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TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BUREAU OF
AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
TO THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1904-1905
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1908
AUG. = At O1gol. i wal Wises
ya
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Bureau or AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., June 1, 1906. Sm: I have the honor to submit herewith the Twenty- sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. The preliminary portion comprises an account of the oper- ations of the Bureau during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905, and this is followed by two memoirs, The Pima Indians, by Frank Russell, and Social Condition, Beliefs, and Lin- guistic Relationship of the Tlingit Indians, by John R. Swanton. Permit me to express my appreciation of your aid in the work under my charge. Very respectfully, yours, W. H. Hoimes, Chief. Mr RicHarp RATHBUN, Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. iit
CONTENTS
REPORT OF THE CHIEF
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REPORT
On En ORE
VIL
TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
W. H. Homes, CHIEF
INTRODUCTION
Ethnologic researches have been conducted by the Bureau of American Ethnology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905, in accordance with the act of Congress making provi- sion “for continuing ethnological researches among the American Indians, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution,” approved April 28, 1904.
The work of the Bureau has been conducted in conformity with the plan of operations approved by the Secretary June 17, 1904. The systematic researches have been carried for- ward by the eight members of the Bureau’s scientific staff, assisted by a large number of associates and collaborators who have been called on to prepare papers on special sub- jects or to conduct investigations for which their qualifica- tions especially fitted them. During the year seven mem- bers and associates of the Bureau have made researches in the field, the regions visited including Maryland, Virginia, Oklahoma, Indian Territory, Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, and Mexico.
The amount of field work has been somewhat curtailed by the necessity of detaining a number of the ethnologists in the office to assist in the completion of the Handbook of American Indians (hitherto referred to as the Cyclopedia or Diction- ary of Indian Tribes), which was designed to be submit- ted to the Secretary at the close of the year. The enlarge-
IX
x BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
ment of the scope of the work to include not only descrip- tions of the tribes and their settlements, but also popular articles covering the whole range of ethnological and archeo- logical research relating to them, greatly increased the amount of investigation required, but the value of the Handbook as a work of reference has been more than pro- portionately increased. With the view of revising and uni- fying the great number of articles designed for introduction into the Handbook a committee of revision was organized, consisting of members of the Bureau and all available resi- dent anthropologists, fourteen in all, who met three times each week to discuss the papers presented. ‘The meetings of this committee proved both interesting and profitable, and suggested the advisability of holding similar meetings here- after for the discussion of current researches of the Bureau.
As a result of the preparation of the papers for the Hand- book, covering, as they do, the entire range of Indian ethnol- ogy, the researches conducted in the office during the year have been exceptionally comprehensive; every branch of anthropology, including somatology, psychology, linguistics, sociology, religion, technology, and esthetics, has received such consideration as the comprehensive though necessarily brief articles for the Handbook required. Besides the arti- cles treating of these primary departments of research, many others have been prepared, on the various phases of the history, archeology, biography, and education of the Indians and the administration of their affairs. With the exception of the bibliography and index, which were retained for refer- ence in proof reading, the manuscript for the Handbook, accompanied with about 800 illustrations, was submitted to the Secretary July 1.
Under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution the Chief visited Europe for the purpose of attending the Inter- national Congress of Americanists, held at Stuttgart, Ger- many, beginning August 18, 1904. In addition to repre- senting the Smithsonian Institution, he served as delegate of two other scientific organizations, and was also designated by the Department of State as the official representative at
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XI
the congress of the United States Government. As a mem- ber of the scientific staff of the National Museum he was intrusted with the additional commission of visiting a number of the principal museums of Europe for the purpose of acquir- ing information to be utilized in the erection and furnishing of the new National Museum building. On July 26 the Chief sailed from New York in company with Mr J. R. Mar- shall, of the firm of Hornblower & Marshall, architects of the new building, and reached Plymouth, England, August 1. Nine days were spent in visiting the museums of London, Oxford, and Cambridge, and eight days in similar observa- tions in Paris, and on August 18 Stuttgart was reached. The opening session of the Congress of Americanists was held in the forenoon of that day and was attended by a large num- ber of members and other prominent persons, including His Majesty King William II of Wurttemberg, who, in response to the address of the president of the congress, Prof. Karl von den Steinen, expressed at length his appreciation of the aims and work of the congress, and his pleasure at having the session held in his capital city.
A report of the last meeting of the congress, held at New York City in 1902, was presented by Dr Franz Boas, honor- ary philologist of the Bureau, and other routine business was transacted. Members of the congress were invited to take luncheon with the King at his suburban palace, which was followed by a reception in the palace gardens. The King’s interest was highly appreciated and contributed much to the success of the occasion. During the presence of the Ameri- canists receptions were held also by Count von Linden, vice- president of the congress, and by Mr Edward N. Ozmun, United States consul at Stuttgart. Sessions were held on August 19, 20, 22, 23, and 24, and a large number of papers, dealing in the main with questions of American history, ethnology, and archeology, were read. On the 20th the Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology delivered an address on ‘‘Contributions of American Archeology to Human History,” and at its close he presented to the con- gress a set of 75 bound volumes, relating chiefly to American archeology and ethnology, published by the Smithsonian
XII BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Institution and two of its bureaus—the National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology—for which the president extended the thanks of the congress. The Chief presented also a series of 66 photographs of American Indians, representing delegations which visited Washington during the winter of 1903-4, the series having been taken conjointly by the Bureau of American Ethnology and the National Museum. Various excursions were made to points of interest, the principal being to Schaffhausen, Switzerland, to visit the sites of Dr J. Nuesch’s recent explorations of the famous lake-dwelling stations at Schweizerbild and Kkoenigsbau.
After the adjournment of the congress the Chief proceeded to Dresden, where, under the guidance of Dr A. B. Meyer, director of the Royal Zoological and Anthropological Museum of Saxony, the various museums of that city were examined. After leaving Dresden, a number of cities in Germany, Hol- land, and Belgium were visited with a view to museum study, and on September 12 he returned to Paris, and on the 25th sailed from Cherbourg, en route for New York. Between the date of his arrival in Plymouth, August 1, and his departure from Paris, September 25, the Chief of the Bureau visited and made studies of about 50 museums. The observations made are embodied in a separate report submitted to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
RESEARCH WORK
Shortly after his return from Europe, in September, the Chief found it necessary to undertake the preparation of a number of articles relating to aboriginal art and archeology for the Handbook of American Indians. Among the subjects treated at some length are antiquity, archeology, architec- ture, art, bonework, Bureau of American Ethnology, catlin- ite, cliff-dwellings, copper, engraving, graphic art, mines and quarries, metal work, ornament, pottery, sculpture, shell heaps, shellwork, and stonework. The only field work under- taken by the Chief during the year was a brief visit to Cave- town, Md., for the purpose of observing the exploration
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XIII
there being conducted by Dr Charles Peabody and Mr W. Kk. Moorehead in the well-known cave near that village. Mr J. D. MeGuire had begun the exploration of this cave for the Carnegie Institution in 1903 and had obtained valuable evi- dence of its former occupancy by Indians. The present work, which consisted of extensive excavations within the outer chamber of the cavern, yielded much additional mate- rial of the same general character.
During the first few weeks of the year Mr James Mooney, ethnologist, was in St Louis supervising the final installation of the Kiowa heraldry exhibit in the Smithsonian section of the Government building, Louisiana Purchase Exposition. This exhibit comprised about 120 articles, filling 50 linear feet of wall case, together with one floor case, and consisted of 90 small shield models, 4 original shields, 5 tipi models, 6 paint- ings on buckskin, with several ceremonial lances and smaller objects. On the completion of this work, after a brief leave of absence, Mr Mooney returned to Mount Scott, in the Kiowa country, Oklahoma, where he continued his researches, including the preparation of models and the collection of ethnological material. A number of Cheyenne tipi models were also made for the Field Columbian Museum, of Chicago, with funds provided by that institution, as authorized by joint arrangement with the Bureau. At the end of October Mr Mooney returned to Washington and was engaged in writing a preliminary paper on Kiowa heraldry until about the end of the calendar year, when he was called on to coop- erate in the preparation of the Handbook of American Indians, for which work the following articles were furnished: Ara-
yakan colony, Calusa tribe, Cheyenne tribe, Kiowa tribe, military societies, peyote, population, shields, signals, sign language, skin-dressing, and Timucua tribe. Besides these about 100 minor articles were prepared, treating of tribes, biographies of noted Indians, and other subjects. In connec- tion with this work the available information relating to the ancient tribes of Florida and the Gulf states generally was found to be so deficient and confused that Mr Mooney under- took an investigation of the subject from original sources.
XIV BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
A portion of the results has been embodied in the Handbook of American Indians, and the foundation has been laid for an extended paper on the ethnology of this region, to form a complement to his previous studies of the Siouan tribes of the East and the Cherokee. In the meantime he also super- vised the photographing of the large series of shield models and other portions of the heraldry collection made by him during previous years, and prepared catalogues and labels for such portions of this material as were required for the Bureau exhibit at the Lewis and Clark Exposition held at Portland, Oreg.
Dr J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, spent the first six months of the year in the completion of the text of his monograph on the Aborigines of Porto Rico. He left Washington on January 7, 1905, for an extended archeological trip to the Republic of Mexico, under a grant from the Smithsonian Institution, and returned on the 15th of May. About three weeks were spent by Doctor Fewkes in the City of Mexico making arrangements with Government officials for letters to those who could aid him in the prosecution of his studies. While not thus engaged at the capital his time was profitably employed in studying the collections in the Museo Nacional and one or two private collections and in making several excur- sions to places of archeological interest in the neighborhood of the city, including several of the ruins near Lake Tezcoco, as well as those at Iztapalapa and at San Juan Teotihuacan. While awaiting letters of introduction from the President to the governors of Veracruz and Tamaulipas, Doctor Fewkes visited Cuernavaca, where he photographed the so-called “Victory stone,” the pictograph of the eagle, and the famous stone lizard, and made a trip also to the ruins of Xochicaleo and Tepoztlan. From the ruin known as Casa del Tepozteco he obtained copies of inscriptions on the raised seat in the inner room.
After receiving the necessary letters through the courtesy of President Diaz, Doctor Fewkes proceeded to Xalapa, in the State of Veracruz, which he made the base of operations during February, March, and a part of April. While in the city of Veracruz, considerable time was devoted to an
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XV
examination of the fine collection of Governor Dehesa, as well as to the collection of Senora Estafania and others. The vicin- ity of Xalapa was found to be particularly rich in ruins and mounds, among which are those at Coatepec, Bandarilla, and Xalapa Viejo. An excursion was made also to Texolo, where there are thirteen or more large mounds, some of which are evidently the remains of temples of an old Totonae city, Xico Viejo, an undescribed ruin of a Nahuatl garrison town mentioned by Bernal Diaz and Gomara, was also visited in the mountains near the trail taken by Cortés from the coast to the City of Mexico in 1519. Instructive photographs of this ruin were taken, and notes made on the idols and pottery found in the neighborhood.
Doctor Fewkes made two visits to the ruins of Cempoa- lan, about 20 miles from the city of Veracruz. On the first visit he was accompanied by an official representative of Governor Dehesa, by the alcalde of San Carlos, a neighbor- ing town, and by the inspector and owner of the ruins. On the second trip, when he spent a week at the ruins, Governor Dehesa kindly permitted him to employ the services of the State photographer, Senor Ximenes.
At the close of March Doctor Fewkes visited the old city of Villa Rica de la Veracruz, now called Antigua, founded by Cortés. In the neighborhood of this city, but on the opposite side of the river, he found many mounds indicating the site of a large prehistoric city. Other ruins were observed at Santa Fé.
Doctor Fewkes examined some of the antiquities about Cordova and Orizaba; he also visited the pyramid of Cho- lula, near Puebla, and near the middle of April proceeded to the state of Tamaulipas, spending about three weeks. at Tampico in a study of the numerous ruins along the Panuco and Tamesi rivers and on the adjacent lagoons, and in visit- ing the extensive shell heaps and temple mounds a mile east of Tampico and others not far from the site of the old town, Tampico Viejo. Doctor Fewkes found numerous antiquities at Altamira and mounds on the banks of the Champayan lagoon. Many other evidences of former occupancy, as idols, pottery, stone weapons, and ornaments, were seen in
XVI BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
this region. The old city of Chila, destroyed by Cortés, situated about 10 miles west of Tampico, was found to be hidden in a forest. Evidences of temples and burial mounds also occur abundantly in this locality. About 50 photo- graphs of bowls, jars, and idols found in the neighborhood of Panuco, Tampico, and the lagoons along the banks of the Tamesi river, were made. Of more than usual interest are those of large stone idols at Altamira and in the courtyard of a house in Tampico.
On his return to Washington, Doctor Fewkes continued the study from his notes and photographs and prepared a general account of his visit to Cempoalan and Xicochimalco, which was transmitted for publication by the Smithsonian Institution. The illustrative material brought back includes about 200 large photographic negatives, numerous smaller views, tracings of pictographs, and many drawings, plans, and maps.
Dr Cyrus Thomas, ethnologist, was engaged during the year largely on the Handbook of American Indians, assisting Mr Hodge in the laborious task of preparing the manuscripts for publication. Among the articles written by Doctor Thomas during the year for this work are agriculture, calendar, count- ing, Five Civilized Tribes, fortifications, habitations, maize, migrations, mortuary customs, mounds and mound builders, population, reservations, and treaties, besides a number of bio- graphical sketches and certain archeological articles of a more special character. The work of reading the proofs of Bulle- tin 28, which required especial acquaintance with the arche- ology and glyphic systems of the ancient Mexicans, was also intrusted to Doctor Thomas, and was completed before the end of the year. He was also frequently called on for data required in official correspondence relating to his special branches of research.
Mr J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, at the beginning of the year began the preparation of various articles for the Hand- book of American Indians, and continued the correction and elaboration of the material pertaining to the Iroquoian stock for the same work. Among the articles in hand are those
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XVII
-on adoption, chiefs, clans and gentes, confederations, govern- ment, mythology, scalping, wampum, and women. The work of cataloguing the collection of linguistic manuscripts, of which Mr Hewitt is custodian, was completed as far as copying the old cards in duplicate, when the work was laid aside for that of the Handbook. He also gave material assist- ance in furnishing data required in the correspondence of the Bureau relating to tribes and languages.
Mrs M. C. Stevenson, ethnologist, spent the month of July in New Mexico, where she had been for some months making a study of the arts, industries, religion, and social customs of the Zuni tribe. It was observed that the Zuni pantheon is largely similar to that of the Hopi and the Rio Grande pueblos. Although the Zuni worship numerous deities which take both human and bestial form, they believe also in a supreme power without form, yet embracing all form, the breath of life—life itself. These beliefs indicate that the Zuni have reached a higher stage of culture than has previ- ously been supposed, although it can not yet be said to what extent this may be attributed to the Spanish influence to which the tribe was more or less subjected for three centuries. Various details relating to Zuni life were investigated, and valuable information regarding mortuary customs was obtained through the death and burial of Naiuchi, a cele- brated priest-chief, whose demise occurred during Mrs Stevenson’s stay in Zuni pueblo. Native plants entering into the medicine and dietary of the Zui were also studied; the arts of preparing and dyeing wool, which have not been practised for many years, were observed, and specimens of the native materials and devices employed in the process, as well as of the dyed wool, were collected. Studies of symbol- ism as embodied in Zufi textile and ceramic art, and investi- gations into the everyday life, and especially the child life, of the pueblo were likewise made.
Early in August a day was spent by Mrs Stevenson with the Santa Clara Indians in making a series of photographs of their annual fiesta. The month was occupied principally, however, in a study of the Sia Indians, a few days being given
26 ETH—O8——2
XVIII BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
to the neighboring Jemez pueblo. On the 27th Mrs Steven- son reached Cochiti, whence a visit was made to the great stone carving of cougars on the mesa 10 miles distant. In Mrs Stevenson’s comparative studies these sculptures are of special interest, as they are referred to in some of the most sacred myths of the Zuni. The first part of September was employed in a visit to the cavate and mesa ruins about 12 miles from Santa Clara and in making observations among the Tewa people of San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, and San Juan pueblos. The religious beliefs, rituals, and daily customs of these people were found to be closely allied to those of the Zuni, difference in language alone indicating that distinct peoples are involved. In October Mrs Stevenson returned to Washington, where she has since been engaged in the revision of proofs of her memoir on the Zuni Indians, in the Twenty- third Annual Report, and, as opportunity afforded, in the elaboration of her several studies on Zuni religious beliefs, on the edible and medicinal plants of the Zuni, on symbol- ism as embodied in the textile and ceramic arts, and on the dyeing of textile fabrics.
Dr J. R. Swanton, ethnologist, was engaged during the year in copying and preparing for the press material obtained by him among the Tlingit Indians of Alaska during the win- ter of 1903-4. This work, as completed, consists of 137 pages treating of the general ethnology of the Tliagit peo- ples, 20 native texts with interlinear and free translations, the words of about 100 songs, with translations, together with English versions of 88 stories obtained at Sitka and Wrangell—altogether making 900 typewritten pages. Doc- tor Swanton has prepared also grammatical accounts of the Dakota, Haida, and Tlingit languages for introduction into the Handbook of American Indian Languages now in course of preparation under the direction of Dr Franz Boas, honorary philologist of the Bureau; and he has also been called on to contribute several articles for the Handbook of American Indians, including kinship, names and naming, priests and priesthood, secret societies, social organizations, thunderbird, totem poles, and numerous tribal articles.
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XTX
Dr A. 8S. Gatschet, ethnologist, continued his work on certain unfinished linguistic studies which it was hoped could be completed for publication before his failing health made further progress impossible, but in January he was compelled practically to relinquish his efforts, and on March 13 was placed on furlough.
Early in the year arrangements were made with the United States National Museum to have Dr AleS Hrdlitka, curator of physical anthropology in the Museum, visit Arizona and New Mexico in behalf of the Bureau for the purpose of mak- ing physical, physiological, and medical observations among the Apache and the: Pima Indians. Leaving Washington on January 20, Doctor Hrdlitka began his studies five days later on the San Carlos Apache reservation, where he remained until February 8, when he visited a group of Apache residing near what is known as the Sawmill, in the Black River region. From this point he returned to San Carlos, and on February 13 reached the Rice Station Apache school and district, situated farther northeast on the reser- vation. On February 26 Doctor Hrdlitka endeavored to reach the White Mountain branch of the Apache, but was prevented from doing so by exceptionally heavy rains. On March 1 he was able to proceed to Sacaton, Ariz., where studies of the Pima tribe were made. From March 12 to 16 he was at Casa Blanca. On the latter date he returned to Casa Grande, and thence proceeded to El Paso, Tex., reaching the reservation of the Mescalero Apache in New Mexico on the 19th. After remaining six days with the Mescaleros, Doctor Hrdli¢ka began his return journey, reach- ing Washington March 31.
Doctor Hrdlitka’s researches were conducted with the object of supplementing his former investigations among the same tribes. As much attention as possible was devoted to the children, from birth onward, the number examined being nearly 1,000. Other important subjects to which study was especially devoted were fecundity, mortality, native foods, hygiene, disease, and curative means and methods. These studies were greatly facilitated by the
xx BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
officials of the Indian Office, and met with little objection on the part of the Indians.
In addition to his direct anthropologic investigations, Doctor Hrdlitka succeeded in gathering specimens of about 150 medicinal and food plants and a number of ethnological objects. He procured one Apache skull and five complete Apache skeletons, and in addition to making observations of value among the ancient ruins of the general region, obtained many archeological specimens from hitherto unexplored ruins in the San Carlos valley.
In April Mr E. L. Hewett, who was engaged during the winter months in preparing for the Bureau an archeological map of Colorado and New Mexico, was commissioned to pro- ceed to New Mexico for the purpose of making extended researches among the ancient ruins of the so-called Pajarito Plateau district. His first work was the investigation of numerous deserted and ruined pueblos of the Tewa tribes. This was followed by excavations of ancient mounds in Otowi ‘canyon, which yielded results of exceptional interest. Upward of 175 burials were uncovered, and the osseous remains of more than 100 individuals were collected and forwarded for study in the National Museum. The art remains comprise numerous entire earthenware vessels and many fragments, with a fair complement of implements of bone and stone. Mr Hewett was fortunate in reaching this arid spot in an exceptionally wet season, as he found water always within easy reach. At the close of the year he had completed his studies within the boundaries of Pajarito plateau and was preparing to ex- plore the plateaus and mountains to the west and the Jemez valley beyond.
In June a report reaching the Bureau that important finds of prehistoric remains of man and art had been made on the site of the forthcoming Jamestown Exposition, near Norfolk, Va., Mr J. D. MeGuire was commissioned to visit the locality and report on the character of the discoveries made. Mr MeGuire spent one day on the exposition grounds collecting such information as was available, and later reported that although traces of human remains had been exposed in the
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXI
excavations of the exposition company, the reports had been greatly exaggerated, the discoveries being meager and uni- form in character with the relics of countless other sites in the Chesapeake-Potomac region.
HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES
The work of Dr Franz Boas, honorary philologist, was con- fined to the preparation of the Handbook of American Indian Languages, which has been under way for several years. The main part of the field work for the first part of the Hand- book was closed during the present year and some field work designed to be embodied in the second part was taken up. Doctor Boas also furnished the article on languages for the Handbook of American Indians.
In the course of the fiscal year the following manuscripts for the Handbook of American Indian Languages have been submitted:
1. Dr P. E. Goddard: Grammatical notes on the Hupa (Athapascan stock).
2. Dr A. L. Kroeber: Grammatical notes on the Yuki (Yukian stock).
3. Dr Roland B. Dixon: Grammatical notes on the Maidu (Pujunan stock).
4. Dr William Jones: Grammatical notes on the Sauk and Fox (Algonquian stock).
5. Dr John R. Swanton: Grammatical notes on the Dakota (Siouan stock).
6. Dr John R. Swanton: Grammatical notes on the Haida (Skittagetan stock).
7. Dr John R. Swanton: Grammatical notes on the Tlingit (IXoluschan stock).
8. Dr Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Kwakiutl (Wakashan stock).
9. Dr Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Chinook (Chinookan stock).
The following manuscripts are still outstanding:
1. Mr J. N. B. Hewitt: Grammatical notes on the Iro- quois (Iroquoian stock).
XXII BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
2. Dr Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Eskimo (Eskimauan stock).
3. Dr Franz Boas: Grammatical notes on the Tsimshian (Chimmesyan stock).
During the year the grammatical notes on the Shoshoni, by Mr H. H. St Clair, 2d, have been revised.
The general plan of the Handbook of American Indian Lan- guages has undergone no material change, except in so far as it was deemed advisable to add briefer articles on the gram- mar of others of the remaining languages of the northern part of the continent. These are the Tlingit, the Salish, the Kute- nai, and the Chimakum. It is deemed advisable to add also a sketch of one of the coast languages of Oregon which was collected during the year 1904-5 by Mr St Clair, who sub- mitted his material on the Coosa and Takelma of Oregon during the present year.
