly adapted, was once the chief article of trade here, but its demand has diminished in proportion as its cul- tivation in the other provinces has become com- mon. But the sugar cane is still cultivated to great profit, and of it loaf-sugar is made : also IS cultivated maize, which yields two abundant crops annually, one in October, the other in April; the only labour recpiired in agriculture being the scratching up the ground with the point of a stake. Here is likewise grown a con- siderable portion of Chile pepper, fruit, garden- herbs, and common pepper, like that of 'labasco, despised by the Indians from the smallness of its worth. In the llanos are some ranchos, in which are bred some neat cattle and horses.
Papantla, the capital, is the settlement of the same name. It contains 533 families of
PAP
PAR
•29
Mexican Indians, 15 of Spaniards, and 200 of Muluttoes, divided into two companies of miiilia. In its churcii is venerated an iniaffc of Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion, of beautiful sculpture, the which J 40 years back was found by a mariner on the vea-siiore in a dosed chest, with a direc- tion on the top, sia;nifyin» Para Papanl/a, (for Papantia), and which, he liavinj; caused to be carried on tlie shoulders of Indians to the settle- ment, was opened in presence of many persons, the said iniaee l)ein» discovered within. A tem-
Ele was then built for it, and a devout brother- ood attached: 105 miles n.r. of Mexico, in Jat. 20 27 n. Long. 97 36 30' w.
The other settlements of this province are, Espinal, ChumatJan,
Quazintla, Metlatian,
Chiquaoloquc, Santo Domingo,
Zozocolco, Cuahiiytlan,
San Mateo, Coath'in.
PAP.AltE, a settlement of the province and j^oveniment of Santa Marta in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada : near the coast, on the shore of the Great Cienejja, or swamp.
PAPAKO, a river of the province and govern- ment of Cumanii.
PAPAS, a lake of the province and govern- ment of Popayan in the kinjdom of Quito, in the parnino or mountain of(iuanacas; and from it rises the great ri\er ofMagdaleiia.
PAPASQLIAKO, a settlement of the missions which were held by the Jesuits, in the province of Tepeguana and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya; founded on the shore of the river Las Nasas.
PAPATEHUANAS, a settlement of the pro- vince and country of Las Amazoiias, in the part possessed by the Portuguese, a nchiccioii of the missions of the Carmelite fathers of that nation; situate at the confluence of the rivers Paranaiba and Topiiiantbaranas.
PAPAXTLA, a settlement of the head settle- ment t)f the district and uUuldiu mayor of Zo- cl\icoatliin in Nueva Espafia ; containing ](i fa- nHJies of Indians.
PAPIXiWAY, a large island of the coast of the province an<l government ofGuayana, in the part possessed by the Diifcli; at the mouth or entrance of the river Demerary.
PAP1LIX)NS, a bay on the n. w. coast of the Island S. Cliristopher, one of tlie Antilles; be- tween tiie bays of Louvet and Ovignes, in the part i)ossess(d l)y the i'rench before the island was ceded to the English at the peace of Utrecht.
PAPIMOVAGANE, a lake of Canada in N. America ; of the district and country of the Pa- pinachois Indians.
PAPINACHOIS, a bay on the n. shore of the river S. Lawrence, between cape Pidgeon and the island of Oziers. [It is five leagues s. w. of St. Margaret's river. An Indian nation of the same name inliabit the country s. of Piretibb lake in Lower Canada.]
PAPOSO, a settlement of tlie province and correginiiento of Copiapo in the kingdom of Chile ; situate near the coast in the s. part. It has a large enclosure called tlie Chaco Baxo, in which the Indians catch the vicunas.
[PAPPA Ford, on Peleson or Clinches river, lies five miles from Emery's river, and 18 from Campbell's station, near Holston.]
PAPRES, a settlement of the province and correghtuetifo of Quispicanchi in Peru.
PAPUDO, a port of the kingdom of Chile, on the coast of the n. sea ; being a small retired bay frequented by the vessels from Peru, to lade with the tallow, hides, and rigging of the settlements of Chicapa and Ligua ; a great preference being given to the hemp of this valley, it being the best made in the kingdom, and attributed to the waters here employed in its manufacture. The port is in lat. 32 36 s.
PAP U J A, Santiago nE, a settlement of the province and rorrcghnicTito of Asangaro in Peru.
PAPll LATLA, a settlement of the head settle- ment of the district and alcaldia mai/or ofChilapa in Nueva Espana. It contains 7 1 families of In- dians, and is ove league 7t. of its capital.
P.APl'NACAS, a barbarous and ancient na- tion of Indians, dwelling in the woods and forests *. of the Marafion, and near the e. shore of the river Cayari. It is but little known.
PAQt ITANET, a small river of Louisiana in N. America. It runs .«. ic. between those of Vieux deserts and Quiovecovet, and enters the Mississippi.
PAQUTIGASTA, a settlement of the pro- vince and g()\('riiment of Tucunii'in, .«;. of the settlement of Catamarca.
PA1{A, Gran, a province and ctiptnimhip of the kingdom of Brazil, bounded ». by the king- dom of (iranada, the provinces of Guyanas, and the great bav formed by the Atlantic sea at the entrance of the river of Las .Ama/.onas, e. by the capt(ii)iship ol" Maranan, .v. by the provinces of Cioias and MattoCiroso and the kingdom ot"Peru, and w. by the kingdoms of Peru and Granada.
It is watered by a ri\er of the same name.
30
PARA.
which traverses it and enters the sea in the atbrosaid bay. It is very fertile in siij^ar canes, of wliich siii^ar is made, as also in cotton, rmao, bnynilia, and coH'ee, of whicli jiroductions ship- ments were made ainirially to l>isbon. The cli- niate is extremely liot, and in the woods is a va- riety of timber, excellent for either colour or du- rabdity, and amon'^st the wliich is a tree much esteemed, and called here umiri, the trunk of which distils a very frairrcUit baNani. Besides the aforesaid river, there are five others very lar^e which irriijate this province, the Nejjro, Topajos, Canibeas, and Xiiigu, the which abound in fish, and in a particular sort, called the nuina- ties. Their shores are covered with woods, in which are a variety of birds and niiadrnpeds. All of them run into the ^Taranon. The islands of Joanes or Marajo, of Cahete and others, be- lonu- to this district.
[The trade (observes Mr. Andrew Grant) be- tween Rnizil and Europe is chieflv carried on by three principal points, viz. Rio de Janeiro, Hahia, or the bay Dc Todos Santos, and (Jrand Para.
The raptainsfiip of Grand Para is the most fi. of any of the Portuguese settlements in Brazil. Belen, the capital, is situated on the banks of the river Para or Amazonas, and defended by a strong- fortress, named Notre Dame de las ^fer- ces, erected at the mouth of the river De Muja, which. forms the port of Para. This port is dif- ficult of access, from the currents which run in different directions, and which are occasioned by a multitude of small islands, rendering the navi- gation of ships slow and uncertain. But when once they ajet into the harbour, they anchor in a muddy bottom, with four, five, or six fathoms of water. The canal which leads up to it grows, however, more shallow every day, and in a short time it will not be navigable, if, as it must be supposed, the waters continue to deposit as much earth as they have done for the last century.
