Cinaeeenuean he Met Hh Hahsty Hie ih — — - = a - oo —~ “BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. ABC PAO LOG ¥. APPENDIX: THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. BY J. T. GOODMAN. 1897. BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. \ \ A \ L / j oS A. CONT be. ’ > ~ enw © tc As (© © Gaye APPENDIX: THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. BY J. T. GOODMAN. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, | ia DEC3 1958 | Ss PREFACE. Tue essence of these pages is an incomplete subdivision of a purposed volume which will contain, in addition, a review and estimate of the native civilizations, an analysis of the Maya codices, a reconstruction of the Yucatec and Cakchiquel calendars together with an alignment of the dates in their records with our chronology, and considerable other matter pertaining to the subject of undiscovered America. The work has been the slow outgrowth of years of patient toil; and many more toilsome years will be necessary to its completion. ‘The appearance of this fragment now, in its unfinished state, is due to a request of Mr. Alfred P. Maudslay, who desires to have the chronological tables and some other matter herein contained put on record, so that he may be able to refer to them during the course of publication of his magnificent work on the archeology of Central America. The foregoing statement is made less in excuse of the imperfection of this book than to afford opportunity for doing justice to Dr. Gustav Eisen of San Francisco, the absence of whose name in conjunction with mine on the titlepage will be a source of surprise to many of his friends. He was the first to direct my attention to the Maya inscriptions. For twelve years he has been intimately associated with me in the study of them, collecting most of the material I have had to work upon, and encouraging me to persist at the times I grew faint-hearted and ready to give up the apparently hopeless task. He has completed a series of careful drawings in which the glyphs are arranged in accordance with a plan of his own, and has in preparation an elaborate monograph on the Maya civilization, and much other cognate matter—all of which will constitute an important feature of the complete volume we have in view, but would be quite aside from the purpose of this preliminary issue. a2 lv PREFACE. There is a history attached to the printing of this fragment. Mr. Maudslay, during one of his visits to our coast, urged the importance of its publication upon some of the officials of the Californian Academy of Sciences; but, notwithstanding the princely endowment of their institution and their alertness to the scientific necessity of building a $30,000 marble stairway aad publishing a {$5,000 volume composed principally of their own portraits and biographies, they could not clearly see their way to any excuse for assuming the cost of printing this little book. It remained for Mr. E. DuCane Godman and Mr. Osbert Salvin, of London, to invite the publication of it at their private expense, and incorporate it, for all of its unworth, in their monu- mental work, the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana.’ It will be observed by those familiar with the study that I have paid little attention to the derivation of glyphs and less to the esoteric meaning supposed by many to attach to all Maya writings. I leave those branches of the subject to students whcse minds have a recondite and mystic bent. ‘To me the temporary significance of a glyph and the obvious purport of a text are sufficient. I do not undervalue etymologic research nor deny the possible employment of a cryptogramic style; but, until the surface meaning of the inscriptions is made out, I think it idle to seek for deeper ones. The mural and stelaic records, in my opinion, have nothing to do with Maya mythology or their other mysteries, further than that the numerals and time periods were themselves apotheosized and become objects of veneration. That deities and devils played an important part in the mummeries with which the priesthood beguiled the populace the accounts of the old Spanish writers leave no doubt; but, whatever purpose they served in religious ceremonials, they were not suffered then, more than now, to intrude into the domain of science. The Maya calendars, like all modern scientific creations, were godless affairs. A final glance at the printed sheets, after they have gone beyond the reach of correction, impresses me with a sense that I seem at times to have spoken as one having authority. Nothing could be farther from my intention than the assumption of such a 7éle. Contemplating the important and grave nature of the subject, I feel humility at having raised my voice at all. But if I, an illiterate proletaire, have chanced to speak unbonneted in the presence of the illustrious scientific world, it was not through any assurance of prerogative, but simply by right of knowledge gained PREFACE. v during years of servitude to the glyphs. If in time to come, however, the scientists shall find themselves pushed rudely from their stools by irreverent outsiders, the fault will be their own. For quite half a century they have had this study almost exclusively to themselves. The material by which alone it could be prosecuted was practically in their keeping, sealed to the rest of the world as though it were a hieratic mystery. And what has been the result? A deal of learned and pompous kowtowing to each other, but not a single substantial gain toward bottoming the inscriptions. While I have been preparing these pages for the press Mr. Maudslay has received a letter from a distinguished Professor in the National Museum at Washington directing his attention to a discrepancy between a photograph and drawing in his work as to which toes the sandal-string passed between, and requesting him to make a public explanation of it—just as if it made any difference. Yet this fairly illustrates the gauge of the men who have been trifling with this great problem. They are a lot of shoe-string scientists. It is manifest that we look hopelessly to them for a solution of the momentous enigma. But if I have lost confidence in the ability of learning, I retain faith in the genius of ignorance. Somewhere to-day, by an obscure fireside, sits a boy that never saw even the outside of a university or academy of sciences to whose penetrative mind these inscriptions would be as an open book. It is my earnest desire that they be brought before him—in other words, that the study may become popularized instead of being confined to an exclusive and incompetent few. The publication of Maudslay’s work is the first decided step in that direction. The lack of material for purposes of investi- gation and comparison was the most serious drawback I labored under for years. ‘Those who had it appeared greedy of its possession and afraid to share it with others, lest some one should get the start before they themselves had been inspired with an insight into the meaning of the glyphs. It was not till Maudslay undertook the reproduction of the inscriptions, and, with a generosity entirely exceptional in my experience with archeologists, distributed them broadcast to the world, that I could collect data enough to make any substantial progress. He deserves the gratitude of every one interested in American antiquity. It is to discharge somewhat of my personal obligation to him and at the same time contribute my mite toward the success of his great undertaking that I have consented to let this study appear before I have had time to work out the details which are alone necessary to its completion. vi PREFACE. The illustrations in these pages are by Miss Annie Hunter, who has done nearly all the drawing for Maudslay’s series of publications. Her experience and artistic skill render her reproductions faultless. The certainty with which she can trace the glyphs of a nearly obliterated inscription amounts almost to divination. No mere perfunctory discharge of duty satisfies her; her whole soul is in her work, aquiver with anxiety to attain the best and truest result. Students who have not had an opportunity for comparing the mutilated originals with her perfect restorations will never know the full debt they owe this admirable artist. I have expressed here some of my obligation to the living, and elsewhere to Landa among the dead; but there is another shade to whom I feel the greatest debt of all— Brasseur de Bourbourg. Without his research Landa’s work and a hundred other essential aids to the study would be unknown, and without the stimulating effect of his writings I should never have persevered in it. It has become fashionable with the school of dilettanti that has succeeded him to speak lightly of Brasseur; but he was the grandest of them all—the only one to whom I uncover. He belonged to the old Leonardo da Vinci and Michael Angelo type—the Herculean mold—men who achieve in a dozen different lines what we incompetents are incapable of accomplishing in a single one. No advance can be made in any branch of the study but he supplied all the preliminary stepping-stones. He was to its bibliology what Maudslay is to its archeology. What if he went astray at times? He was delving single-handed, but with a zeal that will never be equaled, in the vague of an unexplored past. What if he mistook the meaning of some of the treasures he exhumed? No one else would ever have dragged them from their crypts to turn the glare of even a misfocused searchlight upon them. If he could only live to-day in the fuller light he was chiefly instrumental in creating! His fevered life just: missed its triumph. The fore- shadowed discovery that should place him in absolute ascendancy never came; but generous hearts will not the less do homage to the ardent soul that departed crownless from a scene resplendent with regal promises. Avamepa, CaLrrornra, Vo Its Ge November 1, 1895. CONTENTS. Page Prelace Meee Me hee Suny Rel AG neha Oct lsh pan tctioe pear cal Feb cep ay Ex ayth sim aves eM eh (ue) TLV Tg bMtA 5b) Wo. colo Ge qa eeieomedn RG sal Oueo Wim! Von nolo Oubo cio) “ole aosmenemnee seins seven Uhiclahuntaescceeencen er ee eee seventeen \UES Ee sacsdatoodotdcadacanepeacecpnaredncdnes eight Waxaclahuntytcessccetniee or nates eighteen 15 {0} Kon" scouts AUR DB peOHe CIC aRRReRE perp bbade ce nine TSO MIEN, casscoondcancrincesnsoosnnbadco nineteen ah UMersnaaecescasce nec ecenneeeeaemenss ten iinkall sv tisecinaentnaeenticar nates twenty The succeeding faces, with a few exceptions, will show that they anticipated us as closely in their style of notation as in that of nomenclature. 48 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. FACE SIGN FOR 11. This is one of the numbers whose symbol I have not been able to accurately determine ; but I think the above face will be found to represent it. My reasons for this are based on its use in the codices. ‘The characteristic trait is the curve with an irregular pendant behind the eye. This is the corkscrew curl, a sign for 1, which, added to the 10 indicated by the semicircle surrounded by dots, gives to the face its distinctive value of 11. FACE SIGN FOR 12. There are apparently three distinct characters for this number. ‘lhe first three faces seem to be radicals, while the others are formed by superfixing the sign for 2 to the death-face, or 10. THE FACE NUMERALS. 49 FACE SIGN FOR 13. Here also there are two or more distinct types. ‘The radical with the kin symbol— one of the signs for 13—is the form commonly employed. The fourth glyph, in which the 3 and 10 faces are combined, occurs in the initial series of the Temple of the Cross. I donot know what to conclude about the last face in the list, which is the day numeral in the initial date of the Temple of the Sun, Palenque. It is more like the chuen sign than any other, but the number is unmistakably 13. It is more reasonable to suppose that the sculptor made a mistake in the Ain sign than that the chuen symbol should have been used to represent both 13 and 15. FACE SIGN FOR 14. This sign occurs but once where its value can be positively determined—on a Quirigua stela, the photograph of which is very indistinct. ‘The glyph, however, is manifestly a combination of the face signs for 4 and 10. ~J BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeeol, 50 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. FACE SIGN FOR 15. The first of these faces appears twice in the initial date of the Palenque steps—the only place where it occurs. As the face seems to be a death one, and therefore supposably intended to represent 10, the knotted head-dress must mean only 5, instead of the triple knot indicating 15. Yet, after all, this may not be the case, as the face is identical with that bearing the ahau sign, in a Tikal inscription, where the combination signifies but 5. It may be, therefore, that this particular face has no value in itself, but is merely a vehicle to bring the accompanying sign into the face series ; in which event, in this instance, 15 would be indicated by the triple character of the knot. ‘The second glyph is from Chichén Itza, where it occurs many times, but in no relation where its value can be determined. It is, however, so manifestly a sign for 15 that I have not hesitated to place it here. FACE SIGN FOR 16. All the signs for this number are a combination of the 6 and 10 faces. In some cases the declarative 1()-sign—the bar between two dots—appears on the cheek, in addition; but the symbol occurs more frequently without it. THE FACE NUMERALS. 51 FACE SIGN FOR 17. The first of the above faces is from an initial date on a Quirigua stela, where there can be no doubt of its value; but unfortunately the photograph is too indistinct to be quite certain if the akbal symbol appears at the top of the head or not. I think it does, however, as the lower part of the glyph is unquestionably the death-face. The other form is common in the Palenque texts, but it occurs in no position where its value can be demonstrated beyond question. FACE SIGN FOR 18. The forehead ornament of the face sign for 8 and the skeleton jaw of that for 10 are constant characteristics of this symbol, but it has likewise a broad curve behind the eye—readily distinguishable, however, from the corkscrew curlof 11. I think this is a conyentionalized form of the dotted crescent sign for 18, as the dots are still perceptible within the curve on the second glyph, which occurs in the initial date of the Temple of the Cross, at Palenque. 52 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. FACE SIGN FOR 19. The 10 death-face and the 9 forehead ornament are the characteristics of this face. The lines and dots on the cheek—as already stated, in speaking of the 9 symbol—are used too promiscuously to be relied on as distinguishing traits. FACE SIGN FOR 20. The hand on the cheek, the thumb or wrist forming the lower jaw, usually charac- terizes the face sign for 20. Generally the face is a death’s head, identical with the symbol for 10, the outstretched hand evidently implying another 10 that is to be added to it. I judge that the number 20 is arrived at by addition instead of multiplication, not only from the sign for addition upon the hand and the fact that the preceding compounds have all been formed in that way, but from the character of the last face in the list, where the death’s head is surmounted by another distinct sign for 10. Though the face symbol for the cycle is also a sign for 20—as its substitution for the 20-day character proves—I have not included it in the above list; for, notwith- standing that to a casual observer it might appear identical with the ordinary 20-sign, it has certain peculiarities that separate it and appear to restrict its use solely to that of a cycle symbol. NUMERAL VALUE OF THE DAY SYMBOLS. Tue likeness of certain numerative characters to some of the day symbols led me to believe that all the day signs were composed of parts representing numbers and that each day symbol had a specific numerical value. Further study of the subject has confirmed that belief. I have not succeeded in discovering the value of the constituent parts of all the signs; but so many of them are in accord with the ascertained value of the same characters in other connections that their occurrence in the day symbols is placed beyond the pale of accident, and the numerative quality of the day signs themselves is thereby raised from a mere conjecture to an established fact. The first resemblance that attracted my attention was that between the sign, or signs, for Cimi and those which in so many instances demonstrably stand for 10. Next, the character for Ik, in its use apart. from a day symbol, appeared to me to have a numeric significance, the exact value of which always centered upon 6. Now, starting with Caban, Ik would be the sixth day and Cimi the tenth. This coincidence was too remarkable to be passed by without further investigation, and so I arranged the day signs in order, beginning with Caban, and sought to ascertain if there were any recognizable features in the others, Several interesting things became apparent directly in this survey of the characters in the light of possible numerals. The first was that the name of the third day, Cauac, evidently implied half of six—ca, two; wac, six. ‘That three should be half of six was not the astonishing part of it, for it did not require a Maya revelation to tell me that, but the fact that a certain number of days should be halved was pretty strong evidence that they constituted a period of some kind. If, beginning with Caban, Cauac was mid-week, then Ik must be the end of the week. This was contrary to the teaching of all the assumed authorities, for, without exception, they assert that the Maya week was a period of five days, running from dominical to dominical, But I had learned not to revere these authorities overmuch, and so I proceeded to ascertain to what conclusions a week of six days would lead. It was apparent from the start that the sixth, or extra day, would break the monotony of the count from dominical to dominical —just as the year count is varied by an excess of five in the order of the days and of one in their numeration—so that it would require twenty counts to make a complete round of weeks, that is, before the week would begin again with the same day; hence, 120 days, or the week-round, should be a notable period in their reckonings—a conjecture I subsequently found to be true. It is just one-third of an ahau, and therefore falls readily in with that style of reckoning, but it does not accord with the 54 : THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. year count until the magic 73 is reached—120X73=8,760 days, or 24 years—a circumstance which leaves no doubt in my mind that twenty-four years constituted a notable period also in their chronology. The fact that Ik is the end of the initial week, and therefore likely to have had a terminal character ascribed to it, suggested that its symbol might be intended to represent one stone laid crosswise on another, a device by which the Mayas are said to have marked the completion of a katun; but a study of the symbol as it appears in the codices led me to a quite different conclusion. I became satisfied that the Ik sign of the inscriptions was nothing but a cursive form of the older character of the codices. I desire to say a word here as to the comparative trustworthiness of the inscriptions and the codices in respect to the radical form of the glyphs. While the particular copies of the codices that have been preserved are probably of a later date than any of the inscriptions, I believe that their glyphs are of a more primitive character—that is, that they are copies of formulas which have come down from time immemorial, the ancient style of writing being adhered to in them with a scrupulousness not observed in the inscriptions. This is evident from the numerous instances of glyphs whose original design is plainly discernible in the codices, while in the inscriptions it is almost unintelligible or entirely lost. Therefore, I regard the codices as the better authority in respect to the primitive character of the glyphs. : In the codices, it will be seen, the symbols for Ik and Kan are substantially the same, the only real difference being that in Kan there is a divided inclosure at the top and that the bent bar is dropped down so that the two pendants touch the bottom of the glyph. The bent bar at once suggests the double right-angle sign for 4, and the pendants are identical with those attached to the numeric eye, where each has the value of 1. Now, if this surmise is correct, as I believe it to be, in Ik the numbers must be simply added—4+2=6; while in Kan they must be multiplied—4 x 2=8. Assuming this to be the true explanation of the bent bar and pendants, it follows that the divided inclosure at the top of Kan must be simply a sign for multiplication. If it be so, the sign should hold good in other places. Let us see if it does. Two other day symbols have this same divided inclosure—those for Ix and Chuen. The former, in addition, has three small circles that have the value of 3 each (as we discover from their use in the numeric eye and ear); but the value is doubled here by the surrounding dots, so that each circle represents 6; hence, in one sense, the sign holds good here, as 6X 3=18, the numerative value of this particular day—though the same result might be reached by addition, while a serial multiplication of the factors would produce 216. Chuen has the divided inclosure and three curves (which, singly, stand for 5), although the lower one—to give symmetry to the glyph, undoubtedly—is usually conventionalized into something most unlike a curve. Here, again, the sign holds good, in the same sense—5 x 3=15, which is the numerative value of Chuen. NUMERAL VALUE OF THE DAY SYMBOLS. 55 Instead of being disconcerted by the fact that in the above instances the factors are not all multiplied into each other, as in the case of compound and separate characters, I am guided by it to the deduction of two important rules, which I believe will be found - applicable to all Maya multiplication : first, to find the numerative value of a simple character, multiply the value of its factors singly by the number of factors if alike, and together if unlike; second, to find the numerative value of separate or compound characters, multiply the values of the different parts into each other. Thus I would account for the numerative values of Kan, Ix, and Chuen; and, finding the cleft inclosure appropriately used as a sign for multiplication in these symbols, [ deem it fairly reasonable to suppose it may have the same significance elsewhere. This deduction, whether true or false, very naturally suggests a search for indices of other arithmetical processes. The circle, with a dot or smaller ring in the center, cannot have failed to attract the attention of every student, its use is so common, especially upon all forms of the hand. I had thought that it simply indicated the character to be a numeral, but the detection of what there was reasonable ground for supposing might be a sign for multiplication led me to investigate whether this circle and dot might not also signify some particular process; and the result is that I am now inclined to the belief that, apart from its possible conventional use at times in connec- tion with the hand—and even there, perhaps, indicating that all numbers represented by the hand are to be added—it implies addition. For instance, in the symbol for Manik the hand is closed until the space between the thumb and fingers resembles a reversed 7 sign, to which, if it signifies 6, add the 5 that the hand itself may mean and the sum is 11, the number represented by Manik in the day series. I shall speak more fully of this when I come to the symbol for that day. In this sign for 20, \* |, the implication is plain that the two signs for 10 are to be added togetiier. @ I do not consider that the use of these signs to indicate addition and multiplication can by any means be regarded as proved, but a fair degree of probability is established by the examples I have given and others in keeping with them. ‘The fact that in the codices, especially on heads, the two signs are combined, does not necessarily militate against the theory. The combination might mean that both processes were to be made use of—as, indeed, both are nearly always involved—or it may be one of the many conventionalisms whose original significance is lost. Nor do the further facts that the employment of these signs is inconstant and irregular, and that no.signs for subtraction and division appear anywhere, weigh very heavily against it. The entire Maya graphic system is marked by irregularity and capriciousness, and subtraction and division were of so rare occurrence that there may have been no signs for them, or, if there were, they may have escaped my notice. 06 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. For the purpose of comparison in general and of special illustration in particular instances, a double list of day symbols is given, the first glyph in every case being the typical form of the inscriptions and the second that of the codices. CABAN.—The Day Sign for 1. (°) This sign is undoubtedly a cursive form of another abbreviation of the woman’s head alluded to in speaking of the first of the face numerals—this © corkscrew curl—a sign for 1—is the only remaining recognizable feature, the balance of the glyph being too indefinite to determine whether it was intended to represent the entire head or not. This is one of the symbols used to denote a day, or days, in the abstract. One of the meanings of cab is day. EZENAB.—The Day Sign for 2. (3) There is no feature in this sign that has a recognizable numeric value. The zigzag cross-lines, however, should be kept in mind as possibly representing 2, for they appear in other connections, particularly in the death’s-head, where they may raise its value to either 12 or 20—most likely the former. They are commonly supposed to represent flint, or a flint knife. This may be true enough in some uses, while in others they may have only a numerical sense. Whether the line extending halfway around the cross-lines in the second glyph has any value, is questionable. It occurs at times, in this or in other shapes, in nearly half of the day symbols in the codices, but it is constant in only four of them. This inconstancy suggests that in most cases it is- merely a device for reducing space; yet in Cib, where it is attached by bars to the rim of the glyph, it undoubtedly possesses a value, as not unlikely it may in other or all instances. NUMERAL VALUE OF THE DAY SYMBOLS. 57 q CAUAC.—The Day Sign for 3. The very name of this day—ca, two; uac, six—implies a number resulting from some manipulation of 6 by 2. As, reckoning from any of the dominicals, it could not be the fourth, eighth or twelfth day, there remains only the conclusion that the process implied is division, and therefore that it is the third day. In the codices this position is always distinctly shown by the cross sign for 3, but that distinguishing trait is lost in the inscriptions. The cawac character is the sign commonly used to denote that the reckoning is by days—10 days being the period usually implied by it, as expressed in the curve surrounded by a line of dots. In this manner it is used single in the month symbols, and double, or representing 20 days, in the cycle and calendar- round, or 52-year, signs. Again, as in the superfix of the katun symbol, it has no specific value, but merely indicates that the computation is by days. So it will be seen that the sign has at least four distinct meanings—a particular day; a day, or days, in the abstract; the third day, or three days; ten or twenty days, as the sign is single or double; and I have no doubt that still other meanings will be found to attach to it. fone AHAU.—The Day Sign for 4. There is nothing discernible to me why this symbol should mean 4, but that it does is evident from its employment in that sense in a 260-day and other signs. I think it is a purely arbitrary symbol intended to represent the moon, and that the name implies Sir Moon—ah, sir; u, moon—just as ah-kin is the equivalent of Sir Sun. The sun symbol is a sign for 13, as the moon symbol, if such it be, is for 4. CD BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeol. 58 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. YMIX.—The Day Sign for 5. There can be little doubt, I think, that this symbol is one of the conventionalized forms of the closed hand, typifying a completed count of five by the thumb and fingers. The dots do not qualify the black or cross-hatched mark at the top, evidently intended originally to represent the space between the thumb and fingers when closed. They belong with the lines, and are always found with them when used to indicate finger divisions in highly conventionalized forms of the hand. IK.—The Day Sign for 6. The sign in the second glyph I believe to be the older, and to mean simply 4+2=6, as already explained. The other symbol shows the easier and quicker way of making the character, which would naturally be adopted in course of time. Ik ends the initial week, or period of six days. This fact, I think, will be found to account for the prevalence of what have been termed the en-7k signs. Most of them will be discovered to be reckonings by 6-day periods. AKBAL.—The Day Sign for 7 This is another unaccountable and probably arbitrary sign. The name is believed to pertain to night, and it has been surmised that the symbol is intended to represent clouds or darkness descending upon the mountains. I have no opinion about that, but I know that in some of its uses the sign stands for 7—as forming 17 in combina- tion with the death’s-head, and so forth. NUMERAL VALUE OF THE DAY SYMBOLS. 59 KAN.—The Day Sign for 8. () I have explained my view of this symbol in the introductory remarks to this section. It is, that the character simply implies 4X 2=8. Kan is used frequently in the codices as a numeral, generally joined to Ymix, making 13, and multiplied by the dotted reversed curves or other signs for 20 that invariably overtop them, thus constituting a 260-day sign. CHICCHAN.—The Day Sign for 9. Cail CE This is undoubtedly a serpent or dragon symbol, as implied by its name and the frequent appearance of the character in the second glyph on the body of the feathered serpent. ‘The significant feature is the cross-hatching, which is characteristic of many other signs for 9. CIMI.—The Day Sign for 10. The death’s-head is invariably a sign for 10. A variant, found among the day symbols of the codices, is given, as it is used to indicate 10 throughout the inscriptions. 60 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. MANIK.