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RESEARCH LIBRARIES

^';,liilii^ \i

Mm

DICTIONARY

OF

EVERY-DAY WANTS

CONTAINING

TWENTY THOUSAND RECEIPTS

In Nearly Every Department of Human Effort

BY

A. E. YOUMAN, M. D.

NEW YORK

FRANK M. REED, PUBLISHER

X39 Eighth Street

90516B

Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1872, by

ALEXANDER E. YOUMAN,

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

All uguts kiss&vsd.

PREFACE,

In these days of steam and electricity, when every man is jostling and
crowding his neighbor in the race for wealth and indepcndcncej every
hour, every minute has its money value. To economise time by its
admirably arranged contents; to save money by its multitudinous hints
and aids; to relieve perplexities that arc ever occurring in our daily plans
of life by its numberless suggestions ; to promptly offer remedies when
sudden death is threatened, as in accidental poisoning, will be found to be
embodied In the following pages, and so be an aid to the progressive
hurrying spirit of the age.

In its editing and compiling, the principal aim has been to render it as
extensively useful as possible, and no exertion has been spared to make
the work a correct, comprehensive and conveniently arranged manual of
reference to the Housekeeper, Manufacturer, Tradesman and Agriculturist,
It will be found to contain directions for the preparation of several thou-
sand articles of interest and utility, many of which have never appeared in
print before,

Care has been taken to avoid all difficult, technical and scientific terms,
and to make it so simple in language and arrangement, as to insure its
value as a useful and reliable work for evcry-day reference.

A. E. y.

40X1243

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

Accidents and Emergencies n

Apiary 20

Carpenter and Builder ^ . . 24

Cements^ Glues and Pastes . 32

Cooking and Baking 40

Druggist and Chemist 63

Domestic Animals 87

Farm, Orchard^ Garden and Dairy , . ; 118

Household Miscellany • 151

Household Pets 164

Household Pests 173

Huntings Trapping and Tanning 176

Inks and Blacking 197

Medical and Surgical 207

Ornamental Work • 242

Painting and Papering (Including Varnishing, Polishing, Staining

and Gilding) 250

Photography and the Fine Arts 272

Preserving and Storing 293

Soap and Candles 312

Toilet 323

Wardrobe 333

Washing, Bleaching and Dyeing 338

Wines, Liquors and Vinegar 362

Workers in Glass 3S9

Workers in Metals 397

Misceiiamcus 447

When an article cannot he found by its proper alphabetic arrangement,
under any of the above sections, a reference to the very copious index at the
end of the -work, will lead to its discovery.

10

ytP

/

A DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES.

I

ACCIDENTS^ To Avouiand Prnent.—\T\
walking the streets keep out of the line of cellars,
and never look one way and walk another. 2.
Never ride with your arm or elbow outside any
vehiilc. 3- Never alight from a steam-car
*hile in motion. 4. In stepping from any
wheeled vehicle while in motion, let it be from
the rear, and not in front of the wheels ; for
tlicn^ it you fall, the wheeU cannot run over
TDtt. 5. Never attempt to cross a road or street
in a hurry, in front of a passing vehicle ; for if
you stumble or slip vou will be run over. Make
up the half minute lost in waiting unlil the ve-
hicle has passed by increased diligence in K)me
otlier direction. 6. In a run-away, it is safer,
as a rule, lo keep your place and hold fast than
to jump out. Getting out of a carriage over the
back, piovided you can hold on a little while, is
safer tnan springing from the side. 7. Be par-
ticularly cauiious when upon or in the vicinity of
water. 8. During a time of lightning avoid the
neighborhood of trees, or any leaden spout,
iron gate, or other conductor of electricity. 9.
\jKj loaded guns in safe places, and never imi-
tate firing a gun in jesL lo. Never sleep near
lighted charcoal ; if drowsy at any work where
charcoal fires are used, take the fresh air. 11.
Never hicxv put the gaslight, but turn it off, and
before retiring sec that none of it escapes, 12.
Wlien ttcnumbcd with cold beware 01 sleeping
out of door* ; exercise yourself vigorously ; rub
jxmrsrir, if able, with snow, and do not hastily
approach (he fire. 13. If caught in a drenching
nin, or i*" you fall in the water, keep in motion
sofiicimtly vigorous to prevent the slightest
diilly sensation until you reach the house ; then
dangc your clothing with great rapidity before
A bta/ing fire, and drink instantly a pint of some
bcK liquid, ftct sniriluouft. I4. Before entering
T]ralt> <*r dry wells sec if a lighted candle will
bom at the Lottom ; for if not, animal life can-
not tVtsX, and the foul air in it should be re*
ptaord by pure air before entering therein, ic;.
Kcrer Ic.ive saddle or draught horses, while m
ttic, by ihemsclve*; nor go immedblely behind
■ Ird horse, as he is apt to kick. 16. Rifle not on
iooCwayv, and walk not on carriage roods or rail-
road tracks. 17. Be wary of children, whether
tbcf are up or in bed, and particularly uhen
tbcy are near the fire, an element with which
ihey arc very apt to arouse themselves. 18.
Leave nothing p(ii«onoii« open or accessible, anil
never omit to wnte the word •' PoistfN" in large
lettets upon it, wherever it may l>e placet]. 19.
Never throw pieces of orange |wel on the side-
walk, or throw brciticn glass lx>ttles into the
streets. 20. Never meddle with gimpowder by
CindklifibL i^' Never trim or nil a kerosene

lamp while lighted, and nrftr light a firt tvith
kcrQjnu or cimI oU, 2J. Keep lucifcr matches in
their cases, and never let them be strewed
aljoul. 23. During frosty weather take extra
caxit in walking. 24. Have your horses' shoes
roughed directly there are indications of frost.
25. Before retiring lor the nighty utrefully look
through the house lo see that everything is as it
ought to be.

BIT£S, Hatvtst Bur.^The most effectual
remedy is benzine, which immediately kills the
insect. — A minute drop of tincture of iodine hni
the same effect. — Many suffcrcri prevent the at-
tacks by sprinkling a little benzine over the
stockings before walking.

BIT£St Insect. — Such as bees, wasps, hor-
nets, scorpions, etc., may be instantly relieved
by the immediate and free application of spirit!
of hartshorn as a wash lo the pari billen. The
part may afterward be covered with a Utile sweet
oil. See St'mgs.

BJTES, Mad Dcg,—\. Take immedialely
warm vinegar or tepid water ; wash the wound
clean therewith and then dry it ; pour upon the
wound, then, ten or twelve drops of muriatic
acid. Mineral adds destroy the poison of the
saliva, by uhich means ihe evil cfTccts of the lat-
ter are neulralize<l.—2. Many think that the only
sure preventive of evil following the bile of a
rabid dog, is to suck the wound immediately,
before the {>oison has hod time to circulate with
the blood. If the person bit cannot get to the
wound to suck it, he must persuade or pay an-
other 10 do it for him. There is no fear of'!
any harm following this, for ihc poison entering
by the stomach cannot hurt a person. A spoon-
ful of the poison might be swallowed with impu-
niiy^ but the person y« ho sucks the place should
have no wound on the lip or tongue, or it might
be dangerous. The precaution alluded to is «
most iinjxjrtant one, and should neAcr be omitted
prior to an excision and the application of lunar
canslic in every part, especially the interior and
deep-seated portions. No injury need be antici-
pated-if this treatment is adopted promptly and
eflcctively. The poison of hydrophobia remain*
latent on an average six weeks; the part heals
over, but there is a pimple or wound, more or
less irritable; it then becomes painful, and the
germ, whatever it is, ripe for dissemination into
the system, and then all hope is ^ne. Never-
theless, between the time of the bite and the ac-
ti\'ity of the wound previous to dissemination,
the caustic of nitrate of silver is a sure prevent-
ive ; after that it is as useless as all tiie other':
means. The best mode of application of the ni-
trate of silver, is by introducing it solidly iato
the wound.

DTCTTQKARY OF EVEnY-DAY WANTS.

BITES, 5m>>^.— The poison inserted by the
stingy and biles of many venomous reptiles is so
rapidly absorbed, and of so fatal a description, as
frequently to occasion death before any rcme(iy
or antidote can be applied ; and they are ren-
dered yet more dangerous from the fact that these
wounib are inflicted in paris of the country and
^vorld where precautionary measures arc seldom
thought of, and generally at times when people
are leist prepared to meet them. I. In absence
of any remedies, the first best plan lo adopt on
bcing'bittcn by any of the poisonous snakes is to
do as recommended above in Mad Dog Biles
—viz., to wash off the place imtntdiatefy ; if
possible, get the mouth to the sjwt, and forcibly
suck out all the poison, first applying a ligature
above the wound as tightly as can be borne. — 2.
A remedy promulgated by the Smithsonian In-
atiCute is to lake 30 grs. iodide potassium, 30
grs. iodine, l oi. water, to be applied exlcmoJly
10 the wound by saturating lint or batting — the
same to be kept moist with the antidote until the
cure be effected, which will be in one hour, and
itomeiimcs instantly. — 3. An Australian physi-
cian lus tried and recommends carbolic acid, di-
luted and administered internally every few min-
utes until recovery is certain. — 4. Another Aus-
tralian physician. Professor Halford, of Mel-
bourne University, has discovered ihat if a pro|3er
amount of dilute ammonia be injected into the
circulation of a patient suflering from snakc-bilc,
the curative effect h usually sudden and start-
ling, so that in many cases men have thus been
brought back, as it were, by magic, from the
very shadow of death. 7lic method finally
adf^ed by Professor Halford, after many exper-
iments, and approved by his associates, is this :
As soon as possible after a Inte, which, without
treatment, threatens life, thirty drops of the
liquor ammonia: (^not Tfquid ammonia) in water
— <me part of the ammonia and two parts water
— arc injected, by a hypodermic syringe, dijectly
into some superficial Tcin of the patient. Of
course, none but a skilletl or practiced hand
should undertake the operation, since the acci-
dent of injecting a small bubble of air with the
solution might oe fatal. There is no stage of
oxhau&tion, so long as life remains, in which
there is not hope of success by this remedy. A
small s^yringe with a sharp point, for the purpose
of making the injection, is manufactured and
sold in Melbourne, and now few travel in that
country without one.

BITES, Of the C<»^.— The bite of the «-
Am, savs an experienced surgeon of India, or of
any utner poisonous .snake or reptile, can be
cured by administering a few drops of a prepa-
ration of the gall of the cobra, which should be

I prepared a* follows: Pure spirits of wine, or 95
per ccnL alcohol, or the best high wines that can
l>c procured, loo drops ; of the pure gall, ao
drops ; in a clean two-ounce phial, corked with a
new cork ; give the phial 150 or 200 shakes, so
that the gall may be thorouchly mixed with the
spirits, and the preparation is ready for use. In
case of a bite put five drops (no more) of the
preparation into half a tumblerful of pure water;
pour the water from one tumbler into another,
backwards and forwards, several limes, th.!! the
preparation may be thoroughly mixed with the
water, and administer a large lablespoonful of
the mixture every three or five minutes until the
whole has been given. In case the violence of
t :

the pain and hemorrhage or swelling of the bit-
ten part should be but slightly alleviated after
the whole has been taken, repeat the dose, pre-
pared with the same quantity of the preparation,
in the same way, and administer as before. In
curing upwards of fifty cases of snake biles i
have never been obliged to repeal the dose ex-
cept in two instances, and have never lost a case.
The €obrn poison is no more deadly tlian that of
a great variely of snakes found in South Amer-
ica, of which may be named the Cascabct, or
Rattlesnake ; Bt^pti-Joraiia, or gilded mouth ;
Mapanasape, or frog-headed Mapana; Afapa-
na-Jina, or Lnchesis; A'fi''^'' Bint, and I'crru-
^Ma, or wort snake. The poison of all these
varieties produces death (under certain condi-
tions— atmospherical, physical, climaterical, and
electrical) in from fifteen minutes to two or three
hours ; but it is found that the gall of each va-
riety (administered as previously indicated) is
the perfect antidote for its own poison. The
gall of the most deadly kind may be used in
cases of bites of those less virulent, and is also
applicable in cases of bites of the centipede,
scorpion, stingray, star>lizard, or Ixuerta sttlU^
and IS also very effective in dog-bites.

BLEEDING OF IVOUNDS.—^t Cuts,
BLEEDING AT THE NOSE.-^i. RoU
up a piece of paper, and press it up under the
upper lip. — 2. In obstinate cases blow a little
gum Arabic up the nostrils through a quill,
which wilt immediately stop the discharge ; pow*
dered alum is also good. — 3. Pressure by the
finger over the small artery near the aia (wing)
of the nose, on the side where the blood is flow-
ing, is said to arrest the hemorrhage immedi-

^ ""i'LEEDING FROM THE LUNGS,— k
New York physician has related a case in which
hihalitiun of very dry persulphate of iron, re-
duced to a palpable powder, entirely arrested
bleeding from the lungs, after all the usual rem-
edies, lead, opium, etc, had (ailed. A small
quantity was administered by drawing into the
tung3 every hour during part of the night and
following day,

BURNS AND SCALDS,— i. By putting
the burned part under cold water, milk, or other
bland fluid, instantaneous and perfect relief from
all pain will Ik experienced. On withdrawal,
the burn should be perfectly covered with half an
inch or mure of common whcaten flour, put on
with a dredging box, or in any other way, and
allowed to remain until a cure is effected, when
the dry, caked flour will fall off, or can be soft-
ened with wa;cr, disclosing a beautiful, new and
healthy skin, in all cases where the bums have
Ijecn superficial. — 2. Dissolve white lead in flax-
seed! oil to the consistency of milk, and apply
over the entire bum or scald every five minutes.
It can be applied with a soft feather. This is
said to give relief sooner, and to be more per-
manent in its effects, than any other application.
— 3, Make a saturated solution of alum (four
ounces to a quart of hot water). Pip a cotton
cloth in this solution and apply immediately on
(he bum. As soon as it becomes hot or dry,
replace it by another, and continue doing so as
often as the cloth dries, which at first will be
every few minutes. The pain will immediately
cexse, and after Iwcnly-fonr hours of this treat-
ment the bum will be healed, especially if com-
menced before bib tors arc formed. The as-

ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES.

I
I
I

I

tringcnl and drying qualitieit of the alum will en-
tirely prevent Uicir formation. — 4. tJlyccrine,
five ounces ; while of egg, four ounces ; tincture
of arnica, three ounces. Mix the glycerine and
while of egg thoroughly in a mortar, and grad-
ually add tlie arnica. Apply freely on linen rags
night and morning, wajihing previously with
warm ca&tilc soapsuds. — 5. Take i drachm of
finely powdered alum, and mix thoroughly with
ihe white of 2 eggs and 1 teacup of fresh lard ;
spreail on .1 cloth, and apply to the ports burnt.
Ii gives almost instant relief from pain, and, by
excluding the air, prevents excessive inflamma-
tory action. The application should he clianced
at least once a dav.— 6. M. Joel, of the Chil-
dren's Mospilal. Lausanne, findti that a tepid
bath, containing a couple of pinches of sulphate
of iron, gives immediate relief 10 young children
who have been extensively burned. In a case of
a child four years old, a bath repeated twice a
day — 30 minutes each balh — the suppuration de-
creased, lost its odor, and the litilc sufTcrer was
soon convalescent. — 7. For severe scalding, car-
bolic add has recently been used with marked
benefit. It is to lie mixed with 30 parts of the
ordinary oil and lime water to i part of the acid.
Linen rags saturated in the carbolic cmuKion
ajc 10 be spread on the scalded parts, and kept
moist by frequently smearing with a feather
dipped in the liquid. Two advantages of this
mode of treatment are, the exclusion of air, and
the rapid healing by a natural restorative action
without the formation of pus, thus preserving
untnarred the personal appearance of the pa-
tient— a matter of no small importance to some
people.

tKAMP. — Spasmodic or involtmtary contrac-
tions of the muscles, generally of the extremi-
ties, accompanied with great pain. The musclcH
of the legs and feet are those most commonly
aflccted with cramp, especially after great cxer-
tioix. The best treatment is immediately to
stand upright, and tn well rub the part wilh the
hand. The application of strong stimulants, as
spirits of ammonia, or of anodynes, as opiate
hnimcnts, has been recommended. When cramp
occurs in the stomach, a tcaspoonful of sal vola-
tile in water, or a dram glassful of good brandy,
should be swallowed immetlialcly. When cramp
comes on during cold bathing, the limb should
be thrown out as suddenly and violently as pos-
sible, which will generally remove il, care being
also taken not to become flurried nor frightened ;
as presence of mind is very essential to ]Krsonal
safety on such an occasion. A common cause of
cramp is indigestion, and the u^ic of acescent
liqsors ; these should l>c avnidetl.

Ct'TS, — First stop the bleeding, by bringing
the edges of the wound together, if the flow is
but trifling. If, on the contrary, it is large, of a
bright vermillion color, and mws in spirts or
unta a jerk, an artery is severed, and at once
should pressure be made on the parts by the
finger, (between the cut and the heart,) until a
compress i« arranged by a tight ligature atx)ve
the wounded pari. Then the finger may be
taken off", and if the blood siitl flows, tighten
the hmndkcrchief. or other article that forms the
Bfslure. until it ceases. If at this point the at-
lendMce of a physician or surgeon cannot he
•ccuwl, take strong silk thread, or wax together
thite or ftmr threaos, and cut ihcm into lengths
if about m foot long. Wash the parts with

warm water, and then with a sharp hook or
small pair of pincers in your hand, fix your eye
steadfastly upon the wound, and directing the
ligature to lie slightly released, you will see the
mouth of the artery from which the blood
springs. At once seize it, draw it out a little,
while an assistant passes a ligature round it, and
tics it up tight with a double knot. In this way
take up in succession every bleeding vessel you
can sec or get hold of. If the wound is too high
up in a limb to apply the ligature, do not lose
your presence of mind. If it is the thigh, press
firmly on the groin ; if in the arm, with the
hand-end or ring of a common door-key make
pressure above the collar-bone, and about its
middle, against its first rib, which lies under it.
The pressure should be continued until assist-
ance is procured and the vc&sel tied up. If the
wound IS on the lace, or other place where pres-
sure cannot cRcctuoily be made, place a piece of
ice directly over the wound, allowing it to re-
main there until the blood coagulates, when it
may be removed, and a compress and bandage
be applied.

After the bleeding is arrested the surrounding
blood should lie cleared away, as well as any ex-
traneous miLttcr; then bring the sides of the
wound into contact throughout the whole depthp
in order that they may grow together as quickly
as possible, retaining them in their position by
strips of adhesive plaster. If the wound Ite
deep and extensive, the wound itself and the ad-
jacent parts must lie supported by proper band-
ages. The {wsition of the patient should be
such as will relax the skin and muscles of the
wounded part. Rest, low and unslimulaling
diet, will complete the requirements ncccssarj- to
a speedy recoverv.

bfiOWN/XG, To Restiwe thf Apptwmtly. —
Lose no lime. Handle the body gently, carry-
ing it with the head slightly raised, and never
htflding it up by the feet. While medical assist-
ance is being sent for, remove the clothing from
the body, rub it dry ; then roll it in hot blankets
and place it in a warm bed in a warm room.
Qeanse away the froth and mucus from the nose
and mouth. Apply warm bricks, bottles, liacs
of sand, etc, to tne arm-pits, lietwecn the thighs
and at (he soles of the feet. Rub the surface of
the body with the bonds inclosed in worm, dry
worsted socks. To Restore Brrathing. — \\'hile
the patient is lying with the face downwards
place one of the arms under the forehead, as in
this position fluids wilt more readily cscnpe t^
the mouth, and the tongue itself will fall for-
ward, leaving the entrance to the windpipe free.
Assist this operation by wiping and cleansing
the mouth. If there be only slight breathing,
or no breathing, turn the patient on the side, and
excite the nostrils with snuff, hartshorn, or
smelling salts, or tickle the throat with a feather,
etc Rub the chest and face well, and dash
warm and cold water alternately On them. If
there is still no success, try to imitate breathing
by replacing the patient with face downwards,
raising and supporting the chest on a folded coot
or other article. Then turn the body very
gcntiv on one side and a little beyond, and
briskly back again, repealing these measures
cautiously and pcrsevcringly about 15 times a
minute. By placing the patient on nis chest,
the weight of the body forces the air out. When
turned on one side the pressure is removed, and

DICTIONARY OF EVBRY-DAY WANTS.

I

I

air enters ihe chest. When the boOv is replaced
on the face* use uniform pressure between the
&houlder-bladc!> or bones on cadt :>ide, and let
one person attend solely to the movement of the
head and of the arm placed under it. Dr/ the
hands and feet, and as soon as dry clothing or
blankets can be procured, blrip the boily and rc-
clothc it, taking care not to interfere with the cf
forti to restore breathing.

Should these efforts not prove successful in
five minutes, grasp the arm^ above the elbow,
and draw them gently upwards above the hcad^
keeping them stretched upwards for two sec-
onds. By this means air is drawn into the
lungs. Then turn down the arms, and press

tthcra gently for two seconds against the sides of
the chest. By tliis means air is pressed out of
Ihe lungs. Repeal these motions pcrsevcringly,
about mtecn litne^ in a minute, until a spontane-
ous effort to respire is perceived.

After the natural breathing is restored, pro-
mote warmth and circulation by rubbing the
limbs upwards by means of HanneU, etc. By
this process the blood is propelled towards the
heart. Apply hot flannels, or bottles of hot
water, to the pit of the stomach, the arm-pits,
thighs, and soles of the feet. If the power of
swallowing be restored, small quantilies of wine,
warm brandy and water, or coffee, should be ad-
ministered. Keep the palicnl in bed, and let
sleep be encouraged. This treatment should be

Ecrscvcrcd in for hours, as it '\<. a mistake to
incy that persons are irrecoverable because life
does not soon make its appearance. Do not al-
low any crowding round the body,, and under no
circumstances hold it up by the feet, or put it in
a warm bath, unless under medical directions.
Cautions, — Never rub the body with salt or
spirits. Never roll the Iwdy on casks. Con-
Imuc the remedies for 12 hours without ceasing.
The appearances which generally accompany
death by drowning arc suspension of the motion
of the heart, the cyeUds half dosed and the pu-
pils dilated, the jaws clenched, the fingers half
contracted, the tongue approaches lo the under
edge of the lips, and these, as well as the nos-
trils, are covered with a frothy mucus, and cold-
ness and pallor increase.

DROiViVrNG, To Aff&rd AssUtame to a
Person in Danger of. — If (tie spectator is unable
to swim, and can make the sufferer hear, he
ought to direct him to keep his hands and arms
under water until assistance comes ; in the
meantime throw towards him a rope, a pole, or
anything that may help to bring him ashore or
on board ; he will eagerly seize whatever is put
within his reach ; thus he may, [>erlups, be res-
cued from his perilous situation.

The best manner in which an expert swimmer
can lay hoUI of a person he wishes lo save from
sinking, is to grasp his arm firmly between the
shoulder and the elbow; this will prevent him
from clasping the swimmer in his arms, and thus
forcing him under water, and, perhaps, causing

»him to sink with him.
DRUJVA'EXXESS, Apparent Death /rvm.
— Raise the head, unloose the clothes, maintain
warmth of surface, and give a mustard emetic as
soon as the person can swallow.

EYE, Cinders er Dirt in the. — Tlie cinder or
other foreign substance will usually be found just

I underneath the margin of the upper lid, where
Iherc is a groove or gutter for the flow of tears

to the inner angle of the eye. Foreign btxlies
tend to fall into this groorc, and if ihcy are an-
gular, like a cinder, they adhere in spile of the
current of tears which now flow in greater
abundance, and sooner or later carry off smooth
substances. To remove it, lake, say a lead pen-
cil, in the fingers of the right hand, and with
the thumb and forefinger of the left hand seize
the eyelashes of the upper lid, and drawing the
lid gently out from the ball, press the pomt of
the pencil downward upon the upper surface of
the Ud, about one-fourth of an mch from its
margin, and at the same time carry the margin
upward over the pencil by tlic eyelashes, when
the lid will readily roll over the pencil so as to
expose completely the gutter described, when
the cinder or grain of sand may easily be re-
moved with tlic point of a penal, or with the
fmgcT covered by a handkerchief. The person
a[>eralcd upton should look downward when the
lid is being reverted, and upward when the ope-
rator wishes to restore the lid. As soon as the
substance is removed, bathe the eye with cold
water, and exclude the light for a day.

FA/4VT/4VG. — If a man faint axyay, instead
of yelling out like a savage, or running to him
to lifi him up, lay him at full length on his back
on the floor, loose the clothing, push the crowd
away, so as to allow the air to reach liim, and
let him alone. Dashing water over a_pcrson in a
simple fainting fit is a barbarity. The philos-
ophv of a fainting fit is that the heart fails to
scntl the proper supply of blood to the brain.
If the person is erect, that blood has to lie
thrown up hill; but if lying down, it has lo be
projected horizontally, which requires less pow-
er, as is apparent.

FROST-BITE.— TvAx the person frost-bit-
ten into a cold room in which there is no fire,
and rub the parts frozen with snow or cold wa-
ter. After a while friction with flannels and the
hand is to be used, and warmth very gr.idually
applied. If a limb is frozen, the cold applica-
tions should be continued longer, and warmth
be more gradually applied than when the whole
body is frorcn. (.arc should be taken to handle
the parts carefully, so as not to break off any
parl^ as can so easily l>e done in its frozen state,
/>vs/-« /W/ arc said lo be pcrm.incnlly relieved
by two or three applications of a l>oiled lye of
wood ashes, made so sirongas to be quite slip-
|>cry between the fingers. This lye should sct-
Ue, be drained off, and have a large handful of
salt to each quart of lye mixcil with it. It
should be quite warm, and the limbs be sub-
merged for one or two hours.

FIRE IN A CHIMNEY, To ExHnguUh.^
One of the simplest methods is to scatter a hand-
ful of flowers of sulphur over the dullest part of
the burning coals, the mephitic vapors arising
from which -will not support combustion, and
consequently extinguish tke flames. Another
method is to shut the doors and windows, and
to stop up the bottom of (he chimney with a
piece of wet carpet or blanket, throwing a little
water or flowers of sulphur, or salt, on the fire
immediately before doing so. By this means the
draught is stopped, and Ihe burning S(Kit must
be extinguished for want of nir. If the chimney
be stopi^ed at the top, instead of the bottom, the
whole of the smoke must, of course, be driven
into the apartment. If every fireplace were pro-
vided with a damper, or shutter of sheet-iron or

i

ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES,

iS

SiuSkirntljr large lo cIkAc it thoroughly,

firnin chimacyt would becDin« of Ijttle conse-

it \\ov.M only be ncoMsary to apply

di" t out

FIl naOtita/it Sla6itcn,

— TTwow tnc \a(Mic or harness, etc, ovef ihcm,

■ad Uiey will come oat immediAtclr.

FIRE, EifUffHf from, — i. lie oxreful lo
'nt yoxkT%t\i witn the l>cit means of exit

I
I

k

ihe h^oir, b"th nt the top and boltorn. — 3.
On tb-^ • 're you act. If in

bed At ' r in a hUnkct or

bedside cnrpri. < '|--n no ni'>re doofs than arc
^Aolutcly necnuxy, and vhuc every door after
yo«. — 3- There is always from eight to twelve
mdiBi of pure air dote to the ground ; if you
ihcrefDre, walk upright through tlie
drop on your hands and knees, and thus
pwpcji^w A wetted filk handkerchief, a piece
«f aoncl. or a worsted ktocking* drawn over
Ike hot$ permiti brtatluag, and to a grcnt ex-
•eat exdodci the smoke. — 4. If you can neither
mfce your way upward or downward, get into a
froat iootd; if there is a ^mily, see that they
■re *tl collected here, and keep the door closed
as m«c& AS poisiblc. for remember that smoke
■l«sy% CoHows a draught, sind fin.* always ru!<he&
lAcr flsukie. — 5. On no orcount throw vourself,
or aUoir others (o throw thcmMrlves, from the
wfciiltfw. If no as&utance is at hand, and you
■K Id extmnity. tie the sheets together, having
ftitencd one si^ to some heavy piece of fumi-
tare, and let down the women and children one
by one. by tying the end of the line of sheets
mmatd tbe «ai»t, and lowering them through
the window that is over the door, rather than
tbc <mr tliBl is over tlie area. You can easily
Id yuKTAclf down after the helpless arc saved.

A/A'/-, Cto!kij»g cn.—Xf a woman's clothe?
cslch (ire, let her innantly roll herself over and
o%«r on (he ground. If a man lie present,
iM btm throw her down and do the like, and
then wfiT' h-TT up in is tablecloth, rug, coat, or
the fit i ' i^t is at luind.

/7A ' Pmrnt.—\. Be care-

M to kecj) I'lcii'.r tTiJt'.hci in metal l>oxcs, out of
fhe leack of ciuldrcn.— a. Wax matches are
wtinlsHTdanMrr.-. 1^ and shouM be kept out of
wut m%j m T^ ; be careful in making

CrC9 witb sK- ' ahcr light kindling. — 3.

Do mA dcpout LijsX or wood a<ihcs m a wooden
v^(Mct« snu be sure burning dnders ore extin-
(oiBli^ before they are deposited. — 4. Never
f«l iltwuwl upon the stove to dry, — 5. Do not

ratKcs tir a bght under a staircase.— 6. Fill
)>f only ia the daytime, and never
fc^- r light. — y. Be cautious in cxtin<

nuhLu^j: ctiiches, and never throw them on the
Mdr.— A. Dn not throw a ci^ar stump upon tlie

6Q0r, or late ": ' ..^... - sawdust, without

hdB^certair: ' : Arc. — 9. [)o not

Mmr out a r^: way on a shelf or

■aybeic ^ae« until sure tiiat the snufi has gone
nikrdy o«L— 10. A bghted candle ought not lo
be ctack up aninst a irAme wall, or placed n^at
pvlscia of the wood-work in a stable, mon-
ihop, or aay other place. — 11. Never
MICr ■ tarn ot siabJe at night with on uncovered
S||H«-*HS. Ostlers iboald not tw allowed to
abool st»bJ«%. — 13. Never take an o^ien
I eiaiBcne s {»« mri«r, or lo search for an
oC |p».— 14. |)o not put ga« or other
curtAiAs. — 15. t>o not read in bed.

tm

cither by candle or lamp light ; place gloss shadM^
over gaslights in shop windows, and do at'
crowd goods too close to them. — 16. No smofc-*'
Ing .should ever be permitted in warehouses, es-
pecially where giKxls arc tacked or cotton stored.
— 17. Stove pijKs should be at least four inches
from woodwork, and well guarded by tin or
unc. — 18. Rags ought never to be stufred mto
stove-pipe holes ; openings in chimney flues for
stove pipes which are not use<I, ought always to
be securely prolectctl by metallic coverings, — 19,
Never close up a place of business in the eve-
ning without looking well to the extinguii^hment
of lights and the proi>er security of the fires. —
20. When retiring lo bed at night, always Like
every precaution to see that tlicre is no danger
from your fires; that the gas, if you use it, is
properly extinguished; and take care that yonr
lighti are safe.

/'0/SONS\ Gmcroi, AnlidaUs and Ruin to
if Observtd. — The fir^t thing to l>e done, when a
person has swallowed a poison of any kind, is
to empty the stomach, by Liking a teaspoonful of
common salt and the same quantity of ground
mu!itar(l, stirred mpidly in a teacup of wuter,
warm or cold, and swallowed instantly. Next
give water to drink, cold or wann, as fast as
possible, a gallon or more at a time, and as fast
as Tomited drink more; tepid water is best, as
it opens the pores of the skin, and thus gives
the speediest cure to the poisonous article. If
pains begin to be felt in the bowels, it shows
that part at least of the poison hn^ passed
downwartls; then large and repealed injections
of tepid water should be given, the object in
Ixjlh cases being to dilute the poison as quickly
and as largely as possible. Do not wait for
warm water — take tnat which is nearest at hand,
cold or warm, far every second of time saved is
of immense importance. It has been found
that there is hardly any poison which, being di-
luted in a sufficient quantity with water, may not
prove inofTensivc. This virtue, coupled with its
universal availability, nukes it a valuable reme-
dial agent in poisoning.

POISONS, Speaal, and their Antidotes.^
TTie following are some ni the more common ar-
ticles of poison by which human life is endan-
gered or destroyed, either by accident or design,
together with the symptoms, attending their use,
and the articles ancl measures which may lie used
to destroy their efTccls and iave life. AlcohoI-
— Symptami — Confusion of thought ; inability to
walk or stand ; dizziness; )»tupor ; highly flushed
or pale face; noisy breathing. Trfatment. — Ex-
cite vomiting by large draughts of warm water,
by tickling the throat, and by emetics ; use
stomach pump; pour cold water on head and
back of uic neck ; keep up motion ; whip the
!>kin, polms of the hands and soles of the feet,
with small cords or rods; give strong stimulants,
as ammonia. AsiMONlA.— JVyw/^/tfww — Strong
acrid and burning tAsie in the mouth; heat in
the throat and stomach; nausea; vomiting;
great prostration ; cold, clammy skin ; small,
frequent pulse. Trtatment — .Vntidntc, vinegar
ana water, or any dilute vegetable a^id, excite'
vomiting ; give mucilages, emetics, calharticsy
clytters, opiates. AytiAKOKTis or Nitric Acii».
— Symptoms — Lips, mouth and throat of yellow
color ; fuiin. burning and strangulation in swal-
lowing; retching; vomiting of datk-co\otcA.W-
kls, with shreds of mucous membnhixc *, s*N^\Vvn^

i6

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

I

k

I
ft

of the throat ; difficulty of swallowing and of
breathing; skin cold and clammy; puUc quick
and fiinalL Trtatmenl — (.loicincd ma^csLa,
carbonate of magnesia, chalk or whiting in wa-
ter; soim and water; ashes and water; milk;
while or eggs ; oil and mudla^. Perhaps use
a btomach pump. If suffocation is threatened,
open the windpipe. Arsemc. — Sympt<*ms —
Sickness; fainting; burning pain 'in the stomach;
vomiting ; excessive thirst ; dryness, heat and
tightness of the tliroat ; diarrhoea ; slow and in ■
terroitting pulse ; palsy; lethargy; insensibility;
convulsions, etc. Treatment — J lydraled sesqui-
oxidc of iron ; emetics of 3 to 5 grs. of sulphate
of copper; 10 to 15 grs. sulphate of zinc; ipe-
cac; mustard seed; tickle tne throat with the
finger or a feather ; white of eggs ; milk ; gruel ;
flaxseed tea ; warm water largely ; oil and lime-
water ; calcined magnesia ; stomach pump.
Bismuth.— .yvwi&wj — Metallic taste in the
mouth ; heat and dryness of the throat ; severe
burning heat in the stomach and bowels ; violent
vomiting, sometimes of bloody matter ; profuse
diarrha'a : pulse small, frequent and irregular ;
skin cold and clammy; respiration difncult ;
fainting; con^-ulsions, etc Treatment — Large
portions of milk, w hitc of eggs, oil ; promote
vomiting by large draughts of sickening drinks,
and by ticlcUng the throat] with tlie fmger or a
feather ; use stomach pnmp. Bustering
Flies. — Symptoms — Burning in the throat and
difficulty of swallowing; violent pains in the
stomach and bowels ; nausea ; vomiting of
bloody mucus j pain in the loins ; desire to void
urine, and passage of bloody water, with great
pain. Treatment — Emetics ; copious drauj^hts
of warm water, milk, mucilaginous drinks; tick-
ling the throat with the ungcr or a feather.
Blue Vitriol {Sulphate rf Ccf per — Verdifpns.)
— Symptomt — Strong metallic taste in the mouth ;
belching, violent vomiting and purf^ng ; griping
pains; cramps in the thighs and legs; frothing
Kl the mouth ; headache, giddiness, convulsions,
insensibilily, etc. 7'reatment — Early vomiting
by large draughts of warm water and by tickling
the throat ; strong coflcc. milk, white of eggs,
wheat flour and water, mucilages; stomach
pump. Carbolic Acid. — The best antidote for
carbolic acid, afler the stomach pump, is large
doses of olive or almond oil, with a little castor
oil. Carbonic Acio Gas. — Found in wells,
cellars, mines, etc., and largely given off in the
burning of charcoal in close rooms. Symptoms
— Drowsiness, di/ficully of respiration, suflroca>
tion ; face swelled and more or less discolored ;
sensation of great weight in the head ; verli^,
loss of muscular power, and inscnsibihly.
TreatmfHt — Admission of fresh air: friction, es-
pecially over the lung>; arlilicial respiration, by
infiating the lungs by the mouth or bellows ; ap-
plication of strong stimulants to the mouth or
nose ; cold water tx>ured upon the head and back
of the neck. If tnc l>oily be cold, a warm bath.
CoB.iLT. — Of importance from its extensive use
as fly-poison, children having eaten it and thereby
been poisoned. Sympt<>mi — Heat and pain in
the throat and stomach ; violent retching and
vomiting; cold and clammy skin ; small ai^ fre-
ouent pulse; respiration hurried, anxious and
aifficull ; diarrhcca, etc. Treatment— ^Vwc freely
milk, while of eggs, wheat flour and water, nau-
sc0tjftff jcAs, mucilages, emciics and clysters
CoMitcfs/vjc SL£Uma Ti::— Carelcsily made use of

in marw families as a bed-bug poison. Symp-
toms— Strong metallic or coppery t.islc in the
mouth ; burning beat and constriction of the
throat; severe pain in the stomach and 1>oweIs;
violent vomiting and purging ; countenance
swollen and flustied, or anx.ious and pole ; pulse-
small, frequent and irregular ; skin cold ~^
clammy ; tongue white and shriveled ; rcspiratiodT
difficult ; fainting, convulsions and insensibility.
Treatment — Albumen, which ia contained in the
whites of eggs, abundantly; wheal flour in wa-
ter ; liquid starch, milk, iron filings ; excite vom-
iting early by lar^ draughts of warm water ;
mustard seed, tickling the ihroiil. and emetics;
use stomach pump. Deadly Nightshade. —
Children are sometimes poisoned by eating the
berries, which have a sweetish taste. Symptoms
— Dryness and stricture of the throat ; nausea,
vertigo, dilated pupils, dimness of sight, laugh-
ter, delirium ; r^ness and swelling uf the face ;
convulsions, general paralysis, and insensibility.
Treatment — Kmetics of sulphate of /inc, (10 to
IS grs,,) or copper, (3 to 5 grs. ;) large purga-
tives, and clysters ; take vinegar and water, or
other vegetable adds, freely; bitter infusions £
lime-water; stomach pump; cold water pou
on the head, and strong stimulants. rooL
Parsley. — Taken by mistake for common pars*'
ley. Symptoms — Heat of throat, and thirsts'
oppression at the stomach ; nausea, vomiring^
and occasionally purging ; cold and moist skin ;
small and frequent pulse ; headache, vertigo and
delirium. Treatment — Kmetics of zinc or co
per; warm water; milk; flaxseed or chamo-'
mile tea; tiurgativcs, clusters, warm bath, stim-
ulants ana opiates. roxt^LOVK. — Symptfi/ns —
Intermitting pulse, vertigo, )ndistiru:t vision,
nausea, vomiting, hiccough, cold sweats, delir-
ium, syncoi)C and convulsions. 7Wafment —
Emetics, followed by strong stimulants, (brandy,
ether, ammonia, J opiates, counter-irritation;
mustard-seed pi.tuiticcs or blisters to the pit of
the stomach; cold cfTusions. FUNCl'SES,— Or
poisonous mushrooms, (Kungi,) taken by mis-
take for eatable mushroonu. Symptoms — Pain
in the stomach, nausea, vomiting and purging},
great thirst, colic pains, cramp, convulsions*
vertigo, delirium. Treatment — Emetics, purga»
tives, mucilages, acid drinks stimulants, (ether,
brandy, ammonia,) opiates, hitlers. Hku.lsor£
{Im/ian Poke,) — Sometimes used in a pnisonou*^
quantity as a dressing for a sore. Symptom-
Violent vomiting and purging; Woody stools
great anxiety; tremors, vertigo, fainting, sinkin,
of the pulse, cold sweats, and con^ndsions.
Treatment — Excite speedy vomiting by large
flraughts of warm water, molasses and water,
tickling the throat with the finger or a feather,
and emetics; give oily and mucilaginous drinks*
oily purgatives, and clysters, acids, strong cdHTc^
camplior and opium. }Ikmlock. — Symptt
Dimness of signt, delirium ; swelling of the ab^
domen, with pain, vomiting and purging.
Treatment — Emetics of sulphate of zinc or cop-
|»r, assisted by copious draughts of warm wntcfa
milk, flaxseed lea, chamomile, etc ; st
pump ; pouring cold water en the head and
oack ; stimulants and acids. Henbane. —
Sympbfmj — Apj>carancc of intoxication ; ^JckneAj,
Stupor, dimness of ■ '■ 'Illa-

tion of the pupils, '»*—

Emetics, with strong ^umdi-inis. a-, Mi^Miate of
line or copper^ tartar emetic or ijiccac, witb

ACCfDEfrrS Ar/D EMEKCENCrES.

17

IT, clfct;

^^V

— 'Symptomt- 1. nou

•«, maiuing, [ 1 colic

fain*. diArrbira* b«^iiitUDit;> cuii^iiputtMn. Trait-
•w<»l— \*U»rgw, Irmon-juice, or any vcgt^tablc

Mia, frerfy;

-.1,

nics, wirm
vf Silver.)

: jumcli, ruu-

; bamctmics extreme

■ I my skin; small, frc-

l^uUe ; rcspir.ition difHicuU ;

'13. Treatnunt — Common

' ' A.irm wfttcr; irri

\v'arm l>alh. pur*

-AFmoN.— Avffi/*-

vtmuting. pain in the stomAcn,
^ the V'wels, with violent pury-
'. frcqucn! and irregular
;<; vumitint (if nut al-
' ' ■ L* of nauseating
1 emetics, muci-
Mo.NK's Hoou
-icmr — Nausea, violent vom-
. vcrligOi cold sweats, dclir-
!■-. Trratntfnt — Excite vomiting
free enough) by emetics, large
--» wxmi water, nioLisses and water,
and chamumile leas, etc. ; acid
ilrfAlSy Mlinalantv. brandy, ether, animonia, opi-
Ma. li»x'xrAi.\ LavreI- — C)f great import-
9Xtiat\ *f boney mule from its flowers is poison-
<XDL, oshI blf^ which feed upon its buds m win-
ter »rc IlLcwivr poisnnou*. Symptt^ms — Ciiddi-
*1,..1m,.[»v of heal and cold, sickness
repeated vomiting and purg-
'■nt and weak pul&c. extreme
Tspiralion, convulsions, etc
;, mtidU^nou!; and nausca-
■ and water,
!'_-rs, strong

;--. - .--. ^^.-. -..usiun, stom-

^{wvp. MfWATIc Acil>,— Ji/m//i?mj— Kx-
trone tmUtioQ ; burning and sen^e of ^trangu-
fafioo in iwillowing; discharge of shreds of
MOCDift wcmbrane: swelling of thetliruat; dif-
firaky of rwaJlowing and breathing \ >.kia cold
apil covered »ilh dammy iwcal ; pub.c quick
aMSj^Mll; Uninr niciiiTti.irio of tin- niout}i and
fhruaf psrtial^ nt — Carbu-

<a, chalk, or

.n-l waLct, ashes and

dk. oil, etc. Plaster

■>: tTOten dowTi to a paste

n ; carbonate of soda, with

rj elm. If iuffocatlon is

'(C windpipe. MlRlATEOF

yi — Pain, bnmmg, weight

vcT'.igo, dimness of viiion, ring

t, pain m the head, tliroMiitig in

,^,1...;. .- 1 ... . '- .fment

. I '.lies,

I the

<-u:h pump; uputes in

'p TIM.— S>— //»A'*«r^ —

kin,
i--ions
; cd , cmet
.xkhng the I

( usrtial!