It was considered desirable to add also certain data relat- ing to the formation of the noun in Chinook, which seemed of importance, in order to elucidate some questions relating to the fundamental traits of that family of languages. Since all our information on this stock is derived from one inform- ant, it was deemed essential to obtain additional material from other sources and from another dialect. For this rea- son preparations were made to send Mr E. Sapir to the upper Columbia river to make a study of the Wasco. In the preparation of this work the Kathlamet dictionary, based on Bulletin 26, was arranged and copied.
The work on the Southern group of languages will require long and energetic field work. So far only one of the lan- guages of the Gulf states, the Yuchi, has been taken up, this tribe being selected because it seems most likely to furnish material that will be not only of linguistic value, but will afford knowledge of the early history and customs of the Southeast. This work has been intrusted to Mr Frank G. Speck, who spent the summer of 1904 among the Yuchi tribe and who returned to this field at the close of the fiscal year.
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXIII
HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIANS
Work on the Handbook, hitherto frequently referred to as the ‘Dictionary of Indian Tribes,’”? has been vigorously prosecuted during the year under the immediate supervision of Mr F. W. Hodge, of the Smithsonian Institution, who, with the approval of the Secretary, has devoted most of his time thereto. Mr Hodge has had the almost undivided assistance of Dr Cyrus Thomas, and, as occasion required, nearly the entire scientific staff of the Bureau has aided both in the preparation of the anthropologic and kindred articles and in the revision and elaboration of the tribal descriptions found to be necessary by reason of recently acquired knowledge. So far as the funds of the Bureau afforded, the aid of eth- nologists not officially connected with the Bureau was also enlisted. The services generously rendered by these; either gratuitously or for a merely nominal consideration, are highly appreciated.
As outlined in former reports, it was originally the plan of Major Powell to classify the linguistic families, tribes, and settlements north of Mexico and to identify the various names by which these had been known in the vast literature of the subject, with a brief description of each such group. This material, recorded on many thousands of cards, became known as the ‘‘Cyclopedia of Tribes, with Synonymy.”’
In 1903 the Secretary altered the scope of the work by directing the incorporation of brief separate articles pertain- ing to the habits, customs, arts, and industries of the Indians and of their dealings with the Government, together with biographies of noted individuals and a list of words of north- ern Indian origin that have been incorporated into the Eng- lish language. No work so comprehensive in its scope had hitherto been attempted, consequently in making plans for the new departure it became necessary to begin at the foun- dation. The popular style of treatment was ever kept in mind, and considerable time was consumed in correspond- ence with experts best qualified for the preparation of many of the special articles called for by the enlarged plan. For these reasons it has not been possible to complete the work
XXIV BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
at an earlier date. Owing to the fact that many of the spe- cialists do not reside in Washington, it was difficult, within a limited time, to arrange for entire consistency in treatment and to prevent repetition through encroachment of one sub- ject on another when.written by many hands. On this account, and for the purpose of obtaining the views and criticisms of as many experts as possible, conferences were held, as already mentioned, three times each week, which were faithfully attended by the ethnologic staffs of the Bureau and the National Museum, as well as by other resi- dent ethnologists; and ethnologists from elsewhere, while visiting Washington, often gave this committee of revision the benefit of their criticism.
As the articles prepared both by the regular attendants and by others were read at the conferences, and thus were accorded opportunity for criticism, the value of the meet- ings in promoting the authoritativeness of the forthcoming Handbook is inestimable. New subjects were constantly suggested, and in some instances much new light was shed on others, after having been written, by reason of the per- sonal knowledge of one or another of the critics present.
In addition to the special articles elsewhere mentioned in this report as prepared by members of the Bureau, the fol- lowing are among the more important of those that have been furnished by specialists not officially connected with it:
By Dr A. F. Chamberlain: Armor, Basque influence, Chi- nook jargon, Dutch influence, Elot’s Bible, English influ- ence, fur trade, German influence, Hawaiian influence, Kutenai, linguistic families, ‘‘Lost Ten Tribes,”’ maple sugar, Melungeons, Negro and Indian, race names, Scandinavian influence, Spanish influence, wild rice, and many articles pertaining to words of Indian origin incorporated into the English language.
By Mr Stewart Culin: Games.
By Dr William H. Dall: Russian influence.
By Miss Anna Dawes: Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes.
By Dr G. A. Dorsey: Ceremony, Sun dance.
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT xXXV
By Mr Wilberforce Eames: Bible translations, dictiona- ries, periodicals.
By Dr Livingston Farrand: Marriage, and many articles descriptive of some of the linguistic families and tribes of the Northwest. ;
By Miss Alice C. Fletcher: Adornment, agency system, buffalo, camping and camp circles, civilization, dramatic representation, dreams and visions, earth lodge, etiquette, fasting, feasts, furniture, governmental policy, grass lodge, land tenure, masks, music and musical instruments, ora- tory, orientation, poetry, property and property rights, quill- work, soldiers, tattooing, totems, trading posts, war and war discipline, and articles descriptive of the Caddoan tribes.
By Mr Gerard Fowke: ‘‘ Lansing man,” and many articles on technological subjects.
By Dr George Bird Grinnell: Horses.
By Mr H. W. Henshaw: Atlantis, exchange, pictography, popular fallacies, slavery, and sweating and sweat houses.
By Mr F. W. Hodge: Adobe, Casa Grande, irrigation, kiva, and many tribal articles, especially those pertaining to the Southwestern Indians.
By Dr Walter Hough: Altar, clothing, collecting and exca- rating, dyes and pigments, fire making, food, illumination, preservation of specimens, and Snake dance, in addition to a large number of brief articles on various implements, utensils, materials used in manufacturing processes, etc.
By Dr AleS Hrdli¢ka: Anatomy, artificial head deforma- tion, cannibalism, health and disease, mixed bloods, and physiology.
By Mr J. D. McGuire: Drilling, fishing, pipes, smoking, storage and caches, tobacco, and trails and trade routes.
By Dr Otis T. Mason: Arrows, bows, and quivers; arts and industries, basketry, beadwork, boats, commerce, domestica-
tion of animals, education, environment, featherwork, hunt- ‘ing implements, invention, needlework, traps, travel and transportation, weapons, and weaving.
By Dr Washington Matthews: Color symbolism, dry paint- ing, ethics, family, magic, measurements, medicine, and mourning.
XXVI BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
The Bureau was also fortunate enough to have the services of Dr A. L. Isroeber, of the University of California, who gen- erously revised the accumulated material pertaining to many of the linguistic families of California, and in addition gave much valuable information respecting the Shoshonean and Yuman families and the Mission Indians. The remaining Californian stocks were reviewed or revised by Dr P. FP. Goddard and Mr §. E. Barrett, also of the University of California, and by Dr Roland B. Dixon, of Harvard University.
With the exception of a few articles that had not been quite finished by those to whom the subjects were assigned, the manuscript of the body of the Handbook, recorded on more than 40,000 cards, together with about 800 illustrations, was submitted to the Secretary for transmittal to the Public Printer on July 1, 1905, for publication in two octavo vol- umes as Bulletin 30 of the Bureau. These cards do not include about 37,000 cross-references to the tribal synonyms, nor the bibliography, which are retained for use in reading the proofs of the text: After serving this purpose they will be ready to be put in type to appear at the close of the work.
ARCHEOLOGICAL MAP
The work of compiling an archeological map of the United States, which had received some attention in previous years, was carried forward with all possible dispatch during the last year. The departments of the Government having control of the public lands have undertaken to protect the archeolog- ical remains of these lands from despoliation by commercial relic hunters and unskilled and unauthorized explorers, and excellent progress in this direction has been made, especially by the Department of the Interior. For years the Bureau has been collecting data relating to these remains, and when- ever called on has furnished all available information for the use of the departments in carrying out this laudable enter- prise. During the winter months Mr J. D. McGuire was engaged in collecting and collating data relating to the antiquities of Arizona and Utah, and in platting these on topographical maps furnished by the United States Geo-
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXVIT
logical Survey; and Mr E. L. Hewett has carried forward prac- tically to completion a corresponding work in Colorado and New Mexico. ‘The several maps have been completed so far as the data are at hand. Accompanying the maps is a card catalogue of the various sites, giving information regarding location, character of remains, and explorations previously carried on. These maps and catalogues are at the disposal of the departments when called for.
In New Mexico the following sheets embrace 512 sites of sufficient interest to be catalogued: Santa Fé, Santa Clara, San Pedro, Pajarito park, Bernal, Las Vegas, Chaco canyon, Mount Taylor, Largo, Lamy, Wingate, Jemez, Taos, Tierra Amarilla, Quemado, Acoma, Manzano, Pinos Wells, Tularosa, Chloride, San Marcial, Fort Stanton, Big Hatchet, Chama, E] Paso, Fort Bayard, Las Cruces, San Juan, Albuquerque, and Tres Hermanos. In Colorado the Mesa Verde sheet alone includes 54 sites. On the 21 Arizona sheets (Tusayan, Fort Defiance, San Francisco mountain, Echo cliff, St Johns, Pres- cott, Verde, Florence, Holbrook, Canyon de Chelly, Solo- monsville, Globe, Phoenix, Casa Grande, Fort Apache, Dia- mond creek, Chino, Marsh pass, Tombstone, and Tucson) 270 sites are recorded, and on the Utah sheets (Ashley, Beaver, Escalante, Fish lake, Henry mountain, Kanab, Manti, Salt lake, San Rafael, St George, Price river, Uinta, La Salle, Abajo, and Utah) are noted 122 sites. The 1,008 archeo- logical sites thus catalogued are scattered over an immense territory and come under the jurisdiction of the Interior, Agricultural, and War Departments.
EXPOSITION WORK
The exhibit of the Bureau installed in the Smithsonian section of the Government building of the Louisiana Pur- chase Exposition at St Louis during 1904, and described in the report for that year, was dismantled at the close of the exposition and a large part of it transferred to Portland, Oreg., where it has been installed as a part of the Insti- tution’s exhibit at the Lewis and Clark Exposition. The remainder of the material has been returned to Washington and deposited in the National Museum.
XXVIII BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
STUDY OF INDIAN DELEGATIONS
The systematic study of visiting Indian delegations has been continued with success. During the year 23 delega- tions, representing 21 tribes, have been conducted, through the agency of Mr Andrew John, to the Bureau and the Na- tional Museum laboratories. About 280 portrait negatives have been made, and casts and measurements of a number of individuals have been obtained. Few Indians of the higher type, however, are willing to submit to the experience of having the face encased in plaster. The tribes repre- sented are as follows:
Tribe. | Photo. | Cast. gprs sie Tribe. Photo. | Cast. | Measure- Apaches J... mss pl Aare Pah ney Qneidace ase ee Ly octal ea ee C@atanwibaics << 1 1 | 1 || Onondaga--.... he Seer eal ge eae Cherokee.......- | I eee eedarcas Osagess Fc B) | 2 Choctaw.....-.--- el ee rtned reeset Pawnee: 2..o<s-6 se 4 @anuigals oe. t= Dalaeevencl eee - eS eueblosteeceeee al tee ll Colvilles= 5-22 2-< | Oy eee ee iSenecaseae sees 3 2) l (Greeks eee coo | 3 || Stockbridges - -- Lise 1 Platheads........ | 5) aoe |Seaeente | WS LOUSee eset IL Ses see 11 Menominee..... - 4 | | 2 | Wyandot.....-- AG eee see eee eee, 2 Mission Indians. S| Sve emcllt yee sie | ; = F ath MG Ge ee ee Lila bape inh oe | otal... . 68 6 37 @mahareeeee eee | | | | L
he My ae S| PSS Ae cue 2s COLLECTIONS
The ethnological collections obtained during the year fall considerably short of those of previous years, owing to the reduced amount of field work undertaken. This condition was due, as already explained, to the necessity of keeping most of the scientific staff in Washington to aid in the com- pletion of the Handbook of American Indians. ‘The acces- sions are a valuable collection made by Mrs M. C. Steven- son at Zuni, a series of archeological objects obtained by Doctor Hrdli¢ka in Arizona and New Mexico, and several minor collections, all of which have been deposited in the National Museum.
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXIX
PUBLICATIONS
The distribution of publications has continued as in former years. The great increase in the number of libraries in the country and the multiplication of demands from the public generally have resulted in an almost immediate exhaustion of the quota of volumes allotted to the Bureau, few copies of any of the reports remaining six months after the date of issue. Part Il of the Twenty-second Annual Report was issued in January. During the year 1,591 copies of the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Annual Reports were sent to regular recipients, and 2,000 volumes and pamphlets were transmitted in response to special requests, presented largely by Members oi Congress. The proof reading of the Twenty- third Annual Report and of Bulletin 28 was practically com- pleted at the close of the year, and it is expected that the presswork of these publications will soon be begun. The Twenty-fourth Annual Report was in the hands of the printer before the close of the year, and Bulletins 29 and 30, the latter being the Handbook of American Indians, were ready to be submitted to the Secretary on June 30, 1905, while the manuscript of the Twenty-fifth Annual Report was com- pleted, with the exception of a small number of illustrations.
EDITORIAL WORK
The editorial work of the year has presented features of exceptional difficulty, on account of the large number of papers dealing with linguistics and technical subjects. The Bureau has had the services of Mr Frank Huntington for the greater part of the year, and MrJ. P. Sanborn, jr, received a probational appointment as editor in May. The reading of the proofs of Mrs Stevenson’s monograph on the Zuni Indians for the Twenty-third Annual Report, a work of much technical difficulty, was intrusted mainly to Mr E. G. Farrell.
XXX BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
ILLUSTRATIONS
The work of preparing illustrations has continued in charge of Mr De Lancy Gill, who has been assisted, as here- tofore, by Mr Henry Walther. The photographic work has included the making of portraits of members of 21 Indian delegations which visited the capital during the year. Three views of each individual were taken, besides several group views, the negatives numbering 298. In preparing illus- trations for the publications of the Bureau upward of 200 negatives were made, and 156 films exposed in the field by members of the Bureau were developed in the laboratory. During the year about 2,350 prints were made, mainly for immediate use in illustrating the Bureau publications. Illustrations prepared for the Twenty-fourth Annual Report number 45; for the Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 128; for Bulletin 30, 800. Illustrations transmitted with reports submitted to the Secretary for publication are: For the Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1,103; for Bulletin 30, 871. Illustrations edited for the Twenty-third Annual Report number 25; for the Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1,102. The printed editions of 48 colored plates submitted by the engravers for the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Annual Reports, numbering about 450,000 prints, were individually examined and approved or rejected.
LIBRARY
The library has been in immediate charge of Miss Ella Leary, who has had the assistance of Mrs EllaSlaughter. The accessioning and cataloguing of the books, pamphlets, and periodicals received during the year have been kept up to date, and the cataloguing of the publications of scientific societies has been commenced. Owing to the crowded con- dition of the library and their questionable place in an eth- nological library, about 400 publications relating to natural history, received through exchange, have been transferred to the National Museum. During the year there have been received and recorded 398 volumes, 500 pamphlets, and the
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XXXI
current issues of upward of 500 periodicals; 120 volumes have been bound at the Government Printing Office. The library now contains about 12,563 bound volumes, 7,000 pamphlets, and a large number of periodicals bearing on ethnology and. kindred topics. Purchase of books for the library has been restricted to those that bear,on the subject of anthropology, with special reference to the American Indians, and only indispensable works have been obtained by this means.
CLERICAL WORK
The clerical force of the Bureau consists of four regular employees—Mr J. B. Clayton, head clerk; Miss Emilie R. Smedes and Miss May 8. Clark, stenographers; and Miss Ella Leary, clerk and acting librarian. During the year the compilation of the Handbook of American Indians neces- sitated the employment of additional clerks with special training in dealing with cyclopedic material and in biblio- graphic work. In this the services of Mrs F.S. Nichols, Mrs Gertrude L. Rogers, and Miss Laura W. Steever have proved invaluable.
PROPERTY
The property of the Bureau is comprised in seven classes, as follows: Office furniture and appliances; field outfits; lin- guistic and ethnological manuscripts and other documents; photographs, drawings, paintings, and engravings; a work- ing library; collections held temporarily by collaborators for use in research; and undistributed residue of the editions of Bureau publications.
The additions to the property of the Bureau for the year include a typewriter and a few necessary articles of furni- ture. The only improvement made in the offices was the changing of the electric-light wiring, which was done under the direction of the District authorities, at a cost of $116.55.
vo, 40 a= ee vy" ¥ se a . iL i ‘ + v : et j ‘dal ee | 7 oar ty - Pea et pe aya eo j J de i _ 4 . ates . % Vibe ' hg Weed) (4a ij AA Ay War U Ay Tv 07 kee 6 / r yh i Aeg ¢ Fi i i ’ 1] ip ae Ney ae ; . / , 1 eee a a al 7 } t , chi I a MI ‘ & q a 7 ie ; { ' ul ; ' - t af f i \ ne \ ' e , 4) | ; ‘ i ‘ i . . - : tis. vind) yea ~ si" Sul MR ke | iP : * ‘4 é Las Pewee” 2 a ; i. { / { Faye * ew 90 ee ; ; i uo WR. tes i ; 4 ety ; ye ney tle Oe
i i= ’ ® ‘ r "| i iit \ ‘ { wei ir Pale ah te on eet pe ‘ 7 mal : / j I 18 i Sa ae MPa OF . A eh hn Pouanaen t 7 PA ae aa fie nao \ iat ah ae ore. i rot ‘ : ¢ f Aa Uvlty “a i i i } 5
ACCOMPANYING PAPERS
26 ErH—08——3
ie oy Be pee :
: PIMA si as DIANS ‘
a1 : a BY | |
CONTENTS
Page STEROL O Ike eter eee ek re aaa se Ad eisemnisie Sole 5.5 eee se Se 17 [eiis(tsieiice ceeodnes = be ee SEA 52 SS So eos eS BAUS Ee oe aoe 19 Nites. 52) 38 1 eee SSS nS a oe see ee EE oe ae Soo 19 Siri eens eee ee enn oe ryan ta ofe oe clamor a sain + ese ase 20 PESCHISTOTICETULIIS SE Sosee eee aes eee eee eee aaa den nasa aciath. 5525555 = 23 Contact with Spaniards.....-...-.--.---------- 00-5222 + 22sec rete tence 26 Relationsiwitle AmMeriCaAnss=se<0s ssc gc on aee = = tan ean 228" 30 Civil and military expeditions. ..........----------------------+-++- 30 INEST ae, Ae Son B RR oo aE CBr S00 Soe aU Gt ee ical aS op CeCe 33 eFC ee es ed cr Sr aa lene emis Sie ie ie misao iain = =m lan 34 PAM Tne eee Bese tee seine ne ne pas TE At eee eA TET TE 34 Chronological records..........-----------++-+-----e5teeerrrtete tte 34 hen bemsa| calendars 225: so gece nos oe hares sey = RE eto oe 36 INeiirerons there uents fo oe tne nae aes ie Senne cae ate martial = ninmicie el 37 MT GNTATEREL VES Cee ote Coe Geis ae es a eh nrg s ee wine re se Sa sale 38 Miealinagl pry ees Se ee en eee ad sea iste le nage ieee ee ea 66 Mhetood supplyccss2scens--5- =< awe Sete eee ee nea ei a= 66 Preparation of food....-....----------+--22+++-- 2-22 sctrccre sete cee 68 Pilprita risec aOR tOOC a, to ee ce om ei sees eee aan ee 69 Medicinalplants.. 20-2 1-2 020 --coe- e eon e e 79 AMIN ale MBGU Men OO sto 4-0 ea be cist = i = ee ee 80 Domiearicutronlor suimaalsee oy... ae ee eine ole = we ee Sete eee 84 PNOTIGUILNG sont earns a see ata aaa = slain faiaie eis nao aan eos 86 ic) (ils ee ak Ae ete a 2 ae Se er es Se ce ea 86 Trmipation: 20s dees 8 ta a = ioe reali n= Senne ee ce 86 TD Salatenitonl | 0) gate en eA PISS aS OBS to oe Mee nenetee ers at 89 Th WC ep ee en ee ae ORE COI ee ieee Seneee 90 EEA RTL a id Aa eet ea ee ol Md Rote Pea ot te = ees Se 90 Weretablens i. 5 fone -o sen ale Poe en en ee 91 SISTENT nk Oe eer N Ps SNe aie sre atolls Pe ain one Ae lelci ate Yael 92 Ernst] TROT ULES = Seek ta ae ene o ts te ele eiciei on Sein ater eee 92 RA irr eee ea Set ee tenis aig hl na aga sa cise See eaten 92 (hinders Me see ee: Ae othe ee BOR ee RIC aCe arr iea nance 93 Artifacts. >-.-< 95 Vea the. so) 09 oe eagles eee nnn E Qee eric Ge caer Rerc te 95 Weapons........-..------- 0+ -<-- 222-2026 20 -52-+-2- es Sa. on 95 Agricultural implements.......-...--------------+++++++-++++- 97
oO
6 CONTENTS
Technology—Continued. Page Artifacts—Continued. Wood—Continued.
Householdswkenails 222 sts ee 99 Miscellaneousst=se- so- oe 2 2s de 2 2 103 Stone. c2ccter ee ree ees tees eh ee oe ee 108 Metate--eee tes Ak bot ein a2 ee ee 108 Mill ort ete sce, a 88h vei Se a yeep ee 109 Restless secs een e A et. a Oe i ee eens ee 109 IN sete eee oes Se Sis ois Sete ee Bi Sie Ne oe Le ee 110 WATTOWN ER dBt eae snes 2S ee LiL Arrow-shart shraightener ss. sees ae see ey eee eee ee ee dit Hammer stones! Sa: aba ee iC Las Cone ee oe ee 111 (MIneStOnesir2 Seo So Re se ee ee 8 111 Grystals sr el Ge ee eS ee Se ae ae ie ee 111 Magic itabletess = -2 $e ae oa eo ieee el a ate eee enema 112 ‘Turquoise y! Si.) seek) cae es SS ean ee ee een 112 Pipe aoe vircSar es o£ NS Bee Ra, ey ed ee 112 Piber:and: leathers) 1.45) 1a 7ot ce Sarees hos GU ier eter ee 113 Saddle: as 2 62k ects SS 6 i ee Oe ee ee Seite eee 113 Saddlebeig Lise Lihat hc ace NY Lisle ap an a ee 113 SKS Up ab ot: Penne ae pes a CR GATE SN os Le i TR ge 113 ROPO) Eley 2 Sree oa Sato Re ee 114 alters 2.2. enek ce see crete fa ee eee ee eae 115 Bridless 22222005 ae has see ee ee ee ee 115 Retishitjosec cet as soe ose See a Oe eee ee 115 Wart headdress: 27h.) S20. 5 ie Peete Nee eg ee 116 airbrushi.? So5 aac0* ee oe cee eee ne ee ee. ree 116 Skin ‘dressings: . 3 es eee sae eee eee ee 117 Binebag? seks is see eee eee oe ec ee Oe ee oe ee 11s Mobaceorpouchtes! <feF jnseecee coe eee ees ee ee 118 Slime 46 alec. oe Cae Se See a 120 Shieldia2des28 2o.2. 52 tects re Ra ee ee ee 120 Nan dale "ce ecekc hace sl dek.Ss Dea ee ee 122 Yokejstraps® 2.2. scars 2c cate Wee Sa aee See eee 122 hantatees see deve esweses s eee a ee Sea ee er 122 Horned! 'toadsefligy:s 2.5 223 25.2o 52 sae eee ee 123, Pottery: eee) sods octtse av Senne: 6 oR ee eee 124 Material 22°20" 9A.o20. 4.55620. S)0 tee Se eee ee ee 124 Implements: 3237-0520 25325, ae See ee a 126 Method 22522 ansetaet Oe 3-6 24st eo See ee ee Ree 126 Finished productsige: -acececa.0 Beene eee ee ne ee 127 Basketry =. - 2.052629 cide ne soto eee oo eee ee ee 131 Materials. 2s ...0iSoo.ceerty tS sone ee eo ee eee 131
Implements =. .-222 S4a2< sda: se ee ee eee ee ee ees 135
CONTENTS
Technology—Continued. Artifacts—Continued.