—The Day Sign for 11. I have stated my belief that the circle and dot in this character imply addition. We have here a very suggestive coincidence—an 7é sign occurring in a symbol with an 7k syllable in its name. I do not think it accidental, but rather that the numerical value of the glyph is specifically designated by its name: man, all, the whole—indicating that the full hand count of five is to be added to—7s, six—5d+6=11. LAMAT.—The Day Sign for 12. Evidently a simple addition or multiplication of the four small circles, indicating 3 each. The lines, in whatever shape drawn—for there are many forms other than those here given—are merely divisional, apparently, having no numerical significance. MULUC.—The Day Sign for 13. ie 3) The symbol does not occur in the inscriptions, and it is difficult to suggest any meaning for that found in the codices. ‘This is one of the instances where the over- arching line may have a value. If so, it should be 10, as the small circle in the center appears to be identical with those that in other places represent 3. NUMERAL VALUE OF THE DAY SYMBOLS. 61 O0C.—The Day Sign for 14. The dog sign, most likely. In the inscriptions the full head is shown; in the codices only the conventional outlines of the base of the ear. Why the dog should represent 14 is one of the many questions that must remain undetermined until we have a deeper insight into Maya symbolism. CHUEN.—The Day Sign for 15. ie 9 Three curves, indicating 5 each, multiplied by their number—5 X3=15. Why the central curve should have been dropped from the symbol in the inscriptions is inexplicable, as it is retained in other chuen signs ; but the same elision is noticeable in the symbol for the month Tzec, where, multiplied by 20, the product is 300. EB.—The Day Sign for 16. There is a contradiction in these symbols, the only one that ovcurs in the whole list. The second sign might imply that the value of the dotted curve was to be added to that of the 6-eye—10+6=16; but the face in the first glyph is plainly enough intended for a death’s-head, which must upset this caleulation—unless, as in so many cases, the value of the face is simply affirmed by duplicate signs. ‘The eyes, it will be seen, are practically the same—the concentrically ringed one, or 6-eye, in both cases. 62 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. BEN.—The Day Sign for 17. There is no numerical significance in the constituent parts of this character, that I can detect; yet it must be constructed in accordance with some arithmetical principle, for, either in this or some slightly modified form, it constitutes part of the numerous ben-ik signs, which unquestionably always have a numeric value. IX.—The Day Sign for 18. The small circles, signifying 3 each, raised to double their value by the surrounding dots, and multiplied by their number—3 X2x3=18. It not unlikely represents a tiger-skin also. The Mayas were apt at detecting resemblances and coincidences, and prompt to avail themselves of them to enrich and diversify their graphic system. MEN.—The Day Sign for 19. hs (e.. Another symbol that does not occur in the inscriptions. The character found in the codices appears to be made up of the death-face, the 6-eye, and a rudimentary hand- sign that everywhere has the value of 3—10-+64+3=19. NUMERAL VALUE OF THE DAY SYMBOLS. 63 CIB.—The Day Sign for 20. ©) y lg © Though this symbol appears to be a compound, its elementary parts are not easily determinable. ‘That, in its entirety, it stands for 20 is established by the fact that it is one of the signs employed to denote a day, or days; in which use it is always accom- panied by a sign for 13, the product of the two being 260—the number invariably indicated by all the abstract day symbols. 64 OTHER SN UME Rote SiiGiN Se HAvine given separately the only complete series I know, except the dot-and-bar one, I shall present collectively some other numeral signs, of whose value I am tolerably confident, merely arranging them under appropriate heads. I do not include the dot-and-bar series—in which each dot represents one and each bar five—it being too familiar to most of the parties into whose hands this work is likely to come to require reproduction here ; yet there are two or three things concerning it of which the best informed of them may not be apprised. In the first place, the curves, angles, and crosses, which sometimes support a single dot or separate two dots, have no value, but appear to have been introduced to avoid blank space or to render the glyph more symmetrical. Next, there are three signs for 20 that go with this series— (| IBS @>)—the last of the three being drawn with a great variety of detail. The first of these signs is used almost exclusively to designate the beginning, or 20th, day of a month, while the second is employed in ordinary computation. ‘Their value, in these respects, has been correctly stated by a number of persons; but the same authorities have declared the last of the three to be a sign for naught. ‘They were led into this mistake, undoubtedly, by its peculiar use and position. It is employed in the codices solely to designate initial periods, and in that position it is the equivalent of 20 in all cases except that of the chuen, where, like the other 20-signs, it denotes but 18. I shall speak more fully of this exception later on. Finally, in some instances the dots and dashes in themselves do not express the full notation, but are coupled with other signs whose value must be added to theirs in order to complete it—as in © | these combinations, d , which denote respectively 17 and 18. The os) same perplexing practice was indulged in with the face signs and other forms of numerals. In both the annual and chronological calendar, 20 takes precedence of the unit in enumerating the days, ahaus, and katuns. ‘This results from the Maya practice of not counting any period until it had wholly passed, for which purpose a period was always given a numeral designating the number of the preceding one, reckoned according to OTHER NUMERAL SIGNS. 65 our style of numeration. Thus, their twentieth was what we would call the first ; their first, what we would call the second; and so on, the numbers always being one less than the order in which the periods actually occur. For a long while, misled by reputed authorities, I attributed the sense of naught, or no count, to the signs for an initial period, which in some respects is certainly prefer- able to designating it as the twentieth, the notation being rendered easier and more readily comprehensible. For instance. 9—0—0—0 x0 is a more intelligible notation than 9—20—20—18 x 20, and it practically amounts to the same thing; for, in respect to the initial period itself, the 20 is only an equivalent of 0, it pertaining, in reality, to the preceding period and no additional count having accrued in the new reckoning :— in other words, all numerals, when employed to express periods, are used in their ordinal, not their cardinal, sense; the foregoing notation reading: the 9th cycle, 20th katun, 20th ahau, 18th chuen and 20th day—not: 9 cycles, 20 katuns, 20 ahaus, 18 chuens and 20 days. But while this no-count method was easy and apparently gave true results, reflection convinced me that, despite all the assumed authorities, there could be no naught in the Maya numeral system, as there was no necessity for it. The cipher belongs exclusively to the Arabic scheme, between which and the Maya there is no affinity. So far as the Maya is analogous to any style familiar to us it is to the Roman, in which there is no character for naught, as the cipher by itself would be useless for purposes of notation and its employment in compounds out of keeping with the spirit of the system. Having thus arrived at the conclusion that the signs qualifying initial periods did not imply no count, it remained to establish what they did mean. From the practice in similar instances, and the use made of some of these signs in other relations, I became satisfied that the initial period in all cases was given the highest number belonging to its particular class. It was manifest from several inscriptions in Palenque and Quirigua, that the thirteen cycles constituting a great cycle were numerated 13, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. The reason for this—the numeral in all instances being intended to denote the number of cycles fully elapsed—should be equally applicable to all other classes of periods. Moreover, the sign marked w in the list of 20 signs, made use of to denote that a date falls on the first day of a month, is some- times varied to the symbol marked ¢, which in other places unmistakably has the value of 20. Then, in the lunation tables of the Dresden Codex the elliptical character, 4 which elsewhere designates initial periods, always occurs—except in the chuen line— ’ where the sum of the added factors is 20. Again, the sign most commonly employed in the inscriptions to designate a beginning katun, ahau, or chuen—that marked q@ in the same list, and which, by the way, I consider to be merely a conventionally quadrated knot—occurs frequently where multiplied by other figures (the process involving an ascription of the value of 20 to this) the product is 3,600, and in this relation it becomes the characteristic feature of one of the 10-ahau symbols. This is BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeol. 9 66 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. proof of tangibility, at least. Naught is not multipliable—hence this sign must have some numerical value ; and, as it commonly occurs where according to the Archaic style of numeration we should expect to find 20, it is reasonable to assume it stands for that number. ‘There is the same difficulty here in the way of such an assumption, however, as in case of the other signs for 20. This glyph is used to designate an initial chuen also—a period whose extreme numerative limit during the Archaic era was 18. But I do not regard this as conclusive against it being a sign for 20. Its use, in this respect, may have descended from a time when the ahau was composed of twenty chuens, the sign being retained through habit notwithstanding a change that made its use inappropriate. This is rendered probable not only by the retention of other obsolete usages, or usages that had lost their original significance, but by the fact that the Cakchiquels till the last reckoned by periods composed of twenty chuens—a survival, very likely, of a cruder form of the calendar antedating the improved ones of the Archaic people. While speaking of this character, I would state that its value is not a discovery of mine. Observing its frequent occurrence in the initial series of the inscriptions in positions where one would expect to encounter numerals, and noticing that the dot-and-bar numbers nowhere went above 19, Maudslay long ago declared it to be his belief that the character in question was a sign for 20—so that I only substantiate his shrewd conjecture. What I have said of this particular character in connection with the chuen symbol is equally applicable to other signs for 20 when used in the same relation—they all indicating but 18 in that position, though elsewhere invariably standing for 20. This fact appears to me to be in the nature of cumulative evidence that originally there was a 20-chuen period, and that through long use the people had become so accustomed to seeing the initial chuen designated similarly to the corresponding ahau and katun, that it was deemed advisable to make no change in this respect when the calendar was reformed. Hence, I do not think the exceptional contradictory use in connection with the chuen period should exclude any of these initial signs from the list of numerals that represent 20, where they properly belong. mi GO@@lAwmceng wwe KO0 Rw XUSS wODueayf ¢ @ OBB yp ene GA eoogoOlBQoany nio% Ea ee [ED DE) 2 OO Sepp ni208 % He OB emeauaant nl facto C8 i we2® 6 E) x4 OB GD G yg i Ra omacea DH E7anv@gaaws In the introductory remarks to this section, and elsewhere, I have stated my reasons for attaching the value I do to some of the characters in the foregoing list. Those not already explained will be referred to hereafter, in other connections. gr 68 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. SIGNS FOR HIGHER NUMBERS. In the subjoined list the value of each sign is placed under it. The reason for the assignment of that value has already been given in some cases, and in others it will be subsequently explained. My purpose in collecting them here is to place all the numeral signs together for convenience of reference. = (ao) pd Gnd Cin fils 2 I not only believe that there are many more signs for these particular numbers— essential to the Maya methods of reckoning—but that there are signs for their multiples, and other higher numbers equally essential, which will soon be identified. JY 69 NUMERAL VALUE OF THE MONTH SYMBOLS: Wuite dealing with the subject of numerals, I think it worth while to reproduce a list of the month symbols, arranged to illustrate a theory of mine that they are con- structed on a strictly mathematical plan and successively denote the number of days from the beginning of the year to the end of the month symbolized—if, indeed, they have not also ordinal values from 1to18. This latter possibility is suggested by the fact that in a certain formula, otherwise invariable, the zotz symbol in one instance replaces the sign for 14, which is the number of the month Zotz in the proposed arrangement ; but as I have not found any other of the month symbols employed similarly, I do not attach undue importance to this coincidence. The numerical order of the months begins with Chen, showing that there must have been an earlier form of the calendar in which the year commenced with that month, just as Caban was originally the initial day. These indications of calendar changes give significance to the statement in the Yucatec chronicles that “ Pop was put in order” at a certain date, and lend probability to the conjecture that the ahau was at one time composed of twenty chuens. To the month symbols found in the inscriptions—which are placed first in the list —I have added those of the codices, as in a number of instances the latter reveal the original design, which is obscured or lost in the former. 1. CHEN.—20 days. It is a curious if not significant fact that both in the codices and inscriptions this symbol is the most variable of all the signs for the months. ‘The first four here given are from the inscriptions; the others are from the codices. There is no numerative feature in them that can be positively recognized, beyond the cawac, or 10-day sign, in the first two. What the accessories and other signs mean, I am unable to say, though I infer they are intended to designate it as the initial month. 70 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. 2. YAX.—40 days. The combination here is simply that of the 10-day symbol with the yaw sign for 4— 10x4=40. The value of the yaa sign is one of the best established in the whole group of numeral characters. 3. ZAC.—60 days. Here we are compelled to reverse the process, and reason from its association with the 10-day sign that the superfix must have the value of 6—10 x 6=60. 4, CEH.—80 days. Here, again, the value of the superfix must be deduced from its connection— 10 x 8= 80—the character occurring in no other place where its value is determinable. NUMERAL VALUE OF THE MONTH SYMBOLS. 71 5. MAC.—100 days. — id (€ (gy = The superfix in the first glyph is one of the signs used interchangeably for 20, but the head is unrecognizable. The second glyph, from the codices, enlightens us respecting its meaning, however. It is one of the conventional symbols for the closed hand, signifying 5, and is multiplied by the most unmistakable of the 20-signs— 5x 20=100. 6, KANKIN.—120 days. E| GENS) AS The cornstalk symbol in both these glyphs is qualified by a 10-sign; hence the former must be an equivalent of 12—12x10=120. The kin character in the first glyph does not appear to affect the value, only its name. The kankin symbol is one of the signs employed to denote that a reckoning is by days, but, very consistently, its use is confined to computations by 120-day periods. 7. MUAN.—140 days. This glyph is inexplicable, further than that the wing in the first one should denote 20, in which event the bird’s head must be equivalent to 7; but the character is drawn so differently at different times that it is not safe to assume anything concerning it. ~I be THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. 8. PAX.—160 days. CUNY) oy, » 2 Here we have the unmistakable 5-sign qualified by two overspreading upshoots. which combined must have the value of 32, whatever they may be singly. I do not think the triple subfix to this symbol has any significance, any more than in Yax and Zac. Its use is inconstant, and it probably serves as a mere pedestal, or isa meaningless survival of the 72-sign employed with this symbol in its ahau and katun capacity. 9. KAYAB.—180 days. The square cross, a sign for 18, appears to derive no additional value from being incased in a turtle’s head, as in the glyph from the codices the multipher is plainly 10 —18x10=180. The subfix of the other glyph being merely a beginning sign, it follows that the postfix must also be a sign for 10. 10. CUMHU.—200 days. The kan symbol in this glyph being equivalent to 8, the superfix must necessarily represent 25—8 x 25=200. =I Os NUMERAL VALUE OF THE MONTH SYMBOLS. UAYEB.—5 days not counted. Bale Here we have the 5-day symbol again. As we know these five days were not counted, the superfix to this glyph has particular interest. If there were any numerative quality about it, it could be only 0; but having come to the conclusion that there is no cipher in the Maya numeral system, and it being an absurdity to say that these five days do not exist at all, we must reject the supposition that it stands for naught, and attribute to it the sense that these days are ignored or not counted. In this light the sign assumes great importance, and it may point the way to the reading of Maya texts other than those involving numeration. The symbol is here given the place it occupies in the later arrangement of the calendar, but in the primitive order of the months it probably followed Mol. 11. POP.—220 days. NG Ke Cre? as In this symbol we have a more complex form of computation than has yet been encountered—the interlocked right-angles, 4, the square cross, 18, and the reversed curves, 10—18+4=22 x 10=220. ss 3 CE 12. U0.—240 days. m2 eS) I am unable to suggest any explanation of the value of this symbol. It is not positive that the character which surmounts it is the yaw sign, as the glyph is very indistinct everywhere that it occurs in the inscriptions. Then, the cross, which ordinarily would mean 3, is qualified not only by an overarching band in the inscrip- tions, but is placed upon a black background in the codices, showing that its value is subject to some modification not comprehensible at present. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeol, 10 74 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. 13. ZIP.—260 days. The remarks concerning Uo will, in the main, apply to Zip—only that in this case the superfixes are identical with those in the symbols for Ceh, where they have the value of 8. 14, ZOTZ.—280 days. This is another symbol whose value is not clearly traceable. It not infrequently has the akéal sign at the top of the head. As 280 is a multiple of 7, it may be that the requisite multipliers are indicated in some way I have failed to observe. Ihave spoken of this symbol being employed in one place for 14. 15. TZEC.—300 days. © SLID This is the chuen symbol, or day sign for 15, multiplied by 20—15 x 20=300. The bottom curve is omitted in both the month and day sign in the inscriptions. NUMERAL VALUE OF THE MONTH SYMBOLS. 75 A 16. XUL.—820 days. IMA = If the wing in this symbol were of the ordinary form, indicating 20, it would only be necessary to ascribe the value of 16 to the head. But the wing is always of a peculiar shape, which fact, in connection with the occurrence of a character closely resembling one of the signs for 20 on the back of the head in the first glyph, induces me to think that the values should be reversed—the head representing 20 and this particular form of wing 16. 17. YAXKIN.—340 days. This is another symbol involving a complex calculation, the values of the kin and yax signs being added together and multiplied by that of the wing—l15+4= 17 xX 20=340. _ 18. MOL.—360 days. This is the only month symbol consisting of but a single character—that is, the main sign having no affixes or accessories of whatever kind. I mention this fact because it enables us in the important inscription on the Palenque steps to identify a date that otherwise would be indeterminable. ‘The dots double the value of the circle or circles constituting the border of the glyph, raising it to either 20 or 40—it not being clear whether an inner circle is intended or not—while the central character, to correspond, may be either 18 or 9, it is impossible to determine which in consequence of the variability of its representations. OR 76 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS, It may be thought by some that the showing made is not sufficient to establish my theory, or even to justify its announcement. Perhaps it is not, but I am content to rest under any suspicion of unsound judgment that may be evoked by it until such time as fuller knowledge shall bring my sure vindication. It is by such ventures only that we can hope to make progress. ‘There can be no advancement in holding safely to gained knowledge. The fact of to-day was only a theory yesterday, and the theory of to-day may be a fact to-morrow. So, wherever conjecture points with a reasonable aim, we should go; for, though in ninety-nine cases it may prove to be but a rainbow chase, in the hundredth we may find the bag of gold. . The instances in which a trial- balance, as it were, can be got on any character or set of characters are so few that not a single one of them should be scorned. This is one of the best I know. It is not that the numerative value of the month symbols is of so much importance in itself, as that, if my theory be correct, it helps to demonstrate that a mathematical plan under- lay all Maya symbolism and furnishes an infallible test of the value of a considerable number of characters. bel | =~] SIGNS DENOTING BEGINNING. THouGH not numerals, there is a class of signs so nearly of a numerative character that they may properly be introduced in this connection. These are the signs indicating beginning. The number is undoubtedly greater than here given, but there are some of which I am doubtful, and they are therefore withheld. The nature of these signs is unmistakable, as they occur only where their meaning is plainly implied. Thus, whenever the sign marked @ accompanies the day Ahau in a date, the date will be found to be the beginning of an ahau. In like manner, the sign marked 8, over Ahau, indicates it to be the beginning of a katun. The other signs, in whatever position they may occur in connection with a period symbol, denote that it is a beginning day, the beginning of the period, or that the particular period is the initial one of the series to which it belongs. Q CHD Y b a c OOO AAO AAD a e ~ The last sign in the list is the only one of which I have the least doubt. It may possibly be a sign for 20—all the above symbols occupying a position so liable to confound them with signs for that number that it is difficult at times to distinguish them; but my best judgment prompts me to include it in this list. 78 NUMERAL WOR SiH Ge PAN D neE Bava eNiGeUae OF THE ENAG ES ANDER ER 0) DS YeMeBIONS: It is an apology I have already made, and shall have to make repeatedly, that much which is set down in this work appears to be little more than assumption on my part; yet there is not a statement in it of whose truth Iam not as firmly convinced as though it had passed the ultimate ordeal of proof. The difference between sighting a conclusion toward which you see many shadowy things all pointing directly and of arriving at it finally by a broad highway of incontestable evidence involves, in most cases, the labor of years to construct that plain thoroughfare. The premature publi- cation of this fragmentary study has not allowed me time to make good roads in all directions, but I have projected my theories along no line where I do not clearly see firm ground and the material with which a solid road-bed will eventually be built. After long experience with these shadowy guides, one comes to have a sort of intuition as to their trustworthiness; and, in case it be favorable, and there be unanimity among the indices and reasonableness in the conclusion they point to, the intuition becomes transmuted unawares into conviction. The frequent instances in which for lack of time I have had to dispense with forthwith proof, but have found that it came surely later on, have inspired me with a great deal of faith in this intuitive instinct ; and so I am going to base the most daring theory of all on little else than it—if at the conclusion of this chapter the reader shall be pleased to regard it so. The entire Archaic fabrication—glyphs, period signs, ornaments, idols, stele, altars, and altar-pieces—was, in my judgment, built up of numeral symbols and dedicated to number worship. ‘The whole thing was a cold-nosed mathematical calculation from the bed-rock up. I speak in the vernacular of my habitat, for I had rather my unlettered neighbours of the Pacific Slope should understand me than both the literary and scientific worlds. Each of the day signs had a numerative value. ‘There were periods of days that had their respective signs. The month symbols were built up of added or multiplied numerals, either in connection with or apart from these numerical day periods. In the ordinary form, the ahau was built up of 5 multiplied by 72; the katun of the ahau multiplied by 20; the cycle, of 207,200; the great cycle, of 20 katuns multiplied by 13; and the grand period, by a combination of numerals so NUMERAL WORSHIP AND BUILDING UP IMAGES, ETC. 79 intricate I have not found time to analyze them. This was only the ordinary—the cheap form, so to speak. They builded most of the period symbols in other shapes as well—principally in the guise of grotesque faces having a reptile, bird, beast, or human semblance; but in whatever form they appear, every principal feature—eye, ear, jaw, etc., or the ornament substituted for it—is constructed from a numeral or a combina- tion of numerical signs that in the aggregate denote the period, and usually denote it over and over again. So with the altar-pieces of Palenque; they are simply builded up by numeral signs from the 1, 5 or 20 day sign at the bottom to the 156,656,000 day sign, or great dragon-bird, at the top. So, again, when the massive stele at Copan and Quirigua are reached. The colossal images on them are nothing more than compositions from numeric symbols. Their eyes, ears, ornaments, and all the elaborate accessories simply resolve themselves into number signs, I arrived at a similar conclusion concerning the codices long back, but it never occurred to me that anything analogous would be found in the inscriptions until the discovery forced itself upon me a short time ago. The two conclusions were so entirely separate in my mind, and were arrived at by such distinctly different processes, that I hold them to be strongly corroborative of each other. This for a slight substantiation of my intuition; but to proceed: If idols and altar-pieces constructed purely of numerical signs were objects of worship—as indicated by the priests, decorated in appropriately numerated regalia, making offerings to them—then it is certain there must have been a deification of numbers and an uplifting of them as objects of adoration. The concept is so novel that at first thought it seems absurd. But at second thought, would it be so ridiculous for us, even, to venerate them ?