The foundation of Belen, which is situated at about 20 leagues from the sea, was laid in 1613 by Francis Caldeira. It stands on a spot of ground which rises about 13 feet above the level of the sea, and for a long time afforded only a mart for the articles collected by the wandering Indians in the neighbourhood, such as the wild cocoa, vnijnilla, tortoise and crab-shells, sarsapa- rilla, different kinds of balsams, cotton, &c.
The population of Belen amounts to about 10,000 souls. The same indolence, superstition, and ignorance which characterise the Portuguese ia general, are evident among the inhabitants of
this city, though an equal degree of luxury doe* not prevail here as in the capitals of the more *. captains/lips. .Another circumstance which has tended to niodity the character of the Parabians is, that Negro slavery was introduced among them at a laterperiod than in most of the other captainships. Too poor to purchase these de- voted \ictinis of injustice and tyranny, they were long forced to content themselves with what feeble assistance they derived from the natives, who were longer kept in a state of sub- jection in the n. parts of Brazil than in the cap- tainships towards the .?.
In 17.3.5 an e.xclusive company was appointed for Grand Para and Maranan, possessing a capital of about X 125,000. Count d'Oyeras was at the head of this monopoly. It was permitted to gain 15 per cent, exclusive of all expences, on articles of provisions, and to sell its merchandise at 45 per cent, more than they would have cost even at Lisbon. This company was also em- powered to make its own price for what pro- visions were furnished by the districts subject to its jurisdiction. These unjust and extraordinary privilejjes were granted to this company tor 20 years, affer which period they could be renewed oy ap[)lication to the government of Portugal. It is easy to conceive the tendency wliich sucli a company must have had in paralizing the efforts of the colonists: and, in fact, it was not until J778, at which period they were relieved li-om the oppression necessarily attending these exclu- sive privileges, that the colony began to exhibit any signs of prosperity.
The principal commodities received from Para are sugar, which is prepared in more than jO in- genios, or sugar houses, in the interior of the district: coffee, cocoa, and Brazil wood, particu- larly that species called by the Portuguese bura- peminn, which is beautifully veined, and from which an odoriferous oil is extracted ; the bark is also burnt as a perfume.
From the bark of a tree, called arariba, which is very common in the neighbourhood of Para, the inhabitants extract a fine purple colour, which is said to be extremely permanent. A new species of piichari, or precious fruit, is also met with in this division of Brazil. It does not attain to such a large size as the common kind ; but the fruit is more aromatic, and forms an ex- cellent substitute for nutmegs. The real jalap- tree ('fo«i)o/r?//Ks./V//n/jpff J aboimds in Para; as well as various kinds of contrayerva (dorstenia contraiyerva), and many other medicinal plants.J
PARA.
31
[Brazil abounds with sums of different kinds, well calculated to supuTy the place of gum ara- ble : the jutuicisica of I'ara i>i well calculated for makinff sealine-wax. Several parts of Para abound with yellow ochres (ochra Jerri), which is frequently intermixed with a red ochre, of as brilliant a colour as vermilion. White argil (argilla bolus alba), called by the colonists taba- tinga ; and likewise red bole (argilla bolus rubra), is very common in different parts of the province.
The animals in this province are smiilar to those in the other districts of Brazil. Formerl}' the sale of tlie flocks which grazed in the island of Marajo was one of the principal resources of this colony ; but at present the number of oxen are greatly diminished.
A large species of silk-worm (phalena alias), whose ball is three times the size of the common silk-worm's, is found in great plenty in Para. It feeds on the leaves of the orange-trees, and the silk produced by it is of a dark yellow colour. Were this species cultivated with care, the silk obtained from them might prove a profitable ar- ticle of commerce. The people of Minas Geraes have already set them the example, so far as re- gards the common silk-worm.
Eighty-seven miles from Para, on descending theriverofthe Amazonas, is a large tongue of lanH formed into several islands, the largest of which, that of .Joannes, is very populous, and defended bv a small fort. These isles belong to different Portuguese nobles, and have the title of baronies. A league and a half from the city stands the town of St. Georges dos Alamos, with a regular fortress. About 84 miles s. w. on the borders and on the u.\ side of the river Tocantincs is another town, named Camuta, or Cameta, with the fort of Gurupa : along the ri\er are the forts of Paru, which the French took and destroyed in the year 1698, of Tapergos, and Rio Negro. To the n. the province of Para is terminated by Cayenne ; on this side it is limited by the n. cai)e, where stands the fort oft'umanha, op|)osite that of Camon and that of Dos Aragoariz. In this province are four cities or towns; viz. Para, St. Georges dos Alamos, C'amonta, and C'ahete, and about fit)y thousand inlial>itants.
The Portuguese formed new establishments on the Rio Negro, where they discovered dia- mond and gold mines : in 17(j(), four hundred soldiers and marines were sent from Lisbon, as well as workmen of all kinds ; and several fami- lies were templed, by the great encouragement offered them, (o join tlii'.; expedition, with the view of settling in this part of Brazil.
During war with any nation which may be in possession of Guayana, this district would be much exposed to invasion from that (juarter. Its great distance from Bahia, and even from Para and Maranan, renders it next to impossible for these provinces to afford it the necessary aid to repel an invading foe.
The new colony of Rio Negro was extremely ill-conducted by Francois Xavier de Mendo^a, Minister of Marine. Sufficient advantages, in- deed, have not yet been derived from this fine country, from the improper steps taken to colo- nize it. It is true that the population of this district has been aue-mented by many families who have been forced to abandon Guayana, from the bad success of the establishments attempted by France in the year 17G4', along the banks of the C'ouroii. It is a melancholy truth that colo- nization whicli, if conducted with wisdom and benevolence, might prove a blessing to mankind, has in general proved most ruinous to those unfortunate individuals who, attracted by the love of gain, or driven from their country by the pressure of want, have sought an asylum in those new establishments.
The government of Para is dependent upon that of Maraiian, and this is separated from that of Para on the n. by the river Tocantines.
The Portuguese were driven upon this pro- vince by a storm in 1335, but did not form any settlement till 1599. The French, who invaded this colony in 1()I2, kept possession of it from that period till IG15, when it was wrested from them by the Dutch, from whom the Portuguese again recovered it in 1644.
Before it was visited by the Portuguese, the chief employment of the savages was collecting the ambergrease which abounds on this part of the coast : and this likewise became the occupa- tion of the first European settlers. For many years afler the re-settlement of the Portuguese, Maranan continued in a very languishing state, till some of the more enterprising colonists began to cultivate cotton, which is said to be superior to any other raised in the New AV'orld. For several years past, rice (ori/za iiiutira ), a species which is natural to Brazil, and differing from the ariyza saliva, in not being furnished with awns, has also been cultivated tl) a considerable extent, though it is iiiforior to Levant rice, and even to that produced in N. America.
Several attempts were lately made to produce silk in this colon> : but eitiier from the nnfilness of the climate, the iinproix-r methods ('nijpio>ed in the management of the insects, or from suniej
;)■>
PARA.
[other cause, the project htiB proved wholly abor- tive. The same want of success has not, how- ever, attcniled the culture of iudiijo, aj the nu- merous plantations of this valuable verjotable are in a floin-ishinp; condition, and prondse ani-
61y to remunerate the pro|)rietors. The finest razil arriotto is also brought from this district.