H*

throat, hot cloths to the stomach and bowels,
soothing and opiate clysters. NnnE. — Some-
times token by mistnLc for sonic other salt.
Symptoms — Intense pain in the stomach, nausea*
vunutiu^. profuse purging, blotidy stools, severe
colic pains in the lower part of the bowcJs, diffi-
cult breathing, great pro^itration, fainting, con-
vulsions. Treatment — Flaxseed ten, barley-wa-
ter, molasses and water, tickling the throat,
emetic!!, ojMutcs, stimulants, brondy. ether, etc
Nux Vomica or Strych-ma. — i>ymp(cmi — An
extremely persistent bitter taste in the mouth,
muscular spo&ms, great rigidity, limbs tixcd and.
stretched out, jaws spasmodically »hut, drowsi-
ness. If the symptoms are prolonged, nausea^
vomiting, difficulty of rcipirnlion, asphyxia.
Treatment — 'ITie Cannalts India (a variety of
the hemp plant) has been rcccmmendcd ols on
antidote \ emetics, to produce immediate vomit-
ing ; stomach pump ; vinegar, and other vege-
table acids, in water. OlL OK CFl>AJt. — SymA-
Awi/— Heat in the stomach, followed immedi-
ately by con\'uUions, with frothing at the mouth;
Imlsation ceases early. The body is warm a
ong time after death. IVeatmcHt — Vomiting to
be exdied as early as possible by large draughts
of warm water and other nauseating dnnks, by
ground mustard-seed, and ticUing the throat ;
use the stomach pump as early as possible. OlL
OF Rt'E. — Symptoms — Drj-ne^s of mouth and
throat, thirst, heat and pam in the stomach and
bowels, headache and delirium. Treatment —
Vomiting to be excited as quickly as possible by
large draughts of warm water and ether nause-
ating drinks, by ground mu'itard-sccd, ticlilmg
the throat, emetics, acids, slumach pump. OiL
OF Savin. — A])'»/^/.>mi— Headache, strong gen-
eral excitemeni, delirium, acule pain in the
stomach and bowels, nausea, vomilmg, purging,
convulsions. Treatment — Vomiting 10 be ex-
cited by copious draughts of warm water, mus-
tard-seed, tickling ihe throat, and tmeiics of
sulphate of cine or copper; acid drinks, muci-
lages, stomach pump. OiL of Tansy. — Symp-
tows — Heat in the stomach, followed imme<li*
ately by convulsions and frothing at the mouth;
pulsation feeble, and soon lost. Treatmenh—
Vomiting to be instantly excited by copious
draughts of warm water and oilier nauseating
drinks, mustard seed, tickling the throat, sul-
phate of line or copper, acid drinks, mucdagcs,
stomach pump. Oil of Tar. — Symptenis —
Si»ectly insensibility; laboriou-S rattling breath-
ing; coldness of ine extremities; contraction of
the pupils; sufliision of the eye; feeble pulse.
Treatment — Vomiting lo be instantly excited by
copious draughts of worm water, etc. OlL OF
VifRioi-. — Symptffwis — Extreme irritation, pain,
burning, and sense of strangulation in swallow-
ing ; retelling, vomiting, discharge of dark-col-
ore(i fluids and shreds of membrane from the
stomach; swelling of the throat; diffic-uUv of
swallowing and breathing ; cold, clammy skin ;
ouick and small pulse. 1 lie lining membrane of
the mouth and throat is prirti.illy destroyed, and
is of ft white color. Treatment — Carbonate of
magnesia, calcined magnesia, chalk or whiting,
mixcii with water, soap, or ashes and water;
lime from the pla«lere<i wall l>cat into a paste
with water, white of cgps, milk, oU; pcthapi
the stomach pump, btil with great caie. W wA-
focalion is threatened, open \\\c ivm4\A^-
OJ'JtJU.— JTj^m/A/iTM— Uiddiac&&, diovr&mtv^« «i

«

i8

DICTJO?rARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

I

iCTisibility, stupor ; pulse at first qukk and ir-
regular, and breaming hurried; afterwards
breathing is slow and noisy, and the puUc slow
A»d fulL In favorable cases there is early nau-
aea and vomiting. Twatnunt — Excite instant
vomiting by mustard-seed, copiout draughts of
warm water, and tickling the throat ; give sul-
phate of zinc (lo to 15 grs.) or copper (3 to 5) ;
use ilie stomach pump early. Give strong stim-
ulants, ether, brandy, ammonia, strong coffee
and lea. Pour cold water on the head and back
of the neck, and whip the skin, the palms of the
hands, and soles of tlie feet with small cords or
rods. Phosphorous. — Hot taste of garlic or
onions in the mouth, violent pains in the stom-
adi, nausea and vomiting, followed by great ex-
citement of the arterial vessels ; convulsions.
Trentment — Fill up the stomach with magnesia
and water ; give emetics and nauseating drinks
to keep up the vomiting. OxAi.ir Acm. — Gen-
erally Liken accidentally from its rcscmblanra to
Kp»om salts. Symptoms — Hot, burning taste in
swallowing ; immediate and constant >'omiting,
the matter thrown up being of a greenish or
brownish color, and extremely acid ; somclimes.
severe p.lin ; collapse; puke sm:dl, irrvguLir,
and scarcely perceptible ; numbness and spasm>i.
Tr^niment — Carbonate of magnesia, calcined
magnesia, chalk or whiting, made into a cream
with water, and administered freely; lime-water
vith oil ; emetics, mucilages ; stomach pump.
Potash. — Symptoms — Strong acid taste in the
mouth ; burning heat in the throat and stomach ;
sometimes vomiting and purging, with colic
pains ; cold, clammy skin ; sm-tll, frequent

fmlsc. Treatment — Vegetable acids, \-inegar,
emonjuice, or tartaric acid in water ; emetics,
clysters, opiates. Pmrssic Arm. — Symptoms —
Instant sensation of weight and pain in the
head ; nausea, quick pulse. In large doses, in-
stant insensibility, stupor, convulsions ; loss of
pnlftation, very slow and convulsive breathing.
Trtatmtnt — Application of strong ammonia lo
the nostrils, and stimulating lintmcnls lo the
chest ; cold water poured upon the head and
spine ; chlorine gas ; a dilute solulinn of chlo-
ride of fcoda or lime. PoisoN Ivy. — A running
vine which is found covering walls, shrubs,
trees, and in meadows. This plant, by contact,
and ujion many without contact, produces vie-
lent ery»ipetatuus inflammation, particularly ^-ith
ihe face and hands. The symploms are itching,
redness, burning, swelling, watery blisters, and
subsequently peeling of the skin. These effects
are experienced soon after exjjosurc, and usually
begin to decline within a week. Treatment —
Bathe the parts freely with spirits of nitre. If
the blisters be broken, so as to allow the nitre to
I»enctrate the cuticle, more ihaa a single applica-
tion will rarely be necessary. Another remedy
is to take a handful of quick-lime, dissolve it in
water, let it stand half an hour, and then paint
the poisoned parts with it. Three or four ap-
plications will generally cure. Another is to
bathe the affected iwrt'i well witli sweet (or olive)
oil, taking internally 2 tablespoonfuls 3 times a
day. Anointing the fncc and hands with sweet
oil will prevent poisoning by the i\'y. Poison
DOf-wo«ii. — A small hut beautiful shrub or
tree, from 10 to 15 feet high, having a dark gray
bark, its smaller branclic of a lighter color, and
its cxUeme twigs red. Ils effects arc similar to
those of Poison Ivy, but more powerful. The

Twisonous principle is most energetic during the
burning of the wood. Symptoms and trcalmcnt
the same as for the ivy. St;GAR of Lead or.
Whitk Lead. — Symptoms — A burning, prick-
ling sensation in the throat, with dr>-ne5s and
thirst; uneasiness at the pit of the stomach;
nausea, vomiting; colic pains, con»;ltPation of
the bowels, ct)ld skin, feeble and irregular pulse,
great prostration of (he strength, cramps, numb-
ness, paralysis, gidtluiess, torpor, insensihility.
Treatrnefit — Epsom or Glauber salts, (sulphates
of raagneMa and soda.) mucilages, nftk, white of
eggs, wheat flour with water, emetics; stomach
pump. Tartar Emktic. — Symptoms — Nausea-
severe vomiting, hiccough, burning heat and
pain in the stomach, colic pains, violent purg-
ing, small, frequent and hard pulse ; cramps,
vertigo, fainting, and great prostration. Treat-
ment— Tea made of oak bark or I'enivian bark*
strong green tea, mucilages, warm drinks, opium*
opiate clysters. Tobacco. — Symptoms — Severe
nausea, vomiting, headache, sudden sinking of'
the strength, cold sweats, convulsions. Treat-
ment — Emetics, copious draughts of worm wa-
ter, tickling the throat with the finger or fvathefi
purgatives, acid drinks, stimulants, brandy,
camphor, etc. Tiior.v Apple or Stramomvm.
Symptoms — Vertigo, delirium, stupor, convul-
sions, paralysis, cold sweats, feeble and irregular
pulse. Trrettinent — Emetics of sulphate of zinc
or copper, musiard-.seed, tickling the throat,
slomach pump. WitlTK VlTKloi. or Sil-rHATB
lit" Zinc — Symptoms — Hitter taste in the mouth,
with sensation of choking; nausea and severe
vomiting ; pain in the stom.ich and bowels ;
purging, difficult breathing, quick and small
pulse, coldness of the cxircmitics. Treatment —
Albumen, white of egcs, wheat flour and water,
milk abundantly, infusions of tea, oak bark, etc ;
emetics, purgatives, and opiate clysters.

POISOXOUS DKUGS, Labels fcr,— Very
many cases of accidental poisoning would be
prevented if druggists would print labels that
would not only give the name of the poison and
the dose, but would also give the anliiJule. A
transcript fur such a label might be as fol-
lows :

UAUDANtIM — poison.

Datf — For an adult, from twenty to forty
drops. Should not be given to chUdren except
in very small doses.

AntiJote, — In case of accident, use active
stimulants. Coffee, tea, brandy, and ammo-
nia,

THUNDER STOKMS, Safety During,
I. The opening of the doors antl windows of
house, or the keeping of them closed, will in
neither case influence the passage of the electric
current. — 2. Sitting by a window is not only as
safe, but probably more safe, than some other
p.irts of the house. It is, however, less safe tOi
sit near the fireplace. The chimney, being Oi«;
most prominent part of the house, is the poin6
generally on which the lightning strikes. Tlie
best place is Xo sit or be as near the middle of
the room as convenient. — 3. If in Ijcd, and the
bed he as far as any other part of the room from
the fireplace or its metallic furniture, it would
[irobably be safer to remain in it during the
storm.— 4. It is uAen recommended to go down
stairs, it being supposed that a cellar, being be-
low the surfiace ot the eortli, is the safest place of

Acc/Dsyrs at^d EnfEnaEm:rEs,

>9

I
I

t'

c froin wit

T it mu.\t be

out of the

' louiU ; Oic

-r, may ac-

I he point III

's aic

iricitv

i (if)urs, av.

%'■■ 11 lrecs» lo i li

1!i- uiuicr storm; but UiUly cx-

Y wet; and if on hiKh ^jround

»K^T.- ;;*t-n-- ^ ■- '■ ■■ ■■ :. ' ■■ '"

tSJtt tlwTrlC ■- .

k : 1 lie down, ia&icad of mainiaining

•ii .lion. — 7. Avoid standing close to

■ij lutioUic txxiies, as lead pipes, iroa rail-
■tn, etc

iOf/i-^M^' T-^-- .,-.,,...._. ^re, at firsl,
diflkttb;, ^' the he*d,

wUb (n-i ily; gradual

tlofconr real iirmnc$>s, followed

W(U&... .; and pain in the breast,

■■OiNlni^ t.> Uic lock. JvL-mcdics for the prompt
■ulpcnBUlcnt cure ofthiv disease are unknown.
The «»m« lAn be cunlruUed by the u^e of
cUurofom or ciher. taken into the stomach or
I7 iahalabon. llic ImwcU should \x freely
■owj tivwairm- water injections. Rapid friction
oTliic whole hiviy by attendants will be advan-
tUBOVi. ' ! that the application of spirits

•Ttwp- face and neck will etTect a

Cfts** ijws are firmly closed, the

<b- 1 will allow the jiaAsage of

i»" ^. fooiJ in a fluid state can lie

into the rectum. 11je»c r*-
rv lo the nuurtshmeul of ihe
pidcVt, coju CMS av' ' a the disease is

•edml oommg on. : .-ces of soft wood

BC plaoed between 1:.. .., ^.- .iud lower jaw, one
oi <ai£ sadc« so that ihcy may be kept asun-

s' AND WASPS,—
h very painful, are not
person, unless in the
The sling of a bee,
l«rt)«d at the end. is alwayi^ left in the
■bI ahoold, when pos^iMe, be carefully
TtiU of a wi '.-d only, io

tto dkey on rting moTv w hich a tree

«aB»o«d». If, *Arr •' '

trmiad, tfae vound '

Am xr: _; will result. — 2.

'h V iiter. and ap-

^.lshed

wing

yW isiQc-iu
«fl,w3l|nvY

Sfai Cht

w^ icxuU m a ccrUrn cure, bcc

SUFFOCATJOy FROXr XOXfOUS
04SBS, S — RexBovc to the frub air ; di&b

cold vinegar and water in the face, neck, and
breast; keep up the ^varmlh of Ihe body; if uec-
cssaiy Ai>ply mustanl poultices to the soles of ihc
feel, ana try ai-liliciai respiration as in Drvwn-

SUNSTROKE. — In every instance where
one is found dinting in the street on a hot day.
the fir^t thing is lo remove the person to as cool
and !>li;uJy a ]>l(u:e as can 1« found, and, if p)ssi-
blc, to where a draft c>i Air is blowing at the
lime. Bvbtandcrs and mere curioiut iillcrs should
be kept from crowding around. It should be
iindervtocMl that there are two morbid conditions
r&tuliini; from excessive heat. Thcw differ
' t in their iymptoms, and require a
: different treatment. The hrsl of
_.ars during hot weather, after undue ex-
ertion on the part uf the person thiu affected.
'Ilic man is fault, jicrhaph unable to move, al-
though he can generally be roused; he has a
feeble pulse and a cool and moist &kiu. Here
iherc is si- '■ - ' -- of nervous power, and re-
lief is pi' icd by removing him to a
cool, sna'i; , , I'l^'ing cold water or ice to
the head, and adminutering iced brandy and
water, iced wine and waler, or other stimubnu
In the other and more fatal form of this aflcclion
a dilTerent set of symptoms show themselves.
Here the patient suddenly laJU to the ground,
completely unconscious, his skin is pungently
hot and dry, liis breathing hurried, convulsions
are not uncommon, and, if proper treatment be
not promptly resorted lo, death soon takes
place. In this, alii^o, the patient should be
promptly removeil to a «ihady nnd cool spot, per-
fectly private, so that ihe crowd may be kept off
without fail. His clothing should l>c stripped
on*, and his whole bo<ly should be rubbed with
ice from head to fool, and pieces of ice should
be kept under the armpits. I'his should be
steadily persevered with until Ihe patient is re-
stored, or until a doctor arrives, or until it is
plain that the patient is Iwyond recovery.

THRO A T, f'i>nij^n BmiVs in tjit. — Persons
are frequently in danger of .^ufTocation from fish-
bones, pins, etc., which ^tick to the throat,
llic moment an accident of this kind occurs, de-
sire the patient to be perfectly still; open his
mouth, and look into it. If vou sec the obstruc-
tion, endeavor to seixc it with vuur finger and
thumb, or a long, slender pair o}" pincers. If it
cannot l>e got up, and is not of a nature to do
any injury in the stomach, push it down with the
handle of a spoon, or a flexible, rciund piece of
whalcl^one, the end of which is neatly covcre<l
with a roll of linen, or anything that may be at
hand. If you can neither get il up or down,
place six grains of tartar emetic in ihe patient's
mouth. As it dissolves, il will make him exces-
sively sick, and, in conbetjucnce of the relaxa-
tion, the l>onc. or whatever it may be. will de-
scend into the stomach, or l>c ejected from the
mouth. If a p*"' hulton, or otner metallic or
pointed body, nos been ^wallowctl, or pushed
mto the stomach, make the patient eat plentifully
of thick rice pudding, and endeavor to prevent
him from goiog 10 stool for at least twelve
hourv

30

DICTIONARY OF RVERY-DAY WANTS.

APIARY.

I

I

NATURAL mSTORY OF TffE BEE.

— A community or family of bees i^ generally
unitcr^tood to contain from twelve tu thirty thou-
sand iiiilividuaU, ALiout nine-tenths uf the
vhoic number are common or working bees, and
the remainintj tenth male or drone bcc*. an<I at
the head of the commonwealth there is a person-
age who is entitled •' the quecu" or mother
bee.

The Queen, or the Mother Bee.—
This imi>ortant individual di/Tcrs In her appear-
ance and her functions from all the other mem-
ber's of tl»e family. She is darker, longer, and
more taper in figure than the common bcc ; her
legs are longer, although her wings are shorter,
and underneath her color is tawny or yeUowish
brown. She is furnished with a sting like the
working bees, which, however, she uses, it is
said, only on very important occasionn. She is
the motlier of ttie whole community; all the
working Ijeea, ihe drones, and those intended to
be future qoeens, proceed alike from her eggs,
of which, according to some writers, she has
sometimes been known to produce a hundred
thousand in tine year ; a number not too Urge
when new swarms arc considered, as well as the
deaths and casualties continually occurring
among the members of the hive. The mother
bee not only ocimpics the maternal relalion to
her immense family, but exercises over them an
influence analogous to that of n sovereign, a cir-
cumstance from which her appclbtion of queen
is justly derived- On her presence depends nut
only the prosperity but the very existence of the
bee nation ; and with thi& influence cxerciiicd by
the qneen herself, a corresponding instinct is in
operation in all the then members of the com-
munity, which may justly be compared with
what we understand by llic term "loyalty."
Ilie absence of the insect monarch, whether
from death or any other cause, speedUy entails
disorder, confusioix and anarchy ; all labor is ter-
minated, and the bees disi^>erse.

The Working BLts.— These arc distinct,
both from the queen and the drones, being
smaller, and having the charge of making inces-
sant provision for Die wcU-bcing and sustenance
of ihe whole family. Their dauy toils ore an il-
lustration of what is called the "division uf la-
bor," the value of which was unknown to man
for centuries after the bee had been taught to
avail herself of the system. Some of the work-
ers occupy Ibeniselvcs in making tlie combs
from the woi, which is a natural secretion ; oth-
ers keep the eggs worm which are to prwlucc
future members of the hive; others encage in
fec<ling the queen and the larv.i: or y<.iung Dro<Kl;
Others lake charge of the ventilation and clean-
iing of the hive ; some lake un them the duty ol
guarding the common habitation from attack,
and warning its inhabitants of impending dan-
ger ; ollicrs wing (heir way to tne &clds and
S aniens, and collet with indrlatigablc industry
le Carina and honey that arc so imperatively re-
fuirrd.
7'U£ J?JtoA£ itfics:— Tliesc Are larger, darker.

and more hairy than the workers ; they have no
stings, their motions on the wing are heavier,
and the sound of their humming so much deeper

' as to give rise lo their characlerisiic appellation.

j The ilrone^ lake nu part in the process o( col-
Icciing or storing honey, nor, indeed, in any of
the various industrial occujrationa in which the
workers engage. Neither their instincts nor or-
ganization ailapt them to these ofliccs ; but Infi-
nite Wisdom has called them to the i>errormancc
of functions no Ic^-s important. S',>me highly m-
leresting and marvelous instincts are illustratetl
in the history of tt»c drones. They are, as al-
ready staled, unt)ro<luctive — that is to say, they
do nothing to add to the wealth of the commu-
nity. As mere consumers, the drones seem at
certain periods to lie regarded by the working
bees OS an expensive as well as a useless class,
only worthy of being destroyed or exjKlled.
Accordingly, if the necessity of swarming ceases,
and no royal cells are constructed, or the royal
brood have l>een prcmaturdy destroyed, the in-
stinct of the workcis prompts thcni to the ex-
pulsion of the drones, against whom a fierce war
i» declare*!, ending in their extermination. On
the other luind, if the queen bee is forcibly taken
from the hive, Ihe instinct of the workers leads
them to spare the lives of the drones, who con-
tinue to be boarded and lodged at tlie public ex-
pense, in consequence, apparently, of the pre-
sumption, that although the cost of their supjmrt
may l)C considerable, circumstances may arise to
render Ihe very existence of the community de-
pendent upon them,

SWARMINO. — The instinct that prompts these
wonderful insects to Usue from the hive and es-
tablish new colonies, is called into exercise when
ll»e hive contains too great a numlwr of inhabi-
tants, and llicrc is not a sufficient space either
for breeding young bees or storing honey. The
crowded stale of the hive renders emigration in-
disi:)ensable, and arrangements are made for the
important event. Koynl cells arc formed, and
yi>ung queens arc anxiously and tenderly fostered
m them, since without them emigration is im-
practicable. In these circumstances the bees
cease to gather honey, and a period of idleness
occurs which terminates with swarming. The
owner of the bees, therefore, must either multi-
ply the number of his hives, bv allowing them
to swarm. - ' ■ ^-v prevent tne swarming bv
furnishir.;: ■ .icxommodalioii for bleed-

ing and «.' „ ' -ncy ; for it has been found

thai bees can be controlled perfectly in ibis mat-
ter, divided as much as the owner finds d«?str-
oblc, or swarming prevented entirely if he wishes
it.

Artificial Swarming. — This shculd be un-
dertaken only when honey is abundant in the
fields and the n'ghts warm. To divide them,
have a liivc at hand of the same sire and pattern
OS your others. Tlifn from four hives lake each
two from ( ' ; in the new t

plying tb. '■ with em;

Tfccn mov. V .;. ^ouhave not

a rod or more away lo a new place,

at

f,i.- .^v.«,„ .Kw ,-„- -'ood. This should

n: day, when many

' These will corae

< aid pliiiir, and find it <<trange;

a> tirirf-t nnd y'lng h<?rs hatch-

4flii c^;., ■ r queen,

will At ! remain

work .t-^ ,...,,;, ,:.vi -,^ ,.,,. . ...^ jjroccis

be repeated ercry two weeks untiJ you have

'irr! iii?fli.icnt increase. The hives from

c combs and the ones M'hich

V place, will lose so many Iwci

[ think of swarminc. but will

r up their loss, and \x l»ctter

i, I.I I. ,Ti r .1 .ri Croni them.

ide bees, and

I iM.. — Iiumcflintcly after

rm open the luves, (you

"" r this, ) destroy cv-

'he end of five days

.- .'.J the combs again,

! cell that may now ap-

' «avefl at first. But if

:: queens is allowed to

f .".'fore anything; is done,

Um ic'iri t; .'AMiuiii.g will rise to such a pitch

t&Jt jrou cknnot illay it, and the old hive may

t.

destitute. The best way is to make
nil an artificial one lieiore or soon
clh arc fUrtcd. Then at the end
'•^y all cclJs but one, as above.

of their lop ciigcs to receive the frames. Now
nnil these pieces together, .nnd we have a bus
'3lj' by 19 inches upon the inside, with neither
tup nor tN>tlum. The bottom board is Ij*^ by
26 inches, is fitted inside the hive, the Inick tnd
placed 4 inches from the bottom, forming an in-
clined plane, and extending in front of the hive,
making a cunvenicntalighliug booid for the bees.
An inch auger hole is bored in each upper oir-
ner of the iK'ttom bf>ard, and covered upon the
under f.tde with wire cloth, for ventilation. A
4trip 13^^ by 3 inches is fitted in the aperture at
the front of the hive. TA^ AfovahU I'rauus arc
coch composed of 4 piece* — the top piece being
I by l^i inches by 30 inches long; the end
piece<i are 1^ by I inch, and lo^ inches in
Icnph; the bottom piece i by )^ an inch, and
18 inches in length. The bottom edge of the
top piece is beveled to an edge ; the end pieces
niiilcd to it an inch from each end, and the bot*
lorn piece is nailed on the end of these. Tliis
gives us a frame 17 inches long by 10 deep, in-
side measurement. Nine of these will go into
the hive, leaving a % inch space all around, and
Iwtwecn each frame. This gives us a hive hold-
ing 2,295 <^ubic inches in the main npartmeiil.
'J he Cit

I
\

1^

ongd
cangi'

in? i

t

«nI onl ssmI dt>«c \o tin
wr tnrli in front. If a

e two feet smiare
_ .„ inward, ^o that no bee j
.vay from the hive without fly- 1
I cA-ir'^e, prevent the escape of
i-turn.
■nfiS — maybe pre-
uij; ■. \< ■ '^c hive shaded-

ird, except a
.0, set in the

^t

i

r/ of the Hive should Ijc made 16 by 31 »i

inches aiul 9 inche.s in depth; nail iij>oq top uf

this a board 20 by 26 inches for a cover. Now

wc have a cap which will fit over the lop of the

hive, and Li held in place by strips an inch

square, nailed upon the outside of the hive, ^

warms, clip the wings of the j an inch below its top. The form ol this hive is

■n yard" in front of the similar to that used by many of the most sue-

with , ccssful bcc-keepcis in our country.

Another Kxceijj:nt Beehive. — The prin-
d)Kd object in making a beehive should be to
moke it a non-swarmer, and seaire the largest
amount of surplus honey m the best shape for
the markol. This point can l»c attained by ih
use of a device called a " queen-yard." m»le
follows : Nail together strips of Imards to maki
a box 18 or 30 inches s<|uare, by 3 or 4 inch
r 4S hoars, And give, perhaps, a pound j deep, with a floor of thin Ixiards, except a i^trip

4 inches wide, which should lie of wirc-cloth,
for sifting out dirt, and for ventilation. Fasten
strips of Un 1 indies wide around the inside at
ihc top, parallel to the floor ; and moke an
opening in the side next to the wire doth, in the
floor, c>:>rresponding to the entrance of the hive.
I'aint the upper side of tlie tin some light color.
In swarmin^-limc place this yard in front of the
hive. Previously examine the hive, and dip the
wings of tlie queen. When a swarm is disj-oscd
to issue, all the l)ces arc obliged to pass through
this yard, and the queen, being unable to fly, or
crawl over the projecting tins, will return to the
hive, where the bees will soon follow her. To
prevent their raising a young queen which can
ny. the hive must be opened and all queen cells
cut out once a week, unless it is desirable to su-
persede tlic old queen, in which case one cell
nmy be left ; and after she has liatched and com-
menced Uying, which will he in about 10 days
hnd her and clip her wings as above directed.
The old queen shoidd l)c rcmavcd just before
the young one hatches. 'Die inside of the hive
15 simple, conjiisling of 8 niovuble frames, sup*
I "'rted by a device which clear* them from any

;cnL The frames arc it by iS inches, inside,
, osurerocnt, and arc hdil in place Vt-y ■! y'vetc
liL'(.>p-iron fastened on the ouVs'vAc ot one o^
^i upon ttic ifiMiic I end pieces, near lUc boUum, amlbcuv at i xv^

pMd Tkrot..

arr tim cu.

:ary.— The proper

■ February, or ihe

■ ks have then

■ ; the combs

^'it of honey,

saJety ami ease.

a competent judge,

n ays be relied on ;

'-lertc

with
dby

1

I: lU

««cb a

•A"ir(U, the number
and that they are
.m. may !:« safelv

ut *- —

>n th
.dry:

V

u

:rc I>rought home
e ^^e fufuse, care being
ind (mt Ironi the sltacks

r " - - 1 ,

hr.,

Uyt.

i«

, ;-.r

1 1.15 will be worked,
irtoving.

—Take .any gooil,

■*ciit — and dress it

• ' " !.e 15

. after

i'UC iiul

^^

23

DICTIONARY OF BVBRY-DA Y WANTS,

ongtc to project iindcr the end of the ftamc %
of an incli, to fwrni a sort of hook. Tlicrc
should l>c space enough between the hook and
end of frame to allow it to slip over a piece of
hoop-irou fastened across the bottom board of
llLe nivCt which has a slight channel cut under it
to give the requisite room. One end of each
frame being thus sccureil they remain perpen-
dicular, antlarc kept at the righi distance Trom
each other — ^ of an inch — by nails partially
driven in the stdcs of the frames. There are va-
rious otlier items in the construction, such as
ventilators, etc, wliich I cannot take room to
describe. At the «ides and top of the»c frames
there is space enough to place surplus boxes of
over lOO lbs. capacity, holding from 2 J^ to 4 lb-;,
each. Top boxes arc placed directly on the
frames ; side boxes with the partially open end^
against the main conih.s. If the honey is de-
signed for home wnsumption, extra frames uiav
be used instead of Iwxeri. A large Iwx, which
\i joined at the corners with hooks, incloses the
wliolc, and can he readily opened at any time.
The space devoted to boxes in summer can be
filled witli dry hay or straw, and the hives re-
main safely on the summer stand during winter.
Those who prefer to increase their colonies by
natural or artificial swarming to securing large
amounts of surplus honey, can use these frames
to advantage by omitting the extra space designed
for bpxes, and inclosing with a box just large
enough to accommodate the frames, leaviiig suf-
ficient room to prevent the bees from waxing the
outside c*JmI>s last to the hive.

Position of the Hives. — For an npiary, or
even a single hive of bees, the Iwst position is a
sheltered nbce on a low level, instead of an el-
evated anu exposed situation, and as free as this-
siblc from damp, noxious smells, and disturbing
sounds. A plot of well-kept grass, or a sjwcc
covered vriih dry gravel, i-, frequently very de-
sirable. 'ITiere strems to be no definite rule as
to the best position for the hive as regards the
points of tlie conii>a>>s ; the bees liave been
found to thrive whctlier their abtKle fronts the
boulh, the north, or any intermediate (Mjiut. On
this subject so much def>cnds on the locality, the
climate, and various other considerations, lliat it
is difliculi, or rather impossible, to prcAcril>e any
rule of universal apijlication.

CitASCiNG HiVJts. — The best lime to change
bees without loss from eoamiun to movable
frame hives is about the season of swarming,
which varies with the latitude and climate.
About the lime when swarms arc expected nat-
urally, take the luve which you wish to transfer,
and, blowing a little smoke into the entrance,
remove it a nxi or more from its stand, leaving
an empty box or hive in its jtlacc, into which the
bees that arc out in the field may gather. In-
vert the hive which you have moved, and put
over it an empty Uix or hive, as near the s.'une
size and shape as possible, and stop all holes or
crocks between the two with gras* or weeds thai
may be at hand, leaving no hole large enough
for a l>ce to escape. Then with *.ticks keep up a
hharp ilrummiiig on the bottom hive, at which
tiie tK-es, alarmed, will fdl their s.ics with honey
snd mount into the u]){>er hive. In from 20 10 lo
minutes most of the l)ecs, with their ouecn, wdl
be in the empty box on top. The lieginner need
not fear driving too many ; let all go that will.
Then carefully set the box containing the bees in

a shady place, and take the old hive back to the
place where it stood. While you have iKren
driving, many bees will have come bock to their
home, and finding it gone, will be roaming in
and out of the empty hive in distrcsi. llicic
will at once rush into the old hive when it re-
turns, and gladly wlhere to it. Then remove it
to a !<3cation some yards off, when, as it contains
many hatching bees and eggs, the bees will at
once rear a new queen to replace the one juit
driven out. and in a short time be as prosperous
as ever. Mow place your new movable comb-
hive, with iti entrances all ojMni, on the old
stand, and spread a sheet before it ; on this sheet
empty the bees you have driven into the Imjx,
and they will at once take up a line of march for
ihe entrance of the new hiw; if Ihey gather
there, brush a few in with a wing or twig, and
iliey will call the others, who enter in a body
antf accept llie new liive as their home.

Food for Bees. — It must be sufficiently ob-
vious tliat no artilicial fo«>ii can be so acceptable
or suitable to the bee as pure honcy~the kind
of nutriment which llie instinct of the creature
itself induces it lo provide ; refuse honey may
therefore, in preference lo any utlier kind of
food, be given lo the bees whenever it is really
required; but in many instances ariificial ft>od is
supplied. In spring it is recommended by com-
petent judges that even strong hives Iw fed, ia-
asntUL'h as thev are stimulated by the increased
temperature which the feeding occasions; but
that there ought lo be no feetUng — unless there
exists an unavoidable necessity for it — till the
hive exhibits some degree of animation; for the
l>ees often are leniptcu to go forth prematurely
in quest of flowers, and numbers in this way
perish, being unable to return home. As al-
ready observed, honey furnishes the best l>ecause
tlie most mitural clement, and it may very prop-
erly be rendered more liquid by a slight naraix-
ture of water ; but various substitutes for honey
have Ikrcn resorted to, and by no means unsuc*
ccssfuUy.

Ilt:K Feeder.— An excellent bee feeder, and
one not covereil, I l>elievc, with a {Utenl, is made
thus: Make a wooden box without a bottom,
somewhere about S by 10 inches, and 2 inches
deep. Nail over the top a piece of ^ood muslio,
Istving it loose enough to sag down in tlie mirl-
dlc nc.irly or quite to the lower edges of the
sides of the box — if intending lo use it on ihe
top of box hives, it ought not lo hong down
quite so low. Now you can set this feeder,
muslin side uppermost, on llic top of a box hive,
having opened the boles, ur directly on the Ions
of the frames of a movable comlt hive. Pour the
honey or syrup on the conc:ive muslin, and the
bees will lake it from the under side. Cover the
whole apparatus so as to secure it from rob-
bers.

Tasturage for Bees. — Districts of country
where grain is extensively cultivated nie less fa-
vorable to bees than ihosein which fields aWund*
ing with wild flowers exist, and \vb«re clover
peas, beans and similar plants arc largely grown'.
The blossoms of fruit trees of all kiiuls, and ihe
flowers of the broom, the furze, and ihc bram
We, allaflbrd the bee great advantages for t Si
collection of Iionev and farina Tlh. 1 - "^
too, in the neighborhood of On- V" P'an^mg,

cus. the blue liepatica, W^ bla(l-'\^^u'* ^^ ^^'
mignonette, is also foun^ (q ^^ "<:Ucbofe^ aac

I

"" It dry.

■ nct-

i .. -. -..., .. ;(jL- sc-

ic prcparatiun of honey

■ <> nutural supply »if the

!l;in cuy reach o I the liule

vessel most lie placeil nenr

1 so as lo t]oat on the

[art nf it. The holes

lU from which the bee* can

. wilhuut the (Inngcr uf thdr

r.

itADOw, — Too much heat is

iicvs ; they ought not lo be

sun in Nuhry wvathcr. It

r^rtrrmely irrilaMc, and cx-

iifbcinjp more or

' It IS very im-

%liikll Htttj l>c thfoM^ over the liivc. In uur
^fiiniaa ibe scrcrn is to be prrrcrrril. sis caa>>ing
% mixSal tinde, and at tl > <- ]KTnntting

sEclter ventilation. Or m dxcclknt

1 ■ .,... bi!LSt in thick

i a uniform icm-
H ;'• and he adds,
.lipf.'O'.c ihat Ixx's cxpoicd to
\he car1ie«tt and strongest
' \pcricnccd Ihc rcvcn»e.
' working, and the san

wntikttion.
Viiter tanwW '^"

tlVtSltX. tvCTt'i

:: IIER5. — Domestic fowls are
', and nisu some birds, fnim
«)it^»£^tAck^ a:^ they ningv the fields at a di«-
bsue fiwi the liive they cannot be jiroiectcd.
AoMMm '' ' '" ', or blue tomtit,

vilicli - < ftrtrds his ynung

•wii^ iV . -..\id lo endeavor to

iiiio the hi\'e its-elf. Mice aic often
Tie, and even rata sometime* make
litve. Slu^N and mails often
bic; and especially in worm
,i,. ..... I. of wasps and hor-

•m a: the bees. In all

iWvr t ice can do much.

W«»|m' ncu^ viigfat ii.- he tlcstrovctt wherever
tteC «i!h; lAiectsofall LiiuK. «ucn as earwigs,
wtftdUoe, uiu, etc. $>hoidil be cleared away.
Ib • *t*r<U the hi*«s and *.unds f-T tln-m ought

lo ^ kcfit ts c^n and n-
WivniitAo Bth.s.— \

ma -.f v."-i":-n Voftrni:, ^r
r

■ t-

net ofdoorv.

l-
i

t?

i*

■■■ -i!,lc.

i^ to miilt a

' u the Inimes

winter passages

, and the quilt

' rf well

th cut

!. In

. add be

ted to

' V, only

in the

with

wire

cloth, anil ' nivrriod and set on *f Itidl

strips. I not be put into the ccllnr

unhl cohl v_.„.„. . .:ncs on in earnest. A warm
and pknisant day should be cho.'ren to put them
out ajrain, for they will be altraclrd by the light
and Ay out, when, if it be chilly, some will per-
ish.

Re.\ri>g Qleens. — Premising Ihat you ose
movAbIc frames, make a numl)er of ^maIl tr.tm*^,
as near 4 or 5 inches S'juarc as maj^ be, to jusl
fit inside one of >-our large ones, till with clean
worker comb — that which has been frozen i<. the
l)es(, because Ihc eggs of the moth will have
been thus destroyed — and put tlie larye frame
containing thc^f " ■ -^ m the middle of some
stock with a f>. 'mm which you \vish

to hreed. Pr-i ■ iiic small boics on the

pUn of a simple movable frame liivc, with loose
lop and rabbeting for the frames, nnd just the
iiic to accommodate three or four of them,
\\1\en eggs have been deyrfjsited in the combs,
set up one of your small boxes with them as a
hive in miniature, nnd confine in it between a
pint and quart of bees. They will immcdititcly
construct tjuccn cells, and may then be opcnctl.
In this way any number of queens may be pro-
vided.

How TO CH.S.NGE COLC^IES OF BLACK BEES

TO iTAi.lAV. — Since the queen is the moiher of
all the bees in the hive, and deposits all the eggs,
it follows that ihcy will all be like her. If men
the queen be taken from a colony of cumtnon
bees, and an Italian queen be put there in her
stead, all the eggs, thenceforth laiti will produce
Italian Ikcs ; and as the life of Ihe worker Itcc is
short, in from two lo three months the old bees
will all have died cnt, and l»e replactrl in greater
numl.icrs bylhc beautiful Italians. These Italian'
(juecns are now reared for sale by scientific api-
arians, and sent to any part of the world with
perfect safely. If a pure queen purely impreg-
nated b purcha.*ved and intrr.»ducco to any colony
of black occa, an Italian stock is secured in the
best and least exj>ensiv« way.

The Safest wavto Introditce an Itauan
Colony. — ^Take away the queen of the colony lo
which the Italian is to be given. To fin<I her
most easily, open the stand in llie middle of a
fine day, when many bees arc absent from the
hive. Disturb the l>ce5 as little as po^^itible, and
have an a.ssistant to look on one side of ihc frame
while you estamine the other. Look, first on the
combs near where the bees cluster, as the queen
is apt to l>e there. As soon as you have found
and killed her, put the Italian queen, witli three
or more of the bee> that come with her, into a
wire cage which always accompanies her when
sent, und lay this over the frames near the clus-
ter, or, if l^c weather be cool, the cage may
liC laid between two frames. Leave her there
4S hours, and then, without dtsturlnng the bees,
withdraw Uic stopper, and allow Uie queen to go
into the hive at her pleasure.

BEBSn'AW To irJtittn.—lti March or
April molt yellow wax without boiling ; then
having several pewter di'-hes ready, dip the out-
side Viollom of each di''h in fliir water; then dip^
ihern into the wax, and take uj) a very ihin plaM
of wax — the thinner the better ; lake thorn off,
and expose them uiwm the gra.ss to the sun, air,
and dews, until incy be tniW-wViVc, Vutw^^
tljem t»flen.

B££SIVAX^ To Bltach {Jiahan Mrlkod.y-

ii

mm

■,pAy

J.M^''^

in

,^

r.c^^<^,,T.:^.e^>^-

.-•rJlJl^^

-Uoni.

ant

>*'^^^^<^;?;:-^cAiMn-^.av^

,\^v\V ^^""^.^s

^■"^''u^T^^^tver \'^f^s^c. ^- Y*^^^^^ -:;i>^^

ft*<4

>H-

vbis

tevo

^v..»irv'f-*\*""

ao^

itottft

c.vi"LK;veS8:^

(^<

^^rt

sS£SS^I=g5§

t\i^ ^^^\^;;_^v«*^ "'''^•TCo\a^^",^ce\\»T*

3^3^

1.PE^

T»W

ibc

V\iivc

ioux

ilUc^

s^^SS-

rtYV^^-^-^-^vbC

\^f'^i. *ooA dc^^rcUv^'^^:

oC'»^T^::;;,tcnnis^;:,r*ri^v,

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^^^^.^kft^

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be

^^^^T^"d"ol\^^^^

.u" ^.'';'^^ dit^y

n^*^

idcoi

lOl

«^oV"ns *"= *T0^e vrcaT.r::;.rV«vC«

ed. »*.

ric^'

toy

Vo^

vc

,ci-

'^^ . rt\UCi*'. . _

idc

'^•^^ "d^ ^»^^M">.i:caic

SM?-

-have*** _ .-rtVCtC^ ...t^\dC*-^ ^^^

sno« ':j-^v ,o u»- roots_^---ie o^^':;;;:jout«

U ^-V.Tef'^.'-JgS

ttlO^^^l'DO**'

S^SSt ^-^i^^f '^'*"< ■ ""'^"- '^•* "^^

l^'^-'lwanno^^"--

.Vvon

»t^

= ^-^vi^>'»^.„vA^^:;;chc. JV^A Vc\-^av«-'»:;'0.cf ^cii g^-^e »^

c->-^';i^^j:^^''5rv^

d

an<-

SW

^j^^ir^^^^^'^su:^

ll\c

acncc

^°i:'?or-'-JS-v-^^-.>«^ ^^.to(c^;\,.^^

votny

,t\^

,V\v

ca^T

econ"^"^^c ouUc^

pJ^

M*^^

'It

.. of r £r<Lt vaV. ^ c»\!

i>H^&

ftn^i ^a\ei\

i\\cs.iv\?»V<.cct^,

i\'^'^-M\^*^"^^

DICTIONARY OF EV^ERY-DAY WANTS,

The ycilnw wax is first mcUed in a kctllc, and
then ii dipped out into a long tin vessel that will
hold two or three galloiis, and which ha*, a row
of small holes, about the diameter of a knitting-
needle, in the bottom. This vessel is fixed over
a c)'Under uf wocxl 2 feet In length and 15 inches
in diamctLT, which is made to revolve like a
grindstone, in one end of a trough of water, 2.%
KCt in width, 10 to 15 feet in length, and j foot

in depth. As the melted wax (alls in smaU
streams on this wet revolving cylinder, it flattens
out into a thin ribbon, and floats off toward the
other end of the trough of water. It is then
dipped out with a itkimmer (that may l>c made
of^ osier twigs.) spread on a table with a t(?i>
made of small willow rotU, covered witli a denn
white cloth, and tlien exposed in this way to the
sua until bleached.

CARPENTER AND BUILDER,

BUILDING HOUSES, Hints on.— l. Build
solid, substantial foundations laid up in cement
or mortar, with footing-course projecting 6 inches
on either side, as this is a preventive against rats
burrowing under the foundation and entering iKc
lioase from the outside. PUister the walls on
the outside flush and smooth with cement where
coming against the earth ; this prevents the sur-
face-water from percolating through the joints
of the waJlsandmakingyourcellnr wet and damp.
If it is a clay soil, and your house is situated
on a side hill, sub-drain your cellar, lend tlie
drain out to the lowest ]»irt of your ground, and
let it discharge on the surface. If your ground
slopes in all directions nway from the house, the
above precaution is not necessary. — 2. Do not
suprwrt the interior partitions to your house upon
hncK piers in the cellar, with a limber girder
running from pier to pier, and the floor-beams
resting ihercon. This is very faulty construc-
tion, as it admits of the shrinkage of the timber
girder and liic floor-l^cams abnve it. producing
setting and cracks throughout the budding.
These interior partitions sustain full as much,
if not more, weiglii than the exterior walls, and
therefore should nave ei^ht or twelve-inch walls
under all bciring partitions. Iluild these sup-
porting walls up to the top of the flrtor-beams.
so as to iwrmit the stud partitions above to rest
directly on the brick-work, and thcrcbyavoid the
shrinkage of the beams. AU stud portitiuns
above the first story should, if possible, rest on
the heads of the partitions beneath, thus again
avoiding shrinkage and cimseoucnt sctlllng. — 3,.
It is false economy to use liglit tloor-bcams. as
their constant vibration when walked upon is ex-
cessively annoying and unpleasant. They should
never l>c placed more than 1 6 inches apart be-
tween centres, and for ordinary spans should be

least 2 by lO inches, and 2 by II and 2 by 12
ichcs for spans not over 18 feet. All Iwams

)uld be thoroughly cross-brid^d, and all
floors should be deafened. This deafening
is not only for the purpose of deadening the
sound, but it alao prevents any water tliat may
be spilled on the floor above staining the ceiling
underneath. It also prevents the rapid spread
of fire. — 4. All ceilings should be cross-furred,
the purp»)sc of which is to bring the ceiling to a
true level and to prevent cracking. — 5. It is a
very guod plan to have all doors hung on loose-
juintcd butts, so as to allow of iheir Ixring easily
liftcil ofi" the hinges, should they reouire at any
time to be cosed or planed off. This is also a

great convenience on occasion of an entertain-
ment, as the doors can be removed and stored
away, and the house thoroughly thrown open to
the company. — 6. All first-class houses should
have double floors. The first flooring may he of
mill-worked boards, and the finishing floor
(which may be of any wood desired) should not
l>c^t down until the plastering is comi>Iete. and
the base and casings to the door arc up; by
adopting this plan a very thorough floor is ol>-
tained. as wc avoid all tlie dirty and wet work of
the pla.stcrcr, and the wear and tear incident to
Ihe passing to and fro of the workmen. The ef-
fect of the shrinkage of the base from the floor
is also avoided, giving the work a belter finish.
It makes a much more rigid floor, and ties the
building together much better, to lav the second
floor at right angles with the fir»t floor. — 7, AU
'^vays see that the plastering is carried down to
the floor, and by this means avoid as far as ikjs-
sible ha\-ing any sjKice at the back of the base-
board, wherein cockroaches ,ind other vermin
may find refuge. Also plaster Iwhiml panel-
backs, under windows, and where the sult-sjll
rests on the stone sill, to prevent the cold air and
snow from drifting in. — B. In wooden houses,
be careful to have all of the cappings and tops to
the windows and doors covered with tin, the tin
to be carried up untlcrncath tlic outside covering
or clap-hoarding. ^j. In conclusion, ])ut yourscu
at the outset in the hands of a goo*.!, thnrou^
architect, and be governed by him in the mode
of construaion. Listen to his suggestions, for
he has had much more experience tuan you. Do
nut desert him because he tells you candidljr
what your building will cost, and go to oth
who seek to persuade you that they can i>rodui
the same amount of nxim at much less cost ;
this can only be done by the process ot skinninff,^
which means leaving out those matters whidi are
cuntained in the above suggestions, and very
many more, all of which greatly contritmte to
the durability of the house and the actual com-
fort of existence within it. In this, as in many
other cases, the best economy does not lie in the
fancied saving of money at the outset, but in the
adoption of wise plans.

/iA'/CA-JI/AA'/NG\ Affiicaiion of tfu Ash
and Smalt Coki of Gas Works for. — Mix from
10 to 12 parts of the ash and cinders with 1 part
of lime, after having first taken care to break up
the small pieces of coke, so as to be of no more
than about 5 centimetres cubical size. Tlic mass
is mixed with some water, and next mixed in a

Do

er4^H

CARrEXrER AND nUILDER.

I

TV

BmH, i.n I. sfr.

I

6r

having b«wnne sUfT enough,

y a brick-nuUing machine.

'ItImm drrT'iny dried, and

, • very solid

»". 'u. oiid cs-

TV few people, even
he ^ mlvanlagc of wetting

bricks Kf ' i/icm. ot, if aware of it, tfjo

aCMa &t\, . tice it. A wall 12 inchc-^

ttoA* miiJl vf £"Od mortar and bricks well
ttmkifi&f ht aUnngcr than one l6 inchc« thick

- ^ ■ '^f this is, that if the

with water, they will

t.ir the moiFturc neces-

I'ln ; and* on the contrary.