—the only true, infallible and absolute things we know of, or at least the only ones we can comprehend. Eliminating pretended revelation, eliminating the efforts of fiery apostles—eliminating, in short, all superstitious influ- ences—I know of no object of veneration to which the mind of man should as readily turn as to mathematics, the single force whose constant pressure, by manifold ways, elevates from savagery. Fortunately the Archaic Mayas lived before the time of Moses and Paul, and escaped the unhappy fate of the later Maya nations, to whom Moses and Paul were preached with accompaniments of torture. They had nothing in the shape of revelation or apostleship to affect them, and naturally gravitated on the line of least resistance—in other words, according to their own inclination—to a form of worship. The one great thing that impressed them was that they had arisen from savagery through their discovery of the power of numbers, and that the science of numbers was what had kept on elevating them, till it finally achieved an apparently superhuman triumph in the perfection of their marvelous calendars. What wonder, then, that they ascribed to the numerals supernatural power, and deified them? Other peoples have sanctified objects for a thousandfold less reason. Let the reason be what it may, that they did deify numbers and make them objects 80 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. of worship is certain. By the features, breastplates, and ornaments of the idols, taken in connection with other numeral signs surrounding them, it is easy to distinguish the god 4, the god 13, the god 20, and so on. But the favorite or greatest god—the one to whom they built everywhere the most and largest monuments—was the god 1. This is unmistakable, from the fact of the identity of the face and ornaments with that of 1 in the series of face numerals. And it is probable, too, that 1, being the basis of all numeration, should come to be looked upon as the Primal Number—the First Great-Cause. Research may yet show that all systems of religion were originally built upon a similar plan of numeral worship. If polytheistic, there need be no limit to the number of gods; if monotheistic, it is only necessary to suppose that all but the principal deity have been eliminated, and that the god 1 has become the One God. ELEMENTS OF THE AHAU SIGNS. In illustrating the building up of the period symbols I am compelled to confine myself more particularly to the ordinary form, because the faces are too obscure and variable to be analyzed with anything approaching certainty until we have a better knowledge of Maya symbolism. I shall therefore give but a single example of the heads in each instance. The samples to be given are selected from Stela N, Copan, for the reason they are of a declarative character, showing that they are built upon each other. In the highly ornate initial dates the ahau, katun and cycle are all represented by birds—the one symbolizing the ahau being a most extravagant concep- tion, with legs extending to a length that finds no parallel in nature. Hence it is likely that the arbitrary symbols for the periods had their origin in mythological associations or in some ancient fad for grotesque personification, in either of which cases it will be very difficult to discover the reason for assigning to them the particular values they represented. The principal feature in the ordinary symbol for the ahau is that which characterizes the face sign for 5. Besides this there is only a subfix, usually so conventionalized that it has no definable character beyond that of three irregular little blocks or balls ; but wherever it is carefully drawn it is shown to consist of two coils and a squarely- indented centerpiece. As we find that in other places the two coils by themselves represent 18, and that the angular centerpiece in other connections has the value of 4, NUMERAL WORSHIP AND BUILDING UP IMAGES, ETC. 81 the conclusion is unavoidable that here these numbers are multiplied together, making 72, which serves as a multiplier to the 5 represented by the main character of the glyph, producing a total of 360, the number of days in an ahau. This supposition of the value and use of the characters here will be strengthened by other circumstances as we proceed. In the second glyph given above the subfix is omitted. Such omission is frequent, even with the other form, while at times only two blocks appear; from which it is only reasonable to infer that the symbols were supposed to be so unmistakable in consequence of their connection and position that it was not deemed necessary to draw them elaborately. As this sign should undoubtedly have the same subfix as the other, it must in some way represent 5 also. In this particular case it has the symbol of the day Ahau in the top of the head—giving no additional value to the glyph, however, but merely declaring its quality. ELEMENTS OF THE KATUN SIGNS. The ordinary katun symbol is simply the ahau sign raised to twenty times its value by a superfix. This superfix consists, in most instances, of a centerpiece supported on both sides by the comb-like sign for 20; but in some cases there is but a single support—a circumstance that justifies the opinion that the duplicate form is made use of merely to give symmetry to the glyph. ‘The centerpiece is usually the cavae sign for 10 days; but in this connection it does not appear to have any value, further than to emphasize the fact that the computation is by days. The face symbol here has the subfix (conventionalized into three mere balls), while the superfix is absent. As many of the heads have the superfix also, it is a matter of doubt whether their value is variable, according to its presence or absence, or not. ‘The sign of the day Abau in this head is inclosed in either a dotted wing or the fringed dragon-jaw—both characters for 20—thereby explicitly declaring the glyph to be the equivalent of twenty ahaus., BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeeol. Hil $2 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. ELEMENTS OF THE 52-YEAR SIGN. In this symbol there is a departure from the reckoning bya 5-day period. In its place we have a 20-day period, represented by the two 10-day signs. The subfix here is 73. What the nice distinction is between the sign representing that number and that representing 72 it is impossible to tell, except when both are expressed by the bouquet-like characters, owing to the woru state of the inscription everywhere that the other 73 sign occurs. ‘The product of 20 multiphed by 73—1460—is multiplied by the 13 denoted by the character in the superfix, making 18,980, the number of days in 52 years, or a calendar round. I know of no face sign for this period. ELEMENTS OF THE CYCLE SIGNS. Singularly enough, the same departure from a 5-day reckoning is found in the cycle symbols. Instead of simply raising the katun sign to twenty times its value, as might be expected, the value of the katun—7,200—is transferred to the subfix, while the 20-day symbol constitutes the principal feature of the glyph. It is the same with the face symbol. The cycle face isa 20 sign. In the glyph here given the subfix is so conventionalized that all its details are lost, but in other places the striation is perfectly distinct, showing that, as in the other symbol, the calculation is: 20x 7,200=144,000. NUMERAL WORSHIP AND BUILDING UP IMAGES, ETC. 83 ELEMENTS OF THE GREAT CYCLE SIGN. Here the reckoning reverts to the 5-day period. It is multiplied by 72, making an ahau; that by 20, making a katun; that by 20 again, making a cycle; and that by 13, making a great cycle. The last multiplier is the outflaring trinal character at the top. It is a 15 sign, duplicated to balance the glyph. The two 20 multipliers appear only in the first of the symbols given above—or, rather, only in that does the single one extend all the way to the bottom, as is commonly the case. ‘There should be two separate signs, however, as shown in some of the glyphs; but I have selected these particular specimens for another purpose, which I shall presently state. The 20 sign in the first glyph looks like anything but the same sign in the other two, and resembles a fish more than anything else. Yet they are identical in character, both representing the feathered dragon—the fringed jaw alone of which, reduced to the cursive comb- like character, is the commonest sign for 20. The evolution of this character is so curious and interesting that I herewith give a series of glyphs—all taken from great- cycle symbols—showing the gradations: The reason why I selected the particular symbols given above is that I think the number of the great cycle is specifically stated in them. Close observers will have noticed several peculiar things about the great-cycle character. ‘The most peculiar of these is that, while the form of the katun symbol is preserved in it fully in every other respect, the cauac sign disappears from the superfix and is replaced by some other character. In more than three-fourths of the dates in the 54th great cycle a dragon's head occupies its place ; a tiger’s head predominates in the 55th, while the remainder is made up of faces and signs that may represent a day, a cycle, or some other period. Whatever their character, they have no peculiarities that can at present be construed into numerals, except in case of the three glyphs here reproduced ; so, if the others have any numeric value, it must be arbitrarily expressed. ‘The three in question Ma. 84 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. indicate the 54th great cycle, and I think that all of them announce that fact, but each in a different way. ‘The center of the katun superfix in the first is composed of a sign for 18 and a face. If it were plainly the face for 3 we should be left in no doubt ; but, in consequence of the defacement of the stone, it is impossible to determine if a band—the characteristic of the 3 head—extends across the forehead or not. In the second glyph the i symbol—a sign for 6—appears in an inclosure that probably represents 9, but, as the coil is not clearly discernible, we are again left in uncertainty. The third glyph has the meaningless face, which elsewhere serves as a mere vehicle for numerals, bearing a sign for 9, surmounted by three objects evidently intended for spheres whose value is doubled by the dotted lines in them—rendering it prebable that the combination was designed to express: 9x6=954. I make no claim to absolute certainty in any of these cases; but, however uncertain the renderings may be separately, they collectively derive a high degree of probability from a single significant fact. The unmistakable numeral sign in each glyph is a divisor of 54. That these glyphs—the only ones with recognizable numerals—should contain signs for three out of the six numbers by which 54 is divisible, is a circumstance too singular to be attributed to accident when a more reasonable explanation is to be found in the theory that these three particular figures were chosen with the definite purpose of arriving at that number. SIGNS FOR THE GRAND ERA. I shall attempt no analysis of the dragon-bird symbol, which I believe to represent the grand era, as I have never found time to devote to the unravelment of its intricacies. There is one thing about it, however, that is apparent without much study. It is not built up from signs for minor periods, like the other symbols of the chronological calendar, but seems to be composed of a great number of miscellaneous numeral characters that are recognizable combined with a still greater number whose value is yet unknown. I think that this departure in its construction from the plan pursued in symbolizing the katun and great cycle is due to the fact that the grand era is not a period belonging to the chronological calendar alone, but to the annual calendar as well—in short, representing and crowning every style of time reckoning— and that the unusual and complex character of its symbols was intended to express this fact. The reason that induces me to ascribe to this symbol the significance I do, is that everywhere it occurs it always overtops the other time symbols, of whatever character, as if all forms of reckoning tended towards and finally culminated in it. NUMERAL WORSHIP AND BUILDING UP IMAGES, ETC. 85 NUMERIC FEATURES OF PERSONAGES. I have stated my belief that, with the exception of the priests and their assistants, all the personages of the codices and inscriptions, ornaments and accessories, were composed of numerical signs. I shall not go into the matter very extensively here, as anything like a full exposition of it would consume too much space; but I will give examples enough to make my theory intelligible and enable those who may be interested to pursue the subject at further length themselves. As one of the best illustrations that could be found, I shall take from the codices the head of what has been called “ the long-nosed god.” I select that particular head, not that it bears out my theory any better than others, but because some of the features to which I wish to direct attention are more prominently shown in it. Here it is—both whole and dissected : Every line of the head is in the fragmentary parts, four of which are intelligible numeral characters or combinations. The center of the ear ornament is the circle sign for 10; the upper part, one of the coil signs for 9; the two pendants, each a sign for 2—10x9=90>4=360. The ear ornament and the numeric eye express that number almost invariably. The nose here is a sign for 13, reversed from its usual position and slightly modified to adapt it to the purpose of a feature, ‘The particular character for 13 intended to be represented is undoubtedly an ornamental combination of the 9 coil and the double right-angle sign for 4, as evidenced by the angular depression shown in the outflaring part of the symbol wherever it is found carefully drawn; but such a marked indenture would render a nose too grotesque for even Maya art, so they softened the outlines. A survival of the upturned 9 coil, so prominent here, is to be found lying prone upon the nose in many of the grotesque faces of the inscriptions, affording strong presumptive proof that in all such cases the nose has the same numerical value as here. ‘The ornament on top of the head also has the 9 coil, raised to four times its value by a corresponding number of square attachments, and that value multiplied by 10, represented by the double knot constituting the rest of the character, produces the 86 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. usual result—9 x 4=36 x 10=360. The eye—whose peculiarity, it has been asserted, is the distinguishing trait of deities—is nothing but an abbreviated 20 sign raised to three times its value by the attachments and multiplied by 6—20 x 3=60 x 6=360— the 6 here being represented by cither the ¢k or the concentric irid, it not being plain which was intended. I do not know what value the mouth represents, though this particular kind of mouth always suggests to me the interlocked sign for 4, which might be qualified here by the chin line and peculiar teeth ; nor have I any suggestion at all to make concerning the lines forming the top of the head, though I have no doubt they express some number. As the best test of the numerative value of quite a number of characters is their connection with the ear ornament and numeric eye, I subjoin two lists of those features, selected from different inscriptions, which will illustrate their importance in symbolism. The carelessness of the sculptor or draughtsman here, as elsewhere, is a great draw- back, and the difficulty of noting nice distinctions is rendered more serious in many instances by the present defaced condition of their work ; but enough can be made out to serve my purpose. NUMERIC EYES. TeVVgPT~@UgIgeea The carelessness on the part of the sculptor, which I mentioned, is that he is not always particular about the number of dots that designate how many times the value of the 20 sign is to be increased. ‘This may appear like begging the question, but I will by and by show that these same sculptors blundered even worse in more important respects, ‘The only one of the eyes of whose value I have any doubt is the third in the list. It may be identical with the first, but there are so many instances where the nice distinction between them appears to be observed that I have assigned it a separate place. NUMERAL WORSHIP AND BUILDING UP IMAGES, ETC. 87 NUMERIC EAR ORNAMENTS. The superfix of the ear ornament is here indicated to be 9 in every case except the last, where it must represent 18. The center part is either 20 or 10, accordingly as there is one or two signs for 2 underneath it. To extend this showing to every detail of the personages and ornamentation would carry me too far from my main purpose, but I am convinced that the same numerative principle runs undeviatingly throughout the whole range of Maya pictorial and graphic art ; in short, as I said at the beginning of this chapter, the entire Archaic fabrication —glyphs, period signs, ornaments, idols, stele, altars and altar-pieces—was built up of numeral signs and dedicated to number-worship. 8& MISCELLANY, THERE are many things I desire to state that in a brief abridgment like this cannot be brought under the general heads to which they properly belong, so I shall bunch them together without any particular order, though endeavoring to preserve arrangement enough to avoid confusion. Some of this matter might have been forced into preceding chapters, and some might be crowded into sections that will follow; but as a portion of it would not be pertinent in either place, I have concluded to let it all go into one general lot of miscellany. One of the most perplexing questions concerning the inscriptions is—What do the subfixes to the day and chuen symbols mean? ‘That which supports the day characters is so like the sign for 72 accompanying the ahau and katun symbols that they might be supposed to be identical, though it is not quite obvious if the centerpiece in the day subfix is intended to be angular. But 72, or any other multiple of 9 or 18, can have no significance, that I can conceive, in connection with an ordinary day sign. The figures that usually run with abstract day symbols are 13 and 20. ‘The number of the cardinal days, the number in a day round, the number in a year—none of them is divisible by 9 or 18. As the day symbols in the codices have no subfixes, as subfixes are but seldom attached to the day signs at Palenque, as the character of the subfixes, wherever they occur, never varies, I am inclined to think that they have no significance whatever, but are mere pedestals, such as support so many other objects—only that in this case they are more ornate than usual. ‘There is a possibility, however, that this subfix, which is distinctively the badge of the ahau and katun, may have been attached to other time symbols when they were partisans of those periods in a chronological reckoning—just as all the members of a team wear the same colors in a sporting contest. I know of but few cases where the day symbols have affixes, other than the ordinary numerals, that qualify their meaning beyond a doubt. Two of these are where the date is indicated by the signs already spoken of to be the beginning of an ahau or a MISCELLANY. 89 katun. Another is the occurrence, in a very obliterated glyph near the end of the Tablet of Inscriptions, of an illegible character over what I believe to be the symbol for Oc. Iam at a loss in regard to its possible meaning. If it could be made out, it might help to explain the importance that appears to attach to Oc in the Palenque inscriptions. I shall refer to another case when I come to speak of declarative signs. There remains only the employment of the bouquet-like sign, indicative of the beginning of an ahau, in connection with symbols for other days than Ahau. But a single instance of this occurs in all the Palenque, Quirigua and Copan inscriptions, that on plate xvi. of Maudslay’s Copan, and there I think it is a mistake in the drawing—the day in the original being Ahau, not Lamat. In Menché, however, the sign occurs unquestionably several times with other day symbols—a fact that will furnish an interesting subject for investigation when the public is favored with the inscriptions from that city. The characters used in composition to express a day or days, when no periodicity is involved in the statement, are composed in nearly all cases of numeral signs whose values multiplied together produce 260. The probable explanation of this is that in their calendar capacity there were 260 specifically designated days, constituting the day round, which fact was intended to be conveyed by a symbol denoting that number, while the one or more days it was desired to distinguish from that total was indicated by an accompanying numeral. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archzol. 12 90 AUB OF URVA CA DeA Ne S GANS: THE numerical value of the first of the above signs is not yet determinable. It may be that it does not possess any. One of the Maya terms for day is cab, expressed in the above glyph by the caban symbol, which is frequently used in this simple form by itself to convey the idea of a day or days in the abstract. The other glyphs are all composed of signs for 13 and 20, the first two being signs for 13 with subfixes indicating 20, and the last two signs for 20 with a 13 subfix. As is the case with all time symbols, the subfixes are sometimes absent from these, showing that the signs were thought to be well enough known to dispense with detail, if necessary. Some- times, again, these characters will be found associated with numerals that would produce a number greater than 260; but in these instances they become symbols for periods, and are no longer mere day signs. The subfixes to the chuen symbols are even more unaccountable than those belonging to the days, if such a distinction be permissible between things equally unintelligible. I think in this case, however, there is a numerical purpose, though all my attempts to discover the plan of it have failed. The variation in the number of the dots and curves would appear to betoken a discriminative use of them; but as identical subfixes qualify symbols representing widely different numbers of chuens, it is evident that if there be an intelligent design in their use it is a very abstruse one. ‘There is a circumstance apart from their ordinary variation, however, that strengthens my belief in the numeric quality of these subfixes. In nearly every place where the extreme number of chuens, 18 (invariably indicated by a sign for 20), is reached, and occasionally elsewhere, the dots and curves disappear, and there is either no subfix at all or else use is made interchangeably of several signs which there is good reason for supposing to represent 400. Now, this would be the number of days in a complete set of chuens if there were twenty of them-—as I think was the case originally. Is it not reasonable, ABSTRACT DAY SIGNS. 91 therefore, to infer that these signs for 400 have their ordinary significance here, and that their use, like that of the signs for 20 to express 18 in this same connection, is a survival from remote times? An entirely separate fact lends probability to the inference. One of the declarative signs made use of to denote that a date begins an ahau is this : The factors of this glyph are familiar. They are both signs for 20; multiplied together, they produce 400. There can be but a single reasonable explanation of the employment of this sign to denote an ahau—that it is a survival from the time when the ahau consisted of 20 chuens, or 400 days. DIRECTIVE STG Ns: Tue line between the directive, determinative and declarative signs is not a well-defined or fixed one, as at best each class encroaches on the others, while the same glyph may at different times perform all three functions. Yet I think a distinction can be drawn, speaking generally, and that it is better to try to observe it as far as possible. The number of different glyphs in these classes is very great, and that of the variants even greater, but I shall give only just enough to show their general character. Immediately succeeding nearly all the reckonings in the inscriptions are symbols whose uniform use proves them to be signs indicating from, or to, what dates the computations extend. At times some of these characters occur where there is no reckoning in the ordinary style, which is one of the strongest reasons for supposing that a year and day count—or some other method of measuring time, notated in a manner not intelligible at present—runs alongside the ahau count in many instances, and that frequently the reckoning is carried on by such process alone. DIRECTIVE SIGNS. 93 SIGNS INDICATING THE INITIAL DATE. These signs occur only after an initial date itself or after a reckoning from an initial date, and usually in so isolated a way there can be no doubt their purpose is simply declarative or directive *. Besides numerous variants of those given, there are other signs that probably perform the same office, but as their meaning is not so self-evident I have omitted them. * The resemblance between the last glyph in the list and the character occurring on plates li. and Iii. of the Dresden Codex removes all doubt of the latter being a directive sign. It is employed so curiously in one instance that it is well worth while giving both examples of its use in order to illustrate the peculiarity. The reckonings it follows are from 4 Ahau-8 Cumhu (which, coincidently, is the beginning of the 54th great eycle of the Archaic era) to 12 Lamat, in both cases, but with different intervals. The reading on plate li. is this : Here the meaning, plainly enough, is: From 4 Ahau-8 Cumhu to the 12 Lamat, that is 8 days from the former (or initial) date. The reading on plate lii. is more complicated. There are two 4 Ahau-8 Cumhu dates followed by this reckoning : &) The 12 Lamat is not distinct, as here, but there can be no question of its identity, the reckoning being of exactly the same character as the other. ‘The reading here is: 4 Ahau-8 Cumhu, 4 Ahau-S Cumhu, to the 12 Lamat, that is 8 days, 1 chuen and 5 ahaus from the 2 former (or initial) dates. The peculiarity here is that the directive sign indicates the reckoning to be from two dates—the only instance of the kind that has come under my observation. 94 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. FROM THE BEGINNING OF A GREAT CYCLE. The foregoing signs all occur after reckonings from the beginning of a great cycle. From this uniformity of use, and their general likeness, I think there can be no question of their being intended to express that fact. As nearly all the signs of this class are convertible, these might also at times indicate that the reckoning was to the beginning of a great cycle, or simply declare a date to be the commencement of one. FROM THE BEGINNING OF A CYCLE. The first of these signs follows a reckoning from the beginning of a cycle; the second, a reckoning to the beginning of one—or rather, it declares the date reached to be so. The other two are not so demonstrable; but as they are among the most puzzling of the glyphs, and as they always appear to denote some kind of a reckoning from the beginning of a cycle, I put them here in order to focus attention upon them. FROM THE PRECEDING DATE. As the first three of these glyphs occur only after reckonings from a preceding date, I think their significance is limited to that; but the last glyph may at times indicate an initial date, as in several instances the date to which it refers is an initial one. The exact limitations of all the other directive signs, as well as this, can be settled only by longer study than I have been able to devote to them. DIRECTIVE SIGNS. 95 FROM A DATE SOME DISTANCE BACK. These signs occur only where the reckoning is from a date some distance back, and when it is neither the initial nor immediately preceding date. The numerical character of many of the directive signs already given cannot have escaped attention, but it is more apparent in these than in any of the others. At first look they might seem to indicate the number of removes of the specified date, or the number of intervening days; but as the three that are substantially the same point to dates of different removes and widely different intervals, the conjecture seems to fail. THE UNIVERSAL DIRECTIVE SIGN. I have reserved this glyph for special mention. In one or another of its various forms it might have gone into each of the foregoing lists, for on different occasions it seems to perform the duties of all the other directive signs, but in such a peculiar way that I am not able to demonstrate its exact value positively in a single instance. Unlike them, however, it is never used alone. It is always accompanied by one or more glyphs, constituting its suite, and therein lies the secret of its elusiveness. I think it is generally, if not solely, employed in cases where a part or the whele of the period indicated is not notated in the ordinary manner. An example or two will sufficiently illustrate what I mean: ) 5 ae, a © (ler These six glyphs are the only ones between two dates which are just 13 ahaus, 3 chuens 96 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. and 9 days apart in the annual calendar, as shown in the usual way by two of the glyphs. But I suspect—for the matter is not susceptible of satisfactory demonstration —that the dates are here denoted to be much farther apart; in fact, that they are actually 5 katuns, 18 ahaus, 11 chuens and 9 days removed from each other. The difference is exactly two calendar rounds, and that fact I conceive to be expressed by the upper and lower pair of glyphs, in this way : Reckoning thence (from the preceding date) a calendar round, 13 ahaus, 3 chuens, 9 days, and reckoning thence an additional calendar round. The glyph that should represent the calendar round here is composed of two characters, the prefix denoting 20 and the mask-like symbol 949, according to my theory, which numbers multiplied together make 18,980, the days in a calendar round. It may appear strange that there should be a sign for so odd a number as 949, but that is one of the important numbers in Maya chronological reckonings, and it is likely that there are many signs for it. The repetition of the directive and calendar- round signs, instead of embodying the purport in a single expression, is something for others to explain. I know only that the style of the inscriptions is very redundant, as the next example also will show: The reckoning here is from the beginning of a great cycle. A notation of 1—6—7 x 12 (the 12 erroneously appears as 13) precedes the glyphs and is to be incorporated with them. That reckoning shows the difference between the dates in the annual calendar ; but the real difference, I think, includes twenty calendar rounds in addition, the full notation being 2—14—0—15 x12. The additional period I suspect to be expressed by the two middle glyphs—that to the right being a sign for the bissextiles, its prefix denoting 20 of them, and the one at the left in some way indicating 13, the number of bissextiles in a calendar round, making a total of 260. That is, instead of directly saying twenty calendar rounds or notating the period in the usual way, it is indicated by giving the number of bissextiles that would accrue in it. If my surmise be correct, the reading of this notation should be as follows: 1—6—7 X12, reckoning from the beginning of the great cycle, and 13 20-bissextile periods—from the beginning of the great cycle. ‘These interpretations are put forth more as suggestions than assertions. I do not wish them accepted on my authority, as there is more than a possibility of their being wrong, and I desire to avoid misleading any one. For myself, I have DIRECTIVE SIGNS. 97 hardly a doubt of their correctness, but the matter by its very nature evades proof. The examples given occur on the Tablet of the Cross, in a series of consecutive reckonings that run from the beginning of the great cycle to that of the 9th cycle. In addition to the computations notated in the ordinary way, an amount of time that can be designated in no way I can conceive except by the construction I have put upon the foregoing glyphs is required to fully cover the interval. If there were only these two kinds of reckoning to deal with, the matter could be easily determined. But there are three places where the notation is in still another style, as yet unintelligible to me. These exceptions, however, do not materially affect the point in question, for, after making reasonable allowance for them, the greater periods which I suppose to be expressed by the foregoing symbols remain necessary as ever to the calculation. Other unfamiliar characters are coupled with this same directive sign; but as I could only speak conjecturally of them, as of those already given, I will not pursue the subject further. THE HAND AND SCORE SIGN. Here is another directive sign whose different shades of meaning it is impossible to determine at present. Until we have a better knowledge of the numerals we can only assign to it generally the sense of “ during,” but with that knowledge it will be the surest guide of all. It is employed, I think, to show the number of scores of days from the beginning of a katun or cycle, as the case may be, to the date immediately in question. But, beyond this vague surmise, it will have to be left in abeyance for awhile, as so many things of whose significance we are uninformed must be taken into consideration in analyzing its values—the particular position of the hand ; the presence of additional factors, as the stick in the last glyph; the single, double or triple nature of the score sign at the end of the finger; and the unfamiliar character of most of the numerals used in connection with it. It is of great service, however, even with the faint knowledge we have of it; for when we find it accompanying a symbol indicating a particular katun or cycle, we know, though unable to determine the exact point, that it is directing us to a date which occurs during that period. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeeol. 15 DETER MN ATT VES LGAs: I know for a certainty of but few signs to which the term determinative, strictly construed in accordance with its use in connection with Egyptian hieroglyphic writing —that is, equivalent signs employed to denote in another way that which has already been expressed—can be applied; but I think that a more thorough knowledge of the elyphs will reveal this class to be quite numerous. The determinative feature is very strong in the Maya language, as stated in speaking of the numerals, and it is only reasonable to suppose that it was equally prominent in their graphic system. ‘Through- out the inscriptions there are many characters that appear to be superfluous—I mean, glyphs that seem to be uselessly attached to series whose import is complete without them, and to which apparently they give no additional meaning. I suspect most of these characters to be determinative signs, merely repeating in another fashion what has just been stated, in order to avoid all possibility of misunderstanding. They may denote some distinction in quality, class or order, but, if so, I have failed to detect it in any case. I can discover in them nothing but equivalency and repetition. The two glyphs here given are equivalents. Each is a symbol for the 120-day period, or week round. The specific number of days is designated in both—in the first by the elliptical character for 10 and the double 7¢& sign for 12 multiplied together, making 120; in the second, by the same process, only that 12 is there represented by an animal head. Both glyphs occur frequently in this single state, but occasionally —whether the writer thought the sign required elucidation, or whether the sculptor found more space at his disposal than the simple form of the symbol would becomingly fill—the yaxkin sign is appended to each of them. ‘The sign for Yaxkin represents 120 days, according to the theory I have advanced of the numerical values of the month symbols. As there is no other conceivable purpose this sign can serve in the relation here shown, I believe it is merely used determinatively to repeat and emphasize the fact that the preceding characters signify 120 days. DETERMINATIVE SIGNS. 99 This glyph occurs immediately after a date that is the beginning of a 10th ahau. ‘The first character is the sign commonly employed, by itself, to denote that circumstance. It is a modification of the quadrated sign for 20 which forms its characteristic feature. There are many variants of it—ain fact, I doubt if it ever occurs twice in the same shape; but, whatever the variation, it never fails to indicate a 10th ahau or an even 10-ahau reckoning. Being so common and apparently unmistakable, it does not seem at all necessary that its meaning should be repeated here, but for some reason it is, and by a sign less common and intelligible. The purpose may have been to familiarize the public with the rarer sign by using it as a determinative of the better known one in a position where it was impossible to mistake its significance—for they occur on a Tikal tablet, the only signs between a date and a reckoning, the context proving the two characters to be synonyms. But we are not left to infer the meaning of the determinative solely from that circumstance. In the table showing the series of ahaus and their equivalent signs, on Stela J, Copan, the 10th ahau is represented by this identical character; so there can be no question about its meaning, or about its being used as a determinative in this particular case. 13* 100 DECLARATIVE SIGNS. Tuis class of signs is very large. It includes not only most of the characters used at times directively or determinatively, but all of the period symbols become declarative by having a beginning sign affixed to them. Thus, the bouquet sign, when attached to Ahau to indicate it begins an ahau period, renders that day symbol a declarative ; and, similarly, these glyphs are all declaratives, proclaiming alike the beginning of a 12th katun; for, though the last appears to denote the 10 Ahau to be simply the beginning of a katun, we know that during the cycle in which the date in question occurs no katun but the 12th begins with 10 Ahau. But the signs commonly made use of for declarative purposes are different from those ordinarily employed to denote the same periods. The following are the ones most frequently used in connection with the katun: The first of these usually precedes a date, announcing it to be the beginning of a katun ; the others follow after dates. The second glyph means, literally, the beginning of a 20th ahau ; but as the beginning of a 20th ahau must always be the beginning of a katun also, the symbol when used declaratively becomes transformed from an ahau into a katun sign. I desire to call attention to the third glyph particularly. It is composed purely of numeric elements, with the exception of the beginning character. The main part is a sign for 18, The subfix is one of the characters for 20 raised to twenty times its value by partial striation of the curve representing 5. The two numbers multiplied constitute the number of days in a katun—18 xX 400=7,200. In the last glyph. the value of the subfixed sign for 20 is not increased, but the same DECLARATIVE SIGNS. 101 result is obtained by putting an additional sign for 20 at the side. To illustrate what I believe to be the principal upon which glyphs were developed, I give here a series of signs showing the growth of this one from the time it is simply 18 x 20=360—the equivalent of an ahau—till it reaches its perfect form as a concise katun symbol: ce e is ye a2 rik) a) CS cal Z ie fs EID GIO Here it is made manifest that the part of it representing 18 is composed of two signs for 9. In the first three glyphs the three small circles denote the 9 that in the others is expressed by cross-hatching. The other 9, represented by the peculiarly arranged lines underneath, is constant throughout all the symbols. All the affixes are signs for 20, except that in the last glyph, which, as I have said, is a 20 sign increased twentyfold by striation. I have spoken of two declarative signs signifying that a date is the beginning of an ahau—the one accompanying the day Ahau, and the glyph consisting of two signs for 20, multiplied to make 400. ‘They and the first of the subjoined list are the only ones I know that declare the beginning of an ahau in the abstract. Usually the specific number of the ahau is given, as shown in the rest of these signs: The numerated symbols here denote respectively a 5th, 10th, 17th and 15th ahau. It will be observed that the beginning sign is not a constant attendant either here or in the preceding examples, the practice in many instances being to simply declare a date to be a 10th, 13th or 15th ahau, or a katun, as the case may be, without particularizing that it is the beginning of it. The declaration is not always as direct or plain as in the foregoing examples. Sometimes a day sign is employed as an intermediary, as here shown. ‘The reading here is: 8 Ahau-13 Ceh, the beginning day of the 9th cycle. The day plays a conspicuous part also in a curious instance of double declaratives. Unfortunately the inscrip- tions are so badly defaced in every place but one where the examples in question occur that it is difficult to get a good drawing, but the purport of the signs is nowhere doubtful. The subfix or sub-subfix—yery variable, as though anything 102 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. unusual in that position would serve the purpose—to the day symbol in these cases is a declarative sign denoting it to be a repeated date. There is no repetition of the month symbol in any instance, but a declarative sign follows instead showing the position of the date—as, in the first example above, that it is the beginning of a katun; or, in the second, that it is the beginning of an ahau. Almost innumerably varying examples of declarative signs and their use—not only in connection with the ahau, katun and cycle, but with other periods—might be given; but as they would practically be a repetition of what has been stated, and as the examples already given will suffice for all ordinary purposes, I shall pass on to other matters. EXCERCISE Ss) UN DEGUPH IE Rev OE Nat: It is but just that I should give the reader an insight into the processes by which my conclusions have been reached, thereby enabling him to judge of their correctness for himself. I have already gone pretty thoroughly into the considerations for constructing the calendars in the way I have, and incidentally have explained the reason for attaching to many characters and combinations the value I do. ‘The range is too extensive for me to attempt to cover the entire ground, so I shall limit myself here to what will probably be to the general reader the most interesting part of the whole study—an exposition of the means by which the significance of particular glyphs is determined. As everything is necessarily experimental at the start, we have to begin with mere assumption, or else there could be no beginning at all. Of course, these assumptions are not made at random. ‘They are founded upon at least a reasonable degree of probability. But, no matter how certain the foundation may appear, we are not justified at first in regarding our ascriptions as anything but tentative. If the result meet expectation in a single trial of our surmise, it is fortunate; if in a second, there is cause to be hopeful; if in a third, the promise of confirmation becomes bright ; but not until the value we have ascribed to any certain character is exactly and completely fulfilled in every situation in which the character occurs, can it be considered to have been removed from the realm of assumption to that of fact. Unfortunately there is not enough material to render the trial thoroughly satisfactory in all cases, so that the meaning of many glyphs must remain in the tentative stage until such time as we have ampler material for comparison. But that should not deter us from advancing to the utmost limit we may and holding the outposts boldly. It is likely that some of our conscripted recruits will scatter before the onset of inscriptions yet to come; but the calendars, the period symbols, and the great bulk of the rank and file, will stand like the Old Guard. Ihave no fear of the final outcome. With courage, patience, and perseverance we shall conquer every difficulty and subdue these defiant glyphs into a submissiveness to our understanding as complete as that of our own alphabet. The struggle I had to obtain the meaning of the first few glyphs was a hard one, and the story of it would be more tedious than profitable or entertaining. But the knowledge of every additional character increased my vantage ground and rendered the next step easier, so that gradually I gained insight into things which seemed 104 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. impenetrable at the start. The two general lines upon which I have operated are the one where the reckonings and dates reveal unmistakably the value of signs, as the period symbols and face numerals, and that where characters can be brought to trial at the bar of periodicity. Other practices, of course, came in incidentally—in so hard a struggle no resource must be overlooked—but those were the principal ones. ‘To find a place where I could corner a glyph in either of those ways was almost equivalent to making it stand and deliver its meaning to me. Hence, I have hunted with avidity for dates, reckonings, and periodical recurrences. The richest treasure in this respect—the one which comes nearest to being the Rosetta stone of the Maya mystery—is the inscription on the north and south faces of Stela J, at Copan. Maudslay divined its importance, and gives an extra plate of it with the glyphs separated so as to accord with the respective ahaus. It is reproduced here. The purpose of the inscription is so manifestly to give a table of the ahaus with computations of the days respectively embraced in them, a number of certain other time measures according with different ones, and in many instances equivalent signs for the period denoted, that nothing is wanting but the time and patience to unravel its details. But there is almost as much ill as good fortune about this tablet.. Its space did not allow a complete series of the ahaus to be given; the last two glyphs are hopelessly obliterated, while others are injured beyond sure recognition ; and the whole first part of it is so defaced that nice distinctions, especially in the numeral characters, cannot be made out with anything like certainty. But, such as it is, we will go through it serially. As in print we cannot come back to apply subsequently obtained information, in speaking of the earlier characters I shall have to anticipate a few things that properly should be spoken of only later on. We start with the assumption that every glyph following a particular ahau represents it or its value in another way. The fact that there is no 20th ahau—which, so far as the symbol that numeral is attached to is concerned, means no ahau at all—shows that one full ahau, or 360 days, is considered to have passed when the table begins. FIRST AHAU.—360 pays. 2nd glyph.—The upper character is one meaning beginning, or from the beginning, as we have learned from its use elsewhere with directive and period signs, so there will be no necessity for speaking of it again. The inference is plain that the characters under it represent the number of days in the single ahau that has passed. They consist of a composite sign surmounting two opposed coils—the coil, however, not being as plain in this particular instance as in succeeding ones. We have long suspected all forms of the coil, where it went beyond a mere curve, to be indicative of 9, and the subfix of the ahau symbol has pretty well satisfied us of it. Now, these are identical with the coils in that subfix, but they have not the centerpiece between them 105 EXERCISES IN DECIPHERMENT. n AN AW WA WK \\ MOA ASS, \ SSO BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeol. 106 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. which there multiplies them by 4. Hence, these must stand for 18 simply, one of the commonest constituents of 360, the ahau number of days. In that case the other factor must be 20, represented by the composite character above. 3rd glyph.—Here we recognize the double cauae character, which we know stands for 20 days, from its employment in the symbols for the calendar round and cycle. It follows that the head above it must imply 18, but unfortunately it is too mutilated to clearly make out if it has the characteristics of the ordinary 18 face or is a variant. SECOND AHAU.—720 pays. 2nd glyph.—The same two coils; hence the composite character above them here must denote 40. 3rd glyph.—The 10-day sign qualified by three characters that should aggregate 72. We should not be able to make them out but for knowledge subsequently gained. If you will look down to the 7th ahau you will see, in the second glyph, the under one of these three characters. Its position there proves it to be 35. The middle numeral is a bar with a band crossing it obliquely in the center—a sign for 9; but here there are two other partial bands, so that presumably it is three times nine, or 27. We are yet ten short of the necessary total. In the top sign, we know the ahau stands for 4, the hand ordinarily for 5; but as the upright thumb by itself means 1, the hand in this position evidently has the value of 6. THIRD AHAU.—1080 pays. 2nd glyph.—One of the coils disappears here and a sign for 3 takes its place. As the 9 element, which is an indispensable constituent of the ahau total, would be lost by addition, this 8 must serve as a multiplier—9 xX 83=27 x 20=540 x 2=1080. The multiplication also shows us that the duplicate character at the bottom has here but a single value. 3rd glyph.—The yax character which in the month symbol has the value of 4, an outflaring sign which in another inscription distinguishes a 15th katun, and a character that must signify 18, to make up the complement of days—15 x 4=60 x 18=1080. 4th glyph.i-We must infer this to be an arbitrary sign, equivalent to a 3rd ahau, or three ahaus. FOURTH AHAU.—1440 pays. It will be observed that the reckoning of the days is missing here—a fact that will become important when we reach the next ahau. 2nd glyph.—As a portion of this is obliterated, we will pass it by. It is a waste of time to study illegible glyphs when the missing part is not restorable from what is left or from the context. ard glyph.Same remarks. EXERCISES IN DECIPHERMENT. 107 FIFTH AHAU.—1800 pays. 2nd glyph.—18 x 40=720 X 2=1440; hence this glyph should have gone with the preceding ahau. 3rd glyph.—A symbol which appropriately denotes the beginning of a 5th ahau in several other places in the inscriptions. I call attention to the peculiar character of the wing, or whatever it may be termed. It is not the ordinary form, signifying 20, but must have the value of 36—10 x 5=50 x 36=1800. SIXTH AHAU.—2160 pays. 2nd glyph—The under number being 4 here, the character above the coils should represent 30, but instead it represents only 25—18 x 25=450 x4=1800; hence this glyph should have gone with the 5th ahau. 3rd glyph.—tThe 20-day sign again, qualified by a character which the connection requires to be a sign for 108—108 x 20=2160. 4th glyph.—An arbitrary sign, probably, for six ahaus or a 6th ahau. SEVENTH AHAU.—2520 pays. Ind glyph.—18 x 4=72 x 35=2520. drd glyph.—Two of the characters encountered above reappear here, associated with a knot, which we know to be a sign for 5 or some of its multiples. As neither 10, 15, nor 20, added to the other characters, would form a number that would be an even divisor of 2520, we must consider this a sign for 5, and the character underneath it to represent 60—10+27+5=42 x 60=2520. The subfix here, consequently, notwith- standing its resemblance to the character representing 72, can have no value, but must serve merely as a pedestal, as it does under the day symbols. EIGHTH AHAU.—2880 pays. 2nd glyph.—18 x 40=720 x 4=2880. ard glyph.—l|8 x 40=720 x 4=2880. The subfix is without value here also. 4th glyph.—Too defaced to justify any estimate of it. NINTH AHAU.—3240 pays. The computation, if there was one, and the equivalents are defaced beyond the possibility of recognition. TENTH AHAU.—3600 pays. The ahau sign here differs from all the rest. It is the symbol used in a Tikal tablet to denote a date to be a 10th ahau. 14* 108 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. 2nd glyph.—The two coils do not appear here, only one, but that one is qualified by a curve, signifying 5. As it cannot be added without destroying the 9 element, it must serve as a multiplier—9 x 5=45 x 40=1800 x 2=3600. The 2 sign here looks something like the ahaw character for 4, but the context requires it to be 2 3rd glyph—tThe symbol that everywhere denotes a 10th ahau or an even 10-ahau reckoning, with the character that commonly constitutes its center placed beside it. As these 10-ahau symbols are often useful in determining the location of dates and the length of reckonings, I give here another of them, which is used interchangeably or in association with the foregoing. ELEVENTH AHAU.—3960 pays. 2nd glyph.—The stone is so badly mutilated that this glyph cannot be restored with certainty. If the characters that are tolerably preserved be 5, 9, and 2, the other should be 44, but I distrust their identity. 3rd glyph.—There may be two glyphs here, though I ank not. ‘The 20-day period being the factor to be raised, it requires 198 for a multiplier to bring it to the necessary total. The character to the left of it being one there is good reason for supposing to represent 73, and the right-hand sign at the top being 18, it follows that there can be no multiplication of these numerals but that they must be added; hence the remaining characters must aggregate 107. The comb sign—though duplicated here, as in many other places, to give it a more ornamental effect—probably represents but 20. That leaves 87 to be accounted for by the remaining character. It is a sign that occurs many times, but its central part is seldom twice alike, sometimes being a single bar, sometimes two, and again something quite different. Here it has the appearance of the spire in the akbal sign, which stands for 7. On either side isa comb sign for 20, raised to twice that value by a line of dots. It is possible, therefore, that the two together may represent 80, the particular center part in this instance raising the full value of the character to 87. TWELFTH AHAU.—4320 pays. . 2nd glyph.—At first view the principal factors appear to be identical with the characters representing 108 and 18. But the ball in the center of the first is double, and there is cross-hatching on both, which may modify the meaning. The character at the bottom seems to be only a beginning sign, though its form is somewhat unusual. If the right-hand sign be 18 and the subfix nothing, the other character must repre- sent 240; but there is too much uncertainty involved to warrant. confidence in this deduction. 3rd glyph.Here again we are nonplussed. We know the bouquet sign for 6 (the same as that over the symbol for Zac) and the yméx character for 5; but the latter has EXERCISES IN DECIPHERMENT. 109 a peculiar marking at the top, and we do not know how that may alter its value. The character over it may be a multiple of 20, as it has the general appearance of the wing sign for that number, with a qualifying mark at the left part of it. For a reason that will be made evident later on, we will assume that it represents 120, and the yinix character 6—120 x 6=720 x 6=4520. THIRTEENTH AHAU.—4680 pays. 2nd glyph.—Here the signs for 9, 5 and 4 are plain, indicating that the other character must be 26—9 x 5=45 x 42=180 x 26=4680. 3rd glyph.—The chief factor here is a 260-day sign which we encounter elsewhere. It consists of the ahaw sign, doubled in value by the surrounding row of dots and enclosed in the ymix character for 5—4% 2=8+45=13—and then multiplied by 20, denoted by the duplicate comb sign below—13 x 20=260. There are just eighteen of these periods in 13 ahaus; hence the character to the right must represent 18. 4th glyph.—A beginning sign before a glyph that must necessarily be a symbol for a 13th ahau or thirteen ahaus. FOURTEENTH AHAU.—5040 pays. 2nd glyph.—There is doubt if this was intended for a single glyph, or if two glyphs were artfully or accidentally mixed up. The characters, moreover, being so nearly illegible that there is no certainty about them, it would be useless to attempt a solution of the puzzle. 3rd glyph.—A head that appears to be a compound of the chuen and ahau heads. As it probably represents an ahau, the sign in front of it must stand for 14. FIFTEENTH AHAU.—5400 pays. 2nd glyph.—The 9, 5 and 4 signs are plain here; the other character, therefore, must be 30. 3rd glyph.—tThe 5-ahau character, qualified by a sign that must represent 3—the whole being a symbol for a 15th ahau, or fifteen ahaus. SIXTEENTH AHAU.—5760 pays. 2nd glyph. different character qualifies the coil here. It must stand for 4— 9x 4=36 x 4=144 x 40=5760. 3rd glyph.—The same form of the ymia character encountered at the 12th ahau is again the central figure, but here it has a 20 sign under it, which presumably raises it to 120. Ifso, it requires to be multiplied by 48 to make up the total number of days. The signs for 18 and 10 leave 20 to be supplied by the other character, which is the 110 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. skeleton jaw, an invariable sign for 10, here doubled in value by the row of dots in the upper part. The manner of piecing out the numerals in some of the above instances has been too forced for the result to be regarded as altogether trustworthy; there are also several inconsistencies or errors; but, take it all in all, the number of occurrences in perfect accord with our assumption is too great to be attributable to accident, and we are therefore justified in believing our theory to be correct, however we may have erred in particular applications of it. We have gained a great deal more than is apparent at a first glance. Not only have a considerable number of equivalents for different ahaus and symbols for minor time periods been identified and the value of many new numeral signs established, but—more important than all this—we have satisfied ourselves that there is a plan underlying the employment of a portion of these signs which is capable of almost unlimited variation and extension. It can be best shown by a simple list of the composite numerals and their elements. COMPOSITE NUMERALS. Cace ) 20 25 26 30 35 SD if) 40 18 27 36 45 Elements of which they are conposed. DA RrwWW@QR 4 5 6 9 40 10 45 2 3 This exhibit requires no explanation; it is self-explanatory. I will only direct attention to the possible fact that in the reverse curve, one of the signs for 10, is the original wing, which by different styles of striation and dotting becomes a symbol for higher numbers. I shall next give two extracts from the second tablet in the Temple of Inscriptions. They are not reckonings between specific dates, but simply exercises showing different ways of scanning time and notating periods. ‘They illustrate one of the three purposes I attribute to the inscriptions—the educational one. If the tablets were mere shrines or chronological records, there would have been no necessity for repeating the same time-measure over and over, consecutively, with no other apparent object than to show that it could be expressed in a variety of ways. But repetition, being the plainest and EXERCISES IN DECIPHERMENT. eal easiest way in which the variations could be taught, would naturally be resorted to as an educational means; therefore, that which appears to us merc tautology or redundancy was probably a skilful design for familiarizing the Maya youth with the elaborate code of chronological symbols. ‘These glyphs are to be read in lines across the page. The entire nineteen occur in consecutive order, as here given :— We are familiar with three glyphs in each line—the first, fifth and sixth, numerating them by the full line. The first is a katun symbol; the fifth, the 108-day sign multi- plied by a 400 subfix—l08 x 400=43,200—equivalent to six katuns; the sixth, a symbol for the cycle. It will be observed that all the first, fourth and sixth glyphs have beginning signs, while all the rest are without them. The purpose, therefore, appears to be to reckon from a beginning katun, by two stages, to the beginning of a cycle. Counting back six katuns from the beginning of a cycle, brings us to the beginning of the 14th cycle; thence backwards thirteen katuns, to the beginning of the 1st katun—not the 20th. Hence, this formula must read :—‘ From the beginning katun ... 13 katuns ... to the beginning of the 14th katun ...1 108400 (or 6 katuns) ... to the beginning of the cycle.” The second glyph in the first line, with slight modifications, appears above the images on several stele, and forms the base of the cross on the celebrated tablet at Palenque. It is the symbol representing thirteen katuns, in my construction of the formula. The importance of the 13-katun count in the Maya chronological scheme sufficiently explains, to my mind, the prominence of this sign among the sacred symbols. But I desire to point out where I think the teacher got in his work. ‘The children must have been pretty familiar with this particular 13-katun symbol, for it had been conspicuously before their eyes ever since they had been old enough to attend worship, and they may have said their prayers to it many a time; but probably it was the only symbol for that period they knew of. 112 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. So at the proper age they were taken to another temple—a sort of high school, as it were—and shown this sign incorporated into an instructive formula, and then were shown the same formula right over and over again, with equivalent signs substituted for this and some of the others, but retaining its general character so as to impress them in a way they would never forget it. It would not be a bad method of teaching even now. If there were any reason to doubt the character being a sign for thirteen katuns, the two substitutes in the line below would remove it. There not only is the number of katuns designated by the trinal sign for 13 which is used with the great cycle symbol in initial dates, but, for fear the variant katun sign may not be intelligible enough, the ordinary katun head is placed after it as a determinative. Unfortunately the variant in the last line is too badly damaged to be made out distinctly. What the last glyph in all three lines means I do not know, but I suspect them to be variant cycle symbols used determinatively. The middle one is common, and seems always to relate in some way to the beginning of a cycle. The next example I shall give occurs on the same tablet, a short distance from the foregoing one. Some exercises in minor time-periods are gone over, and then the cycle is reverted to, but this time two cycles are dealt with instead of one. There are many new characters here, and there is more variety in the substitution ; EXERCISES IN DECIPHERMENT. 115 but as the reader is by this time familiar with the principal symbols and the method of scanning the lines, I shall not pause to point out the different variants, but simply give my idea of the reading. I think the sense of the three passages is identical, and believe it to be this :—‘*‘ The beginning katun . . . . commencing a double cycle computation . 1 108 x 400 (or 6 katuns).... to the beginning of a 7th katun.....10 katuns... to the beginning of the 17th....4 katuns, to the beginning of the Ist katun.... 