Basketry—Continued. Distal 6221 jbo AES Qe SSB een eee en Bopanna OORT Radiat bowike wectee eee eran ceca nes nes aeie oe ee = as sepee arise Description of plates. .....--------------+-----020etertortttt TCHCTAS os oe cat Rte ne nee oo SSID ea CII tao iaramed eH iets neh ota eam = Ine Se Co ae AMIR TVD ES soe ee we enn = ee seine yo eae aa STE anys aE ese one ere Ace ce a ima SES NES ie oe et Coe SEE ADA SE ee ae ET ea ae ae Sop ree ecg = EES IS alia ea SIGE oi le eA Soc e one 30 SS eT aca Implements and methods.....-.-------------++++++220000777 RANG gino pee soo csen see te Tees Soe Gece ACS Coe et el ae aa
Cia Bre 5 Se dah Go OCR TRE SO DROS EG Seale Seam aa Materialsyand types: 2-0-2----2-<- 2+ =< er nS we neni
IRISTIVE TEATS eae ere tae eee tata ators intent cteaninicle cir nine aie arin Pormonaledacnratlon seo ee aq2 Seco oes anima acing ae tate = sic S
Pein Tn pee eae see ees Sea see i Scien “an omen ir aes Pa IT CT ee ee re os a sree Seee ee elements sie eta nin re ia ais UO) gE TCT Cage oe eee Bee ae ONS On ee rae ied fl ia fjrmanrl entation - ce een ee lr ea Bvieicalaneiriinientisies 2-2... 0eeac ease e 2 See els nin ce n=
Rcreiplue StiGkst see ees anna eens mn nee EEE ee ee cea sale wieictc een nie win & SS SA TDA ene Nee bane She RSagecoosnes Ocoee eee ems tetas as TRS Re Te oie be Big St ee E55 SEO OE eae I aaa aa aes INGEN RRS a bas sae Seamer et ee a ae dea ar
Kicking-ball races.....-------------------- Se RES Sasa AAAe iG pe do Goes ea Abe Re Geena e Sue Ca bs heared acs a Sipe ee ec eae neers ene nim an wn) eer s Elsie Siy) sins e Ue SESH S no See oe RE OSS I a Car
VO oobi = 982 see oS boo eee BM SOE een nD > pe SG Ieee Vatamamalite hakoaoliwia
8 CONTENTS
Esthetic arts—Continued.
Games—Continued.
Papaietcitakiit......-...
Cupietone eee ee sees IRM iSstOme eee eae
Sociolopyzesnaeeeae see oe ear Family organization..........
Relations before marriage
Okmaitcéké= = a eee
Puberty dances. ...0.58 2 2.30050 see tere eee eee ee
Marridge. 22055... 22ei 26 Ae eeigie nee eee
Ceremony of purification. ‘Baptism-= S42: cu dee eee Nam eS ese eere ae eae
Hducationsee eee eee
Oldjpersons;and theiniirestiment-essess2 eae
Views concerning death. . Mode of burial....-.....- Bumeraleritessse2se--ee 2.
Moumings seas -s-eeeasse
Social organization.........--
Oiicersike... ees 8 Gentestse se a50-esceaee Slaves 8 eh as eek ee
Soclaliamoralss- cess a4. ec
Formulas;ofpoliteness....2...-4224: -ssss== eee ee eee
Intertribal relations... ...---
ATTIANCEB- = = 2 een cae oe es
Sophiolopy = .o-c-sseee se - eee eee Mi the). 222 mae Solon eae
Teo-tnnyikita, the creation myths s-.--ccsteeeeen eee ae eee eee
Goyoter.<-..2seeee secs
CONTENTS
Sophiology—Continued. Myths—Continued. Another version of the creation myth ............-.-..-.-2522-2-+-- Ghldrenvom Gloudes sane Seale eh cra seas Sos on cline eae Eig Weeu Ve et foyg cag eg Gee 5 Se ee a aE etc Se ea Se tee Ommbint Gist be DOIG eee ec se ae co eck Se ae, Serca'e wi atsyo'esaidia wire b,c) IOUT EET gL NAS TES dase aoe” Seen Ie 9 Oe a The five little orphans and their aunt.........-...-.....- Soe SRS Gavotepinn ibe qudtla mane Sweets i ieee Es i es ea ale Whe womsanand Coyotes ont ee soe. so sie arenes ire eas cease sie
Movoreiand he sale pin ect ners a= aS oe Bohne mw Se ee sie Pores = = be bovrantwtne: GEBNb= ematical ene sictnn ett [seas citi tiejo cnt o oS
The thirsty quails..............- SR aE Ee SEE ee Sake
Whe maneitiv, erindonildrene ae a4 8 eres sek Nala alate feces eee INET AA Gia ray aia eS ates EN se Se Se eats St ae a ee ees Meiqreutlogsimiy tl. es iis aoe e 8 seins co ak eee oe ae ie oe Se oe MOO Ohms ato ae fase ec tet enn arate 5 ae ae ORR SE cara chon 2 Sh che
USUI AINSI C eee OA Pr ln tec oe SEO oi sae niente eto Grioinioh the morse eos eos eases ete eda een oe eee he ADELA CES OL DUNNER LICR Se Pre tnA nel ner tenes a Sac sins pe tee eich The five little orphans and their aunt.-......-....----:--------2------ Coyote andtihe quaile's2 22 ebsites ase re eeu see acae sake Jo siela'e (Mhewomant and) Covotet ae ese ee tan nual Pos ae eee er tee Mresbimearcapurcpand Wenigane-s esc 20> - 452s ee jaa he cas om Goyotesnd the binepirds coase.6 ae och eens eee ee ere Mliei hpyanticibeshenntt stete ae ro Anon gain een Cee The nauphty erandchildreny.. 2, s.02.42 05. -t02 sade 5 = ose + ae oes
RGM OVO TSE ris rte Ret Ae Sa trie muh ee tty rc cic eke 6 veka eae See Deities sn fo tect Sete fe EA uO Rae Serene Mera eee shes SESE SOTAY RIT pI CU CROULEY ste Sm eae ype Sa a econ oie wie oe = IPEA INN ns seater reas St alan te iS ala Sethe \atey ats a cf wte’s ai stay Na hopte when BEACEEC ACHES aoe me atte a heer iaers OEE Liban fla teatacd clea eRe on stam =
LOWE Nrobr Cor Acie Se eR 5 Be Sed SY Weg I Sree ears eee Sete eae Peer ereierrte si eter, Ser Sheer een ee cS os aceasta eee Calise andsireatepeninOf Cisease yonn Geen oo oh ethos. aac ce bal sece <<< eee Prevalent diseases........ Sa EE hn oS Se ee ee Aare scam ERTIP IanO RSet eee ee ee oe ke ome eee ee Qiferige| oN septa Aer ace bg S71 pe age A Sa ate eae Mead See see ER IE. Sans a tne bee Messiaen dds oy ete ss OlARSINCAOR atte an Seah nba Satieas ot cit ot cease tease scene se 3
10 CONTENTS
Linguistics—Continued. Page Songs—Continued. Archaic songs:.22s248 Seated eis sere eee hee eee OIE Eerie 272 Creation songs sbysBartheDoctor ss... 440 ae eae ee 272 Thecreation ot. therearthis oot ten een. eee eee eC 272 The! creation ofthe sunsa.9. sca eee ee eee PAR: Theyereationof thesmoons 224 32. Sece eee eee nee 273 hejcreation olythestarseas an a I eee ee 273 Flood! songsi by Marth! Doctor: 2: 2 ess. = eee ee eee oe ese 274 Mheswarning ofthe floods. see 2 oes es ee mee eet e ee 274 The people climbing Superstition mountain ..............-- 274 lood: songs! by: Southe Doctor ase eres ee teens He eens 275 On Superstition mountain before the flood..............-...- 275 Before the people turned to stone on Superstition mountain... 275 ood songs 'byiElderiBrother te fetes ses ee ee ee 275 ' Tnithisiollaj before the flood sspears ates cea re ee ae 275 The flood £23): Sef sees: Lys A= a eee ee 276 Coming from his olla after the flood...-...--.........---.--- 276 Post-flood/songsiby, Elder Brotherton sas- eee eee eee ee 277 At:theicentral part-oljtheleanthaso. ssss-@ 4 es eee eee 277 Climbing the cliffs to attack Hagle............-:-.2::------ 277 Elder: Broth eniag al tlivir: Hes Ge spe ote ee one Ee 278 Destruction‘ofHa-Ake: soos cay ceo ioe tains eee ete ae 278 Inthe mether wvorl dar aot} la sara es ts Sie nts ioe eee aetna 279 On emergence from the nether world.....-.-. COPS Leena ees 280 Oncapproachinge pueblos! Stas se aes 2 ae eee eee ae 281 Bestal Son g8s)- 5 255.2 pc ihyen cape See gee ra ere Tae eerste 283 Middl etrumusorgs 5s 2 here create pe ee eee tere tree 283 Name SON Gs whe. ret eae Se ee ay eo a cepts eee 285 Circling songs! 246 Rohe eee Rea ee ne ee IL ee eae coach hate 289 Baglessomg:;to00 2 oc co tate ee enteral eee oe ee 289 Basket-beating son p= sais sey eye oo ee ees eee 291 Swallow. song. sso: Aci trct SE eels dete eso cer ete pe esate RN 292 Buthertly song: 20.5 ce se Bob pe ee ae a eee an ae 295 Game songs 5.2. 2. 3345. Ghbe ets 2 et tei er et 297 TB cal SOT G5 ete ore Ae ks Bas els eg eno TE a 297 Footballisong.2 22.22 se te eet ce Se eee eee 298 Lary) SOU. Soe bee cia Lables State ee tet pate chee eee 299 Childrenyplay;song see est. -* cite earn eter eee eae ena ee 299 Hunting songs ct. e322 cos eee eens CR ee aoe ee es eee eee 299 Datura sone =.= Lehn. Rs Jae tae eee sae eee et ee 299 Pihol-song 4.52). At ces et en cee erro ere een erties 301 Medicine: songses. .ns25c aoe erie eee eee ree Ue rae tae 302 Cure ‘songs 3.20 a eee ee eee eee ee aee eens 302 Turtle:song ss, c2 os ee Soe aa tate eee ee ae re 306
Horned:;toad songs’ 2 2224 Soe ae Se aac ies ae ee ere = 307
CONTENTS
Linguistics—Continued. Songs—Continued. Medicine songs—Continued. Gila monster song. .-..-.------------+2----2 2222s cece terre sees Black lizard song...--.-.--------------2+-+ 20-2240 0202 27 oe ese Rattlesnake sone ....---.----<-----2-----2+-2-2---- 2025-2252 Oyrltson ese ce ses ew = Be ea tee i oe ans sre ent thar @uarlesoner ss see oe eee =e ee = nonin ew aw Roadrunner song ..--.-..-.-------------2--- +--+ - eee eee eee eee IVOTISEIEOM Pye ee oe ois ates oie ite een rma ce mln [gf anes Ot oies Se Ege B ORO See aos dee aoe eae Bee ee anne Dgp Bon Sear esi tie Me atc 2 leslie rnc om ne Ieier Re Woydite SOUP soe a= anaes em et ce ca Black-tailed deer song .-------.----------+++++++------0505000e> IRCA BODE Se yoo tara cein sase g m eta nse nian creme mp alos (GO PHS RODE eae ele oe Se Saal capt ic ca
Beaver SOUP ss. 2 os 2 ele enn i ene mr oe a
Puberty song. -- 2.2. 2-2-2 ew ee a sie sie wn eo rene ain SONPSs. 25 6 Seaco ase on aa ne ele ent min asinine a Hoahihifif song..-...------.-----5-- 2-0 -2-5-- <2 22282 -2e oee- GaonmysOR Pas Sao tcc a et a ae rie oe See NWSE CODON ss see eos Sele = wie cela aaa nie ie te ic aoe ce (Siheihiad lnc oY ar = Gene Saeed aor (EAS aos oa aa e ce San OG
TW GRRGT eee cee oe ee meen ene seers elaine Scalp isong is... ...- 222-2 - oo elon ote oo = ee ee inne OU arson ee seo ha ate wisn oe ee ee =o ne in cle ea Speeches ees heer a aces ome tctcswte mine a we Mo ome ee Elder Brother as he restored himself to life.-....----.--------------- Opening of rain ceremony... -----------------+++++522+-2-2 00 rr tree GOP MOG WATs 2 en de Jase see oe oa alam minor Sh iio War chief urging the people to go on the warpath against the Apaches. First night on the warpath, first speech.....----.-------+----------- First night on the warpath, second speech......-.-----------++------- The warpath, first speech .......--------------+++++2++2--222220005- The warpath, second speech ...-.-----------+++++++++0525 5200220002 The warpath, third speech .....-...--------++++++++-22052 252000 -- The warpath, fourth speech ....-...----+--+++++++++eeesee eee eer eee
11
Page
Puate I.
Tite Il. TV. . Casa Blanca and ruins of first schoolhouse.
12
ILLUSTRATIONS
Sacaton.
Three of the author’s Pima informants. Casa Grande ruin.
Three prehistoric Pima ruins.
. Pima bread, kitchen, and fireplaces. - Ironwood and cat’s claw. . Two varieties of cactus. . Characteristic desert vegetation. . Mesquite and paloyerde. . Fields and village in Pimeria. XII. IIT. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XOX. XU. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXV I. XXVIT. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXII. XXXIT. XXXII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVITI. XXXIX.
Cholla cactus. Pima weapons. A‘mina. Riding saddle and cinch. Clay pits. Pima woman making pottery. Pottery—pots and canteens. Pottery—pan, plates, vases, cup. Pottery—spoons and bowls. Characteristic desert vegetation. Baskets decorated with the fret. Baskets decorated with the fret. saskets. Jaskets. Baskets. Baskets. ; Baskets decorated with flower-like patterns. Baskets, upright forms. Baskets, upright forms. Baskets, upright forms. Baskets, variants of upright forms. Yavapai baskets. Woman with kiaha. Houses and sheds. Arrow-bush kitchen and Pima woman. Pima man, showing costume worn in hot weather. Pima women, showing modes of hair dressing and face painting.
Cemeteries and grave.
Puate XL.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Objects from Hahitesumiehin shrine.
13
XLI. Ceremonial hill and shrines. XLII. Pima men and boy. XLIII. Elderly Pima men. XLIV. Pima men. XLV. Pima boys. XLVI. Pima boy and women. XLVII. Pima girls. Page Ficure 1. Map of Pima reservation...--.......------+-+++-+++++e seer rr eres 22 PEM rl ey yh eee see sacs - i a ese Se ee OR SA a eS CES 67 3. Dried saguaro fruit.........-..-------+-----++0- 22 errr eters tees 73 4. Sheds with caches on roofs......-..-.-----------++------+----+++- 74 5. Men and women in modern costume, and pinto pony .----------- 85 GmBurdenibearens feos se eee rs One oe eee eae = 89 PAC OUTATCABLGE Ine seen san oe ee sae om cee aie Seay inlets es <i == 91 an Ger daratibl Goce. tee setae ease ce reer Ses te winnie ne ntnne 91 (ATES 1rd CLE pee eae seer Open ae EEE p ns Jee Capers See eres ae 96 10. Agricultural implements. a, Digging stick; b, shovel; c, hoe; adi b ler s eecee ease Sasa Sap ase eens Stam ele ee 97 Il.’ Wooden plow..-.----:------~<---- 2-2 222-22 = teste cnt ee nete= 98 PLAY 0 Ore eee nk cae ae ee earelns ate ane apermieie linet = aie = pate 98 13. a, b, Mortars; c, wooden pestle; d, breadstraye = oso ec ese 99 14. a, Doughnut fork; b, ladle; c, irhrvimnviclerecid tel 1s Aa es Rs ae Rae 100 15: Pottery paddle... ... <<. -.- 2-20 --- 22-22 ee 101 16, a, Hanging shelf_.....2.-..--.--+--+--- 25-2 = + 22-23-2222 2222202 101 Gee DOOU a ese ee aine cose sere see aa aoe ae ere na nin nln 102 jewBird (Cope: cs 5-2-2 52s as aan wn Se ao iow we sein ale cl i sae 102 18. a, Fire drill; 6, saguaro hook; ¢, ha’nfim tweezers. ..--.--.-------- 103 19 a Cradlewtrames =a <=1/apsse snarl = So = eine snine ee en ciel 104 BnGrad esses sects eerie tea ate ain Sati pane nin ee a a 104 20. Calendar sticks. a, From Casa Blanca; 6, from Gila Crossing; c, from Blackwater........----.-.--------+-2----0-22-20e2rcte-e 105 SUN Woodenispurssteecta = ss cort eset ea Be on eon llneie ae elel a Sie 105 22. Awls. a, Wooden handle; 6, gum handle. ...---....------------- 106 Boe Rope Uwistersse: Jac sss e = ye Oe ect Sm nines nieree ee carter 106 24, A’mina with reed cloud blower and attached feathers -.--...------ 107 25. a, Horned toad effigy.......-.--.----#----+-+----ee reer r etter 107 By linzardeti pyar conc sete 2c ojerele aie = ietanierininees onan ae ae 107 DEM INAVALCOUNARKE oes ce ne ee sect ay fac am nacre pola nea ates male 108 97. Ceremonial wands. ......--2--------2--<---+--- 2822 eee - 22 se22-- 108 28. Grinding wheat on metate.........--.--------++++++++-+---+0-°> 109 29. Stone pestle........-...:----- +2222 sees eee cee ee eee eter nents 109 ibn VATTOWHEAGK. oe oo cca wate <epe ce wrstaia isin nn aieeeisiee) e.nieiw cle. w,e ar=(<\e'= =e sil 110 31. Arrow-shaft straightener........-..------++---+--+---2+-- eres e> 110
14
Ficure 32. 33. 34. 36. 37. 38. 39: 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45, 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
. Mending kiaha net
ILLUSTRATIONS
Crystalsitrom)medicinebasketassqs= == secs = =e eee eee G; bs 'c;; Magic tabletssso- oe-ee nc ee ee See ne ee eee Stone pipes —cgewe oe one she tes bat eee snes ae sees Pea ae Saddlebag isis jtaec ees sctae a = ste oos cine a Gest oe eee Head rings. a, Willow bark; 6, agave leaf; c, cloth..............- a; Horsehairbalterbmacuey Tropes... eee eee eee eee MasueyAibersccrns secincistare ectcio icici aie ae ee ore eae eee @ CHER: Oo halnomament =... -<1.5- see tee nee eee Warhead dress. !:t26 5.32 jemocht cdo eee cin ey ser ee eee semen ae
0; Os Models of shieldsi- sees neee ta eee es Hn ED: SiGe AR Swe see Spa ldbisicelic PE erertee See > = cic ee eet Sandals. 2.2 otis. Bea cena be ase Saco oe ae ct eae ee ee Yoke/straps-i--.-<-.-----s55 == SOD Te ORES UEISEE anes ao oRaot owe a, Horned!toad! ‘efipy, ofdeerskimes see. 2-5 2 = =) ae eee b, Living horned toad
Bitsy) bya & I ia) eae ey ey ese i es i ee ee ete ees oo d2.) The Jbumming sos 2h caret eae tens the Eo eee epee P0340), WaterscOOlersse. ca..c ees ce ee see en eee oe era Er a eee 2 Ollaitoundhidden ampthe hill pees eee ee See e ee See . Olla, with whitish designs on red ground ....._.......-...--...- & SWALLOW tre OG, <9 eros Scene A ee ee eee eo ee ee toro
» Basket with scroll-teet. decoration. ---2.--2----2=--------ss2.ce bes bay ene baste os SS th one EES Seas ae ee
» vel ping etlekt oss 1 5 ps 3 ole bec yh ck See: See aE ee eens
storage basketecs ocho eat case _ coe nie ee ee eee eRe ee - Small storage basket, showing weave...-...--......------:-----+- a3; Trinket basketo. 2.22 . <ciy.2.55..e dee eee a eee sie
bableeping Mats. c- 1 eehee eto oe ers eee meee ere ester eee Detail ofsleepine mai ct soe ao series meen et ore iste re leet 5 -Modelof loom 2-209 5252: ses conte nee see eae ese eee a PINdle=. 2 ss a5 sees seal ose se yeaa eee See eee tee
Figure
101 102
ng (OUP StONE te snes daeasicte
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAWonvoHM, DANS Au Ve SpINMAyS =. 2. ec 8k eo Od Sous setiocnce aces =e . a, Old belt headband; b, new belt headband ...........-- Ea oo 1 PUR TENS cP NGS al ROI Shae se Sie ge a a eer . Paint bags. a, Deerskin; b, cloth .........-.- tA REE ue need . Tattooing outfit. a, Mesquite charcoal; b,willow charcoal;
Gineedles = sn cet eee Fu eS ie ta 2 eee ene mae
PeRIMHeR aa t: GRAIN EN yaaa we eon ot fee ay ose eee RERINGES rose on ae ass Soe oe GOBER AEE e One UEEEES Eee mere PROCTADLUR RICKS on ares alas yeaa tn ars oes =e Sty ae aCe sersiye Morin Maye ele se et ee Se es See Rs Se eee ee J MOIRTARGS cone ec eS Ct ghee ile ha eo ge a SJTU IEY eRe aaese cee OB toc On ae een ae eee PWOCOON Ante oes se nmuy eee ere Sure tae at ep sah acie nominee as prasPAUGer BCk > 0 .COuUDIe Dally ges snes ooo tc close nlonse Fes awtcde os . Kicking balls. a, Wood covered with gum; b, without covering. - . Kicking balls. a, Stone covered with gum; b, without covering.