■ tirallv, and become OS solid

■ if the bricks arc
take up all the

.^ . . aig it io dry and

•.-nee is that, when a

"11 K tnken down, or

uf ils uvrn accord, the muitor

o much sand.

t£./^, CkHitinj^ fiTT.'—X. Take of

e cement ^ pnrl*, .ind of clean,

It- mix witli fresh water thor-

a gray or granite color,

lifi',;; to the color of the ce-

desircd, add enough

•c to produce the color.

red, lime may l>c used

Care mubl be taken

Uenti well mixed to-

^ ihc wK>h, the wall must

'■sh water, then follow im*

' wash. This prevents

^' the water from the

• -^1 for the cement

I stirred during

to be made as

. veiiicnlly with a white-

thul this cement wash

it is admirably suited

, lliat it ih nearly wa-

[ l)e used to ulvantagc

~i. Sylvc^tcr'-s process

■ »m external walls, is
^ Ifiliniltou &ud very cffectuaJ. It con-
^~ ■■Dg tw" WB»hc» or solutions for cover-
ills — one ojmposcd of
I one of alum and wa-

. ..ii- : ji^ of a lb. of iroap

and \^ a lb. of alum to 4

h Mib^t-nrc-i to be perfectly

' ing usctt The

■id dry, and the

; be below 50*

>n» arc to be ap-

: be laid on M'hen
1, taking care not
'rk. This wash
liecome dry and
.v4»h is a{>plietl,
same manner as
'i.l.-r the bricks

VcDCtkri

If a mj u|^:k

•Mh the c«o»e

&:

UUCK Aft uift Ik.-

«u2i Wiiih. 1

iUltncL
lir^5iroaf. .. : .
<rns fozat or ^■

•o«p oil

T»r .,r,

vkkJi tbcwi'l br ap;

urc.

_4

«dhk

.nn^;

brick

(ircly
• dc-
1 fire

W «uaos>»«d« UuB U buUi tiy llie ^idc vf ihc 1

fireplace, in the house. A cood brick oven for
tviUmg bread, pie<i, and cakes is worth all the
ranees and cook-stoves thai one could store in
his Kitchen. In such an oven every Ihiri^ will
be baked just right, above and 1*Ioh', through
and through. After a foundation li.is lion pre-
pared, let two courses of hard bricks 1* Liid for
the bottom of the oven. Then huild the mouth
and part of the sides, until it is desirable to be-
gin to draw the sirles inward, when sand or mcl-
Inw enrth may l)c placed on the foundation, ami
the surface smoothed off and prcsscil <lown to
the desired form of the oven. Now Icl the
brick work be built over this form of sand. Let
two courses of hard bricks be laid over the form
with the iK^t mortar. Aflcr the last bricks have
been laid the sand maylx removed, Tlic bricks
shoidd l>e K(uikc(| fnr several hours prrvioua to
being laid, 50 that thcv will not absorb the moU-
Inre of the mnrtar untd il has set. Svich on oven
will cost but a few dollars. Many people can
collect a sufficient number of I004.C oniki ami
pieccis arounil their dwcllin)n (o build n brick
oven. Besides this, any intelligent man, though
only half a mechanic, can build such aji uvea
alxiiil .-Ln well lis ,1 mason.

BA'ICA' BL'/LDIA'CS, Hmv M Paini^—Txi
T)rc%'CTit the disintegration of exterior brick sur-
tacca, caused by moi&lure of the almoi<pliL-rc and
change of tem|wrature, paint should \vi usttl to
cover the surface; and it must Ixr burne in mind
that paints arc durable mainly because of the
water-proof quality of the oil in whJch they are
used. The natural pigments — called ochres or
earth -pain Is— do not m any ticgrec act upon the
oil ; while others, as white leads and tlie chro-
mates of lead, do affect Uie oil chemically, and
impnir in a measure its tcnadly or water-proof
quality; for these reasons it follows that the nat-
ural pigments arc not only ihe most etonnnjicfll,
but ine must durable, fur painting brick hciu>es.
It has l>ecn demonstrated that tlic most durable
paint for brick jiainlmg is a mixture of finely-
ground French yellow ochre, mixed uilh on
equal quantity, by ^* eight, of .American white
zinc. The color is a soft shade of buff, most
pleasant to the eye, and permanent to tlie last
degree, both in color and m:iterial. Venetian
red, an ortificial t<hre, or red oxide of iron, is
in common use ; but it does not bold oil like the
yellow ochre, and makes a coating far less water-
proof. It is a seemingly durable paint, because
the stain which it imparts to a porous surface re-
mains long after the oil has ticen wa.shcd away.
It cannnt be used with white zinc, because of the
unsuitable phik tint which it produces, and be-
cause this pi|TnicnI, (Venetian red,) when tinted
with while. Itccomes highly fugitive in color.

The cnndilinn of the wall is also very import-
ant in jxiinting brick surfaces. The work should
be done in dry, warm weather, when the moist*
urc which bncks absorb during the winter and
sjiring seasons has dried out ; otherwise the
paint will not !« apt Io adhere lenatiously, but
will scale or (Ktl off. The joints in the stone
coping on brick walls require constant looking
after. Thc^ic should l>e made alisolulcly imper-
vious to water by the appbcalion of a most of
soft paint-skins both on the top and edges; and
when this hardens to the pomt of cracking, it
should be removed and renewed. MmVax MivV
ccmenl for such purposes arc a,Hog5:>\\«t uvc\cs,*.
Tic Jwijjl, too, bclwccii ihc wail smd \lxc <cwv^t

06

VICTIONARY OF EV^RY^DAY WANTS.

underneath should be well filled with paint-
skins before piiinting ; for, no matter how wa-
ter-proof the surface may be, if the water be al-
lowcU to percolate through tlic joints in the co-
ping, tlic integrity of the wall will be de-
stroyed.

CELLARS^ To Keep from Fnezing. — A novel
plan fur ihib purpu.se is to lake either old news-
papers or coarse brown paper, and with a strong
size paste tlicm four or five thickne»se!4 down
thoroughly to the stone walls of the cellar and
to the bare joists overhead, leaving an air space
between them and the floor. Before pasting, it
will be belter to sweep down the walls and joists
thoroughly. It mil not be neces&ary to press
the pajjcr down into all the depressions of the
wall ; every air space is an nuditional defence
against llie cold. If this plan is adopted and
carefully executed the celhir will be frost-proof,
even if it is left unbanked.

CUfMNEYS, To Jiu/U.—^vcry chimney
ought, if practicable, to extend clear to the lK>t.
lorn of the cellar, and rest there on a substantial
foundation, coveretl with a broad, flat slonc, tu

Crcvent the absorption of dampness by the
ricks. Tliis will not only prevent accidents
from fire, but will prevent the superincumbent
weight from injuring the wall in any way. More
than this, when a chimney rest* on a foundation
in the atUc, or even in an upper room, during
long and severe storms such a large volume of
water usually falls directly into the chimney that
Ihe bricks at the l>ottom l»ccomc thoroughly sat-
urated. Consequently, the surplus water boaks
down through the wall below ; whereas, if the
chimney hncT extended to the Iwttom of the cel-
lar, the wnlls would not have been injured by
the great fall of rain.

ily builiiing chimneys with double walls, leav-
ing an air space between them, an excellent
means of ventilation is secured, from the top or
bottom of rooms, as desired, by inserting venti-
lators in the outer chimney. The heat from the
inner, when fires arc used, will always moke a
good draft upward.

To build a chimney so that it will not smoke,
the chief point is to make the throat of the
chimney not less tlian 4 inches broad and 12
long; then Ihe chimney should be abruptly en-
larged to double the siie, and so continue for 1
foot or more ; tlicn it may be gradually taperetl
off as desired. But the inside of the chimney,
throughout its whole length to the ton, should
be plastered very smooth with good mortar,
which will lurden with age. If salt is mixed
pretty freely with the mortar use*!, moisture
enough will be imbibed to prevent the soot from
adhering. Tlie area of a cliimncy should be at
least half a square foot, and no flue less than 60
square inches. The best shape for a chimney is
drciilar or many-sided, as ginng less friction,
(brick is the best matcri.i1, as it is a noncon-
ducLor,) and the higher above the roof the bet-
ter.

CJ/ZAfyEYS, RftWi/v for .Sfflioimp-.— From
experience it bos been found lliat by the use of
fine wire gauze of from 36 to 40 wires to the
inch, as a screen blower, or guard, judiciously
applied lo registers, stoves, ranges, or stove
doors, little if any smoke will come into the
room. Tl»c atmospheric nressurc prevents the
smoke entering the room llirough the gauze, and
if applied imnicUiatcly to ihe fire more smoke

will be consumed than by any other means. In
that case the wire should be kept ttvo inches
from immediate contact with the hot fire.

COyjiRI.VG BUIIJyiNGS, Pfu/'j Compo-
sifian for. — Take the hardest and purest lime-
stone, (white marble is to be preferred,) free
from sand, clay, or other matter ; calcine it in a
revcrberatory furnace, pulverize and pass it
through a sieve. One part, by weight, is to be
mixed with two parts of clay well baked and
similarly pulverized, conducting the whole opcr-
ation with great care. This forms the first pow-
der. The second is to be made of one part of
calcined and pulverized gj^isum, lo which is ad-
ded two parts of day, ttaked and pulverized.
These l\vo powders are to be combined, and in-
timately incorporated, so as to form a perfect
mixture. When it is to be used, mix U with
about a fourth part 01 its weight of water, added
gradually, stimng the mass well the whole time,
until it hirms a thick paste, in which state it is
to be spread like mortar upon the desired sur-
face. It becomes in time as hanl as stone, al-
lows no moisture lo penetrate, and is not crocked
by heat. When well prepare<i it will lost any
length of time. When in its plastic or soft state
it mav be colored of any desired tint.

DARKROOMS, 7h Lii'htnt,~li ihe glass
in the window of a room — the darkness in which
is caused by its being situated in a narrow street
or lane — is placed within the outer face of the
wall, as is the custom in building houses, it will
admit but ver)- little light, what it gets being only
the reflection from ilie walls of the opjKisite
houses. If, however, for Uie window be substi-
tuted another in which nil the panes of glass arc
roughly ground on the outside, and flush Mth
the outer wall, the light from the whole of the
visible sky, and from the remotest parts of the
opposite wall, will be introduced into the apart-
ment, reflected from the innumerable faces or
facets which the rough grinding of the gloss has
produced. The whole window will appear oa if
the sky were beyond it, and from every point of
this luminous surface light will radiate into all
paits of llie room.

DOOR-STEPS, of G.«r«-/f.— Make square
boxes at the door where the steps arc wanted.
Then mix up coarse gravel or cement and make
a mortar or concrete, mixing m cobble-stones,
and fill the boxes or moulds. After a time re-
move ihe moulds, and place boards on the steps
for people lo walk over till the concrete has
thoroughly liordened. If rightly made, these
cement steps will remain h.ind and perfect, and
neither the frost nor weather will injure them.
They should l>c made in the spring of the >"ear,
so tnat they can have the summer and laU to
harden in.

FLOORS, Oi7ri/.— Oiling improves a floor in
several ways. Grease-spots, of course, will not
affect the wood thus treated; and much less
scrubbing than is necessary for a plain floor will
suffice to keep it clean. Moreover, the appear-
ance is improved by the oil. Many of our na-
tive woods, prepared in this manner, l>ecomc
positively h.indsome. Finally, it gives the sur-
face a harder texture, which nukes u wear longer
and more uniformly.

Paint costs more, lakes longer to dry, and
wears ofl" more easily, since it simply forms a
crust or coating upon the surface; wnilc oil pen-
ctTBles the wood. Henpe an oiled 6oor looks

M*

(kAar. swi n
Iwmed mcnva i -
Tn nrvpsrc a

liMOU vu, or '

whb smuk Mscb

otik'

the liav'a work

'— nail)' if a little
^ Df umber, or

. manner, take raw

oil, nut ofTciisivc in

: mix it. if deiircfi,

color as those nien-

1 uith A common

, so that it will

1c surGice, and

Innc at night«

c will be rcaily

' '■ . ilic

|.ccl

10

U sul:

«:

of VJ..

; •&«■'.
ttiedikkne».
aoMT brash.
ftnoA to tbe fl> '

6abh »i

it t-c.ijr*^

' ' -'the

-real

ic tioor is tir^t

fi!!e*l up with

1 cnalk or

mwan ; »Bcrv\ o to 65**,

«r ttle rii4fknr\-. ■ . i-y inrani nf

r is to be im-

nl of the water-

ire to be given until

!rtr<I. A Mill higher

(T the last

■ttlicnl to
Lcnt sub-
and mix- '
'r<)iiuiry ihickne^s of
r how many lumps or
U:crr jrt'. in' it nn about 4 inches
dcki let H lay 24 lii'iir^, and then stomp il
«r^ -. i,^.«^ t.i.wi ..( vrcxhl 3 or 4 times a <lay
VBtil '!• It will be found to l>e

to^' , lliui ccincnt, and will not

OIK (.

/ ."- BatrmeHts. — ^In the prepara-

"' and underneath

ifrmed an "air

.... Tlic airing of

tificjr IS procured at the cx-

of th^ upi)er surface, and

*■ itself; for the

:.ce against the

' -I^ way be-

osements,

. the ground

, on which the joi&is

tay an inch or two

' - to enter,

lUt all VCT-

■■■ lime.

iiijde

rAry.

1 a &ijuaic 01 10

■re are rrry few

buUd^ai^ fiLuititial 111 i

k aboniiaAi. it i-s 4 tin
5 tioMS (Jbonirr thin Atone. ji>:] in>
to elbsT. f*rt»p(WlJon* ibr

mixing r To 8 barrows «f slacked lime well del-
uged with water, add 1 5 barrows of sand, (do
not use ri^tir or beach %and, as I have ob^CTved
thus will absorb damp;) mix these to ft creamy
(insistency, and then add 60 bairow^i of coar&c
grovel, wnich must be worked well and com-
pletely. Vou can throw stones into this mixture
of any shai>e or slzc, to 9 or 10 inches iu diam-
eter. Fonn inouldit for the walls of the bouse
by fixing boards horizonlally a^^nat upright
stanthirdh, whidi must be immovably braced, so
that they will not jneld to the immense pressure
of the material a.^ it settles ; set llie st;i:iilards in
pairs arountl the building where the walls are to
stand, from 6 to S feet apart, and so wide that
the inner space shall form ibc thickness of the
wall. Into the mould* thus formed throw the
concrete material as fast as you choose, and the
more promiscuous the l>etter. In a short time
the material will get as hard as the solid tocfc.
If the gravel is free of dirt, the sand also clean,
and the weather dry, the walls can be rallied one
fu«)t each day, if yoa have help to do that amoant
of labor.

Some prefer to make the (Travel and sand into
mortar and press it into briclU. and then lay into
walU ; but the wall mu.'tt be stronger if hud up
solid in board frames mode to raise up as re-
quired.

Many persons argue for the eight-square or
octagon house ; but I like the scpiare form much
the best, carrying up the hall and main partition
walls nf the same material. The cighl-^qtiore
liouse looks like an old fort or watcr-tanki and is
very cxf-ensive to finish, costing much more
than the some room with square angles ; for me-
chanics cannot put un cornices, outside or inside,
in less than double the time required for making
the common square mitre.

HOi'SKS, ir/irH to /Vi/ii/.— Repeated ex-
periments prove that paint applied between No-
vcml»cr and March will last twice as long as that
applied in warm weather. Hie reason is that in
cold weather the component parU of the jjainl
form a hard substance on the surface, at hard al-
mob.t as glass. But in warm weather the oil
penetrates the boards, and the point soon wears
off.

HOUSES, CkfiUe of Cohrfor.—'Wxe choice
of color for country bouses requires the exerdsc
of tTste, Judgment, and an eye for tuumoniou»
combi nations. Il is laid down as a rule by Cal-
vert Vaux, that c\*cry building require^ four tints
to moke it a pleasant object in the way of color.
'*The main %to1Is," he rem.-u-ks, ** should l>c of
some agreeable shade of color, the roof-trim-
mings, verandoii, and other wood-work, being
either of a diflerent color, or of a different shade
of the same Cfilor, so that a contrast, but not a
sharp one, may be established — a third and
fourth color, not widely different fiom the other
wood-work, should be applied to tlie winduKtrs,
blinds, etc"

The jjrratcst defect in the generality of coun-

;:j(s is the tiMi frequent use of white.

ii.st deddctlly olijrclionablc cul^r is

r..,i ..r \\,isc brown-stone tints, ap-

■ ctilor, whidi arc so fre-

. . >ustruction uf town dwell-

.nij>

The simplest practical rule ia the \iAh^XVY\\^ c^

iaclory, and \cV \W

28

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

of the windows, cornices, etc, be painted sev-
eral shades darker of the some color.

LIGHTNING ROPS, Ilaiv to Errct.—t.
The rod should consist of round iron of about l
inch in diameter ; its parts, throughout its whole
lencih. should be in perfect metallic continuity,
by being secured together by coupling ferrules. —
a. To secure it from rust the rod should be
coaled with black paint, itself a good conductor.
— r It should terminate in a single platinum
j)Ouit. — 4. The .shorter and more direct the
course of the rod to the earth the better ; head-
ings should be rounded, and not formed in acute
angles. — 5. It should be fastened to the building
by iron eyes, and may be insulated from the^e
by cylinders of glass, (I do not, however, con-
sider the latter of much importance.)— 6. Ilic
rod should be connected witn the earth in the
most perfect manner possible, and nothing is
better for thi.s purpose than to place it in metal-
lic contact with the gas pjpcs, or, better, the wa-
ter pipes, of the city. Tnis connection may be
maac by a ribbon of copper or iron soldered to
the end of the rod at one of its extremities, and
•wrapped around the pipe at the other. If a con-
|jiecUon of this kincl is impracticable, the ro<l
should be continued horizontally to the nearest
well, and then turned vertically downward until
the end enters the water as deep as its lowest
level. The horizontal part of the rod may be
buried in a stratum of powdered charcoal and
ashes. The rod should be placed, in preference,
on the west side of the building. A rod of this
kind may be put up by an ormnary blaclcsraith.
ITxc rod in question is in accordance wHth our
latest knowleuge of all the facts of electricity^
Attempted improvements on it are worthless^
and, as a general thing, ore proposed hy those
who ore but &li|{litly ncuuainted with the subject.

LIME, to Hum, H'tth<}ut a A7/»,— Make a
pyramidal heap of large lime stones, with arched
lumace next the ground for putting in the fuel,
leaving a narrow vent or funnel at the top ; now
corcr over the whole pile with earth and lurf, in
■the way that charcoal nenps arc covered, and put
In the fire. The heat will be more completely
difTiucd through the pile if the aperture in the
lop is partially closed. This produces a superior
article of lime.

MORTAR.~-^i\iQ\i of the mortar used in
building is said to Vkt imixrfcclly made. Four
parts coarse and three parts fine sand, with one
part of quick-lime, well mixed with but Utile
water, mokes mortar which soon becomes as
hard as adamant ; resisting all atmospheric action
as durablyas the material it unites ; ami with the
Addition of a portion of manganese, it will harden
onder water.

MORTAR, HYDRAULIC— kvL easy way
of making hydraulic mortar out of ortlinary lime
con-Msts in adding to burned lime as much water
as it will take up without becoming pasty, and
allowing it to stand in heaps for o days, and
swell up. It is then passed through a wire
sieve with meshes aliout tlic fifteenth of an inch
in di.imcter, for the purpose of sejaraling the
Kird jiarticles. 'ITic residuum of preceding sift-
ings, tliat liave been cxjioHed to water or moist
air, are to be rubbed up and added to the mass,
ihc whole to be well mixed together and then
piled up in heaps, protected from roin, till
needed. It may be preserved thus for years,
ready for use at any moment*

PARTITIONS.— Thcte is nothing so con-
cerns the actual strength of a house, internally,
as those division walls which are called *• parti-
lions. " They relieve the external walls of much
of their burden, and, more than that, ihcy act as
braces or binders for the whole skeleton of the
house. Even the roof is dependent in a very
great degree on these partitions, as it is owing to
their presence and strength that (he general con-
strucuon of a dwelling is more or less strong.

In view of permanency, partitions should al-
wa)*s be well braced, and the braces so disposed
as to throw the superincumbent weight naturally
toward the walls. This office of Ihc brace is one
on which its utility chiefly depends. Economy
is a reason for the employment of the brace in
parts of Europe, and in all countries where lal>or
IS scarce and dear; for it affords a chance lo use
up stuff that might otherwise be wasted. Par-
titions, after being put up, should be suffered (o
remain exposed for a sufficient time to the action
of the atmosphere to give a chance for shrinkage
Ijcfore lathing and plastering on them. The
shrinkage of the joists on each floor, though but
one-eighth of an inch, is considerably incTcased
in the partition up through the house, where the
joists lie on the partition -heads ; for onc-eigblh
of an inch on the ground floor mokes a quarter of
an inch on the next floor, and so on in the same
muliiplj-ing ratio ; for this reason some haildcrs
have considered it more arlvisable that partitions
should have no sills, but the studs be carried
down between the joists, and framed into the
head of the partition immediately below. Al-
though this is correct in theory, nevertheless the
sill is advantageous as making the partition modi
stronger. This, with bridging, is apt to make
strong partitions. Wlicre a partiiion is to be
framed so as to have a door leading from the
stairs into the drawing-room, and also with fold-
ing or sliding doors between the front and back
parlors, or other rooms, the head of the parti-
tion in this case should be well trussed widx oak,
having a straining beam in the middle, two
queen posts, and two braces, with lead at the
abutment joints; these pieces are then to be
forced together with bench screws, and kept in
ihyir places by wedges passing through the aux-
iliary heads.

Some authorides think that all plates and
cross-ties of such partitions shouUl be made to
camber very considerably, the cun-c gradually
increasing as the stories ascend; and all tbc
flu4.}rs, cedings and door-heads should conform
to this camt>er, which should not be less than
half an inch on ahc first floor, and an inch on the
second floor, and an inch ami a half on the third
floor, and so on in proportion. If this precau-
tion be not taken, in less than two years (think
those authorities) the floors and ceilings must
fall out of level at their centres, as much both
from llie shrinkage of the timber as fi^nn the
strain upon it from burden. Tlic door-jambs
fixed in such partitions invariably strain out of
square at their angles, more or less, in propor-
tion to the dryness of the timber, the skill exer-
cised in trussing the work, and the degree of
burden cast on tne partition. Tlierefore wl such
jambs should have their heads fixed somewhat
out t>f level, so as to settle permanently lo a cor-
rect square form, instead of being level, so as lo
out of square. In general,
y above the floors should be

settle permanently
plates immediately

CARPENTER AND SVTLDER.

n

Oiniltetl, as the more horizonlat limber there is,
the mure shrinkage there will be. and conse-
<)uenily the mure settlement ; and £ls such plates
mutily rc']uirc to Lc cut through for doorways,
they arc rarely of use as ties to the work. Un-
der eacii end uf each truss a granite or any hard
tone templet, 3 or 4 feci long, sliould be set ;
" e*e should be strongest and longest where the
u&se& act with most energy.
It may be added to thi<». that in many houses,
as at present built, the shakihess of all the floors
U caused by the celKir having no partitions, al-
though its ceiling sup|)orts all the partitions and
Staircases of the whole house. \\ c have often
rrccted this etilirely by placing cross-beams
jj props m the cellar under the l)cam-s support-
g inc partitions, and, as nearly as possible, cx-
•cxly under the partitions and staircases thcm<
dves, and by wedging tliese props up till they
raised tnc beams one-half or one whole
and even more, if necessary. Floors
hich were so shaky before that they vil)raled
every step, may sometimes be made solid and
rm in this way. Uf course, the effectiveness
f the remedy depends a great deal on the man-
' in which the nouse wa-< originally builL
rdSTES'/XG, n'alls and CtiUngs.—VtX'
care shouKt be used m selection as to the
' -ri I length of the hair to be used in the
\ ceilings, and also as to the substance

t , which should in all cases Ijc double.

nhe piaster should be laid on with the minimum
thickness, a point much neglected.
With regard to the quality of the sand, it can-
not be too good. Sand is apt to make the plas-
ler too •' nhort'' only when there has liecn too
ULii employed, and ihat with weak chnlk-lime.
is im|>ossible Ihat the admixture of luamy
th iu any proportion can benefit anv descrip-
of mortar or plajitcr, and therefore clean
must be preferable to cither pit or road
, for loom in any shape is detrimental in
on to its amount,
word with regard to a possible substitute
■, B5 hair is bwroniing every day more dif-
lo obtain. In the pulling down of portions
work for the reparation of the Lollards*
'ower at Lambeth Ulely, some plaster of re-
hardness was found ; it was far supe-
any of the rest, and upon examination
vcred to have been mixed with chopped
w (recognised by sever.-d of the heads
had been mixed up) instead of hair. This
ter was wonderfully sound and firm. Possi-
Icscriptions of straw might be found
suiubic for the purpose, and at any rale
1 be quite worth wlulc making some cx-
enu on this subject
Having obtained a really good plaster to work
Ih, il IS much to lie wished that it might be
' ' in a somewhat more solid and durable
than is usual, and that instead of flimsy
under the joistt ur on each side of
to receive it, short pieces of wood
&xed in between the joists or quarters, and
pUster uowelled on from front and back, so
eocnpletely to envelope these pieces of wood.
'lU means the plastering on partitions and
(« would not be merely suspended coats,
integral portions of the structure, which,
1 dry, would become almost imperishable
aftd tncnmbustihlc. Thus, instead of being
iSuBS/, iU-cvoncded things, inviting Ere to de-

stroy them, and the means of conducting that
destroying clement to all the other portions of
the building, they would be, a£ it were, thin
vertical or horizontal shields to prevent fire from
spreading and touching the limbers.

PLASTER OKXAMEiWTS, Citmpoiititm
for. — Molds for casting plaster ornaments for
ceihngs maybe made of a composition composed
in the following proportion : Rosin, ^ of a lb. ;
tyiow, yi a lb. ; beeswax, 6 oz. The object to
be copied is first oiled, and this composition
poured upon it until there is enough when cooled
to make a strong mold. Or a moid can be made
from plasler-of-Paris itself, by pouring it upon
the ODJect to be copied. If the latter be wood
or metal it should l.>e well oiled, but if it is also
mode of plaster-of- Paris it should be moistened
with water, but no drom must stand on it. The
plaster -of- Paris may be colored, while being
mixed, with oxide of copper (dissolved) for
blue; Mrith ashes for pearl gray ; with the vari>
ous ochres for red, yellow and green. Red and
yellow oxides of lead are used ior red and yel-
low colors. Real mastic is made of say 14 parts,
by measure, of clean, sharp sand ; 14 ports, by
mcisurc, of pulverized limestone or marble dust;
of litharge one-fourteenth in weight of the united
weights of the sand and stone, and one-seventh
of the whole weight of the three in lin-seed oib
The sand, marble dust, or Umestonc powder, are
well dried before mixing. Then mixed into a
mortar or plaster and applied to an oiled sur-
face.

ROOFS, Composition for. — ^Take I measure
of fine sand, 2 of sifted wood-ashes, and 3 of
lime, ground up with oil. Mix thoroughly, and
lay on with a painter's brush, first a thin coat
and then a thick one. This composition is not
only cheap, but it strongly resists fire.

koOFiNG^ A Chtap.^Y\x%\. cover Ihc roof
with ordinary tongued and grooved floor-boonb,
the same as you would lay a floor ; then take
roofing-paper, to be obtaine<l in anv large toim
or city, and cover the boards with that, to be
laid on as shingles are hud, to lap over each
sheet about an inch, and fastened down with
large tacks. Over Uie paper spread raw tar.
Raw tar is that which is not heated to render it
thicker. It can be spread with a trowel made
of a shingle, about tnc sixteenth of an inch
deep. Next take a sieve, fill it with sand, and
sprinkle as much over the tar as it will absorb,
sifting on the sand as each course of tar is laid
on, beginning on the upper side of the roof,
ftbout half an inch thick.

Such a roof should have a slight descent — say
I foot in 12, more or less; and the inr shnald
be laid on when the heat of Ihe sun will «ni
cause it to run out of its pbce before the sand is
put on it.

A mortar made of tar and sand, like a thick
paste, will slop any leaks in roofs, especially
around chimneys, that can be covered by il.

ROOFS OF TfA\—VQt a flat roof, tin is,
beyond question, the most economical covering
that can be applied. If not neglected, it is ab-
solutely indestructible by external influences,
and will last a hundred years, in as good condi-
tion .IS when first laid on, if kepi well painted.
Tin on a house-top should be well painted once
in 4 years.

For roofs, light, cool colors arc preferable, be-
cause tlicy rclTccC the worm rays of light, and

DICTIONARY OF EVKKY^DAY WANTS.

Ihereby lessen the expansion and contraction of
the mclal, and the shrinking of the boards un-
derneath, and so le*^scn the liability nf the tin lo
crack in the &eams. The tcmi>eniture of attic
rooms in summer will be maleriolty li^wcr if the
roof be painted with a light rather than with a
dark eulur.

The writer has learned, from long experience,
that the finest French oclirc i« the most econom-
ical pigment that can be used for that purpose.
If, as IS sometimes the case in country bouses,
where the roof is a conspicuous object in the or-
chitectute of the building, a dark color be indis-
pensable, the use of pure Venetian red, <!ark-
ened with lanip-black, is recommended as the
most durable and economiaJ. If, by some pro-
cess, the oil used in roof-painting could l>c pre-
vented from becoming hard and brittle, it would
be a great gain.

The poorest oil-paint, however, is better than
neglect ; and the l>cst economy consists in keep-
ing tin entirely and thoroughly protected from
tlie corroding influence of dampness. Old paint,
which has become ** fatty" from exposure to the
atmosphere, is better than new for roof-painting.
Nut a drop of turpentine should be used fur
Kudi work.

HOOFS OF THATCH, il<m to Make,—
Kye or wheat straw only .should be used, and
must be carefully threshed with a flail to leavu
the straws unbroken. Bind in bundles, distrib-
uting the butts of the straws equally to each end
of the humllc. h good roof cannot l>c made if
the straws all lie one way. It was always cus-
tomary to make the band three feet long, as this
gave a bundle of cun^tfiiienl size for handling.
In a dry time we sat the bundles on end and
llirew water upon them a day or two before we
tised them.

The rafters arc placed in the usual way, and
crossed by slats two by two, nailed 14 inches
apart, though 12 inches will do equally well.

Uegin at the caves and lay a row of bundles
across. Have on iron neeille 18 inches lung pre-
pared and threaded with oakum 8 feet long.
Fasten the thread lo tlie slat and jjoss the needle
thritugh the Imndlc to a boy stationed under (lie
niftcn>, making 3 to 4 stitches to the bundle.
Tlie boy draws the cord up light, and passes the
needle up through again, out on the other side
of the slat. Ily this means the first course is
sewed onT Succeeding courses are treated in the
same way, l)etng laid so as to overlap the stitch-
ing. Lay the heaviest row uf straw at the eaves
to moke It look well. When you come to the
ridge, fold the tops of the straw over until you
bring up the other side, then get some thin
sods, 10 by 14 inches, and \% inches thick, and
lay them neatly upon the top, U!.ing a sm.ill

E'ccc of buard to clap them all slick and smooth.
oards put on like ordinary ridge boards will do
instead of sods, if preferred.

Get the point of an old scythe, about iS inches
long ; attach a handle, so that it will be like a
long knife, and with it ** switch down" the roof
all over, to curry "if rH the luo« straws, and
trim the others oflT smooth. If well done, the
roof will be as smootli as a lx>ard. Stretch a
cord along the eaves the whole length of the
building, aud trim ufl' stmight by it, leaving the
outside a little lower than the in><ide, which will
prevent its looking thick and heavy.

A roof made in this way will not be injured

by wind or rain, and it will last from 35

years.

SCREWS in Soft ff^Kirf. — Scrcw!
subject to strain, are apt lo work loose in
wood, and the screw-hole should >»e first
with thick glue. If no glue is handy, pu;
dcrcd ro*.in around the hole, and heat the screw
before driving. -^

S///XGt£S, To Prrt'fMt Dertty </— «
following is said to c^rectually prevent the d^^
of shingles : Take a potash kettle, or large tuh;
and put into it j barrel of lye of wood ashes, ^
lbs, of white vitriol, 5 lbs. of alum, and as miia
Sid t OS will dissolve in the mixture. Make the
liqnor quite warm, and put as many shingles in
it as can be conveniently wet at once. Stir ihem
up with a fork, and, when well s<!aked, take
them out and piit in more, renewing the Hqnor
as necessary. Then laylhe shingles in the nsal
manner. After they are laid, take the liquor
th.it was left, put lime enough into it lo nuke
whitewash, and, if any coloring is desirable, odd
ochre, Spanish brown, lamp-bmck, etc., and ap>
ply to the roof with a brush or an o)d brocaii
This wash may be renewed from lime to time.
Salt and lye are excellent prcsemitives of wotxl>
It Is well known that leach tubs, troughs, oimI
<ilhcr articles used in the manufacture of potash,
never rot They liccomc saturated with the al-
kali, turn yellowish inside, and remain
ous to the weather.

SHINGLES, Fireprvo/Wash fci.^i
composed of lime, salt, and fine sand or
ashes, put on in the ordinary way of whilewa
ing, renders the roof 50 per cent, more secure
against taking fire from falling cinders, in asc
of fire in the vicinity. It pays the expense a
hundred fuld in its preserving influence against,
the eflccts of the weather. Tne older and
weallicr -beaten the shingles, the more bcn(
derived. Such shingles generally l>ccomc
or less warjwd, rough and cracked; the appt

lion of the wash, by wctlinc the upper surfiii ,

restores them at once lu tiieir uririnal ortni*"
form, thereby closing up the space T>e1wccn the
shingles, and the lime and sand, by filling up the
cr.acks and [Hires in the shingle itself, prevents
its warping.

STONE^ Artificial. — The new process, ac-
cording to the method of Sorel, of nialsir;;; arti-
ficial stone, consists in mixing macnesi:i
with suitable material-, wiih snnd it giv<.
with flint, whet-stnnes and oil-stones; wti Ka-
olin, ornaments of all kinds, statuettes, etc ;
with sawdust it gives a gooil material for caver-
ing flours; with carbonate of linte imitations of
marble.

The cement is applied in a liquid form, w^
the mass sets in a few hours. The magnesia
must be carefully calcined and the materials vdl
mixed.

STONE, Frtxtn'i/r^ t/u Sur/atr o/.—lhc nl^
of oil for this purjwse is not only riifticidt of
plicalion, but, pcnshablc as it is, it would <
change its nature, oxidize, and thickcn^J
attracted the floating impuritie-* in tl
phere, and would only conceal the 1i(
work of decay. A new method, devised by
F. Ransomc, aflbrds a rapid and efliectnnl m<
of successfully preserving the stone, hitlierto
thing never accomplished. It consists in th*
successive apphcation of three solutions-
first containing soluble phosphate of lime ;

h thcal-
impd^

-Aw^
or «^|

icoire
1 ase
nse a
gantst,

1

CARPENTER AND BUILDER.

3X

wood, baryta ; and the third, a solution of sili-
ait of potash, rendered neutral by the late Pro-
fanor Oraham's well-known process of dialysis.
Ikse solutions successively applied combine,
Mtlbnn an insoluble and impenshable mineral
■uoand, which effectually resists the action of
k almo&phcrc, and, by indurating the stone,
■ once arrests its disintegration. Tne extensive
vqpencnce which has been gained by the odop-
liOBof this method places it far beyond the re-
paac^ experiment, and justifies its recommend-
skn under nearly all circumstances.
■* TOOLS, To Preserve from Rust. — ^A coating
rf 3 parts lard and i part resin, applied to tools
rf tfon or steel, will effectually prevent rust.

TOOLS, Art of Grinding. — More than one-
UC of all the wear and tear, and breakage and
incfaer of dull tools comes from a lack of proper
koowledge and practice in grinding. All steel,
honrever refined, is composed of inm%idual fibres
faid lengthways in the oar, held firmly together
br cohesion ; and in almost all farm implements
« the cutting kind the steel portion whtch forms
4e edge, if from a section of a bar, is laid in
welded to the bar longitudinally, so that it is the
ade of the bundle of fibres hammered and
Roond down that forms the edge. Hence, by
Eoidiog on the grindstone all edge-tools, as axes,
diawing-knives, knives of reapers, scythes,
knives of straw-cutters, etc., in such a manner
&at the action of the stone is at right angles
vith the plane of the edge, or, in plainer words,
Ly holding the ed^ of the tools square across
tae stone, the direction of the fibres will Ijc
changed, so as to present the ends instead of the
side as a cutting eclge. By grinding in this man-
ner a finer, smoother edge is set, the tool is
noond in less time, holds an edge a great deal
longer, and is far less liable to nick out and to
Ueak.

PLmc irons should be ground to a l>evel of
aboat 35 degrees — chisels and gouges to 30.
Toniing-chisels may sometimes run to an angle
cf 45. Molding tools, such as arc used for
i*x>ry and for very hard wood, are made at from
50 to &Q degrees. Tools for- working iron and
Ktz\ are beveled at an inclination to the edge of
torn 60 to 70 degrees, and for cutting gun and
sifiilar metal range from So to 90.

U'lXDOfl^ SASHES, io Pret'ent Rattlhtj^.

—The unwelcome music of rattling windows

«in '^ftcn arouse and electrify nervous and timor-

I cos persons quite as effectually as if a l>and of

I L'jrgiork were making an entrance into tlie dwell-

Thc remedy is by no means difficult or expen-
five. Let the sashes be taken out of the window
frame':. an<l every part of the window examined.
It the jomb-casings have been sprung, or are
«vpe(! and tu-istnl, the first step will be to re-
vive the stops and straighten the face of the
civing-i, which may be done more conveniently
M\'J^ a large rabbet plane and a smoothing
pUnc-

1 .1 CL'C the sashes should he much ton narmw
tx the frame, let one edge 1>e dressed off true,
£L«1 a thin *>trip fitted neatly an'l glued and nailed
I'' tlic ctlge of one stile. See that the outside
edge of such stile is not tapering, even by the
tlutknc^'i of a heavy shaving. When the stiles
are tauering only a trifle, the sashes cannot be
aoTcd up and down easily. Kow put the upper
uth in iu placep and fiuten the central stop with

two or three long, slender wood-screws, after
which remove the outside stops, and place them
so closely to the stiles of the sash that the win-
dow will not rattle. Then let the slops be se-
cured on the inside so closely to the stiles of the
sash that it will move up and down easily, with-
out having so much play that the wind will rat-
tle it. \Vhen the sashes have been fitted as di-
rected, there will l>e no more need of ** weather
strips" of any kind to exclude dust and cold air,
and the expense of refitting a window as directed
will be much less than the cost of weather
strips.

fyOOD, to Prevent Decay in.— To prevent
the common occurrence of Occay in wood, take
20 tKLTts of resin, 46 parts of finely-powdered
chalk, some hard sand, a little Unseed oil and
sulphuric acid ; mix all together, and boil for a
short time. This composition, if applied while
hot, forms a kind of varnish, thereby preserving
the wood.

IVOOD, SamueVs Method of Presetvin^. —
The wood to 1)C operated upon is first placed in
an air-tight cylinder and thoroughly steamed, in
order to vaporize the sap in the M-ood ; the air
is then withdrawn from the cylinder, by means
of an air pump, until a perfect vacuum, or nearly
so, is created, which 0]>cns and frees the pores
in the wood, when a solution of sulphate 01 iron
is forced into the cylinder, under a pressure of
175 lbs. to the inch, which forces the solution
through the jwrcs. This pressure is kept up for
half an hour, giving the solution time to ]>crco-
lale or permeate every portion of the wood, when
a solution of cariwnate of lime is forced into the
cylinder, which has the effect to i>recipitate the
iron, and in this manner forming a sulphate
of lime, thus coating or filling all the minute
cells of the wood with a mixture <»f oxide of iron
and sulphate of lime. The wood is tlicn thor-
oughly cleansed and dried, when it is found to
have attained an extraonlinary degree of tough-
ness, and capable of receiving a beautiful polish,
besides being rendered completely impervious to
rot of any kind, and impenetrable to injects,

WOOD, Stone CotUinj; /i/-.— 40 Parts of
chalk, 50 of resin, and 4 of linseed oil, melted
together; to this should be added I partof oxiilc
of copper, and afterward I jwrt of sulphuric
aciil. riiis last ingredient must be a'lded care-
fully. The mixture, while hot, is a]iplicd with a
bruhh.

WOOD, to Render /ncomi'itsti6/,:—},iany
conflagrations might !«; jirevmlcd, and mnch
property saved, by rendering the wood work of
nouses secure against ignition. This can Iw
done at an insignificant cost, and with little
trouble. Perfect immunity is seaircd by saturat-
ing the wood-work with a very delicate solution
of silicate of potash, as nearly neutral as possi-
ble, and when this has dried, applying one or
two coats of a stronger solution. Another
method is to. simply impregnate the wofwl with
a concentrated solution of rock salt. Water-
glass will act as well, but it is ox]K:nsivc. The
salt also renders the wood proof against dry rot
and the ravages of insects. Another method is
to immerse the wood in a saturated solution of
l)orax, heat being gradually a]>plied until the so-
lution reaches 212*^ Fahrenheit, and is then left
for 10 or 12 hours, according to the nature of
the wood and size of the planks.

fP'OOD, 0 Prewnf its CraffciHg.— ^Jooiiwi

sti^p-cocks, and other objects of wood, are liable
to track, lo prevent this lay them in a bath of
fused parafhnc healed to 213* Falirenhcit, and

leave tliL-m as long as bubbles of air are given
Ibai allow uic para&ae to cool dowa lo

ofL

its point of congelation, and remove the wood
and wipe off the adhering wax. Objects treated
in this way arc not likely lo crack, llic process
could be used advantageously for inlaid ^voods
and &ne furoiturc.

CEMENTS, GLUES AND PASTES.

CEMENTS.

ArPL YING CEAfEXTS, Manner o/—Q\n\c
as much depends upon the manner in which a
cement is applied as upon the cement itself.
The best cement that was ever compounded
would prove entirely worthless if impioperly ap-
])1icd. Good common glue will unite two pieces
of wood so firmly that the fibres will part from
each other rather than from the cementing ma-
tcriol. Two pieces of gloss can be so joined
that ihcy will port anywhere rather than on the
line of union. Glass can be unhcd to metal, or
metal to metal, or stone lo stone, and all so
stmngly that the joint will certainly not be the
weakest part of ine resulting mass. The rules
to be observed to effect this arc : I. The cement
itself is to be brought into intimate contact with
the surface to be united. Tlic obstacles to this
junction are air and dirt. The former is univer-
sally present; the latter is due to accident or
cai'clcssncss. Unless the adhering layer of air
is displaced^ the cement cannot adhere to tlic
surface to which it is apj^lied, simply because it
cannot come in contact with it. The most effi-
cient agent in displacing air is heat, lliercforc,
the two fcurfacfs to be joined are to be thor-
oughly heated before the cement is applied, s.
Use as /iV/Zc cement as possible. When the sur-
fiices arc separated by a large mass of cement,
we have to depend upon the strength of the ce-
ment itself, and not upon its adhesion to the sur.
faces which it is used to join; and, in general,
cements are comparatively brittle.

AKAfEXJAN CEMEXr.—ThQ jewelers of
Turkey, who are mostly Armenians, iiave a sin-
gular method of onian>enting watch-cases, etc.,
with diamonds and other precious stones, by
gluing or cementing them on. 'ITic stone is set
in silver or gold, and the lower part of the metal
fnadc flat, or to correspond with the part to
which it is to be fixed ; it is then gently warmctl
and the glue is appUcd, which is so very strong
that the parts thus cemented never separate.
ITiis glue will strongly unite pieces of glass and
china, and even polished steel, and may be ap-

}>lied to a variety of useful purposes. The fo!-
owing is the recipe :

Dissolve 5 or 5 bits of gam mastic, each the
size of a large i>ea, in as mucli rectified spirits
of wine as will sufucc to render it liquid ; and,
In another vessel, dissolve as much isinglass,
'^tviously a little softened in water, (though
of the water must be used,) in French
or gotnl rum, as will make a two-ounce
irery strong glue, adding two small bits
i^i galbanum or ammonincum, which muKt
or ground till they ore dissolved.

Then mix the whole with a sufTicient hcaL
Keep the glue in a vial closely slopped, and ev-
ery lime it is to be used set the vulI in boiling
water.

ALABASTERCEAfENT.—\. Finely pow-
dered plaster-of- Paris, made into a cream with
water. — 2. Melt yellow resin, or equal parts ol
yellow resin and beeswax : then stir in half as
much finely powdered plaster-of-Paris. The
first is used to join and fit together pieces of al-
abaster or marble, or to mend broken plaster
figures. The second is used to join alabaster,
marble, porphyry, and any similar substances
that will bear being heated.

AKCiUrECTUKAL CEMENT.^X, Re-
duce paper to a smooth paste by boiling it in
v.ater ; then add on equal weight each of sifted
whiling and good size; boil to a proper consist-
ence.— 2.. Paper paste and siie, equal jiarts;
finely powdered plastcr-of-Paris to make it of a
proper consi^lcnce. Use it as soon as mixed.
Can be used in making architectural bust^, stat-
ues, columns, etc It is very light, receives a
olish, but will not stand the weather.
BRVYEB^S HATER CEAIEAT.^'hlix
3 gals, of clay with I gal. of slacked limc» and
expose them to a ftdl red heat for 3 hours.

E07ED/A'G CEA/EA7:—rhis is made by
exposing a mixture of clay or loam, broken pot-
tery, flints, silicious sand, or broken lx>t lie- glass,
with wood-ashes, lo a considerable heat in a fur-
nace, until it becomes parlially vitrified. It
must then be ground to a fine powder, sifled*
and mixed with one-third its weight of quick-
lime, also in fine powder, after which it must be
packed (tight) in casks to preserve it from the
air and moisture. For use it is mixed up Milh
water and applied like Roman cement.