13 katuns, in the second reckoning ....to the beginning of the 14th katun.... to the beginning of the cycle.” It was not deemed necessary this time to explain the 13-katun symbol in the fourth line by the use of a determinative, the pupils being thought to have become sufficiently acquainted with it from the preceding exercise probably. I shall not attempt to analyze the various symbols. The elements of some of them are yet beyond myreach. ‘That they are all combinations of signs for numerals and time periods is self-evident. For the present we must accept them simply for what they stand here. But in the eventual analysis of these and other known texts, and the gain we shall thereby make in our knowledge of particular characters, lies the only way by which we shall be able to penetrate into the secret of glyphs as yet absolutely unknown. The examples thus far have all been of a similar character. They are what I regard as lessons, designed for the instruction of students in variants and equivalents and the different ways of computing and scanning. I shall now give an example that has a wider range. It is from the third tablet of the same temple, and is a fair average specimen of the inscriptions in general. I select this particular example because it has more variety than could be found in most extracts of equal length, and because it goes far toward substantiating my contention respecting the bissextile sign. It is an exercise also, but of a different kind, and it possesses the additional value of being a record of specific dates, with reckonings to correspond. Before giving it, however, I wish to call attention to a glyph that will figure in it quite prominently—this :— The glyph is of frequent occurrence. I believe it to be—or to have been originally— a day symbol, and I give the four examples above in order to show the variety of characters by which 20 and 13, constituting the 260-day number in this case, can be expressed. But if the glyph means, or ever meant, a day, it is not employed in the inscriptions in the same sense as are the other day symbols. Wherever the context is determinable it will be found that the sign never occurs except when the reckoning is BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeol. 15 114 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. backwards. Hence I consider it safe to ascribe that significance to it—indicating a back- ward count—though for lack of certainty I did not include it among the directive signs. The extract begins at a point where the reckoning in the inscription, after having run consecutively from the 4th to the 13th katun of the 9th cycle and then leaped ahead to the beginning of the 10th cycle, abruptly breaks off. It is as follows:— The reading of the above, so far as I can make it out, is as follows:—[To the] 10 Ahau.... 13 Yaxkin .... [that is] 1 calendar round.... {from a, or the same] date appearing some distance back.—8 days, 9 chuens [there is what appears almost like a trick here: the number of chuens is not designated by three dots, but by three signs for 3] .... [and] 12 ahaus .... reckoning backwards, [by] katuns [probably a manner of denoting the reckoning to be a long one] .... [to] 8 Ahau....13 Pop .... [1040] bissextile periods [in addition. It is impossible, with our imperfect knowledge of the Maya numerals, to say just how this number of bissextile periods is expressed; but a subsequent reckoning shows that 80 calendar rounds, or 1040 4-year periods, are implied here.].... EXERCISES IN DECIPHERMENT. 115 reckoning backwards .... [an unintelligible glyph; though, as it is very like some we have just seen employed in scanning the katuns, it probably has the same significance as the katun sign previously made use of to indicate a long reckoning | ..-. [to the] 5 Lamat .... 1 Mol .... [that is] 8 days, 4 chuens... . [and] 2 ahaus .... [from the} 3 Ahau, beginning a katun .... 3 Zotz .... a 20th ahau [or beginning of a katun].—1 day, 12 chuens....1 ahau .... 9 katuns .... [and] 2 cycles . . . . [the count covering] 18 calendar rounds . . . . [from, or to—for it is uncertain if the reckoning is intended to fix the position of the date 5 Lamat-1 Mol more circumstantially, or is a separate reckoning back from it] the 10th score [or 5th double score] of days, [in the] 7th cycle .... [and] 7 days ... [from the] 20th [or beginning score]... . 1 Manik... .10 Tzec [There is a mistake somewhere, as the date at that point is 9 Manik-20 Zotz] .... the beginning of a 7th day [or 7-day period}—Reckoning backwards, [by] katuns ... . [an unintelligible glyph, though it probably indicates a period of some kind]... . 8 days, 5 chuens....10 ahaus.... 11 katuns.... [and] 10 cycles.... [to] a date appearing some distance back [8 Ahau-13 Pop: the reckoning here is an exact repetition, though in a different style, of the first of the preceding ones]... . [from the] 6 Lamat.... 1 Mol... . [that is] 1 calendar round... . [and] 8 days .... [an unintelligible glyph] .... [from the] 10 Ahau ....13 Yaxkin.... appearing some distance back.—d Lamat—l Mol....4 Manik....10 Zip [I have no notion what these two isolated dates can mean, unless the former is a mere redundant repetition of the date from which all the reckonings have been made; but the latter has no apparent relation to anything else in the text|—1 cycle... . 9 katuns....[{and] i6 ahaus....{an unintelligible directive sign; the reckoning, however, is from 10 Ahau-15 Yaxkin, beginning the 4th ahau of the 10th katun of the 10th cycle—showing an abrupt and unaccountable leap forward].., . [to the] 20th [or beginning] score days .. . . beginning the 12th cycle. It will be seen that the 5 Lamat—1 Mol whose exact position in the chronological calendar is 54—_9—9—2—4 x 8, is the central point of the three principal reckonings in the foregoing extract. That date is also indicated by other reckonings in the preceding parts of the same inscription. Why it should have been given such prominence, it is at present impossible to say. It could not have been the beginning of any period of the annual or chronological scheme, nor of any other time arrangement of which we have a knowledge. The secret of its importance is as impenetrable as that of 8 Oc-3 Kayab, which occurs so frequently in other Palenque tablets. Were memorable events expected to occur at these dates? Did they mark notable astro- nomical conjunctions? If so, there is nothing in the context to indicate it—there is nothing, in fact, but the same eternal reckoning backward and forward, with no other The most interesting apparent purpose than just reckoning for the sake of reckoning. 13) 116 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. thing about this extract to me is that it practically establishes my theory of the bissextile sign and one of its uses. ‘The two reckonings from 5 Lamat—1 Mol to 8 Ahau-13 Pop cover the same interval—fully notated, in the ordinary way, in the second instance: 10—11—10—5~x8. Im the first instance only 12—9 x8 of this period is notated in the usual manner, leaving 10—10—17—14 x0 to be accounted for by the bissextile glyph and the one preceding it. This reckoning is the equivalent of 1,518,400 days, or exactly 80 calendar rounds. It is not expressed here in days, years, or calendar rounds, however, but by bissextile periods of four years each, of which 1040 are required to make up the count. That I am unable yet to construe the figures into that number does not shake my faith or induce me to ascribe an unwarranted value to any of them. I have learned to be patient, and can wait; the knowledge will surely come. I have expressed my conviction that a year and day count runs collaterally with the ahau reckoning in most instances, and that frequently the computation is carried on by that means alone, confessing at the same time my inability to discover the plan on which it is conducted. I shall give some examples here that may possibly be reckonings of that character :— These two glyphs are found quite frequently together. I take them to be a formula denoting 64 days, as in one instance they occur where that number of days is indicated in the ordinary manner likewise. ‘They are an equivalent, I think, of this other formula:— This I believe to be simply: 17 days, 14 days, 16 days, 17 days—that is, 64 days. Why this number of days should have any special significance, or why it should be expressed in so absurd a manner as in the latter instance, I cannot say. Neither can I tell why our own adopted prophet uses such an expression as “times, times and a half,” nor what he means by it. When it comes to the language of prophecy and divination, uninspired folks may as well throw up the sponge. ‘The Mayas may have been trying their hand at one or the other here—though I hate to think it. EXERCISES IN DECIPHERMENT. Lily These glyphs precede a reckoning of 537 days, in the usual way. The last is iden- tical, or apparently so, with a glyph that represents 17 days in a number of places. It is probable, therefore, that the other may be a sign for a 520-day period. ‘There seems to be no limit to the number of different day periods they had. The glyphs here shown occur between two dates that are 16 years and 1 day apatt, with nothing else intervening that appears to indicate the interval in the remotest way. I take the last glyph to be a 4-year sign, the numeral in front of it showing a total of 16 years—the extra day being expressed by the first glyph. These characters occur where I think a period of 48 years and 480 days is required to be accounted for. It will be observed that in the first glyph the face sign for 3 is substituted for the head in the supposed 4-year sign above. I believe the period here indicated to be a 12-year one, which, multiplied by the 4 in front of it, dis- poses of the even 4-year count or 48 years. ‘The second glyph is the 120-day sign with a determinative, and, multiplied by 4, represents the 480 extra days. The claim of the foregoing symbols to the values I have respectively assigned to them can in no case be regarded as fully proved yet, but a very high degree of probability attaches to some of them at least. I could give many more examples of a similar character, but as all of them would necessarily be involved in the same uncertainty, it is not worth while. In closing this section I wish to direct attention to what is the most exasperating, if not most perplexing, feature in all the inscriptions. ‘The reason why most of the symbols that still baffle us continue to do so is that they do not occur often enough or in proper positions to afford a thorough trial of their meaning. But here is a series of glyphs repeated at least twenty times in as favorable a situation as could be desired, 118 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. and yet its significance defies our understanding. It follows immediately after most of the initial dates, sometimes the whole date preceding, and again the month symbol coming after it. Six is the least number of glyphs ever found in it, but I think that is the normal number, any excess being either extraneous matter or numerals separated from the characters to which they belong. There is considerable variation in the respective glyphs in different inscriptions, but the period type remains constant, in my judgment—the substitutes in all cases being equivalents, the only real difference existing in the numerals qualifying them. As good a single specimen as any is this, from Palenque :— We know the value of a number of these signs. The first is not recognizable here, but the substitutes in other places are unmistakable symbols for a day; but the qualifying numerals are what puzzle, just as in this case. The next character is the one employed so universally as a directive sign, but here it must stand for either a number or a period, as most of its equivalents consist of a hand and the 18-day character. If this replaces the 18-day part of its variants, the 10 sign under- neath it would indicate it to be altogether a symbol for 180 days, and the 10 in front would denote a value here of 1800 days, or exactly 5 ahaus. All the glyphs in this position have a beginning sign attached to them; so, it would appear, the days designated by the first symbol reckon up to this period, whatever it may be. The third and fourth glyphs are beyond our reach at present, though we can recognize enough in them to know that they indicate greater numbers than the preceding ones. The fifth glyph has a beginning sign in all cases, hence the two we have just passed by must carry a reckoning to it. Itis the 120-day sign multiplied by 9, making 1080 days—or just 3 ahaus. The last glyph is the 108-day sign multiplied by 10, making just the same period—1080 days, or 3 ahaus. Is this last sign merely a determinative of the other, or does it supply the 1080 days to the beginning of which the reckoning was brought? But these are simple questions in view of the broader one —what does the series mean altogether? It is evident enough that its purpose is to fix the position of the date it accompanies relatively to some other method or methods employed by the Mayas to compute time. But what method, and in what way? I cannot master it, and therefore have dragged it forth to expose it to the concentrated attack of aspiring students. IY) A REVIEW OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. I HAVE arrived at the stage where a consideration of some of the inscriptions them- selves comes properly in order. As yet I am not master of enough glyphs to fully make out the meaning of a single tablet ; but I can decipher some of them sufficiently, I think, to justify the conclusion that no room remains for the record of any historical event. I was very reluctant to accept that belief, for I had entertained a hope that with the decipherment of the glyphs would come a flood of light, revealing all the mysteries of the Maya civilization. But every advance I made in reading the inscrip- tions tended to dissipate that hope, until I was at length unwillingly forced to the conclusion that, primarily, the inscriptions were intended to serve the purpose of calendars for the use of the whole populace ; secondarily, that they were in part text- books designed to assist teachers in the initiation of their pupils into the science of mathematics and chronology; and, thirdly, that they were either objects of veneration or always made accessory to such objects. Such formal and unzealous adoration as we can conceive possible to be given to abstract numbers or the multiplication-table was undoubtedly paid to them. We see everywhere priests and their acolytes making offerings to objects constructed purely of numerals. ‘The inference is plain; the knowledge of numbers had wrought such marvels for them that in the absence of anything more marvelous they deified numerals and worshiped them. But these adoratorios were also school-houses and colleges, and the text of the worshiper became the text-book of the student. In different inscriptions is to be found the entire chronological curriculum ; so they are not unlike Hamlet’s players, being abstracts and brief chronicles of time. It is not unlikely that there were peripatetic schools in these Archaic cities, asin Athens. I can picture to myself the venerable teachers ranging their pupils in front of these inscriptions and lecturing them upon the principles and practice of chronology. But far above and beyond their use for purposes of worship or tuition was their service to the people in the capacity of public calendars. It may appear absurd, at a first thought, that temples, monuments, and altars should be covered with elaborately carved inscriptions that record nothing but dates and other forms of time reckoning. But a little reflection should convince one that such inscrip- tions, under certain conditions, would not be preposterous, but the wisest and most useful of records. A calendar is an indispensable requisite of civilization. In fact, the existence or non-existence of a chronological system is the distinction between the 120 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. two broad states of mankind. The very attempt to construct one is the first step toward evolution from savagery, and a completed calendar of any kind is proof that the transition has been accomplished. In the savage state, where there are no business obligations to be punctually discharged, no civic or religious ceremonies to be observed at fixed times, no fiscal regulations, no registers, no history—nothing, in short, requiring perfect accuracy of date—there is no necessity for more comprehensive or intricate divisions of time than the natural system of new moons and seasons. But the affairs of men will not forever conform themselves to the returns of the seasons or the changes of the moon. With increasing intelligence there will arise occasion for marking sub- or super-annual and inter-lunar dates, and of this necessity will in time be born an artificial method of measuring time, more exact and systematic than the natural one. The mere existence of such a method implies civilization. It would not be rash to assert that chronology enters more generally and extensively into the lives and affairs of a people than any other single factor of their civilization. Their actions are regulated by it throughout the whole range of economies—domestic, industrial, social, religious, and political. Deprive the world of the hour-glass, sun- dial, clock and chronometer, the common and nautical almanac, the counting-house, chronological and church calendars, and there would quickly ensue a confusion that would totally disorganize home life, labor, society, business, religion and government, if it did not destroy civilization itself; for such a deprivation would be the loss of the principal means by which mankind have worked their way up from savagery. Bearing in mind this conception of the vital importance of the calendar toa civilized state, ought it excite our wonder that a people who probably realized that importance more vividly than we, should have utilized temple and stela and altar to furnish the public necessary chronological data and perpetuate a discovery so laboriously achieved ? On the contrary, considering all the conditions, I think we should regard it as the most sensible and beneficent thing the rulers could have done. ‘The result proves the wisdom of their course, for without these inscriptions all knowledge of their calendar would practically be lost, while the least reflection will reveal the utility of it. The art of printing in any of its forms was unknown, and with their elaborate graphic system books must have been of a cost precluding their purchase except by the very wealthy—if indeed their possession was not forbidden to all but rulers and priests. Hence, probably, there were few or no citizens outside the rich and privileged classes who had almanacs or chronologies of their own. Yet the necessity for them was, to a degree, the same as with us to-day. Housewives, husbandmen, merchants, travelers, money-lenders, tax-gathers, priests, devotees, students, statesman, magistrates—every one from the veriest peon to the supreme ruler—had each a special and alla general interest in knowing the current day, month and year, when some certain other day would occur or had occurred, what ahaus, katuns, or cycles had passed since some specified event, or must pass before some stated conjuncture—and the thousand and | A REVIEW OF THE INSCRIPTIONS. 121 one other problems involving accurate time measurement. For their daily use they had the art of dialing and of divining the hour from the position of the stars. Beyond this they must have been dependent for time reckoning upon mental processes, except for information derived from sources apart from any in their possession. It was to supply this general need, probably, that the public structures were made a universal calendar—not only for current use but as an enduring record that should be serviceable for all time. If any one desired to know the month and year, or the ahau, katun, whether near or remote—he had cycle and great cycle, in which a specific day fell only to go to the proper temple or stela and there was the information before him, or the data from which it could be readily reckoned. ‘These inscriptions were public libraries, as it were, more necessary and serviceable than ours from the lack of private works of reference. ‘That they contained nothing historical did not detract from their usefulness. Chronology is a necessity; history is not. The Maya authorities contented themselves with supplying that which was necessary to the public, leaving historical luxuries to be obtained in some other way. The inscriptions range from a single date to reckonings extending over thousands of years. Those of Palenque are the most comprehensive. The Copan and Quirigua reckonings seldom cover more than a few score years. It is evident that new monu- ments were constantly being erected. Some of them begin with the very date reckoned forward to in a former inscription. This fact suggests the thought that if all the monuments had been preserved to us we should discover that they constituted a complete series, each taking the concluding date of its precursor and reckoning forward to a date to be taken up by the next. This theory of the public purpose and use of the inscriptions necessitates the purveyance of an annual calendar also in order to fully meet popular requirement. That nothing of the sort has been found among the inscriptions does not, in my judgment, affect the soundness of the theory in the Jeast. With their graphic system it would take upwards of sixty-five thousand characters to construct a complete annual calendar—a number which it would have been impracticable for them to carve on any monument or tablet. It is therefore probable that the annual calendar was in book form, and was kept in some place accessible to the public; or, more likely, several cf them were kept in different places. Another consideration may be advanced in explanation of this childlike scrawling of an identical theme on every available surface. The Mayas, notwithstanding the degree of culture they had attained, were a primitive, and, consequently, single-ideaed race. They were in the childhood of civilization. ‘The calendar, in all its wonderful intricacy and completeness, was probably their crowning work in the direction of applied science ; and, with the iterative instinct of childhood, they indulged in endless exhibition of their proudest achievement. It may be denied that such pnerility can attach to an adult state, individual or national. I beg to differ trom that conclusion. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeeol. 16 122 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. It was my fortune once to make a voyage with a veteran American man-of-warsman. He had been retired at the age of eighty-four, from a foreign station, and was going home to see his mother. These facts alone should be sufficient to prove that he belonged to the patriarchal strain whose contented and uneventful lives lap over the confines of centuries—a transient type in the childhood of all nations, a permanent one in nations whose whole existence is only a protracted childhood. But if further proof were needed, it would be supplied by the additional facts that he had just acquired an elementary knowledge of arithmetic, and sat all day long doing sums on a little slate. His most gorgeous flights scarcely went beyond an exercise in two figures; but the exultation he exhibited at the results could not have been exceeded by that experienced by Newton when he succeeded in calculating the laws of gravitation. In that ancient mariner I behold the Maya race. The same simplicity of purpose, the same innocence of higher culture, the same childish delight in practicing the single accomplishment they had acquired, impelled them to work over and over the problems of their chronology, as he worked over the simple sums of his arithmetic. But it may be insisted that the erection of these monuments and the carving of their inscriptions involved some purpose apart from worship, education, catering to the general need or the indulgence of childish proclivities. Certainly there was another purpose, but the pursuit of it terminates in the same conclusion. Life was not all play or utility with them more than with us. Then as now the great stream of humanity had its multifarious phases, and flowed on in myriad-motived currents. But the only feature of it left for us to consider is the relation existing between the potentates and the people. From our knowledge of the state of affairs at the time of the conquest, pieced out by history and tradition, we may be pretty confident that the form of government covering the range of the inscriptions was pontifical. Pope and king were one. All temporal and sacerdotal decrees were the offspring of his individual will—or, more likely, of many wills, but obtaining validity only through his utterance. The implied compact between sovereign and subject has never changed—is unalterable. It is conditioned that there must be benefaction on the one part precedent to any obligation of loyalty on the other. In these later days subject peoples drag on uncomplainingly without receiving the nominated dole, but the Mayas, I fancy, were more tenacious of their rights, and demanded the stipulated benefactions regularly or, at least, on every occasion of royal rejoicing ; and it seems to have been understood that these largesses should be in the form of new chronological inscriptions. So it may have come to pass that when a new pontiff was crowned, or an heir was born, or a victory was gained, or any other event of signal importance occurred, the ruler fulfilled his part of the compact by erecting a new temple, stela or altar and giving the people a fresh installment of their beloved calendar ; and we see that the pressure of public sentiment in the 9th cycle of the 54th great cycle forced the rulers to be very lively about their work. Dern Eee OU eRe CUEAS SION ISIC Rebrw LOMNES: I HAVE only six photographs of Qurigua stele, and four of these are so faint that the elyphs are almost illegible. I shall speak of them first, however, as two of them furnish conclusive proof of the mistakes that everywhere abound in the inscriptions. These errors were terrible stumbling-blocks to me at the start, for I did not feel confidence enough in my knowledge to assume them to be errors. But when I had repeatedly found dates belying each other and reckonings contradicting dates, there could be but one conclusion—the sculptors had made mistakes. Nor is it to be wondered at when we consider how difficult it is to-day, with all the compositor’s intelligence and the carefulest scrutiny of the proof-reader, to avoid error in a page of print. The old Maya sculptors were probably not over-intelligent, and their work presumably underwent no proof-reading. If but few artists were engaged on one of the great stele or altar-pieces, the author of the inscription and the original workmen could hardly have lived to see the work completed; if many were employed, they must have over-swarmed and confused each other. Either circumstance would render the liability to error very great ; so the surprise perhaps should be that the mistakes are not more numerous. But the number may be greater than is at present apparent, for it is only in the numeral signs and the day, month, and other period symbols that we are able to detect them. What other mistakes there may be we shall not know until we are equally familiar with the rest of the glyphs. ‘To prove beyond a doubt the existence of errors, due probably to the carelessness of the sculptors, I shall go very circumstantially over two inscriptions having the same initial date and covering the same ground. Steta F. West side. Initial date: 54—-9—14—13—4 x17—12 Caban-5 Kayab. The period numbers here are expressed by face numerals. Following this date are fifteen indeterminable glyphs. They do not include the usual initial directive series, but they probably serve the same or a similar purpose, for we can distinguish a number of period symbols with accompanying numerals, though unable to determine their meaning here. ‘Then comes a reckoning which reads, reversing the order of the periods, for conyenience— as I shall do in all cases when necessary: 13—9 x9, from 12 Caban—5 Kayab, the initial date, to 6 Cimi—4 [zec. We will ascertain if this is correct. 16* 124 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. a AHAU COUNT. YEAR COUNT. TB} AER) gag setacnananosenanannodcancddon0 4,680 days. Exilisya 5 7SERE. Gaqaonooueaposoasecoa0gcoossonece00 39 days. Oye Anibrea aoa neabecadaodsaodsesooqadaeer SOM TB} SWGEWES cod gaanadacooboooodHo bea cqucusonaodd 4,745 ,, (2) GE ssadoe ondeoadsooncadsaqdsondeaqoonod ©) TBO, SEEIP. | condoopseccqca9nqpnqscq0000sc0000 Somms: 4,869 days. 4,869 days. To explain the foregoing computation. Turning to the annual calendar we find that 12 Caban—5 Kayab occurs in the 51st year, and that there are 89 remaining days in that year. ‘To these add 4,745, the number of days in thirteen years, which a glance at the working-chart will show us is the greatest number of years there can be in the period. This will bring us around to the 13th year of the annual calendar. ‘There are yet 85 days left, which will take the count to 4 Tzec, where we find 6 Cimi. So the record is correct. Eleven glyphs, mostly illegible, succeed. One of them is probably the 360 bissextile sign. It will be noticed that the computation has just passed the date where an even ahau of bissextiles accrues. As the next date has no reckoning in the ordinary form leading up to it, I suspect it to be one of the cases where the count is expressed in another way. The date is 3 Ahau-3 Mol. An unusual character follows, after two intervening glyphs, which I think indicates that the date is the beginning of a 10th ahau, as it is. Next comes the sign denoting it to be ten ahaus removed from 4 Ahau-13 Yax—the two glyphs between, in my judgment, indicating the same period in a different manner. Here is a full stop. The next reckoning reads: 1—16—13 x3, from 12 Caban—5 Kayab, the initial date, to 1 Ahau-3 Zip, and 10 ahaus more to 13 Ahau—and, if the rest of the glyphs were not obliterated, we should probably find the continuation to be—18 Cumhu, the beginning of the 17th katun. We will test this reckoning also :— AHAU COUNT. YEAR COUNT. Ra tunities. acces ceostesatecmecter 7,200. days Bils tiny.carseecececceeeeeeeeeeeeeererer ace: 39 days Gah ausinycceeee cosoesecse ceeere ON GO}e ess BiG) {GENES oooadheaasoqo0n socosH9aasHDs0nG50 13,140 ,, IIB} INTE ER se cagsadeavacnecsaennonae laeleen 260 =, BLE 97GB cononadocadsosnensconsq.a0s0aK09 44 4, BUCA Siacas seesascaoatwetiaee seo ceeseeae a) mp 13,223 days. 13,223 days. We find this to be correct also. By looking at the chronological calendar it will be seen that from 1 Ahau-3 Zip to 13 Ahau-18 Cumhu it is just 10 ahaus, so that need THE QUIRIGUA INSCRIPTIONS. 