Se ISPran WSCA yen aes take esac Da Sees eee a) SE CAN COMB GOIN RUA DULAI ET: Savant aN, cee aes 2 BS aan he cela nce jo DInPTAMNUER TW VEU GAS nels sacle on miaet natn oa nee sein - FERC LIT Ae TBM EL Ss Sele a ed ee pe AEE er erie te re ee em CRANINIER PNBLON Canes ee atest arn.cinin a. acl teen whe orale ob . Staves used in game of ka-Amisakiit ..........--.--...--..--.2-- eu Dart- and -ninpy Paes ert Ree ants roel areas a SG 2 wld Seal Dy ereareshne tig tets(o Urb olen (el fab cap db kris ea See Ee ee ek ae rae
tpt ee eee eee eee-
FALUN ALON Gm ects ects poet hole ener cio ae Bas ciao se US at MAME Teather ANDErOEUs - fsa nen ion a oe ee Sie ee ee laces
Funeral cache south of Casa) Blanca..-.....2--2+.-..2:...00.2--- 12 Ee Nat hee RES OP Tae nee oie ea REN, ce nae eee
PIMA SOUNDS AND THEIR SYMBOLS
Lh eee as in father. Pe choceae an initial uvular r. LIMES as in law. Bisa rake as in sauce. By snen as in what. edema! as In touch. eee as in hat. td ...-heard now as t,now as d, or be- bt eee indeterminate sound between a tween. i and i. Dseaae as in rule. Cree as sh in shall, a rare sound: occurs | tt... .- as in pull. in vi-shik (hawk). Oe s as in but. (MAS as in dread. (aver es like the German 6 in Géthe. Craieee as in they. za ae as in valve. Chee as In then. Aun ase a synthetic sound, v-+-w. Tt kes as in fife. 1 Wietican as In wish. Fysee as a mere breathing. Wienges ae as in you. [ala as in good; occurs in foreign words. | hy... -as in hue. ree between k and g. ig ...-as in finger. In gee as in he. ny.-.--as ny in canyon. Io 2 as in pique. te ....as ch in church. i as in pick. noes an exploded breathing. Kia Sass as in kick. d‘*....an exploded breathing. LSet as in lull. k* _...an exploded breathing. [eee as with a faint 4 following. p .---an exploded breathing. m ....as in mum. RES AE a k sound with an expulsion of Mies as In nun. breath before sounding it. TEER as ng in sing. DyaSes an m with lips closed. OneS as in note. | “=exploded breathing. Oe as in whole, (German soll). | ’=laryngeal closure. Dieses as in pipe. |
THE PIMA INDIANS
By Frank RvussELy
INTRODUCTION
From November,.1901, until June, 1902, the writer made his head- ‘quarters at Sacaton (see pl. 1), on the Gila River reservation, in south- ern Arizona, where he was engaged in a study of the Pima tribe. With the aid of five native interpreters information was obtained from ten Pima men and women,’ selected because of their intelligence and special aptitude in certain lines. With so many persons engaged in the investigations, the work of one frequently overlapped and served as a check on that of another. This made it possible to obtain a quite full account of Piman ethnology for the time employed. A house-to- house canvass of the villages, week after week, month after month, led _ to personal contact with nearly every household on the reservation and visits were made also to the Salt River Pimas and the desert Kwahadk's. One valuable result was the collection of more than 300 specimens illustrative of nearly all Piman arts, gathered from among a people whom poverty had induced to dispose of so many of their
a The name and a brief sketch of each of the author’s informants and interpreters are here given: Informants. KA&’ma4ltkik, Thin Leather (pl. XL1v, b),an old man, is said to be the most popular of the few remaining narrators of myths and speeches, or ‘‘ speakers.’’ He is an intimate friend of the head chief, Antonio Azul (pl. 0,a), and has always occupied a prominent place in the councils of the tribe. In his prime he exceeded 6 feet in stature and was strong and sturdy of frame. Indeed, his hand grasp is yet vigorous enough to make his silent and friendly greeting somewhat formidable. Intelligent, patient, dignified, his influence must have been helpful to those youths who formerly came to him for instruction. From him was obtained the cosmogonical myth of the tribe, many speeches, songs, and much general information. He also made a model of a loom and a few other specimens for the collection of material pertaining to the Pimas.
Sala Hina, Sarah Fish, or Hina (fig. 51), as she was called by her people, was recommended as one of the most intelligent of the older women. An earnest Christian, she had no scruples about relating all that she knew concerning the religious beliefs of the tribe. She had undergone a long and exacting training in practical botany which rendered her a valuable assistant in gathering information concern- ing the economic plants of the region. Taught by gaunt Hunger, she and her kind had learned to know and use a large number of vegetal products. She inherited through herfather some of the Kwahadk' potters’ skill, which enabled her to impart valuable knowledge of the art and to furnish specimens.
Sika'teu, Dry, an old woman, is the half sister of Antonio Azul and is one of the best known nurses and midwives about the Sacaton settlement. Though unable to speak English, after a few interviews with an interpreter she was quick to understand by means of signs and a few Pima words when to pose for photographs and the like. Among her earliest recollections was the sight of the covered wagons of
the emigrant trains that followed the Gila route in such numbers during the early years of the California gold excitement. Her memory therefore extends over a quarter of a century of the period of bitterest 26 erH—08 4 17
18 THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 26
old belongings that for a month or two after going into their midst there seemed but little opportunity of securing anything approaching a representative series. Several specimens that were finally discov- ered are believed to be the very last of their kind among the Pimas, though of course such a statement must be made with reserve. Prof. J.J. Thornber, of the University of Arizona, accompanied the party ona round trip of 80 miles along the Gila river and to him the collection is indebted for about 50 herbarium specimens, represent- ing the larger portion of the economic plants of the Pimas that are susceptible of preparation in this way. To him also is due the credit of examining and identifying the mass of material gathered by the persons engaged at Casa Blanca and Gila Crossing. As complete a list as possible of the plants used for food, medicine, and the. like was made, after which the services of both men and women were enlisted to point out the plants in the course of a trip through the river bottoms oron the hills. Furthermore, a number of sets of seeds was obtained, a portion of which were planted during the summer of 1902 for the purpose of raising plants that could not otherwise be identified. Unfortunately, the season proved too dry for them to germinate and the list is consequently less complete than it should be. The Pima name is given in all cases.
The American people owe the Pimas a lasting debt of gratitude. The California pioneers that traversed the southern route before the
wartare between the Pimas and the Apaches. After several months acquaintance with this old woman Mrs Russell obtained from her much information concerning the Pima woman’s views of warfare as well as knowledge of facts pertaining to various customs, especially those peculiar to her sex.
Antonio Azul (see pl. 11, @) was the head chief of the tribe, and from him much information concerning war customs and recent history was obtained.
Ki’sate, Cheese, an old Santan pariah, had employed such wit as grudging nature had endowed him within practising the arts of the medicine-man. Hiscontributions, while of a minor character, proved to be of interest.
William Blackwater, an elderly Pima, had taken an active part in the later history of the village of Blackwater, which is situated at the eastern end of the reservation. He was employed but a short time and gave information concerning history and customs.
THa’hali, or Juan Thomas, a Christian Pima who was formerly a medicine-man, contributed much val- uable information concerning the ‘ occult.’’ He also furnished a calendar record and made a number of specimens illustrating the medicine-man’s paraphernalia.
Teo’kit Nak, Owl Ear (pl. 1, 6),anold man, lived at the Salt River village and was the first from whom a calendar record was obtained.
Benjamin Thompson, so far as could be learned, kept the only calendar in the central group of villages about Casa Blanca, and he related the events that are commemorated by it.
Kiema-i, Rattlesnake Head (pl. 1, c), a chief, is known to the whites as Joseph Head. He gave an excellent specimen of a calendar record and stick.
Interpreters. The principal interpreter, who was employed by the month during the entire period of the writer's stay, was José Lewis, a Papago who had lived from childhood among the Pimas. He had once been engaged by the Bureau of American Ethnology to write a vocabulary of his own language and to supply other information, so that he was acquainted with the phonetic alphabet and other approved methods of procedure. He was engaged in linguistic work the greater part of the time.
Melissa Jones, the official interpreter at the agency, was employed to interpret the statements of Sika'‘tcu, her mother, known to the whites as ‘‘ Old Mary,’’ and also at intervals on the calendars.
Jacob L. Roberts spoke quite as good English as the average white man of the country and was em- ployed to secure Teo’ktit Nak’s calendar (pl. 1, b)-and for the final revision of the linguistic material.
Carl Smart, of Sacaton, and Thomas Allison, of Blackwater, were occasionally engaged as tempo- rary interpreters. In addition to these there were half a dozen others who were employed for from one to three days each at the lower villages.
RUSSELL] NAME 19
days of transcontinental railroads often owed their lives to the friendly brown-skinned farmers whom they met upon the Gila.” This tribe rendered notable assistance as scouts in the long contest with the Apaches. Even had they remained neutral, they would have deserved friendly consideration on the part of the whites, but as they fought bravely in the latter’s behalf justice requires that their services be accorded proper recognition.
The Pimas live in two river valleys that are strewn with the ruins of prehistoric buildings and other evidences of the presence of a consider- able population that had attained probably the highest degree of civil- ization or culture to be found north of Mexico. The present race has been variously regarded as the descendants of the one that has disap- peared, as having amalgamated with it, and as being entirely inde- pendent of it. The determination of the exact relationship of the two groups has been held constantly in mind during the course of these investigations. Closely. connected with this principal problem are those problems of the extent and direction of the migrations of men and culture toward the Sierra Madre, the Rio Grande, the Pacific, and the plateau to the northward. Was this a center of culture or was it a halting place in the march of clans?
HISTORY NAME
The tribe known as the Pimas was so named by the Spaniards early in the history of the relations of the latter with them. The oldest reference to the name within the writer’s knowledge is that by Velarde: ‘‘The Pima nation, the name of which has been adopted by the Spaniards from the native idiom, call themselves Otama or in the plural Ohotoma; the word pima is repeated by them to express negation.”’® This ‘‘negacion” is expressed by such words as pia, “none,”’ piate, “‘none remaining,” pimate, ‘“‘I do not know” or ‘I do not understand.” In the last the sound of te is often reduced to a faint click. The Americans corrupted this to ‘‘ Pimos,” and while this form of the word is now used only by the illiterate living in the neigh- borhood of the tribe, it is fairly common in the literature referring to them. They call themselves A’-4’tam, ‘‘men” or ‘‘the people,” and when they wish to distinguish themselves from the Papago and other
a Sylvester Mowry, lieutenant in the Third Artillery, in an address before the American Geographical Society, in New York, February 3, 1859 (Arizona and Sonora, 3d ed., 30), said: ‘‘Much as we pride our- selves upon our superior government, no measures [the United States Government have [sic] since, under urgent pressure of the writer, made some small appropriations for the Pima Indians] have been taken to continue our friendly reiations with the Pimos; and to our shame be it said, it is only to the forbearance of these Indians that we owe the safety of the life of a single American citizen in central or western Arizona, or the carriage of the mails overland to the Pacific.”
>“La nacion pima,cuyo nombre han tomado los espanioles en su nativo idioma, se llama Otama y en plural Ohotoma, de la palabra Pima repetida en ellos por ser su negacion.’’ Documentos para la Historia de Mexico, 4th ser., 1, 345.
20 THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 26
divisions of the same linguistic stock they add the word 4’kimalt, “river.” “ River people” is indeed an apt designation, as evidenced by their dependence on the Gila.
Gatschet has thus defined the Pima linguistic stock in an article entitled ‘The Indian languages of the Pacific,” which was published in the Magazine of American History:
Pima. Dialects of this stock are spoken on the middle course of the Gila river, and south of it on the elevated plains of southern Arizona and northern Sonora (Pimerfa alta, Pimerfa baja). The Pima does not extend into California unless the extinct, historical Cajuenches, mentioned in Mexican annals, spoke one of the Pima (or Pijmo, Pimo) dialects. Pima, on Pima reserve, Gila river, a sonorous, root-duplicating idiom; Névome, a dialect probably spoken in Sonora, of which we possess a reliable Spanish grammar, published in Shea’s Linguistics; ® Papago, on Papago reserve, in southwest- ern Arizona.
VILLAGES
During the early part of the nineteenth century there were eight Pima villages on the Gila,according to statements made by Ka’mal tkak and other old men of the tribe. The numerous accounts by travelers and explorers contain mention of from five to ten pueblos or villages. The names are usually those bestowed by the Spanish missionaries or unrecognizable renderings of the native terms. The villages were principally upon the south bank of the river, along which they extended for a distance of about 30 miles.© Some have been aban- doned; in other cases the name has been retained, but the site has been moved. The first villages named by Kino were Equituni, Uturituc, and Sutaquison. The last two were situated near the present agency of Sacaton (pl. 1). The first may have been the village of Pimas and Kwahadk’s, which was situated west of Picacho on the border of the sink of the Santa Cruz river (fig.1), which was abandoned about a century ago and was known as Aktitciny, Creek
@ Vol. 1, 156.
>» The most valuable publication relating to the Pima language is the “Grammar of the Pima or Névome, a language of Sonora, from a manuscript of the XVIII Century.” This was edited by Buck- ingham Smith, and 160 copies were issued in 1862. It is in Spanish-Névome, the latter differing slightly from the true Pima. The grammar has 97 octavo pages with 32 additional pages devoted to a ‘* Doc- trina Cristiana y Confesionario en Lengua Névome, 6 sea la Pima.’’
e¢ The Rudo Ensayo states that ‘‘ between these Casas Grandes, the Pimas, called Gilefios, inhabit both banks of the river Gila, occupying ranches on beautiful bottom land for 10 leagues farther down, which, as well as some islands, are fruitful and suitable for wheat, Indian corn, ete.” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society, v, 128.
“The most important of these ranches are, on this side, Tusonim6, and on the other, Sudacson or the Incarnation, where the principal of their chiefs, called Tavanim6, lived, and farther down, Santa Theresa, where there is a very copious spring.” (Ibid., 129.) This “spring’’ was probably above the present Gila Crossing where the river, after running for many miles underground in the dry season, rises with a strong flow of water that supplies extensive irrigating ditches.
Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, writing in 1855, enumerate the following Pima villages: San Juan Capistrano, Sutaquison, Atison, Tubuscabor, and San Seferino de Napgub (see Pacific Railroad Reports, m1, pt. 3, 123).
In 1858 Lieut. A. B. Chapman, First Dragoons, U. S. Army, completed a census of the Pimas and Maricopas. The names of the villages, leaders, and the population of both tribes are here reprinted
RUSSELL] VILLAGES 21
Mouth. The site of this settlement was visited by the writer in April, 1902. It is marked by several acres of potsherds that are scattered about the sand dunes on the south side of the dry river bottom that is scarcely lower than the level of the plain. A few Mexican families have lived in the vicinity for many years, pumping water from a depth of a hundred feet and depending upon crops of corn and beans raised in the summer when a few showers fall upon their fields. These Mexicans plow out stone implements and bits of pottery, but have never found any burial places. There are two medium-sized adobe ruins on the flat river bottom; one of these has walls of the same pisé type that is exhibited by the Casa Grande
comparatively small importance of that tribe may be appreciated.
MARICOPAS
[Head chief, Juan Chevereah.]
Women Villages. Chiefs. Warriors. and Total. children. El Juez Tarado....... Suni JOs6 f 116 198 314 NACHO eee ee rene aye me Rees cae ee ee iT 76 128 204 ; 192 326 518 PIMAS [Head chief, Antonio Soule [Azul].] Buen Liano......--.---- Ojo de Buro and Yiela del Arispe............-.- | 132 259 391 Ormejera No. 1........ MIR Oe MAR OSA VOL. ss Johns aesarse er ecn see cee | 140 | 503 643 Orinejera No. 2......-.. Gabe nmelAqilas. 2. occes-s5-8- sca cae aeacane 37 | 175 212 Casa Blanca........-.- Chelanio oon = dase Ga sena eels scnebesccancarnsaed 110 425 585 Chemisez........ Eee oa WA DECALO Sete ac eee heneec wa sietieds cs cscaees 102 210 312 El Juez Tarado.......- Cadrillo del Mundo and Ariba Aqua Bolando... 105 158 263 Arizo del Aqua........ PRBIRMICINC OS a, ap anne earns satascct eae nse 235 535 770 Aranca No..1.......--- | akan delMtundo? 2.0 .-....-ecessc2-s2 ste 291 700 991 Arancs N02)... .. 55:3 SIOCROINGG Son teteeGle's cadaver ete en = eae ela ES aa ain scan coc eteoe ye 1,152 2,965 4,117
Mr Browne, a member of Commissioner Poston's party that visited the villages in January, 1864, wrote: ‘*The number of Pima villages is 10; Maricopas, 2; separate inclosures, 1,000.’ (J. Ross Browne, Adventures in the Apache Country, 110.) Ona later page (290) he gives the population by villages, of which he names but seven:
AIM Bice Soe sass ann Ct cence cesses Das PELOLTINE IGM. <5 0.) co anim asc'aeaamn tan tatesae sees 514 NSB RT ere een Oo ata Saccee ese ecaatscewe BOD MLR esters, «cto phe CERES Sees Cea e ee © 392 Arenal... 616 — CHCRUIUA SAS feo. oda tse c-b ss ocekea 438 Total Sosess cose terete ates coe en's . 3,067 EBON cero scan ana date raim ee sine bins = 315
“There are 1,200 laboring Pimas and 1,000 warriors.”
James F. Rusling (The Great West and the Pacific Coast, 369), who visited the Pimas in 1867, also states that there were then ten Pima villages. 4 Font mentions a Pima-Papago village in this vicinity, called ‘‘Cuitoa.” Manuscript Diary, 35.
bo
2 THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 26
The villages known to the oldest Pimas are as follows:
1. Peta/ikuk, Where the Petai (ash tree?) Stands.
2. Teupatiik, Mortar Stone.
3. Teu/wutukawutik, Earth Hill.
4. Os Ka/ktiimik Tco’tcikim, Arrow-bush Standing. 5. Ko/-okfip Van’sik, Medicine Paraphernalia.
6. Ka/mit, Back.
7. Tco’fitik Wu’tcik, Charcoal Laying. Sand 9. Akfitciny, Creek Mouth. One 5 miles west of Picacho and another south- west of Maricopa station. Both depended upon flood waters.
12° West from Greenwich a!
SS
%
Fe ON Nes pees ande PNA Se ohn 8.Torbert.
Fic. 1. Map of Pima reservation.
There are two Maricopa villages: Hi‘nima, Hina Head (hina, a kind of fish) and Teo’titcik Wou’teik, which is included among the Pima villages, as it was occupied by them after the Maricopas moved down the river to their present location below Gila Crossing. The Hi/nimaé people now reside on the south bank of the Salt, east of the Mormon settlement of Lehi.
RUSSELL] PREHISTORIC RUINS 23
The Pimas have a tradition relating the circumstances of the coming of the band of Sobaipuris,¢ whom they call Rsa’rsavinaé, Spot- ted, from the San Pedro. They are said to have drunk na‘vait or cactus liquor together with a village of Pimas of forgotten name, on the north side of the Gila, near the present Blackwater and the Pica- cho village of Akfitciny, before the time when the Apaches forced them to leave their homes on the San Pedro.
Since the settlement of the Gila and Salt river valleys by the whites and the establishment of peace with the Apaches, the Pimas have again manifested a disposition to extend their settlements, principally owing, however, to the scarcity of water on the Gila River reservation. The present villages are as follows:
Os Kuk, Tree Standing, known as Blackwater.
We’tcu(r)t, Opposite, North Blackwater.
Ha/rsanykuk, Saguaro Standing, Sacaton Flats.
S‘a’opuk, Many Trees, The Cottonwoods.
Tat’sitik’, Place of Fright, the settlement about Cruz’s store.
Ku’-u Ki, Big House, Sacaton.
Ao’pohiim, (?), Santan.
Hv‘tcilttcik, Round Clearing, village below Santan on north bank of river.
Va/-aki, Ruin or Ancient House, Casa Blanca.
Sta’tannyik, Many Ants, a village between the two last preceding, on south bank of Gila.
Pe-ep’tcilt'k’, Concave (from a family with noses of that shape), northeast of Casa Blanca.
Rso’ttik®, Water Standing, northwest of Casa Blanca.
Ska/kaik, Many Rattlesnakes, on north side of Gila, opposite Rso’tGk’.
Rsi/nfiik, Beginning, about a mile east of Sacaton station on Maricopa and Phoenix railroad.
Ka/woltfik’ Wutca, Hill Below, west of railroad.
Hi’atam, Sea Sand Place, from Hi’akatcik, where the people of this village formerly lived, Hi/atam was just north of Maricopa station.
Ka/‘matik Wu’tca, Ka/matik Below, Gila Crossing. Ka/mattik is the Pima name of the Sierra Estrella.
Herm/ho, Once, or A’ma A’kimalt, Salt River, known by last name. This is the settlement on the north side of the river, 3 miles from Mesa.
PREHISTORIC RUINS
The Pimas have long since grown accustomed to being interro- gated concerning the builders of the great stone and adobe pueblos that now lie in ruins on the mesas of the Gila and Salt river valleys. However ready they may have been in the past to claim relationship
a‘*The most warlike among all the Pimas are those we call the Sobiarpuris, for they are born and reared on the border of the Apaches; but they have become tired of living in constant warfare, and have, during the present year of 1762, abandoned their beautiful and fertile valley, retiring, some to Santa Maria Soanca, and some to San Xavier del Bae and to Tucson, thus leaving to the enemies a free en- trance to the high region of the Pimas.’’ Rudo Ensayo, translated by Eusebio Guitéras, Records of the American Catholic Historical Society, v, 192.
24 THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 26
with the Hohokam® or relate tales of the supernatural origin of the pueblos, they now frankly admit that they do not know anything about the matter.’ As early as the time of Kino and Mange men- tion is made of the chief of the former pueblo of Casa Grande, who was called ‘‘Siba.”” Mange in his Diary of November, 1697, trans- lates this word as ‘‘bitter”’ or ‘‘cruel.’’ The present pronunciation is sivanY and the same name is given to all Hohokam chiefs; no one now knows the meaning of the word. The query arises, Is the simi- larity of this term to the native name for the Zufis a mere coinci- dence? Mr Cushing states that ‘‘Cibola equals the ‘Chi-vo-la’ of Fray Marcus, of Nizza, equals the Zuni name for themselves, namely, Shiwona, or Shiwina.’’°
Each ruin is called va-aki, ancient house, and in the myths a name is added to distinguish it from other ruins and to it si’van® to identify him from other chiefs.
Following is the list of the besteknown places, with their chiefs:
Teo’-oltik, Corner, Casa Grande. Ruled by Sia’-al Teu-vtaki, Morning Blue.
A-it‘kam Va-aki, Sandy Ancient House, Santan. Ruled by Kia/-atak, Handle.
S‘o’am Nyu‘i Va-aki, Yellow Vulture Ancient House. Name of chief not known to my informants.
The following names of chiefs are preserved in the myths, but the ruins are referred to simply as va-aki:
Tcut/haowo-o, Dipper, was the sivanY at the ruin situated about 4 miles northwest of Santan. (PI. rv, a, b.)
Ta/-a, Flying, lived at the Sweetwater pueblo. (PI. rv, c.)
Tco’-otcuk Ta/tai, Black Sinew, at Casa Blanca.d
Tcvu/narsat, Lizard, at Gila Crossing.
A/-an Hi’ttipaki, Feather Breathing, at Mesa.
Vi/-ik Valt Ma’kai, Soft Feathers Rolling, ruled the pueblo between Tempe and Phoenix that is now being excavated by the Arizona Antiquarian Society.