BOTANY BA Y CEAfENT.—\^\\o^ gum
and brick-dust equal parts, melted together. It
ii used to cement coarse earthenware, etc

CEAtENT EOR A Q CAR/ A, --hUny per-
sans have attempted to make aquarium, but
have faile«l on account of the extreme difficulty
in making the tank resist the action ol water for
any length of time, llie following is a recipe
for a cement that can be relied upon; it is per-
fectly free from anything tliot can mjure the ani-
mal or plants ; it sticks to glass, metal, wood,
stone, etc, and hardens under water. A hun-
dred different experiments witli cements have
been tried, but there is nothing like it. It is the
same as that used in constructing the tanks of
the Zoological Gar(k*ns, London, and is almost
unknown in this country : I part, by mcasore^
(say a gill,) of litharge ; I gill of plaster-of-
Paris ; I gill of dry, white sand ; )^ of a gill of
finely .powdered rosin. Sift and keep corked

CEMEf^TS, GldES AKD PASTES,

33

flight until required for use, when it is to he
made into a putty by mixing ia boiled oil (Un-
laced) n-ith a liltic patent (fryer added. Never
it o&cr it has been mixed (that is with the
'oil) over 15 hours. This cement can be used
lor marine as well as fresh water aquaria, as it
resists the action of saJt water. I'he tank can be
used immediately, but it is best to give it 3 or 4
hours to dry.

, CEMEiVT for Aitackinr Mttal to Glass.—
Take a oz. cf a solution of glue, and mix it u-ith
I oc. oflinseed-oil varnish, and % an oz. of pure
turpentine; these articles arc then boiled to-
eeincr in a close vessel. The two bodies should
br: cUnipcti and held together for about 2 days
after they are united, to allow the cement to be-
come dry. Tftc clamps may then be removed.
CEMENT fvr Attachittg Brass Work to Lamf>s.
— A cement particularly adapted for attachmg
the lirass work to petroleum lamps, is made by
lioiling 3 parts resin with I of caustic soda and 5
of water. This composition is then mixed with
half its weight of plaster-of-raris, and sets in
from half to tliree-quarters of an hour. It is said
to be of great adhesive power, not permeable to
petroleum, a low conductor of heat, and but su-
perficially attacked by hot water. Zinc while,
white lca.i, or precipitated chalk may lie sul»sii-
tuted for plaster, but they harden more slowly.
CEMENT for Broken JAiril/r.— Take gum
•rabtc I lb. ; make into a thick mucilage ; add
to it powdered plastcr-of- Paris, l*^Ihs. ; sifted
qxtickdime, 5 02.; mU well; heat the marble
and (Wply (Ke mixture.

CEAfEXT for Brick (ra/i^.— Cement for

the outside of brick walls, to imitate stone, i>>

kziade of clean sand, 90 parts ; litharge. 5 ports ;

*pUster-of- Paris, 5 parts, moistened with Doiled

unseed oil. The bricki should receive a or 3

cents of oil before the cement is applied.

CEMEXT for China, Glass, CrtvJt/ry,
Mttals and IfrAk/.— t. An excellent cement for
jDcnding china may be made as follows : Take
white of an egg and a little flour, which
iato a light paste ; clear the parts to be
from all dust and dirt; spread some of the
on each piece and press them together;
wrt, wipe off the exuding portions, both
and out; then let it rcmam until quite
The following recipe wc know from ex-
to be a good one, and, Iwing nearly
I, il possesses advantages which liauid
other cements do not. Dissolve j^ an
acacia in a wine-glass of boiling wa-
pL&ster -of- Paris &uflident to form a thick
aim apply it with a brush to the parts re-
tQ be cemented together. For Mending
CkitM, GlojSf etc. — 3. Take 1 lb. white
Lveriied ; 2 oz. clean gum mastic ;
a bottle, and then add ^ a lb.
cClier. Let it stand )4 J>» hour,
i'l *4 ^ E*l- 90 per cent, alcohol.
![y tilTit is dissolved. Heat tlie
,>.ie to be mended, and apply the
wi;h a pencil brush; hold the article to-
ttnbl the cement cools. 7*his makes a
IC cement. — 4. ytn InJian Cfment fn-
Mtd Mflalt, — Dissolve 5 or 6 pieces 01
[wjtilr ci.il nlvoiit the size of a large pea,
as will render it liquid.
by stcepine it in water ;
lifivd »t, aiibulve as much of it in good
to will fUl a two-ounce phial ; odd 2 |

small bits of ^m ammoniacum. previou-nly rub-
bing them until they are dissolved. Mix the 3
solutions ; keep in a close phial, and when it is
to be used set the phial in boiling water. — 5.
Take a lliick mucilage of gum arabic and stir
into it plaster-of- Paris — the broken images arc
best — made very fine, to form a thick paste, and
apply to the edges with a brush, and press firmly
together and confine there two or three days, t
have pulled over 30 pounds with a wine-glass,
the stem of which had been broken and mended
with the cement.— 6. Dissolve I or. common
salt in I quart of water ; bring to a boil, and
put in l^^ lbs. gum shellac. When it shall be
dissolved pour into cold water and work like
wax. Moke into small sticks. This will make
crockery as good as new. — 7. Steep Hussion isin-
glass 24 hours in white brandy; gently boil and
stir the mixture until it is well compounded, and
a drop of it, cooled, will l>ecome a very thick
jellv ; then strain it through a linen doth, and
cork it up closely. A genUc heal will disitolvc it
into a colorless fiuid. Broken di&hes, united
with it, will break elsewhere, rather than sepa-
rate in the old fracture. To apply it, rub the
^gC4, place them together, and nold them 2 or
3 minutes. — 8. A durable cement is made by
burning oyster shells, and pulverizing the lime
from thera very fine; then mixine it with white
of egg to a thick paste, and applying it to the
china or glass, ana secnring the pieces together
until <iry. — 9. Take 4 11». of while glue, \%
lbs. of dry white lead, % a lb. of isinglass* i
gal. of soft water, I quart of alcohol, and ^^ a
pint of white varnish. Dissolve the glue and
isinglass in the water by gentle heat, if prefer-
red; stir in the lead, out the alcohol in the var-
nish, and mix the whole together. — to. K ce-
ment that will mend marble, china, and orna-
mental ware, ts made by taking water 1 gal.,
nice glue 3 lbs., white lead 4 oz., alcohol, 1
quart. Mix. Directions — If it is cold weather,
warm the bottle until the cement is dissolved ;
then with the finger or a brush rub it on the
broken parts, (both edges.) put together, and
retain in their places until dry. — It. A cement
withstanding l»Jth heat and moisture is simply
pure white tcad or zinc white, ground in oil, and
used very thick. It is excellent for mending
broken crockcryware, but it takes a very long
lime to harden sufficiently. Tlie best i»lan is to
place the mended object m some store-room, and
not to look after it for several weeks, or even
months. After that time it will he found so
firmly united that, if ever again broken, it will
not part on the line of the former fracture.

CEMENT far Chemical Glasses.^-W\x equal
parts of flour, finely-powdered Venice glass,
pulverized dialk, and a small quantity of bridc-
rlust, finely ground; these ingredients, with a
little scraucu lint, are to be nuxcfl and ground
up with tJic whites of eggs; it must then be
spread upon pieces of fine Unen cloth, and ap-
plied to the crack of the glasses, and allowed to
get thoroughly dry before the glasses arc put to
the fire.

CEMENT for Cnering the Fnmts of If ousts,
— 50 parts, by measure, of clean, dry sand; SO
of limestone (not burned) reduced to grains like
sand or marble dust, and 10 parts of red lead,
mixed with as much boiled linseed oil ns will
make it slightly moist. The bricks, to receive it,
should be covered with 3 coats of boiled oil.

34

DICTIONARY

T WA^^TS,

laid on with a brush, and suffered to dry before
tlic maslic is put on. It is laid on with a trowel
like plaster, but it is not so moist. It becumcs
hani as stone in a few months. Core mu&t be
exercised not to use too much oil.

CEMENT, Coppersmith's.— '&xi\\oc\C% blood
thickened with finely-powdered q^uicklimc, II is
used to secure the edges nnd nvcts of copper
boilers, and to mend leaks from ioints, etc. H
must lie used a.s soon as mixen, a<i it mpidiy
gels hard. It is extremely cheap and very du-
rfthle. and is suited for many pur|K>»e!i where a
strong cement is required. It is frrtiucully
called blootl cement.

CEMENT far Cloth or BeiHng.—Tsikc ale I
pt. ; best Russia isinglo&s 2 0£. ; put them into
a common glue kettle and )>oil until the isinglass
is di!>solvcd; tlien add 4 oz. of the best com-
mon glue, and dissolve it witli tlie other ; tlien
slowly add \% at. of boiled Unseed oil, stir-
ring all the iimc .while adding, and until well
mixed. When cold it a\tU resemble India-rub-
ber. WTicn you wish to use this, dissolve what
you need in a suitable quantity of ale to have the
consislencc uf thick glue. It is applicable for
earthenware, china^ glass, or leather; for har-
ness ; banils for machinery ; cloth belts for
cracker machines for bakers, etc If for leather,
shave off as if for sewing, apply the cement with
a brush while hot, laying a weight to keep each
joint firmly for 6 to xo hours, or over nighL

CEMENT for CutUn,—u A material for
£istemu£ knives or forks into their handles,
when they have become loosened by use, is
a rouch-nccdcd arlitle. The best cement for
this purpose consists of 1 lb. of colophony, (pur-
'diasable at tlie druggists,) and 8 oz. of ^ulptiur,
pWhich arc to be melted together, and either kept

ban or retluced to powtlcr. One part of the
Rpowdcr is to be mixed with half a part of iron
^nlin^, fine sand, or brick-dust, and the cavity of
ihe Handle is then to Iw filled with this mixture.
The stem of the knife or fork is then to be
t^beatcd and inserted into the cavity ; and when
c^>ld it will be found fixed in its place with great
tenacity. — 2. Black resin 4 lbs.; beeswax i lb. ;
melt them, and add I lb. of finely-powdered and
vell-dricd brick-dust.

CEMENT for Cisttms. — Take equal parts
of red and white lead, and wash them into a
paste with boiled linseed oil. It hardens slowly,
DUt afterwards acquires a flinty hardness. To
be applied it should be made thm, and the metal
^thoroughly smeared with it.

CEMENT for EMginfers. — I. Mix ground
vhite lead with as much powdered red lead as
vilt make il of the consistency of putty. — 2.
,)|ix equal weights of red and white lead, with
'boiled linseed oil, to a proper consistence This
is employed by engineers and others to make
metallic joints. A washer of hemp, yarn, or
'canvas, smeareii M-itlt the cement, is placed in
Ihe joint, which is then "brought home" or
screwed up tight. It dries as bard as a stone.

CEMEINT for Fasttning Chamois and ether
Zeatherio Jrm a>id Steel— Dr. Carl \V. Hcin-
ischcn, of Dresden, gives the following recipe
for tlie above purpose: •' Spread over the metal
a tbin, hot solution of good glue; soak your
ler with a worm solution ot gall-nuts before
ing on the metal. If fastened in this way it is
Hmpossible to separate the leather from the metal
[mhout tearing iL

CEMENT for Fastening to Metals. — .\ny
fibrous material can be stuck to metal, whether
iron or other metal, by an amalgam composed of
^ue dissolved in vinegar, hot, and one>third of
lis volume i»f white wtch pine, also hot.

CEMEINT fry Fastening Kuhber to Wood
and Metal. — As iul)ber plates and rings are
now-a-days almost cxclusi%'e!y used for making
connectiuns between steam and other pipes anil
other apparatus, much annoyance is often expe-
rienced by the im|XJSiibilityor im[>erfectness of
an nir-light connection. This is obviated en-
tirely by employing a cement which fastens alike
well to the rubber and to the metal or woocL
Such a cement is prepared by a solution of shel-
lac in ammonia. This is best made by soaking
pulverized gum shellac in lo lirots its weight of
strong ammonia, when a slimy mass is obtained,
which in from 3 to 4 weeks will become liquid
without the use of hot water. This softens the
rubber, and becomes, after volatilization of the
ammonia, liard and impermeable to gases and
fluids.

CEMENT for Floors.— T^c % of lime and
^■^ of cnal-Ashes well sifted with a small quantity
of loam clay; mix the whole together, and tem-
ncr it well with water, making it up into a heap;
let it lie a week or lo davs» and then temper it
over again. After this, neap It up for 3 or 4
ilays, and repeat the tempering very high, till it
becomes smooth, yielding, lough and glossy.
The ground being ihcn levelled, lay the floor
iherewith about 2J4 or 3 inches thick, making il
smooth with a trowel ; the hotter the season is
the better; and when it is thoruughly dried it
will make the best flixir for houses, especially
for mali-houscs. If any one would have their
floors look belter, let them take lime of rag.
stones, well tempered with whites uf eggs, cov-
ering the floor alwut % an inch thick with it.
before the uniler flooring is too dry. If this be
well done, and thoruughly dried, it will look,
when rubbed with a tittle oil, as Lranspareot as
metal or gla:»s. In elegant houses, floors of this
nature arc made of stucco, or uf plaster-orroris
beaten and sifted, and mixed witn other ingre-
dients.

CEMENT for Cas- Fitters.— Mix together
resin ^)i parts ; wax I part, and Venetian red j
]>ans.

CEMENT for Gas RetorU, — A new cemen^
especially adapted lo the retorts of gas works, is
very warmly recommended in a German gaslight
journal. It consists simply of finely powdered
barytcs and soluble watcr-glat,s ; or ihe barytes
otid a solution of borax. Fbc joints are to be
coaled several tiroes with thii cement by means
of a brush. The addition of two-thirds of clay
improves the cement, and the retorts will then
stand a red heat very well. Instead of the wn-
ter-gl.Ts-i a solution of borax may be used, or
even fmely powtlcrcd white glass.

CEMENT for Gutters ami Leohy Pliuu*~-~
A good cement for gutters and leakv places may
l>c made of boilcil paint-skins, if wnilc hut and
thick, a portion of s.'md and fine lime be sifted
in. It must be used while hot, and when dry
will be as hard as iron, and as durable.

CEMENT fvr Iwvn.—I^z 16 parts of steel
filings, 3 parts 9,tA ammoniac, and 2 parts flow-
er of sulphur. This mixture can be preserved
any lenglh of time in dry packages. Jn order to
lute with it, add to X part ullhc mixtiLrc la

CSAfS.VrS, CLUBS AKD PASTES.

35

\\rz, iwcvi-
t<j form a

i

erf:-

fMic Tli.- . ■' • ■ ■'-

icrfacdf ck«n
ror irtxi cu4in

nA (^n»«« / ! applhctaric^) can be

Mkiffrnf^! fiiT —J, To 4 or 5 parts

•ft" i^ctl, add 2

{■r 1 part of

. i ..I ^.j.i, awl }i of
, , and render as fine
lu A thick paste with
uudiiltty of water, muting (hor-
CTyhiy vvelL It must Ijc used iramediatelv.
Amt inllrwinn U vboolil be exposed to warmth ,
inovuinff lo Klmo^t a white heal.
■I B *»-i-v n ■< "1 -"ii'l tir»-^*'nis complete
iig water.
:) turnings
^ aiiuiiuni.ic and I port
water is added till a paste
' ' int'fl wlitcb

ilphureted
hanl. Of
■<'ly before.
I > of sifted
: pulvcriied zinc
. of commercial
.1 nun [».i-stc. This mix-
used tmmedtAtely, forms a cement
r«irt]1 ill hardness and resistance lo that
other way.

V IrrJH^ Motker-cf- Pearly tic, —
ingUss and 2 of white glue
• w and craporate to 6 parts.
vue inirucaj yuiX. of gum mastic, dissolved
IbK m pvt of alcohol^ and i part of white zinc
Wvrn rc<]tirT«t3 Ibr a«e, varru and tihake up.

f '" r iran B^iim. — This ocmcnt is

miK*\ '. cracks and leaks in iron boilers,

etc^ l> DricfJ clay in powder, 6 lbs, ;
fifisNO, t tb. Make a paste with boiled
■ImL— 4. Take 2 oz. of muriate ofommo-
■a. t u«. uf flower of solphur. and i6 oz. of
^t-inm fiTniijs .jt rumings ; mix them well in a
povfder dry. When the
II I . ke I part of this and 2o

nf tft^n iron tiUngs or liorinj;5, grind them
a roortiir, mix them with water tn a
prr^^ ooowttcnce, and apply them between the

CSME.VT /0r LmtArr.^To to parts bisul-
|Utfr carboo and l part spirits turpentine add
«atfa^ jralta-pcTcKa ir^ make a touj^h, thickly-
~ bOttU. The suriacM lo he joined must

be padaClrT 6«e from grease, which is accom-
(.« f-^tin^ A^clodi upon them and npply-
•r a lime. The cixil is applied
-s u)d }ireisure made till the

/«r LdAtM^ iR^Z/Mf.— Take of

iti ^iiif ttuA Aflieti- ! 15.$, equal

; pfeoe Ikem In « b(< ^vater suf-

*,t intf i-ivei titf* <■ it jiook to

ling heat,

becomes

. Atiply

rr where

'< r-MT rfaces sol-

tft «r«ffbrr, < nzid it is

WUkJw ' r rir>'* i U* rnit In.

CSMRNT for lather anJ CUth.—Kn nA-
bcftivc material for mtitin^ the parts uf boots
:vnd ^hoe^, and for the seams of articles of clolh-
tiiy, m.iy be made thu3 : Take I Hi. of gutta-
[>ercha. 4 oz. of India rubber, 2 oz. of pitch, t
oz. of shefUc. 2 oz. of oil. The ingredients arc
to he melted together, and used hot-

CJiMEA'7' /i*r Alaftogtinw — Melt 4 parts of
beeswax ur shellac with 1 o( Indian red. adding
as much yellow ochre as is reciuisite to give
color. This cement will be foimd most suitable
fur stopping holes :uid rents in maliogany furiii*
turc.

CEMENT for Patrnt FucL^-Oxwi of the best

' >r the agglomeration of coat du!kt and

ture ^patent fuel is that used in

-..<-.... :.i:ro|»can estabU<>hments, consisting of

cfjal (or, gluten and starch. The quantities of

the^c substanccf are altered according to the

quality and property of coal dust ; but tlicy ore

Tcry cosily ascertaJnod by a few experiments*

About 2 per cent, of iliis mixture (say containing

x% parts of tar, i part ffluicn, ana % part of

stiuth.) would l>e suitable for coal dudt uf an

average quality of bituminous coaL

CEM£.\^T for Prn'nttiHx Lenks About
Chimntys. — Dry sand, 1 part; ashes, 2 parts;
day, dried and pulveri/eci, 3 parts. All to be
pulverized and mixed into a paste with linseed
oil. Apply it when soft, ami when it becomes
bard water wiH have no effect upon it.

CEMENT for Roofs of Houses. — Stake stonc
lime in a large tub or liorrel with boiling water»
covering the tub or barrel to keep in the sleam.
When thus slaked, pass 6 quart** through a fine
sieve ; it will then be in a state of fine flour.
To tliis add i quart rock salt and I gat. water.
Ikxil (he mixture and tkim it dean. To every
5 gaU. of this carefully skimmed raixiure,
add ^ of a pound of potash, and 4 quarts of
fine sand or wood-ashes .sifted. Doth of the
above will admit of any coloring you please. It
looks better than point, and is a» durable as
slate.

CEMENT for Rooms. — Nt. Sarel, of Paris,
has made an invention which is pronounced bel-
ter than plasler-of-Paris for cootjng the walls of
rooms. It is used thus : A coat of oxide of
zinc, mixed with size, maile up Hko a wa.sh, is
tirst laid on the wall, ceiling, or wainscot, and,
over that a coat of chloride of zinc applied, pre-
pared in tlie same way as the first wash, llie
oxide and chloride effect an immediate combina-
lion, and form a kind of cement, smooth and
poli.-l ' ' ' .. and possessing the advantages
of oi' ..lit its disadvantages --"f »incll.

Cl.M j.r Swam Pip€5, — I. White le.id,

mixed, 2 pirts; red lead, dry, i part ; grind or
otherwise mix them to a consistence of thin
putty ; apply intcrposeil layers with one or two
thicknesses of canvas or gauze wire, as the ne-
cessity of the case may Iw. — 2. (Stephenson's.)
If 2 parts Utharge are mixed with 1 part dry-
slaked lime and i part fine sand, well rublK'd
together, and mixed with such a quantity of hot
linseed-oil vamt^ as lo form a pasty mass, an
excellent cemcnl for iron steam-pipes is ob-
tained, which soon tets hard. Consequently, it
mii=:l ' I fresh every time, and applied

when

f '. ' .^'.ll^rt/M;' Cr,\i\'^ III '^itii,'^!^

36

niCTTONARY OF EVERY-DAY WAfTTS.

lead and white sand, and as much oil a£ will
make it of the coniislency of putty; in a few
weeks it will becume as hard as stone.

CEMES'T for Stont. — IJottger informs ns
that a cement of extraordinary bindtn); power is
made byusing infasorial :«ilica in place of qtmrtz
sand. This infusorial earth is found in Germany
only, btil it has hccn imjxirted into this country
in considerable quantities. It consists of hy-
draled silica, which combines with bases much
more readily than silica in the anhydrous condi-
tion, as in quartz sand. The infusorial silica is
(nixed in about equal proportions with oxide of
^cad ; about % a part of freshly slaked lime is
then added, and the whole is then made into a
.paste with l>oiIe<l linseed oil. The cement thus
'-piade quickly becomes as hard as sandblone, and
l^irill be found extremely useful in such work as
''fixing iron in stone for balusters and railings.
It is not likely, we think, to expand in setting,
and thus no risk of splitting the stone will be
incurred. In this respect alone it offers a great
■d vantage over Portland cement, somctitncs usct]
for the purpose we have mentioned, which, ac-
cording to some authorities, docs expand, and in
consequence of which one very serious accident
is supposed to have resulted.

CEMENT f,?r Stoves.— l. Good wood-ashes
are to be sifted through a fine sieve, to which is
to be added the same qu-inlity of cU)*, finely
pulverized, together with a little salt. The mix-
ture is to be moistened with water enough to
make a paste, and the crack of the stove hllcd
■with it. — 2. An excellent cement for iron stoves
or furnaces is a paste of soluble glass and bn-
rytes, with or without some fine fire-clay, and
the soluble gloss may be replaced by a soluiion
of borax, and both these and barytcs by a mix-
ture of clay and powdered glass.
*- CEMENT for TtU A'c^A— Eqnal part* of
whiting and dry sand, and 25 ]Kr cent, of lith-
arge, made into the consistency of putty wilh
linseed oiL It is not liable to crack when cold,
nor melt, like coal tar and asphalt, with the
heat of the sun.

CEMENT, Cast-Iron. — iHean borings, or
turnings, of cast iron. 16 ; sal ammoniac, 2 parts ;
flour of sulphur, I part ; mix them well together
in a mortar, and keep them dry. WTien re-
quired for use, take ol the mixture, 1 ; clean
borings, 3o parts; mix thoroughlvi and add a
sufficient auanlity of water. A little grindstone
dust added improves the cement.

CEMENT^ Colorfd. — Professor Bottger pre-
pares cement of diverse colors and great hard-
ness by mixing various bases with soluble
glass.

Soluble glass of ^3** B. is to be thoroughly
stirred and mixed with fine chalk, and the col-
oring matter well incorporated. In the course
of 6 or 8 hours a hard cement will set, which is
capable of a great variety of uses. Bottger
recommends the following coloring matters :

I. Well sifted suInhitW of antimony gives a
black mass, which, after solidifying, can be pol-
ished with agate, and then possesses a fine me-
tallic lustre.

3. Fine iron dost, which gives a gray-black
cement.

3. Zinc dust. This makes a gray mass, ex-
ceedingly hard, which, on polishing, exhibits a
briUiant metallic lustre of rinc, so that brokea or
defective unc castings can be mended and re-

stored by a cement that might be called a cold
zinc casting. It adheres Armly to metal, slune
and wood.

4. Carbonate of copper |^vcs a l^ght green
cement.

5. Sesqoioxide of diromium gives a daclc
green cement.

6. Thcnard's lilue, a blue cement.

7. Lilhari^c, a yellow.
S. Cini

nabar, a bright red.
9. Carmine, a violet red.
The soluble glass, with line chalk alone, gives
a white cement of great beauty and hardness.

Sulphide of antimony and iron tlusl, in equal
proportions, stirred in with soluble glass, anurd
an exceedingly, black cement ; cine du&t and
iron in equal proportions yield a hard, dark*
gray cemenL

As soluble glass can be kept on hand in liquM
form, and the chalk and coloring matters arc
permanent and cheap, the colored cements can
be readily prepared when wanted, an<l the ma-
terial can be kept in stock, ready for use, at lit-
tle expense. Soluble glass is fast becoming one
of our most important articles of chemical pro-
duction.

CEMENT, Cwn/.— Add % a pint of vuiegar
\o y^ z. pint of skimmed milk; mix the curd
with the whites of 5 eggs, well beaten, and suf-
ficient jjowdcrcd quick-lime to form a paste.
Tliis cement will resist water and a BKKlcratc
degree of heat.

CEMENT, Chinese, — I, Dissolve &bellac in
enough rectified spirit to make a liquid of the
consistency of treacle. — 2. Boil borax, 1 02., and
shellac, t oz., in water until dissolved.

CEMENTt Diamond. — I. Isinglass, i o«. ;
rlistilled vinegar, 5^ or.; spirits of wine, 2 02, ;
gum ammomacum, y^ an oz. ; gum mastic, ^
an oz. Mix well. — 1. Soak isinglass in water
till it is soft ; then dissolve it in the smallest
possible quantity of proof spirit, by the aid of a
gentle he.it; in a oz. of this mixture dissolve
10 grains of ommoniacum, while still lirjuid ndd
% a drachm of mastic dissolved in 3 drachms of
rectified spirit ; stir well together. When to be
used, liquify the cement by standing the bottle
in hot water, and use it directly. The cement
improves the ofiener the bottle is thus warmed,
and resists the action of water and moisture per-
fcctly. — 3. (Urc's.) Take i ox. of isinglass, 6
07, of distilled water, l>oilcd down to 3 ot., and
\% uz. of rectified spirit. Boil for a minutes.
strain, and add, while hot, % 02- of milky emul-
sion of ammoniac, and 5 drachms of tincture of
gum ma<>lic. This recipe, carefully followed,
results in an excellent cement.

CF.MENT^ Engiish A'omaH. — ^Takc a bushel
of time slacked, with 3J14 lbs. of green cop-
peras, 15 gals, of water, and J^ of a bushel of
fine gravel sand. The copperas should l>c dis-
solved in hot water; it must be stirred with a
slick, and kept stirring continually while in use.
Care should be taken to mix at once as much as
may be requisite for one entire front, as it is
very difficult to match the color again ; and it
ought to be mixed the same day it is used.

CEMENT, EntfffHoiof^st*s. — Equal parts of
thick mastic varnish and isinglass size.

CEMENT, Ehitu Co//ijdiort. ^Ordmary
collodion is made by dissolving 8 parts of gun-
cotton in 125 parts oi ether and 8 parU oT al-
cohoL When used as a cement or vamisb, it

fl

J

CEAfENTS, GLUES AND PASTES.

I
I

l^ecxtmcs very hard, crncks casilv* and pccis uff.
,lt may Ijc rendered cla>lic by die addition ol 4
parts of Venetian lurpenline and 2 parts of cas-
tor oil. ^\*hcn intended for surgical purposei^,
as a varnish, which, when dry, forms a perfectly
di>se tilling plaster, ii has been found thai the
addition of some glycerine to the ordinary coUo-
dion, in which it \-k dissolved to a sninll extent,
makes a varnish which adheres strongly to llie
skin, docs not crack, aiid, on account of its elas-
ticity, do'tt not crease the skin.

CEAfEXT, Egg.—WWe of egg, thickened
with finely-()owdcrcd quick-lime. Used to mend
earthenware, glass, china, marble, alabaster,
spar omanicntSp etc It does not resist mois-
ture.

CEMEXT^ Efeftnoiiand Ch^kal,—{S\x\g-
cr*5.) I. Resin, 5 lbs. ; wax and dry red ochre
IB fine powder, of each l Ih. ; plaster-of-Paris,
4 oz. ; melt the fir'it two, then add the ochre,
and lastly the plaster. — 2. Black resin, 7 lbs, ;
well dric«l rcfJ fjchrc and plaster, of each i lb. ;
as above. U&cd to cement the plates in voltaic
tronehs. join chemical vessels, etc.

CEAfEX^T, I'remh. — Make a thick mucilage
with gwm arable and water, then add starch in
fine powder to thicken it. Employed by natu-
ralists and French artificial-flower makers. A
little lemon juice is sometimes added.

CEMENT, Gtrman. — For glass or- earthen-
ware. 1. Take 2 parts of gum shellac, and i
part of Venice turpentine; heal them together
ID an iron pot, taking care to keep the lid quite
close, as the turpentine is very inflammable.
^Vhcn partially cool form into slicks ; when it is
wanlca for u^e mell near a gentle fire. — 2. 3
measures of litharge, and 1 each of unslaked
lime and flint gbss; each to be pulverized sep-
arately before mixing \ then, to use it, wet it up
with old drying oil.

CEAfEXT, Ghss-gHndef'j.^t. Melt pitch,
and odd thereto j!^ of its wcii'ht each of nnely-
powtlered wood-ashes and hard tallow. For
coarse work. — 3. Melt 4 lbs. of black revin, and
UicTT ndd I lb. each of l>reswax and whiting, pre-
iri" I I still warm. Intended

to ■ I tig.

l ,.... .\., . , W..L. ...... — rdyocrine and lilh-

arsv. hiirrcd tu a paste, hardens rapidly, and
nakca a durable cement for iron upon iron, for
two stone surfaces, and especially for fastening
iron in stone. The cement is insoluble, and is
W'f ■ ' y strong adds.

t . Uiini. — I. To 4 or S parts of

clsy. hlily dried and pulverized, add 2

{Oft* nf line iron filings free from oxide, 1 part
of (icrnxidc of manganese, ^ uf sea salt, and %
of borax. Mmglc thoroughly and render as
fine A& possible, then reduce to a thick paste
■*■'■' V qtianlity of water, mixing

liould l>e used immediately.
,. ., should l>c exposed to heat,
< .osiug almost tu white heat. This
liard, and presents a complete re-
o red heat and lioiUng water. — 2.
; of sifted peroxide of manganese
-uivcrized line white, aild a sufiidenl
commercial solnblc gloss to form a
This mixture, when used immcdi-
- cement quite equal in hardness
<. to that ubtoincd by the first

a&'.

C£M£XT, /fyJnnUU.-^Gud'i.)

Mix

lbs. of well-dried and powdered clay with I lb.
of oxide of iron; then add as much boiled oil
OS will reduce them to a stiff paste. Used for
work required to harden under water.

CEMEXT^ Jiamelitt's. — To any given weight
of the earth or earths, commonly pit sand, river
sand, rock sand, or any other sand of the same
or the like nature, or pulverized earthenware or
porcelain, add f^ of the given weight of the
earth or earths, commonly called Portland stone,
Bath stone, or any other stone of the same or
like nature, pulverized. To every 560 lbs. of
these earths, so prep.'ued. odd 40 lbs. of litharge,
and with the last-mentioned given weights com-
bine 3 lbs. of pulverized glass or flint stone.
Then Jain to this mixture I lb. of minium and 2
lbs. of grey oxide of lead,

When this composition is intended to be made
into cement, to every 605 lbs. of the composition
are added 5 gals, of vegetable oil, as linseed oil,
walnut oil. or pink oil. The composition is then
mixed in a similar way to mortar.

When this cement is applied to the purpose of
covering buildings intended to resemble stone,
the surmce of the building is washed with oil

CEAfEXTy Ifcn-rHst. — Take 100 parts iron
filings, pounded and sifted; add I part sal am-
monia. When it is applied, give it sufficiency
of water to make it of paste consistency. Ihis
cement is used for filling up seams of iron.

CEMEXT^ Jrim, — To make an iron cement
suitable for making rust joints, mix thoroughly
tl2 lbs. of clean cast-iron borings, or turnings,
with 8 o/. of snl ammonia, and l oz. of flower
of sulphur, and add sufficient water. Keep wet
vhen not to Iw immediately used, or it will heat
and be spoiled.

CEA/EXT, India /"wi^iVr.— Dissolve I lb. of
pure India rubber, divided into small fragments,
in 4 gals, of rectified coal-tar naphtha, with fre-
quent stirring. After 10 or 12 aays double the
qiinntity, by weight, of this liquid is added of
siiellac. Tliis mixture is heated in an iron ves-
sel having a discharge pipe at the bottom, and
when the whole has become liquid it is drawn
out upon sLnbs where it cools m the form of
plates. When required for use it is heated in
an iron vessel to a temperature of 258", and ap-
plied with a brush to tnc surfaces to be joineo.
It is so strong that wo<Klen beams and posts
joined with it will break cl-icwherc before being
divided at the iilace of splicing.

CEAfEXl t yapancsf. — Intimately mix the
best powdered rice with a little cold water, and
then gradually add boiling water until a proper
consistence is acquired, being particularly care-
ful to keep it well stirred all the time; lastly, it
must be boiled for I minute in a dean saucepan
or earthen pipkin. This glue is beautifully
while and transjKirent, for which reason it is
well adapted for fancy paper work, which re-
quires a strong and colorless cement.

CEAfEXT, 7«tv//rr'j.— Take 6 pieces of
gum mastic the sue of peas, and dissolve in the
smallest possible quantity of alcohol. Soften
some isinclass in water, and saturate strong
brandy wiln it till you have 2 oz, of glue ; then
rub in 2 small pieces of sal ammoniac. Mix the
2 preparations at a heat. Keep well stopjicred.
.Set the bottle in hot water before using. It is
said by the Turks that thi^ prcparatiou will unite
2 metallic surfacrs, even polisncd steel, »o that
they cannot be separated.

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

CEMENT^ Kourie. — A new gum, obtained
from trees in New Zealaiul, has been introduced.
It is callcil kouric. and ha5 been found to be a
most excellent, strong, and waterproof cement
for caulking tanks and cementing pieces of glass,
stone or wood together. Before using it is fused
and mixed with Y^ port of its weight of castor
oil.

CEMENT, IJqwit, — Cut gum shellac in 70
per cent, alcohol ; put it in phials, and it is
ready for use. Apply it to the edge of the
broken dish with a ieaiher. and hold it in a spirit
lamp as long as the cement will simmer, then
jniti together evenly, and when cold the dish
will br^ik in another place first, and is as strong
OS when new.

CEMENT, MicroscopU. — Isinglass, 2 parts;
gum. I part; water» 2 parts. Dissolve, then
mix in alcohol, l parL

" CEMENT^ Optician" i.—\. Shellac, softened
with rectified spirits or wood naphtha. For fiite
work. — 2. Melt wax, I oz, and rosin, 15 oz. ;
then add whiting, 4 oz., previously made red
hot, and still warm. Used to fix glasses, stones,
etc., while polishing and cutting.

CEMENT, /'rtAjA./K-.— Curdle skim milk,
press out the whey, and dry the curd by a gen-
tle heal, but as (juickly as possible. When it
ba!t become quite dry, grina it to powder in a
co6fec or j^cppcr- mill, and mix it with onc^six*
teenlh of its weiglit of finely-powdered quick-
lime, and a piece of camphor the size of a pea,
also reduced to powder, to every ounce of the
mixture. Keep it in wide-mouth 1 02. phials,
well corked. When to be used, make it into ft
paste with a little water, and apply it immedi-
ately.

CEMENT, P/ttm&fr's.—Uch black resin. 1
lb. ; llien slir in brick-dust, I to 2 lb. ; some-
times a little tallow is addcrl.

CEMENT, PeasUy. — Prepare a solution of
200 parts of white glue in water ; another one
of 50 parts of isinc&ss, 3 of gum arable, and 3
of tragacanih ; and finally, another of i part of
bleached shellac in alcohol. Then pour these 3
■^•otutions together, mix them with 24 parts of
^hite lead, and, at the last, 12 i-arls of the best
glycerine, and 200 parts of nlcnhnl. The mastic
thus obtained should be immediately put up in
bottles and well corked.

CEMENT^ Rice Flour. — An admirable ce-
ment may be made from rice flour, which is at
present use<l for that purpose in China and Ja-
ifNm. It is only necessary to incorporate the
Lficc flour intimately with cold water, and gently
simmer it over a fire, when it readily forms a
delicate and durable cement, not only answering
all the purposes of common paste, but admirably
adoptea for joining together paper, cards, etc.,
in forming the \*anous beautiful and tasteful or-
naments which afford much employment and
amusement to the ladies. When made of the
consistence of plaster clay, models, busts, bas-
relievos, etc, may be formed of it, and the ar-
ticles, when dry, are susceptible of a high pol-
ish, and are alto very durable.

CEMENT, Red. — This cement, which is em-
ployed by instrument makers for cementing
^ass to metals, and which is very cheap, and \s
very useful for a variety of purposes, is mode by
melting 5 parts of black rcsm, I part of yellow
wajc» andf tlien stirring in gradually 1 part of red
oclirc or Venetian red, in fine jxtwdcr, and pre-

viously well dried< This cement requires to be
melted l>cfore u.se, and it adheres belter if the
objects to which it is applied arc warmed*

CEMENT, Raman, — (jcnuinc Roman ce-
ment o^nsists of ^uzicUm, (a ferruginous clay
from Putet^i, calancd by the fires of \'esuviu5,)
lime and sand, mixed up with sofl water, llie
only preparation which the puxxcUne undergoes
is that of pounding and sifting; but the ingredi-
ents are occasionoUy incor[>orated with bullock's
blood and oil, to give the composition more te-
nacity.

CEMENT, Senl Engravti' s.^-CtiVMx\on resin
and brick-dust melted together. I'sed to fix the
pieces of mctol while cutting, and also lu secure
scaU and tools in their bandies. 11ie older it
gets the harder it grows.

SCHIOICA O. — A new Chinese composition,
which has the pro{3erty of making woud and
other substances perfectly water-tight. It con-
sists of 3 jxirts of blo<xl, (deprived of its fibrioe»)
4 parts of^ lime, and a litUc alum.

CEMENT, Water and Fire-proof .^1o % a
pint of milk put on equal quantity of vinegar, in
order to curdle it ; then separate the curd from
the whey, and incorporate the whey with 4 or 5
eggs, beating the whole well together. When it
is well incorporated, add a little quick-Urae
through a sieve, until it has acquired the consist-
ence of a thick paste. With this broken vessels
may be united. It resists water and, in a meas-
ure, fire.

CEMENT, W'rtfrr.— Good gray clay. 4
parts ; black oxide of manganese, 6 parts ; good
limestone, reduced to pnuder by sprinkling it
with water, 90 ports; incorporate, calcine and
powder.

GLUES*

GL UE, Cement, — Take of isinglasv and
parchment size, each I oz., sugar candy and gum
tragacanlli, each 2 drachms; add to them I oz.
water, and lioil the whole together till the solu-
tion appears (when cold) of the consi-stcccy of
glue ; tnen pour it into any form you please. If
tnis glue be wet with the tongue, and rubbed on
the nlgcs of paper, silk or leather that arc to be
cemented, they will, being laid together, pressed
slighdy, and suffered to dry, lie as firmly united
as other ports of the substance.

GLUE, Ftexihte. — h. German chemist haa
discovered that if glue or gelatine be incorpo-
rated with alK>ut % of its weight of glycerine,
it loses its brittleness, and becomes useful for
many purposes far which it is otherwise unfit,
such as dressing leather, giving elasticity to i>or-
cclain, parchment or enameled paper, and for
bookbinding.

GLUE, Jlew to Use It.^-To do good gluing,
the work must be well fitted, the parts to be
glued well warmed, and the clue well evoked
and brought to the proper consistency. Having
clamps, hand-screws, etc., ready, oftcr applying
the glue put together immediately, bringing the
parts firmly together, leavirib no botiy of ^uc
oelween. Fin.'uly, use only the best glue.

GLUE, its Manu/aeture. — Glue is ^principally
prepared from the parings and waste-pieces of
hides and skins, the refuse of tanrcrics, and the
tendons and other ofiaX of slaughter-houses.
jVU these should be preferably obtaineil and kept
in the ilry stale, to prevent decomp<tsition. For
use, they are first stcei3cd for 14 or 15 days in

CEMENTS, gLCTES AaXD PASTES.

milk of lime, arul then drained oncl drleU
constituteii the cleaning or the preparation.

lliis
Be-

I

Core cunverbion iritu due, they are usually a^^ain
steef)cd in weak milk of lime, well washca in
witer, and exposed to the air for 24 hours.
They arc Uicn placed in a copjicr boiler ^A filled
irith water, and furnished with a peiTorated
Ctlsc bottom, to prevent them from burning, and
as much is piled on as will fill the vessel and
rest on the top of iL Heat \s next appliet!, and
gentle boiling continued until ihc liquor on cool-
ing forma a firm gelatinous mass. The clear
portion i^ then run olT into another vessel, where
It is kept hot by a water-bath, and allowed to re-
pose for ^:>me hours to deposit, when it is run
into the conjraling boxes, and placed in a cool
situation. Tlie next morning the cold gelatinous
cu*ises are turned out upon boards wetted with
water, and are cut horizontally into thia cakes
with a stretched piece of braxs wire, and then
into smaller cake& with a moistened flat knife.
These cakes arc then placed upon nettings to
dry, after which they are dipped one byx)uc into
hot water, and slightly ruhbe<l with a brush
wetted with boiling water, to give them a gloss ;
they are lastly stove-dried for sale. During this
time the undissolvnl portion of skins, etc., left
lit the copper Ls treatea with fresh water, and the
whole (^Mration is repeated again and again, as
long as any gelatinous matter is extracted. The
fir^t runnings pr<jducc the palest and Iwst glue.
The refuse matter from the tanners and leather
dmsers yields on the average, when dried, 50
per cent, of its weight of glue.

LIQUID GCUE.~u Dissolve bruised or-
an^ shellac in A^ of its weight of rectified
spuit, or of rectified wood naphtha, by a gentle
heat. It is very useful as a general cement and
tubiiitule for glue. — 3. Another kind may be
made by dissolving I ot. of borax in t2 oz. of
soft water, adding 2 oz. of bruisetl shellac, and
hniling till dissolved, stirring it constantly. — 3.
iHssotve 1000 parts of glue in icxx) parts, by
weight, of water, in a glazed pot over a gentle
fire. When it is nicltctl, add nitric acid (sp. gr.
I "55) 200 parts, pouring it in very gradually.
An eflcrvesccnce is caused by the escape of hy-
ponitrous add. \STien all tnc acid is oxlded, al-
low the solutjotf to cooL — 4. Dissolve t part of
powdereii alum in I30 [Murts of water; and 130
p«rts of glue, 10 of acetic add. and 40 of alco-
itol, and digest. Prepared glue is mode by dis-
solving common glue in warm water, and then
adcDa^ acetic acid (strong vinegar) to keep it.
~' KMve 1 lb. of best glue in i^-j pint of water.
add I pint of '\'incgar. It is ready for use.
'QUID GLUE, for LaMm,^ H/>yn 7m.—
ing water, i quart; borax, pulverized, 2 02,;
in the bom\ ; thrn add gum shellac, 4 02.,
id boil until di'^solvcd.

MARIXE OLUE.—'SMx together gum san-
V lb- ; gam roostic. % lb., and mclhy-
S lbs. When the gums are dis-
' r lb. turpentine, and incorporate
' *- ' ' rrion of the best glue,
.^s has l>ecn added to
iijjh muslin. The ma-
il be impervious to moisture, and
I in any ordinarily hot weather.
MOUTJf G/.UE.—T\\\s article affords a
oonrrnicnt means of uniting papers, and
odicr smjU, light objects; it is made by dis-
•o(nog« with the aid of heat, pure glue (xs gel-

atine or parchment glue) with about Jk^ of its
weight of coarse brown sugar, in as small a
quontitv of boiling water as possible ; this, when
perfectly liquid, should lie cast into thin cakes on
a flat surface very slightly oiled, and as it cools
cut up into pieces of a convenient site. ViTien
rciuired for use, one end may be moistened by
the mouth, and it is then ready to be rubbed on
any substances it may be wished to join ; a piece
kept in the desk or workdwx is very convenient

PARCHMENT G LC'E. —P&rchin^nt shav-
ings, I lb. ; water, 6 quarts. Boil until dia-
soTved, then strain and evaporate slowly to the
proper consistence. Use a water-bath if you
want it very light colored.

PORTABLE GLUE, for Dtaughtmen, etc.
— Glue, 5 parts ; sugar, 2 parts ; water, S parts.
Melt in a wnter-balh, and cast it in moulds.
For use, dissolve in warm water.

SPAULDING'S GLUE.—Y\x%\. soak in cold
water all the glue you wish to make at one time,
using only gmss, earthen or jwrcelain dishes;
then Dy gentle heat dissolve the glue in the same
water, and pour in a little nitric acid, sufficient
to give the glue a sour taste, like vinegar, or I
Oi. to each U>. of glue.

IVATEE-PROOF GLUE,^\ oz. of gum
sond.irac and I oz. of mastic are to be dissolved
togetlicr in a pint of alcohol, to which I oz. of
white turpentme is lo he added. At the same
time a very thick glue is to be kept readv. mixed
with a little isinglas<i. The solution of' the res-
ins in alcohol is to be heated to l>oiling in a glue
pot, and the glue added gradually with constant
stirring, so as to render the whole mass homo-
geneous. .\fker the solution is strained through
a cloth, it is ready for use, and is to be applied
hot. It dries quickly and becomes very hard,
and surfaces of wwkI united by it do not sepa-
rate when immersed in water.

MUCILAGES.

AfUCILAGE.—x, Put 3 or. of gum arabic
in an earthenware vessel containing % a pint of
cold water. If the liquid is occasionally stirred^
the gum in 24 hours will be dissolved and tlie
mixture reaily for use. Cloves will keep it from
moulding. — 2. Fine clean glue, I lb.; gum ara-
ble, 10 oz. ; water, f quart; melt by heat in a
glue kettle or water-batli ; when entirely meltcti,
add slowly 10 oz. strong nitric add, and set ofT
to cool. Tlicn bottle, adding a couple of clows
to each bottle.