The Island of St. liouis constitutes (hat part of the province of Marafian, which is hy far the most populous. It is 26 leajjues in circumference, extremely fertile, and only separated from the continent by a small river. The capital, which is also named St. Jjonis, was built by the French in 1612. The oidy public buildiiij^ it contains wor- thy of notice is tlie Episcopal Palace, the houses in general being- ill-built and inconvenient. This town is defended by a citadel and several forts, and is the residence of the governor-£;eneral of the three northern provinces. All the trade of the island is transacted here ; the harbour is ca- pacious, but might be greatly improved by art. The population of the island is estimated at about 15 thousand souls. The plantations arc not here etpially flourishing with those on the con- tinent, particidarly on the banks of the rivers Ytapicorie, Mony, &c.
Towards the eastern part of the interior of the province, the natives have not yet been reduced to complete subjection. This part of the country, which is elevated and of a sandy soil, is princi- pally inhabited by shepherds. The surface of the gromid, which is covered with saltpetre, is altogether appropriated to rearing hordes and horned cattle, which are sold to considerable advantage in the neighbouring countries ; but the sheep degenerate there as well as in the other parts of Hrazil, except about Coritibe. Un- fortunately, the too frequent droughts, and the excessive heats, otten destroy whole flocks, when sufficient attention is not paid to lead them in time to distant pastures.
Mines of sulphui-, alum, copperas, iron, lead, and antimony, are extremely common, though very superficial in these mountains, and yet none of theni have been opened. In 1572, permis- sion was indeed granted to work a silver one, which had been discovered three or four years before : but the court soon after retracted this permission, for reasons that were never fully explained.
This government consists of 8993 white men, 17,844 negroes, or free Mulattoes, and slaves : and of 38,937 Indians, either scattered or assem- bled in 10 villages. The exports have not as yet been equal to this degree of population, Their
value has never been estimated at more than o£' 29,000 : but since the suppression of the com- pany already nientione<l, it is to be presnmed thev must ever\ year become more considerable.
'I'lie ecclesiastical, the military, and civil esta- blishment of Miirafian, are <>ii th:' same footiu"' as those in the otlter captn'niships of Brazil. In matters of consequence, houever, this province, as well as that ol'tJrand Para, is allowed to ap- peal directly to the mother-country, without being obliged to appear before the two inter- mediate tribunals of Bahin and Rio de Janeiro.]
Para, (jiian, the capital of the above pro\iiice and rapfdiiisfiip of the sanre name, aiul with the dedicatory title of Nuestra SenoradeBeien. It is commercial, handsome, and rich, and adorned with beautiful edifices : aniongst these the most con- spicuous are two parish churches, the coiivents of the monks of Nuestra Senora del Carmen, of La Merced, San I'"rancisco, and S. D»>n;irgo, of the Capuchins and of the chapel of Christo, w'.ich belongs to the troops. It had a college ol" the Jesuits, under wliose charge was a sen.inary for studies and tlie principal missions of the Mara- fian. It has a citadel and a castle called Nuestra Senora de Las Mercedes, at the entrance of the bar-npon the river, both of them being furnished with ])lenty of good artillery of brass and iron, a*u\ garrisoned witli fotir companies h ith a com- mandant and serjeant-major. It is the hr-ad of a bishopric erected by pope Clement XI. at the instance of king D.Juan V. in 1720; Don I-'r. Bartolom6 del Pila-, a Carmelite monk, being nominated as its first bishop. It had, indeed, been made a bishop's see by pope Innocent XI. at the desire of king Peter II. and D. Fr. Manuel de la Natividad, provincial of the Capuchins of Corral, had been appointed to its functions, when D. Fr. Gregorio de Los Angeles, who had hitherto presided over it as belonging to the bishopric ofMaranan, disputed the claims of the new-comer, and had litigations with the court of Rome, which were only put an eiid to by the death of the two rivals.
Tjie population of this city amounts to 4000 housekeepers. [Mr. Mawe, however, takes the present popidation at ten thousand inhabitants.
The town of Para, continues the same traveller, is situated on the river of its name, called by some Tocantines, the navigation of Avhich is dif- ficult, and is seldom attempted, except by small craft : the Coiifiance sloop of war with great care sailed up it, and anchored near the town, several days previous to the expedition against Cayenne. The inhabitants are in general very]
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33
[poor, probably fioin w ant of commerce ; for although tlie great rivers Tocantiiies and Ama- zonas have tlieir source, the latter in Peru, and the tbrnier in tlie caplttinsldp of Goyaz, though they receive almost .millions; of inferior streams in their course through immense tracks of territo- ry, yet they are notiiroductive of any commerce of consequence. The few exports from Para consist of a little rice and cocoa, a iav/ drugs, &c. to Maranan, from whence they are embarked for Europe. A few small brigs were sent hither from Barljadocs, after the taking of Cayenne : but the trade must be a bad one, as the inhabi- tants are in general too poor to purchase English manufactures, except those of necessity ; nor could the produce of Para be an object of interest, as a cargo is at all times very precarious, and difficult to be' obtained.
The climate is hot, as may well be supposed, from its lying so near the cquuioctial. Thunder, with lightning and rain, occur generally every afternoon, which cool the air very much, and render the heat less disagreeable.
To the 5. of Pai-a is t1ic captainship of Goyaz, bounded chiefly by Minas Gpraos on tlie e. and Matto Grosso on the w. Its greatest extent in length is from lat.<)"to21= 30'.$. Villa Boa, its principal town, is situate in lat. IG i?2 *. dbout 270 miles to the zc. of Paracatu, from whence there is a good road. Here is a permutation- house, where all the gold found in the captainship is permuted. The governor is elected for three years, afler which he is generally appointed to IJahia or Miiias Geracs. In the captainship are many gold-mines, some of which produce gold of a very fine quality. DianionJs have been found ill some parts, which are difterent in their a|)j>earaiice from those found in Cerro do Frio, having more brilliancy on their e.xterior ; but they are in geiienil not of so pure a water, though of a very desirable size. As this fine district is so distant from the coast, it has very little commerce in any of its productions, except the valuable substances al)ove-mentioned, and cattle, which are bred oft the frontiers ; also some cotton, and occasionally a few peculiar articles, which are sent to Rio de Janeyro. The mules on the return-journey are all loaded witii salt, iron, cheap cot ton-prints, woollens ( particularly baizes), hats, fire-arms, powder and shot, and a variety of artificers' tools. When anv of tin- ijiliabitants have any thing peculiarlv precious to dispose of, they generally take it to Kio de.faiicyro, and lay out the proci-eds chiefly in the purchase of N egroes (they being at all times the first object), iron, salt, and other commodities.
V OL. IV.
The population is very small in comparison to the extent of the district, but is likely to be in- creased by new settlers ; although the indigent in Villa flica, Tejuco, and other places in the mining country, are little inclined to remove out of society, even for the chance of riches ; in fact, having no Negroes fit to work, and being totally destitute of exertion themselves, all situa- tions are to them iudiffereut. These are by no IS the class of people who can be styled ad-
means
venturers. The poorer class of inhabitants who have obtained a small portion of "old, sometimes make a journey to Paracatu or Villa Rica to pur- chase what Negroes they want. This captainship has been very little explored, and scarcely any thing is known of its productions be3'ond what is above stated, nor are any others sought afler, though it cannot be doubted that there are many substances in all departments of natural history which might form the basis of a considerable commerce ; indeed, it is not unreasonable to pre- sume that the soil contains the same variety of metals as the district of Minas Geraes. Many
Cersons from thenca speak of it with delight as eing a fine 'country, having numerous rivers well stored with fish, and woods abounding with fine birds, which afford excellent diversion to the sportsman : also a great variety of animals.