When a single chief is referred to, he is usually called Si/van’, and when the full name is given, Si’van’ is always added, so that it is not surprising that Mange, Bandelier,* and others should have sup-
a The term Hohokam, That which has Perished, is used by the Pimas to designate the race that occu- pied the pueblos that are now rounded heaps of ruins in the Salt and Gila river valleys. As there is no satisfactory English term, the Pima name has been adopted throughout this memoir.
b«©T made frequent inquiries of the Pimos and Coco-Maricopas as to the builders of these (Salt River ruins) and the ruins on the Gila, but could obtain no other than the ever ready, Quien sabe? These, as well as the ruins above the Pimo villages, are known among the Indians as the ‘houses of Montezuma,’ an idea doubtless derived from the Mexicans, rather than from any tradition of their own. We asked our Indian guide who Montezuma was. He answered, ‘ Nobody knows who the devil he was; all we know is, that he built these houses.’"’ Bartlett, Personal Narrative, 1854, 11, 248.
eCongrés International des Américanistes, 7™° sess., 1890, 155.
d@The ruin at Casa Blanca (pl. Vv, a) is one of the largest south of the Gila. The adobe walls yet show at the level of the surface of the mound. Sedelmair states m his Relacién that there were two houses standing at Casa Blanca in 1744. This and the ruin in Santan are the only ones near which the modern villages are built. Casa Grande is 6 miles from the nearest Pima village, which was, furthermore, quite recently established by families from points farther down the river.
e“ While in New Mexico the chain of traditional information appears almost unbroken as far down as San Marcial, in Arizona the folk-lore of the Zuni terminates, according to Mr Cushing, with the north- ern folds of the Escudilla and of the Sierra Blanca. The remarkable architecture prevalent on the
RUSSELL] PREHISTORIC RUINS 25
posed that the Casa Grande pueblo was under the control of ‘Siba”’ or ‘‘Si/van’;”’ indeed it is now frequently designated “Si’van¥ Ki” by the Pimas. Fifteen miles southeast of the Casa Grande ruin is the mountain ridge that rises abruptly from the nearly level plains which is known as Ta-a’tikam or Picacho mountain. Picacho is an isolated peak south of the mountain. The pass between them, through which the main trail ran from the Pima villages to Tucson, and through which the railroad has been built, was one of the most dreaded portions of the overland trail when the Apaches were ‘‘out,”’ as they were most of the time. To the northeast of the mountain is a small pueblo ruin that lies about 15 miles from the river, which is apparently the nearest water. It was probably occupied during a part of the year only. East of the mountain is a ruin called Kis’tcoit Vatcik’, Table Tank; on the north is one known as Mo’-ok’ Vatcik’, Sharp Tank; and at the foot of Ta-a’tikam, on the west, is A’-alt Vap tek’, Small Tanks. Southwest of the mountain were situated the Pima village of Akfiteiny and the two pueblo ruins previously men- tioned. There is another small pueblo ruin a few miles northwest of the site of Akfiteiny, but no others of similar type are known to the writer at any point in Arizona south of Picacho. A personal examina- tion of all the ruins of the southeastern part of the Territory has shown them to be of a different type from those of the upper and lower Gila and the Salt river valleys. The ruins along the San Pedro, it is true, extend to the southward of the parallel of Picacho, and it is believed to be desirable that some of them be explored. Superfi- cially they resemble the ruins about Solomonsville, where cremation
Salado, Gila, and Verde has no light shed upon it by their folk-lore tales. “Here the statements of the Pimas, which Mr Walker has gathered, are of special value; and to him I owe the following details: The Pimas claim to have been created where they now reside, and after passing through a disastrous flood—out of which only one man, CI-hé, was saved—they grew and multiplied on the south bank of the Gila until one of their chiefs, Ci-vii-n5, built the Casa Grande. Theycallit to-day *Ci-vi-nd-qi’ (house of Ci-vi-n6); also ‘Vat-qi’ (ruin). A son of Ci-vi-nd settled on lower Salt river, and built the villages near Phoenix and Tempe. At the same time a tribe with which they were at war occupied the Rio Verde; to that tribe they ascribe the settlements whose ruins I have visited, and which they eall ‘O-St-gdm-vitqi’ (gravelly ruins). The Casa Blanca and all the ruins south of the Gila were the abodes of the forefathers of the Pimas, designated by them as ‘VI-pI-sét’ (great-grandparents), or ‘Ilo-ho-qom’ (the extinct ones). (Ci-vi-né had twenty wives, ete. _['Each of whom wore on her head, like a headdress, the peculiar half-hood, half-basket contrivance called Ki’-jo.’ Papers Archeol. Inst., Iv, 463.]) At one time the Casa Grande was beset by enemies, who came from the east in several bodies, and who caused its abandonment; but the settlements at Zacaton, Casa Blanca, etc., still remained, and there is even a tale [‘It is even said that the people of Zacaton made war upon their kindred at Casa Blanca and blockaded that settlement by constructing a thorny hedge around it. Through the artifices of the medicine-men the hedge turned into a circle of snakes.’ Papers Archeo!. Inst., Iv, 464] of intertribal war between the Pimas of Zacaton and those of Casa Blanca after the ruin of Casa Grande. Finally, the pueblos fell one after the other, until the Pimas, driven from their homes, and moreover decimated by a fearful plague, became reduced to a small tribe. A portion of them moved south into Sonora, where they still reside, but the main body remained on the site of their former prosperity. I asked particularly why they did not again build houses with solid walls like those of their ancestors. The reply was that they were too weak in numbers to attempt it, and had accustomed themselves to their present mode of living. But the construction of their winter houses— a regular pueblo roof bent to the ground over a central scaffold—their organization and arts, all bear testimony to the truth of their sad tale, that of a powerful sedentary tribe reduced to distress and decadence in architecture long before the advent of the Spaniards.”’ Bandelier in Fifth Ann. Rep. Archeol. Inst. Am., 1883-84, 80, 81.
2
lor)
THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN, 26
was the prevailing mode of disposing of the dead, as it was also on the lower Gila and the Salt river. Nothing was learned to indicate that the Sobaipuris of the San Pedro practised incineration. If some of the clans of the Hopis or Zunis are to be identified with the Hohokam of the Gila, as is maintained by some of the most able authorities upon Southwestern archeology,’ how is the total disappearance of this primal custom to be explained ?
There is a strong belief among the Pimas that they came from the east. It is in that quarter that the abode of their dead is located. Their gods dwell there. Their beliefs do not seem to have been influenced in this respect in the least through contact with the tribes of Yuman stock who have sought a paradise in the opposite direc- tion. There are vestiges of a tradition that the Pimas were once overwhelmed by a large force of warriors who came from the east and destroyed nearly all the people and devastated the entire Gila valley. This does not appear to be another version of the account of the invasion by the underworld clans. While the majority of the Pimas declare that their people have always lived where they now are, or that they came from the east, there are some who say that the Hohokam were killed by an invasion from the east before the Pimas came.
The Pimas formerly regarded the ruins with the same reverence or aversion which they felt toward their own burial places. After the excavations made by the Hemenway Expedition on the Salt river, as no disasters followed the disturbance of the dead, they grew less scrupulous and can now readily be hired as workmen to excavate the ruins or ancient cemeteries.
CONTACT WITH SPANIARDS
From the meager records of the Coronado Expedition of 1540-1542 it has been surmised that Chichilticalli was the Casa Grande, but this statement lacks verification. After traversing the entire southern and eastern part of Arizona the writer can not but believe that it is extremely improbable that Coronado saw the Casa Grande and the
a The earliest mention of the Gila origin of the Hopi theory is that of Garcés: ‘Also they knew that I was padre ministro of the Pimas, who likewise are their enemies. This hostility had been told me by the old Indians of my mission, by the Gilefios, and Coco-Maricopas, from which information I have imagined (he discurrido) that the Moqui nation anciently extended to the Rio Gila itself. I take my stand (fundome, ground myself) in this matter on the ruins that are found from this river as far as - the land of the Apaches, and that I have seen between the Sierras de la Florida and San Juan Nepo- muzeno. Asking a few years ago some Subaipuris Indians who were living in my mission of San Xavier if they knew who had built those houses whose ruins and fragments of pottery (losa for loza) are still visible—as, on the supposition that neither Pimas nor Apaches knew how to make (such) houses or pottery, no doubt it was done by some other nation—they replied to me that the Moquis had built them, for they alone knew how to do such things, and added that the Apaches who are about the mis- sions are neither numerous nor valiant; that toward the north was where there were many powerful people; ‘there went we,’ they said, ‘to fight in former times (antiguamente); and even though we attained unto their lands we did not surmount the mesas whereon they lived.’”” Diary ia Coues, On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer, New York, 1900, 11, 386, 387.
RUSSELL] CONTACT WITH SPANIARDS 27
neighboring Pima villages. For a century and a half after that inva- sion no white man is known to have reached the territory of the Pimas Gilenos.
The earliest as well as the most important explorer in the history of Pimeria Alta was Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, who, between the years 1687 and 1710, journeyed many a dusty, thirsty league in the eager search for souls. In 1694 he reached the Casa Grande in company with native guides who had informed him of the existence of the ruin. Absolutely nothing is known about this expedition except that a mass was said within the walls of Casa Grande. How- ever, it may be safely inferred that Kino visited the near-by Pima vil- lages. As the Papagos were at that time also called Pimas it is some- times difficult to determine what part the true Pimas played in the events chronicled by the padres. Yet it is probable that they are referred to in the account of the religious festival which was observed in 1698 at Remedios, in Pimeria Baja. Among the visitors were “native chieftains from as far north as the Gila valley.” Then as now the Pimas and Papagos were on a friendly footing, and the character and movements of the Spaniards must have been made known to the Pimas before the latter saw Kino or any other white man.
Kino diligently strove to establish missions among the many tribes that he visited, but was much hampered by lack of funds. He suc- ceeded in interesting the authorities sufficiently to induce them to send a military expedition to the Gila in 1697 for the purpose of ascer- taining the disposition of the Pimas. The party included 20 soldiers, with 3 officers. Juan Mateo Mange was sent with Kino to write the official reports of the expedition. On the upper San Pedro river 30 Sabaipuris joined the party, which followed that stream to the Gila. They reached the Pima villages on the 21st of November, vis- iting and for the first time describing the Casa Grande. The return was by the more direct route of the Santa Cruz valley. It was by this route also that Kino in September, 1698, again descended to the Pimas with a small party of native guides. He returned by way of Quijotoa (7) and the Gulf.
Early in 1699 Kino, in company with Mange, made his fourth jour- ney to the Pimas by way of Sonoita and the lower Gila. The return was by way of the Santa Cruz.
A year later Kino again reached the Gila by a new route. From a point above the Bend, and hence doubtless among the Pimas, he descended to the mouth and returned to Sonora by way of Sonoita.
In 1702 he made his sixth and last journey to the Pimas, going by way of Sonoita and the lower Gila. Among the ‘‘40,000 gentiles”’ whom he is said to have baptized there were quite a number of Pimas, but as his sojourn among them was never of more than a few days’ duration his influence could not have been very great. Nevertheless,
28 THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 26
he gave away great quantities of beads, and as the people already valued highly those of their own manufacture it is probable that they readily accepted Kino’s statement that magic power resided in the new beads of glass. At any rate, the writer has found very old glass beads on all Piman shrines and has no doubt that some of them were brought by Kino. The first horses, also, to reach Pimeria were brought by these expeditions. There is no record of any cattle being brought so far north, though they were generally distributed to the Papago rancherias in Kino’s time.
After the death of Kino, in 1711, no Spaniard is known to have reached the Gila or even to have entered Arizona for a period of more than twenty years. In 1731 two missionaries, Father Felipe Segres- ser and Juan Bautista Grashoffer, took charge of the missions of San Xavier del Bac and San Miguel de Guevavi and became the first per- manent Spanish residents of Arizona. In 1736-37 Padre Ignacio Javier Keller, of Suamca, made two trips to the Pima villages on the Gila, where he found ‘‘that many of the rancherias of Kino’s time had been broken up.” * Again in 1743 Keller went up to the Pimas and endeavored to penetrate the Apache country to the northward. Communications by means of native messengers indicated a desire on the part of the Hopis to have Jesuit missionaries come to them from Sonora. The point of greatest interest to us is that any communica- tion should have existed at all. Keller failed in his attempt on account of the hostility of the Apaches, and Sedelmair, who tried to make the journey in the following year, was unable to induce the Pimas or Maricopas to accompany him. In 1748 Sedelmair reached the Gila near the mouth of the Salt river and journeyed westward. Of his trip to the Gila in 1750 little is known.
Accounts of these earliest missionaries of course preceded them by means of Papago messengers, who doubtless made clear the distine- tion between the slave-hunting Spanish adventurers and the Jesuits and Franciscans. Fortunately for the Pimas they were quite beyond the reach of the former and were so remote from the Sonoran settle- ments that only the most devout and energetic friars ever reached them.
The first military force to be stationed in Arizona was a garrison of 50 men at Tubac, on the Santa Cruz. This presidio was moved to Tucson about 1776, and in 1780 the garrison was increased to 75 men. Even when at Tucson the influence of this small force on the Pimas could not have been very great. Between 1768 and 1776 Padre Fran- cisco Garcés made five trips from San Xavier del Bac to the Pimas and beyond. The fifth entrada was well described in Garcés’s Diary (admirably translated and edited by Elliott Coues under the title ‘‘On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer”’), though he exhibited a pitiful waste
a Bancroft, xvi, 362.
RUSSELL] CONTACT WITH SPANIARDS. 29
of opportunities for ethnological observation while among the Pimas.“ From this time forward until the American occupancy of the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 the Spanish and Mexican population of Tucson varied from 500 to 2,000, and there was more or less trade with the Pimas either at the post or through small trading parties that went from Tucson to the Gila villages.
a Pfefferkorn, who published his Beschreibung der Landschaft Sonora in 1794-95, gives a very full account of the southern Pima-speaking tribes, but dismisses the ‘‘unconyerted Pimas’’ in the follow- ing words:
“‘Hierauf folgen den Gila hinunter die noch unbekehrten Pimas, welche sich auf beyden Seiten des Flusses ausbreiten. Dieses Volk ist in drey zahlreiche Gemeinden getheilet: wovon die stirkeste ein anmiithiges mit Biiumen wohl besetzes Land von 14 Meilen bewohnet; welches durch Wasserleitungen, die sich wegen dem ebenen Boden mit geringer Miihe aus dem Flusse auf das umliegende Land fiihren lassen, befeuchtet, und fruchtbar gemacht werden kann.”’ (Vol. 1, p. 6.)
Padre Pedro Font, who accompanied Garcés in 1775, wrote an extended diary of the journey, in which he devotes a few pages to the Pimas. Following is a translation from a copy of the original manuscript, pages 48-52:
“ First of November: Wednesday.—I said mass, which was attended by some Gilehos Indians who happened to be there and who gave evidence of considerable attention, good behaviour, and silence. They sought to imitate the Christians in crossing themselves, which they did awkwardly enough, and in other things. We left the Laguna (Lagoon) at half-past nine in the morning, and at one o'clock in the afternoon we reached the town of San Juan Capistrano de Uturituc, after having travelled four leagues towards the west-northwest. This town consists of small lodges of the kind that the Gilehos use. We were received by the Indians, whom I estimated to be about a thousandin number. They were drawn up in two rows, the men on one side and the women on the other. After we had dismounted they all came in turn to salute us and offered their hand to the Commander and the three Fathers, men and women, children and adults. Indeed they all gave token of much satisfaction at seeing us, touching their breast with their hand, naming God, and using many other expressions of benevolence. In short, their salutation was most lengthy, for almost every one of them bowed to us, saying: ‘‘ Dios ato m’ busi- boy,’’ as do the Pimas Christians of Pimeria alta, which signifies ‘‘May God aid us."’. We, on our part, must needs return their salutations. They lodged usin a large hut, which they constructed to that end, and in front of it they placed a Jarge cross, Pagans though they were. The river being somewhat dis- tant, the Governor ordered his wives to bring water, which they straightway carried to his lodge for the people. These Pimas Gilefios are gentle and kind-hearted Indians. In order to féte our arrival they sought permission of the Commander to dance, and soon the women were moving from mess to mess, dancing after their fashion with hands clasped. In short, the whole people gave token of great pleasure at seeing us in their country, and some of them even offered us their little ones to be baptized. This we did not do, being desirous of proceeding with circumspection, although we sought to comfort them with good hopes. In the afternoon I went to the town with Father Garcés and the Governor, Papago de Cojat, to see the fields. These milpas are enclosed by stakes, cultivated in sections, with five canals or draws, and are excessively clean. They are close by the town on the banks of the river, which is large only in the season of the freshets. At that time its water was so low that an Indian who entered and crossed it had the water but halfway up hisleg. From what they have told me, this is the reason they had not yet made their sowing, for inasmuch as the river was so low the water could not enterthecanals. They also told methat to remedy this need they were all anxious to come together fora council, and had already thought of sinking many stakes and branches into the river to raise the water so that it might enter the drains; this industry on their part is a proof of their devotion to toil and shows that they are not restless and nomad like other races, for to maintain themselves in theirtowns with their fields they themselves have contrived to hold and control the river. I also saw how they wove cloaks of cotton, a product which they sew and spin; and the greater number of them know how to weave. They own some large-sized sheep whose wool is good, and also Castilian fowl. These Indians are somewhat heavy in build, very ugly and dark, the women much more so than the men. Moreover, perchance on account of their excessive eating of pechita, which is the husk of the crushed mesquite made into a gruel, of screw bean, grass seed, and other coarse foods, a very foul odor may be noticed when they are gathered in groups. This evening the Commander presented them all with tobacco, beads, and glass trinkets, wherewith they were highly pleased. The distribution of these things lasted until night.
2nd Day: Thursday.—We began to say mass very early in the morning, and with the sacred vestments I carried with me and with those which Father Garcés brought from Tubac to use in Colorado river, we erected two altars. It being All-Souls day, we three Religious said nine masses. It was, moreover, a most notable and unheard of thing that in the river Gila so many masses should be said. They were attended by a goodly number of Indians, who preserved the utmost decorum and silence. We left the town of Uturituc at eleven o’clock in the morning, and about three in the afternoon we halted on the
30 THE PIMA INDIANS [PTH. ANN. 26
RELATIONS witH AMERICANS CIVIL AND MILITARY EXPEDITIONS
Early in the nineteenth century American beaver trappers began to penetrate through the Apache-infested mountains that berdered Pimerfa on the north and east. Beaver were then fairly abundant in the mountain streams and down the Colorado Grande to the very end in the burning lowlands. The annals of the Pimas make no mention of these earliest visitors from the United States, but it is known that several parties reached the ‘‘Pimos Gilefios,” who were found uni- formly friendly. The Patties, father and son, journeyed from the Rio Grande to trap beaver in the Gila country between 1825 and 1828, and in the latter year pushed on to California.e Kit Carson, with a party of trappers, returned from his first trip to California by this route during the winter of 1829-30. The famous trapper, Paul Weaver, inscribed his name on the walls of Casa Grande in 1833.°
Besides the self-reliant and well-armed trappers, a few parties of settlers made their way to California through the Gila valley while it was yet in the possession of the Mexicans, though the best-known route was then north of the Colorado canyon. With the opening of the new era of American ownership began the journeys of surveyors and explorers. The first military invasion was by General Kearney, with a party of 200 troopers, in 1846. Emory’s excellent Notes of a Military Reconnoissance and Johnston’s Journal give details of this journey with the first reliable information concerning the Pimas. Kearney was followed by Lieutenant-Colonel Cooke in command of the Mormon battalion, which opened a practicable wagon road to California by way of Tucson and the Pima villages. In his official report Colonel Cooke states:
I halted one day near the villages of this friendly, guileless, and singularly inno- cent and cheerful people, the Pimos. They were indeed friendly, for they refused to surrender supplies that had been left at the villages to be held for the Mormon
battalion, and they threatened armed resistance to the Mexicans who demanded the mules and goods. :
banks of the river Gila near the town of the Incarnation of Sutaquison, having journeyed more than four leagues towards the west and a quarter northwest. The Indians of the town came out to receive us and saluted us with tokens of great joy. TheirnumberI estimated to be five hundred souls. Onour way we passed through two other smalltowns. Inthislimited territory lies almost all the land occupied by the tribe of the Pimas Gilefios: The soil here is very poor and raises a very sticky dust, on account of which and their wretched food the Indians are very ugly, dirty, and repulsive. The river Gila was dry in this region, so they obtained their water by digging wells inthe sand. It isonly during the season of freshets that the river is of any service for the seed lands and fields of the Indians. The banks of the river are covered with a grove of undersized cottonwood trees. In the evening tobacco was distrib- uted among the Indians and glass beads were promised the women for the following day. We asked the Indians why they lived so far from the river, for formerly they had their town onits banks. They replied that they had changed its site because on account of the groves and woods on its banks they could defend themselves but ill against the Apaches, but that by living apart from the river they were able to have a clear field for pursuing and killing the Apaches when they came against their town.”
a Pattie’s Personal Narrative.
6J.R. Browne, Adventures in the Apache Country, New York, 1869, 118.
RUSSELL] RELATIONS WITH AMERICANS 31
A battalion of dragoons under Maj. L. P. Graham marched west- ward to California by way of the Pima villages in 1848. Bancroft states that he has a manuscript diary from Capt. Cave J. Coutts, of this battalion, in which it is recorded that the Pimas were very hos- pitable and exhibited conspicuous signs of thrift.*
The parties of the Boundary Survey Commissioners passed down the Gila in 1851, and the account of the Pimas by J. R. Bartlett, the American commissioner, is by far the best that has been published thus far.’ Bartlett’s party returned eastward through the Pima villages in 1852.
In 1854 Lieuts. J. G. Parke® and George Stoneman began at the Pima villages the survey for a railroad which was destined to pass through just a quarter of a century later. In 1855 Lieutenant Parke, with another party, made a second survey and again visited the villages.
From the time of the discovery of gold in California, in 1849, parties of gold seekers, numbering in all many thousand persons each year, followed the Gila route, meeting with hospitality from the Pimas and almost equally uniform hostility from the Apaches. The loca- tion of the Pimas in the midst of the 280-mile stretch between Tucson and Yuma was a peculiarly fortunate one for the travelers, who could count upon supplies and if need be protection at a point where their journey otherwise must have been most perilous.?
The United States Government first recognized the value of the assistance rendered by the Pimas when by act of Congress of Feb- ruary 28, 1859, $1,000 was appropriated for a survey of their lands and $10,000 for gifts.¢
2 History of Arizona and New Mexico, 479.
+ Personal Narrative, 1854, 2 vols.
¢‘ Their chiefs and old men were all eloquent in professions of friendship for the Americans and were equally desirous that we should read the certificates of good offices rendered various parties while passing through their country.”’ Pacific Railroad Report, 0, 5.
d“ Since the year 1849 [they] have acted in the capacity of and with even more efficiency than a frontier military. They have protected American emigrants from molestation by Apaches, and when the latter have stolen stock from the emigrants, the Pimos and Maricopas have punished them and recovered their animals. Yet inall this time [ten years|nothing has been done for them by our Government.’ Extract from a letter in the Alta California, June 28, 1858, quoted in S. Ex. Doe. 1, pt. 1, 556, 35th Cong., 2d sess., 1859.
“A company of nearly one hundred of their best warriors was enlisted into the United States service in the latter part of 1865, which served one year with great credit to themselves and did much good sery- ice in quelling our common enemy. Seventy of them have just been mustered out [1867] of the United States service, after having performed six months’ duty as spies and Scouts, for which service they are invaluable.” Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1867, 163.