MUCILAGE, SALEP— Tom 6 ot. mixture,
place into a flask l oz. of cold water, and 30 grs.
of powdered salep; shake well together; then
ada 7 oz. of l>oiling water, with which the whole
is slioken until nearly cold.

PASTES.

PASTE, That Will Krrp a Year.—\. Dis-
solve a teaspoonful of alum in a quart of warm
water. When cold, stir in as mucn flour as \\t1I
give it the consistency of thick cream, being par-
ticular to beat up all ihc lamfts ; .stir in as much
powdered resin as will stand on a dime, and
throw in half-a-dozen cloves lo give a pleasant
odor. Have on the fire a tcacupful of^ boiling
water ; pour the flour mixture into it, stirring
well all the time. In a very few minutes it will
be of the consistency of mush. T'our it into on

DlCrrONARV OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

caithen or china veiiiit:! ; let it cool ; lay & cover
on, and put it in a cool place. When needed for
use, take aut a porliun and suAcn il with warm
water. Paste thus made will hut 12 months.
It U better than gum, 05 it does not gluss ihc
paper, and can be wriltcn upon. — 2. Treparc in
the ordinary way a good flour or slarch paste.
It con be preserved oy adding to it a small quan-
tity of brown sug^r, then corrosive sublimate in
fine powder in the proportion of about a tea-
spoonful to the pint of paste; add also a lea-
spoonful of oil of lavender, or rosemary, or
cloven, or any of the essential oils, and a few
drops of carbolic acid, and stir well with a
wooden spatula. Tliis paste wilt keep fur any
kngtii of time perfectly pure. The ratwtmlc is
this; llie Lorrusivc sublimate insures il against
fermcnlation, and the essential oil and carbohc
add against mold. Corrosive sublimate in the
above IS a poisonous agent, but it is not cxpecled
ihaL the paste is (o be eaten because of ils con-
taining sugar ; and in the use of it as paste it is
not in the least dangerous, as we all liandle with
impunity many tilings more poisonous than this.

PASTE, Jer Scrap Aw-ti,— Take the best
of laundry starch in a clean dish, wet it with
suflicient cold, soft water, to permit it Vicing stir-
red smoothly. Pour on boding water, slowly
stirring until the starch is clear and jelly-like.
Ready for use as soon as cool. For many uses
preferable to a mucilage of gum Arabic

PASTE, That mil Adhere to Any Substance.
— Sugar-of-lcad, 720 'grs., and alum, 720 grs. ;
both are dissolved in water. Take 2)^ oz. of
gum arabic and dissolve in 3 ouarts of warm
water. Mix tn a dish 1 lb. of wneat flour with
the gum water cold, till in past^ consistence.
Put the dish on Ihc fire, pour into il the mixture
of alum and sugar-oflead. Shake well, and
lake il off the fire when it shows signs of ebul-
litiim. Let the whole cool, and the paste is
made. Tf the paste is too thick, add to it some
gum water, till in proper consistence.

PUTTY.

GLAZIER'S PUTTY.— VmKin^, 70 lbs. ;
boiled oil, 30 lbs. ; water, 2 gals, ^lix. If too
ihin, add more whiting; if loo thick add more oit.

PUTTY, to Sn//m.— To remove old putty
from broken windows, dip a small brush in nilro-
murialic acid or caustic soda, (concentrated lye,)
and with it anoint or paint over the dry putty
that adheres to the broken glass and &ames of
your windows ; alter an hour's interval, the
putty will tiAve become so soft as to be easily re-
noovablc.

SEALING-WAX.

SEAL/jVG-iYAX.—iKtd.) i. .Shellac (very
pale) 4 02. ; cautiously melt in a bright copper
pan over a clear charcoal fire, and when fused
add Venice turpentine, l^ oi.j mix, and further
add vermilion. 3 oz. ; remove the pan from the
(ire, cool a little, weigh it into pieces, and roll
them into circular sticks on a worm marble slab
by means of a polished wooden block ; or it may
l)e poured into moulds while in a state effusion.
Some persons polish the sticks with a rag till
quite cold. — 2. (Fine.) Shellac 3 lbs. ; Venice
turpentine, 19 01. ; finest cinnabar, 2 lbs. ; mix
as r»cforc, — X. (Fine.) As the last, but use just
half as much vermilion. — 4. Kesin, 4 lbs. ; shcl-
Inc, 2 lbs. ; Venice turpentine and red lead, of
each i_J4 lbs. Common.

(lUaclc.) I. Shellac, 60 parts ; very fine ivory-
black, reduced to on impalpable powder, 30
parts; Venice turpentine, 20 ports. — 2. (Fine.)
As the last, but using loinjj-black for ivory-
black — 3. (Fine.) Rosin, 6 lbs.; shcUnc and
Venice turpentine, of each 2 lbs. ; lamp-black
q. s. Inferior.

( Black Bollle-Wax.) i. Black resin 6U lbs. ;
beeswax, % lb. ; finely- powdered ivory-Wack, f
lb. ; melt together.— 2.(Ked.) As the last, but
substitute Vcnelixm or red lead for ivory-black.

(French.) .Shellac, (pale,) 3 lbs.; Vcuice
turpentine, i^ lb. ; vcrmillion. ^^4 I^s. ; di-
vide into sticks 12, 24, 36 or 40 to tne lb. Fine.

(Gold.) By stirring gold-colored mica spoo-
gles or talc, or aurum musivum into the melted
resins when thcv begin to cool. Fine.

(.Marbled.) by mixing 3 or 3 different col-
ored kinds just as they l«:gin to grow solid.

(Soft.). I. (Red.) Beeswax, 8 parts; oli^-e
oil, 5 parts; melt, and add Venice turpentine 15
parts ; red lead to color. — 2. (Green.) As the
last, but substitute powdered verdigris for red
lead. Both are usea for sealing certain official
documents kept in tin boxes; also as a cement.

AH the above forms for "fmc" wax produce
" superfine," by employing the best quahlics of
the ingredients; and "extra-superfine." or
"scented," by adding I oz. of balsam of Peru or
liquid slonix to the mgrcdients when consider-
airly cooled. The voncgalcd and fancy-colored
kinds are commonly scented with a little essence
of musk, or ambergris, or any of the more fra-
grant essential oils. Tlic addition of a little
camphor or spirit of wine, makes sealing-wax
bum easier. .Sealing-wax adulterated with rosin,
or which contains too much turpentine, runs into
thin drops at the flame of a canale.

COOKING AND BAKING.

COOKING suitaulk for invalids is marked

ANCnOVY BUTTER.— 9yzni^ the skin
from a dozen fine anchovies, take the flesh from
Ihe bones, pound il smm>th in a mortar; rub
through a hair-sieve, put the anchovies into the
mortar with jl( of a pound of fresh butter, a

small quantity of cayenne, and a saltspoonful
grated nutmeg and mace ; heat together until
thoroughly blended. If to serve cold, mould
the butler in small shapes, and turn it out. For
preservation, press the butter into jars ; keep cooL

COOKING AND BAKING,

»

APfLK BREAD.— K very light, plcasnnt
tvcwt it niAilc in France by a mixture oi apples
ami flo«r, in the pf^'ji*^<rfion of r of tlic fonner
1; I quantity of ycasl

1 lion bread, and is

lft«>^ ■ ;rlp of the apples

t] 'C dough is t»cn

It in a proi>cr ves-
sel, jV) ' luc fur o or 12 hours, aiid
ihca L:.; 1 loavts. Very little water is
ftijiiittic— iionr, generally, if the apples arc very

■\^^VF.. — Pare and core 3 good-

. aiid put them into a well-

n, with two tablespoonfnU of

uccpan dose, and set it

I e a couple of hours be

APti

I

»

fc«r lutincr; ^onic ;it>j'ies will taJtc a long titne
•ivwfttc— ocbent wUl be ready in 15 minutes;
WKctt toe «ripl» are done enough, pour ofl" the
WMer, let tbcm lUnd a few minutes to ^et dry ;
ffcca tkcti Uicsn np with a fork, with a bit of but-
ter ftb'Ktf k( big as a nutmeg, and a teaspoonful
ef povdrred sugsr- ikmie odd lemon-peel,
Ifrxicd or minocd fine, or boil a bit with the ai>-
|ik«. Soae are fond of apple sauce with cold

|«ntlr-

"/A'(75.— t lb. of flour. 6 ot.
..■d beef s.uct ; roll thin, and
boiling apples ; add gralcd
I lice of a small lemon; tie it
hnur and 20 minutes, or long-
A &nuLll slice of fresh butter
:vhen it is sweetened will t>c an ac-
aitlition ; grated nutmeg, or cinnamon
fiat pmvder, maybe substituted for lemon-
mvd. rot a richer pudding use )^ a lb. of bul-
•er foe the cnist, and odd to the apples a spoon-
ftilortwo of orange or cjuince marmabtlc. — a.
I4r« 4 or 5 Uut;e, tart applet, antl gmtc them
Adt ; thni malce the following custard, into
«1b(il \' '1 apple: Flour, 4tablesp4)on-

litia; I I ''<. 5 eggs, and a little grated

anBC<-f<rcL Alter you have these ingredients
veil nia»l. pour them into your puddiiig-dUh,

lBdhft)te.abr'n' •■' '• — -;.

APtt^ .- . Bakid.—a, large ap-

fk« Vx"lol. - bread. 4 oz. of butter,

4 ', :: whue> vi eggs well beaten, sugw

In - a dish with puffpasle. and bake

A .*/■•; A CAKK. — ^Take 3 cups of dried ap-
flc», cr* ' ' -•"•'"'« 'I cut caiiily, chop about
SM ftne : incr in 1 cups of mo-

Inni ^ sugar, I cup of sour

■m, I , \ cups of flour. 2 tea-

a|a«nUu -^.Ut, cloves and cinnn-

mnn Mix. witn moiassca wvnn. Put apples
ia befcic the floor. Bake in Urge
ft nofces I Urp* one, or 2 small

APPLE CUSTAFD. — i pint of good stewed
^fAei» % % <A ^ *<r, ^ a pint of

3 t|nP ^ '■' ^S^ ^^'^ grated

ti? taste. Mix inc inj^ccuenls together,
in ■ raif'paste in a moderate stove.

j#/»/»/^ r/T Al/"— R'll l?_i[n.lo'. ill wifrr

fvyy ftilT azkil l'.^jk.> '[nut. 'friuwi
~ u{i un s dish.

APPLE 5A'c7/r.— Put 12 good tart apples ia,
cold water, and set them on a slow fire ;
soft, dmin off the water, strip the skins from t1
apple-i, core .md lay ihem in 0 Idrge gln^s duh*
Beat the whiles of 12 eggs to a %iift frulh, |«ji *^
a [lound of pfiw<lrrcd while siignr to ll»e upples ;
I»cal ihcm and ndd the eggs. Beat the whole to
a sli6f snow, and turn into a dcsscrl-dish.

APPLE St CM. — Pare gcod cooking apples,
put in an earthen dish with '■ugnr. butter, and
water enough for juice. Moke a paste as for
biscuit, only thin enough to spremi comIv with k
spoon. Sjjrcail o\*er the apples am! hake V "rf ^
an hour. Berries and prunes- mnv lie u».ed in-
stead of apples, and make an etjually palatable
dish. Serve with a nice sauce

APPLE SOUPPLE.~-6 or 8 apples, some
while sugar, yelks and whites of 3 eggs. J^ of a
pint of cream or new mdk, sugar to taste. Peel
and cut the apples; boil them with n little white
sugar, and mash them smcKHh. Make a custard
with the yelks of 3 wcll-healen eggs, 3 J^ uf a
pint of cream or new- milk, and while sugar to
taste. Have the anfilcs arxl custard ready; moke
a ring round the iiish with the apples, and put
the eu-'ftard in the mwldlc. Whisk the whiles* of
the egg?^ to a stiff froth, and put tliem over the
c"ustard arwl apples. Sift sugar over it, and bake
it m a niodcr.ite oven.

APPLE EPirrEPS.—PaTc and core some
fmc lorgt; pippins, aiul cut them into round
slices. SooL them in su^, mc'istcncfl with wa>
ter, and nutmeg for 2 or 3 hours. Make a bat-
ter of 4 ecgs, fl tablespoonhil of rose-water, and
one of miK ; thicken with cnougli flour, stirred
in by degrees, to make a batter ; mix ir 3 or 3
hours before it is wanted, that h may be light.
Heat some butter in a fr\'ing-pan ; dip each slice
of apple sciKirately in tlic baiter, and fry ihem
brown ; sift pounded sugar and grate nutmeg
over them.

APPLE TKIFLE.^Siievt 6 large apples;
sift them, and aild sugar, butter and nutmeg as
for pies. Put in a deep dish, lake a pint mI
cream and i of milk and boil them. When
boiling, add the beaten yelks of 6 eggs, and
sugar. Stir until thick. When cold. j>our it
over the apple, bake, and when nearly done
spread the wliites of the eggs, lieaten with lemon
and sugar, on the top, and let it brown deli-
cately.

APPLES, Pleating Island tf/.— Bake or
scald 8 or 9 large apples ; when cold, pare them
and pulp them through a sieve. Beat up this
pulp with sugar, and add to it the whites of 4
or 5 eggs previously beaten up with a small
quantity of rose-water. Mix tlus into tliejmlp
a little at a time, and beat it until quite tight.
Heap it up on a dish, with a rich custard or jelly
round it.

ARTICHOKES.— ^T^i them in cold water,
and wash them well; nut them into plenty of
boiling water, with a handful of salt, and let
them boil gcnUy for \% or 2 hours ; trim them
and drain on a sieve; send up melted butter
with thcrn, which some put into small cups, 1
for each gue^t.

ARTICHOKES, /?.>iM/.— Twist off the
stalks and wash them in cold water. When the
water boils put thera in with the lops down.
They will lie done in tj^ hours. Serve with,
xoelted butler.

ARROWROOT BLANC~MAliQE,—K\^

DICnoyARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

cupful of arrowroot to a pint of milk; boil Ihe
milk with 1 2 sweet ami 6 bitter almonds blanched
and licatcn ; sweeten with loaf sugar, and strain
it; break the arrowroot with a lilUe of the milk
us smooth as possible; pour tlie boiling milk
upon it by degrees, stirring the while; put it
back intu tlic pan, and boil a few iiiiniite<>, litill
stirring; dip the shape in cold water before you
put it ai, and turn it out when cold.

ASPAHAGUS,^9Kt?L^ the stalks till they
are clean ; throw them into a ]ian of cold water \
tie Ibem up in bundles of about 25 each ; cut off
the stalks at the bottom all of a fcngth. leaving
enough to serve A a handle for the green part ;
put thcTD into a stew-pan of boiling wnter, with
a handful of snlt in it. Let it boil, and skim it.
When they are tender at the stalk, which will be
in from 20 to 30 minuter, they arc done enough.
Watch the exact time of their becoming tender ;
lake them up that instant. If too much Ijoilcd
they lose both color and taste. While the as-

furagus is boding, toast a round of a quartern
oaf, about % an inch thick ; brown it delicately
on Iwth sides; dip it lightly in the liquor the as-
paragus was boiled in, and lay it in the middle
of a di^h, and lay the asparagus round the dish,
the tops inwards.

ASPARAGUS SOUP.^2 quarts of good
beef or veal steak, 4 onions, 2 or 3 turnips,
some sweet herbs, and the white parts of 100
young asparagus ; if old, half that quantity; and
let them simmer till fit to be rubbed through a
tammy ; strain and season it ; have ready the
boiled green tops of the asparagus, and add them
to the soup.

BAKING POWDER.— '^iz following arc
the baking powders in general use: i. Tartaric
add, 4>i or.; arrowrcwt or rice-flour, ^ oz. ;
mix. — 3. Alum, 5 oi. ; bicarbonate of aoda, t%
or. ; lucnrbonate of ammonia, ^ or. ; arrow-
root, 4 oz.

BEANS^ To Cook. — The usual way people
cook beans is to parboil ihcm ; put ihcra in a
kettle or nan, set them in the oven to bake, with
a piece of fat pork in them. The grease oozes
out into the I>cans, causing a most unwholesome
and indigestible mass, destroying all the good
flavor of the beans. Now the method for cook-
ing them (which all who have tried it pronounce
excellent) is as follows: Parijoil as usual, putting
in sail to suit the taste. Then put them in a
pan and set in Ihe ovcti to bake, putting in a
piece of good, sweet butter — the size of a butter-
nut will answer. U.ike until tender and nicely
browned over on top. Beins are very nutn-
tious, and cooked in this way are palatable, di-
gestible, and can be eaten by any one. If you
want the i>Ork, cook ix in a dish by itself.

J^E.INS, <7rfm.— (French style.) Choose
small, young beans, and strip off the ends and
stalks, throwing them, as prepared, into a dish
full of cold spring water, and, when all are fin-
ished. wash nnd drain them well. Boil them in
salted boiling water, in a large saucepan, and
drain them, after which put them into an enam-
eled stcrwpan, and shake them over the fire until
they arc quite hot and dry ; tlien add about 3 oz.
of fresh butler, and a tablespoonfu! of veal and
chicken broth ; the butter must be broken up
into small lumps. Season with white iiepper,
salt, and the juice of half a lemon strained.
Stir them well over a hot fire for 5 minutes, and
■erve them in a vegetable dish very hot.

BEEP, To y%*dge of its QufUity- — The grain
of ox beef, when gooo, is loose, the meat red,
and the fat inclining to yellow. Cow beef, 00
the contrary, has a closer grain, a whiter fat, but
meat scarcely as red as that of oa beef. Infe-
rior beef, which is meat obtained from ill-fed an-
imals, ur from those which had Iwcooie too old
for food, may tic known by a hard, skinny fat,
a dark, red lean, and, in old animals, a Uuc of
homy texture rmining through the meat of the
ribs. When meal pretised oy (he finger rises
up quickly, it may be considered as tliat of an
animal which was in its prime ; when the deal
made by pressure returns slowly, or remains
%'istble, the animal had prol>ably pa.s&ed its
prime, and the meat consequently must be of
inferior quality,

PEEP, To Roast. — ^The noble sirlmn of about
15 lbs., (if much thicker llie outside will be done
too much before the inside is enough,) will re-
quire to be before the fire about 3^4 or 4 hiJaT3.
Take care to spit it evenly, that it may not lie
heavier on one side than the otiicr; put a little
clean dripping into the dripping-pan ; (tic a
sheet of popcr over it to preserve the (at ;) l^aste
it well as soon as it is put down, and every j^
of an hour all the time it is roasting, till the
last yi hour; then take off the paper and make
some gra\'y for it ; stir the fire and make it
dear ; to brown and froth it, sprinkle a little
salt over it, baste it with butter, and dredge it
with flour ; let it go a few minutes longer, till
the froth rises ; lake it up, ptit it on the dish, ctc

PEEP, Rump of. To Bake.—ilxiX. out the
bone and break it. and Iteat the flesh with a rol-
ling pin ; season with pepper, sail, ai»d clores,
and lard the meat across. Put the meal into on
earthen pan, with the broken bones, some but-
ter, bay leaves, whole butter, I or 2 shalots. and
sweet herbs; cover it dose, and place it in tlie
oven; it will require 6 hours to bake. Skim oflT
the fat, dish the meat, and serve with dried 5i)>
pels and its own hquor.

BEEF, Ltg of. To Bake.-^xiX the meat off
and break tlie bones. Put them all into an
earthen pan with 2 onions and a bundle of sweet
herbs, and season with whole pcpT>er, cloves,
and blades of mace. Cover it witn water, tie
the top doie with brown paper, and put it in
the oven. ^Vhen done, take out the pieces of
meat, lay them in a dish, ojid return them to the
oven to keep hot. Skim off the fat and strain
the liquor; pick out the 1>oncs and sinews, and
put them in a saucepan with a little of the gravy,
and butter rolled in flour. When hot pour il
into (he dish with the meat.

BEEP, PiiUt tf/.— Take the sirloin or second
cut of the rit>s ; take out the bones with a sharp
knife, and skewer it round in good sliape; lay
the bones in a large saucepan, with 2 onions, I
carrot, and 12 cloves; add the meat, just cov-
cred with water. Let it cook slowly 2 hours ;
dish the meat ; skim all the fat from the gravy,
add some flour mixed with cold water, and 2
spoonfuls of walnut catsup; give all a boil.
Turn p.irt of the gravy over the meat, and serve
ihe rest in a gravv tureen.

BEEFCOLLOPS.—CxLtiUt fdlet from the
under part of a rump of beef into thin slices, and
broil until nearly none ; put into a stew-pan
with a little beef stock; acid slices of lemon, 3
tablespoons of catsup, and stew till tender ; U a
pint of oysters is an miprovemenl to this dish.

J

COOK/yC AND BAKING.

^

the c

BEEF^ FiUei c/^ -,eith Musknvms.—Cwi the
fillet into slices, and ])our over liicm some
melted butter, seuuncd with i^eppcr and salt;
let them stand for an hour ; then put them in a
frying-[>an over a cjuick fire to brown liglilly;
tjke Lhem out, and put in the pan flour enough
to thicken and brown ; mix ^mootlily, and add
sofnc slock.

BEEJ^, C»r7 *?*/.— (Madras style.) Place 2
t^Iespoonfuls of butter in a saucepan, with 2
smaU unions cut in thin slices ; fry until bruwn ;
add a tablespoonful and a half of curry powder,
and mix all together. Take 3 pounds of beef;
cut in pieces an inch square; pour over lhem
the milk of a cocoannl* and a % of the meat of
the not ^ated fine and squeexccl through mu'tlin
with a little water ; this softens the taste of the
carry, and no curry is ever made without it in
India. If there is not liquor enough, add % a
tcacupful of boiling water; let (he whole sim<
mer for jO mfnates. Serve in a dish with sliced
lemon, and a wall of mashed potatoes or boiled
rice around it.

BEEFJUSSOLES.—^lmcn some cold roast
beef fine, add rather more than % as much
bread-crumbs as meat, a little mioced leraon-
peel and chopped parsley, with salt, pepper, and
sweet herbs minced, to taste. Make into a
paste Willi 2 or more e^s, according to the
c^uantity of meat ; roll np into balls, and fry a
nch brown ; thicken a little good brown gravy ;
add to it tt dessert spoonful of Worcester sauce,
and pour it round the rissoles in a very hot
dish.

BEEF, Stnvedwitk Onicns. — Cut some ten-
dar beef into small pieces, and season with salt
and pepper; slice some onions and add to it,
with water enough in the stew-pan to make a
gravy. Let it stew slowly till the beef is thor-
oo^iily cooked, then add some pieces of butler
roUed in 6our, enough to make a rich gravy.
Cold beef may be cooked before adding them to
tlie meat. Add more water if it dries too fast,
but let it be Soiling when poured in.

BEEF J/AS//.-^Takc nice slices of cold sir-
loui or ribs of beef; cut off all the outside
and gristle ; make with these and the
a brown gravy as directed; cut a good-
sixcd carrot and turnip in small pieces ; stew till
tcwlrr ; lay the slices of meat in a stew-pan
with ihe carrot and lumip; pour over a pint of
tfce grary, thickened with a oil of butter rolled

&ur. 6 pHckle<l mushrooms, and 3 pickled
nis CUT in half. Set the stew.pan by the
until the meat is thoroughly heated, but do
HOC let it boiL

B££F, CORNED, n Baif.—Wish it ihor-

gUf , and out it in a pot thai will hold plenty
of witer. The water should Imil when the beef

IS pot in, and great care shouM be taken to skim
it olten ; >^ an hour for every lb. of meal is
snfficitnit rime. Com beef, to be tender and
j«acT. should boil very gently and long. If it is
to be ealen cold, take it from the pot when
boiled, and lay it in an earthen dish or pan,
with a jiiece of board ujion it, Ihe size of tlie
iBKat. Upon this put a heavy stone or couple
flC ftal ktom* It peatly improves salt meat to

/ Vrt/.— *«lt 3 lbs. of lean beef, with

K • : and >V ftn <k. of saltpetre. Let

fl ttarici J <izv>. 1 lividc it into pieces weighing
* pOVtti coc^ and put it in an earthen pan of

just sufHcieiit size to contaiii il ; pour over it yi
a pint of water, cover it close with a olalc, and
bet it in a slow oven for 4 hours. Wiiea taken
from the oven, pour tlic gravy into a basin,
hhred the meat fine, moiaten it with the gravy
poured from the meat, and pound it thoroughly
m a uiarblc mortar, with fresh butler, until it
becomes a fine paste ; season it with black pep-
per and alUpice, ground doves, or grated nut-
meg; put it in pots, press it down as closely as
po!^:^ibtc, put a weight on it, and let il stand all
night; next day, cover it a 3^ of an inch thick
with clarified butter* and tie paper over it.

BEEfi' CUr/.E7'S.~Ciit the inside of a sir-
loin or rump in slices }4 an inch thick ; trim
them neatly ; melt a little butter in a frying-
pan ; season the cutlets ; fry tliem lightly ; serve
with tomato sauce.

* BEEF TEA.—Tdkc I lb. of juicy rump
steak, cut into oblong pieces an inch or two
long by about V ^^ ^1 i^^^ wide, place them in
a saucepan anu ju«t cover v^nth cold water ; set
it on top of the stove, if there is a good iire,
and witn an iron spoon keep pressing out the
juice from the meat, which at the end of lo min-
utes will be almost perfectly white and touch as
leather. 3 to 5 minutes boiling wilt finish it;
tlien draw off the broth and rinse the meat with
a little boiling water, to get off the nourishing
particles which remain ; add salt the last thing
(on no account do ihU while the meat is cooking)
and pepper to taste if allowed, and in 15 min-
utes you have a bowl of as good beef tea as was
ever made.

BEEF BROTU.—Wtish a leg or shin ot
beef; crack the bone well; ^desire the butcher
to do it for you ;) odd any trimmings of meat,
game, or poultry, heads, necks, gizzards, feet,
etc. ; cover them with cold \\'ater; stir it up well
from the Ixittom, and the moment it begins to
simmer skim it carefully. Your broth must Ik;
perfectly clear and limpid, for on this depends
the goodness of the soups, sauces and gra\'ics of
winch it is the basift. Add some cokl water to
moke the remaining scum rise, and skim it again.
When the scum has done rising, and the surface
of the broth is quite clear; put in i moderate-
sized carrot, a head of celery, 2 turnips, and 2
onions ; it shotdd not have any taste of sweet
herbs, spice or garlic, etc. ; cither of these fla-
vors con easily be added after if desired ; cover
it close, set it by the side of the fire, and let it
simmer very gently (so a^ not to waste the
broth) for 4 6r 5 hours or more, according lo
the weight of the meat ; strain it through a
sieve into a clean and dry stone pan, and set It
into the coldest place you have, if for after use,

BEEFSTEAK, Hmo to Ov*.— The frying-
pan being wiped dry, place it «ix>n the stove and
let it become hot. In the mcintirae mangle the
sleak — if it chance lo be sirloin, so much the
belter — pepper and salt it, then lay it on Ihe
hot. dry pan, which instantly cover as tight as
possible. When the raw flesh touches Ihe
neatetl pan, of course it seethes and adheres to
it, but in a few seconds it becomes loosened and
juicy. Every 30 seconds turn the steak ; but be
careful to keep it as much as pr»ssible under
cover. WTien nearly done lay n small piece of
butter upon it. In 3 minutes from Ihe time the
sleak Rrsl goes into the pan it is ready for the
Uble.

BEEFSTEAK AND 0N10NS.-^yA the

^L

dBb^

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

ttealat about ^ of an inch thick ; put a good
lump of clripi>ing or lard into your pan, and
when it is hot lay in tlic steaks ; turn them frc<
quenlly, so that they may not bum ; let them be
nicely browned all over, and when cooked lay
them in a hut dibh before the fire; meantime
have in readiness a plateful of onions, sliced
very thin, and sprinkled with pepper and salt;
put them into the pan, and lay a dish over them
to keep in the steam ; turn them al>out. and let
them be cooked thoroughly. They will require
along time; they should be soft aiid brown;
when done, pour them over the steaks and serve
up hot

BEEFSTEAK ROLLS.— CmX nice, small,
thin steaks, and firy them sUghtly ; make a stuf-
fing as if for roast veal or turkey; roll up the
steaks, putting the stuffing inside each roll;
skewer or tie them neatly, stew them in a rich,
brown gravy for 20 minutes, and serve.

BREAD, Yeast for. — Tjike 9 medium*sized
potatoes, boil in 2 quarts of water, and ma*ih
them fine. Steep I cup of hops in ^ .1 pint of
hot water, and strain off, pressing the hops.
Add together the potato-water, hop-water, the
ma&hed |>otatocs. 2 tablespoonfuls of salt, 2 of

fotxl ground ginger, i cup of sugar, and when
lood-worm add 1 cup 01 stock yeast, (such as
here described,) or for first start use brewer's
yeast; put in a jar and keep in a cool place,
where it will not freeze, and it will keep gooil
about 3 weeks. Let it stand at least 24 hours
before using.

BREAD, To Make, — ^To make the sponge,
which should be in the evening, tnke a deep ves-
sel, put in 3 quarts of worm water, 1 cup of the
above yeast, stir in (lour enough to moke a stiff
batter, and set in a warm place. In the morn-
ing put in 2 quarts of warm water, salt it (if the
dou^h inclines to l>e running, from bad flour,
put m I teaspoonful of powdered nlum dissolved
m warm water.) Knead the dough till it is
smooth, and cover it with a doth in a deep ves-
sel; keep it warm, (not hot,) let it rise, and
then mold into 6 loaves, let it rise again till
light, and then bake..

BREAD, FrrwA.—Vut t pint of milk into 3
quarts of water. In winter let it be scalding
hot, hut in summer litdc more than milk-warm ;
put in salt sufTidcnl. Take i}4 pints of good
fllc-ycast, free from bitterness, and lay it in I
gal. of water the night before. Pour off the
yeaiit into the milk and water, and then break in
rather more than ^ lb. of butter. Work it welt
till it is dissolved; then beat up 2 eggs in a ba-
sin, and stir them in. Mix about i^ pecks of
flour with the liquor, and, iu winter, moke the
dough pretty stiff, but more slack in summer ;
mix it well, and the less it is worked llie better.
Stir the liquor into flour, as for pic-crust, and
after the dough is made cover it with a doth,
and let it lie to rise while the oven is heating.
ViTicn the rolls or loaves have lain in a quidc
oven about a ^ of on hour, turn them on the
other side for about a ^ of an hour longer.
Then take them out and chip them wlili a knife,
which will make them look spongy, and of a
' le yellow, whereas rasping takes off tliis fine

)lor, and renders their look less inviting.
BREAD, Unfertfiffttid. — Take the iron pans
now in use, and which can be obtniuetl at almost

ly hardware store ; or, if not obtainable, com-
>n patty tins will do; saturate a dean duth

with oil or butter, with which rub llie iron or
tins, and set them on the stove to heat ; then
take sweet skim milk (not more than 24 hours
old) warmed to the temperature of new milk or
warm water, with 2 spoonfuls of cream to i pL
of water, and sth- in fine flour until you have a
batter a very little thicker than for gricLjlc cakes ;
or if unbolted flour (which is much better) is
used, until it will heap up slightly on the spoon ;
heat your dishes so that they will siss when the
batter is put in, and have your oven well heated,
until the cakes are r>une<l up and lightly browned.
Then close the draft and bake slowly for 15 or
20 minutes, and you will have the best bread
made.

BREADt Gmham. — Take i qt, of warm wa-
ter, I teacupful of good yeast, and I tablespoon-
ful of salt. Put into a pan, make a stiff batter
with flour, which has l>ccn siftcil, and keep it
very warm until it is light ; then take flour whidi
has been half sifted to thicken it; knead it wel!,
^ut do not let it get cold ; let it rise agom.
Then work it down, and put in I teacupful of
sugar and a piece of butter the size of an egg.

Knead it ^ an hour, put it in pans, and let it

Hour in a rood-
rate oven.

rise very light. Bake J^* of on

BREAD, Oxyrfnafed. — An artide of diet
termed oxygenated bread has of late lieen intro-
duced into England, and found considerable fa-
vor. For its prcjMiration the bread is placed un-
der on air-pump, and the carlx>iiic acid gas and
atmospheric air exhaustefl, and then oxygen ad-
mittecl in sufficient quantity to fill the pore.s of
the bread. An inconvenience attending its use
is its tendency to become mouldy. This can he
obviated by avoiding the use of yeast, or by
placing a pn]>cr saturated with a solution of car-
bonic acici on the top of the Ixix in whidi the
bread is preserved, this scarcely affecting the
taste of the bread. A single mouthful uf oxy-
genated bread is said to remove the wont of an-
IKtilc, and to induce an agreeable sensation in
the epigastrium in dyspeptic attacks. In the
case of ijaslric disturbances arising from nervous
depression. Incomplete assimilation, or scrofulous
aflcctions, it is said that (he use uf this bread
produces a very sensible improvement in the
course of i or 2 weeks.

BREAD, To Make Witkotit FUmr.—K
Frenchman named Seiillc has discovered a method
of making bread from unground wheat, with-
out first grinding and bolting it into flour. Tlie
making of breadby this new system is a three-
fold process — namely, washing the wheal, fer-
mentation, and the final admixture and flavoring.
The grain is put in a vessel, covered with water,
and stirred until the lighter grains and extrane-
ous particles arc cither dissolved or left floating
on the surface. The m-iss is then freed from
the water and put into a cylinder, like a nutmcg-
grater, whose revolutions remove the outer sVm
of the grain. This is all that is really necessary
to remove. Next, the wheat thus cleansed is
immersed in twice its own weight of water,
heate<l to 75'', to which has been added I port
of half-dry yeast, and 5 or 6 oz. of glucose to
200 parts of water. A day's exposure to this
bath secures the necessary aegrec of absorption
and fermentation, and the color will also nave
been extracted from the exterior surface of (he
grain. The water being then removed, the
wheat will be not for from white in color. Next

COOKING AND BAKING.

the ttifTencfi ra&^t is put through rollers, which
ma&h it inio a glulinous pulp, and mix regularly
Ihinugh ihc whole bulk all the rcuiAin'tn); uar*
tides of &ldn or bran. The dough — for sucn it
now is — is then put into a trough, flavored with
salt which has been dis&olvecl in uiitcr. and given
an opportunity to ab&orb more ivatcr if neces-
sary, and then thoroughly kneaded by hand.
Nothing, DOW, is needed but to treat it just as
ftour-dough is treated, and, when sufficiently
light, haiul it over to the oven. It is claimed
that by this »rocess the cater secures the entire
Dutnment of the wheat, and that it produces U
more bread than under the present system. It
is probable that the bread tnui mode will laclt
that whiteness which is so much sought afler by
modest hou5cwivc^ but then the result will be
most nutritious. Owing, however, to the time
oonsamed in preparing tne grain for the oven, it
is not likely taai this new process will for some
lime tocnmcsui>crscdc (he old -fashioned method
of letting a sponge over-night for the next day's
baking.

BREAD, To Disfoi'er whether it is Adulte-
ratidntitk Alum. — The bread must be sonked
in water, and to the water in which it has l>ecn
soaked a little of the solution of muriate of lime
must be added, upon which, if any alum be
present, the liquid will be pervaded with milki-
iiei.s ; but if the bread be pure the liquid will
remain limpid. Rationale : Sulphuric acid has a
stronger amnily fur lime than for the alumina
and potass, with which it forms alum; it there-
fore quits tho&c bodies to form sulphate of lime
with the lime of the test, which produces the
mitkiness.

BfiEAD, .'///'*•-— (F'rench method.^ Put %
of boiled apple pulp to *^ of wheat fiour, and
ferment it with yeast for 12 hours. It is said to
be light and palatable.

BREAD, ^AWOT«.— {Oneida.) l nt. of Indian
meal, 1 gu of rye meal, 1 teaspoonful of soda, t^
a enp of moUsses, with a slight sprinkling of
salt. A little sour milk improves it. Mix to
the coa&istencv nf pancake batter. Bake from
1 hour to I>i hours, according to the heat of
JKMU oven.

BREAD, CiTTTf.— Take I pt of com meal,
(white is best.) and stir into it \ teaspoonful of
dry saleratufi and % a teaspoonful of salt ; then
•M 2 *^g*» ' P^ "f »«>"*■ milk, and 3 tablespoon-
fuU of sour cream ; beat about 5 minatcs, and
pus it (aljout % an inch deep) in the pans to
bake. Use pie pans to bake it in. If you have
BO cream, use about a tablespoonful of butter.
dfjpp'ti^, or lard.

BREAD, Potato. — Tade 4 or S good mealy
potatoes, and after boiling peel and mash well ;
add a large spoonful of flour and enough hot
v«lcr lo make a thin batter ; when cool enough
add a amall quantity of good yeast and a spoon-
M <if s«qpr \ set to rise in a moderately warm
pfaoe, my by the stove or fireplace; it rises very
5"klky. When risen, take 3 large spoonfuls or
H far I pt and a >^ of flour, a small spoonful of
hni or butter, a >i pL of milk, and hot water
fSBO^gh to make into a stiff liatlcr, (over night;)
bcaS wdl; ( est morning work it well into a
cmootSl dough and make into roIU or loaves ;
*cf io a warm place lo rise again, and bake in a
^uick oven. Do not forget a teaspoonful of salt
tti4 I of ycBSt powder sifted in tlie dry flour
tJhil JOB work into the baiter in the morning ; a

tin bucket is best, with a tight cover, and a
towel between it and the bucket. If your flour
is good, there is no belter recipe than this; no
hops are needed.

BREAD, R/CE.^TvAie i lb. of rice, and
bwl it gentiv to a thick paste, which, when
mixed with the usual quantity of yeast, will be
sufficient to make 5 pounds of wheat or borl^
meal into a dough. When risen, bake it in the
usual way.

BREAD, j^'KA'.— Scald I cup of flour with t
cup of boiling water. % a teaspoonful of salt. 4
tablespoonfuU of molasses, a large cup of yeast,
3 cups of rye, 6 cups of flour, 3 cups of warm
water ; stir well with a spoon, set it to rise 12
hours.

BREAD, Jy|f?d?.— This light and nutritious
article for invalids is made in the following man-
ner : 2 lbs. of sago lo be well soaked in water
or milk for several hours; mix it with as much
flour ; add salcralus and gmxi ycAst, (a little In-
dian meal, if liked ;) when well raided give it a
handsome bake. It is delidoos, healthy and
cheap.

BREAD, If-'/ZZOfK.— The leaves of our
common or Ixisket m\\ovr,{Safix Nig^nu Mar-
shall.) treated the same as is usual for hops,
make on excellent yeast or leaven for light
bread. The discovery was made this summer,
and after thorough trial I was convinced (hat
there is nothing equal tn it, as it rises much
quicker than hops — in half the lime — imparts
none of that hop flavor so disagreeable lo some,
and, in fact, makes l>etler breadevcry way. The
thing is well worthy the attention of every good
houicwife; and lest some should hesitate in ci^n-
scqucncc of not knowing the meilical nro^ietties
of the willow in question, I will add tuat it is a
healthful tonic from wluch no harm can possibly
arise.

BREAD, To Keep Afoist.—VUcc in the
bread pan a board pierced with holes, and so
supported ail to be a couple of inches from the
bottom of the pan ; let there be an inch depth of
water in the pan ; put the bread on the board,
and cover the pan with the lid. The inclosed
air will then prevent the bread from becoming
too dr>*.

BREAD, To Srrve at rd*/r.— First, the
bread-plate should be of wood, perfectly round,
and with a flat surface. They cost at the shops
from 75 cts. to $6, or more. The highnriced
ones arc Ixrautifully carved. Next a I>reml-knife,
which has a wooden handle to match llic plate.
The blade should be thin and long, and the edge
kept well sharpened. Bread dulu a knife very
much*

Place on the table the bread-plate with a loaf
of bread nn it — 2 loaves are better, I of white
bread, the other of brown — and the knife.
When it is time to serve the bread, the one
nearest the bread-plate asks each one what Idnd
is preferred, and if thick or thin slices. Where
the table is large, a small ptale is used to pass it
on. In this way every one at the table has the
bread cut to his or her liking. The bread i* cut
only as wanted, and no more cut than is used.
The outside niece of either bread or meat must
not be served, unless some one manifests a pref-
erence for it. Not much strength is reoutrcd to
cut meat and bread. The muscles of the wrist
and band should do the work, and not those of
the arm^ elbow, or shoulder.

DTCTIO^ARY OF EVERY-DAV tVAA'TS.

HREAD PVnDFNG.—l pt. of grated bread
crumbs, I qt. of milk, yelks of 6 eggs well
l>ealen, i giated lemon, and sugar to tosie.
Bake. When cold spread a layer of jelly over
the top, then make an idng of the whites of the
eggs and white sugar, and spread smoothly
over the jelly. To be eaten cold without sauce.

BROSE, Athol. — This is a beverage peculiar
to the Highlands of 5>cotIand. Honey is dis-
solved in whisky to the consistence of cream ;
the drink w tl»en taken with a teaspoon. A
quantity sufficient to fill a wine-glass, taken at
night, will l>e found of benefit in colds and ca-
tarrhs. In prejiariiig Alliol Brest oatmeal is
occa.sionalIy added.

BROSE, Scetch.—V\xK a few handfuU of oat-
meal into a wooden dish ; then pour in a little
boiling water, and mix thoroughly. Add a lit-
tle soil. Tlii* dish is fTcquentTy used as a sub-
stitute for porridge, when it is inconvenient to
cook the Inttcr. Fresh milk added is a great
improvement.

BEETS^ Boiled. — Beets must not be cut be-
fore boiling, as the juice will escape and the
swcetneH-« Ikt destroyed. Select .small- sizetl,
.«;mo<>th roots, wash them nictly, and lK>il in
nClcar water until lender. When sufficiently

>kc*', 5.kim lliem into a pan of cold water, and

Hp off the skin. Cut them in ttiin slices, and,

while hot. season with butter, salt, pcpocr and

^•inegar, and aen'C. If preferred coin, slice

lengthwise and lay in strong, cold vinegar.

BiSCUiTS, frmr.— Take 2 lbs. ot flour, 2
llw. uf butter, and 4 oz. of sifted loaf sugar.
Uub the sugar and butler into the flour, and
make it into a stiff paste with milk; poumi it in
a mortar, roll it out thin, and cut into sizes or
5ha()es to fancy. Lay ihera on buttered paper in
a warm oven, on iron plates, having first crushed
them over with a little milk. When done, you
cin give them a gloss by brushing them over
M'ith a brush dinped in egg. A few caraway
seeds may l>e added, if thought proper.

BISCUITS, Englhh Scni.^x lb. of Rour. %
lb. of su^ar, % lb. of butter, ^ oz. of caraway
seeds, 3 eggs. Roll out, cut round, and bake
bi m moderate ovrn.

BROTH OF FRAGMLNTS.—Whiin yoM
:ss a large dinner, you may nuke good broth,
portable soup, at a very small cost, by taking
care of all the trimmings and parings of the
meat, game and poultry you arc going to use;
wash them well and put them in a slew-p.in,
\nth as much cold water as will cover Ihem ; set
your stcw-pnn on a hot fire ; when it boils, lake
off alt the scum, and set it on again to simmer
gently ; put in 2 carrots, 2 turnips, a large onion,
2 blades of pounded mace, and i head of celery ;
some miishrfwim parings will lie an addition.
Let it continue to simmer gently for 4 or 5 hours,
and then strain it through a sieve into a clean
basin. This saves much expend in buying
gravy meaL

BROCOLT, To Bfifl— Strip off the leares
till you come to the top ones; peel oft all the
outside skin from the sLiIks and small branches,
and thniw ihem into water. Boil in accordance
with the general directions. When the stalks
arc tender it is done. Serve in the same man-
ner as asparagus.

BC'AS.—}4 a cup of butter, >^ a cnp of
yeast, 1^ a cup of sugar, 1 cup of milk, and
nour enough to make a lialtcr like griddlc-cakcs.

Let this rise till light, then add % of n cup of
iugar, I cup of currants or stoned raisins, dn^,
namon or nutmeg to taste, ft little more flour
let it rise again, put in |<i of a teaspoonful ol
soda, cut in cakes, let them rise a third timCf'
and then Imke.

Bl'.VS, Bath,— A X of a *b- of fl<™>". 4
yelks and 3 whites of eggs, with 4 sptKrnfuls of
solid, fresh yeast. Beat in a bowl, and act be-
fore the fire to rise; thep rub into I lb. of flour
]0 01. of butter ; put in ^ of a lb. of sugar and
caraway comfits; when the ctos and yeast ar^
pretty light, mix by degrees ST together, throW"'
a cloth over it, anu set before the fire to
Make the buns, and when on the tins brush over
with the yelk of egg and milk ; strew them with
caraway comfits ; l^kc in a quick oven.

BL'TTER, To C/an/y.—Takc butter, melt ft^
in a warm bath, then let it settle, pour off lh«1
clear, and cool as quickly as possibltf. Butter'
preportMl in this way will keep a long time go<.>i

BUTTER, j^*?«(i;/.—Ram;id butter, ifboih
in water with a portion of charcoal, (say .a tentli'^
part,) will be entirely <!ivesled of its rancidity,
and may be used for cooking purposes, althouCTj
its fine flavor will not be restored for the lablk^

CABBAGE, 7:? 5/rtc'.— Parboil in milk ant
water, and drain it ; then shred it, put it into
stew-pan, with a small piece of butter, a small
leacupful of cream, and seasoning, and stew till
tender.

CABBAGE SALAD. — This is a wholesome
dish, as raw cabbage is much sooner digesN
than w hen cooked ; a dressing of vinegax or
sweet cream; shred it finely as (or slaw.