Para, together with Matto Grosso, and St. Paid's, communicates with the captainship of Goyas, by rivers which are navigable, though frequently interrupted by falls. The capital of Para is 60 miles from the mouth of the river, in lat. 1° 30' s. and Ion. 48° 33'w.']
Para, a river of the above province and king- dom, on the e. side of which the capital of this kingdom is situate. It is, properly speaking, one of the mouths of the Amazonas, formed by the island of Joanos, about 40 miles wide at its mouth. [This river is about 200 miles long.]
Para, another, a small riverof the province and captainship of Espiritu Santo in the same king- dom, rising in the mountains near the coast, run- ning n. and forming various lakes. It then turns n. c. and enters the Puranauna with the name of Panicatus, opposite the settlement of Rosario.
Paua, another. See Para.vaiua.
P.\RA, a small island, near the coast of the pro- vince and captainship of its name, between the islandof Sipatubaand the bay of Cabelo de Velha.
Para, a settlement of tlie province and corre- giniitnto orCarrabaya in Peru.
Para, another, of the iiroviiice and corrrcrimi- cnto of Lucanas in the same kingdom, annexed to the cnracv of Paraisancos.
PAKACAIll'IN, a river of the division and
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P A 11
PAR
district of Roroa in tlic kingdom of Chile, which runs n. n. re. and enters the Caulen : at its source the Spaniards h.id built a fort which was destroyed hy the Araucanos Indians.
PAKACAS, a port of the S. sea, on the coast of the kinj^dom of Chile. It is small and of little security, and frequented bv the vessels coming to this kinjrdom from Callao,"in lat 29" W's.
[Shi])s receive shelter here, when driven out of the harbour of Cang^allan or Sanjjallan, which is three lean^ues s. e. of Carette Island, and w. n. Zi). of the island of Lobos.]
PARACASSA, a river of the province and government of Jaen de Bracamoros in the king- (lom of Quito: it rises in the mountains of San- tiago de Los Jorocos, and runs ?i. e. to enter the Maraiion by its rv. shore, in lat. 4 ' 42 s.
[PARACA'riJ,is the principal village or town of a district of the same name, which lies about .00 leagues w. no. of Tejuco, bordering on the capfdins/iip of Goyas in Brazil, from which it is separated by a chain of high mountains that take a n. direction. The numerous rivers which rise on the c. side of the mountains, and flow into the great river St. Francisco, are rich in gold. The population of the village is estimated at above 1000 souls, and will shortly be very nume- rous, as the reputed riciiness of some late dis- coveries has tempted many families to migrate thither. It has all the advantages of a high and healthy situation, in the midst of a most fertile country, and has considerable intercourse with Sabora and Villa Rica, where the gold procured in its vicinity is permuted. It is governed by a captain Mor, who is subordinate to the governor of the latter place, to whom all disputes of conse- quence are referred. To the s. is the rich di.tta- camento of Rio Plata, a river that yields fine diamonds, and has been much frequented by many adventurers, who, when discovered and seized, are called smugglers. A strong guard of soldiers is stationed here to prevent the precious stones from being sought for clandestinely.]
PARAC.VTUS, a small river of the province and captainship of Espiritu Santo in Brazil, which rises in the interior of the mountains, runs e. and enters with another small stream which it receives into the San Francisco.
PARACAUSA, a river of the province and government of Jaen de Bracamoros in the king- dom of Quito, which rises «. of its capital, and runs with various windings into the Maranon.
PARACAY, a settlement of the province and corre«;imiento of Nasca in Peru ; in the vicinity of which are some pools of water called Las Lagunillas.
PARACAS, a port of the S. sea. on the coast of the province andforrrg/;niV»/o of lea in Peru : little frequented by vessels, notM'ithstanding that it is convenient and sheltered.
PARACEVINI, a river of the province and coiuitry of Las Amazonas : it is small, runs ». and enters tlie .Madera.
PARACHO, S. Pedro nE. a settlement of the head settlement of the district of ;\rantzun and nicaldin mai/or of Valladolid, in the province and bishopric of Mechoacan : it contains 78 families of Indians, and 1 1 of Spaniards, JMitstern, and Mulattoes, dedicated to the cultivation of seeds, cutting of woods, making of earthen-ware, and saddles for riding : 12 leagues ic. of its capital.
PARACIJARI, a settlement of the province and cnptninship of Para in Brazil ; situate in the island of .loanes or Marajo.
[PARADISE, a township of Pennsylvania, in York county.
PAKAnisF.. See Plate Foumf,.]
PARADOS, NiTEsTRA Sen'ora de Los, a settlement of the province and government of Buenos Ayres ; situate on the shore of the river Tandil, near the coast, which lies between the river Plata and the strait of IVIagellau. It is of Patagones Indians reduced to the faith.
P.\RAGOANA, a point of land or cape, called also de San Roman, on the coast of the province and government of Venezuela, \3 leagues from the city of Coro. It runs into the sea for up- wards of 11 leagues, and is very lofty and crag- gy, and forms with the point of Coquibacoa the gulf of Venezuela; in lat. 11° 52' m.
PARAGUA,ariverof the province and govern- ment of Maracaibo, in the Nuevo Reyno de Gra- nada. It rises at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, to the e. of the city of Pedraza, runs s. s. e. and enters the Apure.
PARAGUACA, a river of the province and captainship of Todos Santos in Brazil, which rises near the coast, runs e. and inclining to .?. e. enters the bay.
PARAGLL\IRI, a town of the province and government of Paraguay : situate to the e. of the city of Asuncion, on the opposite shore.
PARAGUAN, a settlement of the government of Maracaibo, in the province of Venezuela and Nuevo Reyno de Granada ; situate in the penin- sula formed by the cape San Roman on the s. op- posite the coast.
PARAGUANA,apeninsulaoftheprovinceand government of Venezuela, in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. It is nearly of a square figure, and united to the rest of the coast merely by a very narrow isthmus, on which stands the city of Coro.
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35
PARAGUARI, a settlement of the missions held by the Carniciite lathers of Portugal in the country of Las Aniazonas ; situate on the shore of this river, hetweeu that of Tele and that of Yurba. Mr. lielliii calls it Paracari in his map and description ofGuayana.
f PARAGL'AllY, a parish of the province and government of Paraguay ; situate on a plain in the road from Asuncion to V^illa Kica, and about 31 miles from the former, in lat. 25° Stf 51' *. and Ion. 57' 19' 50' a).]