¢ Followingis a list of the articles distributed among the Pimas and Maricopas, as reported by Mowry:
444 axes. 36 hammers. 3 pairs tongs.
618 shovels. 48 rakes. 1 set stock and dies. 31 hand saws. 48 trowels. 12 file handles.
706 butcher knives. 12 screw-drivers. 36 hatchets.
516 hoes. 1 “ carpenter shop.” 120 picks.
240 sickles. 15 plows. 7 kegs nails.
48 files. 15 sets plow harness. 9 gross screws.
270 harrow teeth. 1 forge. 1,400 needles.
48 mattocks. 1 anvil. 1 box sheet tin.
72 whetstones. 1 vise. 4,000 pounds barley. 15 grindstones. 1 set sledges. 1 pint turnip seed. 36 hay torks. 1 cast-steel hand hammer.
Mowry explains that a larger number of plows would have been included in this lot of tools and imple-
og THE PIMA INDIANS [rH ANN. 26
Maricopa Wells, near the lower villages, became an important stage station when the overland mails began to pass late in the fifties.?
With the advent of the stage, the emigrant and the military trains began the breaking down of the best that was old and the building up of the worst that was new. For a period of thirty years, or from 1850 to 1880, the Pimas were visited by some of the vilest specimens of humanity that the white race has produced. Until 1871 the tribe was without a teacher, missionary, or, to judge from their own story and the records of the Government, a competent agent. Bancroft has thus summarized the conditions prevailing during that period:
In many respects there has been a sad deterioration during forty years of contact with civilization, notably by acquiring habits of intemperance, prostitution, and pil- fering; yet they are still vastly superior to most other tribes. For several years, from 1868, serious troubles with them seemed imminent. Presuming on their military services and past immunity from all restraint, they became insolent and aggressive, straying from the reservation, robbing travelers, refusing all satisfaction for inroads of their horses on the setilers’ fields, the young men being beyond the chiefs’ control. Swindling traders had established themselves near the villages to buy the Indians’ grain at their own prices, and even manipulate Government goods, the illegal traffic receiving no check, but rather apparently protection from the Territorial authorities. Whiskey was bought from Adamsville or from itinerant Mexicans; the agents were incompetent, or at least had no influence, the military refused support or became involved in profitless controversies. Worst of all, white settlers on the Gila used so much of the water that the Pimas in dry years had to leave the reservation or starve. General Howard deemed the difficulties insurmountable, and urged removal. Had it not been for dread of the Pima numbers and valor, the Apaches still being hostile, very likely there might have been a disastrous outbreak.?
As early as 1859 Lieut. Sylvester Mowry, special agent, Indian Bureau, foresaw danger threatening the interests of the Pimas and wrote:
There are some fine lands on the Gila and any extensive cultivation above the Indian fields will cause trouble about the water for irrigation and inevitably bring about a collision between the settlers and the Indians. ¢
Again in 1862 Poston gave additional warning:
If in the eager rush for farms or embryo cities the land above them should be occupied by Americans, and their supply of water be reduced, it might produce discontent.¢@
ments had not the Indian Department distributed a few plows a short time previously. (S. Ex. Doe. 2, 723, 36th Cong., Ist sess., 1859.) The gifts were d'stributed by Lieut. Mowry and the survey was made under his direction by Col. A. B. Gray.
This original survey contained 64,000 acres—much less than the Pimas claimed and actually required for their fields and grazing lands. The commissioners who negotiated with them assured the tribe that the present boundaries were but temporary limits to protect the people in their rights, and that the Government would enlarge the reservation later. This promise was made good by a survey in 1869, which added 81,140.16 acres (U.S. Statutes at Large, 1869, 1, 401). In 1876 9,000 acres about the village of Blackwater were added to the eastern end of the reservation.
a “In August and September, 1857, the San Antonio and San Diego semimonthly stage line, under the direction of I. C. Woods, was established, James Burch acting as contractor. This continued till the Butterfield semiweekly line was put upon the route, in August, 1858, under a cont ract of six years with the Postmaster-General, at $600,000 a year.” J. R. Browne, Adventures in the Apache Country, 19. The journey of nearly 2,500 miles was made in from twenty to twenty-two days.
> Bancroft’s Works, Xvu, 548.
cS. Ex. Doc. 2, 727, 36th Cong., Ist sess., 1859.
d Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1863, 386, 1864,
RUSSELL] RELATIONS WITH AMERICANS 33
Agent R. G. Wheeler protested against the diversion of the water of the Gila from the Pima reservation at the time the Florence canal was projected in 1886 and succeeded in gaining the attention of the Department of the Interior which instructed the Director of the Geo- logical Survey to investigate the matter. As a result of the investi- gation the following facts were established:
(1) That the water supply of the Pima and Maricopa reservations under present conditions is no more than sufficient for the wants of the Indians.
(2) That the construction of a dam by the Florence Canal Company of the character represented in the correspondence will give the control substantially of all the waters of the Gila river.
(4) That if the water supply from the river be shut off, the Indian reservation would become uninhabitable.
Other facts were presented, but these are the essential ones that directly concern us here.“ Notwithstanding the above finding, no effective efforts were made to prevent the water from being diverted from the reservation, and the result was nearly as predicted—a result that should bring a blush of shame to every true American. A thrifty, industrious, and peaceful people that had been in effect a friendly nation rendering succor and assistance to emigrants and troops for many years when they sorely needed it was deprived of the rights inhering from centuries of residence. The marvel is that the starva- tion, despair, and dissipation that resulted did not overwhelm the
tribe. AGENTS
In 1857 John Walker was appointed Indian agent for the territory embraced in the Gadsden Purchase, with headquarters at Tucson. The Pimas were of course within his territory, though his control over them could not have been very great with the agency separated from the villages by a 90-mile stretch of desert in the scarcely dis- puted possession of the Apaches. Walker presented no report to his superior at Santa Fé in 1858, but in 1859 gave some account of the condition of the Pimas.
In 1864 Charles D. Poston was appointed superintendent of Indian affairs for Arizona, but he resigned that year. He was succeeded by four others during the next eight years, at the end of which period the office was abolished. Abraham Lyons was appointed agent for the Pimas in 1862, and he also lived at Tucson. Ammi M. White, appointed in 1864, was a resident trader. He had built a mill at Casa Blanca, which was destroyed by the flood of September, 1868. Levi Ruggles, appointed in 1866, administered affairs from Tucson. Dur- ing 1867 C. H. Lord acted as deputy agent. Fairly adequate adobe buildings were erected for the agent at Sacaton in 1870, and the agents
2U.S8. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, no. 33, p. 10. 26 ErH—08——5
34 THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 26
thereafter resided at that place. The present commodious dwelling was erected in 1883. Following is a list of the later agents, with the dates of their appointment:
Capt. F. E. Grossman, 1869. R. G. Wheeler, 1885.
J. H. Stout, 1871-1875, 1877-78. C. M. Johnson, 1888.
Charles Hudson, 1876. C. W. Crouse, 1889.
A. B. Ludlam, 1879: J. R. Young, 1893.
E. B. Townsend, 1881. Henry J. Cleveland, 1897.
R. G. Wheeler, 1881. Elwood Hadley, 1898.
A. H. Jackson, 1882. J. B. Alexander, 1902. SCHOOLS
The first school (pl. v, 6) among the Pimas was opened by Rev. ©. H. Cook, in the employ of the Government, February 18, 1871, in an adobe building about 2 miles west of the present agency of Sacaton. This day school had a good attendance from the first, and much of the present beneficial influence of the missionary may be ascribed to the command over the children which he obtained during the seven years that he occupied the position of teacher. The change to a boarding school located at the agency was made in 1881, and a Mr Armstrong was the first superintendent. The school buildings were destroyed by fire in November, 1888, and the mission church was occupied during the remainder of that year. The capacity of the school is now 225, though during our stay at Sacaton more than 300 were crowded in. Two and three children were apportioned to sleep in narrow single beds and even in the hospital the beds were over- crowded. For years the accommodations have been inadequate to receive all the children that desired education. Day schools at Gila Crossing and Salt River take care of a few, and three or four new build- ings for day schools have been erected at Blackwater, Lehi, Mari- copa, and Casa Blanca.
ANNALS CHRONOLOGICAL RECORDS
Three chronological records have thus far been preserved from among the many that are supposed to have existed among the American tribes. The first of these to be published was the Walum Olam of the Delawares, the definitive edition of which was published by D. G. Brinton.* In 1877 Col. Garrick Mallery brought to light the ‘‘ Lone-dog winter count”’ of the Sioux and subsequently secured several other records from the same tribe.” Recently James Mooney
a The Lenape and their Legends, Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature, y, 1885. bA Calendar of the Dakota Nation, Bulletin U. 8. Geol. Surv., 1m, no. 1; also Fourth and Tenth Annual Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology.
RUSSELL] ANNALS DD
has published a series of Kiowa calendars that resemble those of the Sioux, but are more distinctly calendric.?
In addition to these published records we have references to yet others that have wholly disappeared; references that can not now be verified. For example, the Iroquois are said” to have maintained a record of their exploits in war by means of war posts on which notches indicated the occurrence of campaigns and conventional characters denoted the number of scalps and captives taken. Events of a certain class were thus recorded in chronologic order. Among the Santee Sioux Clark * found a notched stick which he was assured represented the history of the tribe for more than a thousand years. Mooney suggests that this must have been used in connection with a chant similar to that accompanying the Walum Olam. However, it seems extremely improbable that any record should have survived the vicissitudes of an Indian camp for so long a period. The use of notched sticks for mere numeration is common enough in all cultures and among all peoples, but such a use as that made by the Santees is not, so far as known, mentioned elsewhere in the literature.
The writer was therefore greatly interested to discover no fewer than five notched calendar sticks among the Pimas. Two sticks were ‘‘told”’ to him by their possessors. The record covers a period of seventy years, dating from the season preceding the meteoric shower of November 13, 1833, as do the oldest of those discovered among the Kiowa. There are traditions of older sticks that have been lost or buried with their keepers. Juan Thomas, of the village of Blackwater, had lost his stick in some inexplicable manner, but he was continuing the history with pencil and paper, thus rendering it more nearly comparable to the calendars of the Plains tribes. It is noteworthy that the change from stick to paper introduced a ten- dency to use pictorial symbols rather than merely mnemonic char- acters, such as are most easily incised on the surface of a stick having clearly marked grain. Among the sticks there is an evident increase in the number and elaboration of characters which may be attributed to contact with the whites, though not to their direct influence, as the existence of the calendars has been almost entirely unknown to them.
The year begins with the saguaro harvest, about the month of June. At that time, also, the mesquite beans are ripening, as well as the cultivated crops. It is the season of feasting and rejoicing. No other annual occurrence can compare in importance with these fes- tivities, so that it is not surprising that the years should be counted by harvests. The Lower California tribes, as described by Baegert
aCalendar History of the Kiowa, Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. oJ. E. Seaver, A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison, 70; cited by Mallery. ¢ The Indian Sign Language, 211, 1885; cited by Mooney.
36 THE PIMA INDIANS (ETH. ANN. 26
more than a century ago, similarly numbered the years. A space of three years would be expressed by the term “three pitahayas,”’ ““vet they seldom make use of such phrases.”’
THE PIMA CALENDAR
Tt is said that when Elder Brother was leaving Pimeria for the last time he told the people to count the tail feathers of the little bird, Gisap, which are twelve in number, and that they should divide the year into that number of parts. He gave them names for these parts, except for the coldest and the hottest months. The writer is disposed to regard the recognition of the “moons”’ as of recent origin. Not many have any names for them and these do not agree even in the same village. For example, the list of months given by the chief is quite different from that furnished by Ka’mal tkak, and also contains references to wheat, which is of course modern.
The months according to Ka’mal tkak. The months according to Antonio Azul.
1. Harsany paihitak marsat, Saguaro 1. PejkanY paihitak marsat, Wheat har- harvest moon. vest moon.
2. Tcokiapik, Rainy. 2. Harsany paihitak, Saguaro harvest. 3. Rsopol usapik, Short planting. 3. Tcokiapik, Rainy.
4. Varsa kakatak, Dry grass. 4. Rsopol usapik, Short planting.
5. Huhokiapk’, Winter begins. 5. Varsa kakatak, Dry grass.
6. Oam, Yellow. 6. Vi-ihainyik, Windy.
7. Ka-admak, Leaves falling. 7. Ovalik, Smell.
8. Aufpa hidsik, Cottonwood flowers. 8. Ku-utco shupitcik, Big winter.
9. Aufpa i-ivakitak, Cottonwood leaves. | 9. Kamaki, Gray.
10. Koi i-ivakitak, Mesquite leaves. 10. Teu-utaki, Green.
11. Koi hiasik, Mesquite flowers. 11. Oam, Yellow.
12. Kai tcokolik, Black seeds on saguaros. | 12. Ka-ak, Strong.
As they have no winters the Pimas naturally do not have a “‘ winter count.’ As there are, two rainy seasons and neither is of any con- sequence as a general rule, while both are sometimes wanting alto- gether, they could not be expected to mark the flight of years by the recurrence of the rains. There are but two seasons in the Gila valley, one of torrid heat? and one of ideal weather throughout the remainder of the year. The onset of the former coincides with the harvest season and the new year is therefore adapted, albeit unwittingly, to seasonal change. The year mark is invariably a deep notch across the stick.
The records of the early years are memorized and there are few minor notches to aid in recalling them. The year notches are exactly alike, yet on asking a narrator to go back and repeat the story for a certain year the writer found that he never made a mistake. Tak-
> Maximum temperature recorded for a period of nineteen years at Phoenix was 119° F. Report of Chief of Weather Bureau, 1900-1901, 1.
RUSSELL] ANNALS 37
notch and begin: ‘‘That notch means,’ etc. The interpreter, either through imitation or because of the same mode of thought, would then take the stick and dig his thumb into the same notch before repeating the story in English. Both seemed to endow the stick and the par- ticular notch with a definite personality in their minds. That notch looked exactly like its neighbors but it stood for something different, which was apparently recalled as much by the sense of touch as by that of sight.
Dots or shallow circular pits and short notches are the most com- mon symbols on the sticks. These have no distinctive meaning, and are used for recording a great variety of events. The human figure is freely used, and may signify that a man killed Apaches or was killed by them, that he was bitten by a rattlesnake, struck by lightning, or, in short, any event relating to a man in any manner may be denoted by this symbol. The date of building railways was recorded by an ideogram, representing rails and ties. Only one symbol had come arbitrarily to designate a single event. This is the T which was used to record the “‘tizwin drunks,” or festivals at which saguaro or agave liquor was brewed and freely imbibed.
NATURE OF THE EVENTS
It has been frequently observed that the records of the American Indians contain much that is trivial and oftentimes omit that which is important. There are obvious reasons for this that have been adequately set forth by Mallery,* and it must also be borne in mind that the relative importance of an event differs according as it is viewed by Caucasian eyes or by those of the American Indian. Judg- ing by the early portions of the records, the conclusion might be reached that the purpose was to secure chronologic sequence, though the Pimas are not known to have had ceremonies that by their infre- quent recurrence would require calendric regulation. However, the later years are so filled with events that the primary purpose is clearly narrative. They are therefore to be designated annals, rather than calendars. Moreover, the years are never named. ‘‘In this year the crops failed;” ‘In this year the floods overspread the whole val- ley,” etc., but never, ‘‘This is the famine year” or ‘‘This is the flood year.’ Upon analysis the events recorded are found to be distrib- uted as follows:
PS RUDLCR UAB CH 2 oo cm eP ree era Rico esis S05 w/e awavne an cees soc etnee ss Scasiseees 66 Infrequent phenomena, eclipses, floods, earthquakes, ete.........-..--.-------- 14 Beprininied anda vears OMADUNOANCRS <2 70225. an sisiere ae Sixes sets dae eee pinisie woe nese 5 Leyoyls Petite i Bae ketene SOS 5S ee a Ae ip eee 1] Accidents, rattlesnake bite, lightning stroke, etc.......-.-..-.--2.-.--+.-----+.-- 13 Byents relate to whites, but not to Pimas.......2...2scee20-.c-cch-eneecneeee 19
e Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 271.
38 THE PIMA INDIANS (ETH. ANN. 26
Relations with whites, building churches, etc...................--------------- 21
Number of sorcerers killed 18 Changes of village sites................. 2 Races; relay, kicking ball amd horsemsa Gest yo... see eee eee 7 Hestivals in which Liqnorwasibrewedsecse sesh ee ee 25 Trivial events, including those of personal interest................-.----------- 13 Number of persons killed during drinking bouts.....-...-.......--..--.------- 24
THE NARRATIVE 1833-34
& = Gila Crossing, Salt River. During the moon preceding the &~2 meteoric shower the Yumas, armed with clubs, bows, and arrows, attacked the Maricopa village. The Yumas surprised the Maricopas and captured their women, whom they surrounded and tried to take away with them. They were about to cross the Gila with their cap- tives when the Pimas arrived and attacked them. The women took advantage of the confusion to escape into the chaparral. The Yumas fought bravely, but they were overpowered by numbers and few escaped to tell of their defeat.
In the early winter? the meteoric shower took place. This event was followed by heavy rains that caused floods in the Salt and Gila rivers. The spectacle of falling stars was to the Pimas an augury of disaster, and the succeeding floods were regarded as a punishment for sins which they had committed. What the sins might be they did not know, but concluded that they must have offended some medicine-man who possessed great magic power. Many thought it must be the medicine-man Kaku who brought this calamity upon them because they had not shown him the respect that he thought was due him. It is said that when the flood was at its height he climbed a cottonwood tree and thence proclaimed in a loud voice that he would perform certain miracles that would prove disastrous to them if they did not listen to him and show him respect.
Others declared that the floods were caused by the two sons of an old goddess, Takwa-artam. When she saw the flood threatening to overwhelm the Pimas and Maricopas she said to her sons: ‘Give me back my milk and then you can drown my people. The land is yet what it was when it was new.” This puzzled the two brothers. They knew that they could not return the milk that had nourished them in infancy, so they did not allow the flood to rise any higher, but
‘aused it to go down. 1834-385
Salt River. This year was long remembered because of the boun- tiful crops of wheat, corn, squashes, pumpkins, and watermelons that were raised. The desert mesas were carpeted with flowers and the
a November 13, 1833.
RUSSELL] ANNALS 39
bloom of cacti further transformed them into gardens. ‘‘Our people worshiped the gods in grateful recognition for their protection; we danced unmolested by the murderous Apaches; we looked after the welfare of our households.”
1835-36
Gila Crossing, Salt River. One summer afternoon when only women and old men were at home, the Apaches came and killed two Pimas, a man who was irrigating his field and a boy who was hunting doves. That morning the younger men of the village of Rsantik had planned to have a rabbit hunt toward the north, but when the crier gave the final announcement it was to hunt toward the south. Thus it was that one side of the village had been left unprotected, and when the fighting men returned it was too late to follow the raiders aad the revenge was postponed.
1836-37
Salt River. At the beginning of this year the fruit of the giant cactus was gathered and a large quantity of liquor prepared from it. All the men became intoxicated—too drunk to be on their guard against an attack from the Apaches. Early in the morning a woman started toward the hills to gather cactus fruit. She had not gone far when she saw a man mount a horse and start toward her. She suspected danger and walked backward for some distance before turning to flee. She got halfway to the village before she was over- taken by the Apache, with whom she struggled so desperately as to raise a cloud of dust. Those who were somewhat sober hastened toward the place, but too late to rescue the woman from being roped and dragged to death. However, they overtook the party of Apaches and killed five of them. Upon examining the dead Apaches it was found that their bodies were protected with rawhide armor; then the Pimas understood why their arrows had glanced off or jumped back.
Gila Crossing, Salt Riwwer. A year passed without a visit from the marauding Apaches. ‘‘ We tilled our fields, danced our war dances, sang songs, kept up target practice, and exercised in the use of the shield.”
1837-38
Gila Crossing, Salt River. One cold night in the spring a Pima at Rso’tik was irrigating his wheat field by moonlight. Without thought of enemies he built a fire to warm himself. This the Apaches saw and came about him in the thicket. Hearing the twigs cracking under their feet, he ran to the village and gave the alarm. The Pimas gathered in sufficient numbers to surround the Apaches, who attempted to reach the hills on their horses. Two horses stumbled into a gully, and their riders were killed before they could extricate
40 THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 26
themselves. The others were followed and all killed. ‘This was the only event of the year, and our people were undisturbed further in the practice of their customs.”
1838-39
A Salt River. Late in the spring a party of Pimas went to Tucson
to buy clothing and other needed supplies. On their return they were ambushed and barely escaped massacre. The Apaches had con- cealed themselves on either side of the trail, and when the attack was suddenly made the Pimas were at first panic-stricken, but recovered sufficiently to repel their assailants, with the loss, however, of two men killed and a boy captured. This youth is said to have been a very handsome fellow, skillful in the use of the bow and arrow. Fearing a renewal of the conflict, the Pimas hastened home.
A few months later they obtained their revenge upon a party of Apaches who came to the villages to steal horses. The enemy were seen and chased across the river. On the way they were met by a party of Pimas, returning from a council, who called out to the approaching horsemen to ask who they were; on receiving no answer they shot one of them. An Apache called “Slender Leg” was pushed off his mule and two Pimas jumped off their horses and tried to hold him, but he was too strong for them and they had to tie him. He was taken to the well-swept plaza of the village, accord- ing to the Salt River calendar, or to an open alkali flat near the vil- lages, as stated by the Gila Crossing annalist, where the people gath- ered and danced and sang around him. ‘Two widows of men killed in an ambuscade earlier in the season walked four times around the outside of the circle of dancers, and then passed inside as an avenue was opened for them. They carried long clubs of mesquite, with which they beat the captive ito insensibility.
183So-41
There are no events recorded for these two years on either of the two sticks that date back thus far.
1841-42
Fila Crossing, Salt River. The Maricopas of the village of Masa- kimailt, accompanied by one Pima, went ona campaign against the Yumas. The enemy gathered to meet them and sent a messenger to tell them that they should leave aside their knives and bows and fight only with sticks. The Maricopas agreed to this, but the Pima said he had made his bow and arrows to use on the enemy and he would keep them in his own hands. The Yuma messenger showed the Maricopas where to cross the Colorado river and conducted them to the assembled Yumas on the farther side. It was agreed
eo 8°90
RUSSELL] ANNALS 41
that four from each side should engage in the combat, using sharp sticks about 6 feet long (lances) instead of the customary war club.
Four times each squad ran in a semicircle near the enemy’s line; four times they approached each other before the fight began. At the first onslaught three Maricopas and two Yumas were killed; the Yumas killed the surviving Maricopa and retired to their line.
Then Pantattik, ‘bravest of the Maricopas,” ran his horse through the entire party of Yumas, striking many with his lance before being caught in the line of women behind the warriors. Kattci Pai, Hawk-tail, also rode through the Yuma lines, and is living to-day (1902).
Tcuwvt Hakttiiny, Earth-crack, challenged a Yuma to single com-
_ bat and was wounded, but recovered.