CABBAGE {Cold 5-im.)— Take fresh cab-
bage— while is preferable — wash, drain it, andd
cut off the st.ilks. Shave the hca<l into vei
fine shreds with 3 cabbage cutter or *harp knife
I'lnce it in n deep china or earthen dish, and pre-T]
pare for it tlic following dressing: To )-^ a pt. of
ddcr vinegar add tl %Qi vl lb. of butter, cut in
5 or 6 biu and rolledin flour ; add a small salt-
spoon of salt. Stir well together, and boil in a
saucepan. Have ready the yelks of 4 eggs,
well beaten. When the mixture comes to a boi"
remove it from the fire, and stir in the eggs.
Pour this boiling hot over the cabbage, stir i"
thoroughly through with a spoon, and set it ii
ice or snow, or some cool pLice, to get thor-.
oughlv cold before being served at the table.

CAKES, AlMO\3.—i. Take some sweet
almonds, flmir, .and powdered sugar, of each V
lb., 7 eggs, and the outside yellow peel of4
lemons shredded small. Pound the almonds^
previously bl.mcheti, until they are very smool'
adding gradually the sugar analcmon-jwtl ; th<
take them out. add the eggs, and beat the wl
until it is as while as s[Minge-|xi«»le; next add
flour, work well, p\it it into wcll-butiered paos,
and bake in a slack oven, with 8 or 10 thick-
nesses of jMiper under them and 1 over them.

CAA'E, APPLE S//ORT.—V&TC and sUce
tart apples enough to 611 2 roumi pic plates ; thea
make a crust of i leacupful of cream, ult
soila; roll an upper crust, and put on and '
when done turn nottom upu-ards; put on sugar
enough tn taste; then turn again, 'and so on*
To be eaten warm.

CAAES, BAXBURY^-^WoxV l lb. of but-
ter into the same weight of dough, made for
white bread, as in making jijiff paste; then
it out very thin, and cut it into oval pieces, or

the cakes are wanted. >[ix bome good moist
nigu with an equal wc-ight of corrants. and wet
ifaem wUh water ; then put a little upon each
piece of paste; dose them up, and place them
oa a tin with the doiicd side downwards and
hake them. Flavor some powdered sngar with
CBudied peel, gnited« or essence of lemon, and
aft a little m*cr the cakes as soon as they come
oat of the oven.

CAJTES, SA 77/.— Mix weU together }^ a lb.
of Iratter, i lb. of flotir, 5 eggs, and a cupful of
yrast. Set the whole t>efnre the tire to ri^e,
which efTectrdf add 4 oz. of line! y- powdered
sagar and I oz. of OLraways; roll the paste oat
into tittle cakes. Bake them on tins.

CAA'E^ BA'EAA'FASr.—\ cup of soar
cream, I teaspoonful of soda, i egg, i lump of
butler the size of a hen's egg, a &null teacupful
of sugar. I cup of rye flour, and I cup of In-
dian mea] ; nuke and bake as stirred colce.

CAKES, C/AWAMOM—t cup of sugar;

^ of a cap of molasses ; 1 cup of butter; i^

t^lcspoonfuls of ground cinnamon ; 2 level

spoonsfuls of sodA, dissolved in 6 large table-

fuis of warm water ; stir well, and add

enough to allow In roll quite thin ; cut out

a btM:uit<utter, and bake in a quick ovetu

CAKE, CO/fX.—l. I pL of buttermilk, I
pL of com meal* 2 beaten egg^, i teaspoonful
of vvla; Ijeat well together and hake in shallow
tin pons. Increase quantities for more than 4
or 5 persons. — 2. A pi. of buttermilk or sour
milk, a pL of com meal, i egg, a teaspoonful of
soda, I of salt. 2 of sugar or molasses. Dts-
solre the soda in a little warm water, and add it
the bst thing. Bake }4 ^ ^^^^ in ^ quick oven.

CAKE, B/f£AD.—i^ cups of dough, 1
cap of sugar. % ^ <^ip ^^ butter. 2 eggs, ^ tea-
spoonful of soda. Raisins and spice to suit the
CAsCr. Mir with the hands until the dough
thoroughly worketl in, adding a little more
if the douqh is thin. Let )it rise ^ an-
hoor. It rises stowly and bat little before going
into the orcn.

CAA'ES, GRIDDLE ( trAMfimaLy-Make
a porrid^^c with about 3 heaping spoonfuls of
oatmeal, hominy, rice, or very coarse com meal.
in a pint of water. Boil 20 or 30 minutes, or if
rm Dave either of these articles alreidy cooked.
It can be made much quicker. Add 1 pint of
ooU water and wheat meal, sifting it siowly,
eaaach to make a batter a httle thicker than for
nnCQ griddle cakes. Bake on a slightly- oiled
or » aoapitonc griddle, spreading out with the
spoon as yna put them on. Itake them brown,
xjkI pat them on each other as fatt as cooked.
Keep them close and warm, and let them stand
xo or 15 minutes twfore serving. If soft and
iticky 2KKT Standing, you have made them too
tkfttt.

CAA'ES, C/ArGER.~Ma.ke a paste with
muffir, I lb. ; powdered ginger. 4 01. ; flour. 2
Ibk: «mer, 1 pL : buner. '^ lb. ; and i cup of
oci^QiS orange peel, grated; form them into
~'~~ sad pnck them «*iih a fork before baking

CAKE, CHOCOLATE PASTE.— 2 cups
cf viQpv. I CBti of butter. 3 eggs, 3 cups of flour.
If « • am or milk. ^ a lea<ipoonfuI of soda, I
teaspuoofoj of cream of tartar. Pattt: Choco-
l<*iw 2 or., I mp of sugar, 4^ of a cup of sweet
■Ok; brrO K&If down. 1*his makes I cake of 4
l^«n with paste bctlroen.

CAKES, ICING EOR.—)ieat the while of
e^s to a full froth, and flavor with lemon or
rose ; then odd gradually as much finely pow-
dered sugar as will make it thick enough, beat-
ing it well all the time. Dust the cake over
with flour, then gently rub it off, lay on the
icing with n flat knife, slick on the ornaments
while it is wet, and place it in the oven for a few
minutes to harden, but not long enough to dis-
color it.

CAKES, yOlLWVY.—Saiia a quart of In-
dian meal with water enough lo n^e a very-
thick batter, add 3 or 3 tcaspuonfuls of t>alt. and
mould it into small cakes with the hands. The
hands must be well floured, or the batter will
stick. Kry them in nearly sufficient fat lo cover
them. When brown on tlie under side turn
them; cook them about 20 minutes. Wlicn
done, split and butler them.

CAKES, I,EMOA\—r\Q\XT and sugar, of
each I lb. ; eggs, I doeen ; grated peel and Juice
of 4 lemons ; whisk the eggs to a high froth,
and then gradually add the rest. Bake in small
oval tins, well buttered, and place 6 thicknesses
of pajier l>encath each tin. Thinly ice them.

CAA'E, SPihVGE.—TA\te 5 eggs, and }i a
lb. of loaf sugar lifted ; break the eggs upon the
sugar, and beat all together with a fork for ^
an hour. PreWously take the weight of i^
cgg«, in their shclbi, ot ftour. j'Uicr you have
t>e.'iten the eggs and sugar the time spcdfied,
grate in the nnd of a lemon, (the juice may be
added at pleasure,) stir in llic flour, and imme*
diately pour it into a lin lined wilh buttered pa-
{ler, and let it be instandy put into rather a cool
oven.

CAKE, SPOKGE, CHEAP— i cup of
white sugar. 1 ecg, buUcr the size of a walniU;
beat together ; then take i cup of sweet milk,
add % tcatpoonful of soda. 2 cups of flour. X
teasi>uonful of cream of lartar ; flavor with any-
thing you wish ; mix well, and bake in pie pons
20 minutes.

CAA'E SAADWICf/ES.—^ eggs, yi alb.
of pounded lump su^, l4 ^ 1^- "f fresh butter,
^ a lb. of flour. Beat the butter lo cream,
dust in the flour, and add the eggs wcU whisked;
beat with a fork for a % of an hour, butter a tin,
and pour in h.alf of the mixture. Bake from a
% of an hour to 20 minutes. Remove from the
lin, butter again, and adil the other half of the
mixture. WaVc as Iwforc. When cool, spread
jam thickly over I portion of the cake, place the
other part over it, and cut into whatever shape
you can,

CAKE, WEDDING.-^ Ihs. of fine Hour
well dried, 4 lbs. of fresh butter. 2 lbs. of loaf
9ugar, a >^ of a lb. of mace pounded and siflcd
fmc. and the some of nutmegs. To every lb.
of flour add S e^s ; iva.sh 4 Uw, of currants,
and let them be well picked and dried before the
fire ; blanch X lb. of sweet almonds, and cut
them lengthwise very thin ; a lb. of cilrun, 1 lb.
of candied orange, the same of candied lemon ;
X a pint of brandy. WTien iheite are made
ready, work the butler wilh your hand to A nice
cream, then beat in your sugar for ix % oi ^vv
hour; Ijc-nt the whiles of your eggs to a very
strong froth, and mix tham with your sugar and
butter ; beat your yelks % an hour at least, and
mix them wilh your cake ; then put in your
flour, ma«» and nutmeg ; keep beating it well
till your oven is ready; pour iu the brandy, and

WL

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA V WANTS,

beat the cnrnrnt-s and almonds lightly in. Tic 3
sheets of white paper round the Dottom of your
hoop to keep it from running out, rub it well
with Imlter, put in yoiir cake, lay Uic sweetmeats
in layers, with cake between each layer, and af-
ter it is rii>en and colored cover it 'v\-ith paper
before your oven is stopped up; it will Tcquire
3 hours to bake properly.

CAA'£, YEAST. — (jood-shed potatoes, 1
dozen ; hops, i lar^ handful ; yeast. % a pint ;
com meal, a suflident quantity. Boil the pota-
toes, after peeling, and rub them through a cul-
Icnrler: boil ilie hops in 2 quarts of water and
strain into the potatoes; then scald sufliaent In-
dian meal to make them the consistence of emp-
tying*, ajid stir in the yeast and let rise ; then,
with unscnlded meal, thicken so as to roll out
and cut into cakes, drying quickly at first to pre-
Tent souring. They keep belicr, and soak up
quicker, than if made with flour.

CANDIES, To Ciarify Sugar /or,— To ev-
cry lb. of sugar put a large cup of water, and
put It in a brass or copper kettle, over a slow
nre, for % an hour; pour into it a small quan-
tity of isinglass and gum Arabic dissolved to-
gether. This will cause all impurities to rise to
the surface ; skim it as it rises. Flavor accord-
ing to taste.

All kinds of sugar for candy arc boiled as
above directed, \Vnen boiling loaf sugar, add
a tablespoonful of rum or vinegar, to prevent its
becoming totj brittle whilst makin{^.

Loaf sugar when boiled, by puUmg and mak-
ing into small rolls, and twisting a Utile, will
make what is called rock or snow. By pulling
kiaf sugar aRcr it is boiled, you can make it as
white a5 snow.

CANDY, CHOCOLATE CREAM.— CUoc-
olate, scraped fme, V or. ; thick cream, i pint ;
best sugar, 3 or. ; neat it nearly to boiling, then
remove it from the fire, and mill it well. When
cold add the whites of 4 or 5 eggs ; whisk rap-
idly and take up the froth on a sieve ; serve the
cream in glasses, and pile up the froth on top of
them.

CANDY, G/NGER.—licAX a pint of clariRed
sugar until, upon taking out a drop of it on a
piece of slick, it will Ijecome brittle when cold.
Mix and stir up with it, for a common article,
about a teaspoonful of ground ginger ; if for a
superior article, instead of the ground ginger,
add the while of nn egg, beaten up jjrcviously
with fine sifted loaf sugar, and 2o drops of the
stmng essence of ginger.

CAND r. GINGER LOZENGE.— TUssiAve
in X of a pint of hoi water, 1 oz. of gum Ara-
bic; when cold, stir it up with i)^ lbs. uf loaf
sugar, and a spoonful of powdered ginger, or 13
drops of essence of ginger. Roll and beat ihc
whole up into a paste ; make it into a flat aike,
nnd punch out the lozenges with a round stamp.
Dry them near the fire or in an oven.

CANDY, EVERTON TAFEE.—To make
this (Jivorite and wholesome candy, lake I \l ll>s.
of moist sugar, 3 oz. of butter, a teacup of wa-
ter, and 1 Icmun. Bull the sugar, butter, water
and half the rind of the lemon tggcthcr, and
when done — which will be known by dropping
into cold water, when it should be quite crisps
let it stand aj»ide till the Ixiiting has cease^I, and
Ihcn stir in the juice of the lemon. Butter a
dish, and pour it in about a J^ Of fta inch in

thickness. The hre must be quick, and the taf-
fcc stirred all the time.

CAADY, FRUIT— Take I lb. of the bert
loaf sugar ; dip each lump into a bowl of water,
and put the sugar into your preserving kettle.
Boil it down and skim it until {)erfectiy clear, and
in a candving state. When sufficiently boiled,
have ready the fruits you wish to preserve.
Large white grapes, oranges separated into very
smaU pieces, or preserved fruits, taken out of
their syrup and dried, are very nice Dip the
fruits into the prepared sugar while it is hot;
put them in a cold place, and they will soon be-
come hard.

CAADY, FIG.— Take t lb. of sugar and I
pint of walcr, and set over a slow fire. When
done, add a few drops of vinegar and a lump of
butler, and put into pans in which split fig& are
laid.

CANDY, LEMON.— Take 3 lbs. oi coarse,
brown sugar; add to it 3 teacupfuU of water,
and set it over a slow fire for ^ an hour ; put
to it a little gum Arabic, dissolved in hot water ;
this is to clear iL Continue to take off the scum
as long as any rises. When perfectly clear, try
it by dipping a pipe-stem first into it and then
into cold walcr, or by taking a spoonftd of it into
a saucer ; if it is done it will snap like glass.
Flavor with the essence of lemon, and cut it into
sticks.

CANDY, MOLASSES.— u 2 cups of mo.
lasses, I of sugar, I tablespoonful of vinegar, a
piece of butter the size ot walnut. Boil con-
stantly for 30 minutes, stirring all the time;
when cool enough to pull, do it quickly, as it
will come white rapidly. — 2. Take a clean tin or
porcelain keltic of large size, so that there will
be no danger of l>oiiing over ; put in a sufficient
quantity of good molasses, place it over a good
nre, and boil briskly until it will be brittle when
cooled — which may be known by dipping a little
of it into a dish of cold water ; then pour into
well buttered pans not over on inch thick. Let
it cool until it can be handled, then pull smartly
until white. Draw out on a clean tabic into
slicks.

CANDY, Scotch Suetcr.-Tokt i lb. of sugar,
and I pint of water ; disscrfve and lx)U. When
done, odd i tablespoonful of butter, and cnou^
lemon juice and oil of lemon to flavor.

CANDY, ComntoH /"ww/.— Boil 3 lbs. of
common sugar and l ^)int of walcr over a slow
fire for % on hour without skimming. Whfla
boiled enough take it off; rub the hands over
with butler; take that which is a litde cooled
and poll it, as you would molasses candy, until
it is white ; then twist or braid it, and cut it Dp
in strips.

• CALF'S-FOOT BROTU.— Boil 2 feet in
3 quarts of water lo ^ ; strain and set it by for
use. When required, take off the fat, put a
large teacupful of the jelly into the saucepan
witn ^3 of a glass of white wine, a little sugar
and nutmeg; heat it up till nearly boiling; thcD
with a tittle of it beat up the yelk of an egg, odd
a bit of butter, and stir all toother without al-
lowing it to boil. A little frcsn lemon peel may
be grated into it.

CARROTS.— Let them be well washed and
brushed, not scraped. An hour is enough for
young spring carrots. Grown carrots must be
cut in half, and will take from l V to 2}j( hours.
'A'hcn done rub off the peels with a cleuiff

coorryc Ai

49

1

come doth, and slice them in 2 or 4, according
to their size. The best way to try if tlicy are
doMCOOUgh ts to pierce theni with a fork.

CAULIFLOWER, To ^w/.— Having cut off
liepeen part, divide it into 4 parts ; put it into
boihngmtlk and water, and skim the saucepan
wfB. When the stalks are tender, take them
«p auefallv and put them to drain. Tlien put a
mmnlul of water into a !ste\rp.-tn, with a little
Jwur, • X '^^ ^ ^' ^^ l>utter. and pepper and
nit mixed well together. Take half the cauli-
anc] cut it as for pickling; put it into tlie
for 10 minutes. Place the stewed caul-
!rin the middle, and the boiled round it,
tr over it the butter in which the one-half
ws stpwcd.

CAULIFLOIVKK, in Afi/Jt.— Choose those
rtttt are close and while, cut off the green leaves,
«nj look carefully that there are no caterpillars
about the 5>liUk ; soak an hour in cold water
vnh I handful of salt in it ; then boil them in
milk and water, and take care to skim the sauce-
pan, that not the least foulness may fall on the
(tower. It must be served very while and rather

CHARLOTTE DE iPd'^5£.— Takca Uttle

kstluin 1 o£. of gelatine, and dissolve tn 1 pint
of new mOk. Strain into i pint of thick cream
fcric very sweet, and set this in a cool place or
00 the ice. Take the whites of 7 eggs and beat
l'>afrDth; then add them to the cream, and
|)Cit light. Flavor with vanilla, and keep on the
let until wanted. Line the moulds with very
ligljt iponge cUce, and fill with the above when
»antcii.

CfffCA'EX, To Fricas^e.—VioW a chicken ;
]<*lnt it ; lay it in a saucepan with a piece of but-
l»the size of an egg, a tablespoonful of fiour,
*IlltJe mace or nutmeg, white pepper, and salt.
A4d a pini of cream, and let it doU up once.
Serre hot on toast-

OnCA'E.y, BOyELESS.—Friat&scc your

d^en, liking care to brown the skin nicely;

s«iinn 10 Taste. When done set by to cool ;

^cn nrmave all the bones ; put back into the

' !i it was cooked. Take a chopping

• j» fmely, leaving m all the oil of the

'-n-i'iL'h of that, add a piece of but-

^' JiKelyin a dish, as you wish it

^iP^'' -.■-, and when your friends come

totiuc n, tlicu approbation will more than re-

P*5Ti^n fur the little extra trouble it has taken to

<^HlCKEXS, Tfi Fry.— Cm\ up the chickens
JJ^fcy them in cold water to extract the blood.
J*je them dry. season with pepper and salt, and
^^jcthcm with flour. Fry m lord to a rich
J^»n; take them our and keep Ihcm near the
"''iikim Uie gravy carefully in which the chick-
■* hi*« been fried, mix with it 34 a pint of
^'■■JU season with mace, pepper, saJt and

'cA/ca'EjV .ff^Or//.— Cut a chicken into
yj ptecct, and remove the skin and any fat
irikible ; boiJ it for 3o minutes in atmut a
•f vaier. with a bla»lc of mace, a slice of
rns of white p(.-p|>er. Simmer
, ir h good. Beat a J^ of an
: Ti'U With a little water; add it
^^ bro(b| strain it, and when cold take off the

. pifCfCR.V POT-PIE— dtaii, singe, and
^ a pur of duckeos. I'arc o^-id sUcc 8 white

potatoes ; wash the slices, and put with the
pieces of chicken into a stcwpan lined with pie-
crust ; season with salt and pepper, dredge with
flour, and cover with w.iler. Cover with paste,
making a hole in the centre ; cover the kettle,
and citner hang it over the fire or set it in the
oven. If in the oven, turn occasionally to.
brown evenly. 2 hours' cooking is suffirient.
When done, cut the upper crust mto moderate-
sized pieces and place them on a large di»h;
with a perforated ladle take up the potato and
chicken, and put it upon the crust; cut the lower
crust and put on the top. Serve the gravy hot
in a gravy tureen.

CiiOCOL.4 TE BLANC-MANGE,^K %
of lb. of sweet Cicrman chocolate, % a box of
gelatine, i i^uarl of milk, one coffcecupful of
sugar. Put It all in a dish, set in a kettle of
water, and let it boil an hour. When nearly
cold, turn into the mould.

CHOCOLATE CARAMEL.^% a lb. of
chocolate, 3 lbs. of dark brown su^r, % of a
lb. of butter, a small teacup of milk; season
with vanilla, or grated lemon or orangc*pceL
Boil it very quickly over a hot fire, stirring con-
stantly. When it becomes hard on being drop-
ped in water, take it off the fire, and stir for a
lew moments Ixforc pouring into buttered dishes.
Ilefore it is quite cool cut into little squares.
Those who like the caramel very hard need not
stir it, as this makes it "sugary." The grated
peel should not be put in till the caramel is token
from the fire.

CllOCOl^i TE CREAAfS.~rake(resh mHk
enough to fill 12 glasses, and bi>il with it 2 01.
of grated chocolate and 6 oz. of white sugar;
then beat the yelks of 6 eggs, to which add
slowly the chocolate milk, turning slowly one
way. Flavor with vanilla l>oilcd in milk ; when
quite mixed, fill your cups and place in water
and boil for an hour. Scr\'c when cold.

CHOWDER, WEBSTER'S.—litiniel Web-
ster was famous for the excellence of his chow-
der, and the following is his recipe for making
it : 4 tablespoonfuls of onions fried with pork ; i
quart o( boded potatoes, well mashed ; l ^ lbs.
of ship bi!»cuit, broken ; I tcospoonful of thyme ;
}4 bottle of mushroom catsup; 1 bottle of port
or claret ; ^^ a nutmeg, grated ; a few cloves, ,
mace, allspice, and slices of lemon, and somfl'
black pepper; 6 lbs. of blue or white fish, cut
in slices ; 35 oysters. The whole to be put in a
pot, covered with an inch of water, cooked
slowly and stirred gently.

COCOA. — Hoil 2 large spoonfuls of ground
cocoa in a quart uf water « of an hour; skint
off the oil, pour in 3 gills of milk, and boil it np
again. It is the best way to make it the day be-
fore it is used, as the oily substance can be more
perfectly removed when the cocoa is cold.

COCOA SHFLLS.—VvA a heaping tcacupful
to a quart of boiling water, lloil them a great
while — say 2 or 3 hours. Scald milk as for cof-
fee. If there is not time enough to boil the
shells long enough before breakfast, it is well to
soak them over night and boil them in the same-
water in the mommg,

COCOA A'C^T P/E,~Cut off the brown part
of the cocoanut, grate the white part, mix it with
milk, set it on the fire, and let it boil slowly 8
or 10 minutes. To 1 lb. of the grated cocoanat
allow a quart of milk, S eggs, 4 ubtespoonfuls
of sifted white sugar, a ghas uf wine, a small

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

cracker jhiandcd fine, 2 spoonful* of mehed boi-
ler, aiid 3» a nuUncg. The eggs and iM^a
&hauM he beaten together to a froth, then the
wine stirred in. Put ibcm into the milk and
cocoonut, which should he firsl allowed to get

Suite cool; add the cracker and nutmeg turn
le whole into deep pic-plates, with a lining and
rtin of puff paste Bake theni as soon as turned
into plates.

CODfl^II SALLS.^r\ckuo as fine as pos-
sible a teacup of nice while codfish. Freshen
all niKht, or, if wanted for any other meal tlian
biealJiist, from the morning. Scrild it once, and
drain off the water. Chop and work it until en-
tirely fine. Put it in a Imsin with water, a bit
of butler the size of on egg, and 2 eggs. Beat
it thoroaghly, and heat it until it thickens with-
out boiling. It should, when all is mixed, be
about I quart, (lave some potatoes ready pre-
pared and nicely mashed. Work the fish and
potatoes thoroughly together as above, make it
m flat cakes, and brown tK>lh sides.

CODFISH, FICA'ED-rP.—This. is on old-
fashioned dish and name, but none tbe less to
be admired on that account, being with most
persons, when properly jprcparcd, a great favor-
ite. Pick up the fish in small particles, separat-
ing the fibres as near as possible, the finer they
are the better. Freshen by leaWng it in water
I hour, Potir off the water and fill up with
fresh. Bring it to a scald, pour it off, and put
on the fish just water enough to cover it. Add
to a quan of the soaked fish a bit of butter the
size of half an egg, a very little flour, and a dust
of pcpjier. Beat up 3 egps, and after taking off
the fish thicken if liy stirring in the egg. Some
let it boil afier the egg is added, but if this Is
done the egg wnll be currlled.

COFFEE^ TaAfttkf Good. — In order to make
ffond coffee, a practical cook says that the first
tiling necessary is to never allow an ounce of
ground coffee to come into the house. If no one
understands the art of roasting coffee, then buy
it ready roosted, and try and find a dealer who
luu not soaked all the essential juices from the
ooffec Iicforc putting it into his oven. If the
roasted berry is about twice as large as when
in ils green state, depend upon it you have lieen
.defrauded. Get an earthen pot — you cannot
;auke good coffee or tea in a tin vejtsel — and put
the ground coffee in a clean white flannel bog,
and be sure toput enough in, and drop the h^
into the pot. rour on InJiling water and let it
sleep; do not boil it. The coffee will steep in
30 minutes. Never break an egg into coffee, and
never fill up with water the second time. Pour
on in the beginning the amount of water needed.
An ordinary teacxtpful of rronnd coffee is suffi-
cient for 3 persons. U&e Java, Mocha, or Java
and Rio mixed. Follow this recipe, and you
will never complain of poor coffee.

COFFEE, Suhstitulfs for. — Koasted acorn,
the chick i>ca, Wans, rye, and other grains;
nut^, almonds, and whealen bread ; Ilie dried
and roasted roots uf turnip, carrot, and dan-
delion.

CORN STARCH BlANC'MANGE.~^w\
I oanrt of sweet milk ; stir into it graduallv 5
tables prHinfiils of com starch, mixed with milk;
" ' ' ' ' ' -'infuU of *'

iked. \\\:

.-- - ^hcn cooled a.;..

^nd raniSiMp Aod poxa it into moakb.

Serve with jellv or fresh fruit, and whipped
cream flavored like the pudding.

COOKIES.— \ large cup ot butter; X cttpa
of sugar; 3 well beaten egg* ; I5 a cup of so»ir
cream; I level tcaspoonfuT of soda; cinnamon
or caraway seeds, and flour enough to roll.

COLLOPS, AflNCED.—K favorite Scotch
dish. Take 2 lbs. of good Vieeftteak. mince it

3uite fine, and free from fat or skin : put into a
ccp frying-pan with a good-sized piece of but-
ter. As the butter mclis, stir the mince about
Willi a silver fork, so as to sepnrntc the {articles
and give the mince a granulated appcamni'^ . ii-i
soon as the meal louk^ white, put in a >•
of clear gravy, a little pepper and salt, ar
mushroom catsup or Worcester sauce ei.-
flavor it ; a minced onion may be used
is no ol>]ection to ils taste. Stir the ....ict;
almut till the gravy begins to boil, then serve
with toasted sippets,

COOKING UTENSILS, Caution Atcut.—
Cleanliness has been aptly styled the cardinal
virtue of cooks. Food is more healthy as well
as palatable when cooked in a cleanly manner.
M.iny lives have been lost in consequence of
carelessness in using brass, copper, and gin/ed
earthen cooking utensils. The two first should
be thoronghly cleansed with salt and hot vine-
gar before cooking in tfiem, and no oily or acid
substance, after being cooked, .should Ik; allowed
to cool or remain in anv of tlicm.

COOA'/A'G, Airriirr Ij>n hy.~\\ is we II to
know that 100 lb. of ocef, loses 6 lb. in boiling
and in Kiking, 30 lbs. Mutton, by Imiling, 21
lbs. and by roasting, 24 lbs; or, in another form
of statement, a leg of mutton casting, raw 25
cents, would cost, boiled and prepoicd for the
tabic, 28 '2 cents per lb; boiletl fresh beef would,
at 15 cents per lb., cost 1934 cents; a strloin of
raw beef, at 30 cents, costs, roasted, 42 cents;
whde a leg of mutton, at 15 cents, would cost,
roasted, only 22 cents.

CRANBERR Y SA UCE.—To slew cranber-
ries, a quart of berries, a pint of brown sugar,
and a pint of water; place all in a porcelain
kettle, cover closely, and allow them fo c«.k S
minutes after coming to a boil, without stiitmi' ;
remove from the fire, lUid empty into an c.u ili^ n
dish to cool.

CRACKERS, WJt^t Flour,— x qt of flour,
4 oz, of batter or lard, % a teaspoon of soda,
and the some of salt; sweet milk. Kub the
butter thoroughly into the flour ond salt ; dis<
solve the soda in the milk, and enough more to
take up the flour, which should be made into a

very »i f " ilie morcfhe dnngh is i "

or knc icr the crackers; roll

thcdc>..-L.i .;,.v«i.L»s — ^ of an inch — an^ ....;v^
quickly.

CREAM, /r^.— Have rich, sweet cream,
% a lb. of loaf sugar to each quart of cream or
milk. If you cannot get cream, the Ke»t imita-
tion is to iK)il B soft custard, 6 '. ^
quart of milk, (eggs well Iwat.) < '

the VL'lk \ti 1 egg to give it ii Itch color. 5 niin-
utes boiling is enough for either plan. Put the

Ois&olvcd; put the »tarch m 1 quut of the milk

then mix altogether, and simmer a little (not
boil); iwecten and flavor to your taste; excel-
lent. The juice of strawberries or raspberries
^ves a beauiiftil culor and tlavor to ice creams,
or about )-^ oz. essence or c:t,tracLs to 1 gallon,
or to suit the taste. Have your ice well broken;
I quart of salt to a bucket of ice. About ^ an
hour's constant stirring, with occasional scraping
down and beating together, will freeze it suffi-
ciently.

C/;L'UJi:RS.—% a lb. of butter, ^ of a lb.
of s^ugar, 2 lbs. of flour, l nutmeg, }4 a tea-
spoonful of soda dissolved in ^ a teacup of wa-
ter or milk ; 6 eggs.

CUCUMBER SALAD.— T<i lOO cucumber*
add a j^ of a peck of small onions. Tccl both
and cut them into thin slices ; cover with salt,
and stand in the sun for 6 hours ; rinse clean,
and stand in clear cold water far I hour. For
the dressing take a box of the l>cst mustard, put
into it a little salt, pour in sufTident olive oil to
ftlir it easily, and add vinegar and oil alternately
till thin enough to pour smoothly. Put the cu-
cumbers in jars, cover with the dressing, and
cx}ver closely. Seal the jars.

CUSTARD, Bak*d.—V>o\\ in a pint of milk a
fiew coriander seeds, a little cinnamon and lemon-
prel ; sv\ ecten with 4 oz. of luaf sugar ; mix
-with it a pint of cold milk; 1>cat 8 eggs for lo
minutes; add the other ingredients; pour it
from one pan into another 6 or 8 times ; strain
throagh a sieve; let it stand; skim the froth
from uie top, fill it in earthen cups, and bake im-
roediaiely in a hot oven ; give them a good color ;
15 minutes will do tlicm.

CUSTARD, i^tfi/rrf.— Boil a <iuart of milk
with a little cinnamon, and half a lemon peel ;
sweeten it with nice while sugar, strain it, and
when a Ultle cooled mix in gr.idu3lly 7 well
beaten eggs and a tablespoimful of rose-water;
srir all together over a slow fire till it i-; of proper
thickness, and then pour it into your glasses.
This makes good boiled custard.

CUSTARD TR/TTERS.—JieMihcyclk^ of
4 cg^ with a dessert sjxxinful of flour, a little
nutmeg, salt and brandy ; odd half a pint of
crc-im : <weeten it to taste, and bake it in a
•I I >r a JL^ of an hour. When cold, cut

it rs, and dip them into a batter made

.K -I pint e.icn of milk and cream, the

• 4 eggs, a little flour, and a good
ii „ I ginger; fry them brown; grate
over them, and serve them as hot as pos-

•UAT

Sa.

DOUC//.VUTS.—H(i\r a cap of butter, 2}^
of ftucai well r<^»Ucd and sifted, 4 eggs, I
Saiipoonfur of s^etAtun, 1 cup of sour niiTk, I
aallieg. flour enough to roll ; cut in any shape
4eiifea« cither in stripi or twisted ; have the
lani hot enough for the cakes to rise to the sur-
fiwe as soon as put in. This is an excellent fried

MGGS, /fani amJ Soft BMlfJ. — It is under-
" Iktlrgesare more easily digested if *' rare"
*"wrfr done; but which jjortion of the
TCBSts digestion — the •'white," which is
nearly pure albumen, or the yelk ? lately, ex-
periments have been made io this direction, with
ampfe opportunity nf demonstrating that healthy
pMric juioe« which the stomncli secretes forpur-
pBBcarrf .i<<*.>vt;.>n, will not act readily on coag.
vlaced .;g, even if cut in pieces not

ItfgCT ti <ry |)cas, (and that is as line as

people usually chew their food,) while it acts
with facility upou the more brittle yelk. The
reason is that the coagulated albumen is very
comjnct and tenacious, and would nccrl to be
" ground to powder" to accept the chemical af-
fimties of the gastric juice.

Pour into alxisin boiling water sufficient to
cover the eggs, put the eggs into the water and
let them remain 10 or 15 minutes, according to
drcuinslanccs and your own taste ; keep the wa-
ter nearly up to boiling tempcraliirc, but do not
lx>il the eggs. Fresh eggs will cook more
quickly than old ones, and, of course, small ones
quicker than large ones. By this process von
will find the yelks well cooked, while the woile
is left in a condition to digest readily.

EGGS, BRO/lED.—C\xt a large round of
bread; toast it on both sides, and butter it.
Carefully break 6 eggs, and arrange ihcin upon
the toast ; sprinkle over them some salt and pep-
per, and slowly pass a red-hot shovel up and
down over them until they are well set. Squeeze
iijx>n them the juice of an orange, and strew
over a little erated nutmeg. Serve as quickly as
possible. If prefcrrc«l, the toasted bread may
De dipped into some warmed cream, and some
pwiched ccgs pLiced upon it, and then glazed
with a red-hot shovel.

EGGS, To /'(wr/i.— The beauty of a poached
eg^, like a fried one, consists in having the
w-mte just sufficienlJy hardened lo fonn a trans-
parent veil for the yelk. Pour from a tea-kettle
as much boiling water as youshail nccti, through
a clean cloth into a stew-pan; it should be muf
fiUcd. Dreak the eggs separately into a cup or
saucer, and when the water boils remove the
pan from the heat, and gently slip the eggs in ;
when the while is set replace the pan over the
fire, (which should be moderate.) and as soon as
the water boils the eggs are done ; remove them
with a slice and trim off the ragged edges. If
served on toast, cut the bread in pieces a little
larger than the ergg, and about ]£ of an inch
thick ; brown only on one side, and just enough
to give a yellow color ; too much browning
yields a bitter flavor. The luast may be moist-
ened with a little hot water. .Some sprinkle on
it a few drops of vinegar or essence of anchovy
sauce.

EGG OAfELE TTE.— Vn\e&s a great omel-
ette is to be made, a small frying pan should be
used, so as to insure thickness. 5 or 6 eggs
will make a good sized omelette. Beat them
well with a fork or egg beater ; add a salt spooa
of salt ; put 2 oz. of butter in the frying pan ;
when melted pour in the omelcltc (beaten eggs,)
stir with a spoon until it begins to set, then turn
it up all around the edges, and w hen it is of a
nice brown it is done. To take it out, turn a hot
plate over the omelette, and turn the pan upside
down. Double it over like a turn-over, and
serve hoL If not sufHciently done on the ton,
brown with a salamander or a heatetl shoveL
To have the omelette particularly fine, about as
many whites asyelks should l>e used.

EGGS, To Tfi/.—One way to tell good eggs
is lo put them in a pail of water, and if they are
good they will lie on their sides always ; if bad^
they will stand on their small ends, i!ie large
ena always ujipermost, unless thev have been
shaken consideralily, when they wilf stand either,
end up. Therefore, a bad egg can be told by*
the way it rests in the watcf— always up, nevflC '

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WAflTS,

on its side. Any egg that lies flat is good to
eat, and caii be depended upun. An urdinary
way is lo lake ihcm into a room moderately
dark, and buld tlietn between the eye and a can-
dle or lamp. If the egg be good — that is if the
alttumeu is !»ti)l unafTected — the light will &hine
through with a reddish glow; while, if affected,
it will be opaque or dark.

J^lSHt To Choose. — All fisli, of whatcvrr spe-
des, may be known to be perfectly frcih by
their being rigid and having bright eyes.

FISNt To Bo%L — The proper sign that fish is
done by boiling is that the flesh separates readily
from the bone, and has lost all appeaxancc of
redness and transparency. It is im(»rtant that
this should be kept in view» as fish underdone is
unwholesome. The opposite extreme, however,
must also be carefully guarded against.

FISH SA C/CE.—TAkc ^ a pint of milk and
cream together, 2 eggs well beaten, salt, a little
pepj>er, and part of die juice of a lemon. I'ut
It over the hre and stir it constantly uniil it be-
gins to thicken.

I7SJI aiOIP'DER.—Haiddock and Striped
Bass are generally considered the best fish for
chowder. Cut the fish in pieces about i inch
thick and 2 inches square. Cat 5 or 6 good
slices of (he best salt pork, lay tliem in the bot-
tom of an iron pot and fry till crisped, but do
not scorch ; take out tlie pork, leaving the fat,
and chop the pork in small pieces ; put into the
pot a layer of fish, a layer of split crackers and
some of the chopped pork ; a little re<l and
black pcp[>er; a httle chopped oniun ; then an-
other layer of split crackers, fish and sen-soning,
and so on till all the fish is used. 'Ilien just
cover all with water, and stew slowly till all is
tender. Thicken the gravy with cracker crumbs
and catsup i) you like; take out the fish, boil up
the gravy once, squeeze in the juice of a lemon,
and pour the gravy over the fish. Add salt if
necessorv.

FISH^ To Freshen Salt. — Many persons who
ore in the habit of freshening mackcrc!, or other
salt fifth, never dream that there is a right and
wrong way to do it. Any person who has seen
the process of evaporation goingon at the salt
worKs, knows that the salt falls to the bottom.
Just so it 14 in the pan where your mackerel or
white fish lies soaking; and, as it lies with the
skin side down, the salt will fall to the skin, and
there remain ; when, if placed with the flesh
side down, the salt falls to the bottom of the nan,
and the fish comes out freshened as it should be.
In the other case it is nearly as salt as when put
in.

FRUIT CAATF.—i lb. of flour. I of sugar,
I uf butter, 12 eggs, 2 lbs. of currants. 2 of rai-
sins, I of citron; lemon, nutmeg, and mace to
taste. Beat it very light. The fruit should be
floured and stirred in last, and more flour added
if necessarv. Bake in i large pan in a steady,
wcU-hcated oven for 4 or 5 hours, letting it cool
grailually in the oven. When perfectly cold it
may be frosted.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLES, T0 Take
Frost cut of, — When a thaw approaches put the
frozen articles in cold water, allowing them to re-
main in it until, by tlieir plump, fair appearance,
the frost seems to be out.

FRYING, — This is one of the worst methods
of cookcrv that can be adopted. It cannot he
aooomplishcd without the aid of oil or fat, which

beyond question (ends to render (he meal ^-cry„
indigestible. It is no less injurious 10 vegel
bles. As an example of this it may be stale
that the potato when fried becomes waxy in il
texture, and often produces derangement of thft""
stomach in healthy and \igurous persons.

FLOURf Ilatv to Kutnt' Good. — i. When
flour is genuine or of the best kind, it holds to*^
gclhcr in a mass when squeezed by the ban<
and shows the impressions of the fingers, an<
even of the marks of the skin, much longer ih:
when it is bad or adulterated; and the doug]
made with it is very gluey, ductile, elastic,
easy to be kneaded ; and may be elongated, flac«
tcned, and drawn in every direction witlioul
breaking. — 2. Adulterated flour will be found
be heavier than pure flour — that is to say, a piu.
of pure flour would be overbalanced in the
scales by a pint of adulterated flour. — 3. Knead
a little between your fingers ; if it works soil,
stickv. it is poor. — 4. Put some flour on a table
and blow it gently with your breath. If little
heaps remain upon the table, resisting the action
of your breath, and ditTering manifesUy from the
inrlications given by other portions when blown
upon, the substance thus remaining is impure. —
5. Place a thimbleful in the palm of your hand
and rub it gcnilv with the finger. If the flour
smooths down, feeling smooth and slippery, it is
of an inferior quality. But if the tlour rubs
rough in the palm, feeling like fine sand, and
has an orange tint, purchase confidently. — 6.
Bake a small quantity of the sus(iected flour (in
its dry state) until it is a full brown; then take
it and rub it in your hands or on a (able, and
white particles will be seen if cither chalk or
plastcr-of-P.iri5 should be present in the flour.

FLOUR, To Restore and Impme Musty. —
Carbonate of magnesia, 3 parts ; flour, 7
iMirts. Mix, and use the flour in the usual w-ajrJ
rhi« will not only gre-illy improve bad flour, but
the bread will be much lighter, more wholesome,
and keep longer than when alum is used.

FOULS, Choice of, — If a cock, choose wJJi
short spurs, observing that they hft>e not been
pared or cut ; if a hen, her comb and legs must
be smooth; when old they are rough, and on
the breast long hairs are found instead of feath-
ers; smell them whether they arc fresh, and feel
whether the breast-bone is well-covered; if not,
they have prolably died from disease.

FOWL, To Iir»i/,~Shi the fowl down the
hack, and score to the hone all the tliicker part:
as the thighs and breast, in order to its being a!
equally done. Brush o^-er the inside and ihc
places scored with catsup and pepper, and broil
over a clear fire. A sauce shoula be made of
butter and flour melted brown, into which, when
taken from the fire, should be put caper^or but-
ton mushrooms.

FOWL AND CHICKENS, To Roast,—
Put them down to a good fire, and baste them
well with butter. A fowl will require nearly an
hour to roast, and a chicken cbout a (^ ul an
hour or 20 minutes. For the fowl let 4 gravjf]
be made of the neck and gizzard, and whi
str.nincd put in a spoonful of browning. Serve
the chicken with parsley and butler.

FOWLS, Hmv to Cook t?ii/.— Prepare as for
roasting; then boil 3 hours in a co\cred po^.
with ( quart of water, to which add 2 tablcspocm-
fuls uf vinegar; after which put into a pan in m
hot oven for aI;oui 1 hotu to brown. The liquor

COOKING Ar^D BAKING,

f

in the pot is to be prepared for gravy ; should
the water boil away too much more mu&t be ad-
ded- The result i*, the meat is a* lender a:«
young chicken, and some think richer and bet-
ter.

FOWLS^ Sauce for, — An excellent white
sauce for f'jwU may be mode of 2 ox. of butter,
3 small onions, 1 carrot, % a teacupful of flour,
S pint of new milk, salt and pepper to taste.
Cut up the onions and carrots very small, and
pnt them into a itcw-pan with the butter ; sim-
nnef them until the butter i* nearly dried up ;
then stir in tlie flour and add the milk. Boil
the whole gently until it thickens, strain it, sea-
son with salt and Cayenne, and serve.

FOWLS^ SUwcdwtth Onion. — Wash it clean,
dry and truss it as for l)oilinp ; put a little pep-
per and wJt into it, and rub it with butter ; but-
ter ft saucepan ; pat the fowl in the ]}au with a
pint of veal slock or water, seasoned with pep-
per and salt. Turn it while stewing, and when
Suite tender add 12 small onions, split. Stew
II together for M ^^ hour. A young fowl will
take I hour, an old one 3 hoars to slew.

GF£S£, To Ckotuf. — A young goose has a
yellow bill ; if red, it is a sign of age ; if fresh,
the (bet will be pUaUc, but Klalc if stifl* and
dry.

GOOSEf ^^^iT.— Presuming that the bird
is carefully plucked, singed, washed, and dried,
pat into it a seasoning of onions, sage, pepper,
and salt, fastening lightly the neck and rump.
I'at it at first at a distance from the fire ; paper
the brcasl-bone; baste well, and when ihe breast
is rising ukc the paper off. Let good gravy be
sent in the dish. Serve with potatoes, gravy,
and apple sauce.

GOOSS, BOrLED.—Hayintt singed the
mvMc, pour over it a quart of boiling milk ; let
It lie ail niglit in the milk, after which take it out
and dry it well; stuff it with sage and onion,
cut small ; sew up the opening"*, and hang it up
for a day. Boil for J hour, and serve with ooion

GEMS. — They are cheap, easily made, whole-
some and palatable. Granam flour and water
are stirred together to the con-^istency of a thick
pancake batter, and baked in the iron or tin gem
pans. Gems, whether of Graham meal, fine
nour, or 00m meal, should he ]>ul into a Mot
oven. Success depends on this. Fine flour and
sweet milk, (skimmed milk is good enough,)
well beaten together, rather thicker than the hat-
t*T, makes a very sweet and goo<l kind of warm
bftsad. Com bread of the best kind can be made
witlKmt eCE* or shortening, or sweetening.
Simply scald the meal with Iwilinff water, add 3

E! aalt, slJr well and bake quickly in the gem
L We thought the Graham and white gems
t haVc salt, until we found Ihat its absence
was not observed, and then we discarded it, as
it seems an unreasonable amount of salt is eaten
nndcT the plea of a little salt being necessary.

GiyCEKBREAD.—z cups of molasses and
I of bolter J 3 teaspoons of ginger, and i even
fall of bi -carbonate of s«»d.i; l ten -cup of warm
^r^*r-- '1 "-' -■-'■"•h to make a soft dough. .\f- ,
ler ■ Irtkc tin, flour your hands

to j . lotl with a knife cross-cut

tile top ixilo ^uaies or diamonds. Bake until
<lonc.

QTNGE/tBFEAO, SP/CE.^T^Ve 3 lbs. of
r, I Lb. of butter, I lb. of moist sugar, 4 oz.

of candied orange or lemon peel, cut small ; i
or. of powdered ginger, 2 oz. of [wwdered all-
spice, ^ an ox. oT wowdcred cinnamon, a hand-
ful of caraway seetls, and 3 lbs. of treacle; rub
the butler with your hana into the flour, then
add the other ingredients, and mix it in the
dough with the treacle; make it into cakes or
nuts, and bake it in a warm oven.