125 not be reckoned. I call attention to the fact that in this inscription a form of the ben-ik character is used both with the day and katun asa numeral for 1. There are 67 glyphs here. Of that number we are able to construe definitely the meaning of 37. Of the remaining 30 we know quite half to be directive signs or symbols for periods. So there is little room left for anything besides the chronological record. SteLta F. East side. Initial date: 54—16—10—18x20—1 Ahau-3 Zip. Here the month symbol does not come until after the initial directive series. ‘The glyphs that immediately follow are so fantastic and unfamiliar that I can make nothing of them until the sign indicating a date to be some score days in the 19th katun is reachéd. The date is 5 Ahau-13 Mol. As that begins the Ist ahau, the number of score days indicated must be 18. Two unintelligible glyphs follow, succeeded by what I believe to be this reading: 3 cycles, 8 katuns and 19 ahaus, a reckoning embracing 26 calendar rounds and extending 360 8-score days into the 15th cycle, to 1 Ahau-13 Yax, the beginning of a 360-bissextile count and of a katun also. ‘This is the inscription I regard as the strongest support to my theory of the Maya bissextile scheme. The month symbot looks as if it might have been intended for Yaxkin, but if so it is a mistake. The rest of the glyphs on this side of the stela are unfortunately mostly destroyed. STELA EK. West side. Initial date: 54—9—14—12—4 x 17—12 Caban-5 Kayab. There is an error in the very initial date. The ahau number should be 15 instead of 12, for the date is identical with that on Stela F west side. A given date can occur only once in a period of two katuns, twelve ahaus, and thirteen chuens; so, all the other factors being the same, the mistake in the ahau number here is beyond question. The initial directive series comes in between the day and month symbols, after which follow seven unintelligible glyphs, though there is good reason for believing them all to be period signs. ‘Then comes a reckoning of 6—13 3, from the preceding date, to 4 Ahau— 15 Yax. We will subject this to the same trial that we did the reckonings in the other inscription :— AHAU COUNT. YEAR COUNT. Gpahans terest ececccccacssccscosse ess 2,160 days. Billeticyearie rcs iesdnestnececsnesestervenselaviese 39 days. WOE CH Men Berercep at teNecsinescvcssssecnses 260 ,, Gi -Yearshstietiate nc atsesmscarcetee Te, L90 3 days........ Peet ac aeteaecarsvistess op Giliyear earns, LOE 2,423 days. | 2,423 days. oo oo ow—_-_+«sKso 126 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. The count is right. Two illegible glyphs follow, and then comes another reckoning. The reading (reversing the order of the periods, as I have all along) is: 1—14 x 6, from the preceding date, to 6 Cimi—4 Tzec. Now, we know from the other inscription that the distance from 12 Caban—5 Kayab to 6 Cimi—4 Tzec is 13—99; hence, deducting 6—15 x5, the first reckoning in this inscription, the remainder must be 6—14 x6, and not 1—14x6. The latter count would take us only to 13 Cimi—9 Xul in the 8th year, while the former would carry us to 6 Cimi-4 Tzec in the 13th year, which we know to be the date intended. Therefore there can be no doubt of the mistake here also. Two unintelligible glyphs intervene, and then there is another reckoning. It reads: 1—1—16 x 15, from the preceding date, to 11 Ymix—19 Muan. Let us test it:— AHAU COUNT. YEAR COUNT. Wi Meabune ic ecicctioree ses abdeentneuatomeses 7,200 days. UB Gheyears ra ecnes sntssesonwee Maank toes 280 days. ala ma ds aap nace ca eee aaa 360, QOS years tess has-Aockesaeee ne anaeeecasnenene 7,300 ,, MGwchwensls-cagsssescesee ese eee. BPO) BU hdnyy( ls Gosengeauanasssnaocooousedopeone Bil op Ibsen Fh Seton atentonseuntecaceeuoseunsecaEDe 15s 7,895 days. 7,895 days. This reckoning brings us to 10 Ymix—14 Pax, a date nowhere mentioned and clearly not the one intended. Manifestly there is another mistake here. Let us see if we can find out what it is. ‘The succeeding reckoning is: 8—4 x19, from the preceding date, to 15 Ahau-18 Cumhu, the 17th katun. 13 Ahau—18 Cumhu begins the 17th katun, and cannot occur again during it, therefore we can reckon back from that point with certainty. We find the date in the 45th year of the annual calendar. Going backwards, there are 358 days on that page, to which add 2,555, seven years, and there will still be 66 days to be counted in the 37th year, which will bring us to 1] Ymix—19 Muan, the date in question beyond any doubt. ‘To recapitulate :— AHAU COUNT. YEAR COUNT. (3) LENTIS: codnanopapdoocoandseuggdenseandcn 2,880 days. AD thisyear :. /is.suew se sossmeonaateosensess 358 days. A ChUeMS ieee een tee eRe aN are oee SOs fis (och en ero c rasan nen sacedaesecee 2,555 TG) EGER Siadaanaaerico semaeton dopa soaNaeOnaGsG Ig) BYAUNAYGEN “oooaqcdcod0dsabonopacosHnqadba008 66, 2,979 days. 2,979 days. THE QUIRIGUA INSCRIPTIONS. 127 Having ascertained in this way the position of the date, we are able to correct the former reckoning, which should be 1—4—16 x 15,—not 1—1—16 x 15,—as the subjoined calculation will show :— AHAU COUNT. YEAR COUNT. abel Se} nt heme momen benGonsadcdaccbarae tor 7,200 days NS Chibyearanceacwancctecesedtreeccecemetare 280 days Aan AUS Vir ecunsente alates eee nee 1440s ZBRy CALS Henn sase wnisdedene ser re miaheececses 8,395, Gi chuenss crashed Eos ee eee S20) Ohthoy Carer. serateseceees se scwecs me sees B00) TIGSGEN Sieepascadoagias séaccasbondaassaoonce Gy aes 8,975 days. 8,975 days. By this reckoning we arrive at 11 Ymix-19 Muan, to which the other count led back; so we are satisfied about this mistake also—making three grave mistakes in a single inscription. I have been. thus explicit in order to prove that the mistakes to which I so often allude exist elsewhere than in my imagination. We shall come across many more of them, but hereafter I shall content myself with simply pointing them out. SteLta C. East side. Initial date: 54—13—20—20—18 x 20—4 Ahau-8 Cumhu. This date is the beginning of the 54th great cycle. No dates or reckonings in the usual style follow it, but instead there are groups of characters with signs indicating a reckoning from a preceding date to the beginning of a cycle, katun and other periods. ‘There are five of these divisions. Not knowing the exact value of the characters employed, I cannot speak positively of the purpose, but I surmise that it is to show how a great cycle can be subdivided into various periods, just as we have seen the cycle variously reckoned. Tf the marred numeral of the cycle symbol near the bottom were plainly 13, as I believe it to be, I should have no doubt of the glyphs being a reckoning from a 13th to a 13th cycle, covering just a great cycle period. The inscription on the other side of this stela begins with a great cycle sign that has a day symbol in it. The date under it reads: 9—I1—20—18 x 20, from the preceding date, 6 Ahau—-13 Yaxkin—showing that it is subordinate to the former date, and, inferentially, that it marks the time of the erection of the stela. It is followed by four glyphs, indicated by the succeeding one to be a reckoning from the preceding date. We are familiar with some of the characters, but the unknown ones baffle all attempts to make out the calculation. ‘Two strange glyphs follow, and then comes a 128 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. reckoning in the common style: 17—5—18 x 20, from the beginning of the cycle, to 6 Ahau-13 Kayab, and 5 ahaus to the beginning of a 10th ahau. Though two of the three remaining glyphs in this column are familiar, it is impossible to say what they mean here, as is the case with those at the base. SteLtaA A. East side. Initial date: 54—9—17—5—18 x 20—6 Ahau-13 Kayab, which is announced to be a 5th ahau. It will be noticed that this date is the same as the last one on the preceding stela. ‘The month symbol here comes after the initial directive series. The meaning of many individual glyphs in the rest of this inscription is known to us, but they are associated with so many others whose meaning we do not know that it is impossible at present to determine the purpose of the record. Steta J. Back. Initial date : 9—16—5—18 x 20—8 Ahau-8 Zotz. Here likewise the month follows after the initial directive series, and it is added, as in a former case, that 5 ahaus in addition will bring the reckoning to the beginning of a 10th ahau. ‘There are no more reckonings in the inscription and nothing further is positively determinable about it; but, from the bissextile sign occurring twice and the appearance of other signs found in connection with the important 4 Ahau-15 Yax, I think the reading in some way goes back to that date. MU reE COR AWN GS ION Si Cre Eas OsNese THE majority of the Copan inscriptions are the least profitable of any to the student, as they contain few reckonings or formulas revealing the significance of the glyphs. Most of them revolve about the important date 4 Ahau-13 Yax, and consist chiefly of symbols for periods terminating or beginning at that point. Asa bare statement of that fact affords no insight into the exact meaning of the signs, their value must remain an unsettled question until one by one they are found in positions that enable us to determine it. Sreta A, Initial date: 54—I—14—19—8 x 20—12 Ahau-18 Cumhu. The month symbol comes after the initial directive series, which here consists of nine glyphs. The purport of the succeeding twelve glyphs is unintelligible, though the fact that the last is a 260-day symbol would seem to indicate that they are getting to an even count of that number of days. ‘This is accomplished by receding 3 chuens from the initial date, which is just 10 chuens or 200 days from 4 Ahau-13 Yax, the beginning of the 260-day as well as nearly all other counts. Hence we have, beginning at glyph 15, 3 chuens from the initial date back to 4 Ahau-18 Muan. After an intervening glyph, the 260-day sign is repeated—this time not a face but the cawac symbol, and this time not manceuvering for a 260-day position, but carrying the reckoning forward that number of days from 4 Ahau-1$ Muan. Here the beginning of nearly everything is arrived at, as shown by the succeeding thirty or so glyphs, most of which are recogniz- able as symbols used in other connections to denote periods of time. Finally the date to which the reckoning has been extended is specifically designated to be 10 chuens, beginning from a date back of the preceding one, being in fact 4 Ahau-13 Yax, either a certain number of score days in the cycle or the initial score of a katun, and the beginning of the 15th katun—to be entirely explicit, the reckoning being from 12 Ahau-18 Cumhu. From this point to the end there are no more reckonings. ‘The glyphs are merely a list of signs for periods—thrown in haphazard perhaps, but more likely arranged according to a certain computability, as shown in glyph 50, where the 13 ahau and 10 ahau symbols are placed side by side. A similar collection of time symbols without any reckonings is encountered elsewhere with this same date; hence it is reasonable to infer that they represent periods that round up evenly with it. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeol. iby 130 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. STELA B. Initial date: 54—9—15—20—18 x 20—4 Ahau-13 Yax. This is the all-important date. There are no reckonings at all in the inscription, the initial directive series even being absent. The glyphs undoubtedly are a mere list of periods beginning at this point. Among them the bissextile sign occurs three times, qualified each time by different numeral characters, which I think denote respectively 260, 360 and 234. STELA C. Nearly everything about this inscription appears to be wrong. The principal reckoning does not accord with the dates given. The initial date to the left is 6 Ahau- 18 Kayab, designated by the first glyph to be a certain number of score days in a 13th cycle. As all the dates are indicated to be the beginning of ahaus, this particular date must be in the 13th cycle of the 55th great cycle, as no ahau in the 13th cycle of the 54th great cycle begins with 6 Ahau-18 Kayab. In the 55th great cycle it is 13—2—18—18 x20. From this date, according to the glyphs as drawn, there is a reckoning of 11—14—5—18 x 1 to either another 6 Ahau-18 Kayab or toan 8 Ahau- 13 Muan; but such a reckoning would reach neither of those dates—both of which are designated as beginning an ahau—even if there were no odd day or chuen. The only explanation I can conceive is that the reckoning is, or was intended to be, 11—17—5—18 x 20, which is five ahau rounds; and as the same ahau date recurs at each round, the 6 Ahau-18 Kayab would be correct in that event. But this would leave the next date, 8 Ahau—135 Muan, stilla mystery, it appearing to have no connection with the preceding dates. As the beginning of an ahau it could not occur anywhere in the vicinity except at 54—12—16—1—18 X20. The second section, like the first, begins with a glyph indicating the date to be certain scores of days in the 13th cycle. The day number is given as 15, but of course that is impossible. From a later examination of the stone Maudslay thinks it may be 9or 5. It is probably the former, the date in all likelihood being—d5—13—2—14—18 x 20—9 Ahau-18 Cumhu. In this event, the character under the ordinary numeral accompanying the month symbol must represent 10. The rest of the inscription is unintelligible, except the two dates, 4 Ahau-18 Uo and 5 Ahau-8 Uo. ; STELA D. Initial date: 54—9—5—5—18 x 20—4 Ahan-13 Zotz. The month symbol here probably comes after the initial directive series, and is peculiar in two respects: the bat, which the name of the month signifies, is represented in full instead of by its head, and the numeral is the outflaring sign for 13, which is nowhere else used in connection with a date. This is one of the inscriptions in which I think the number of the great cycle is specifically designated. THE COPAN INSCRIPTIONS. 131 STELA E. There is absolutely nothing in this inscription by which the date can be fixed, the cycle and katun numerals being unrecognizable. I think the day and month are 2 Ix-7 Yax. Steua FE. Initial date: 54—9—14—10—18x20—5 Ahau-3 Mac. This date is given irrespectively of the reading in the inscription, which is as follows: 5 Ahau-3 Mac, 10 ahaus to the beginning of the 15th katun. And then, as usual, come symbols for a lot of periods commencing with that date. Stexa I. Initial date: 54—9—12—3—14 x 20—5 Ahau—the month date should be 8 Uo, but the glyph, which here follows after the initial directive series, is obliterated. There is nothing else intelligible except in the third row. There 10 Ahau—13 Chen is designated as the beginning of a katun—an 8th katun, as given; but the only katun of which that date could be the beginning, during a period of 18,720 years, is the 6th katun of the 8th cycle of the 54th great cycle; hence the 8 is probably a mistake. There follows a reckoning of 8 days and 10 chuens from 10 Ahau-13 Chen to 10 Lamat—the month date not given, but we know it must be 16 Pop. STELA J. West side. Initial date: 54—9—12—12—18 x 20—1 Ahau-8 Zotz. It is impossible to make anything out of the rest of this inscription, or even to say in what order it runs, except the line crossing near the bottom and continuing at the top of the north face, which reads: 7 Ahau, a 10th ahau, 3 Cumhu, a 10th ahau—20 x 18—19—6, to the 20th (or initial) score days beginning the 10th cycle—7 Ahau-13 Zip. The month numeral here is a mistake; it should be 18 Zip. ‘The rest of the inscription on the north and south sides has been given elsewhere. East side. Notwith- standing Maudslay’s attempt to straighten out these glyphs there is something wrong in their arrangement yet. The initial date is: 54—9—13—l0—18 X20; the day and month should be 7 Ahau-13 Cumhu, a date we have just seen on the opposite side of the stela. The initial directive series follows and some fragmentary reckonings, but the whole is so incoherent that nothing can be made out of it. 132 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. Autar K. Initial date: 54—9—12—16—7 x 8—3 Lamat-16 Yax. The initial directive series runs with this date, but is almost obliterated. Little can be made out of the remainder of the glyphs, as they are unusual and fantastic. I think, however, that the reckoning is carried forward to the beginning of the 15th katun, as, apart from the katun symbols near the end, the few recognizable glyphs occur mostly in connection with that date. Atar L. A most extraordinary day symbol occurs here, but as the hand below is one of the signs employed at Palenque to denote the beginning of a katun the day is probably Ahau. The only place this date could occur anywhere within reasonable range would be 55—2—6—20—18 x 20. Steta M. Initial date: 54—9—16—5—18 x 20—8 Ahau-8 Zotz. ‘The initial directive series succeeds, but beyond that the glyphs are too uncertain and interrupted to make anything out of them. STELA N. Initial date: 54—9—16—10—18x20—1 Ahau-8 Zip. ‘The month numeral is wrong; it should be 3 Zip. The initial directive series and five other unintelligible glyphs complete the first column. At the top of the second column occurs the sign that indicates a reckoning backwards. It is followed by seven glyphs, which I think give in another form the substance of the subsequent reckoning, which is the longest that occurs in any of the inscriptions, embracing a period of 75,264 years. It is given as 14—17—19—10—18 x 20, from the initial date to 1 Ahau-8 Chen, the beginning of a katun, etc. The reckoning is not only wrong but is absurd as well. The cycles run only to 13, and no such reckoning backward or forward from the initial date would reach a 1 Ahau-8 Chen. But fortunately, despite all the blundering, we can see what the intention was. J Ahau-8 Chen begins the 17th katun of the 8th cycle, and thence to the initial date is just 19 katuns and 10 ahaus. ‘The fact that these are the numbers of katuns and ahaus expressed in the reckoning would lead us to suspect that it was to go backward even if the directive sign had not already so informed us, for that would do away with the odd katuns and ahaus and leave the reckoning in even katun rounds. If it were to have gone forward, the odd numbers would have been 3 great cycles, 7 cycles, 9 katuns and 10 ahaus. A little figuririg will show the difference. For the sake of clearness I omit all but the great cycle, cycle, katun and ahau periods. It will be borne in mind that 3 great cycles, 8 cycles and 9 katuns THE COPAN INSCRIPTIONS. 133 are the equivalent of a katun round—that is, the time that must pass between two occurrences of any given date as the beginning of a katun. RECKONING BACKWARD. RECKONING FORWARD. 19—10 33 O—= 3—7—9—10 3—8—9— 0 I——Y— W 3—8—9— 0 3—8—9— 0 2—F—H— 3—8—9— 0 14—8—15—10 14—6—16—10 In thinking of the odd 19 katuns and 10 ahaus, they blundered in respect to the total period. I think it should be 14—8—15—10—18 x20. Ifso, the reckoning goes back to the 40th great cycle; if it went forward, it would extend to the 69th. It is not material which way it be decided. The important fact is that in either case they ranged over a period of more than 75,000 years, which substantially proves my estimate of the immense reach of their chronological calendar. ‘There area few glyphs following the reckoning and date in the same column, but they do not assist us, nor can anything beyond the dates and a few disconnected characters be made out of the rows of glyphs around the base. STELA P. Initial date: 54—9—9—10—18 x 20—2 Ahau-13 Pop. The month symbol here comes after the initial directive series. This is the strangest inscription of all. Its style is so cursive, or in some way the glyphs are so changed from their ordinary appearance, that there is doubt even about the initial date. It is not plain if the day numeral was intended for 2, though I think it was—the sign for a 10th ahau following the date fixing its position with tolerable certainty. Nothing more can at present be made out of the inscription, beyond the fact that the thrice recurring bissextile character and the numerous beginning signs indicate pretty clearly that the reckoning goes forward and the glyphs mostly relate to the important date beginning the loth katun. If so, it is the first of the stele to point to that great event. ALTAR Q. There is more than the usual uncertainty here. It is doubtful where the inscription begins. It is equally doubtful if the glyphs under the sixteen personages on the sides are part of the text or merely symbols for periods of which the figures seated upon 134 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. them are personifications—the breastplate in each case denoting the number of days typified. The date between the two individuals facing each other, 6 Caban-10 Mol, is one that occurs on other altars and on a stairway, and must be one to which particular importance was attached.—The top of the altar has an inscription reading regularly. Between the first two dates, 5 Caban—15 Yaxkin and 8 Ahau—-18 Yaxkin, the distance in the annual calendar is but 5 days, but I think one of the intermediate characters indicates it to be one or more calendar rounds in addition; as it does in the next instance, where 5 Ben—11 Muan is indicated to be only 7 chuens and 12 days distant— the 12 is a mistake; it should be 13, the dates being 153 days apart. An unintelligible reckoning follows, succeeded by a 17th katun sign and 6 Ahau—13 Kayab, the date probably being indicated to be the one beginning the 5th ahau of the 17th katun of the 9th cycle. ‘The next and last date is 5 Kan-15 Uo (it should be 12 Uo, because Kan cannot fall on the 13th day of a month), which is stated to be 5 chuens and 4 days from the preceding date—a fact I believe to be indicated by two other glyphs. _ ALTAR R. | Beyond the two dates, 6 Caban-10 Mol and 7 Ahau-3 Zip, absolutely unintelligible. ALTAR S. Initial date: 54—9—15—20—18 x 20—4 Ahau-15 Yax. This is the all-important date again. It will be noticed that the initial directive series is absent here also. Two unintelligible glyphs succeed the date and then there is the reading: 5 katuns from the initial date to 7 Ahau-18 Zip, the beginning of the 10th cycle. I do not know the value of the three remaining glyphs. Autar U. So much of this inscription is illegible and so much of the remainder is unintelligible —excepting a few dates and other well-known characters—that nothing connected can be made out of it. TPE ee AGE EN OU EeeeN SiG Rees O NESE THE inscriptions at Palenque are longer and completer and their reckonings, as a general thing, range over far greater periods than those of Quirigua and Copan. They also have more diversity in respect to examples showing the different methods of computing time. So, altogether, they furnish more and better material for study than all the other cities combined. TEMPLE OF THE Cross. Initial date: 53—12—19—15—4x20—S Ahau-18 Tzec. The initial directive series follows, succeeded by five glyphs whose purpose is not intelligible, but which, among other things, must take the reckoning back twenty days to 1 Ahau-18 Zotz, that appears for some reason to be thereafter regarded as the initial date. After three glyphs, which are probably directives stating that the computation is from that date, there is a reckoning of 8—5 x 20, with the directive signs repeated, to 4 Ahau-8 Cumhu, beginning the initial score days of the 15th cycle. ‘This reckoning is a mistake. It should be either 6—14 x 20, the distance from 8 Ahau—18 Tzec to 4 Ahau-8 Cumhu, or 6—15 Xx 20, the distance from 1 Ahau—18 Zotz—more likely the latter, as it will presently be seen that other reckonings go back to that date. Then follows another reckoning of 1—9 x2, succeeded by five unintelligible glyphs, to 15 Ik-5 Mol. The computation and the 15 Ik are right, but the month date should be 20 Chen, as will be seen by reference to the annual calendar. It will be evident pretty soon that the sculptors got their copy mixed up. ‘The 5 Mol should have gone with another date. After half a dozen glyphs, unintelligible further than like most intervening characters they are to be found elsewhere in the lists of period symbols, there is another reckoning : 1—18—3—12 « 20, from the preceding date, to 9 Ik-15 Ceh. This is correct, and in connection with the previous reckoning it proves conclusively that the preceding date should be 15 Ik—20 Chen. Six unintelligible glyphs follow; then there is a reckoning of 2—1—7—11 x 2, succeeded by four directive signs, to 9 Ik—20 Zac. I call attention to the directive signs. Two of them are the bissextile character and its coadjutor, which I think are employed in Palenque to denote different numbers of calendar rounds. ‘These should denote fifteen, if intended to indicate the length of the reckoning; if to express an additional period, it is uncertain how many. ‘The other two directive signs are identical with two of those used after 1 Ahau-18 Zotz to show the reckoning is from that date. ‘This reckoning is also from that date; hence the 156 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS, glyph consisting of a bird’s head and two signs for 20 over it probably indicates an initial date—or a substitute for it, as 1 Ahau-18 Zotz would appear to be in this case. The month symbol is wrong here also. It should be Yax instead of Zac. The reckoning which follows: 3—6—10—12~x 2, from the beginning of the great cycle, to 9 Ik, is correct. It is here the 5 Mol should have gone, that being the month date. The reckonings from this point are the ones to which I have alluded in a preceding section. I think they are carried forward principally by bissextile signs indicating the different numbers of calendar rounds to be added to the brief reckonings notated in the usual style, supplemented by some other signs denoting a specific number of days. Starting from the beginning of the great cycle, the 9th cycle is reached with only what amounts to 3 katuns, 2 ahaus, 4 chuens and 18 days being designated in the ordinary way during that immense stretch of time. Some other method of computation must be made use of, and I can conceive of none but the one I have suggested. As this same style continues to be used after the 9th cycle is passed and there are no more general dates like it to guide us, it is impossible to say how far or to what point the remaining reckonings extend ; but it is likely if they go beyond the 9th cycle that they return to it at the close, as the concluding dates are the same as those in tablets yet to be mentioned. TEMPLE OF THE SUN. Initial date: 54—1—18—5—3 x 6—15 Cimi-19 Ceh. The month symbol comes after one of the glyphs of the initial directive series. A reckoning of 1—2 x11, with three unintelligible glyphs following, points to a date which appears to be 1 Caban- 10 Tzec; but as that is not the date to which the intelligible part of the reckoning would lead, both the date and direction are uncertain. Thirteen glyphs follow, some of them of recognizable purport, but the exact meaning of which in this connection I do not know. ‘Then comes a re-statement of the initial reckoning, 1—18—5—3 x 6, from the beginning of the great cycle, followed by nine glyphs whose use here is unintelligible, though four of them are signs with whose meaning we are acquainted, Next in order comes a reckoning of 9—12—18—5 x16 (followed by four glyphs nearly identical with a series in the preceding inscription), from 4 Ahau-8 Cumhu, the beginning of the great cycle, to 2 Cib-14 Mol. This is correct. After five incomprehensible glyphs occurs the date 3 Caban—15 Mol. In the annual calendar the last two dates adjoin each other, but whether the latter is here intended to be the succeeding day, or whether some calendar rounds are indicated by the characters preceding it, is something we are at present unable to determine. Sixteen baffling glyphs follow, and then there is a reckoning of 7—6—12 x 8—12 Ahau-8 Ceh. There are no recognizable directive signs here, but by trial we discover that the reckoning is the distance between 12 Ahau-8 Ceh and 9 Akbal—6 Xul, a date that comes after six THE PALENQUE INSCRIPTIONS. 157 intervening glyphs. Eight more unintelligible glyphs occur, and then a reckoning of 6—2 18 (the 18 should be 17), 2 Cimi-19 Zotz. The directive signs are unfamiliar, but as the reckoning is backwards to 9 Akbal-6 Xul they probably denote that fact. Next is: I—8X17—13 Ahau-18 Kankin, which is declared to be a 10th ahan, the reckoning being the distance from 9 Akbal-6 Xul to that date. Both of these dates are subsequently repeated for some reason, and the record ends with 8 Oc-3 Kayab, followed by ten glyphs whose meaning is not apparent. TEMPLE OF THE FOLIATED Cross. Initial date: 54—1—18—5—4 x 20—1 Ahau-13 Mac. This date is just fourteen days later than the initial date of the preceding inscription. The directive series follows, succeeded by a reckoning of 14 chuens and 19 days to 1 Cauac-7 Yax. Eleven unreadable glyphs come next, and then: 1—14—14 x 20, which, after four uncertain directive characters, is declared to be a reckoning to the beginning day score of the 2nd cycle, 2 Ahau—3 Uayeb. It is correct. Then come two reckonings in an unfamiliar style, the first from the beginning of the great cycle, the second from 1 Ahau-13 Mac. I am positive of this, for the very next reckoning will show that there are 40,000 days to be accounted for somehow, and they can be represented only by one of these counts. That reckoning is: 7—7—7—3 X16, to 2 Cib-14 Mol. Subsequent computations show that date to be the one to which 9—12—18—65 x16 led up in the preceding inscription, hence the necessity for something to explain the missing 40,000 days. As from this on the reckoning and dates of the two inscriptions are nearly the same, it is not worth while to repeat them; I will, however, give a synopsis showing the position of the dates in both :— 54—1—18— 5— 3x 6—13 Cimi-19 Ceh. », —1—18— 5— 4x20— 1 Ahau-13 Mac. » —1—18— 6—18x19— 1 Cauac-7 Yax. ») —2—20—20—18 x 20— 2 Ahau-3 Uayeb. »—9— 38— 1—15x20—12 Ahau-8 Ceh. » —9—10— 2— 6x 6— 2 Cimi-19 Zotz. » —9—10O— 8— 9x 3— 9 Akbal-6 Xul. » —9I—10—10—18 x 20—13 Ahau-18 Kankin. 5 —9—12—l11—12 x 10— 8 Oc-3 Kayab. >» —9—12—18— 5x16— 2 Cib-14 Mol. >» —9—13—20—18 x 20— 8 Ahau-8 Uo. BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Archzeol. 