PARAGUAY, a province and government of Peru, belonging to the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres : bounded by, or, more properly speaking, extending, on then, as far as, the lake Los Xarayes, [which by the by is only the inundation of several rivers beginninjj in January and lasting three mouths] from w-lience issues "the great river Para- guay, which gives its name to the country ; ex- tending e. as far as Brazil, and bounded s. by the missions of Parana, its jurisdiction ending at the river to the s. of the city of Asuncion, in lat. SG'^ 48' s. although it formerly extended as far as the em- boucliure of the river Parana, in lat. '21'^ 38'. It is bounded w. by the country of Gran Chaco, in- habited by many nations of infidel Indians, ex- tending as far as the borders of the province of Tucuman, and divided trom thence by the river Paraguay.
its extent is about 200 Italian miles from e. to w. and more than 300 from n. to s. It was dis- covered by Sebastian Gaboto in 1526; is of a warm and moist temperature, from the number of woods, lakes, and rivers, with whicii it is covered, and from the various swamps, which ai'e formed between the months of November and April, when the rains are most abundant. It is watered by an infinite nundicr of rivers, the principal of which are, first that of its own name, and then those in the n. parts of Porrudos, Mboteley, To- bati, Ipane Piray, and others of less note : and in the .5. part, those of Canabe and Tibicpiari, this dividing this province from that of the Rio de la Plata of Buenos Ayres.
The woods are many and impenetrable, and in them grow in abundance sour oranges, citrons, limes, and other wild fruits, of which conserves are made. There are also trees of very good timber, and fine wood, such as cedars, /jc/oro^ww, MrM«</fl/4',/((//'i'Av, and others; of the first thev make canoes and slal)s, which they carry to Uiieiios Ayres for careening vessels ;ind for other uses. In these woods are found a variety of birib; and ani- mals, such as rabbits, iiares, partriilges, wild- l)oar, deer, and other species of creatures less linowii, such as (juiriqiiitichos, mulilitSf and ape-
riadt-s ; but from the great quantity of neat cattle, the flesh of which is preferred to any other here, none of the above animals are ever hunted : sometimes, however, the inhabitants will hunt geese, which abound in the lakes and the shores of the river, and kill great numbers. Here also breed goldfinches, nightingales, larks, green parrots, long-tailed parrots, others of most beautiful plumage, and peacocks ; nor are there wanting ostriches, and birds of prey : amongst which there is one called tuca, resembling the crow, but having a beak which is singular, from being the length of a hand, and beautifully va- riegated with n distribution of red, yellow, and black streaks. The water in which the tongue of this bird, which is a feather, has been steeped, is a sovereign remedy against the epilepsy, ax has been proved by repeated experiments made in this country.
The most ferocious animal is the tiger, ol which there are great numbers, and «hich do great havoc amongst the cattle and the people. Here are bears, which are ant-eaters, with ver^ long tongues ; and these they put into an ant\ nest, and when they feel it covered with these insects they withdraw it, delighting in their food. Here is also found the great beast called the finlii, and many monkies of various kinds, called in the language of the country carai/us. What are here called lions have no resemblance to those of Africa either in shape or ferocity.
On the shores of the rivers breeds an animal called capihuara, which is amphibious, lives in the water, and breeds on land ; it resenddcs the pig, and diftcrs from it only in the snout, which is shorter and less pointed." Nothing abounds in this province more than insects, and of these the plague of mosquitoes is equally distressing on the waters as on the land. Here are snakes both small and large, vipers, scorpions, &C. and in some parts alwuud the murciilagos, which suck the blood of a person asleep, and endanger his life should he not awake in time Also, it is not uncommon to see a species of butterfly, called iitas, which, in whatever part it bites, causes a humour to appear like ^uin, and then corrodes the part, forming a nidus for a little worm, which, although extracted, leaves behind an un- seemly wound, which increases dail>, and is only got rid of by a very particular and tedious me- thod of cure.
The principal commerce of this province is in certain species of leaves of trees, which grow on some mountains about 100 leagues from the capital, known by the name of the herb of Pari- guav. In the gathering and preparing of this F 2
36
PARAGUAY.
herb both natives and stranjjers are employed, and the operation consists in dryinij tlic leaves, which are scattered on shchos for the purpose over a fire, when they are crumbled into bits no bi^o^er tlian sawdust ; and then they are put up into packages of from seven to eight arrohas each. There are two sorts of this leaf; the first, and which is most esteemed, is that «hich is made of the tender part of the leaves, and is called herb cmiiini ; the other, the inferior sort, is made of the thick part of the leaves, and has the name of herb de Pahs. The consumption of this article, not only in these provinces but in those of Peru and Chile, is incredible, since there is scarcely any person who does not take it two or three times in the course of the day, making- an infu- sion of it like tea, with warm water and sugar, and calling it mate.
The second great article of commerce is the tobacco, although the exports of this have not been so great since that the king has established a manufactory of slack and twisted tobacco, on account of the royal warehouses.
Tliey also make some sugar here, and gather a good quantity of cotton ; and the product of these articles, which are carried to Buenos Ayres, returns in the shape of European goods. Its only communication with the province of the Rio de la Plata is by the Paraguay, and the ship- ments from one place to the other are never less than 12,000 arrobas annually : not but that the journey is sometimes performed by land, but then it is along the coast of the river, and never undertaken but by the couriers, or some persons by way of express, who lay themselves open to the inconvenience and necessity of passing many ri- vers by wading or swimming, there being no fer- ries, and likewise to the continual risk of being surprised by the infidel Indians, who are con- stantly prowling along the river's banks : but it must be allowed that this latter objection is equally applicable to such as make the voyage ; since the Payaguas Indians who dwell upon the shores of the river are terrible pirates, infesting the passage with their canoes, and joining 60 or 70 of them together, there being in each six or seven men armed with lances and clubs ; so that it is necessary for vessels to go supplied with plenty of ammunition or under convoy.
A few years since a peace was made with these Indians, and although great insolence was at first manifested by them as barbarians, many of them have become domesticated and live in the vicinity of the capital, where they make them- iclves useful by supplying fish.
Nearly the whole of this province is sur-
rounded by enemies, who have never ceased to invade it since its foundation. These enemies are, to the ;;'. the barbarian Indians, the Len- guas, Tobas, and Moscobies : on the s. the Abi- pones : on the w. the tril)e of Guaycurus, com- monly called Mbayas, and the Panagnas ; and in tlie r. part alone is it free from any immediate host : not but that on the motnitains of the Yerva dwell the Monteses, who although they do not infest the settlements, give great annoy- ance to the parties employed in procuring the ln-vb parngi/niy, and have even, not unfrecpiently, attacked the Indians who have been reduced to the faith and have settled on the frontiers ; and very lately the Portuguese of Bi-azil, when, hav- ing destroyed the various settlements on the e. and the city of Xerez on the n. which served as an outwork of defence against them, they pushed forward in that direction by the passage at which, at the present day, stand the settle- ments of Cubavi'i and Matogroso, as far as the head settlements of the Moxos, to establish a commerce with Santa Cruz de la Sierra and La Paz; for these infidels, like ants, once con- vinced of tlic existence of a booty, although turned a thousand times out of their course, will still keep travelling on in pursuit of their object.
All the aforesaid infidels have frequently in- vaded, and still continue to invade, this country in the most unseasonable and unexpected times, when they put to death all they meet, plunder- ing the women and children, and laying waste wliatever comes in their way. They have at times made peace with different nations, but they break such alliances with the greatest impudence, and for this system of conduct the Guaycurus, a ferocious and intractable race, are peculiarly ncN torious.