Then the fight became general, most of the, Maricopas being killed. Many Yumas were also killed. The Pima killed so many with his arrows that they could not reach him with their lances, and he escaped, as did some Maricopas, and they reached home in safety. Aapap Anton, Maricopa Antoine (pl. xi, 6) also kept his bow and arrows, and when closely pressed by the Yumas exclaimed in the Pima language: ‘You can not catch me!” which somewhat con- fused his enemies and enabled him to escape.
1842-438
Salt River. In the autumn the Yumas again came to attack the Maricopa village, but did not attempt to surprise it. They formed in line of battle opposite the line of Maricopas, who were equally courageous. The war chiefs stood between the lines. Each man was armed with a’club only. The Yuma chief said to his opponent: “I am ready to have you strike me first if you can.” The Maricopa chief answered: ‘‘It is for me to let you try your club on me, because you want to kill me, and you have traveled far to satisfy your heart.” In the personal combat which ensued the Yuma was killed, the sharp end of his opponent’s club piercing his side. Then the fight became general, each attacking the man opposite him in the line. There were some Mohave Apaches with the Yumas who fought with bows and arrows. When they saw the line of Yumas wavering, they de- serted them. The Yumas retreated some distance and again made a stand, and the fight ended in an indecisive manner, with perhaps a greater loss to the Maricopas than to the Yumas. After the fight the Mohaves wanted to scalp the dead enemy, but the Yuma chief said no, they might scalp some Yumas by mistake, and they must wait until these had been gathered from the field.
42 THE PIMA INDIANS [BTH. ANN. 26
ays eS Sj
Salt River. In the sprig the Maricopas, Pimas, and Cocopas went on a campaign against the Apaches. They were scouting through the Verde valley west of the Four Peaks one afternoon when they saw a small band of the enemy. They were unable to overtake the Apaches, who kept sending up signal smokes. The next morning the number of Apaches had increased and formed a circular line, which attacked the allies, who lost two men, father and son.
Four days later a woman went with her daughter to gather cactus fruit for drying. She was accompanied by her husband, who went asa guard. While she was busy gathering the spiny cactus, she heard a step and, turning, saw an Apache. She screamed for help and told her daughter to run to the village and give the alarm. The husband was hunting near at hand, but was too far away to rescue his wife. The little girl brought the men of the village, but they could find no trace of the enemy.
A few days later the Apaches killed a party of Pimas who had gone to the mountains to gather mescal. The Pimas had planned to go to the Kwahadk’ camp, but changed their minds and camped oppo- site them. The Apaches sent down scouts from the hills to see how many there were at the place where the smoke from the mescal pits was seen. It was a night attack and many Pimas never wakened to see another day; only one escaped to tell the Kwahadk’s of the massacre. They followed the trail of the Apaches but did not over- take them. The dead were buried there by the Kwahadk's, who knew the Pimas well.
In the summer, when the watermelons were ripe, a large force of Yumas came to attack the Pimas and Maricopas. Their coming was heralded by messengers, who said they were advancing in great numbers as gaily as for a dance. The Maricopas were ready to meet them, but the Pimas were not. The Maricopas went out to engage the enemy and check their advance while the women got out of the way. The Yumas were driven back, but the Maricopas lost two of their bravest warriors.
1844-45
Salt River. The next year the Yumas and Mohaves came to attack the Maricopa village. The fight was undecided, but the enemy re- treated. One Pima and several Maricopas were killed.
{ Gila Crossing, Salt River. A plague swept through all the tribes
during this year. Those stricken with it usually died within twenty- four hours, but if they recovered they were well again in three days. From 4 to 10 died each day. The people of Akfitciny came to the Gila and the Gila villagers fled into the desert. The {cholera or]
RUSSELL] ANNALS 43
teoko vihasik, “black vomit,’’¢ as it was called, brought all the medi-
cine-men not in the best repute under suspicion. Four were killed,
and the surviving medicine-men were kept busy guarding the camps against the plague.
q (ila Crossing. During the winter, when ice was on the water and snow was evenly sprinkled on the lowlands, the Apaches came to the village of Rsfntk, where one of the marauders was killed. The Apaches, accompanied by the Pisina tribe from the north,
attacked the Papagos at Kihotoak (Quijotoa) in April as the mesquites were changing from bud to leaf. The Apaches advanced with drums beating and with cries like the howl of the coyote. The Papagos were few in number, so they concealed their women in a cave and sought to protect them by fighting outside, but the enemy had firearms and all the Papagos fell in the futile attempt to preserve their loved ones from slavery. There yet lives a Pima who was shot through the leg and left for dead on the field of this battle. Many Apaches were wounded but none were killed.
1845-46
1] Gila Crossing. A party of Apaches was encamped on Mo’hattik mountain, and two of them came to steal corn from the fields at Gila Crossing. The theft was discovered and three Pimas lay in wait for the thieves. When they again entered the field those lying in wait sprang upon them and killed one; the other escaped.
Salt River. During the winter the Pimas went on a campaign against the Apaches, several of whom were killed. The attacks were made at night and the enemy were killed before they could defend themselves. One Pima was killed and one wounded so severely that he died after returning home.
In the spring the Apaches waylaid a party of Pimas who were returning from a mescal-gathering expedition in the mountains. Nearly all the party were killed and two girls were made prisoners. The Apaches were followed, most of them killed, and the girls rescued by a party from the villages.
1846 47
Gila Crossing. Three Apaches were going toward the Papago vil-
lage near MAatcpiit, or Table mountain, when a Pima, coming to the Gila river, crossed it and discovered their trail. A party went in pursuit and succeeded in killing all three. Ka’mal tkak’s brother was in this party of Pimas and was himself killed a few days later in an
a‘*Aquellas gentes y sus ministros gozan por lo general de buena salud: entre los naturales pasan muchos de cien afios, excepto los pimas altos que segun se cree por razon de las aguas y sombrio cauce de sus arroyos, son espuestos & diversos achaques. El mas temible entre ellos es, el que llaman saguat- dodo 6 v6mito amarillo.”’ Alegre, Historia de la Compafifa de Jesus en Nueva-Espoefia, 01, 213.
44 THE PIMA INDIANS (ETH. ANN. 26
ambush into which the Pimas were lured in the Santan hills. One other Pima was killed in this engagement and many were wounded, but no injury was inflicted on the Apaches.
The Pima Kwakrsin was surrounded by the enemy, who clung to him and to his horse and sought to pull him down; but he had spurs on his feet and striking them deeply into his horse’s flank he caused the animal to rear and throw the man who was holding its head, high in the air. In the confusion he escaped.
Salt River, The Apaches came one moonlight night to steal horses. Leaving their own mounts tied in the brush, they crept toward the houses near which were the Pima ponies. They were discovered and pursued to the river, where all were killed in a running fight.
L847—48
{ Gila Crossing. The Rsantk villagers went to Ka/mattk to hunt deer. They were seen coming by the Apaches, who lay in wait at the spring, and two were shot before they could reach cover. Salt River. The Apaches came to Santan early one morning and killed four Pimas. They were chased, overtaken, and five of them lalled before pursuit was abandoned.
1848-49 There is no record for this year upon either calendar stick. 1849-50
t Gila Crossing. Three Apaches were discovered approaching the villages and a party was sent out on horseback to attack them. They fled to a hill near Tempe, where they hastily built up a wall of stone, behind which they maintained themselves until nearly sunset, when a Pima led his party inside the Apache breastwork and the enemy were killed. 1850-51
Gila Crossing. The Yumas came again to attack the Maricopas They surprised the village, killed several, and carried their prop- erty to a hill near by, where they sang and danced, saying that they were waiting for the Maricopas to bring their friends, the Pimas, to be defeated next. But they underestimated the number and valor of the Pimas, who soon put them to flight, leaving many of their dead upon the field. One of their chiefs, known to the Pimas as Visaki- kitoAat(t), when he saw most of his men fallen, came back saying he did not wish to escape alone. He had but a knife in his hand and was killed with arrows. The remnant of the party took refuge in a thicket near the Estrellas, where the pursuers rushed in upon them with horses and killed all. Many Pimas were wounded but none killed. A strand of hair was
RUSSELL] ANNALS 45
cut from the head of each fallen Yuma, but these have since been lost or buried. There were 13% Yumas killed; their bodies were left on the field.
1851-52
VJ) Gila Crossing. Two Apaches were discovered near the Mari- copa village by Whyendnavim, a Maricopa warrior, who killed one of them before they could escape.
The Pimas went on a campaign against the Apaches on Salt river, near where the present reservation is located, and one of their num- ber was killed.
Blackwater. In this year the Apaches raided a Papago village near Quijotoa, called Kol Tatk’ (mesquite root).“
1852-53
For three years the Gila Crossing calendar has nothing but the year marks on it, and the keeper could recall no event for that period.
‘== Blackwater. At the hill shaped “like a nose,” in the Santans,
* the Apaches ambushed a party of Pimas and Maricopas. They sent six men to the Maricopa village, near which they discovered and killed some women. The Maricopa and Pima warriors pursued the Apaches, who retreated slowly, thus luring them within reach of the arrows of the waiting Apaches, who killed four Maricopas and one Pima. The survivors retreated to their supports, who were coming up in such numbers that the Apaches withdrew. The dead were burned that day north of the Santan hills.
At about the same time the Pimas killed four Apaches south of the villages.? -
When the wheat was ripe [June] the Apaches were pursued north of the Santan hills and four of them killed. Three men are yet living who killed Apaches in this fight.
1853-54
Blackwater. The Apaches came to steal horses and brought
a live vulture with them. They were discovered and several killed.
1854-55
Blackwater. The Apaches were reported by the Papagos to
Ki ”A\ be stealing horses in their territory and the Pimas were
requested to aid in driving the enemy out of the country.
In the Rincon mountains, at Tava Kosuwa, Turkey Neck, the horse
thieves were overtaken and many of them killed. The horse’s head
indicates the purpose of the Apaches.
a The figure on the Blackwater stick is intended to represent a mesquite root. » At a point about 15 miles from the Gila where the Southern Pacific now runs—just south of the reservation.
46 THE PIMA INDIANS [BTH. ANN. 26
1855-56
Gila Crossing. Sk&&koik was approached one evening by seven Apaches, who were discovered and surrounded. Six escaped in the darkness, but one was tracked into the arrow bushes, where he dropped his bow. He was soon found to have secreted himself in a hole washed deep in the sand. The Pimas could not see or reach him, so they shook live coals down upon the fugitive, which caused him to yell and suddenly leap out among them. The apparition so startled everyone that no move was made to detain him. As he was passing through their line some asked those around them, ‘‘Can we catch him?” but he was such a giant and the peculiar manner of his appearance among them so unnerved for a moment the courage of the men whose deepest instinct was to crush out the life of the Apache, that he made his escape. © 5 Blackwater. The Apaches, whom the Pimas attacked during y , araid of this year, were grinding out mesquite beans from the
dry pods when the arrows began to fall into their camp. A blind Apache was killed as his companions fled. 1856-57
J, Blackwater. The Pimas and Maricopas joined the white sol-
4 ‘ 3 : F =
} ,diers In a campaign against the Apaches under White Hat. Two Pimas were killed and two wounded, but no Apaches were
injured. While the Pimas were on their way home still another of
their party was killed. The Pimas burned their dead. Later they
killed several Apaches who were raising corn on Salt river.
1857-58
Salt River. About the end of the year a band of Apaches came to the Pima villages one morning. They were discovered and chased 30 miles to Tempe butte, where they were surrounded. They hid themselves at the summit of the butte, but were all killed except one, who escaped into the brush.
In the summer the Yumas came again, accompanied by the Mohaves. They sent scouts ahead, who found the Maricopa women gathering mesquite beans. They killed all the women except one, whom they kept to act as a guide. She was the sister of a well-known Maricopa warrior, and they compelled her to lead them to her brother’s home. When they reached it she was killed with a club and the man was chased, but he was as good a runner as he was fighter and they could not catch him. A Yuma told him to stop and die like a man, but he answered that if they could overtake him he would show them how to die like a man. The Maricopas fled from their village and the Yumas burned it. Messengers went to all the villages that day and under cover of the night the Pimas and Maricopas gathered, They kept coming until late the next forenoon. They found the
RUSSELL] ANNALS 47
Yumas encamped near the river at a spot where they had assaulted some women and a Pima had been killed while defending them. The Yumas had spent the night in singing their war songs. Now and again a medicine-man would come forward to puff whiffs of smoke in order that their cause might find favor with the gods. The Pima-Maricopa council ended about noon and it was decided to surround the Yumas and to make special effort to prevent them from reaching the river to obtain water. Formed in a semicircle, the Pimas and Maricopas shot down the Yumas upon three sides. Soon the Yumas began to waver and become exhausted from thirst in the heat of the day. They made several attempts to break through the line, but failed, and finally gathered in a compact body to make a last attempt to reach the river. At that moment the Pimas and Mari- copas who were on horseback rushed in upon the enemy and rode them down. After a hand-to-hand combat the Yumas were all killed except one, who was stunned by the blow of a club and lay unconscious under a heap of dead. During the night he recovered his senses and escaped. This was the bloodiest fight known, and the Yumas came here to fight no more.?
Blackwater. During the year Pimas were killed in two E places by the Apaches; three south of the river and one
north.?
1858-59
Blackwater, The meteor of 1859 was observed by the
wh Pimas, who called it pai-ikam ho-o. During a raid into the Apache country three of the enemy were killed and also one
Pima.
a‘‘Tn 1857, with Mohave, Cocopa, and Tonto allies, they [the Yumas] attacked the Pimas and Papa- gos up the river, and ina great battle were almost annihilated.’’ Bancroft, Arizona and New Mexico, 501.
Cremony visited the Pimas as a captain in the California Column in 1862. In his Life Among the Apaches, 148, he mentions this conflict of the Pimas with their old enemies, saying: ‘‘ The grazing ground to which we resorted during our stay near the Maricopa villages had been the scene of a des- perate conflict between that tribe and the Pimos, on one side, and the Yumas, Chimehuevis, and Amohaves on the other. Victory rested with the Maricopas and Pimos, who slew over 400 of the allied tribes, and so humiliated them that no effort has ever been made on their part to renew hostilities. This battle occurred four years before our advent, and the ground was strewed with the skulls and bones of the slaughtered warriors.”
Forthe Yuma side of the story see Lieutenant Ives’s Report upon the Colorado River of the West, p. 45.
In a letter from an unnamed correspondent living among the Yumas or at Fort Yuma, to Sylvester Mowry, it is stated that the tribes engaging in this battle were the Yumas, Yampais, Mohaves, and Tonto Apaches, with one or two Dieganos [Dieguefios], against the Pimas, Maricopas, and Papagos. One thousand five hundred men were engaged on each side. The Yumas “lost not less than 200 of the flower of theirchivalry.” See S. Ex. Doce. 11, 588, 35th Cong., Ist sess., 1858.
The Blackwater annalist could give but little information concerning the victory over the Yumas, but he had recorded it upon the calendar stick by a fringed line, in itself meaningless.
+ The two men in the figure are not meant to represent two killed, but that the events occurred in two places,
48 THE PIMA INDIANS (ETH. ANN. 26 1859-60
Blackwater. The Pimas attacked a party of Apaches and 4. ‘killed a man and a boy. A white man who accompanied the Pimas was slightly wounded with an arrow.
1860-61
Gila Crossing. A plague which killed its victims in a single day prevailed throughout the villages. Three medicine-men who were suspected of causing the disease by their magic were killed, ‘‘and nobody was sick any more.” :
pd) Blackwater. ‘The one-armed trader sold his store to Ammi Q M. White during this year and for some reason unknown to the Pimas threw away his grain sacks.¢ Two Pimas were killed by Apaches, but the details concerning the event are beyond recall.
1861-62
NK Gila Crossing. The trader, Ammi M. White, was captured by the ‘‘soldiers from the east.’
a Probably to avoid contagion.
» “Barly in 1862 a force of two or three hundred Texans, under Captain Hunter, marched westward from Mesilla and in February took possession of Tueson for the Confederacy. There was, of course, little opposition, Union men, if there were any left, fleeing across the line into Sonora. Not much is really known of Hunter’s operations in Arizona so far as details are concerned, even the date of his arrival being doubtful. Besides holding Tucson, driving out men suspected of Union sympathies, con- fiscating a few mines belonging to Northerners, and fighting the Apaches to some extent, he sent a detachment to the Pima villages, and possibly contemplated an attack on Fort Yuma. But—to say nothing of the recent floods, which had greatly increased the difficulties of the route, destroying Gila and Colorado cities—the news from California was not reassuring, and Hunter deemed it best to retire.
“This news was to the effect that California troops were on the march eastward. These troops, about 1,800 strong, consisted of several volunteer regiments or parts of regiments organized at the beginning of the war, and which, on receipt of intelligence that Arizona had been invaded, were ordered to Yuma and Tucson, constituting what was known as the California Column, under the command of Colonel James H. Carleton. The main body of this army in detachments, whose exact movements now and later I do not attempt to follow in detail, left Los Angeles and was concentrated at Yuma in April, and in May followed the Gila route to Tucson. But previously Lieutenant-Colonel West, commanding the advance, had sent out some parties from Yuma, and these were the only troops that came in contact with the Confederates. Jones, in February, was sent with dispatches to Tucson and fell into the hands of Hunter, who released and sent him back by another route, bearing the first defi- nite news that Tucson had been occupied. Captain William McCleave, of Company A, First Cavalry, being sent out to look for Jones, was captured, with three men, at the Pima villages on the 6th of April and was carried to Mesilla, where he was soon exchanged. Captain William P. Calloway was next sent up the Gila with a stronger force to rescue McCleave. At the Pima villages he heard of a Confed- erate detachment of 16 men, under Lieutenant Jack Swilling, and sent Lieutenant James Barrett with 12 men to cut them off. Pursuing the enemy into a chaparral, Barrett was killed, with two of his men, one or two of the foe being also killed and three taken prisoners, This was the only skirmish of the campaign with Confederates, and it occurred on the 15th of April at a spot known as El Picacho.” Bancroft, xvm, 514.
Both the Gila Crossing and the Blackwater calendars mention the capture of White, but the cal- endrists can give no definite information concerning the events related by Bancroft. The trader was of vastly more interest and importance to the Pimas than the whole Confederate or Union army. He was agent for the Pimas, an office which he held until 1865. The writer has not found any account of his capture in the records of the period, but it is probable he was soon released. As soon as he was taken away, the Pimas took possession of his store and quarreled over the distribution of the stock of wheat on hand.
RUSSELL] ANNALS 49
Blackwater. Aman named Thomas [whether given name
Ss or surname could not be ascertained], who had been trad- ing at Gila Crossing, took charge of White’s store after the
latter left. The soldiers from the west fought the soldiers from the east at Picacho and were defeated. Then a white man known to the Pimas as Has Viakam came from the east and traded with them. [John] Walker® came from the west with the California Column and learned the Pima language at the same time that Thomas learned
the Maricopa. 1862-68
Gila Crossing. Themen of Rso’ttik went to the mountains about Prescott in search of Apaches during the summer of 1862. As they were following a mountain trail they caught sight of a man lying on his coat asleep. From his dress they could not be sure if he were an Apache or a Pima, so two men went to waken him. ‘‘How did you sleep?” said they. On hearing this the man sprang up and they saw that he was an Apache. One struck him on the head with his ’ club, but he jumped and would have escaped had not the other shot him. Soon afterwards two Apaches came to the village of Akftciny and their trail was discovered by two Pimas who were hunting for their horses. They followed the Apaches, who ran toward the Estrellas. The elder Pima was some distance ahead of the other when the leading Apache climbed the mountain and the other turned back to fight. The two men used their bows, each endeavoring to protect himself behind a clump of bushes. Finally, as they were chasing each other around the same clump of bushes, the Apache getting the better of the conflict, having wounded the Pima in the elbow and side, the other Pima came up and killed the Apache, who was called by the Pimas Whaiemaa.
Two Maricopas dragged the body of the Apache to a hill near Gila Crossing and tied it to a post, where it remained for some time. A friend of the dead Apache led a party of six to the place where he had fallen and followed the trail of the dragged body to where it stood tied. The friend wept and went away without attempting to remove the body. As the party returned up the river they entered an isolated house in which there were two old Maricopamen. They warmed themselves at the fire, but did not molest the old men.
Salt River. Two Apaches came near the villages and were seen by a man working in the fields; he called to his friends to help him and at once set off after the enemy. When the Apache who was farthest away saw that his companion was in danger he turned back and attacked the first pursuer. The other Apache escaped, but the braver one was killed. The Pimas returned home, but the Maricopas dragged
26 ETH—O8——6
50 THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 26
the body to the buttes at the point where the Maricopa and Phoenix ‘railroad now crosses the Gila and left it tied to a post. The Apache who ran away led a party of his people to recover the body, but it was afterwards ascertained from the tracks that they turned back just before reaching the spot.
A Pima was killed by the Apaches while the California Column was at the villages and a squad of soldiers accompanied the pursuing party of Pimas as far as the Estrellas, but the enemy escaped. The raid was in the saguaro fruit season ‘‘as shown by the red on the dead Pima”’ lor the month of June, 1862]. _
ea Zig Blackwater. Two medicine-men, father and son, were 2° killed during the year because of their supposed machin- ations against the people.
Co
1863-64
ia | Gila Crossing, Salt River. For a short time there was peace
between the Pimas and Apaches. During this period the Mari- copas killed two old men and captured a boy from a party of Apaches who came to the Maricopa village. The boy was sold to a half- brother of the trader A. M. White [named Cyrus Lennan], known to the Pimas as Satciny Va, Chin Beard.
This man took the boy with him on an expedition against the Apaches. There was a Mexican in the party who understood the Apache language, so that communication was opened with the enemy as soon as they were discovered. The whites placed flour, sugar, and other rations on blankets, and the Apaches, believing that the food was intended as a peace offering, came up to them. The soldiers were accompanied by three Pimas, but they had concealed them under blankets. They had stacked their guns, but retained their side arms concealed. At a signal from the leader of the party the Apaches were fired upon and nearly all of them were killed. Lennan was killed while following the escaping Apaches, but the Pimas killed the man who had thrust a lance into his breast.* The place has since been known as Yatakit ku Kaktita, Place where the snare was set.”
a Ow) Ear states that Lennan shot the man who struck him and they fell dead together.
b As we have independent white testimony, it is interesting to compare it with the Piman account. In his Adventures in the Apache Country J. Ross Browne describes the engagement in which Cyrus Lennan was killed. It was at the ‘‘Bloody Tanks’’ and is known in history as King Woolsey’s (infamous) ‘‘pinole treaty.” A party of 26 whites had been pursuing a band of Apaches with stolen stock for several days until they ran out of provisions and sent to the Pima villages for supplies. They were joined by 14 Maricopas under the leadership of Juan Chivaria and Cyrus Lennan. The entire party under the command of King Woolsey camped on the Salt river in a small valley which could not have been far from the upper end of the Salt River canyon. As soon as the smoke of their camp fire arose they were approached by Apaches to whom ‘‘ Woolsey sent Tonto Jack, an interpreter, to learn what they had to say, and at the same time to tell them it was not the wish of his party to fight them; that he wanted them to come down and he would give them some pinole.”” The Apaches were finally prevailed upon to enter the camp to the number of 30 or 35. After the display of some insolence on the part of the Apache chief Woolsey drew his pistol and shot him dead. ‘‘This was the signal for the signing of the treaty. Simultaneously the whole party commenced firing upon the Indians, slaughtering them right and left. Lennan stood in advance of the Maricopas and was warned by
RUSSELL] ANNALS 51
Salt River. While peace prevailed between the tribes a party of Apaches came to the Pimas to trade goods for ponies. When near the villages they divided into two parties, one of which came on to trade and the other went around to try to steal horses. The thieves were followed and when it was found that their tracks joined those of the party at the villages the Pimas went back and killed many of those who were trading. Some of the Pima warriors overtook the horse thieves and killed several of them.