18 138 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. TEMPLE OF INSCRIPTIONS. Tnitial date: 54—9—4—20—18 x 20—13 Ahau-18 Yax, declared by a subse- quent sign to be the beginning of a katun, and by the five following ones, I think, a certain distance from the beginning of the cycle. These signs may possibly be substituted for the initial directive series, which is absent. ‘The defaced condition of the next ninety glyphs leaves little discernible for a certainty, but the following dates and declarative signs can just be made out through the dimness: 11 Ahau-18 Tzec, the beginning of the 5th katun; 9 Ahau-3 Uayeb, the beginning of the 6th katun ; 13 Akbal-11 (or 16) Cumhu; 9 Ahau-18 Muan, a 13th ahau; 7 Ahau—3 Kankin, the beginning of a katun (the 7th); 13 Ahau-18 Ceh, the beginning of a 5th ahau. It is not my purpose to particularize the glyphs of this long inscription. I have made several lengthy extracts from it to illustrate the methods of reading the glyphs, and I could say little now that would not be virtually a repetition of what has already been said. But I will give a few more dates in order to show that the principal purpose of this inscription was to score along from katun to katun, with incidental discussions on the science of chronology, illustrated by formulas and greater or less flights in reckoning. ‘There is a singular thing about many of these illustrations, the reason for which is not evident. ‘They seem to pivot on Lamat dates, expressed or implied, reciprocal reckonings between that day and others running all through the inscription. Why this should be is one of the things yet to be found out. Requesting it to be borne in mind that the beginning of four consecutive katuns has already been designated, I will proceed. ‘The next date is 5 Ahau-3 Chen, the beginning of the Sth katun, followed by 5 Ahau-18 Tzec, a 13th ahau. Then comes a puzzling date. It is 13 Ahau-18 Mac, indicated by the sign over Ahau to be the beginning of a katun. There is no katun beginning with that date in the great cycle, and as there is apparently no reckoning except one of 6 chuens and 14 days—showing the distance to 4 Ix-7 Uo, which follows—I am inclined to think the artist made a mistake in carving the katun sign over Ahau. Then comes 3 Ahau-3 Zotz, the beginning of the 9th katun, the 3 Ahau being repeated shortly afterwards; after which is 1 Ahau-— 8 Kayab, the beginning of the 10th katun, the 1 Ahau also being soon repeated. The second tablet begins with 12 Ahau-8 Ceh, the beginning of the 11th katun. It is in this tablet that the most extended exercises in different methods of scanning periods occur. There is but one other date in it—10 Ahau-S Yaxkin, the beginning of the 12th katun. ‘The dates in the third tablet begin with a repetition of the foregoing one, and then comes 8 Ahau-8 Uo, the beginning of a katun—which one is not declared, but we know it to be the 13th. Here the regular scoring of the katuns ceases and the reckoning leaps forward to 7 Ahau—18 Zip, the beginning of the 10th cycle; but it is brought back again to go through the exercises shown in one of the extracts referred to. THE PALENQUE INSCRIPTIONS. 139 InscrIBED Steps (PaLace, House C). Initial date: 55—3—18—12—15 x 12—8 Eb-15 Pop. ‘This is one of the dates likely to be disputed. Some of the face numerals are quite indistinct and others rather unusual, so they may not be generally admitted to represent the numbers assigned to them. But I did not rely upon the face numerals in ascertaining the date, for part of them were unknown to me then. I located it by an entirely different method. As the process by which I arrived at the result illustrates one of the many ways in which apparently insurmountable difficulties may be overcome in this study, I will explain it in detail. It will be seen that there are two dates directly under the initial one. Each of these is preceded by an ahau count, which presumably denotes the period between the adjacent dates. We will begin at the bottom one, where the day is a 6 Akbal, without any month sign. The ahau count here is: 3—?—3 x3. I have put a query in place of the abau number because there is uncertainty about the face numeral, owing to our inability to make out all of its details. It can be one only of two numbers, however, | or 8, as they are the only faces that ever have the lobate ear ornament protruding against the cheek. ‘This uncertainty compels us to make trial of both numbers, as follows :-— 3) abuns! cs. ssh cece senseeveseseceseens 21,600 days. SUKGHONS) sor sesesdeeedeeesceseeseee nae 21,600 days. Spahausveneescccs cess weer ee ceereae 2,880 ,, IRA Chil eechapicmrtnocticcocaaprostecrcasb 360 =, SiGHUeNS! Aatscsseseease seen eacea st eee GOleess Sh chuens; weiees-teeesasceeceser ee eee 60 HOA Sy reces Good saceecean ones se eaeats ae) By BnGe (Ie capcepnunadce onanedccanodcedods 3 24,543 days. 22,023 days. The number of days in both reckonings exceeds a calendar round, so we will subtract the number of days in that period, 18,980, from each of the above sums, which will leave respectively 5,563 and 3,043 days. We next take from these the number of days in the greatest possible number of years, which will be 5,475 days, or 15 years, from the former, and 2,920 days, or § years, from the latter—leaving as remainders 88 and 125 days, respectively. We now turn to the annual calendar and select a 6 Akbal at random, for there is nothing to indicate in which month or on what day of the month the 6 Akbal we are calculating from occurs. Suppose, then, we select 6 Akbal-1 Zip, in the 17th year of the annual calendar. ‘There are 41 days preceding that date in the year. It must be kept in mind that we are reckoning backwards ; hence we subtract 41 days from our last remainders, which will leave respectively 47 and 82 days. Now, to make trial of the former, we go backwards over 15 years of the calendar, which will bring us to the Ist year, and counting 47 days from the end of the year we arrive at 7 Ahau; thus we have ascertained that if the face numeral 18* 140 THE ARCHAIC MAYA INSCRIPTIONS. in the ahau count be 8, the day numeral in the preceding date must be 7. The trial with the other number is still to be made. Deducting 41 from 123 and there remain 82 days. Passing backwards over 8 years we come to the 8th year, and counting 82 days from the end we reach 5 Ahau: that is, if the face numeral in the ahau count be 1 the day number of the preceding date must be 5. Now let us inspect the preceding date itself. It is almost obliterated. The only things clearly discernible are the outlines of the day and month signs, the former preceded by an unusual character, the latter by an indistinguishable face numeral. But for all this barrenness we can reach several conclusions respecting it pretty definitely. ‘The day, as proved by the reckoning, must be Ahau; hence the face numeral of the month must be 3, 8, 15 or 18; and, as its outlines are not those of the unmistakable 15 face, one element of uncertainty is eliminated ; but we can go no farther in that direction. The month, however, is unquestionably Mol, as the symbol for that month is the only one that ever occurs as a simple disc, without accessories above, below or on either side. All this is not much, but it is something; so we will proceed with our calculation, confident that we have a 7 or 5 ahau, falling on the 5rd, 8th or 18th of Mol, to reckon from. The ahau count preceding this date fortunately is unmistakable. It is 12—9 8, or 4,508 days. From this we take 11 years, or 4,015 days, leaving a remainder of 493 days. We could have taken 12 years, but knowing that we shall have to deduct the 143 days in the year preceding the first place in Mol on which an Ahau date could fall, which in the end would have reduced the years to 11 anyhow, we chose to deduct only that number at the start. Subtracting 143 from 4935, we have 350 remaining days. We will first make trial with 7 Ahau-3 Mol, which we shall find in the 20th year of the annual calendar. Going back 11 years brings us to the 8th year, and counting 350 days from the end of that year we arrive at 10 Eb-15 Pop. ‘Turning now to examine the initial date, to which we have reckoned back, we feel positive, notwithstanding the defacement of the sign, that the month is Pop, as the distinguishable parts of the glyph have the characteristics of the symbol for that month and of the symbol for that month only. The face numeral accompanying is strange, however. We have never encountered it . before; but it is to be recollected that 15 has been lacking in the series of face numerals. If this date prove to be 15 Pop, we. shall have supplied the deficiency. The day sign is not readily recognizable, but Kb is one of the three days ever symbolized by a human face, and therefore this may reasonably enough be Eb. But the accompanying face numeral is not 10; the lobate ornament on the cheek denotes it to be either 1 or 8—remember we have not yet learned to distinguish it by the forehead mark. We must go back and make another trial. But first let us reckon our gain by this one, failure though it be. We are confident this month is Pop and that the other is Mol. That being the case, the dates can be only 15 Pop and 3 Mol, for if the Ahau in question fell upon any of its succeeding positions in the month of Mol the reckoning would not reach back to Pop. Hence, we have made two THE PALENQUE INSCRIPTIONS. 141 substantial gains; we have discovered the face sign for 15, and we know that our Ahau falls on 3 Mol. And, moreover, we have eliminated 7 Ahau from the problem. Now let us test 5 Ahau-3 Mol. It occurs in the 44th year of the calendar. Turning back 11 years we come to the 52nd year, and counting off the 350 days we reach 8 Eb-— 15 Pop. This is more satisfactory, for we felt certain the day numeral must be | or 8. Assuming the date to be 8 Eb—15 Pop we have now a base from which to reckon the initial count and fix its place in the chronological calendar. The day being Eb, it follows that the odd days in the count must be 12; and, the chuen numeral being identical with that of the month, that the number of chuens must be 15. Let us run back that distance on the annual calendar and find the date with which the ahau begins. It is 8 Ahau-8 Zotz, in the 3lst year. We may fancy we recognize all the other face numerals now, but we will be cautious. One of them, however, is unmistakable—the 18 face attached to the katun symbol. That is all we want. We have only to look through the chronological calendar till we find 8 Ahau—8 Zotz occurring in an 18th katun in order to arrive at the date, for the same date cannot fall in the same katun but once in 18,720 years—a pretty reasonable margin to work upon. In this instance we look in vain throughout the whole 54th great cycle for the desired concurrence. It is not till we come to the 55th great cycle that we find an 8 Ahau-8 Zotz falling in the proper katun, and there it is the 12th ahau of the 18th katun of the 5rd cycle—as we divined it would be from the face numerals. THE REASON Fk ORGS EE Rane kee OUND EN ReAS Ni Coan Opt DAG E Sr Nea Hen NpON Teice | 10 10 “UBD AT | “xXBq 10 11 10 “ULpUe yy “UBL YA 11 10 11 ‘u Yue ‘ORT 11 3 | 10 10 11 10 11 00) “ORIN 10 11 8; 2) 9| 3/10| 4 3 | 10 11 5|12/ 6/13] 7 9 10 11 3 OUT, Fal 1 9 10 11 10 11 ‘XB ‘ORT 10 11 7 10 11 10 11 att htf@) | “XU 10 10 11 11 ll wy) | 10 11 10 11 11 10 lst YEAR. “ULTXB | TOW 11 2nd YEAR. 10 11 10 ULE] wItoxe 5 | 12 10 11 5|12/ 6/13 10 11 10 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. ‘0aZJ, TX 11 10 8| 2| 9} 3/10; 4/11 10 11 ‘2107, “DOZT, ~~ 10 10 11 11 1 “diz | 10 11 13 11 10 og 10 13 10 11 10 12 13 5 | 12 10 11 13 an 6|13)| 7 4, 6 | 13 A Names of the months. 2| 9} 3/10; 4/|11 4 5 | 11 of Names of the days. Akbal Oekekeasegece Names of the months. Names of the days. Lamat ...... Muluc ...... OGiss: Beneess: Ezenab ...... INTENT, conpoosos AD ee dob iaedeeee BON Wallis weeeesenesee QE|| USEWN seovaecce 3 | Chicchan ... 4 | Cimi ...... 5 | Manik ..... 6 | Lamat ...... 7 | Muluc ...... 9 | Chuen HKD: || 19) sccoosouenee 11 | Ben 14 | Cib 15 | Caban 16 | Ezenab ...... 17 | Cauac 1S) Ahaueeeeseeee 21O5\ Wemnixye eee ee 1 13 20 | Manik ...... 1 4 | Chuen 8 | Men ......... 9 | Cib 10 | Caban 147), Ymix ......... 25.4/ les. cageoseee 16 | Akbal Elallwekan eerie 6 | Ben 11 18 | Chicchan ... LOM Cimileeeeee | SQ SQ Sets) SO 6 10 11 1S 16 16 18 19 11 10 13 12 3rp YEAR. ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR, 13 11 12 13 ..| 10 SOR NN SSS See & oe oS ‘qodug | NRAaa nm ‘going | oC) Fh ON aly) Sey mayen | BS BES el Bw) a Go a ts GS mayging | onnegeod ‘quay | FURAN DW OOM HDARSAA DHA © S ‘quivy Ne AA xed | sae BS as Ao aoe SN Ue Bo RS OAS “xe 2 ON DAS “wen Pa ECON he So ee Fa gai aie ‘un S a) ey Cue vupjueyy | GC SSID RoE CS CAS) 108 Gel ToleiGy Go Sl RC Cos ‘ULURyy FOR wo OD oe CoS) (5) SY Gel tol Gl Go Gp te Se ee S oi Gt ae mi “OVAL Shel Oi Gs) tat CU = ‘yan Dee oO SEE 5D OO We NC MIR Ooh Yyag nm 410 O & wy) PP SAN RIAD ADEN BOSE AA A a, SUS Tenaliarc - ‘XOT ESO SIE tS) Er SCD) Stef GY Go ta i) Go SS) te) KS) a Dane Nn typ ob "Uay{9 SS 6b Gc Gl esi = Sle oe a ae ecw SOSS RE - ‘OW So Ne ON DS ce wy co S OW AN m gy 10 © “use PSC eO Ge gQar qo vs eka eS Eq HT cuppeeg Soe = - 1x | TRAwo wT GON DASA A DAN FT “nx | Ro4oA EY + wv PEYAR ROSE SG] SW) Gi Ge suet Ses Gre Dan], onaogor “L407, Sl ey ey a GO Si) @ & 8 & © eG a oa a ‘2407, ON Gey tI @] G0 SS “dy | BSS) ish GU Be NC GOS SS ES eye “yg | won DM 2S on Sie) GY G4 tel ©Y Go Sil [fy Sh C9 Gs Si PG Gr eG) Go on | Tet CO eS CCS dog | mato en nase ag anaynon aa dog | Won OO NR © & 2 bg ee se s8 fo, 3 o8 : Bea ae ; : ag Si Bee soles ce en f i iad (222 e tke |: fl isgiaae a |"“egeatesedeasusesde deed “ag |8* 38328 2 SO OR SERS Sse ss os age | Tae osss Muluc ...... Oe ese Chuen Be LD i sees sec +: 16 | Ben 1b a A Aa Re ee Saleen: .c-o3-: | 19 | Cib Cine 10 | Manik ...... amateeee, I1 Chicchan ... 6 | Akbal TO Kantesesee 8 9 12 14 20 XR 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 RQ Fs “qakeg “qade “nyuinyy 11 No 10 “nyuany) 10 it No “qedeyy 5 |\12 10 11 ‘qeivy “xe q 10 “xeq | 10 URN] 10 URN “ULY UB 11 “ULUEYy 11 “OV TAL 11 11 oe ye) 10 11 199 10 11 sy, 10 11 10 ll “XB 10 11 5 | 12 8; 2;9; 3|10| 4/11 aca) 10 11 10 11 1 07, 11 12 “xB 10 11 “wey —) 10 11 “T° 10 11 ‘TON 10 11 5TH YEAR. “ULYXB | 10 11 6TH YEAR. 10 11 “UL XBT 10 PX | 10 11 Tx 4 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. “oaZJ, | 10 11 10 11 ‘DaZ J, 10 11 "2407, | 5 |12/ 6/13 | 7 10 11 13 "24077, “diz 10 10 10 on | 13 10 12 13 13 N 6 8 11 13 10; 4/11 13 Names of the months. Names of the days. Akbal Oc ese ee Bent eeseees Names of the months. the days. Names of Damat) -.5.: Oceans 1 a eeectodceS 1 20) (alee Man essene 2a leKtantrereeeer 5 | Manik ...... 6 | Lamat ...... 7 | Mulue 3 | Chicchan ... ya Cimieeeeeeree 9 | Chuen HO \ ID) oooodooonas 13 | Men ......... 14 | Cib 15 | Caban 16 | Ezenab ...... 17 | Cauac 18 | Ahau......... 199 Nanixeeeeee 11 DOW Use) ee hes 20 | Manik ...... 1 2) Muluc ...... 4 | Chuen 6 | Ben 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 10 10 11 10 11 8}; 2|9|3|10/ 4/11; 5/12); 6/13; 7] 1 5 | 12 10 11 11 10 11 10 11 10 11 10 10 11 13 1 10 12 6 |13 | 7 5 11 Ezenab ...... 8 | Men ......... @ |) Chi cooaseaones 10 | Caban 12 | Cauac Ua) Ahauleenerceee LY | Wamix yo e.eeoes TSE LAA Spears 16 | Akbal FUP NGI bhaosone 18 | Chicchan ... 19)|RCimileeeectess 11 10 il 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 “qokeq | 2 (29 8 10 i nyu) | 11 AQ 4 10 “nyoiny) | “qe dey | 11 ‘qoke 11 N © “XBT | 10 11 11 ‘qedny 10 11 “UB TAL | 5 | 12 10 “XUq 10 11 “ULL UBS 10 11 10 “ORT | 8| 2/9; 3|10) 4 11 “UBN A, ULpUR Sy | 52) GS, 10 10 10 11 1 11 “ORIN | ‘OBZ, 10 11 “yap | "xe | 10 11 10 11 D1i// | arolite) 1 10 11 “XB 11 Tro YEAR. TOW 10 11 uayD | 10 “ULYXB 10 11 5/12/ 6/13 7 10 11 8tH YEAR. TON | 8; 2/9] 3/10; 4/11 10 11 | RX 10 UL] 1 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. 10 10 11 11 11 S 11 10 13 10 te) A 6 10 11 13 NAN 4 10 11 10 13 2/}9/ 3/10) 4|11 4 5 10 11 13 4 Names of the months. Names of the days. Mens ea ccac 1b ch Peccereecee Chicchan ... | 13 11|/5|12/ 6|13| 7 13 3 10 2D) |) 11) crocaconsece 1 | Ben 6 | Ezenab ...... 7 | Cauac @) ll) VGr be coonoses TON AVS Jcocounnsoce 11 | Akbal 12 |) INVENT ce cesocce 18 775i Wanike renee: 16)\ Gamat eee 17 | Muluc ...... F&3 || O® eocoaccc0ee 719 | Chuen Names of the months. Names of the days. Cauac INES pepocboon Ther eeretaiees Chuen Chicchan ... Cimeeeeeeee Akbal 2 1 | Ezenab ...... 20 | Caban ie) Te Kantescars 11 | Lamat ...... 12 | Muluc ...... TBI OGxeevecses cert (02) She epee 16 | Ben 6 8 9 V4 1G 18 19 TEP WIC Beeeenced 19 | Cib Ta Ws oe. ) 6 |13 | 7 11 13 Names of the months. Names of the days. ixary ee en Wen eee ae Cauac anitxpeceeee Akbal NEI ceogosese Chuen 20) Wb) es ee.2e: 4 4 | Cib 5 | Caban 6 | Ezenab ...... &} || UAWEN osSencos §) HO) |\ VWs eooccceccoce 11 12 18 | Chicchan ... TWP || COR cocccoone 15 | Manik ...... 16>) Gamat x. -- ile) WETS spac HEN NOGh.apajsecas 19 127TH YEAR. 20 RQ 3 » ro 10 11 16 17 18 19 “qadeg. | 10 “nya | 12 5 qvdvy | 10 “XB | “UBL | 11 “UDLUB | “ORT | 10 8/| 2/9/ 3/10) 411 Hil “00 | 11 1 11 4 OUT, | 10 10 “xB 10 11 10 11 “ue | 11 var 10 11 13 10 ULTXT X 5 |12 |} 6 |13| 7 10 11 10 12 10 11 12 10 13 3/10; 4/11 5 10 3 6 | 13 11 13 12 .| 12 7) KS) | 4, 7 11 Names of the months. Names of the days. Ezenab ...... Mpa eer) Wet. eee secs! iKanieseecee: Chiechan ... Cimiee eee: Manik ...... Tiamat =..-.. Muluc ...... 20 | Caban 1 2 | Cauac Ih || NOW eee cesencs 6 | Akbal 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 | Ben wif | 6 eee ed 28),\\ Mon 5.320000: Cib 19 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. 13th YEAR. 20 Q iS 8 10 il 12 18 14 15 16 18 19 “qo{ea | 9 10 11 “nyuany)y | i qedeyy 10 3 10 11 “xVq 10 “uenl 11 10 iat ‘uruey] 11 5 12) 6|13)| 7 “ORT 10 11 10 ~9| 10 11 ‘087, | 10 11 oO iat “XB 11 10 “ued 10 11 4 ~~ 10 ‘TOW | 10 11 10 11 13 “ULE 10 11 n 8|/ 2|9) 3 |10/| 4/11 Tx 10 11 5 | 12 i~ 10 11 13 1 “OOZT, 10 il 13 ‘2107, 10 10 11 10 13 13 nN 10 13 3 12 5 |12| 6|13) 7 Names of the months. Names of the days. Akbal Cimi ......... Muluce ...... OG ees ee | IL Ben VGritbs soopnase CAO) Gale taanoacoasenad 1 EO IES. ccoosescs 8 | Chicchan ... 4 5 | Manik 6) Tiamat) 2.-5- 9 | Chuen HO) || V3) sgoqn0ncene¢ 11 PO My eek ace TEN IMIG, bassteco 14 | Cib 15 | Caban 16 | Ezenab ...... 17 | Cauac 18 | Ahau......... 19 —14rH YEAR. 20 10 te 12 13 U4 15 16 17 18 19 “qoke yy 11 “nywny) 10 11 13 “quény 10 nN 6 10 11 “xX¥q | 10 “UBNTT 11 5 | 12 8/2;9/| 3 10 UUR yy 101 1 “ORT 10 11 11 aCe) 10 11 Oe, 10 11 10 11 “XB 10 11 10 11 5/12) 6 |13| 7 10 11 11 10 ULyXe 10 12 10 ENC 10 1a 11 ‘0aZ]], 11 ‘2107, 10 10 13 “diz 10 5 | 12 8| 2|9/3|10} 4)11 11 12 13 ‘dog 1 3 4 6 Names of the months. Names of the days. Mamatieneeee Muluc Oc fee ae Ib coe Ae aMeanae | Lal Ezenab ...... Kano acc 20 | Manik ...... 1 4 | Chuen 6 | Ben Gl) WD conaseene 9 | Cib 10 | Caban 11 12 | Cauae 18 | Ahan......... IWR, || Grabs casacce 15) (M2. Feoacee hes 16 | Akbal 17 18 | Chicchan ... 29) \Cimil pee 20 XN 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 *qoke | “qokeg | yung | 10 11 10 yung, | ‘qedey | i | 5 |12 |... 10 11 quiey | *xeq | 10 “X¥d | “UeN AL | 10 11 “Ul UR yy | “UBNT | 11 “ULL UR yy | “ORAL | 11 10 11 “ORT | yW20 ~ 10 11 I “OR, 10 11 13 10 11 a | ‘OBZ | 8/2) 9}/ 3/10] 4/\11 10 11 “XB | “udu 10 12 1 10 TOW. | “ustf) | 10 11 ‘TOW | 15ta YEAR. “ULXT 5 | 12 l6ta YEAR. “ULXB A gLUXe 11 10 11 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR, “D9Z I, | THX | 11 “ZYO7, 10 11 5 |}12/ 6|13) 7 10 10 10 13 6 13 2 5 6 10; 4/11 11 Names of the months. Ben Tyo eeses Akbal Kan .. Names of the months. EAD) |) UD) soocosccooce 1 XN BP IWIN Gacccaoes 4 | Cib 5 | Caban 6 | Ezenab ...... 7 | Cauac SaPAh sauna {) || GINS snccesec LON Wilke wooeetcas ees 18 | Chicchan ... La Cimitesacccoe Smale ania eae US. || IUESENS Sacco 17 | Muluc .. SMOG irene 19 | Chuen ...... 11 12 6 10 11 12 16 18 19 1 aye 8 a 12 6 | 13 1 3 1 12 10 5/12) 6/13] 7 10 4 10 3 | 10 11 3 | 10 11 5 10 11 5 | 12 13 8/2) 9) 3/10} 4/11 10 11 10 11 11 12 13 1 10 13 4, 4, 10 10 12 6|13 | 7 5 10 12 13 3 11 BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeol. Chuen 5 ||! 101) cecreneoocod Cib Mialuciep sees 16 | Ben Manik ...... Lamat ...... % S aS v s > ~ go g §x 3 aS ‘a o S & 1 | Ezenab ...... PN NGG S sseceace Tee ed. oeces. 6 | Akbal FN IKCaTT ese aeee 8 | Chicchan ... TES || WGI er Bpddene 10 11 12 ly AN Seco se seeks: 19 20 iy] 89 10 11 12 13 | th 15 16 17 18 19 “qadeg 10 ali 13 U4 15 16 17 18 19 “nywny) - 11 ‘10 “qadkeg a 5 “nyurny) El *qedeyy 10 |. Ale 11 10 Ro “xUg 10 12 “qeivy 10 11 11 URN] 11 10 11 “xBq 10 11 vuryuey | 1l 12 1 “UBn YT 10 10 “ULLUR “OB TAL 10 11 10 11 11 5 |12| 6 |13 | 7 20) 10 11 “ORTAL 11 8/ 2/9; 3/10) 4+1-4.). ‘OBZ 10 11 5 | 12 10 ate) 10 11 1 "XU 10 11 “ORT, 10 11 11 “ust 10 11 “XB 10 11 ‘PI 10 11 ‘uaTp 10 5 | 12 10 11 lita YEAR. “Ure 10 11 10 11 ‘TON 4, 10 11 18tH YEAR. WX 10 11 ULE 10 1l 8); 2); 9/3/10) 4}11 10 11 5 |12| 6/13 7 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. “O0Z J, 5 | 12 10 11 10 {UK 10 11 1 “2407, 10 11 ‘OaZ J, 10 10 5 | 12 10 “2407, 10 o | & PIN 13 10 11 13 nN “diy | ‘dog | 4 6 on 13 an 11 13 i> 9; 3|10; 4/11 Names of the months. Names of the days. Akbal Kian eeesseee (Oye ce aotonan Ben au S Ay NAN 4 5/12) 6|13| 7 EXD) || 0's) Seeaooobaaes 1 3 | Chicchan ... JEN (OmhsYt sonscopoo 5 | Manik 6 | Lamat 7 | Mulue 9 | Chuen GD) ||, JBR) Sopnaoocsoo 18 | Men ...:..... EB (Oh )oocooseeace 15 | Caban 16 | Ezenab ...... il 12 Dial A Canacieenssan Names of the months. Names of the days. Ihamatiescees Muluc Oc ...... 18 Qieetargeuatee Ezenab ...... (Cauaceneeeeee TSH eAthaueeeecces TKD | Natt be oanacaqoe 20 | Manik ...... Sa) |) Cre Sccccodouss 10 | Caban 8 | Men ......... 11 4 | Chuen 6 | Ben LOW Tky Hatem 16 | Akbal 213) Ahaus. 2 .5.. FEE MG rtub-ecieone 12 10 11 11 10 4 | 11 .| 10 18 | Chiechan TY | Orwaan ogennon Ui7ey mony este 3 dD 5 8 | 12 | 18 6 7 | | 11 13 9 5 \12 6. 10 12 10 5 11 4 10 8| 2} 9/]3|10/ 4/11 11 1 19th YEAR. 10 11 11 11 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. 10 10 10 6 /12/ 6/13) 7 4 10 11 13 10| 4 |11 A, .| 12 .| 13 Names of the days. Manik ENVEN cpeona soe | SHRHYH OCR HASHROH YH SR HD | XQ Wa) lst Ssh SS St ap Se TR RT OR qoeg | AQ ot x 1D © : “qos | . a: 4H nm A Won DAOHAMHA q nq | Be Sp etoretire ox 1] Si 5 (| f=) fat cl nyu | g HA m aw oO RN ow: Petia. oe: Fo Ook : quiey | OY, GO: Suk tay © ORS ap epee Oe Ge query | a = oo Oo N% qn ; xg | RO Se a ee Nite ste ee xv | ¢ oo 4 ~ OoonHa rH Yo) q uenyy | 29 Nm tH 1 © (v0) SH Am Am Hw wen | 0 Rey 0 oad a 7 A Ha i upqueyy | pC 3S} bi] oleae) a Se By Sek ee Sr Sea upjueyy | q am 4 Par) 1 O = oD 19 j oy | 44 & Ss S Sere ese BL Se ont | a a) qa 4 ei é W20 | 1» OO PES ES ESTO NM m0 ON DRO TF 199 | n don 7m 4 oF C : ‘ong | re a 6 a HOO mF DATAANARANM S oe7, | ' ' 1D oO NM So a m HN bt OO : xu | PR ANS Goes LIS) Ss (aa x0 | < 6 SHAMHA™M HO” 7m 4 : way | SiieleN bese FISCHNDASAARAA way | . om oun © k& CO OD AQ © 4 We) . ren | Re ietafcte Gal aes She Severe aah Gea trl TOW = (=> : o2OoHA DM ; ups | Huta tedenesy pe OU GO SK fe Re CaCO 2) af boa tol © N ups | ‘ Nm Hm OR DO oA mM HAM Oo hm : ny | Onas Wwe mx io/0) ow NN *# a oan | PSOANMRANYM HH ONDER A MH oon, | 207, | AND WON DHMOANRHAAM H HOR 707, | : mMOAOROHA ; ayy | = Sa ay eet, SAG SOT Soh DOS COS) tet TSS sor) dy | RAHN Hw OR ror) 4 oF on | q Ve SPE ea eel la Soe ae SO on | OnMDAOHA dog | Sf ey) OY Oe} GY “Gd Sone) Bo 9) EN SY eI dog | B B19 Pe Se Bog 8 SR = Rea OBS AD ; 63 Ss : Tape! ee 9 Rina PaaS oe 28 2S : Be Cita Bhat SE eee ees oe yt : el Ooo wy ¢ te Datei se sa) FI =i oe BS aeeee GGL ch fy dal Bed} ep oa ey ee ® EE 2 | es 2 & ROIESIC RSH FIC BG BRO BG B= = IC we PRK SOOM SAH A ae Oo: 6's 8 se $5: a SHRDASH GH HYHSHADW SW OA YD D R : ae 8 | Chicchan ... QC imieeeeee YR NGS re scconce 5 | 6 | Akbal Th EY, Serra sy. 1 | Ezenab ...... P| CORN ETE srecase TED VG Saeppcee LOB Ciboenceccotes: SBS COS reese se Tf VAS aes ieee cee 20 | Caban i eamateesese 16 | Ben 10 20 10 11 12 18 14 15 16 Hey 18 19 | 20 NX 10 11 “qokeyy | “qodeg | “nyuany | 10 11 10 2 “nyung | qedey | 10 11 8 sqedvy | 10 11 “xeq | 10 11 1 “xed | 5 | 12 13 “UBUYAL | 10 “Ueny, 10 11 “ULUeYy | 11 10 “ULUe yy | 12 “ORT | 11 “ORT | 10 11 ace) | 10 11 11 w9| 087 | 5 |\12| 6|13| 7 10 11 ‘OR, 10 11 “XB | 10 11 10 ‘xB | 11 | “UOT | 10 11 = 3 | 10. 10 11 TON | 10 11 11 TOWN | 10 11 21st YEAR. URE A 11 22npd YEAR. 10 11 ULC K 10 11 {MDC | 10 11 10 TeX 10 11 ‘2aZJ], 10 5 | 12 10 ll “08ZT, | 11 13 10 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. “2407, 8|/ 2| 9/3/10; 4/11 10 11 "2407, 10 11 “diz 10 11 1 "diz | 10 12 NAN @ 10 13 10 13 nN 5 | 12 .| 10 11 .| 12 13 7 Names of the months. the days. Names of Akbal iKantieeceerene OGRE aN ESSN Gagagpdon Names of the months. | 5‘| a} p Names of the days. Lamat ...... Ezenab ...... Oon sees. 1 R 3 | Chicchan ... JAN (Cri: Soqoosoa0 5 | Manik 6) ||elamat fie. 9 | Chuen GK) |) 1095 oegccone0000 11 | Ben 14 | Cib 15 | Caban 16 | Ezenab ...... 17 | Cauac Sh eA auyereeceere TI) NGI 5op0n006 13 20 | Manik ...... il 2 | Muluc S | Men ......... 9 | Cib 10 | Caban 4 | Chuen Gale Benweenecte ib 12 | Cauac 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 10 10 11 8| 2; 9; 3|10|} 4)11 10 11 1 10 5 | 12 5|12| 6|13| 7 12 13 10 11 10 11 13 9; 3j/10/ 4|11 1 .| 12 WGadkb< psonosacs TI} |! INGEN snganoce HB ST el Eicoeen 16 | Akbal TYAN AIKEN We Rone aa oe 18 | Chicchan ... LON i Cimileee eee 14 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR, 23rd YEAR. 3 10 Il 12 18 | 20 19 || 16 11 10 13 6 10 11 12 8/ 2/9; 3/10 10 11 1 10 11 3 3 | 10 10 11 9 5 |12| 6|13/ 7 10 11 10 10 11 13 3 8} 2| 9/3/10; 4|11 10 12 13 10 12 1 6 .| 10 3 Names of the days. Cimieeeeeee Lamat ...... Chuen Cauac A fee pecer ade | SHRHTH ORDA OHARA SH OH OD | iy} St Sb Sh St SS SSP SE TRY RP OY ‘gata | ORES COR CEES : oar | : 4 ¢ = oo 4 oD 10 mga | GSO GH GOS He) ED [eGo Go 2S) fe) 2s} ey nyeany | j tar) 1D OR OD = ° c) ec OoiNr 7 xu | AAAraAnwToeOnDaGHAgi ans svg | i on 0a oOo unt | SI 83 @ G9 9 GS) fey QI Gq tl CI GO SI tS © fb S wen | F No ROAOHAMHAN ¢ upquny | SS) Sh See eleuaed SE 3 eS} & upqueyy | : : 1000 4 (2 1D OO RO : ony | GO SI 1D @O CG) SO By Ge a one | 0 o Ha 7 oo wOKRDRAOHAMHAN ; 0 | SS ea rs aC en OY v | Nee) g oc) oa) HAMHAM 1D OO RO ; ony, | nN Fo ON 2 © gO) & x ony, 6 = Oo 4a 7 9 | OO oe Get OO Ob OS OO ee aa 5 UX . et aN Mm mw . uot | CI} 6) Sil t) @ 9 @) S Et Gy Ge No Fw Oo NS SI una | 0 no 4 oo 19 0 & Ha ™ g vert | r eS St Ses ES SoS Soe Se ease joa} rt | = i=) ‘quay | 11 10 11 ‘xUq | URN | 10 11 “ULL UB | 10 11 “OR TAL | 10 11 10 11 «| 8/ 2/9] 3)|10/4 |11 11 “OR, | 10 11 1 10 11 “XUN 10 11 “ud | 10 10 11 ‘TON | 10 11 “UIYXB A | 11 10 MX | 11 5 |12|} 6|13 | 7 10 11 “O02, 10 ‘LYOT 10 11 10 dig, 5 | 12 on | 10 11 13 nN 11 ‘dog | 4 9/3/10} 4/11 1 4 Names of the months. Ben dB ee ohaceoeercee Ezenab ...... Akbal Keanteceeeceee XN Sa Menitne cee. 5 | Caban 6 | | 7 | Cauac @ |) NAVE soconoss 10 11 12 12 | Chicchan ... 75) Manik ~....- 16 | Lamat ...... 17 | Muluc ...... TKS. WQS soncccesctive 19 | Chuen 28TH YEAR. NX 4 10 Il 18 14 1G 17 18 || 19 “qaseg | 1 “ny uns) | ‘quivy | ll 10 1L “XB | URN L | 10 11 10 11 10 “UDLURYy 5 |12/ 6/13] 7 10 11 “ORT | 10 11 YO | 10 11 ‘OBZ | 10 “Xe | 10 11 “wey 10 vad 10 11 3 WINX X 8/ 2/9/ 3/10) 4/11 11 WUD 11 1 10 11 10 11 10 10 11 13 10 11 13 4 10 12 13 5/12) 6/13) 7 10 12 Names of the months. Names of the days. Ezenab .. Canae hanes Lamat ...... 20 | Caban 1 2 HAN\\ VEWVES scocooece is) 6 | Akbal TO\ Bian tera 8 | Chicchan ... 9 \\ Cimieiteae.: 10 | Manik ...... 11 12 | Mulue ON OCesedes.cecnes TASS \\219)s) ee cpeaceccd 16 | Ben nh || Wb nase saarerere ihe} || Wik vemocaere 19 | Cib 10 il | 12 18 16 17 18 19 6 | 13 || 20 11. 10 10 11 5 |12| 6 10 11 10 11 10 11 10 11 10 11 10 8| 2; 9| 3,10; 4|11 10 11 11 29TH YEAR. 1 1 10 11 10 11 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. 10 11 10 11 10 10 11 5 |12| 6|13| 7 10 11 13 10 11 4, 9 4 Names of the days. Dx Senha Ezenab ...... Lamat ...... Ocwkvencene: Mulue SHRDWBH OKH HY] OH RH WH OR OD RQ i | "qoke i nee ae ‘gateg | P ID ON DO A oq 4 nyuing Ss tl NQ So) N 1%) FID Oo Re DO D ° ia raya | quiey a3 3 SqaNygaag + a “x FwmORNnDRAOH AMA svg | SHA AMT 19 Om OG SO “xe | ; SCHAMHA DM 10 uenyy aad x SS ee et Ce Niece “wen | . Om Frmmooroanonhna nm A ine} . uLyUR yy te} Ss as SU Sst Bs) ES ES 0) upjuey | . A ODA Nw A oO ony | aq oy Me tS aS eS Se ee ees ‘oe | . NmvwyrAwmonrDdOnaonn © FG . ED) Sa USC Citesiint act et Ioana we | . lo oor) aN & rm . ony, 2 a A) ch Oe Ate OS 6 a) 6) @ a avg, | 3 : HAMHD ONDE q 9 se x0 epee a 4 xe | 9 DA CHAMHAN SG a i. uoya | aan eA BSS NS setae S TEN) : RHNAMAMDONDAOCH AM H en | qo fa) to! tH) 1 Dee OOS a “POI =) . io a) t= ior) > unpey | ON OSS ISA pt CN Gd sl DS RE Sa Gy oO “UTyxe 0 AMHAMT HON DAO H oo mx | a Sa Sy} & SNS 2X 1D Oh OD @ 4 oo od > oon, | 2p Saad @ I OMe a ee az], HARMAN YT DOR DOD 2307, aas Soe elpretiats, Shee Ss “207, | 10 OO kX DOD OD et lacy ay | x SHaNwBmannmnwawonngese “dyz | STH NMHN HM AHO he DW on | | tot toh tol GP Ss} Gy Ge} el) Go on | mH WM OnRDAOHA NM dog | SHARMRHAM HTH ON GD O dog | Gis dake oe ee ee ee ee p oS F od Se. § Sei ree Sina 3 : shee: 2 8 oa $s sh 8 See Spee 5 : : a =) : 3.8 aa S09) ye el ey) 8 eye 8 : A Go of a4 s Ree ee ee EH eg 8 2a 8 aa BB ae a5 As Ces yp Gl Gt cel dal (SS) a oe So oe OE Se oS Se we ac) RPAH OORBH SCOR RH aSSO eR Oa Ke} SHR MBH OKRDAONVRH YH ©AK HOD R ANN AHA 20 | Manik ...... 4 | Chuen 6 | Ben EP | IMCS Gooonndon 9 | Cib 10 | Caban 12 | Cauae 13 ||, Adhau <...2...- 16 | Akbal GEP ||) VEIT samoneooe 18 | Chiechan ,.. DOM eCimie ee 1 11 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. 3lst YEAR. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9 5 | 12 11 10 6 | 13 10 13 1 3 6 | 10 Akbal .| 12 BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeol, Cib Damat ...... Ocieers rete: Mulue Chiechan ... Ciniigeeeeee | SHRHAYTH ORDA DCHARH]A NSH OH AXHD | SHR XQ vst ey St SNe Sar we tS) SSP SS Q ‘gaceg | eG too) Ste 3 ko ade us oS aHee! Ge beeeo 5) Bde 8 “qodeg | Ge) Sil [py : 3 or) 4 nN 7 : SSICIING wg See eee eigetwson oo, 3 a @ mn) PS eeege q > ao a iT . quiey, | RoHoA DAMON DNeOAAM AN M 4 wo © quavyy | aN gf 0 oO : ~ © HNME NAMA MON DAOAN ¥ > a4 a svg | 2 Sj =| Se a4 svg | pee AOE . a a a a a . oD in = uenyy | an coer Nm Fm ORNR DD S Tat a ioe) tI NN m 6 ueny | CORN CD be) : © ror) 4 HAMA MON DASH . Te) oa upjuey | BS ee SL a usury | es Co) FS ‘ 4m 4 RDARAOHAMHAANA NM : Om 4 29 ony | Se ey OY Gos to) Se) & & s oy | By egy eel G0 Sst : ai MoNM Hw OR DD : ~ a o 29 | BS Se eat eee alin sc = u99 | OSES EONS 5 qo Nom Oo & O Ha 9 4 a . HAMS A avy, | SIR ON GG eel i) Sy as] nN avg, | aoa eq ie . = NO a on In Ok OD OD . xox | GSTS tS C9 Gi SE) SS Gy 69 nN i 5 x0 | In © KN OO @ . ror) Ham AN mM WORAROHAMHAN : 4 an qn uo | eye) ie) t Seles = wag | Se Qo . a 7 1D Om aN m7 A on 1D Oo bw © . oF mo ron | SI tS SOAs aAraas 8 ow | +0 © NA : 0 HN mG Om DO qa 0m 4 : o> q oe ULyxe x | S} 5} 2} Be SUG) Si he) Se aS oe) UrlyxB x =) SI q ee . rec oa N ® . mx | AM HAMH ON HDHOAAR NA om Fo Oo bh rx | Am +tQ oO’ ‘ ~~ OD dan 9m A on 1D Om © a4 NN 7 ogee DARAOT NM oan, | Saas N = SS 2} es 902], aeodr . MO on wn oa N y . AN © eo) 07, | ae i) > OSs) & OS oe} G So N 7 HH ign 6 307, | nN As es) . Ne} oO Cn LD | - mG for) an az | SOO Ee gar Aes PONS Se aa ay See qe : NM AN DM H 1 © OD qa 7 on a) 9 on | ae bs SSE Os tae Oe od “oa | 4 0 q 1D OO mr OD 4a q on 1D Oo mM © + © 4 dog | Se QQ eas “GO Se dog | Sore A : : 2 8 PS te eh we a : ae: ore Ss : : Neg : Sonlyioa' wi | Se : BY 8 > : ie ae ae = Hes ==) > als 28 g& i 3.8 868 Bags ee aR $s “2 y 55 g GEE est cep : 5 a8 BLED WSS 8 be rl chet de) FE Bae ee clos oF Elst | NS GLB Eb a2 a Ree Suni Rak BSA HERS EE 7 2 Pes a St cst El wy a AMHASCOMOAHAAMOOAR AOSD cz) OROAREA SHRH THOR HDAOCOHRA YH ORD SHR} SH RQ is} lt imi tml ost ist ist ist St it R ae aM ae veces ties 8 9 10 | Manik ...... 