GINGER SNAFS,—i pint of baking mo-
lasses, I lb. of sugar, J^ ^^' o^ *ard, }4 or., of
ginger, and 1 tablespoonful of cinnamon' Work
the lard, molasses and sugar together, and add
flour enough to nuke a stifl* dough. Roll out
thin, cut with a round cake-cutter, and bake
quickly.

GINGER B/SCa/T.—V.nh % a lb. of fresh
butter into 2 lbs. of fine flour : add ^ lb. of
sifted sugar, and 3 01. of |>ounded ginger. Beat
up the jrclks of 3 eggs, and take a little milk
with which to make Itie above ingredients into a
paste. Knead it all well together, and roU it
out extremely thin, and cut it into the form of
r^Mind biscuits with a postc-cutlcr. Bake them
in a slow oven until crisp, taking care that they
are a pale brown color.

GRAl'\\ BROIVN—S onions, sliced and
fried in butter to a nice brown ; toast a large,
thin slice of bread a considerable time until very
bard and of a deep brown. Take these, with.
any piece of meat, bone, etc. , and some herbs,
and set them on the fire, with water according to
judgment, and slew down until a thick gravy is
produced. Season, strain, and keep cool.

C^EF.N-CORN r.-fA'iiX— Grate the com,
make a rich batter with cream, or according to
directions given forbatlcr cakes. Use just suf*
ficienl of the batter to hold the corn together,
.and lay the cakes on llic griddle as you would a
common griddle cake. Serve with butter.

GREE.V-COR.y PVDDJNa.—\% ears of
com, grated; 3 eggs, well l^eaten; i pint of
sweet milk, % a cupful of butter, i large spoon-
ful of sugar, pepper and salt. Bake in a laz^
pudding-nan 2 hours.

GREEN PEAS, Tfi Stnv.-~V\xX into the
stew-pan a quart of peas, a lettuce, and an onion
sliced, butter, pcjiper. salt, but no more water
than remains about the lettuce after washing.
.Stew 2 hours very gently. When to be served,
beat up an egg and stir it into them, or a little
flour and water,

• GRVEL, IVATER.—Takc of the coarse
part of corn meal or grist, 2 handsful ; water, 3
quarts ; Uiil it till only 2 quarts remain, then
strain off the liquor, and season it to the palate
with salt, sugar and nutmeg, to which may be
added a spoonful or two of wine. — 2. Take
of oatmeal 2 large spoonfuls; water, I quart.
Mix them well, and boil them about 10 or IC
minutes, stirring often ; then strain the gruel
Ihrolieh a sieve, and add sugar and salt enough
to m»e it agreeable lo the taste. WTicn it is
designed as a meal, dissolve in it a little butter,
and then add bread and nutmeg, as occasion re-
quires.

HADDOCK^ To Frv.—^Vxxi the fish, cover
it with bread-cnimb and egg, seasoned with salt
and pepper, ond fry with Imiling l.ird or butter.
I/OTCH'POTC/f.—{\ favorite .Scotch soup.)
Boil a good-sized neck or breast of Iamb for ^
on hour ; take out of the soup pot 6 of the best
chops, and lay them astilc ; then boil the rest to
a good stock. Wa^h and cut into small pieces 4

54

DICTIONARY OF EVEItV-DAY WANTS.

fmhly pulled young turnips, 4 young carrots, t3
young onions, a good-sized lettuce, and a small
bunch of parsley ; boil all these in the slock 1
hour. 20 minutes before the soup is required,
cut up a fresh cauliflower and put it in, together
with a quart of green peas, a pint of young
beans, and a little penper and salt ; heat the
chops that have been laid aside, and pour the
soup over them in the tureen. A sprig of mint
is an improvement.

HOPS, To Ckoost. — When rubbed between
the fmgcrs, or on the palm of the hand, good
hops will feel glutinou:*, luive a fragrant smell,
and develop a fine jcUow dust. The seeds
should be ripe, and ihe leaves full and unbroken,
and of a fine brownish- yellow green. Avoid
yearhngs, unless you can get tlicm in good con-
dition, and ^ the price of new hops.

ICE CREAM, STA'AWBEKKY.—Tike i
pint of strawberries, i pint of cream, nearly ^
a lb. of powdered white sugar, and the juice of
a lemon ; mash the fruit through a sieve, and
take out the seeds, mix with the other articles,
and freeze ; a little new milk added makes the
whole freeze more quickly.

ICE CREAM, A'ASRBERRy.—Thc same
as struwljcrry. These ices are oitcn colored by
cochineal, but the addition is not advantageous
to the flavor. Strawberry or raspberry jam may
be used instead of the fresh fhiit, or equal quan-
tities of jam aad fruit employed. Of course the
quantity of sugar must be proportionately di-
minished.

ICE, Lemon Water. — Lemon juice and wa-
ter, each % a pint ; strong syrup, I pint ; the
rind of thiie lemon should be rasped off 1>efurc
squeezing with lump sugar, which is to be ad-
ded to tne juice; mix the whole; strain after
standing an hour, and freeze. Beat up with a
little sugar the whites of a or 3 e^, and as the
ice is beginning tn set, work this in with tlic
spatula, which will much improve the consist-
ence and taste.

ITALIAN CREAM.— Tq a pint of rich
milk add as much fine wliite sugar as will sweet-
en it. the rind of a large lemon pared thin, a
small piece of cinnamon, and ^ of an oz. of
isinglass ; put all these ingredients into a lined
saucepan, and boil till the isinglass is p>erfectly
dissolved ; beat the yelks of 6 eggs very well in
a large basin, and !>train the milk while boiling
hot to the eggs, stirring them rapidly all the
time; continue to stir till the mixture is nearly
c:old ; l>efbre putting it into (he shape add a des*
sert spoonful of strained lemon juice; it will
turn out in a few hours.

INDIAN-MEAL CAR'ES.— To 3 pints of

Indian meal, a piece of butter as large as an egg,

and a leaspoonful of salt. Put 2 tea-cupfuls of

boiling water, stir it in, then add 3 eggs, and

M milk to moke it to the consistency of batter.

■ INDIAN- MEAL PUD DING. —Into I
H quart of boiling rotlk stir i quart of sifted fine
H meal ; then aild I quart of cold milk, 2 well
H beaten egc$, ^ of a cup of sugar, and I cup uf
H flour. .Stir well and pour it into a buttered dish.
H Bake 2 hours, and serve vnth butter.

■ INDIAN PONE.—Pvil l quart of water in
H a pot ; as soon as it boils stir in as much Indian
^^ meal as will make a very thin batter. Beat it
^^ frequently while it is boihng. which will require
^H 10 minutes ; then take it off, pour it in a ran,
^H and add i oz. of butter, and salt to liste. When

L .

the batter is lukewarm, stir in as much Indian
meal as will moke it quite thick ; set it away to
rise in the evening ; in the morning make it out
in small cakes, butter your tins, and bake in a
moderate oven. Or the more common way is to
butter pans, fill them 3 parts full, and bake tbem.
'ITiis cake requires no yeasU

*JELL\t ArrvwrthU. — Put half a pint of
water, a glass of sherry, a little grated nutmeg
and 6ne sugar into a saucepan; and when boi£
ing mix gradually with them a dessert -spoonful
of arrowroot already rubbed smooth in a table-
sjxHinful of cold water. Boil all together for 3
minutes, and pour into glasses or small cups.
Tliis jelly may be flavored witii the juice of any
friiit that is in season, or with orange or lemon
juice.

* JELLY, APPLE.— Splice whole apples—
(cores, parings and all) — cook them witli just
water enough to cover them till reduced to a soft
pulp. Take the rind and juice uf 4 lemons;
strain this pulp, (not squeezing mucli, or going
over it twice ;) slice tlie lemons, measure a pint
for n lb. of white sugar; let it boil for hou an
hour, and turn into forms. Quince, etc, the
some way.

•" JELLY, CALVES' FEET.—Yox each
foot take 3 pints of water, and boil it to half that
quantity ; tiien let it cool, and skim off the faL
It must now be boiled for 2 or 3 minutes with
the )>eel of a kmun and a little spice, when it
should be removed from the fire, strained through
a flannel bag, and the juice of a lemon and a
glass of wine added ; when cooled a little, it
may be put into glosses or forms.

- JELLY, CN/CNEN—'Vikc i large fowl,
put It into a saucepan with 2 quarts of water, I
large onion, i blaue of mace, and i teaspoonfol
uf salt; boil all till reduced to 3 pints, then strain
it, and let it stand till the next day; then lake off
the fat very clean, lake the whites uf 6 eggs,
half an oz. of isinglass, the juice of i or 2 lem-
ons, beat them well altogether, and ImjiI it till
the scum rises to the top. l>ct it stand a few
minutes, then strain it through a jelly-bag. The
above is a very strengthening preparation, and
may be taken cold or not, as best suits the yx-
ticnt's taste.

• JELL Y, SAGO.—lioW a teacupfal of sago
in 4 pints of water, till quite thick ; when cold*
add a pint of raspberry juice, prevsed from fresh
fruit, or lulf the quantity of rasplterry syrup;
.idd enough loaf sug.ar to sweeten it, Ixiil it fast
for 5 minutes, and put it into a shape which has
been steeped in cold water ; pour a little cream
over Ihe jelly in the dish.

JELL Y ORANGE, — Squeeze the iuioe from
10 sweet and I Seville orange ; add the juice of
2 and the rind of 1 lemon pared thin ; loiu sugar
enough to sweeten the Juice, I quart of vrater,
and 4 oz. of isinglass. Boil all these ingredients
for a few minutes, and then strain through a
jelly-bag till clear, and put it into lahapcs. Add
a liltle saffron if the color is too pale.

L4MP, To Jud^eof Us Qua/i/v.^U fresh,
the vein in Hie neck of^a fore-quarter is blxiish;
if green or vellow, stale. In the hiud-ouarter,
if the knuckle is limp, and the part uiider the
kidney smells slightly disagreeable, avoid iu U
the eves are sunken, do not buy the head

LAM/i, To AWj/.— The hind qunricr of lamb
usually weighs from 7 to 10 lbs. ; this siie will
lake about 3 hours to 10^^ *^ Have a brisk.

I

COOKING AKD BAKLWG.

OTp*

It must be very freciuently basted while
ami sprinkled with a little salt, and

knifed ftll over uiLh flour, about % on hour be-

/ - .'/, To BinL — It must be put into

!irii the SAUcepui (or deep fish
a drainer is best) drawn bacK« and
itluwcd to simmer gentjy. xcdconjng
to each lb. ; if it boih fast, the meat
hard and the sLin broken. It should be
aat of ttie water with the drainer, and no
rk be ituck into it; if the scum has settled
it* wash it off with some of the liquor be-
ton scvdsD^ to table. Tarfrley and butter arc
jcrwed with this, or delicate caper sauce and

yoocovTots*

LRMON tyf aa,— »eai o egg
ml wUts separately, till in a solid froth ; add

fON tyfA'-ff,— Beat 6 eggs, the yelks

t0 the )rcU» the ^aied rind of a fine lemon and
602. of >u(^r diie«I and siHed ; bent this a %
tf an hour; shake in with the left hand 6 oz. of
4ricid flour ; then add the whites of the eggs and
die j^Moe of the lemon ; when these are well
bnten iu, put it intmedia^ly into tins, and bake
il tbottt an hour in a moderately hot oven.

LEMON PI£, — 2. lemons; squeeze out the
jvkr. and «hop the lemons fine, (take oat the
*er ■ > of water, 3 cups of sugar, I egg.

)( I riour ; beat the egg well with a

cu> ^H W4<<^t (UkI the flour; then stir lemons,
}aHe« mtA »U together ; this will be suf&deni for
Jpies.

LEMON SJUCE.—UcM 2 oz. of butter in
a Gille water; put in 3 oz. of sugar, the juice
and RBied rind of half a lemon, and the pulp
aod |Uice of the other half, lloil together 5
■nales. and serve hot for cold puddings.

•LEMON ff'.t T£:A\^Vut 2 or 3 slices of
ItuaHf with a lump of sugar and a spoonful of
ttfrillatni into a covered jug, and pour into it a
|atf of boiling water. Cover it closely for 2 or
t hinzn. It will thus form a very agreeable
nth (or a feverish patient.

,UJ. -A-^ .('A/., Tp jt'ry.— niride the fi>h into
fir 0 the skin ; dip them in beaten

q*;- I !hcm chopped parsley and bread

e-: I'ry them. For sauce melt some

be. ale 6our, put into it the roes of

1^ ntn, i>-'aaded ; season with salt and Cay-
OMM^ Sftd a mUe catsup, and pour it hot over

Ibvfttb.

MACARONT, i7(^/«i'.— Soak and bofl the
mcarcAi in plcntv of milk and water ; throw in
a tmlc uSl Boil untjl tender, but not until the
Uvm ia lost When soft, turn into a leaking
Aakvposr over the top the contents of a whisked
agfc aafci bake untd brown. This process ren-

S

I

b A aiorc attractive dish than when simply
boOcd. Macaroni* with cream, sugar and cin-
■a^oQ. makes a very nice, sweet dish.

MEAT, Tat fif £ati.^U Good meat is nei-
f&er of a pale piak color, nor of a deep purple
Itei far tJM fbnxier is a si^ of disease, and the
lailar jadiaites that the ammal has not been duly
ihatlHiawi,bm has died with the blood in it. or
baa nflami from acute disease. — z. It has the
of marble, from the ramifications of
Telos of U.i among the ■ — ^. Tt

dkD«H be &no aod clastic to lli .1 will

varafy moAsAm th- •'■—■"- '

«t(. hmUoi and fla'
Jifl^vr wet psrcfaDi'
tfi «r ■» sdnr. and tiw odor ohi/uUi nU U: disa-

greeable I for diseased meat has a sickly, cadav-
erous smell, and soinetimes a smell o? physic.
This i*; very discoverable when ihc meat is cut
up and drenched with warm water. — 5. It must
not shrink or waste much in cooking.— G. It
should not run to water, or l»ei.ome very wet on
standing for a day or so, but should, upon the
contrary, dry upon the surface. — 7. WTien dried
at a temperature of aia", or thcrcaliouts, it will
not lose more than from 70 10 74 jkt cent, of its
weight, whereas bad meat willoftcu lose as much
xs io per cent. Other properties of a more re-
fined character will also serve for the recognition
of bad meat — as that the juice of the flc&h is al-
kaline or neutral to lest paper, instead of being
distinctly add. and the muscular fibre, when ex-
amined under the microscope, is found to be
sodden and ilUdefmed.

MEA T, StftPfif. — Stewing is undoubtedly the
roost economical mode of cooking meal; by its
use every port of the meat is rctamcfl, and noth-
ing is lost or wasted. Joints, too tough or sin-
ewy to be used in any other way, may be stewed
with advantage. Stewing consiitts in subjecting
meat for a considerable time to a very moderate
heat in a small Quantity of water. No good
stew for an early ainner can be made the day it
is wanted. The plan recommended is to cut the
meat in pieces 01 the required size, pack them
closely together, covering them with cold water,
or what is preferable, broth ; place the stew-pan
where it will gradually warm, and keep it for
some hours at a heat considerably short of boil-
ing. The albumen is thus dissolved, and the
fibres so fiir softened and separated that the very
toughest parts become tender and digestible.
The stew should be put away in on open vessel
until the next day, when the fat should be re-
moval from the top, and vegetables and season-
ing added.

MEA T, Strasbourg /V/Za/.— Take 3 lbs. of
the rump of beef, cut into small bits, and put it
in an earthen jar with a /^ of a lb. of butter at
the Itotlom ; make a paste of flour and water;
cover the jar closely, and set it in a pot of boil-
ing water. In 2 hours take it out. and add It
teaspoonful of allspice, the same of pepper, and
2 of^salt ; then bod another hour. l,et it stand
until cold ; pound the meat with a pestle until it
is entirely broken up ; add to it the liquor in the
pot, and 3 large tablespoonfuls of tomato catsup.
Press into small pots and cover witli melted but-
ter. It will keep 2 or 3 months in a cold, dry
place, and b a deudous , relish for breakfast, tea
or lunch.

• AfKAT PANADA,— 1:aVc the inside of a
loin of mutton or of part of a sirloin of beef;
pound it until it will >wiss through a sieve when
mixed with hot water or with broth, as it is re-
quired to be more or less rich. The most proper
seasoning is a little salt. It ought to be kept in
an earthen vessel in a cool place. WTjen a little
of it is required it should be wormed up and
served with thin slices of bread.

AflLAT BISCUIT.— T^Ve i lb. of flour, V
of alb. of butter, S tablcspoonfuls of yea*t, and
% a pint of new milk. Melt the butter in the
milk, put in the yeast and some salt, and worb
into a stiff paste. VTion light, knead it wcH,
toll it out an inch thick, cut out with a (unhler,
prick them wiiJi a fork, and bake in a qokfc
oven.

•iV/ZX ;r^£r.— Place » ^mA ^^etjc «.\

56

DICTTONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

K:

rennet in a cup of hot water for 4 or 5 hours.
Pour the water into 2 quarts of new milk» and
when the curd appears, strain the whulc through
a hair sieve into a jug. The whey may be given
to a patient cither cool or lukewarm.

MOLASSES. — When molasses is usftl in
cooking, it is a very great improvement to boil
and skim it before you use it. It takes out the
unpleasant raw taste, and mokes it almost as
good as sugar. Where molasses is used much
for cooking, it is well to prepare t or 2 gallons
in this way at a time.

MUFF/XS. — I pint of milk, I tablespoon of
butter, 1 pint of flour, a small teaspoon of salt,
3 ^Slf^* ^^^ whites and yelks beaten separately
ana scty stiff; a small teaspoon even full of
soda; add (he whiles last, beat smartly and per-
fectly free from lumps. Butter the griddle, and
bake tn well-bullercd rings. When the bottom
is done, turn over the rings and bake the top, or
ut the rings on a well-buttered bake-pan, and

ke in a quick oven.

• MULLED ECa-^Bcat the yelk of a fresh
egg in a tea or coffee cup, put in a little milk or
cream and sugar, and then pour into it xs much
tea or coflfcc as will fill the cup, taking care to
stir it well at the same time to prevent the egg
from curdling. This makes a good breakfast for
an invalid. It is light and nourishing without
being healing.

MUSHROOMS, To DUtin^'tsh frqm Poi-
sonous Fungi. — I. Sprinkle a little salt on the
spongy part or gills of the sample to be tried.
If they turn yellow they arc poisonous — if black
they are wholesome. Allow llie salt to act be-
fore you decide on the question. — 2. False
mushrooms have a warty cap, or else fragments
of membrane, adhering to the upper surface;
they arc also heavy, and emerge from a vulva or
bag ; they grow in tufts or clusters in woods, on
the stumps of trees, etc., whereas the true mush-
rooms grow in pastures. — x. False mushrooms
have an astringent, styptic, and disagreeable
lasle. — 4. When cut they turn blue. — 5. They
are moist on the surface, and generally, — 6. Ot
a rose or orange color. — 7. The gills of the true
mushroom are of a pinky red, changing to a
liver color. — 8. The flesh is white. — 9. The
stem is wliite, solid and cylindrical.

MUSHROOMS, BroiUd.—U ushroom-flaps,
pepper and salt to taste, butler, lemon-juice.
Cleanse the mushrooms by wiping with a piece
of flannel and a liule sail ; cut on a portion ol
the stalk, and peel the tops ; broil them over a
clear fire, turnmg them once, and arrange them
on a very hot dish. Put a small niece of butter
on each mushroom, season with pepper and
salt, and squeete over them a few drops of lem-
on-juice. Place the dish before the fire, and
when the butler is melted ser\e very hot and
quickly. Moderate- sized flaps are better suited
to this mode of cooking tluji the buttons; the
latter nrc better in stews.

MUSHROOMS, To Strjj.—Tnm and nib
clear with a bit of flannel dipped in salt, ^ a
pint of large button mushrooms ; put into a
stcwpan 2 ot. of butter ; shake it over the fire
till thoroughly melted ; put in the mushrooms, a
teaspoonful of salt, hau as much Liepuer, and a
blade of mace pounded; stew till tne mush-
rooms arc tender, tlien serve thcni on a very hot
dish.

MUSHROOM CATSUF.—Caiha mush-

rooms in dry weather; take the large, fully-
grown flaps, and secHliat they are free from ia*
sects and earth. Add to each pcik ol mush*
rooms i4 A lb. of salt; break them up into ft;
large earthenware pan, strew the salt over them*
and let them stand for 3 days, stirring and
masliing them up each day, tlien strain out
the juice. To every quart of juice put ^
oz. of whole black pe|>per. ^ an oz, of bruised.^
ginger, ^ of an ol. of allspice, 1^ of an oz.
Cayenne, and the same quantity of poundedJ
raacc. Put all the spices with the juice into %1
large earthenware jar, (standing in a pot of wa-J
tcr, ) and boil for 3 hours ; or the catsup ma]
be boiled in a preserving pan. Let the spiceS:]
remain in it when boiilcd.

MUSTARD. Snpfnor Table.— Tnkc of
flour of mustard, 2 lbs. ; fresh parsley, "^ o£.
chervil, ^ oz. ; celery, }^ oz. ; Tarragon,
oz. ; garlic I clove; and 12 salt anchovies, (i
well chopped;) grind well together; add of
I oz., and suflicicnt grape juice or sngar
sweeten, with sufBcient water to form tlic mi
into a thinnish paste by trituration in a mortUat
When put into pots, a red-hot poker is to
thrust mto each, and a little vinegar ailei
poured u|Kin the surface.

MUSTARD, FRENCH.— ?^U 1% lbs.;
scraped horsC'radish, I lb. ; garlic, 3 cloves
boilmg vinegar, 2 gallons; macerate in a cov-
ered vessel fur 24 hours ; strain, and add saffi*
dent flour of mustard.

MUTTON, To Judge its QMa/ity.—The
meat should be Arm and close in grain, and red
in color ; the fat white and firm. Mutton is
its prime when the sheep is about 5 years olc
tliough it is often killed much younger. If t(
young, the flesh fccis lender when pinched ;
too old, on being ]iincLed it wrinkles up, and
remains. In young mutton, the Cat readily se]
aratcs; in old, it is held together by strings
skin. In sheep diseased of the rot, the flesh
very palc-colured, the fat inclining to yellowt
the meat appears loose from the bone, and, if
squeezed, drops of water ooze out from the
grains ; after cooking, the meat drops clean
away from the bones. Wether mutton is pre-
ferred to that of the ewe; it may be known by
the lump of fat on the inside of the thigh.

MUTTON To Roast a Saddle ^.— Take
lean ham, truffles, green onions, parsley, thyme,
and sweet herbs, all chopped small, with some
spice, pepper and sail. Strew them over the
mutton wncn the sltin is taken off, put the sldn
over it neatly, and before roasting it tie over it
white paper well hultercd. When the meat is
nearly done take off the pajjer, in order that the
surface of the meat may be nicely browned.

MUTTOX, Strweii Ug </.— Put it mto the
stew-pan with either broth or water, 2 or 3 car-
rots, a turnip, an onion, and a few black fKpper-
corns. After coming toalK>il, simmer for a-d^
hours, lake out the broth and vegetables, dred^B,
the meat with flnur, and put it again on the fii
to brown, leaving off" the cover. Pulp the TCge-'
tables through a sieve, and boil them up with
the gravy, adding a tablespoonful of vinegar,
I'our part of the sauce on the meat and send the
rest to tabic in a tureen.

• MUTTON IiROTH.^2. lbs. of a neck of
mutton, a large handful of cher\'il ; put these
into 2 quarts of water and boil down to i quart.
All of the fiit should be removed. A pint may

COOKIiVG AND BAKTNG,

^

be taken 3 or 3 limes a day. It slfords excel-
lent nutrimenl to ihc weak,

NVTMEGS^ To .W^rA— Prick them with a
pin- If ihcT arc good the oil will instantly
spread arountl the puncture.

OYSTERS— Are They Healthy ?— Open an
CTsCer* retain the liqaor in the lower ur dceii
aoen« and, if viewed through a microscope, it
wiU be found to contiiin multitudes of small oys-
ters, covered with shells and swimming nimbly
about — 1 30 of which extend but ] inch. Be-
sides these young oysters, the liquor contains a
variety of animafcuhe, anil myriads of 3 distinct
sfiedes of worms. Sometimes their light rep-
resents a bluish star about the centre of tne
&hcll, which will be bcaalifuUy luminous in a
dark room.

OYSTER STESK—Slcw the oysters in
their own liquor, and season to the taste with a
Utile salt and pepper; butter may he added.
Slews are often improved, in the opinion of
many, by the addition of milk or cream, and
liments in the way of mace, parsley or nut-

_. If thickening of the soup is desir^,
graced cracker is preferable to Hour. The best
eooks omit flour cniiri^Iy. A piece of butler
rolled in grated cracker may be added. Tour
the oysters, when done, over a dish floored with
crackers, or covered with layers of crispy toasted
bread.

OYSTERS, Tc /ry.— After thev are taken
from the shell, dry them on a clean cloth or nap-
kin. Beat up the yelks of eggs with thick,
sweet cream — I yelk to 1 tablespoons of cream.
Rub totelher some grated bread crumbs or
cracker, and a little salt and pepper. Have hot
in a skillet ^ of a lb. of melied butter. Dip
each oyster in the l)ealen yelk and cream, and
then roll it in the crumbs, coaxing ihcm to ad-
here to iL Drop into the skillet, and fry until
of a light brown color on boih sides, 'Iliey
ought to be crisp and light. Never pour over
tlicm the raeliea grease that may remain.

OYSTERS, ToUa^e, Roaster Bcil.—'^yA a
few minutes arc required for this. Wash the
sbeHs clean. To roast, lay the shells on a grid-
favo» over a bed of live coals. When the shells
open they are done. Lift off the top, and serve
in the under shelL To bake them, put in a pan
in hot oven ; otherwise follow the same direc-
txm as for roasiing. To boil, put them in a
pot of boiling water. Serve in the shell.

OYSTER SO L'P.—To each dozen or dish of
uytttia put half a pint of water ; milk I gill ;
bailer half an oz. ; powdered crackers to thicken.
the oysters and water to a boil, then add
ther ingretUents previously mixed together,
[hoA from 3 to 5 minutes only.
^ySTER Pa -TTJES. —Take of oysters suf-
It for the patties you may chance to want,
a the liquor and return it to them ; mix
tficai with very fine bread crumbs until they arc
of • pffopcr thickness ; add a Httle scalded cream,

' aeason the whole with pepper, salt, and cay-

p*pper ; warm the whole in a saucepan till

IS l« simmer ; when cold, put it in the

a&rl bake it in the shape 01 small mince

inches in diameter. The beards and

part should be cut off, and the oysters

t in 3 or 3 pieces.

OYSTERS, ARTIFICIAL.— T^c young
para com, and grate it in a dtsh ; to I pint of
ui» aJd I egg well beaten, a small teacup of

flour, ^ a cup of butter, some salt and pepper,
and mix them well together. A taUespoonful
of the batter wilt make the siic of an oyster.
Fry them a light brown, and when done butter
Uiem. Cream, if it can be procured, is belter
than butter.

OAT CAKES, SCOTCH.— V^i 3 handfuls
of best Scotch ratmeal into a basin, with a bit of
butter the size of a nutmeg ; add os much cold
water as will form it into a cake. Press the
cake out with the hands until it is thin, then roll
with the rolling pin till it \% almost as thin as a
silver dollar, hfavc the griddle already heated,
sift a httle meal over it, and lay on tne cake.
WTien the under side is brown, toast the upper
side in a toaster before the lire to make it crisp.
Tliese cakes should be kept in the meal chest
among the dry meal to preserve their crispness,
which is their peculiarity. They are extremely
nice to eat with cheese.

OMELETTE,— '^^X. separately the yelks
and whites of 4 fresh eggs; to the yelks add as
much powdered while sugar as will sweeten it,
and a small dessert-spoonful of corn flour, very
smoothlv blended in a spoonful of cream or good
milk, heat the whites to x stiff frolh, add the
flour to the yelks, and gently stir in the whites,
taking care to break the froth as little as possi-
ble \ pour the whole into a clean frying-pan
from which the butter has been drnined ; 2 or 3
minutes over a clear fire is enough to cook the
under side ; hold the pan to the fire till the up-
per side looks firm; sprcatl raspberry ur straw-
berry jam over one half, turn the other side over
it, ancf serve immediately.

ONIONS, BOILED,— Tt^c the outside skin
from white onions as uniform in size as possible,
lay them in cold salt and water for I hnnr, and
then boil them in milk and water until thor-
oughly tender; lay them in a deep dish, and
pour over them meUed butter.

ONIONS, ROASTED.—Thc^c should be
cooked in their skins; but before putting them
into the oven brush off all gritliness. Place in a
moderate oven, cooking gradually until nearly
done ; then quicken the oven and brown. Serve
with plenty of fresh butter.

PASTE for Fruit or Meat /"fa-j.— This paste
may be made with *^ of wheat flour, "% of the
flour of boiled potatoes, and some butter or
dripping; the whole Iwing brought to a consist-
ence with warm water, and a small quantity of
yeast added when lightness is desired.

PARTRIDGES, Ttf j?«u/.— Rightly to look
well tlicre should be a leash (3 birds) in the
dish ; pluck, singe, draw and truss them ; roast
them lor about 20 minutes ; baste then^ with
butter, and when the gravy IxgiDS to run from
tliem you may safely assume that the partridges
arc done ; place them in a dish, together with
bread crumbs, fried nicely brown and arranged
in small heaps. Gravy should be screed in a
tureen apart.

PARTRIDGES, To BreiL —Cut ihcm in
half, dip them in a butter previously melted, and
cover tJicm thickly with crumbs of bread. A
^ of an hour ought to be sufhcicnt to cook them
over a clear fire.

PARTRIDGE PIE.— 7. braces of partridges
arc required to make a handsome pie. Truss
them OS for boiling; pound in a mortar the Uv-
crs of the birds, a 5^ of a lb. of &t bacon, and
some shred paisley ; lay part of this forcemeat

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAV WANTS.

■t the bottom of a raised crust : put in the part-
ridges, add the remainder of the forcemeat and a
iiew mushrooms ; put some slices of bacon fat
on the top, cover with a lid of crust, and bake it
for ly't hums. Before serving the pie remove
the lid, take out the bacon, and add sufHcicnt
rich gravy and orange juice. Partridge pie may
also be made in a dish in the ordinary war.

PASTE, Rich and LighL—To i lb. of flour,
dried and iiflcd, take % a lb. of good fresh but-
ter and |^ a lb. of hird ; divide the flour into 2
equal portions ; put U on tlic pasle-board ; cut
the butter (from which tlie water should be
squeezed) into sUces about ^ an inch thick; do
the same with the lard; cover the slices with
flour. roU tlicra out tliin with the rolling-pin and
lay them aside ; put the other ^ of the flour
into a ba&in, work into it with a spoon a ^ of
a pint of water, or enough to make the floitr into
a stilf dough — too wet a dough will make tough
paste — lay this upon the paste-board, and roil it
out till it is y^ an inch tltick, then lay the fourth
port of tlie butter and lard all over it, fold it up
and roll it again \ put on another fourth of the
butter, and repeat the buttering and rolling tilt
all the rolled butter is mixed in. Then cover
the tart, and bake it in a brisk oven. Always
lundlc pastry as hghlly as possible, particularly
after the butter has been put in.

PASTE, POTATO.— \% of a lb. of cold
boiled potatoes to ^ a lb. offlour. rubl>cd well
together, wet with very little water, and odd 6
'«c. of good lard or butter. For a sweet piste,
add a tablespoonful of powdered sugar ; for a
neat paste the same quantity of salt.

PARSjV/PS, ToBoif. Wash the parsnips.
acrape, boil ti^itder, and then slice and brown on
a griddle, with butler to prevent sticking. Car-
rots arc good, cooked in the same way.

' PANADA, BREAD.— ^ak a few thin
slices of stale, light, and well-baked bread in
hot water, so as to form a pulp of suitable con-
sistence. Simmer it gently, with some little ad*
dition of water from time to time as it thickens ;
then add z or 3 tabic spoonfuls of warm milk, a
little loiif sug.ir, and a few grains of salL The
objection to this brcad-pap, as commonly used,
is tluU nurses arc sometimes apt to make it too
thick.

• PANADA, CfflCA-EN.—SVxn a fowl; cut
U in pieces, leaving the breast whole; boil it In
3 i>inls of water till perfectly tender, pick ofTthe
meat, and pound it finely in a mortar, and mix
it with the liquor it was boiled in; rub it through
.a sieve, and season it with salt.

PEARS, To Bake, — Take ripe pears and
wij>e jhem carefully ; place a layer stem upward
in a stone jar; spnnkie over kugar; then set in
another layer of pears, and so on tilt the jar ii
filled. To every gallon put in 1 J^ pints of wa-
ter. Cover the top of the iar witn pic crust,
and set in a slow oven for 2 hours.

PEACHES, To Peel.— In peeling small
peaches with a knife, too much of the {)each is
trasied ; but by having a wire cage similar to
those made for popping com this waste is obvi-
ated. Fill the cage with peaches, and dip it into
boiling water for a moment, then into cold wa-
ter for a moment, and empty out — going on in
the same way for all you wish lo peel. This
toughens the skin and enables you to strip it off,
laving much in labor, as also the waste of the
p«ach.

PEAS, To S/ew, — Take a quart of shelled
pcxs, a large onion, or two of middling size, and
2 lettuces cut small ; put them into a saucepan
with }4 a pint of water; season them with a lit-
tle salt, a liule pepper, mace and nutmeg.
Cover them close, and let them stew a V of an
hour ; then put in a )^ of a lb. of fresh butter
rolled in a httlc flour, a spoonful of catsup, and
a small piece of butter as big as a nutmeg: co\*er
them cloe>c, and simmer gently an hour, often
shaking the pan.

P/E, CREAAF.—VoT 1 pie, take 3 eggs, >f
cup of sugar, 3 tablespoonfuls offlour, I pint of
sweet milk ; heat your milk ; beat suj^ar, eggs
and fluur together ; add to the scalded milk, and
cook to a thick custard ; flavor with lemons ;
bake your crust, and when cold fill with the
custard.

P/E, /.EMONl-Gmc % of the outside of
a lemon, and squeeze out the juice ; yelks of 2
^^S^'f 3 tabIes|>oonfuls, heaped, of sugar; ^
cup of water; I teaspoonful of butter; itir well,
and bake in a deep dish lined with crusL Beat
the whites of the eggs to a stiff froth ; stir in 3
tablespoonfuls of pmverizcd sugar, and spread
over tlic top of the pie, as soon as it is baked.
Set in the oven till tne top is nice browned.

P/E, A//jVCE,—Takc of boUed beef, chop-
ped fine and salted, I pint; apples, chopped
Gne, I quart ; butter or suet, I leacupful ; 1 tea-
cup sugar, I pint each of boiled cider and water.
Slew all together until the apples are done, and
when cold add i pint uf canned or stewed rasp-
berries or blackberries, i tcas(>oonful of pepper,
I of cloves, 2 of cinnamon, and 3 of allspice.

P/E, ORANGE.— Take the juice and pulp
of 6 large, sour oranges, and the grated rind of
4. a little salt, 3 cupful^ of sugar, 3 eggs, 4 cup*
fuls of water, 6 spoonfuls of rice flour. Muc
these ingredienU well together, make a good
crust, and bake like other pics.

P/E. PEA C//.— Take good ripe peaches,
halve and slone them ; make a good short crusti
and lay it in your pie-plates. Lay your peaches
evenly to co^■er it; then add lo each moderate-
^izcd pie about 3 spoonfuls of white sugar, and a
few drops of essence of lemon or rose, and ^ a
tcacupful of water ; cover, and bake like other
pics.

P/E, Pl/MPAVN.— Choose the best pump-
kins that can be found. Take out the sectls.cut
the rind carefully away, and then cut tlie pump-
kin into thin and narrow bits. Stew over a
moderate fire in a little walcr^ust ctiou^ to
keep the mass from burning — until soft. Torn
off the water, if any remains, and let the pump,
kin steam over a slow fire about 10 minntes.
When sufTicienlly cooled, strain through a sieve.
Sweeten the pumpkin %Yith sugar and a little mo-
lasses. The sugar and eggs should be beaten
together. The flavoring requires ginger, the
grated rind of a lemon or nutmeg, and salt. To
I quart of pumpkin odd l quart of milk and 4
eggs for ortiinary richness.

lleat the pumpkin scalding hot before putting
it upon the crust to bake, otherwise the crust
will be scalded. Bake in a very hot oven.

PIGEONS.— Vigcoas are ^-cry indiflereni
food when they are too long kept. Suppleness
of the feet show them to be young ; the slate ol
the flesh is flaccid when they are getting bad
from keeping. Tame pigeons are larger tlisn
the wild.

COOKING AhfD BAKING.

S9

111

i^iVHOSS, .V.'rrw;/. — Mnkc R saaoniiig of
•iwect her!>s, and ft
<ur. antl put it into
" ilf rcjast them ;
ttaitev- : A\ wliule pcp-

fn; aacc. , amJ a small

VMk. lake tiicm out wlicn dune, stiain ihc
lifiQi, aWim it. »ntl thkkcn it with a piece of
■Uu roll ' I put in the pij^ons

wk loair. ,[Ui. and slew them

nttrainuL^. t uui mv .-.auce over them, in the

/T'A'.r AS rOOr>.~\^ the prohibition of
p*^ la food, founded on

fcl; ihc food itself? An

monthlies cx-

givci a most

' rittttion of

Ae hoe, 'It say & that *• V-- \ Hamp-

AttCKAiae. And other >■ „ '^ Sutcs,

*Wv the inbaUtantk send ihcii Uief cattle to

BsHon aurkd. and live principally on pork as

■4 (hff TBtf I ' >>r them are of-

feEMd wilA scj I. tetter* ring-

JBIB, *luuuar-< "")|wion, etc,

alW Far W«r^; meat con-

■■M^byllwCu' -^cs^ham

btgvuMa, roa&t pig foi dinner, and sausage

fcaq^craaBil * hog all the liuie!* And wbol

^tUdfcctof tV. , lict upon their con-

ImSth. 'k jl niajty of their

.wivn ■ I. wilh their rheumcd

9** *>d colarg' re cars, etc, for an

■uiu, Whuc in farmer works in

fe Mdt in ike open aii, he is comparatively ex-

i^ Ihaa its twic6il influence and it is chiefly

<V°* t^ SkoJiIi of his wife and children that it;*

lorUr cfcis nay be seen. The late Doctor

Bbhhp^ of Chicago* told the author a few years

liacv UkU a wu estimated* by competent mcdi-

oJaati^jrity, tbat nnrly V "^ ihc entire popu-

iirioD uf Hit State w ; with scrotulous

KatcjTH vrilh endai, e glands at the

futal of I' - > ' ,rm of chronic

MwAalnu tv;bout the en-

vt Weal ' pork« or have.

b Cfat iTW(e»t way, any tJuug to do viith the

^pcfHlering, iKvly-comipling, health-

/wrw/

r>ir«eUy the

■Put them into a

■'• water to cover

] to break, lift

ii'ily as possible

':•< aU'f . Then place a

ill) towel over them,

Utrtti [J iiiL- lire again until they arc

CkiyB9M)Uff tioo^ And quite dry.

I ^rATO£S, T» Ffy.—lo fry raw potatoes

aif, thejr sbould lie parM), cut len^hwise

daoe* aa eighth of aa inch in thickne«s,

a p^ orer the fire containing hot

turned firenucnily, iiicely browned

POTATO SCONES^^^U^y^ boiled potatoes
C33 IKffV arc ndic •nnxtiK. .idling a little salt;
tW» Ay-meal, to the

ih-'i i-riddle, prick>

'ing.

t'ocs for

i^Kicu a-i if they

6vther prcr^

drvMvd a liltlc

ahcRiU be taken out Co Id the

water get into them. The farinaceous part must
be pounded up, with a small (juantily of the
freshest butter, the yelk of an eg|2 well beaten^
ami a little pe^tpcr and .salt ; add, if possible, a
little cream, and put the mashed potatoes into
tlic oven lo brown them.

POTA 7X> ^A'O^r.— Pick out the whitest po-
tatoes, and put them on in cold water ; when
they begin to crack, strain and put them in a
clean *itewpan l>eforc the fire till they are quite
dry, and fall to pieces ; rub them through a
wire sieve on the dish they are to be sent up in,
and do not disturb them aXicrwards.

• PUDDING^ ylrrownw/.— Mix a tablespoon-
ful in cold milk, and pour it into boitin^ milk.
When cool, add the yelk of an egg well beaten
and a little sugar; put it into a uo^in, and boil
lo minutes.

rUDD/NG, /f//?£yS-N£Sr.~?cc\ tart
apples, take out the cores, leaving the apples
whole. Make a custard of 8 well beaten ecgs.
^2 a pint of cream, and xyi pints of seamed
roilk, thickened witJi a heaping tablets ix>onful of
flour and a little sail, but no sugar. Bokc ao
minutes. \Mien the apples are tender the pud-
<Ung is done. Serve immediately with butter
and sugar stirred to a cream.

PUDDINa, HALF~PAY.~% of a lb. of
suet, )^ of a lb. of currants % oi %'^ of rais-
ins, % of a lb. of flour, ^ of a lb. of bread
crum)>s, 2 tabIes|>oonfuU of molasses, ^ a pint
of milk. Chop the suet finely; mix with it the
currants, (which should be nicely washed and
dried,) the raisins, (which should be stoned,)
the flour, breadcrumbs and molasses; moisten
with the milk, beat up the ingredients until all
are thoroughly mixed, put them into a buttered
basin, andlxnl the pudding for 3^ hours.

PUDDING^ Kiu attJ A/'/^/r.—Vxck over and
wash a tcacupful of the best rice. Steam it un-
til tender in 2 cups of cold water ; spread it over
a quart or 3 pints of good ripe apples, quartered;
pour over I or 2 cups of milk, if preferred, or
omit the milk and add a little water to the ap>

f)les. Half a cup of white sugar may be snrink*
ed over the apples, or sugar may be adu»l at
the table, if preferred.

PUDDING, PLUM,— A eeES, X2 crackers,
I pint <A new milk, I teacup of butter, half a
lb. of sugar, 1 lb. of raisins, 1 lb. of prunes,
with a hncly grated nutmeg. Bake about an
hour.

PUDDING^ p0tato.—\ lb. of potatoes, boflcd
half a lb. of fresh butter, half a lb. of sugar, the
yelks of 6 eggs and the whites of 3, i gill of
cream, i teaspoonful of mocc, and 1 nutmeg,
liake in pufl'*paste.

PUDDING, RICE^'-HtAi a pint of rice, I
quart of milk, J^ of a pint of 5ugar, nutmeg or
cuuuunon. Bake it slowly 3 hours. Tapioca
may be cooked in the same way, af^er soaking
in worm milk for an hour or two ; and sago, al-
ter thoroughly washing ond soaking over night,
is good in the same fashion. It is |K>ssiblc to
dilute the milk one-half and yet have the pud-
dine good, if care is exercised in soaking and
cooking.

^//^^/r.y.— Rabbits, when old, Imvc the
haunches thick, the cars dry and tough, and the
claws blunt and ragged. A young hare has
claws smooth and sharp, cars that easily tear,
and a narrow cleft in the check.

I

€o

DICTIONARY OF £ VERY-DAY WANTS,

are thoroughlv frved from blood with cold water.
They arc left over night in weak salt water,
which is [Kiured ofT in the morning, and new
salt water added, in which they stand until ready
for cooking. 'Phis water is made jusi suflBcienily
salt to fit the flesh for eating. They arc then
boiled until lender, when the meat is taken out.
and flour and butter, first rubtjcd together, is
Stirred in and well peppered^ and the whole
poured over toast, upon which the meat is laid.
A few sprigs of parsley added improve the taste
for many persons.

SAifCE, SHFRLEY.^XZ good-sued» ripe
tomatoes \ 2 bell pepjjcr^ (large ones ; ) 2 onions
(many omit these, and like Uie saace better —
consult your own ta^ite. ) Scald and skin the to-
matoes; chop the peppers and onions (if used)
very fine. 'I ncn adcf i cup of vinegar and JS^ of
a cup of sugar, and boil 2 hours ; then put in
another cup of vinegar and boil I hour — or un-
til the mixture does not veparate. llicn stir in
I leaspoonfu! of cloves, I dessert-spoonful of
cinnamon, and a leaspoonful of pimento (all-
spice.)

SAUCE, n'ORCESTERSIf/RE.—\\\ the
English sauces in popular use arc foundcti upon
walnut catsup — that is of Kngtish walnuts — or
upon mushroom catsup. To make a catsup of
walnuts, tltc green shells are taken in these pro-
portions: 2 ^s. walnut juice, 5 lbs. salt, mixed
and bruised, and allowed to lie a week ; the
liquor is then pressed out, and to every gallon is
■elded 4 oz. of allspice, 3 oz. of ginger, and of
pepper and cloves 2 ox. each, all bruised. The
whole is then simmered for 30 minutes, and is
then set aside to clear. This is the catsup. To
make a sauce of this similar to Worcestershire,
lake I gal. port wine, 3^ gal. catsup, 2 lbs. an-
chovies, with their liquor, 8 lemons, 48 shallots
or small onions, scraped horse-radish ij^ lbs.,
mace 1 oz., Cayenne 2 oz., mustard 8 oz. Boil
the whole genlfv, and then strain and bottle.

SAUCE, (7//i/7:VA' K— Pare and core sour
apples. Then take of these apples, tomatoes,
brown sugar, and best raisins, each 8 oz. ; salt,

4 oz. ; red peppers (chilies) and powdered gin-
ger, 3 oz. eacn ; garlic and smalt onions, i oz.
each. Pound the whole well, and add 3 quarts
of best cider or wine vinegar — or vinegar made
from beer — and I quart of^lemon juice. I^t it
stand in the vessel a month, but give it a good
shake daily. Then pour off the clear liquid and
bottle it. The residue may be used in aid of n
second batch of sauce, or, rubbed up into a very
smooth paste, may form a constituent of French
mustard.