LIARS Blackwater. A Pima was killed by Apaches while looking for his horses near KA’mattk, the hill between Blackwater and the Sacatons.
1864-65
4 Gila Crossing, Salt River. This was the first year in which the Pimas were supplied with firearms (by order of General Carleton) and aided the United States soldiers.”
Salt River. The Pimas and Maricopas went on a campaign against the Apaches and met a band that had probably ambushed some American soldiers, for they had arms and other army property. The allies rushed the camp of the enemy and captured all that had been taken from the soldiers. When they returned with their spoils to the villages some whites accused them of having killed the soldiers. They told how they obtained the things, but the whites wou!d not believe them. ‘‘That is why I do not think the white man is good enough to trust us,” said Owl Ear. When several guides took the whites to the battle ground they were satisfied when they saw the dead Apaches there.
; Blackwater. Ina raid in this year two Apaches were killed T and their ears cut off and nailed on a stick.
In an effort to establish peace with the Apaches, the soldiers and Pima scouts took a wagon loaded with rations to the Superstition mountains. The Apaches took it to be a hostile move and attacked the party, killing the driver of the wagon. The Apaches were pur- sued and several were killed before the trail was lost.
Woolsey to make sure of a lame Indian with a lance, who was eyeing him suspiciously. ‘I'll look out for him,’ was Lennan’s reply, and the slaughter became general. * * * The fight, if suchit could be called, lasted seven or eight minutes. Lennan had incautiously closed upon and shot an Indian near him, forgetting the lame one against whom he had been cautioned, who the next moment ran him through the body with hislance. Dye (a rancher) coming up, killed this Indian. The only person wounded was Tonto Jack, who was shot in the neck with an arrow. * * * Twenty Tontos and four Pinals lay dead upon the ground. Others were seen running off with the blood streaming from their wounds, and it is supposed some of them died.”’ (P. 121.)
a John Walker, the first agent for the Pimas, in his report for the year 1860 stated that the tribe petitioned for more guns, as theirs were “few and old.’’ See Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1860, 168. In the report of J. L. Collins, superintendent of Indian affairs in New Mexico, it is stated that 100 muskets and 10,000 rounds of ammunition had just been given the Pimas. In ibid., 1862, 239, 1863.
on bo
THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 26
1865-66
T Gila Crossing, Salt River. The Pimas went on a campaign against the Apaches and one of their number was killed. His fel- lows burned the corpse with the bow and war gear. Dry ironwood was used in the cremation.4 In the same engagement another Pima was wounded and came home to die. lf) Gila Crossing. The Pimas soon afterwards went to the moun- tains north of Tempe to seek Apaches. Two of their party were killed and a third came home mortally wounded. eco = Blackwater. Another war party attacked an Apache camp, described as the one at which the children were playing and piling up gourds, and killed several of the enemy.
1866-67
Gila Crossing. Many died this year of a sickness characterized by shooting pains that resembled needle and knife pricks. One day the three medicine-men who were accused of having caused the disease came home drunk from the Gila Bend stage station and were set upon by their fellow-villagers. Two were killed and the other was seriously but not fatally wounded.
Gila Crossing, Salt River. ‘This year was marked by a devastating fever at Rso’ttk and three medicine-men were killed there in the hope of stopping it.
2 Blackwater. A party of Pimas accompanied the soldiers to the Verde region and there killed a number of Apaches, among whom was a man with a very long foot.
1867-68
Gila Crossing. During this year a disease prevailed that from the description would seem to have been malaria. Many died, and the medicine-men were blamed, as usual, for the calamity. Two were killed before the disease abated. Blackwater. The Pimas went raiding in the Superstition Mountain region and killed one Apache who was running away with his shield but who stumbled and fell.
186s—69
Gila Crossing. A heavy rain caused a flood which destroyed the store at Casa Blanca. This was known as ube ue amati Tcoki, enake:z rain.
a This custom of Sane the dead is oce paicnaie referred to in these annals, though my informants always insisted that this method was never resorted to by their people except in the case of those killed in War.
> The store was more than 2 miles south of the channel of the river, but it had been built at the foot of a little rise upon which the present village is located and was within the reach of the flood. This is but one of many instances where the white settlers of Arizona have not profited by the experience
RUSSELL] ANNALS 53
Blackwater. The Pimas went on a campaign against the Apaches with the Papagos, but the parties quarreled and separated. The Pimas killed an Apache woman near Salt
river while on their way home.
1869-70
Gila Crossing. Amanat Rso’tfik was killed by the accidental discharge of a revolver in the hands of a companion. § °°, Blackwater. An unusually heavy rain occurred during the © winter, which gullied the hills deeply. The Apaches were making tizwin when the soldiers and Pima scouts attacked them; they took the alarm and escaped, leaving the liquor in the hands of the allies.
Le7O—-7 iL
Gila Crossing. The first canal” at Tempe was built by the Mormon settlers [1870]. Blackwater. The Apaches had come to the river at Santan “1 0 for water and some Pimas discovered their trail and set off in pursuit. They failed to inflict any injury upon the enemy and retired with one of their own number mortally wounded. At this time a Pima was killed at Ta-athkam by the Apaches. These two corpses were burned. Another Pima was killed during the year at Tempe by the Apaches, and his body was buried.
aS 7s BT pe
Gila Crossing. An epidemic of measles prevailed in all the villages during this year. The Indians knew absolutely nothing about treat- ing the disease, and many died.
Salt River. In the winter the Kwahadk’s went on the warpath against the Apaches and were accompanied by Na-aputk't’. They tried to surprise the enemy at a tank near Picacho, but found no one there. They followed the trail, however, until they came to a point near the present station of Red Rock, where they sent out scouts in the night, who discovered the whereabouts of the enemy by hearing one of them cough. They surrounded the camp and attacked it at
of the natives, ancient and modern, who haye located their homes beyond the reach of the freshets that transform the shallow beds of blistering sand into irresistible torrents that overrun the bottom lands which may have been untouched by flood for many years. ‘‘The flood of September, 1868, was perhaps the most destructive ever known, destroying three of the Pima villages and a large amount of property on the lower Gila.’’ Bancroft, xvi, 536.
a The main canal is less than 2 miles in length. It has been enlarged several times, so that its capac- ity is now 325 cubic feet per second, irrigating over 30,000 acres.
+ The experience of the agency physicians in after years show that the high rate of mortality from this disease has not been due to the lack of acquired immunity, but to the ignorance of the Pimas as to the proper care of patients, and especially those convalescing. The youth who was the only victim at Sacaton in 1899 took a cold water shower bath ar soon as he was able to be about and paid the penalty for his rashness.
54 THE PIMA INDIANS (ETH. ANN. 26
daylight. The Apaches ran confusedly about without their weapons;
fifteen were killed and many guns, bows, and quivers were captured.
Yo) Blackwater. At the hill, Ka/mattik, somewhat detached
Ax » from the Sacatons on the northeast, a man was bitten by a rattlesnake and died.
At about the same time the Pimas killed an Apache who was known
as Vakoa, Canteen, near the Superstition mountains. 1872-73
Gila Crossing, Sait River. For several years the Pimas had had little water to irrigate their fields and were beginning to suffer from actual want when the settlers on Salt river invited them to come to that val- ley. During this year a large party of Rso’tik Pimas accepted the invitation and cleared fields along the river bottom south of their present location. Water was plentiful in the Salt and the first year’s crop was the best that they had ever known. The motive of the Mor- mons on the Salt was not wholly disinterested, as they desired the Pimas to act as a buffer against the assaults of the Apaches, who were masters of the country to the north and east.¢
Salt River. It was during this winter that the United States sol- diers and the Pima, Maricopa, and Apache scouts surrounded the Superstition Mountain Apaches at the “Tanks” and rained bullets into their ranks until not a single man remained alive. ‘‘It was a sight long to be remembered,” said Owl Ear, in narrating the cir- cumstances.?
1873-74
Gila Crossing. Ku-uk&mfikam, the Apache chief, and his band were killed by the soldiers and Pima scouts. Kamak Wutca A-atam, People-under-Ké/mattk, or the village at Gila Crossing, was settled during this year.‘ Wit = Gila Crossing, Salt River. The telegraph line was run through from west to east during the winter.?
a By Executive order of June 14, 1879, the land occupied by the Pimas on Salt river was set apart as the Salt River reservation. It embraces about three townships on the north side of the river about 30 miles north of the original Pima villages. There are several large ruins and at least one large canal upon the reservation that were built by the Hohokam. By an arrangement with the canal com- panies the Pimas have insured for themselves a constant supply of water, and the Salt Rivercommaunity is regarded as the most prosperous among the Pimas.
> This sharp engagement took place on the 28th of December, 1872, in the canyon of the Salt river, south of the Mazatzal mountains. It has been graphically described by Capt. John G. Bourke in his On the Border with Crook, 191-200. He states that 76 Apaches were killed and 18 captured. One wounded man was overlooked and made his escape. ‘‘ Lead poured in by the bucketful’’ and an avalanche of bowlders was hurled down hundreds of feet from above upon the enemy.
¢ There is an unfailing supply of water at this place; the Gila, after flowing 75 miles beneath the sur- face, rises to form a stream large enough to irrigate several hundred acres.
d This was a military telegraph built from funds obtained by special appropriations from Congress. Arizona was fairly well provided with telegraph lines by the time the railroad reached Yuma, in 1877, as there were more than 1,000 miles in operation in the Territory.
RUSSELL] ANNALS 55
Apaches soon after a heavy rain. When they reached the Salt river it was too high to be safely forded, so they built a raft and tried to take their saddles and blankets across upon it. The raft sank and they lost all their effects. Some of the party who had not engaged in the raft enter- prise found a safe ford and continued on their raid, in which they
killed several of the enemy, and near Four Peaks captured an Apache lad.¢
xX The Pimas went on a campaign against the Salt River
LSoT—To
[= [ Gila Crossing. Aman trying to catch his pony approached from the rear so that he could reach its tail, which he probably thought it advisable to lay hold on until he could fasten the rope around the animal’s neck. One end of the lariat was attached to his waist, the other he tied to the horse’s tail. The animal broke away and dragged him to death.’ Blackwater. The Apache White Hat killed a Pima.
Loo is
) Gila Crossing. In this year sickness prevailed in the village of Rsintk, apparently the same as in 1866, when the principal symp- tom of the disease was shooting pains through the body. Two medi- cine-men were suspected of having caused the trouble by magic means, and they were killed to stop the plague. © \ | Blackwater. For a short time the Pimas were free from s Apache attacks, and they ventured into the mountains to gather mescal. While there, a race took place between a man and a woman, in which the woman won.
Later in the season there was a general gathering of the villages to witness a race with the kicking-ball.
1S7O—17
Vf Gila Crossing. There was an Apache village called Hivany Kas at the junction of the Gila and Salt rivers while a truce existed between the Pimas and Apaches. During this year an epi- demic of smallpox prevailed in that village, as well as in all those of the Pimas and Maricopas.
aHe afterwards became known as Doctor Montezuma, now a prosperous physician practising in the city of Chicago.
+ This, the only event of the year in the Gila Crossing record, is unimportant in itself, and yet it illus- trates a phase of Pima character that is worthy of notice. In handling horses they exhibit a patient subtlety resembling that of the snake creeping upon its prey, until they have gotten a rope or halter on the animal, when their gentleness disappears. Yet in all their harnessing or saddling they mani- fest an innate tendency toward carelessness. They always work up on the right instead of the left side of a horse, and they also mount from that side.
56 THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 26
In the spring of 1877 the Gila Crossing Pimas and the Gila Mari- copa villagers were pitted against each other in a relay race, the first between the two tribes.4
Blackwater. While a party was gathering mescal just I i before the wheat ripened a mare gave birth to twin
WY colts.
LEST TAS
— = (rila Crossing, Salt River. During the winter a man who had
S— gone a long distance to search for his horses perished from the cold, and his body was found in a sitting position under a tree.?
' Gila Crossing. A party of Pimas went to the Kwahadk’ village to drink tizwin, and in the quarrel which ensued the Casa Blancas killed two men of Santan.
Some time afterwards the Gila Crossing people drank tizwin, and one of their number was killed by a man from Salt River.
Blackwater. A man of Blackwater who was with a party that went to gather mescal sickened from some unknown cause, and died. The corpse was brought back to the village.
1878-79
Gila Crossing, Salt River, Blackwater. The principal event of the year was the building of the Southern Pacific railroad along the southern border of the Gila River reservation.
Salt River (a), Blackwater (b). A feud that had originated in the quarrel at the Kwahadk’ village during the preced- ing year reached an acute stage in February, 1879. The majority of the people of Blackwater and the lower villages, which were then known as Santan, conspired to kill the men of a certain faction during a night determined upon
several days in advance. A guard was set at Blackwater, | who was to watch their movements without giving them () any hint of his purpose. One of those who were prepar-
ing for the attack at Blackwater had a brother at Casa Blanca, and he feared that this brother might be included in the list of victims at the lower villages, so he went one night to warn him or to get him to return with him to Blackwater. The next day the brother’s conscience began to act, and he finally decided that if these men were killed and he did not warn them he would be answerable for their death. He therefore sent a runner to Blackwater, who told one of the intended victims of the conspiracy formed against them.
@ Tcérikis, one of the Maricopa runners, afterwards won a six-day race in San Francisco and was a close second in a similar endurance race in New York.
>The Pimas believe that he froze to death, and if this be true it indicates an unusually low tempera- ture and that one man at least had very slight power of resistance to cold. The lowest temperature recorded at the Phoenix meteorological station for a period of sixteen years is 11° F. Rept. of Chief of Weather Bureau, 1900-1901, I.
RUSSELL] ANNALS 57
The recipient of the news sent one of his family to inform another of his party, and so the news was spread so quietly that the guard scarcely noticed what was going on until the men began slipping one by one into the mesquite thickets. Before he could reach his friends, who were out in the fields, the whole proscribed party had escaped and were on their way toward Santan, where they and their friends attacked their Santan opponents early the next morning.
Juan Thomas, his two brothers, father, and uncle were in the party attacked. The old man, Iias, was the bravest, and fought openly with bow and arrows until they succeeded in driving off their assail- ants. He was slightly wounded with a bullet in the abdomen and an arrow in the arm, but no one was killed. One of the brothers was irrigating his field when a runner came with the news that his family was being killed and that he was in danger also. He ran toward the Double buttes and soon saw another man running in a course parallel to his own. The other saw him, and both began dodging to escape from the two clumps of mesquite behind which they had halted. Then they discovered that they were brothers, and they debated long as to what they should do. It is also said that they shed tears at the peril of their relatives, to whose aid they could not go without weapons. It was also a cause of grief that their fel- lows should rise against them. They decided to return to the village, but by that time the fight had ended.
Tiés had come out of his house and chased those who were trying to shoot him. They fired several shots and some arrows at him, but when he came near they ran away. He called his enemies by name, inviting them to come and get satisfaction if they were bent on killing him. When the attacking party withdrew, the Thomas family went to the Double buttes, and on finding that they were not pur- sued they went to Blackwater, where their story so aroused their friends that an expedition was organized to seek revenge. They secured two boxes of cartridges from the trader at Blackwater and came down the river.
They formed a skirmish line as they approached the lower settle- ment and met their opponents at the Government school building. The Santan party hastily knocked a few loopholes in the adobe walls and gathered in and around the building, to withstand an attack. The Blackwater men killed three among those outside the school- house and could have killed many more with their superior weapons, but their thirst for revenge seemed to be satisfied with that number, and they did not pursue those who fled across the mesa like fright- ened rabbits.
58 THE PIMA INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 26 1879-80
Gila Crossing. During this winter there was a heavy fall of snow.® aX Blackwater. At an abandoned store above Casa Blanca, the se walls of which are yet standing, a white man was killed by two young men, who were caught before they secured the money of the victim, robbery being the motive for the deed. The one who did the shooting was taken to the county jail at Florence.
1880-81
Gila Crossing. At the beginning of the year a man was bitten and killed by a rattlesnake at Gila Crossing.
RSs : ° : Blackwater. The murderer mentioned in the record of the preceding year was hanged at Florence. 1881-82 My Gila Crossing. During a tizwin drunk at Salt River two young
men killed each other. The Casa Blanca people went to Gila Crossing to participate in a feast and dance.
\ Blackwater. The Pima police were sent from Sacaton to
A arrest some Kwahadk’s living at their village about 50 miles south of the agency. Two were killed.?
1882-ss
7 = Gila Crossing (a), Blackwater (b). An epidemic of measles S=—= . . . . rns prevailed among the Pimas and Maricopas, causing the death a) (0) of many persons.
a An event of such rarity that it is mentioned but twice in these records of seventy years.
ob The Kwahadk’s had been drinking tizwin, and as they had never been interfered with by the agent they were not conscious of having trangressed anylaws. Furthermore, drunkenness was the rule among the few whites with whom they came in contact, and it was a privilege that the Kwahadk's indulged in but once or twice a year. Old inhabitants at Sacaton tell me that the agent was working prisoners upon a reservation farm and selling the crop for his own profit. The Pimas had been committing no misdemeanors or crimes that offered any excuse for imprisoning them and the crops needed attention, but nevertheless he ordered his police to bring in the Kwahadk's dead oralive. One of the young Kwa- hadk's frankly declared his innocence of any intentional transgression and defied the police to take him from his home. He was promptly shot. As the police were returning to Sacaton they were overtaken by the father of the murdered man, who told them that he had nothing to live for, as they had killed his son and they might as well kill him. The police obligingly complied with his request. ‘*Inuocent and unoffending men were shot down or bowie-knifed merely for the pleasure of witnessing their death agonies. Men walked the streets and public squares with double-barreled shotguns, and hunted each other as sportsmen hunt for game. Inthe graveyard of Tucson there were 47 graves of white men in 1860, and of that number two had died natural deaths, all the rest having been murdered in bar-room quarrels.”’ Life Among the Apaches, by John C. Cremony, 117.
RUSSELL] ANNALS 59 1883-84 i B Gila Crossing. The Salt River Pimas went to a fiesta at Gila
Crossing.
AX — Blackwater. A drunken Pima while riding on a box car on X the Southern Pacific was run over and killed.“
1884-85
XS Gila Crossing. An epidemic during this year among the Kwa-
hadk’s caused the execution of two medicine-men who were sus-
pected of bringing the visitation upon the tribe.’ ;
Blackwater. The first wagons issued by the Government to the Blackwater people were received this year.
1885-86
@ Gila Crossing. Hwela, named for the agent Wheeler, was bap- tized this year as the first Christian convert among the Pimas.°
1) Two youths were thrown from their horses during a rabbit hunt and killed.?
A “«S Blackwater. Two prominent men of Blackwater died.
1886-87
4 Gila Crossing. Tizwin was made at Gila Crossing in such quan- tities that it was passed around in bowl-shaped baskets. One man was killed. The first adobe houses were built at Gila Crossing, and their owners were thereby entitled to one wagon each.‘ “\ Aman at Salt River was shot by a white man; the particulars were not known to Ka&ema-a.
aThe practice of allowing the Indians to ride free upon freight trains was established when the road was first built and is yet continued. The object of this generosity is said to be the procurement of the good will of the natives, who in return would give warning of washouts, or obstructions intentionally placed on the track and, perhaps, give concessions of rights of way across the reservations in the event of future extensions. Agent Jackson in his report for 1883 stated that six Pimas had been killed that year by falling from trains when drunk.
b It will be noticed that such common events as this among the Kwahadk's are recorded by the calen- drists, thus showing how closely related the tribe is to the Pimas.
¢Mr C. H.Cook, a Civil War veteran, had come as a teacher and missionary among the Pimas at the close of the year 1870. A sincere and devout Christian, he labored for nearly fifteen years before the peo- ple to whom he has devoted his life began to understand the message that he brought to them. He informs the writer that three or four other men had accepted his teaching before Hwela, but it is prob- able that this year marks the beginning of the conversion, which thereafter advanced very rapidly. Mr Cook has described his experiences among the Pimas and Apaches in a small volume of 136 pages, entitled, Among the Pimas, 1893. The chapter on “ The Pima Indians, their manners and cus- toms,” by Rev. Isaac T. Whittemore, is inaccurate and inadequate. d
d These hunts were frequently made and resulted in the destruction of large numbers of hares and rabbits, two species of the former and one of the latter. They were simply drives by a company of mounted men who surrounded the area to be beaten over and then advanced toward the center, where the animals were shot with arrows or killed with clubs. Such hunts are yet continued.
¢ These wagons were issued to such men as were willing to cut their long hair, build adobe houses of reasonable size, and provide suitable sheds to shelter the wagons from the scorching heat of summer, which is exceedingly severe on vehicles.
60 THE PIMA INDIANS [ere. ANN. 26
(ila Crossing, Salt river. The Maricopa and Phoenix railroad was built during this year, and thus connection was established between the fertile districts of the Salt river and the Southern
Pacific railroad.“
Salt River. The medicine-man Staups gave a great dance at San-
tan, which was accompanied by races and other ceremonies which attracted many visitors, among whom were a Yuma and his wife. e 09° Blackwater. Juan Thomas was employed as a scout by ° 888 the troops who pursued Geronimo during his last flight into Mexico. The eight dots on Juan’s stick represent the soldiers whom the Pimas accompanied. The minor leaders of the Apaches had entered the Pima camp thinking that they were friends, and had been captured, except seven who broke away. The commanding officer having ordered a fresh party of Pimas who had come up, to pursue the escaping Apaches, thirty-one Pimas and eight soldiers tracked the Apaches for two months, until they doubled back to the White moun- tains, where they were captured by the white soldiers before the Pimas overtook them.
1887-88
M Gila Crossing, Salt river. Special mention is made by two annalists of the severe earthquake of May 3, 1887.> Owl Ear declared that ‘‘it was noticed by many of our people, if not by all, who wondered why the earth shook so.” Gila Crossing. The stage station at Gila Crossing, no longer needed after the railroad was built from the Southern Pacific to Phoenix, was moved during this year to Maricopa junction, The Gila Crossing settlement was prosperous, and the Casa Blanca people went down to dance and share the products of their brothers’ industry. Wt) During a tizwin carousal which took place later in the year, two Gila Crossing men killed each other. It was at this time that ‘‘a Mexican (sic) counted the bones of the people.” ¢ The Maricopas were all living together at Mo’hatGk mountain when a quarrel arose in which a medicine-man was killed. His friends retaliated by killing a medicine-man of the opposite faction. This resulted in a division of the tribe, some going to the Pima settle-
a The road was completed July 2, 1887.
+ This is