In order to guard against these enemies which thus threaten the existence of the province, the inhabitants have found it necessary to enrol themselves in a volunteer militia, procuring arms and horses at their own expence, and forming themselves into garrisons in such parts as may be most required ; and, although this duty is somewhat irksome, an ari"angement has been lately made by which each individual is dispensed from actual service for 22 days in each month, whenever the steps taken by the enemy may not require it otherwise : but should these, as it frequently happens, lay hands on the cattle or other goods of the community, they are all obliged to come into the field to redeem their
possessions, and the persons thus called into
niified by Composition Fund, which arises from certairt
service are indemi
by a fund, called the
P A 11 A G U A Y.
37
mulcts exacted from such as nill not attend ; the amount of these being; (jO dollars for tlie fe- derative part of the inliabitants, and 40 for tlie others. These dollars are not however of cur- rent coin, but their value is taken in the articles and merchandises of the country, seldom more than one-fourth being paid in specie ; a system equally adhered to in the commercial intercourse with Huenos A vres.
The presidios, or garrisons of this province, are 19 in number, without counting the capital, in which is a bodv of 350 guards-men, (as well of infantry as of horse), and of the following names :
San Miguel, on the shore of the river.
San Ildefonso, the same, and five leagues from the capital.
San Jo'^eph, eight leagues within land.
Arecutacoa, 12 leagues on the coast.
La Emboscada, two leagues from the former.
Mandoviray, on the shore of the river Tobati, at 18 leagues.
Mainrimbi, eight leagues from the former.
I'rundaj-Yiu'u, three leagues from the former, in land.
San (ieronimo, without the walls of the citj, on the coast.
Lambare, two leagues from the city.
San Marcos, four leagues oil".
La V'illeta, 10 leagues off.
El Reducto, 12 leagues off.
Santa Rosa, a league from the former, removed from the coast.
San Fernando, two leagues from the river Tibiqnari, ami 10 from the city.
That of Villa-rica.
That of Curuguati.
Besides these there are some boats to run along the coasts to impede the passes to the infidels, or to surprise and cut off their retreats.
The aforesaid g"arrisons are not only a check to the Indians, but they can exclude from the navigation of the river any foreign vessel, inde- pendently that it reciuircs great skill in any na- \igat()r unexperienced with these parts not to take a wrong course, from the number of mouths and creeks w hicli present themselves, and which have often misled.
The population of this province consists of two towns, called Espiritu .^anto, and V^illa-rica; and of the following settlements of Indians. J pane, Tobati,
Ciuarambar6, Los Altos,
Ita, Itape,
Yaguarin, Caazapa,
Altira, Yuti.
In which are 6000 inhabitants of all ages, men, women, and children ; and these united to the number contained in the town and vallies give a total of 5(5,000.
The greater part are of the Gnarani nation, descendants of those who were converted by Sau Francisco Solano and his companions, with the exception of some families of the Monteses, Can- guias, and other nations since reduced. Here are also four new rcduccions made, which were under the charge of the Jesuits, called San Es- tanislao, San Joaquin, Nuestra Senora de Belen, and El Santo Corazon. In each of these settle- ments is an Indian corregidor without jurisdic- tion, and appointed only to regard the proceed- ings of the other corre«^idors, and to cause to be fulfilled the orders of the curate and of the ad- ministrator of the goods of the settlement. Each of them has two alcaldes, and the other officers of the cahildo, and these, as well as the corregidor, are elected by the infiueiice of the curate, who knows the abilities of his Indians ; but these elec- tions are afterwards confirmed by the governor of the province ; and to the curate is assigned 10 per cent, of the profits of his settlement. Ever since the first establishment of these settle- ments, there is allotted to each the territory thouglit necessary for sowing of seeds and the breecling of cattle, and when the harvest is gathered in, it is put into one common granary, to the end tliat it may be divided equally amongst all, as their necessities may require, by the ad- ministrator; the same practice being observed with regard to the rations of meat. With the excess of the corn and cattle a means is procured of adorning the churches, of assisting the sick, and of promoting public works. Neither Spa- niards, Mulattoes, nor Negroes are admitted into these settlements except as traders.
The ecclestiistical government is well orga- nized under the religious order of San Fran- cisco, and amongst the first converters arc enu- merated 7'V. Alonso de Buenaxciitura, and Fr. .fuan de San Bernardo, a lay-brother, who suf- fered martyrdom under the Caaza))as Indian^. At (lav-l)reak mass is said every morning, with fine music, and on festival days somewhat later, with a discourse regularly by the curate. This finished, the cahildo goes to receive its orders for the day, and ilw same are im|)arted (o the whole bettlemenf, that every one may know his occu- pation. The matrons ha\ e (heir tasks assigned to them pioportionate to their strength and ca- pacitv, and the unmarried and girls remain sing- ing and reciting prayers fi)r the morning, alter the mass is finished, in (he court-vard of the
38
PARAGUAY.
church, and repeat the same at night-fall. The rest of the tlaj tiiey are employed in assisting their mothers, whilst the men arc employed in diflcrent handicraft works, as carpciiterin-j, sculp- ture, musical instrument making, weaving, and other mechanical arts and employments, for which they have excellent masters. Every night the cabi/iio comes to the curate to inform him of what has happened in the course of the day, and the people, after saying the rosary, betake themselves to rest.
Tlu'se Indians cannot be said to pay any other tribiiti' tlian personal service to those under whom they live, notwithstanding it has been at- tempted by the king to introduce a ditterent sys-
tem. In the settlement of Itapc, lor instance, there is no vassalage, but the Indians there assist with their persons and rafts all those who pass in the time of the floods a large arm of the river Tibiquari, by which lies the road to Villarica.
This province has suH'ered, from its first forma- tion, various convulsions and alterations, from being divided into parties, formed from vain ideas of honour or interest, and has been the scene of great bloodshed. To its bishopric, which was erected in 1547, belong also the settlements of Parana, situate to the s.e. and of which we speak in their proper place. [See Pa- jiAGUAY River.]
Table of the Population of the Government of Paraguay, according to Azara's Work.
published in ISOf).
Note. TIk; letlor c. iiidicutes city ; /. lown ; p. parish ; s. si'lilciiicut ot Imlians ; hi. settlemtnt ot Muljllots or
Iico|>le of colour.
Names of the cities, towns, settleiiiciits, and parishes.
Yta, s
Yaguaron, s. . . .
Ypane, .?
Guarambare, s. .
Aregua, s
Altos, s
Atira, s
Tobaty, .?
Ytape, s
Caazapa, s. . . .
Yuty, s
S. Maria dc Fe, *. . Santiago, s. . . . S. Ignacio Miri, «. . S. Ignacio Guazu, s. Santa Rosa, s. . . S. Cosme, s. . . • Ytapua, s. . . . Candelaria, «. Santa Ana, s. . . .
Corpus, s
Trinidad, s. . . .
Jesus, *
S. Joaquin, .t. . . S. Estanislado, 5. Belen, s
Years of
tlicir
fonndalion.
1536 1536 1538 1538 1538 1538 1538 1538 1673 1607 1610 1592 1592 1555 1609 1698 1634 1614 1627 1633 1622 1706 1685 1746 1749 1760 1536
Latitude south.
25 30 30
25 33 20
25 27 44
25 29 48
25 18 1
16 6
16 45 16 16 0 18
25 25 25
25 52
26 11 2() 36 56
26 48 12
27 8 40 27 14 52 26 54 36
26 53 19
27 18 55 27 20 16 27 26 46 27 23 45 27 7 27 7 27 2 25 1 47
24 38 31 23 26 17
25 16 40
23 35 36
Longitude west from London.