11 12 16 | Ben EIN IGN Feneqeece 19 ‘ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. 35rD YEAR. N 10 L1 18 14 15 16 IS 19 “qoadug nywng 10 Sa “qeARyy 10 1a “xt 10 11 “URAL 5 | 12 a 10 11 4 “UDLUR YT | 10 11 iat “OC TN 10 11 3 5|12 | 6|13) .7 ol 10 11 10 ‘OUT, 10 nN “XB 10 11 “ust ULYXB TOM 5 | 12 10 4, 5 | 12 Hit ex 4 10 11 8/ 2| 9|} 3/10| 4/11 ‘oaZ], 10 10 1 sal 10 4, ‘diy, | 11 10 on | 4 13 A, “dog | 10 12 nN Wo) 10 | 11 12) 6/13 | 7 13 Names of the months. Names of the days. Akbal Uhl deosconoy (O}omcaastocenne AG .oocoons: | | | | P20) |r Oe acaaaaeaasas 1 8 | Chicchan ... A) (Chua sogodeos 5 | Manik ...... 6 | Lamat ...7.. 7 | Muluc 9 | Chuen HO) \\) JO) sscccancanos 11 | Ben 14 15 | Caban 16 | Ezenab ...... 17 | Cauac TE) || PSE, conooon6e 19 o4tH YEAR. Sa) 10 Ii 18 14 15 16 il? 18 19 “qodv “rua ) AQ 13 a “qeAnyy 10 a 6 “XU 11 “UBDAL 5 | 12 “UL UG 8; 2)|9| 3/10 10 11 “OB 4 9 1 WO 10 10 11 ‘OCT 4, “XB 10 10 11 “ust TOW i> 5 |/12| 6 |13| 7 10 “ULYXB A 3 | 10 iva) wLUXG 9 10 “O0ZI, OYA 10 “diy, ie) 13 ib 8); 2) 9| 3/10) 4)11 a} SUL 13 Names of the months. Names of the days. ama ee Ezenab ...... Cauac JNO 5 sasnnone Tes vee. tee Akbal Chicchan ... 20.) Manik ...... 1 8D 4 | Chuen wD 6 | Ben G |) WIG. scscasese 9 | Cib 10 | Caban 11 12 15 16 17 18 LOM Cum ieee | 20 11 qokua | “nyorny) | *qodt py | 11 “qudvyy | 10 11 “XB | “URN | S125 76 11 10 10 “nyuany) | ‘quan yy | 3 8 | 22 10 A 10 (3) 2 10 11 “XB | 1 11 13 URN] | “UDLUB SY | 5 | 12 10 Dal ace) IL 3 UnpURyy | 10 10 1 “ORT | 11 11 AEH) | | 5 | 12 10 11 A oO ‘ony, ‘XUN 10 11 10 “udTD | | 13 8) 2/9] 3/10} 4/11 10 ‘TOW 10 il 1 bX 30TH YEAR. “UL XT | i] 11 13 36TH YEAR. KU 11 4, 5/12) 6/13 | 7 10 10 mtGhi@) | A a 10 “ULYXB A | 18x | ie) 10 11 aXe | ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR, “DOZI, 11 10 13 ‘09ZT, “1407, 10 11 6 10 ZI07, | “diz 10 5 |12| 6/13) 7 “a € 1 “diz | 10 11 13 5 Qa : fo) & |p 4 f 9 JUL Names of the months. Names of the days. IKtanigees eer 1 be ee ers ene | Chicchan ... (Cimigeee 22D) || TDD cecsocccnoss 1 | Ben Saleen eese-ee 5 | Caban 6 | Hzenab ...... 7 | Cauac & |) AEN séchoocce B))|| VOW e rosnoe THO)8) (AN e ocnepeasose 11 | Akbal } 12 13 14 om | ania eee HS. || WERTENG ooeoec TH] |) WIG Ssccce Tk | OC scosapsecees 19 | Chuen ‘on | 11 13 8|2/|9/3/10| 4/11 6 10 11 12 5 11 5 6 | 13 1 10 Hil |) 3 ‘dog | u 4, 5 | Names of the months. .| 10 -| 12 of Vames 0 N the days. Cauae JAW EN srececone Romiixeeeeseee Akbal Ge Geecooade Chicchan ... 20 | Caban 1 | Bzenab ...... Oi Cimir tess eee: TES | WW Gpeeeoes Q 3 4 8 6 10 i 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 1 11 11 10 11 10 11 5/12); 6|13| 7 10 11 10 10 11 37TH YEAR. 10 10 11 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. 8} 2/9; 3/10; 4/11 11 10 11 1 10 11 10 11 10 12|/ 6/13] 7 4 10 olf, dual Ezenab ...... Rianiiseee snes Soe Mieny earcssees SHRATH OCR DA CH AH SVH OR HOD® aX & | iy} tS) SS) SS iS] SS AT Sp St | Son ake oe ole : bt 0 OD = : qoke =e gave | CS St 0 RAN Mm ORDAROHAMHAANA NM : nyarny) ra a aa a & SILOS nyuang HA 7 + 10 OR : OR DAOHAMHAM FH © OK or q x qeseyy aad ea es = a qeseyy Pe Cte pie ete CN hy Sante a AMANMA WOR DAOHA MAAN MD a 0 xe | oa a Sie? xed Boe Daten ste SB ae OSS 0 RK © qo oF e r= ueny{y 1D © SHNRANMDH DONDE ° = uenyy On DA SAN 3 = oo © 3 : No ; uLyuey aa 8 No Ht 10 mM DORSCHAARANAM + uLyuey Nm AA wD H © © F wm OR DAAOHA MM A : F G ov AL = Soa m Nm tw oN DGS ORAL WON DASHA : SHNMAHANMHA YH ON DOA 4am 9 0 os qo ire) aaa ea Se eat ce Nce yep amos ae Oe See SE. : oF Oo & OO 4a : B ory, 19 SHAMHANMDHY DON DS aug, | Foon MD aod 6 fon) 4 mn oN ~ 1D OO ON oo 5 a a xu | Sea = ECE ey oh ey Oe ed x0 eee aq . NMA DOR DOAOHA DM A oF 6 E uot | S) Sl Sy ee i] 19 8 KB 0 fs way | me FD OH DAS : DROHAMHAM HAH ORDO =I 0 DOA AMHA DM vert | fs) tl tl heed =| a] Wo td 11k | aoainae”| a 6 HAN mM Hw OR DD 4 GO = <2) : 1 roy uppeg | = Sy BY Ge tel 60 Gd seh Wea @) Gs in) une | URC c omer en ace F ROACH AMAN HM + Ow oF ‘ HAMHA Wx aaa SS eos EO mx | cay puss ON ae 1 MHAMAMD ON DAOHAM Hn 7 1D oO B&O oan, | ac} SHARHAMT DM © oazy, + DAOANA® A =- aa «0 4 2307, | oN SoA em Nm Ht OR DO ora z307, | NODOSA AR ANMANM HTH OH DOD o of = wm Hn Oo dy | a4 Ss} S| Sh ey clo bs) ay | ee aN SCORAOROH AM A COHN on | Ne SAAR eee eS ict on | CH HAHA R HANMAN HM HD OR DD = mn Aa Hw © ‘| ae Ses gees ima a : Ratna a nie : 2 28 g : a pee eae mages 4 Ss: So cisentoms Re : : oes B sd |e HSE As ae Sy g a 8 : Bee a : one 28 5 : 0 tel a sa GC} 8 5 oben 7 pyets} pl Q 8 Eg SB ab lesiered Sa i a E 8 Gls : Ao oon aq RS eg & 28 & Sta S8 co Eee Ee Se Boe oe fF eo EF § 8 § @ :3 e SS 8 le 2-8 I As woe eS 6 ee ees » SS Ss Fee 7 2 es Ss Boe Sf oy ee) ARAM OOS H SOOM HA KASS SbHROaS s SBaHeOOR AH SHAR HN BH OR HM ®AOHRH BSH © R © OD SHRM SH OR R bh he DT R ® || Chl. coseconaae 10 | Caban 18 | Chicchan ... Oy Ciminere eee 12 | Cauac 78) Ahau'......... IWR NGS ohoadoe LI Wl le ecschedoee 16 | Akbal 11 Li 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 “qokug. | nyuany | *qedeyy | 10 11 20 3 i 10 il 18 - || 29 11 11 10 10 iL 3 11 “Xbq | 10 11 “URNTL | 10 11 10 5 /12| 6/13 10 ll nN 11 10 “ULL UB | 10 8); 2/9) 3/10 10 11 “ORT | “Up UR yy | 10 10 ial 1 11 "0 | “ORT | 11 10 11 “ORY, | “120 | 10 ial 10 “XU | 11 “ou | 10 11 10 11 mich fe) | “xO | 10 11 ‘TOWN | 10 11 Biclite) | Ay Oy) Siow aya 10 5/12/ 6/13 | 7 10 11 39TH YEAR. UXT | TON | 11 1 40TH YEAR. 10 NX | 10 “ULY XT A | 11 10 11 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. ras | 10 11 11 10 11 10 13 10 11 13 6 | 13 10 5 |12| 6|13) 7 13 ~~ 5 | 12 10 12 13 12 13 NAN 4 10 11 13 12 13 5 8); 2|9)/ 3/10} 4/11 3 6 e|| LIL Names of the months. Names of the days. dae erecee Muluc ...... Chicchan ... Cib tanigeestecee COM IBE Dieeseeeereee 1} Ben Si eYonixees ee TOP WO 5 Se ceanaceen 11 | Akbal om Wan iikaeecee 16 | Lamat ...... 13a Ocweere ccs 79 | Chuen 6 | Ezenab ...... & || JAE Faosqaed oo | Menara 5 | Caban 7 | Cauac 12 13 Names of the months. 4 11 12 13 Names of the days. NYaniixeeeee Tee een cnteate? Cauac Cimino: Manik ...... SF )| JANET csoocacce 6 | Akbal 1 | Ezenab ...... pi 20 | Caban Te \ Kaniaeessssee | 72)\ Mulue <..... 8 | Chicchan ... 12 | Gamat <2... 9 10 | thf |) 16S taorreeereee FIN WN eceeoceee 19 Cib 19 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. Alst YEAR. 10 11 13 14 15 16 18 19 BM eee 10 11 5 10 11 10 10 10 11 11 13 11 10 11 10 11 10 8; 2/9; 3/10; 4/11 10 11 10 11 aa 1 10 11 10 11 10 11 10 10 11 13 10 11 5 |12) 6|13)| 7 11 10 11 10 13 10 10 13 12 13 8 3 |10| 4\11 10 | 18 of James 0, the days. Oe aR aE cea! Ezenab ...... Kant tet cee Lamat ...... Oo iee St) GQ Ga Sp ty BS) SS Ss) HOw OS Sew Se &) & iy} Dp ab SS SP SE) SS SS) aR AY . AN MDM HN g 5 5 : 3 5 : H : : 5 g 5 : ‘ “a9 qokey) aaa es Se he pete setae steele mer See Se ec ete es qofeq “nypang FO ON DACAAR ANAMH DON HES “nyu ; = of A om morn nAa OHA m A on : qedeyy Se aes iN = = aoa a N qrAvyy & ~ DAOCHAMHANMAWHM OL ao | é xed Se Se ea aaa ~ 0 | XUqT | went AOCHAMANAMHA HD ONDAAGHAAROAN “uenyy “ULyUB YL AMWHW OH DASCHA WAN HD TH 19 ON “UL[URY Ee é HAM AA MH Don DAOHAN 4 a OV CS as = | © ov 5 j = on MmOoOKRDACHAM AN HM 19 & 5 ree) a < ~ S| GO) Ge or yao : eal HAMANN SH DOR DAO H om 5 0e7 re Seg ea ON ic eS Q ae Rg, os 0 am CRAACHAMDHAN MD Roy 3; a xv Ge} ta! GY GO Sal He Ste} G3) eo) ~*~ 0 S XBR : ChRDAORAOHAMHAHAMHAMOnRAaGOHAN : wey) =o = = Srey = way . AMANMA MD ON DADHARMRHAANA MDM Noy ; TO ho a = 4 2 4 vt = PW nN : MOR DAOANMHAMA UMD ON BO oq : UIXB A Se 4 8 oe ~H uppseg | HAMHARMWHT MON DAOCHAMHAAN ~~ 4 MX Had > aoa a Ae) n@X daz], HW ONDA SCAAM ANDY DONG] SO 002], | = oD 4 DOR DA DOAHAM 4 on : 2407, | Speer Sees eS aaa N Z}07, | diy, | MAW SCN HASHARMRANAHM TOON DS ‘diy, | 0 | QDOHAMAHAMHYWOKRDAAOHAMEN 0 1 aaa =e) Jal | o” HA mM on dog | a Hw SCN DASA i) 41D ON © dog | Z : Re a Fees : Z eI os : Sire pi Gin Be ae Be 8 : 8 : $a | Sees fanless : Se as : 8&8 WAS 3 Se 8 ee wee 2 8 Q : $8 gg aS oe rs} Ta 8 3 z 8 : 5 A eS 5 ow Ha 3 SPQ Esper 2 ‘g el lve eet 8 8 El ae Fl Se a 2 4a Bes epee trG) eal os) pS ere ee ce) CS Ge eS ce Zs we B4HH COBH SCOR MAHA AOOHR SO 4 ar] | (Sy) Gy Se) Se Us SS ES Cs GS SS fh @ Ss Se Ue) Gey eS Se) SD H Q a en | 18 | Chiechan ... HOM Cimiuee ee 20 | Manik ...... 2) Muluc ...... 4 | Chuen 6 | Ben 8 || WIG, Socoseae 9 | Cib 10 | Caban 12 | Cauac 7h eAhateenn yee TWA || NGWS so5ono500 Usp TRIO ein ect as ra 16 | Akbal l7 1 5 vel 20 3 11 | 13 | 16 . || 10 . || 4 11 12 N9))> 10 8; 2/9/ 3/10); 4 3 | 10 1 9 11 10 11 45rp YEAR. 5 |12/ 6/13} 7 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. 11 3 | 10 9 10 13 13 8) 2| 9) 3/10; 4/11 10 ol} 1 13 ames of Ne Ezenab....... Ahaweneie.. 1 Ye ane Kan eee: Chicchan ... Cimiee eee QOo\icees cos. Cib the days. Canac SHRAYWH DAADAADHAHA SH GADD RQ Sf imi msl st Tal St SS RP SSE OR | | = —— ‘qateg | Sao ace qoxeg | 5 = m= NO Hw OD qa : aqanp|| | eas So nag | agra oO oH a 1D DAOHA MHA & Fw (me quay | sg foal OU 0ck si a Anda eA qeAe yy | Fi A eua HAM HM ORD DO : xed | eae | © a4 XBT | c = 0 A o ROROHA Mm 4H on : wong | eR EG MS RCN GO ae MOO Es SS GR ASG rela ROS aN umnyy | ; So = mn HN «mH On ODS 3 UL Ue YL Sa 5 pee en = a upquey | ; sl 2 0 ‘eo 4 mon - i ou SHAMHAAMDAN OM HDAOAA q omy | . lan) bh © TK ANMAN M 10 OR DA F wo | ee 2. 28 10 | . Q2OHAMHAN MD ORDA OHNAMHAAN ; OU7, = 4 4 4 LS es oaa e Ov7, | us a 7 Roy coyter) dam a on 19 © Lb a a XU = Io) ~ ° aa 7 an = s xUX : DROHNARMHAAN Swmonwodaodam aA 5 wou) Ss 4 2-5 1) aad S uGht Fe) | . oS 0 oa ®& Mm rt an Ne) . OW TH Hw ON M GM On A a Yo) N i er | 2 & onpSTe ROOGdHA m 4 Mm Hin Oonronaddna ™m : Un xe 3 aaa ei N = Sea a sH WIYXR A f 2 dH | m9 Re} Sm A m o Ne) nx a8 HwOongeowia% nN x19 nx | cay On DAAOHAMA AM Rey oo Hs 9927], | , Sie) 2 2 gS = ey 09ZT, | ‘ Nm AN 7 y = od 7407, MN 59 q Fw SON DASH AM ANAM H 0 207, . Don DAA OHA Hn Ny diz, 2 =a © BF NS OSE R IE SADE OF nS ate diz, q aA em HN mM 19 soa OHN m + , on | =} et eel a © Sodan nN om on | . = x dog Hp O nN DD OF iS 2 HN Ip ON 0 OS dog | a : : Tae ee ate e ORT wC : aaeed ; Cals | ‘Si 2 : Pe fiend 8 : ig On Bat S| | g = 2s p a FB 8 Rese aa aie ee ot nA ag gS : Sie en ope ye hate ncatey peeCey SI oa S| Aa Sy = a ea & bl 9 & 8 osg ‘Es 8 aq So Sess oe 2 aS oe i Roce el elke iS So Aa qs Hie Sy, Ber ee IS) oy eS) fe ayy SP OG) er gz Ge 4a ae] AAR ezaOOnROdeF eda Hh OSOAH ACS se) ee a ee | Sy At IN} Ga) Sar Wey ey ES) Cs) GA SY tat GO Ga Se wey Gy RS Ga © | R ee | 6 | Akbal IBN NGC cobcconon 20 | Caban i “/ 8 9 ih) AUESNESS Gopcer 16 | Ben UP AWEKN tos ove ce eee TES || AG eeaeeacee 19 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. 45TH YEAR. 20 Sy] 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 *qofey | nyu) | 10 11 10 “quiey | 10 ll ‘xeq | 10 11 11 “utny | 10 11 5 |12| 6 |13 “apuey | 10 11 13 10 ‘ont | 10 11 ae) 10 12 11 ‘087, | 11 4 10 11 ‘XEN 10 10 mca) 10 11 10 11 TPoW 11 8| 2;9) 3/10; 4)11 “ULE | 10 11 10 11 1 TX 10 11 ‘0aZ J, | 10 13 10 11 “207, | 10 | “diz | 10 12 10 11 on | 13. 13 5 |12/ 6/13 | 7 ‘dog | 9 12 11 12 Names of the months. Names of the days Ocleasece: Ben .| 10 | | | | | FAY) |\ AUS Gopeaqoaceca 1 | Akbal PA USEST, “Gapnodose 8 | Chicchan ... JAN Obra, soceqoo0e 5 | Manik Gi|elamatieeeres 7 | Muluc ...... 9 | Chuen 519) || 1819) sosocooa0oae 11 0D! Tx ran Mecreeone 13 | WEIN Goonacos 14 | Cib 15 | Caban 16 | Ezenab ...... 17 | Cauac Stal eAtl auleenteeeee ID) || NETS occ0056 46TH YEAR. 20 10 11 12 WS} 1h 15 16 ey 18 19 “qoakeg 3 “nywany) 11 10 “qeAey nN 10 11 “x®q | 10 11 8| 2/9 11 URN 10 11 1 “UppUeyy 10 10 “ORT 10 LEW) 11 4, “ORT, 10 11 “xB | 10 11 5 12) 6|13| 7 11 wn | 11 10 TOW 10 11 10 10 11 11 10 11 10 10 1l 10 8); 2);9) 3|10; 4/11 10 13 11 13 1 6 ‘dog 4, 7 12 | Names of the months. Names of the days. Lamat ...... Muluce Oct aceconees Mi oes Geaveases ..| 10 1 4, | Chuen 6 | Ben ......... Sal@Mien\ eeteses ec 9 | Cib 10 | Caban TIN) PANES nodeasne IVA | SGrib Ra scgscgn0 TOMAS epeosnceree 16 | Akbal TY \) MEK. Sonsdadoe 18 | Chicchan ...| LOA ECimit eee eeee ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. 47TH YEAR. 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 “qade gq | nyung | -10 11 5 10 ‘qede yy | *xUg | URN | “Upwey | “ORT | 10 10 11 11 10 11 11 = 10 11 ow | 8| 2/9}; 3/10; 4|11 10 11 10 11 “x0 | 10 11 1 10 mre) | 10 11 al 10 IL 11 Ure X | 11 10 11 10 11 10 10 11 10 5 /12/ 6|13 | 7 10 11 10 11 10 13 13 10 3/10; 4/11 5 8 11 12 Names of the months. Names of the days. Akbal ED |! JD -caccoaocoee Te Bene Peers: 6) || DEN soonoscot 4 | Cib 5 | Caban 6 | Ezenab ...... 7 | Cauac 3) |pAlhauteeceseee @) || YGTBS noencecse TKO!) Ws: soSosc0cceee 11 120i Keanweseeeee 18 | Chicchan ... TA, || CH cccoacnae 15 | Manik ...... 16 | Lamat ...... GRY |) WTO. Gocco 1S. \| OG ccpscsooseoe 19 | Chuen ...... 48tH YEAR. 16 18 19 “qade | “ny uny) | 1 “quivy | 10 11 “XB | 11 “URN | 10 “UI[UR YY | 10 “ORT | 5 \12| 6|13| 7 4 “00 | 10 ‘OVZ | 10 “XBT = “TOW | “ULYyXB | 10 11 =n 8|/ 2/9); 3)10/ 4/11 11 11 11 1 10 11 10 11 13 10 10 10 4, 10 12 N 10 12| 6/|13| 7 4, Names of the months. the days, Names of Ezenab ...... 1 ee canoe bod Cimiyenesss Manik ...... Lamat ...... Chuen 20 | Caban 1 2 | Cauae Su |eAthauesseeeees JA\\ NEWS pepebenca 6 | Akbal GAAN| UE Senetaciccd 8 | Chicchan ... 9 10 11 G9) OGfaccceceee see 14 15 16 | Ben LANES au vovecze ss TOUANECNY cee ce sere Cib 19 BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeol. | 20 10 11 13 14 15 16 18 19 *qakeg | 10 10 ital 12 13 -qake a nymng | 10 11 10 11 “nyuany) “qvdeyy | 10 11 5 10 ‘quieyy 11 “xeg | 11 10 10 11 ‘URN | 10 “XBq 11 10 “UBNLTAT “Uryue yy | 10 11 5 |12| 6 |13 10 11 “uLpuR yy “OB TL 11 11 10 8|/2;9/3/)10| 4 YW 10 11 “OBTAL | 5 | 12 11 10 11 1 ‘OBZ, 10 11 =| 10 Il 11 ‘xe 10 11 ‘ony, | 10 11 10 11 “ust 10 11 “XB | 10 11 10 11 TON 10 11 “ued | 5 10 10 11 49TH YEAR. “UL YKT X 10 11 TOW | | 10 4 8/2|9|3/10| 4/11 10 11 5 |12/| 6/13! 7 50TH YEAR. 10 ULYSE A | 10 11 1 10 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. 13 10 11 1 11 5 | 12 for) “OoZ], | 10 11 11 5 | 12 12 ‘2407, | 10 10 11 13 AN “diz | 10 10 .| 13 4, on | 13 NAN 1 5 |12| 6|13| 7 2';9/| 3/10; 4/11 .| 12 13 Names of the months. Names of the days. Akbal Oct anagae Ben ‘dog | 11 AN ¢ 11 Names of LD WOR caccnococeed P| UCI “Googabove 3 | Chicchan ZA, || (Gihaadl ‘ooseo0008 5 | Manik ...... 6 | Lamat 7 | Muluc 9 | Chuen HO || UB) socsoooobcee 1 11 the months. the days. Names of Lamat ...... Oconee xe Neen siae st Ezenab ...... Cauac......... IVA CRW :cooocboses 15 | Caban 16 | Ezenab ...... at 7am | Cauacheneretre 1 SialeAlhauleeeeeeeee WL) |) NOW posoon00s 3 || WIEN Sopsoao8 Ra hel Baerga 2) Mulue 20 | Manik ...... il 4 | Chuen 6 | Ben SH eMientet acces &).|| Ohlscooneon556e 10 | Caban TS | INCE econee. IR |) VGRtbe seconde: 11 12 esti ts) tila ane nee a ll 24 18 19 10 11 10 10 3 Kean iereen at 18 | Chicchan OMe Cimieeeeereee 17 20 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 “qakegq | | 20 2 3 10 10 il “nyuany) Toe a | 10 | 10 ‘quény | “nyuiny) | 4| 11 | 512) 11 13 4 10 10 11 “xo | “UBT, | qeieyy | 6 10 8|/2)9 11 1 10 “ULUe y | “XBq | q Wen | 10 12 11 5 10 11 ‘ORT | “UL UB YY | 11 11 11 ol ‘OR, | 11 10 11 oe | ace) | 10 11 10 10 11 10 ‘XBq | ‘ony, 8) 2} 9/ 3|10/; 4/11 10 5/12) 6/13) 7 10 11 10 11 “wet | “XU | 1 10 ‘TOW | way | 13 10 11 10 11 5lst YEAR. “UL XB | TOW | 52nD YEAR. 11 “UL XB I TX | 12 10 11 10 11 ARCHAIC ANNUAL CALENDAR. ‘002, | Wx | 11 10 11 “2407, | “OOZT, | 5/12) 6/13] 7 10 10 11 “diz, "2407, | 10 8) 2); 9; 3|10/ 4/11 5 | 12 10 13 on | “diz, | 13 1 6 10 11 ‘dog | ‘on | 5 | 12 7 12 4 Names of the months. Names of the days. Px riscsozes ose Akbal Ben ‘dog | 3/10; 4/11 | 13 10 Names of the months. Names of the days. Chuen Lamat ...... Chicchan ... Cimigeeeeeee WES WE pcoeee Canaceeeee De ieeaeiea Ol VOIR ccccocbes 10?) Sl essen HP |! VGN ssoessoce 13 | Chicchan ... IWAN (CW, socoséoe TS || Wiel cocccs HG || WUESIERS coocec 7) Muley Sree TOYS: spacaccacoos 19 | Chuen ain @auaceees Sa lpAhaueeeere Sa MWen'e reese eal ibeenesscesse. 5 | Caban 6 | Ezenab ...... 1 11 TW WGC cece HH) WB < eepeoorpecce HN) NGS conor 6 | Akbal HEM UG penontabe 1 | Ezenab ... 3) | Ahaueeee nes 20 | Caban ie. 16 | Ben 8 9 10 11 13 14 et ue ARCHAIC CHRONOLOGICAL CALENDAR. DOOO® TuE chronological calendar is the Maya method of reckoning time by ahaus, katuns and cycles. The following tables cover only three out of the seventy-three great cycles constituting the Archaic grand period, they being the only ones to which the dates of the inscriptions relate. Any one desirous of going beyond the range of these three great cycles can readily do so by means of the perpetual calendar appended. Each table—the size of which unfortunately necessitates its separation into two parts—embraces a cycle, appropriately numbered at the extreme upper corners of the two pages. ‘The great cycle to which it belongs is shown by the running head above the tables. The katun numbers are indicated by the figures over the columns; the ahau numbers by the vertical rows of italic figures in the center and at the margins. Every single date denotes an ahau, or 360 days; every column of ahaus, a katun, or 7,200 days; every aggregate of the katun columns, a cycle, or 144,000 days; every thirteen cycles, a great cycle, or 1,872,000 days. The ahaus and katuns are numerated: 20, 1, 2, 3, etc., up to 19; the cycles, 13, 1, 2, etc., to 12. The reason for this peculiar style of numeration is given in a preceding section. In the inscriptions the great cycles are designated by composite signs about whose significance there may be some question, so I have simply numbered the three here given 53rd, 54th and 55th, in accordance with my theory of their position in the grand era. As the reasons for that theory are given fully elsewhere, it is unnecessary to repeat them here. BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Archeol. 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Tus calendar enables us to determine the position in the grand era of any date where the number of the ahau and katun, or of the katun only, is given. Take, for instance, the important date 9—15—20—18 x 20—4 Ahau-13 Yax. We know here that it is in a ninth cycle, but will assume that we do not. There are no days, chuens, or ahaus in this date—the extreme numeral or each of these periods indicating it to be the beginning of an initial one—so we turn at once to the table of katuns to find where 4 Ahau-13 Yax occurs. We discover it to be the beginning of the first katun in the first column. But, as we know it to be the fifteenth katun of a eycle, we must count backward fifteen katuns. This we do, beginning at the bottom of the thirteenth column. Counting upward fifteen we come to 8 Ahau—13 Ceh, the beginning of the cycle. Going with this date to the cycle table we find it in the tenth column, and discover that it occurs in the 9th cycle of the great cycle beginning with 4 Ahau—8 Cumhu (every figure of 4 in the cycle table is the beginning of a great cycle). With 4 Ahau-8 Cumhu we go to the great cycle table and find that the great cycle beginning with that date is the 54th. ‘Thus we have ascertained the full date to be 54—9—15—20—18 x 20—4 Ahau-13 Yax. Or take the initial date of the Temple of the Sun at Palenque. It is [—1$8—5—3 x 6—13 Cimi-19 Ceh. Here we have ahaus, chuens, and days. We first refer to the Annual Calendar to find 13 Cimi-19 Ceh, and, going back 5 chuens and 6 days— or 66 days—come to 12 Ahau-13 Chen, the beginning of the fifth ahau. We then turn to the ahau table of the Perpetual Calendar for that date, and, counting back five ahaus, arrive at 6 Ahau-18 Yax, the beginning of the katun. With that date we go to the katun table, and, counting back eighteen katuns from it, come to 3 Ahau-13 Chen, the beginning of the cycle. Taking that date to the cycle table we find it belongs to the first cycle of the grand cycle beginning with 4 Ahau-$ Cumhu. We know where we are now, from the preceding trial. The date is in the same great cycle as the other, but they are more than three thousand years apart. N ENDAR. PERPETUAL CHRONOLOGICAL CALEN CYCLES. GREAT CYCLES. KATUNS. Ahau. m, — Month. 5 2/3|4\16]6|7181] 9 |x| a) x2) as — : a 1 | 12 | 18 = E 3] 10| 13 Yar. ‘Abe. 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Alaa Sil elas! allel B 7 | 5| 3 Cumhu. | | 2 1/11} 8] 5] 2/12] 9| 6| 3 | s| 5| 2 EN Sllial allamll eine e 13 3/10] 4/u| sla3s 4 | 18 Uo. Bae ie 7) 12) 4} 9] 1) 6 4) 8 Chen. lmao ell Allaallae Hi) el ee 6] 3/13 el alse wall waa B Mella call ale a 4 | 18 Pax. 7 1 1|/ 6|u| 3| 8 wy 3 3/18 urine Blaal ail all a lalla 8 2 iB AN All alta eH Ale Sil ae zi W Sa Seah Bise Be 4 | 13 Ceh. t 3] s|10| 2| 7/\ 12 | 2] 3 Yax. 8 5] 2/12) 9} 6] 3] 1: 5] 9/1) 9 a\ a lapis | a3} @| 2: i 11] 5|12| 6| 18 Zip. A eS aol, o| 7{12| 4| 8|1| 6 Peles 1} _8 Pop. 3| 6| 3|13|10| 7| 4 afar al alata Bala alas ssl aaah al al al slag 4} 3 Zotz. 11] 3] 8/13] 5/10] 2 13 | 18 Yax 3] 4) 1/1] 8] 5} 2/12] 9 ila| s8|5 3! 9| 3}10] 4/11) 5/12 6 9| 3/10] 4/1) 8 2 4] 3 Cumhu. 6 2| 7/12] 4| 9] 1] 12| 3 Uo Ol alspllcall Gil aliellaall ila y 6] 3 Ol sna lalaall wil all ell & 9 6li3| 7| 3 2 4| 18 Mac. 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Pl ee 2/7/12) 4 3/18 Tzec. 16 9/12) 9) GG) 3/)1 5| 9112) 9 é 1} 5 \12 6)13| 7 ai|| lhe) Gl dey Gettin, al aa adap cel BIBT zy tk EN Oe Ol al alga call all 3 i9| 4|11| 5 9|9| 3}10| 4|11 5 : ; 34 lee 4 alone 8 mallee 1} 8) 2/13 ,, 7\12) 4) 9) 1) 6 3 9) 1 18 | 6| 3| 13] 10 2/12] 9) 6} 3] 1a} 10) 7 20|13) 7) 1 1] 5|12| 6}13| 7 u| 8 6| 11] 3) 8/13] 5) 10} 2 8|13 ¢ 1/11) 8| 5) 2 7\ 4) 1) 1) 8] 5 1) 9] 8/10) 4} a1] ¢ 2| 9] 3|10| 4 Bsn 5|10| 2| 712 al allsall 2) 7) 12 20| 2 (12| 9| 6 ancl all Sil lle oll a Oa Oa ee Se Ose Saal Slee Resa, 3| 8|a3| 6/10| 2] 7/1| 4| 9| 4 ellira 280 eee 8 1 [8| 5| 2[12|28 Kank. || 5 | 4)ai| 6|2| 6 fas $10 | 4|u1| 5|22]13 2 d = I) 3) 8))13)) 6 @)11) 8) 6) 2 TO] 7) 4|| 1 3 | 3113110] 13 Chen. 4 . 1) 8 | 2) 9) § ; Tira) | es 2) 7/12) 4] 9) 1) 6 10| 2) 7/12) 4] 9 9| 6| 3/13 5| 2/12/ 9|-6| 3 vee 5| 6)\13| 7 iy |! |] TEN) %7 3 2 a 2 2 8/9 8} 5| 2) 12 11 | 8 | 13 Zotz. é 3110] 4| 11) 5 Sito} 2h) By By Cha eae ts i1| 3) 8 m\ 4| 1) a0 3/13\10| 7| 41 1 3 io 6| 2) 9] 3) 10) 4 8| 2] 9] 3 Pat 5 2)|) 499 }| 1°| 6 = 4\ 7 9) 6] 3/13/10) 7) 4 2/916 Kayab. 6 9/6113] 7] 1 5|121 6|13 | 18 Pax. 13) 5)10) 2) 7) 12) 4 8] 5|10| 2| 7 2)12) 9 8| 5| 2) 12 S Cab 7 |i} 5) 12 3/10] 4)11] 6 F 3)|| 8] 131) 5 f ‘iim 6) 5 AN wl il) SUN ata ' 7\\ 4| 18 Ceh. 2\/ 9| 3 fl) 2A] elie) 5, 12/4) 9) 1] 6) ‘ 9! 1] 6] 8 Cum. s} 3l13}10] 7 2! 9| 6| 3| 13) 10 eit Biwi | al] 2 3]! 6/3131 7| 1 9 3 2 | 7) 12) 4 %9 2 Cha; 6) 3 5| 2/12] 9] 6 6 | 2] 18 Yaxkin. 8 d 11) 5/12 u | cic est | aS ee i1| 3 8/13) 5 | 10 fi . 8| 13] 51 13 Chen. @ il} esl} fa || 2 1/1| 8 2 8 9| 3}10|] 4 2/ 9| 3/10 4 Aue Sel eae | cel 8 aa 7/12) 4] : TaN Se eel cailelizollice 8] 13 | 18 Uo, EN a al Sl) Sli OB oo 9) 1| 6|u Sie il) ijn) Gi 9\10| 7| 4 5) 3113) 10) 7] 4 3 Zac. Slaal Bllaaloslaal gh all elle 5|12| 6|13 PANS e Naat alae eae 13| 5] 10) 2 o| 8] 5| 2|12] | 6 1) 8) 5| 2/22] 9} 3 cul fAlleelazl aceit stcall Aljaall alta) lise 2| 8 48 | 4 7\19| 4 1} 6) 11) 3 : 9] 1 10 73|10| 7| 4 §| 8/13)10| 7) 3 Xu. 3113| 7) 1| 8| 2] 9 Bl else el] | el] ey} es 4 oA ey 3|5 2 12) 4) 9 6) 3 2/12) 9] 6 all (|e) ian, 13 | 1s 4 5|12) 6) 13) 7 iW || 8} gy ip 4 6) ll} 3 18 4 ay 1 11} 3} 8/18 if 4) 1) 12) 8 5 13/10) 7) 4) 1)11) 8 3 8 ‘orikin, 14| 9} 3/10 4 a 1 8| 2) 9] 3/10 a 7 | 18 Kankin. Palka 5110) 2 Tal ail alae re) Ae a i ee a ary celle 1| 8 Chen. Se ea Bisel alls) Silas eel Silas 52| 4 Alp ele 2 12 1h 13) 10] 7 s 12) 9} 6} 3)13) 10) 7 é 12 | 8 Zotz. 16| 1) 8 1| 5/12] 6|13) 7| 1 y u| 5/12/ 8 ” 53| 4 3 : 1 Q NN laa llitoll ai 2 Bl ell call llaell a es eee HE VO aa | Ge BAe | 6}13| 7] a] 8| 3 xe 54) A = ‘ 1 9 5) a - |) Bap) & fs 3 (eh 8) 6 if 4\11| 5 £ 3 0| 4] 18 Mac. 53\4| 3 Kankin, 1 M 8 Palle Ae allmellesilne CN er teal elles eee call Bilaeloglaallcall a Bye el al ataall aa oy 4 wen E , 18| 5 et &y) Vil) 8) 5) 2)12) 9 4 | 13 Uo. 20 8| 2] 9] 3/10 4 Sy 2) | (oe aes 57 | 4| 13 Tac. : : 1| 6 19 | 3| 13] 10 ul 2\12| 9| 6| 3/13 19 Bt al ag Meo 1) 7 is F M1) 5/12) 6) 13) 7) 1 Pyilsall sia 2 58 | 4 Pop. 7 9) 1) 6\/11 Bi 3) (5) 8 Canki 20) 1 a8 3} 13}10) 7) 4) 1/11) 8 3] 13 | 18 Yax. 2) 3) 10 3] 7) 1) 8) 2) 9) 3) 10; 7| 1| 18 Ceh 69) 4) 8 Muan. 6\ 11 8|13| 5 | 10 Asal a ye all elt SI ERINReR aI oeelle sleet lass Alcs 2 lol siao) wan) 6 | 12 3 3] 10,13, 60| 4) 3 Zac. alles lae 2) 7\ 12) 4) 9 6) 1) 3) 3 Xul. 2/10) 7) olael 9] 6) slaalio| 7 A a 3 Uayeb. 4) 8 2| 6/13] 7| 1) 8) 2 72) (Gl Bes 61 | 4) 18 Xul. ol ase atl ah a ee 8|13| 5/10] 2) 13 Muon. ee ee sell ell ent 7| Smeal el alan e Bl sa] sla] «| an aa SiS 2 7 | 12 7\32) 4| 4 18 Xul. 2 13|10) 7) 4 3/13/10 3K 3 hae) vil i 2 : 13) 7 a 62) 4) 13 Uo. wo 3 10} 2) 7/12] 4] 9} 1 (|| Bi 2112/9) 6| Jhe 6 | 13 5112] 6 7 1a | 18 Zac, 1) 3} 8/13) 5 sl f 4 4 8) 5) 2) 12 8| 65 | 3 Chen. 3/10} 4/11 3/9] 3|10| 4 § 63) 4 Pax. ar ya 2! 4/9] 1] Glir] 3] 8]a3 el) ah aft at es \a3}io| 7) 4) 1) OW y\ 9 sla3| 7] 1181 219 Ase), ‘ 2) 5)10| 2) 7/12) 4 5 1» 5 9] 6) 93) 13 2) 9) 6] 3] 38 Zotz. : 12) 6/13) 7 5/12) 6| 13 Pe eral ee 3 9) 1) 6)i1| 3} 8}13) 5) 10 fie 6) 2) 12 #) Uji) 8| 5| 2/12) 9 8 Kayab. MN) 5 2| 9) 3|10) 4) Bol a Rs 65|4| 3 Mol. 1s} 4 u 2) 7112) 4] 9] 1) eli 3) 10) 7\s4) 1 8) 3113/10) 7) 41) 1 - 9| 1) s| 2 3/13! 7] 11 8 Salles 7. 3) 8/13] 5|10] 2 : 7 | 13 9\12) 9) 6| 3 2|12] 8 Ceh. 1) 512) 6 4)11) 5|12 = 66 | 4 | 18 Zip. Hy 8 : 11} 3] 8|13] 5/10 8} 5) 2 4) 1)i1) 8) 5) 2/12 alti 10|10} 4) 1 2| 9] 3] 10 18 Yax. Ca 2 12) 4) 9] 1] 6 8 | 11 3)13)10) 7) 4 3/10] 8 Yaskin. ¥ il) |] 2 51413) 7\ 1) 8 67 | 4) 18 Kavab, 2) 2) 7 t 5|10| 2| 7\|12| 4| 9 6| 3| 22 2/12! 9] 6| 3113 44 6/13) 7 5/12) 6} 1 : 6)11} 3) 8) 13 alee) 1) 8] 5] 2) 12 8 Uo. : 3 4/11 a % 2 9) 1) 6 2 o ; O i o| 7| 4] 1 S 70\4) 3 zee. &)12) 4 E . BH) A ON) a GI) EL lhe 13 | 10 13} 5/10| 2] 7) 19 2D, etc.| 3 71|\4) 3 Uayeb. 6\l1) 3) 8 silo , 3) 813] 5] 3 Pop. 7) 4) 18 Kankin. | fete.) 10} 2) 7)12] 4| 9 1) 6|11 WORKING-CHART. Tus chart will be found invaluable in working out chronological problems. It will obviate a discouraging amount of figuring, for nearly every factor that can enter into such problems is here ready reckoned in days. A single example will sufficiently illustrate its use. On the tablet of the Temple of the Sun, Palenque, is this record: 9—12—18—5 x 16. followed almost immediately by 4 Ahau—8 (the month symbol is new and unrecog- nizable), and that, with but a single intervening glyph, by 2 Cib-14 Mol. Two questions naturally arise—what is the unknown month sign? and do these cycles, katuns, ahaus, chuens, and days represent the period between these dates? Cib being the sixteenth day from Ahau gives probability to the conjecture. Let us cipher it out, thereby testing the utility of our working-chart. By its help we readily reduce the period to days, thus :— 9 eycles =1,296,000 days. 12katuns= 86,400 18 ahaus = 6,480 __,, 5 chuens= OOM 16 days = IG 5 1,388,996 days. From these we deduct as many calendar rounds as possible, being seventy-three, or 1,385,540 days, leaving 3,456. From these we take 155, the number of days from the beginning of the year to 14 Mol—that being the only date we are certain of. ‘This leaves 3,301 days. From these deduct all the years possible, being nine, or 3,285 days. There are now but 16 days left. Reckoning back from t.e end of the year, we find these reach to 8 Cumhu—a circumstance that enables us c»sily to recognize the strange sign as a variant of the symbol for that month. Turning now to the Annual Calendar, we find that 4 Ahau-$ Cumhu occurs on page 7, and, passing over nine years till we come to page 17, we find that 2 Cib falls on the 14th of Mol in that year. Thus we are satisfied that the strange month sign is a symbol for Cumhu, and that the cycles, katuns, ahaus, chuens, and days represent the period between the two dates—the full reading being: “ 9—12—] 8—5 x16, from 4 Ahau-S Cumhu, the beginning of the great cycle, to 2 Cib-l4 Mol”; and, by the help of the working-table, we have accomplished our purpose with a comparatively small amount of ciphering. i WORKING-CHART.—PERIODS REDUCED TO DAYS. MONTH DATES OF THE DAYS. CALENDAR ROUNDS. CHUENS. KATUNS. 20 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 . 1 | 18,980 || 41 778,180 | 1 7,200 10 W 12 13 14 2] 37,960 | 42.| 797,160 | 2 14,400 15 16 17 18 19 3 | 56,940 | 43 816,140 | |B 21,600 Tk. P Akbal. Kan. Chicchan. Cimi. 4| 75,920 | an 835,120 J 28,800 Manik. Lamat. Mulue. Oc. Chuen. | Kb. Ben. lis, Men. Cib. 5 | 94,900 || 45 854,100 5 36,000 Caban. Ezenab. Cauac. Ahau. Ymix. 6 | 113,880 | 46 873,080 6 43,200 7” | 132,860 | Ai 892,060. | i 50,400 ORDER OF THE MONTHS. g | 151,840 || 4s | 911,040 | 3 | 57,600 | LD OBB NGG BO. HO Wh 1 TE A SB TG 13 9 |170,820 || 49 | 930,020 9 64,800 : 10 |189,800 | 50} 949,000 F0\|', 72000]. Re nS : EG eh: : g : . 4 11 |208,780 || 1 | 967,980 er 79,200 | © SS See es es SS Soe eee SS 12 |227,760 || 52 Paco Re saline 1 ep NG NS ONG ID Th OO Bo Oe BG f BS. @ i 18 | 246,740 | 58 | 1,005,940 | | 13 93,600 YEARS 14 | 265,720 || 54 | 1,024,920 | | 14 100,800 15 | 284,700 || 55 | 1,043,900 | 1 75 | 108,000 1 365 aa 9,855 16 | 303,680 || 56 | 1,062,880 176 | 115,200 2 730 28 10,220 17 | 322,660 || 57 | 1,081,860 | 17 | 122,400 8 1,095 29 10,585 18 | 341,640 || 58 | 1,100,840 | 18 129,600 4 1,460 30 10,950 19 | 360,620 | 59 | 1,119,820 l 19 | 136,800 5| 1,925 || 37 11,315 20 |379,600 || GO | 1,138,800 144,000 6 2,190 | 32 11,680 21 | 398,580 |) 67 | 1,157,780 y 2,555 83 12,045 22 | 417,560 || 62 | 1,176,760 8 2,920 34 12,410 23 | 436,540 || 63 | 1,195,740 9 3,285 | 35 12,775 a4 | 455,520 || 64 | 1,214,720 | J20| 3,650 || se 13,140 25 | 474,500 || 65 | 1,233,700 | | 22 4,015 37 13,505 26 | 493,480 || 66 | 1,252,680 12 4,380 38 13,870 CYCLES. 27 |512,460 || 67 | 1,271,660 13 4,745 39 14,235 2g |531,440 || 6s | 1,290,640 1| 144,000 i) BO 40 14,600 29 | 550,420 |) 69 | 1,309,620 2| 288,000 | 15 5,475 Ad 14,965 30 |569,400 || 70 | 1,328,600 | 70 | 3,600 | 2) 432,000 16 5,840 4e 15,330 31 |588,380 || 772 | 1,347,580 | 17 | 3,960 4 576,000 17 6,205 | 43 15,695 32 | 607,360 || 72 | 1,366,560 | 72 | 4,320 } 5 | 720,000 18 6,570 | Dh 16,060 33 | 626,340 | 78 | 1,385,540 | 73 | 4,680 | 6 | 864,000 19 6,935 45 16,425 Sh | 645,320 |) 74 1,404,520 | 14 | 5,040 | 7 | 1,008,000 20 7,300 46 16,790 35 | 664,300 | 75 | 1,423,500 | 15 5,400 | 8 | 1,152,000 | 21 7,665 AY 17,155 36 | 683,280 || 76 | 1,442,480 | 76 | 5,760 | 9 | 1,296,000 22 8,030 48 17,520 87 | 702,260 | py 1,461,460 | 17 | 6,120 | 10 1,440,000 23 8,395 49 17,885 88 | 721,240 | 78 | 1,480,440 | 78 | 6,480 | 27 | 1,584,000 24 8,760 50 18,250 89 | 740,220 || 79 | 1,499,420 | 19 | 6,840 | 22 | 1,728,000 25 9,125 | 51 18,615 40 | 759,200 || 80 | 1,518,400 | 20 | 7,200 | 13 | 1,872,000 | 26 9,490 | 52 18,980 39.1( ul He ae i Giants ay on HOY ede ape a “Sage, niin 8 01347 4960