57 25 2
57 18 14
57 33 15
57 30 16
57 26 42
57 18 30
57 13 59
57 8 59
56 39 33
56 29 49
.56 16 48
56 58 54
56 48 34
55 35
56 44 56 54 39 56 19 29 55 52 59 55 47 35 55 38 39 55 32 29
55 44 59
56 5 6 56 13 20
56 36 15
57 8 0 57 41 4
Number of sni4ls.
14 14
Carried forward
.965
2093
278
368
200
869
972
932
124
725
674
1144
1097
806
864
1283
, 1036
1409
1514
1430
2267
1017
1185
854
729
361
7088
32.284
PARAGUAY.
39
Names of tlic cities, towns, settlements, and pjriglies.
Brouglit forward
LuqiiP, p. . . . Frontira, p. . Laml)are,/J. . Liinpio, p. Concepcion, t. Yquainandiyu, p. Ciirun-iiaty, t. . Cariiiihatay, p.
Villa
arica, I.
Ifiaty, n. . . Yaca Giiazu,/?. Boby, p. Arroyos, p. A jos,' p. . . Cariy, p. Ybitimiri, p. . Piribehui, p. . Caacupc, p. S. Roque, p. . Quarepoty,/?. Pirayu, p. Paraf^iiary, p. Capiata, p. Ytangiia, p. . S. Lorenzo, p. Villota, p. . Remolinos, p. Carapcg;iia, p. Qiiiindy, p. . Qiiiqiiino, p. . Acaay,p. . Ybiciiy, p. Caapucti, p. Neembticii, t. Latirclcs, p. . Tannaras, p. . Emnoscada, m. Tahapy, m. Lorcto, S.
Years of
tlipir
foundation.
1635 1718 1766 1785 1773 1784 1715 1760 1576 1773 1785 1789 1781 1758 1770 1783 1640 1770 1770 1783 1769 1775 1640 1728 1775 1714 1777 1725 1733 1777 1783 1766 1787 1779 1790 1791 1740 1653 1555
Latitude south
8 12 10
25 15 30
25 23 50
25 20 0
25 10 25
23 23
24 6 24 28
24 33 3b
25 48 55 25 44 42
25 58 2
26 54 46 25 29 3Q 25 26 34 25 30 27 25 45 43 25 27 54 25 24 21 25 22 28
24 23 25
25 29 19 25 36 51 25 21 45 25 24 44 25 21 14
25 SO 56
26 10 0 25 45 31
25 58 26
26 \3 13
25 54 7
26 0 54 26 11 21
26 52 24
27 13 57
26 50 43 25 7 42 2.5 54 56
27 19 28
Longitude west from Loiidim.
57
57
57 -31 57 24
58 57
57 57 57
58
4
49 4
7 59
57 32 19
57 35 26
57 41
57 31
57 16
56 58 29
56 54 25
56 57
56 31
56 34 12
56 32 19
56 18 49
56 47 15
56 30
56 52
56 53
37 4
9
3
0
6
2
37
24
19
57 13 6 57 15 12 57 19 50 48 6
57 37 0 57 36 25 3 48 16 56 57 14 49 57 0 50 9 1 1 7 15 23 11 28 37 20 34 57 49 17 57 24 57 21
5 18
55 34 39
Total of sou! Spaniards inhabitini^ Indian settlements not comprised in the above,
Number of souls.
32,284
3813
2187
825
1769
1.551
979
2254
972
3014
1232
866
427
1227
715
034
620
3595
1066
733
540
2352
507
5305
2235
1720
30.98
458
3346
1894
1136
858
1500
659
1730
621
520
840
644
1519
, 92,347 5,133
Total population, 97,480
40
P A li A (i U A Y.
Bishops «ho have presiflcd in Paraijimv. 1. Don Fr. Juan de los Barrios v Toledo, of the order of San Fraiici-;co, nati\f of the town of Pedroclie in Estremadura : he was one of the first of tlie relinious who passed over to Peru, was elected first bishop of Paraguay in 1547, and after passinor to Iiiseliurch, was promoted to that of Santa Marta in theNuevo Rejnode Granada in 1550.
2. Don Fr. Tomas de la Torre, of the order of S. Doniin^jo, whom the father I'edro Xavier de Charlevoix wrongfly- denominates, Fr. Pedro de la Torre; he was of the order of S. Francisco: elected in 1552, and took possession in 1555.
3. Don Fr. F'crnan Gonzalez dc la Cucsta : elected in 1559.
4. Don Fr. Juan del Canipo, of the order of San Francisco, presented in 1575 : he lived but a short time.
5. Don Fr. Alonso Guerra, of the order of S. Doniino-o; presented in 1577, and promoted to the bishopric of Mechoacan.
6. Don Fr. Juan de Alniaraz, of the order of San Agustin, native of Salamanca, master in his religion, califirador of the holy office, pro- fessor of writing, prior various times in his con- vent of Lima, preacher of great repute, and pro- vincial: elected bishop of Paraguay in 1591, but he died before he received the notice, in the following year.
7. Don Tomas Vazquez del Cano, magisterial- canon of the holy church of Yalladolid ; pre- sented to the bishopric of Paraguay in 1596 : he died before he was consecrated.
8. Don Fr. Baltasarde Co varrubias, of the order of San Agustin, native of Mexico; presented to the bishopric of Paraguay in 1601, and promoted to Nueva Carceres in the Philippines the same year.
9. Don Fr. ]Martin Ignacio de Loyola, of the barefooted order of S. Francisco : he took the habit in the convent of Alaejos, passed to Ame- rica with the title of commissary of twenty reli- gious persons, returned to Spain, and was lec- turer in theology in the convents of Cadalialso and Segovia, and presented by his majesty Philip IIL to the bishopric of Paraguay in IGOl ; afterwards promoted to the archbishopric of Charcas in 1R07.
10. Don Fr. Reginaldo de Lizari-aga, of the order of S. Domingo, native of Lima : he was presented to a degree in his religion, and pro- moted from the church of Imperial in Chile, to this of Paraguay in 1607.
il. Don Lorenzo de Grado, native of Sala-
manca, where he studied and graduated as licen* tiate : he passed over to Peru, and was tluTC made archdeacon ofCuzco, and elected bishop of Paraguay in 1607 ; promoted to that churcli in 1618:
12. Don Fr. Tomas de Torres, of the order of S. Domingo, native of Madrid, collegiate in the college of San Gregorio de Valladolid : pre- sented to a mastership in his religion, destined as its general in Flanders ; and after having read theology in many convents, and studied in the university of Lobaina for eight years and an half; he rettnned to Spain, was prior of the conventsofS. Domingo deZanioraanddeNuestra Senora de Atocha in Madrid, and was presented by king Philip III. to the bishopric of Paraguay in 1619, and in 1625 promoted to that of Tu- cunian.
13. Don. Fr. .Agtistin de Vega, of the same order as the former, native of liima, provincial of his religion, calificudor of the holy office, pre- sented to this bishopric in 1625 : he died the same year, before he took possession.
14. Don Fr. Christoval de Aresti, of the order of San Benito, native of Valladolid : he took the habit in the royal monastery of San .Julian of Samos in Galicia, w;is lecturer of arts in San Vincent! of Oviedo, abbot of Corneliana, pro- fessor of writing, twice abbot of Samos, and difi- nidor general ; elected to the hisliopric of Para- guay in 1626, and to that of the church of Buenos Ay res in 1635.
15. Don Fr. Francisco de la Serna, of the order of San Agustin, native of the city of Gua- nuco in Peru : lie studied and read arts and theo- logy ill the convent of Lima, was noon and even- ing lecturer in its university, twice provincial cnUficador of the holy office, presented to the bishopric of Piuaguay in 1635, and promoted to that of La Paz in'l640.
16. Don Fr. Bernardeno de Cardenas, of the order of San Francisco, native of the city of ChiKfuiavo in Peru, lecturer of theology, difiiii- dor, \ icar, guardian, and visitor of his religion, preacher apostolic, a true tathor to the needy and to the Indians, in the conversion of whom he laboured mucli ; presented to the bishopric of Paraguay in 1638, and settled in his commission in 1640. In his time there was great disputes and contentions with the .lesuits : he yvas pro- moted to the churcli of Popayaan in 1637, but renounced the offer from his advanced age, though he was at last prevailed to accept that of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in 1666.
17. Don Fr. Gabriel de Guillistegui, of the
PARAGUAY.
41
order of San Francisco, conimissary-g;oneral of his religion -, elected bishop of Paraifiiay in 1666, and pronioled in the same year to that of La Paz, which he renounced: lie made the visita- tion of the missions of the ■Je>;uits in that pro- vince by a special commission from the kinp^, and was promoted to the bishopric of La Paz in 1671.
18. DonFernando de Balcazar, native of Lima, chanter of the holy church of Truxillo, theologi- cal canon, treasurer and archdeacon in the church of his native place, elected bishop of Paraguay in Uj72 : he died before he was consecrated.
19. Don I'r. P'austino de las Casas, of the order of La Merced: elected bisliop of this church in 1672, where he governed till 1683.
20. Don Fr. Sebastian de Pastrana, of the order of La Merced, native of Lima, provincial and professor of Santo Tomas in its university, and bishop of Paraguay.
21. Don iliian de Durana, archdeacon of Are- quipa, his native place, bishop elect of Para- guay, but he never took possession ; so that the court were induced to confer upon him the appointment of coadjutor for upwards of20 years after, to tlie end of his life.
22. Don fr. Joseph de Palos, of the order of San Francisco, native of Morella in the kingdom of Valencia, guardian in many convents of S. and N. America, where he was charged with va- rious important commissions which he fulfilled with abilitv : he was living retired in the settle- ment of La Sal, when he was nominated as titu- lar bishop and coadjutor of the bishopric of Pa- raguay during the sickness of the proprietor in 1724 : he died with universal regret in 1738 ; and his life was not only memoral)le for his own singular talents, but through the tragical fate of Josepli de Antcquera.
23. Don Fr. Joseph Cayetano Palavicini, of the order of San Francisco, a theologist, califi- cndor of the holy otlice, preacher general, difi- nidor of his province of Charcas. and pro- minis- ter of the same to vote in the general chapter: elected bishoji of Paraijuay in 1739 : he was pro- moted to Truxillo in 1718.
24. Don Fernando Perez de Oblitas, native of Lima: elected in 1748, and promoted to the ciiurcli of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in 17 J6, with- out ever having passed to his diocess.
2j. Don Manuel de la 'I'orre, elected in the aforesaid year : promoted to the ciiurch of Bue- nos Ay res in 1763.
26. Don Manuel Lopez de Espinosa, elected in the above year : he died in 1772.
VOL. IV.
27. Don Fr. Juan Joseph Priego, of the order of San Francisco : he died in 1779.
28. Don Fr. Luis de Velasco, of the order of San Francisco, native of Madrid; elected in 1779.
Governors of the province of Paraguay.
1. Don Manuel de Frias, first governor of this province ; nominated by the king, when it was separated from the jurisdiction of the province of the Rio de la Plata, and when the limits of both were settled in 1620: he had many disputes with the bishop, with respect to the rights of patron- age ; when this prelate thought proper to ex- communicate him, and to take the adminstration of the settlements out of the hands of the mis- sions of the Jesuits; a step which was con- demned by the council of the Indies : he go- verned till" 1630.
2. Don Luis de Cespedes, distinct from an- other of the same name who was governor of Buenos Ayres and the Rio de la Plata: he took possession of the government of Paraguay the aforesaid year, and exercised it till 1636.
3. Don Martin de Ledesma, nominated to suc- ceed the former : he governed till 1639.
4. Don Pedro de Lugo y Navarro, knight of the order of Santiago : he had a conunission from the king to visit the settlements of tiie missions of the Jesuits, and to give them redress and protection against the insults of the Mamelucos Indians : he succeeded in completely routing these, and thereby revenged the death of his friend and companion, father Romero, a Jesuit, who was killed by them : he governed till 1642.
5. Don (iregorio de Hinestrosa, native of C'hile, in whose time occurred the disgraceful dissentions between the bishop Don Fr. Bernar- dino de (Yirdenos and the Jesuits, the which laid the foundation of the disorders which this pro- vince afterwards suffered, and which were not put a stop to till that the governor removed the bishop of its diocess, he being, in return, thrice excommunicated : this government lasted for five years, until 1648.
6. Don Diego de Escobar Osorio, oidor of the royal audience of Cliarcas, who, from the critical state in which affairs were left by his prede- cessor, reigned but a short time ; for his death was hastened, and he died in i()tf).
7. Don Fr. Bernardino de Cardenos, bishop of this diocess, wiio was tiimiiltuously proclaimed by his p;irli/ans as governor in llio vacancy : ho began his reign by exterminating the Jesuits from the city, as well as from the other settle- ments, and causing them to leave the country
42
PARAGUAY.
and to embark, w ith orcaf violciioo. This ijavo rise to IVpsIi disputes, and the Jesuits, bv virtue of the pontifical bull which they possessed, esta- blished a juds^e conservator. In the mean time the audience of Cliarcas disapproved this intru- sive i^overnnient, and nominated, provisioiuilly,
8. Don An(h-es Garavito of Leon, kniijht of the order of Santianjo, oidor of the aforesaid au- dience of (Cliarcas, and whilst he «as proceeding; to his destination, Don Sel)astian do Leon, a colonel, who was rejected by the bishop, who de- fended Iiintself by some armed Indians ; but these dissentions were soon put to an end on the arrival of the aforesaid jjovernor Garavito; and he took possession of the government and held it till lti.5l, when he returned to the duties of his place.
9. Don Juan Vazquez of Valverde, oidor of the same royal audience as the former, and no- minated by it as provisional gfovernor, with a special commission of visitinn; the province, and of examinini>- into the late occurrences : he en- tered the government in 1661 and held it till 166.5.
10. Don Felipe Rege Corbulon, till 1679.
1 1. Don Juan Diaz de Andino, till 1685, when he died.
12. Don Antonio de Vera Moxica, nominated provisionally by the viceroy of Peru.
13. Don Ualtasar Garcia Ros, serjeant-major of the;>/«trt of Buenos .Vyres, appointed here as a recompense by the king, for his services per- formed in the conquest