• SHANK JELL Y. —Scour and brush very
clean 12 shanks of mutton, after soaking Ihem
in water for 4 hours. Simmer them gently for

5 hours in 3 quarts of water, putting with them
3 blades of mace, 2 onions, 20 Jamaica and 30
black pcpjTCTcorns, some sweet herbs, and a
crust of bread toadied brown ; then strain a(T the
liquor and keep it in a cool place. This is well
aoapted to delicate and debilitated pcn>ons.

SNIPES, ROASTED.— Dn not draw them,
but spit on a bird-spit ; flour and baste well
with butter ; prepare a slice of toasted bread,
lay it in a plate under the birds ; roast for about
30 minutes ; place ihem on the toast ; butter,
garnish with slices of lemon and parsley, and
serve.

SOUF, Stock fffr,—^ lbs. of shin-bone, and

] lb. of lean neck of beef, 4 carrots, i turnip, 1
stick of celery, 2 parsnips, 2 leeks, i onion, 6
cloves, 6 peppers, a buncn of sweet herbs, 1 gaL
of water. Cut the meat into slices, crack the
bone, and put it Into .on earthen pipkin that will
stand the fire, as this makes far better soup than
a metal saucepan ; add the water, and let it stew
slowly till the scum rises, and skim it clear;
stick the cloves into the onion and then add the
vegetables, and let the whole stew slowlvtill the
meat is in rags, which will be in about % hcturs.
It must simmer very slowly, for if it boils the
meat will not vicld ihe gravv so well, and the
slock will be thick in place of being clear. Af-
ter it is cold it should be strained through a cul-
lender, and kept in a covered pan or jar for
use.

SOUPt CohrinF far. — As soups often require
coloring, it is well to prepare browning for that
purpose. 2 baked onions, well browned in the
oven and then chopped fine, moke an cxceUenl
coloring and flavoring. The shells of green
peas, dried in the oven until thev are brown, hot
not black, will also answer lo brown soup, and
will keep alt winter if hung in a perfectly dry
place.

SOUP, Pfff, Boyd's,— ■T;ikc the shank of
beef, or pieces of beef or veal left from a roast-
ing piece, and boil in water sufTicicni for Uie
soup ; if the meat has not been previously
cooked, it niust be boiled 4 or 5 hours, or till it
will separate from the bone easily. Pare pota-
toes, 3 or 4 good sized onions, part of a yellow
tumip, and 2 or 3 carrots, if desired ; slice, not
very thin, and boil in the soup after seasoning
with salt and pepper to the taste. Boil the tur-
nips about iji hours ; the other vegetables will
cook sooner.

SOUI\ J>i'ftabU.—Ve(-\ and slice 6 largo
onions, 6 potatoes, 6 carrots, and 4 turnips ; fry
them in M a lb. of butter, and pour on them 4
quarts of boiling water. Toast a crust of hread
as brown and hard as possible — but do not burn
it — .and put it in, with some celery, sweet herbs,
while pepper and salt. Stew it all gently for 4
hours, ana then strain it through a coarse doth.
Have ready thinly sliced carrot, celery and a lit-
tle turnip. Add them to your liking, and stew
them tender in the soup. If approved of, a
s[x>onful of tomato catsup may be added.

SOUP, Gumbo. — Fry a light brT>wn 2 lbs. of
the round of beef with 4 sliced onions ; put into
the soup pot with 4 quarts of water, ^ a can of
tomatoes or 12 fresh ones, i teaciipful of sliced
okra and 1 green pepper ; boil slowly «; boura
.-ind put throuph the cullender. Throw mto the
tureen some sippets of fried bread and serve at
once.

SODA CAA'ES—M'ix a teaspoonful of soda
and I of tartaric acid with ^ a teaspoonful of
salt ; melt 5 uz. of butter in a large cupful of
milk; a«ld these ingredients to i lb. of flour. H
a lb. of moist sugar, and 2 oz. of caraway seeds*
Work into a soft dough, and, if not wet enough,
add more milk ; put into mince-pic pans to
bake.

SPONGE-CAA'E.—Betit 12 eggs as light as
possible, (for sponge and almond cake they re-
quire more beating than for anything else ;) beat
I lb. of loaf sugar, powdered and sifted by de-
grees, into tlie eggs, continuing to beat some
time very hard after all the sugar is in, (none
but loaf sugar will make light sponge . cake. >

irfTi»

COOKING AN^D BAKING,

6i

Stir in gradually a teaspoonful of powdered,
mixed dnnamoo and mace, a grated nutmeg, and
12 drops of lemon essence; Ustly, by dcgrecii,
(lut in lo oz. of Bificd Hour, dried near the fire,
stirring round the mixture very slowly with a
knife. If the flour i& stirred too hard the cs^e
will be tough. It must be done gently and
lightly, so that the top of the mixture will be
covered with bubbles. As soon as the Hour is
^\ in begin to bake, as setting will hurt it. Put
it in snuU tins, well buttered, or in I large tin
pin. The th inner the pans the better the sponge-
cake. Kill the small tms about half lull. Grate
loaX sugar over tlie top of each before setting it
in the oven.

SUGAH, Tc Ciijrj/fv.— Take a little gum Ara-
bic and a little isinglass dissolved in hot water ;
poor it, when dissolved, into your su{;ar when
Dofling. and it wil! clear all the sediment to the
top olihe pan, which you must skim off as often
as it rises. Loaf sugar may be cleared with the
vhite of an egg, isinglass or gum .\raUc. A
little of either will sumce.

SUET DL'.\fPL/XGS.—To t guart of flour
add half a lb. of liccf suet broken m very smalt
pieces, I cupful of peach marmalade, a little salt.
B leaspoontul of soda. Knead it with butler-
and make the dough out into dumplings
rgcT than biscuit, and boil them tilt done.

up while hot with a rich sauLu,
SOMMEfi SQUASH, To Gw-t.— Take them
fore the seeds begin W harden, wash ur wipe
clean, remove the stem and cut in pieces ;
liU quite soft ; pour off all the water you
.. , mash as fine as possible, aHer which put
iMo a clean cloth or mg, and si^ueczc out the
reat of the water. Turn out into a dish, aud
season with salt, butler, or duck, siwect cream,
andpepper^ lo your taste.

TArFEE. — Put into a pan, or some shallow

;l, a j^ of a lb. of butter and I lb. of brown

; set it upon the stove, and stir together

1$ minutes, or mitU a little of the mixture

into a basin of water wiU brc.ik clean

;n the teeth without sticking to them.

vf flavoring that is de<>ircd — as lemon, pine-

ilr^ or vanilla — should be added just before

cooking is completed. The taflce, when

me, should be poured into a shallow dish.

is buttered on the Iwttoro and wlges. By

iwing a knife across it when partially cool, it

easily be broken into sr^uarcs. MoUuscs

Vf be nscd instead of sugar, but it is not so

TAPIOCA PUDDING.—^ Urge table.

lis of tapioca soaked over night iu i quart

new millt; grated rind of i lemon ; i tumbler

sweet nulk \ one-half of a tumbler of wine,

ith %ugar enough in it to fill the glass. Stir

6kC upioca and milk over the fire until it comes

lo a \tok\, before adding any of the other ingre-

^pcnti; 4 egg^< beaten separately, and added

^Bt before baking ; it bakes in about $ minutes.

^V> t#e eaten cold.

TEA^ f/ffv Af MaJtr. — ^Thc best w^y lo make
ts by pouring a little boiling water on the
and after ihcy have become thoroughly
led, which requires I to 2 minutes, by
U off again. This water contains most
tnnic aad, and the acrid and disagrce-
,.j..a ..f rhe tea, without depriving it of
_;ih. Now \yo\ir sufficient hot
'.- tc^vcs, and let them infu^ for lo

or 15 minutes, when the beverage will be ready
for use. This scalding with hot water is quite
necessary with inferior tea, in which ca^c boiling
the leaves must esj>ecially be avoided.

TEA, Healthy Suhtittttes yj'r. —Tlie first
leaves of the currant bush dried on tin cannot lie
known from green tea. Good meadow hay —
fourth ounce to each person — infused in boiling
water, is an aromatic, anti- bilious, nouriiihing
and soothing narcotic lo the nerves at all times;
it promotes lUgcblion and creates appetite. The
unfoldetl petais of the red rose, dried, 5 part»;
rosemary leaves, i part, and balm leaves, 3
parts, mixed, is also excellent. Tliis far excels
any imported tea, and sells at 75 cents per lb.,
and I lb. will last as long as 2 lbs. of common
tea. The young leaves of the pea plant, or the
young leaves and flowers of the common Mraw.
berry, dried in llie air out of Uie sun, furnish de-
lectable draughts when infused and taken with
cream and sugar like tea.

TEA-KETTLES^ To Prevent the Formation
of a tut in. — Keep an oyster-shell in your lea.
kettle. By attracting the stony particles to it-
self, it will prevent the formation of a crust.

• TEA, ^EEF,—Takc 1% lbs. of the best
steak; cut it into very small (lieces, and put
them into an earthenware jar, with enough cold
water to cover the meat ; tie the ton of the jar
on, and put it into a saucepan fulJ of hot water ;
place ihe :iaucejtan on the fire, and allow it to
boil for 3 hours, by which time all ihc piodncss
of the meal will be extr.icted. This is the pure
essence of beef.

• TOAST~kVATEJ?.^<:niv,i\\(x off a stale
loaf, about twice as thick as toast is usually cut.
Toast it carefully until it is deep brown all over,
but not blackened or burnt ; lay it iu the bottom
of a jug with a thin slice of lemon-peel ; fill the
jug with boiling water, and let it stand till cold.

TOMATOES, BROmVED.—T?,\i.c large,
round tomatoes and halve them ; place them, tnc
skin side down, in a frying. pan in which a very
small quantity of butter ha> been previously
melted ; sprinkle them wnlh salt and pcpjitrr and
dredge ihem well willi flour ; place the pan on a
hot part of the fire, and let Inem brown thor-
oughly; then stir them and let them brown
again, and so on until they are quite done.
They lose their acidity, and the flavor is superior
to stewed tomat<>es.

TOAfA TO CA TSL'P.—Sca}6 ripe tomatoes,
and remove tlie skin. Let them stand a day,
covered with salt ; strain thoroughly to remove
the seeds. To every 3 quarts of the liquor add
3 oz. of cloves, 3 01 black {^ppcr, 2 grated nut-
megs, a little Cayenntr pepper, and salt. Hoit
all together for ^ an hour, then let the lui^tuiti
cool and settle ; odd a pint of the best cider vin*
cg.ir; bottle, cork lightly, and seal. Keep in a
cool place.

TOMA TO FRITTEHS.—Takt I quart of
stewed tomatoes ; stir In I ^g, I small teaspoon-
ful of saleratus or soda, and flour enough to
make it of the consistency of pancakes.

TOMA J O MA AM A L^iOE. — lAkc fine and
ripe toaiatoes, cut them in halves, and squeeze
out ihe juice. Put tliem in a preserving pan,
with a few peoch-Ieaves, a clove of ;- ' , i'^
slices of union or shalol. .ind a bun
ley. Stew ihcm untd they are suffiti . . , _ ...:,
rulp them through a sieve, and boil ll^eui di:yNtL

e other mflrmalade, adding &alu VuX ^hfiia

E:

6s

DTCTTONAR'.

into small jars, pepper the tops, and pour clari-
fied butter over. Lat it with fish, etc., or stir
the ccntcnls of a small pot into the gravy of
stews or fricassees.

TOM A TO PUDOrS^G.—Voxa boOing water
on tomatoes, remove the skins, put in the Dottom
of the pudding-dish some bread cnimbs, then
slice the tomatues on them, season with sugar,
butter, pepper, and salt; add some more bread
crumbs, then the sliced tomatoes and seasoning,
and if the tomato does not wet the bread crumbs
odd a little water ; then, for a small pudding,
beat up 2 eggs and pour over the top. Bake
about 20 minutes.

TOMATO SOC'P.—WsiBh, scrape, and cut
small the red part of 3 large carrots, 3 heads of
celery, 4 large onions, and a large turnips; put
them into a saucepan, with a tablcspoonful n{
butler and ^ a lb. of lean new ham ; let them
stew very gently for on hour ; then add 3 quarts
of brown gravy soup and some whole black pep-
per, with our 10 ripe tomatoes; let it boil an
nour and a half, and pulp it through a sieve ;
serve it with fried bread cut in dice.

TURKEY, T"** C^Siwi-.— In choosing a lurlcey,
the age of the bird is the chief point to be at-
tended to. An old turkey has rough and red-
dish legs ; a young one smooth and black.
Fresh killed, the eyes arc full and clear, and the
feet moist. When it has been kept too long, the

Sarts about the vent begin to wear a greenish,
iscolnred appearance.
TURKEY, Stii^n^/or.—TiAx some bread
crumbs and turn on just enough hot water lo
soften them ; put in a piece of butter, not melted,
the size of a hen's egg, and a spoonful of pul-
Tcrizcd sage, a teaspoonful of ground pepper,
and a teaspoonful of salt ; there may be some of
the bread crumbs that need to be chopped ; then
mix thoroughly and stuff your turkey.

TURKEY, To Bakt.-hcl the turkey be
picked, singed, and washed and wiped dry, in-
side and out ; joint only to the first joints in the
legs, and cut some of the neck off if it is all
bloody ; then cut 13 small gashes in the fleshy
parts of the turkey, on the outside and in differ*
t*nl parts of the turkey, and press I whole oys-
ter m each gash ; tlien close the skin and flesh
over each oyster as tightly as jiossiblc ; then stuff
your turkey, leaving a little room for the stuffing
to swell. AVlien stuffed sew it up with a stout
cord, rub over lightly with flour, sprinkle a little
salt ;md (leppcr on it, put some water in your
dripping pan, put in your t\;.kcy, baste it often
with its own drippings; bake to a nice brown ;
chicken your gravy with a little flour and water.
Be sure and keep the bottom of the dripping
pan covered with water, or it will burn the gravy
and make it bitter.

TUR.V/RS, To Tfv*.— Full-grown turnips
will take about \% hours' gentle boiling; if you
slice them, which most people do, thcv will be
done sooner ; try them with a fork; when ten-
der, tdce them up and lay them on a sieve till
the water is thoroughly drained from them.
Send Ihcm up whole ; do not slice them.

VEAL^ To Roast. — .Season a breast of veal
with pepper and salt; skewer the sweetbread
firmly in its place ; flour the meat and roast it
slowly for about 4 hours before a moderate fire ;
it should be of a fine brown, but no! dry ; baste
it with butler. When done, put the gravy in a
stcw-paa, add a piKc of butter rolled in brown

flour, and if there should not be quite enough
gravy, add a little more water, wiili pepper and
salt to taste. The gravy should be brown.

VEAL CUTLETS, nroil€d.~^\x\. the pieces
of veal of an equal thickness; dip them into
beaten egg, and sprinkle Oiem with chopped
herbs, parsley, mushrooms, grated lcmon-j>ecl,
and crumbs of bread ; broil them to a fine brown
color. Make a sauce of butter and flour melted
brown, moistened with veal gravj-; put into it
some button mushrooms, and pour the sauce hot
over the cutlets.

VEAL, StfWfd. — Divide into portions part ol
a breast of veal, and fry it of a nice brown in
butler. Put into a stew pan a quart of green
peas, together with onions and parsley. ^ hen
they are tender add some veal gravy, and put b
the pieces of veal already fried, and stew the
whole gently. Season with salt, pepper, and a
leasiioonful of powdered sugar.

I'EAL C/IOPS, Pr^ad^d.—Takt 6 or 7
handsomely cut chops, season them with saft
and pepper, and put them into melted butter.
When sufficiently soaked put them into beaten
(^gg^> take them out, and roll each separately in
bread crumbs ; make the chops as round as you
can with your hand, and lay tlicm in a dish.
When all are brearied, bitiil Inem slowly over a
moderate fire, that the bread may not l^c too
highly colored. Serve with dear gravy.

■ VEAL ^jy^A-AAr— Wash a good knuckle
of veal, and put it to boil in g pints of water.
I^t it boil until reduced to 2 pints. Run it
through a fine sieve, and when nearly cold, add
to it 2 pints of ularified syruii, and i^ pints o!
clear lemon juice. Mix well, and serve as re-
freshment. It will be found very oulritious, as
well as pleasant.

• VEAL £ROTIL—Vni a knuckle of a leg
or shoulder of veal, an old fowl, and 4 shank
l>ones of mutton, 3 blades of mace, 10 pepper-
corns, an onion, a piece of bread, and 3 quarrs
of water into a soup pot ; cover it close, and af-
ter it has boiled up and been skinuncd, strain,
take off tlic fat, and add salt.

VEGETABLES, To ^<»ty.— VegclaWcs must
be carefully cleaned from insects and very nicely
washed. Boil them in plenty of water, the wa-
ter to l)c boiling before ihey are put into it, and
they should be drained the moment they are
cooked enough. If ovet-builed they will lose
their beauty and crispness. Bad cooks some*
times dress them with meal, which is wrong —
except carrots or cabbage widi boiling beel

In order lo boil vegetables of a good green
color, take care that the water boils when they
are put in. Make them boil very fast. Do not
cover, but watch them, and if the water has not
slackened, you may be sure tliey are done when
they begin to sink. Then take them out imme-
diately, or tlie color will change. Hard water,
e-tpccially if chalybeate, spoils the color of such
vegetables as should be green. To boll them^
green in hard water, put a teaspoonful of carbon-
ate of soda or potash mto the water when boil-
ing, before the vegetables are put in.

VEGETABLES, To Ciian of iHstfts.—
Make a strong brine of i >i lbs. of salt to I gaL
of water; into thi^ place the ^-cgetables with the
stalk ends uppermost for 2 or 3 hours ; this vrill
dcstroyall the insects which cluster in the leaves,
and they will fall out and sink to the bottom of
the water.

DRUGGIST Am) CHEMIST,

I

I
I

VEGETABLE OYSTERS.— ^o\\ salsify,
or mtgetablc oysters, Ull the !.lun will come off
masAy. When you have taken it off nca.tly, cut
the root in bits as long as an oyster; put into a
deep vegetable dish a layer of crumbs of bread
or craclurs, a little salt, pepper and natmeg, and
m covering of butter xs tnin as you can cut it ;
then a layer of oysters, and so on till your dish
is 611cd. having crumbs at the top. Fill the
dish with water, and brown them nandsomely.
Tbey can remain 2 hours in the oven without
injarv, or be eaten in J^ an hour,

ykX/SOX, Ttf Roast.— ?,x>\\. a haunch of
Tenison, and butter well 4 sheets of paper, 2 of
which put on the haunch. Then make a paste
of flour, butter, and water ; roll it out half as
big as the haunch, and put it over the fat part -,
then put the other 2 sheets of paper on. and tie
ti^m with pack-thread. I>ay it to a brisk fire,
and baste it welt all the time of routing. If a
bcgr haunch of 24 lbs., it will take 3^ hoars ;
snaller in proportion.

V'EmSOX STEAR'S, Rrm^J.—ViMh them
and wipe them dry. Put them oti the gridiron,
ever a clear fire, and broil them ; then sea:son
with salt and pepper, and baste them with but-
ter. Serve with currant jelly.

PLATER, n Afaki CoU.^VJaXcv may be
kept nearly as cold as ice water, by surrounding
the pitcher or jar with several folds of coarse
cotton, to be kept constantly wet. The evapo.
ration canics on the heat inside, and it will be
Tcdnccd almost to freezing. In India and other
trotncal regions this is common.

miTER, To So/ten JfarJ.—K ^ oz. of
quick-lime dipped in 9 quarts of water, and the
acar solution put into a barrel of hard water;
fhe whole will be soft water as it settles.

HEATER, To Punfy.—.K t.ablcspoonful of
piywdercd alum sprinkled into a hogshead of
water, and stirred, will in the course of a few
koars precipitate to the bottom all the impure
portides, and leave the water as clean and pure
as sprmg water. 4 gallons would need but a
tcaspoonful.

WILD DUCKS, Ta Roast,— Tot roasting a
wild dack yoa must hftve a dear, brisk fire and

a hot spit. It must be browned apon the out-
side without being sodden williin. To have it
well frothed and full of gravy is the nicety.
Prepare the fire b^ stirring and raking it just be-
fore the bird is laid down, and 15 or 20 minutes
will do it in the fa>>hionaMe way ; but if you like
it a little mure done allow it a few minutes long>
er ; if it is too much done it will lose much of its
flavor.

YEAST,— \. In 3 Quarts of water let 2 02.
of hops boil for % an hour ; strain the liquor,
and let it stand in a wide earthenware bowl.
When lukewarm add a smalt quantity of salt —
say ^ handful— and ^ f}i ^ lb. of sugar. Take
some of the liquor, and well mix up in it |^ a
lb. of the best flour, beating this up thoroughly
in the whole afterwards. The next day but one

f>ut in I }4 lljs- of boiled and mashed potatoes ;
el it stand one more day, after which it may be
bottled for use. It should be kept near the fire
while making, so us to keep it about the tern-
pcrature of new milk, and it should also be fre-
nueully stirred during the process of making,
when bottled, it should be kept in a coot place.
— 2. Take 12 large potatoes, a pint of hops
boiled in a gallon of water ; mash the p<jtatoes
well, add a teacupful of sugar and I of salt, and
I pint of yeasL Let it rise a day, then put it in
a jug and cork it loosely; put about ^ a pint to
a gallon of bread -raising. — 3. Boil i lb. of cood
flour, a *i^ of a lb. of &own sugar, and a little
salt, in 2 gallons of water fur an hour. When
milk warm, bottle it and cork close. It will be
fit for use in 24 hours, i pint of the yeast will
make 18 lbs. of bread.

YEAST CARES.— V\x\. into 3 pints of water
a handful of hops, and nearly a quart of pared
potatoes, cut into small pieces, tkrit for % an
tiour. and strain, while scalding hot, into suffi-
cient flour to make a stiff batter. Stir it well,
adding 1 tablespoonful of fresh yeast, and set in
a warm place to rise. When light, mix it stiff
with Indian meal, roll out thin, and cut into
round cakes or square pieces about z,t^ inches
in diameter. Dry these thoroughly, and keep
them in a bag in a dry place. Iney will remain
good for months.

DRUGGIST AND CHEMIST.

ACID, CITRIC. — ^Juice of Icraon*;, 4 pints ;
prryuxed chalk. 4V oz. ; diluted sulphuric acid,
27^ ox. ; distilled walcr, 2 pints. Heat the
joioe, add the chalk ; let the powder subside, and
poor off the liquor. Wash the citrate ol Umc
frequently with warm water, pour on it the sul-
|ifaaric acid and water, and boil for 15 minutes;
esprcM the hquor. filter it. and evaporate with
(CfUie beat ; then set it by to crystalline. To
the crystals pure, dissolve tJiera a second
i:rd time, rnler each solution, evaporate,
tar? it siide to crystallize.

'E CLOT/I {for Surwamj.)—$
w. ' ibic are dissolved in half a pint ol

ImA waicr, awl glycerine is added to give the
nixtOFe a syrupy con&i&tenoe. The muslin or

linen cloth, spread out on a frame, is first coated
with thin gum water, and. when nearly dry,
with the glycerine mixture as rapidly as possible.
Several coats are generally required. When
needed for use, it is cut into strips and moistened
with water.

ARTIFICIAL SKIH. for Btnm, Bruisn,
Abrasions, ^/a— ^Proof against water.) Take
gun cotton and Venice turjxrnline, equal parts of
each, and dissolve them in 20 times as much sul-
phuric ether, dissolving the cotton fin>I. then ad-
ding the turpentine ; keep it corked tightly.
Water does not affect it, htnce its value for
cracked nipples, chapped hands, surface bntises,
and things of a like nature.

ARSEXICt Tfjt far,^\* Xit, Ba,Miiva&Xh. t«c-

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY XVANTS,

ommends, fur detectiiii; small quantities of ar-
senic, the suspected body to be iriluratcd with
from 3 to 6 times itb amount of iron ftlings,
which have been exposed to a red heat, and arc
known to be free from arsenic, and heating the
mixture on charcoal in the rcdudng Hame of the
blow-pipe. Even with the smallest quantity of
ar&enic, the odor, at least, is disengaged.— 2. A
new and very delicate test fur arsenic has been
discovered by DettcDdorff'. Its sensibility is so
great tliat it is said to be capable of detecting i
part of arsenic in a million parts of solutioDi and
the presence of antimony dues not affect it. In
order to apply this test, the arsenious or arsenic
1ic|uid is mixed with atjueous hydric chloride
(hydrochloric acid) until fumes are apparent;
thereupon stannous chloride is added, which
produces a bassic precipitate containing the
greater part of the arsenic as metal, mixed with
stannic oxide.

ALTERATIVE {for Purifying the Blood.)
— Sarsaparilla, 12 oz. ; guoiocum shavings, 6
oz. ; winter-green leaf, 4 oz. ; sassafras ^root
bark| 4 oz. ; elder flowers, 4 oz ; yellow dock,
3 oz. ; burdock root, 4 oz. ; dandelion root, 6
oz. ; bitter-sweet root, 3 oz. ; all bruised ; place
these ingredients in a suitable vessel, and add i
pint of ftlcohol, with water suf5cient to cover the
whole liandsomely. Set them in a moderately
warm place for 3 or 4 days, pour off l pint of
the tincture and set it aside, until you odd wa-
ter to the ingredients and boil to obtain the full
strength ; pour off, add more water, and -boil
again ; then boil the 2 waters down to i quart ;
strain, and add the liquor first poured ofT, and
add 2% lbs. crashed or coffee sugar, and simmer
to form a syrup ; when cool bottle and seal up
for use. Dose — i to 2 tablespoonfuls, according
to the age and strength of the patient, % an
hour before meals ana at bed-time.

AL TERA TIVE, RHEUM A TYC— Colchi-
cnm seed and black cohosh root, of each half an
oz., the root to be bruised ; best rye whisky, i
pint; put it together, and let it stand for 3 or 4
days. DusE — From I teaspoonful to a table-
spoonful 3 times daily before meals.

ANODYNE, /f0EFMAN'S.~O{ sulphuric
ether, 2 oz. ; alcohol, 4 oz., and etherial oil ^'
of a dr. ; mix. Dose — From onc-hoU to 2 tea-
spoonfuls, (one-half to 2 drachms, ) according to
tne urgency or pain for which it !•■ given.

APERIENT, MAGNESIAN EFFER-
VESCING.— Sulphate of magnesia, 12 oz. ;
tartaric acid, 8 oz. ; calcined magnesia, 3 oz. ;
pure sugar, 18 oz. ; bicarbonate of soda, 6 oz. ;
essence of lemon, 30 drops. Drv the powders
separately, mix ana sieve them, tnen bottle se-
curely. 2 or 3 teaspoonfu]s in water b sufficient
for a dose.

ASTHMA REMEDIES.— I. Elecampane
angelica, cumfrey and spikenard roots, with hoar-
hound (ops, of each 1 oz. ; bruise and steep in
I pint of noney. Dose — I tablespoon fu!, taken
hot every few minutes until relief is obtained ;
then several limes daily until a cure is efTected.
— 2. Oil of tar, 1 dr. ; tincture of vcrairum vir-
ide, 2 dr. ; simple syrup, 2 dr. ; mix. Dose —
for adults. 15 drops 3 or 4 times doily. Iodide
of pptassium has cured a bad case of asthma by
taking 5 pr. doses 3 limes daily. Take half an
oz. and put into a phial, and add 32 teasnocnfuls
of water; then I teaspoonful of it will contain
t^cs grs., which U to be put into half a gill

"

more of water, and is to be drank a. short
time before each meal.

BALSAM, GLYCERINE.— VihUc wax and
spermaceti, o( each I oz. ; almond oil, 8
glycerine, 2 oz. ; otto of toses, 15 drops. ^

BALS^iM OF HONE y\—na.hixn of toll
oz. ; gum storax, I dr. ; purified opium, 16 gr. ;
best noney, 4 oz. ; rectified sj)irits of wine, C
pint. Digest them together fur a week, and
strain the liquor. This prescription is of great
use in colds and habitual coughs, unaccompanied
by feverish symptoms. The dose is from I to 3
teaspoonfuls occisionally.

BALSAM, INDIAN.— aeu, pale resin. 3
lbs., and melt it, adding spirits of turpentine, t
quart ; balsam of tolu, I 02. ; balsam of fir. 4
oz. ; «il of hemlock, origanum, with Venice
(nrpentine. of each, 1 oz. ; strained honey, 4 oz.
Mix well and bottle. DosB — 6 to 12 drops, for
an adult ; for a child of 6 years, 3 to 5 drops on
a little sugar. The dose can be varied according
to the ability of the stomach to bear it, and the
necessity o( the case. This is a valuable prcpo-
tion for coughs or internal patns.

BALSAM, MITCHELL'S, for Bruists,
CutSf eU. — Fenugreek seed and gum myrrh, of
each, about i oz. ; sassafras-root bark, a good
handful ; alcohol, i quart. Put all into a bottle,
and keep warm for 5 days.

BALSAM OF TOLU.—Tzkt of balsam of
tolu, 6 oz. ; white resin, 16 oz. ; sheep's suet,
1% oz., or sufficient to make it sofl enough, ac-
cording to climate or season.

BALM OF GILEAD.—T^^ fi;cnuine baUam
of Mecca is the juice of the Amyris Gileadensis^
and is obtained b^ cutting the bark of the tree
with an axe. It is both scarce and costly, and
none of it ever reaches this country as an article
of commerce. That which is exported Ls ob-
tained by boiling the twigs of the balsam tree in
water. The re^ balsam of Mecca is of a clear
gold color, and possesses a penetrating and deli-
cate fragrance, and a sharp, bitter, astringent
taste. A drop let fall on the surfaee of hot wa*
tcr spreads ilself over the whole surface, like a
thin film of oil, and again contracts on the water
cooling. It dissolves completelyin Catty and es-
sential oils, which then assume the peculiar fla-
vor of the balsam.

BALM OF GILEAD, Imitalum.—BentcAn,
I lb. ; yellow resin, 14 lbs. Melt, and add oil
of lemon, 4 oz. ; oil of rosemar)', 4 oz. ; oil of
caraway. 4 oz. ; spirit to reduce it to a proper
consistence.

BAEM OF A THOUSAND FLOWERS.
— Deodorized alcohol, i pint; nice, white bar-
soap, 4 oz. ; shave the soap when put in ; stand
in a warm f^acc until dissolved ; then add oQ of
dtronella, 1 dr. ; oils of ncroli and rosemary, of
each ^ a dr.

BALM OF BEA VTY.—^xe soft water. I
quart ; pulverized costilc soap, 4 oz. ; emulsion
of bitter almonds, 6 oz. ; rose and orange flower
water, of each 8 oz. ; tincture of benzoin, 2 dr. ;
borax, l dr. ; to use, apply on a cotton or linen
cloth to the face, etc.

BALLS for Remcving Grease and Paint
Sftots fnmt Clothe eU.—YyxWcfx earth, 30 parts ;
French chalk, I part ; yellow soap, 20 parts ;
pearlash, 1$ parts. Make into a paste u-ith
?«pirits of turfientine. and give it a slight color
with a little yellow ochre, and then cut it into
cakes. Tliis form, omitting the French diolk, is

DRUGGIST AND CHEMIST,

«$

Hue wkich u so very generally sold about ihe
rtieeb.

BALLS, CAMPHOR {/or Chapped Ilaniij,
A)— I. Spennocctt, white wax, each Ji oz. ;
ilnond oil. i oz. ; alkanet to color. Melt.
itnin, and add J drs. of powdered camphor. —
2. Lsrd, wajc. and almond or olive oil, eaual
pirtt, with a little powdered camphor. Used to
reb over [he hands ifier washing to prevent
duK.

BALMOyy HERB,— This is a tonic and
luative, and is employed to good advantage in
JMUtdict, dyspepsia, diseases of the liver, loss of
«PP«tite, and eencral debility.

BAKDOIJNE, A CompentHd for SUff^mng
Ai ffatr. — I. (Quince seed. ^ of a teaspoonful ;
liinced, 1 tablcspoonful, and a pinch of white
■ittstard »erd. Boil in a pint of loft water to
^f a pint, and scent with oil of almonds. — 2.
Jw^Ms, I ox. ; water, I pint ; proof spirit, 3
Mw^w. Dissolve the isinglass in the water by
■tttaddthe spinl, and scent with almond oil.
-•> Tragacanih, I 02. ; rose water, I pint.
Bnuicthc cum, digest for 3 days, and strain.

Any of these may be colored with cochineal,
afqoired.

BANDOLINE, ROSE.— Gyxm traeacanth.

* M. ; rose-water, i gaL ; otto of roses, }^ of
■■*». Sleep the gum in the water for a day or
**• .\s it swells and forms a thick, aelntinous
■J"i it must from time to lime be wcU agitated.
'W atx>ut 48 hours' maceration it is to be
■Rifeied through a coarse, dean linen cloth, and
JPw left to stand for a few days, and ^scd
'"^gh a linen doth a second time, to msurc
^U^oraaity of consistency ; when this is the case
•wotto of rose is to be thoroughly incorporated

-fl-^^A". AMERICAN POPLAR.— \ tea
f** of (his l>ark is very useful in cases of de-
r'Tv^^periiWy those of long standing, and also
J* J^lc digctlion, worms, and a diseased con-
'■™' of the urinary organs. Consumptive
551* '^^^'^ received great benefit from its em-

**<*A; ir/LD CHERRY.— The bark of

* *'« and kernels of the cherry contain a
^yeal eTprassic acid, to which their raetlici-
■" ^vtecs are to be attributed. The bark is a
Jjypoweffttl antiseptic, and is very useful in
■* Prejnratiom of dcatrifice. It is also useful
° ^Unrhea, Jaundice, and for worms. Gener-
"'y Ukcn in mfaskm, an oz. of the powder to a
jy ^ bttiling water. 'I*hc cherries aUo are
■Jj in racrfrdne, and may be employed with or
**iO«l peach 'kern els. They are useful as a
JJcand a remedy for indiprstion, and particu-
Wy as a restorative for convalescents from
Y^oAery. Mode in a syrup, or bruised and
|Wwi In decoction.

SARA'S, T» Preservf. — Barks may be coo-

^^enioUy preserved by placing them in coarse

bags, and nanging them up, in a

airy situation, until all extraneous mois-

wMkorated.

ttuM. — This is a spirit distilled over

of Myrdacris, and perhaps, also some

of the same ^mut. The trees

Ihe West India Islands, and the gcnu-

nim ia imported from there into this

It is made elsewhere, sometimes, by

_ Ifee ttnrture of bay leaves, 5 02., oil of,

fay« I 4r.| bictfbonate of ammonia, 1 oz., bo- !

■ndairv <

rax, 1 o£., rote-water, 3 pintii. Mix and filter
carefully.

SEARS' GREASE {A tii/uiaL)— Vicars'
grease is imitated by a mixture of prepared veal
t>uet and beef marrow. It may be scented at
pleas ttre,

SITTERS, AGUE.—Qxxxnixic, 40 grs, ; cap-
sicum, 30 ^5. ; doves, ^ oz. ; cream of tartar,
I oz.; wlufikey, 1 pint; mix. Dose — 1 to 3
tablespoonfuls every 3 hours, beginning 8 hours
before the chill comes on, and 3 times daily.

BITTERS^ Cathartu and TonU. — best rye
whiskey, and water, of each I quart; best un*
ground Peruvian bark, Colombo root and prickly
ash berries, of each 3 oz. ; prickly ash, block
cherry and poplar barks, of each I oz. ; poke-
root, mandrake -root, and cloves, of each y^ an
oz ; all to be the dry articles, and all to be pul-
verized before they are put into the spirits; tney
shouM be well t^hi^en every day for a week, by
which time the bitters will be ready for use.
Dose — i to 3 tablespoonfuls at morning and
evening meals.

BITTERS, BLACKBERRY.— Tht berry,
when ripe, is known to he pleasant and whole*
some, and 3 handsful of the root, in 3 pints of
milk or water, boiled down to a (juart, in the
dose of a tcacupful every 3 or 3 hours, has often
cured diarrhea and dysentery when otber things
have failed.

BLADDERS, PREPARED.— Cnt off the
loose fat. wash in a weak solution of chloride of
lime, and rinse in clear water. When drying,
blow them tight and keep them expanded. Usn]
to lie over jars, pots, etc, and to contain pow-
dered pigments.

BLISTERING TISSUE.— K solution of
cantfaorides is made in alcohol, acetic add. or
ether, strained and evaporated to an extract,
which is then mixed with twice its weight of
wax, and spread on silk or thin paper.

BLOOD, Tests /»r.— Iodide of potassium
dissolves traces of blood, even from clothing
which has l>een thoroughly washe<l, but hx-min
crystals cannot be obtained from the solution.

Gunning has discovered, in the acetate of zinc,
a reagent that precipitates the slightest traces of
the coloring matter of blood from solutions, even
where the Hquids are so dilute as to be colorless.
Blood, washed from the hands in a pail of water,
can readily he detected in this way. The floc-
culeat precipitate, thrown down by the acetate of
zinc, must be washed by decanlation, and finally
collected on a watch glass, ai^ allowed to dry,
when the microscope will reaidily reveal hxmrn
crystals, if any bloixl be present. Tliis test has
been repeatedly tried, with entire success.

A lately discovered method consists in the ap-
plication of tincture of guaiacum and ozonized
ether, which produces a l>eauliful blue tint with
blood or Mood-stains. This test is excessively
delicate. Ozonized ether is merely a solution of
per-oxidc of hydrogen in ether.

BLOOM OF ROSES.— i>tTon^ liquid am-
monio, }4 ^^' '* finest carmine, ^ oz. ; rose-
water, I pint ; triple extract of roses, ^ oz.
Put the carmine into a pint bottle, and pour the
ammonia on it ; allow them to remain together,
with occasional aritation, for 3 davs ; then add
the rnsc-water ana esprit, and well mix. Place
the bottle in a quiet situation for a week ; anv
precipitate of impurities from the carmine wiU
subside ; the supHenuLiaat Bloom of roses U tjbsa

66

DiCTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

to be bottled. If Ihr* cannioc was pcrfectlv

pare there would be no precipitate ; nearly aU
the carmine purchascii from the maker* is more
or less sophistical e<t« ila enorlnaus price being a
premium to its aduUeratioo.

SLOOAf, ALAfOA'D.—^ml I ot. of Bnuil
wood in 3 pints of water for 15 minutes ; strain,
add % of an oi, of isingla&s. ^ of an 01. of
cochineal, I oz. of alum, and % of an ox. of bo-
ru; dissolve by heat, and strain.

BLl'E FLAG. — Blue flag grows by the brink
of rivers, and in (wamps and meadows. It
blossoms in July, and has blue flowers, varie-
gated with wnite, yellow, and purple. A tea-
spoonful of the juice, diluted wilh writer, is an
active cathartic, and the decoction f>^r constant
drink is used in venereal complainLs.

BROMIDE OFPOTASS/OAf, iU Prepofa-
iioH. — The commercial bromide of potassium is
▼cry rarely pure. The Impurities consist prin-
cipitlly of chloride of potassium, (up to 30 p. c-,)
sulphate of uotASsa, (up to 3.3 p c,) free or car-
bonate of alkali, (up to 4 per c.,) iodide of po-
tassium, and bromate of r-otassa. It is impos-
tible to produce from such a mixture, by simple
operations, a perfectly pure article, and the puri-
fication of the bromine employed to this end is
tendered necessary. Tliis is effected best by
fthflkmg the commercial bromine with water and

a litll(* ^fh*-r

TIj f bromine, being easily soluble

.in eiii' ved, and, by the agency of the

vatcf, coti , hydrochloric acid and bro-

mine. By ' this way several times,

each time I' ' aqueous solution, chlo-

rine maylx nlirtly from the bromine.

Shaking (he itmg bromine with a little

starch pahte, which removes the iodine, and dis-
tilling It, an article is obtained free from chlorine
and iodine. This is dissolved in a solution of
ustic potxssa, free from sulphuric and hydro-
acid, and the resulung hqunr, a mixture
ide of pQtas'vi\im with bromate of potas-
rated to drynes.s and ignited. The mass
then' dissolved in water and cryslalHrcd, when
ill be of sufiidem purity to scrse for all med-
kal purposes.

Kobicrrc and Herbclln recommend a method
by which bromide of potassium may be freed
frfim iodine. They dissolve it to this end in
very little water, add gradually bromine water,
anti beat the soluli'm to Ixiiling. After each ad-
dition of bromine water, the fluid is tested with
,atarch paper, which will indicate tlic di^appear-
ice of the iodine by not turning blue. An ex-
;$ of bromine must be avoided. Bromine wlU
lisplacc iodine in all its compounds. The solu-
ion is then evaporated to dryness, and the dry
F-ttass re -crystallized.

SJfOtVA'S BRONCHIAL TROCHES.—
[Take I lb. of pulverized extract of licorice, \%
[9>s- of pulverised sugar, 4 ox. of pulvcrizeij cu-
;bs. 4 o£. of pulvciizcd gum Arabic, and I ot.
)ulvrri2cd extract of conium. Mix.
=f; 'A' /^C^CA'.— Burdock operates jrrntly on
ti -.wectens the blood, p(

ind i-* used in rheum ,
;ft>iiij;i, ;itid venereal diseases, l'<-'!?j. — vk inc
tice, a wine-gl-issful ; of ihe decoction, Imlf a
int t times a <{3v.

CADAVER, 'Preteirdtitm a/.— According to
*yi. Deircrgie, of the Paris School of Practical
AjiMiumy, a mixture of 3 ports of glycerine and

1 of carboUc acid, injected into dead bodies,
prevent any unpleasant odor emanaiing
them for several montlis.

CAMPHOR, Tc Ptiix'ftii^.—Takt aa

2 Oi. ; alcohol, 3 oz. ; water sufhcieot ;
nate of magnesia, i drachm. Dissolve tJic
phor in the alcohol >«i(h the aid of beat andj
tcr. kub Ihe roegrtesix carb<jnas with wi
mix with the solution, and catch on a hller;
the mass before the sun, and pass through
sieve No. 60.

CAMPHOR /rv?.— Spermaceli. i^ >«.;
gum camphor, 3|j of an o/. ; nit *>i «weet
almonds, 4 leafpoonsful; set on tli
earthenware disn till ilissolvcd ; he. 1

to dissolve it. >\hilc warm poLc ^u.....

moulds, then parwr, and put into tinft^I; used
for chaps on hands and lips.

CARBOAATE OR M

f>hate of magnesia, 4 lbs. ; c
l«. 9 oz. ; boiling, distilled wiui, j;
Dissolve separately the carbonate and t
in 2 gallons of water ; filter and mix. I
s>lir lor 2 hours, adding distilled watn
quired ; pour off the fluid, uakh the ]
with boilmg, distilled water, and dry it.

CARMfNATIVE, DALBV^S.-^ui^Ult

01 magnesia, 2 scruples; oil of r- '
drop; oil of nutmeg. 2 drops; oil

drops; tincture of castor, 30 drop** ;

assaforiida, 15 drops; tincture cif opium, $
drops; spirit of pennyroyal, 15 drops; com-
pound tincture of cardamons, 30 drops ; pcp>
pcrmint water, 2 oz. Mix.

CARM/AE. — I lb. of powdered (ochineal u
boiled in a tin or cnnineled vesi^rl for 2 hours
with g^ ^llons of rain or ice water
saltpetre is then added, and 4 minutes

2 or. of bfen«.c:ila!e of potai^n. ih'* wh<
kept b :
small '

Ibc latlcr u|/cr;iliuii rctfuiiKS fecreml
The sediment, which ought to Xtc pure
is then dried in the shsdc.

CATHARTIC SYRVP.-^t^X
lot.; biiticmui, tlic in'>-' ' -"i- ■■'" ♦>«• i
dried and bruiiivd, 2 uz. ; 1

fennel seed, t ci.\ si- < (cr.

pints ; ■
water, c
then slrnin, :
the sugar, ai>
form the iyn-i i- ■■
any case, incrcisc the !•
mint leafc Uo^e — 1 t.i'
or less often, if the Uhn '

CATAPLASM, T;
Mecca, 6 drs ;
red bark, sai

saffron. *,' i I

I-'-

1. on ihc ftttfiMjc

KL - .

nrr as jmre i

to produce a

cisary that the in4;:ciUiiiiis Lc piui

•^RUGGTST AMD CHRMTST.

67

CAUSTIC^ VelpiaiCs Blttck.^Xx\X.\xx7X*t'\n a
:lain mortar 30 grtimmes (wwdcred licorice
t, and add sulphuric acid in smoU quantities,
onlQ a m^^\ of suitalilc consistence is obtained*
which must be neither too hard nor too liquid.

CERA TE, CAAfP//OR.— Fresh hog^ lard,
}% 01. ; grated camphor, l oz. Dissolve the
iutl bv boiling water round a cup ; then gradu-
1U7 aod the camphor ; stir well, and when cool-
inepour off the sediment.

CERATE OF ACETATE OF LEAD.—
FtMrdered ftjcetate of lead, 5 drachms ; white
»», 5 ox. ; olive oil, i pinL Dissolve the wax
in 18 02. of the oil ; add to this the lead mixed
*ith the remainder of the oil, and stir with a
luiula until they are thoroughly mixed. Ap-
plied to bums, excoriations, irritable ulcers* and
WTK cenerally.

CERATE OF CANT//ARfDES.^Oai-
tllirides nibbed to fine powder, I oz. ; sperma-
otti cerate, 6 oz. Melt the cerate, and add the
cutharides. Employed to promote the dis-
dur^e from a blistered surface

CERATE OF LEAD, Ctffli/Wx/W.— Solution
^ diicrtatc of lead, 6 oz. ; wax, 8 01. ; olive
^ I pint ; camphor, i drachm. Mix the wax,
*hta melted, with 16 02, of the oil, and when
*i>rfng add the lead ; stir until cool, and then
wd the ramphor dissolved in tlic rest of the oil,
tifd as the former lead cerate.

CHARCOAL OF IP'OOD.— In 15 or 16 cases
ofobninate constii>alion of the bowcU, Dr r>an-
Wi of Georgia, administered 3 tabic spoonfuls of
pMveriicd charcoal ever)* *4 hour, and in about
17 fiours the bowels were freely evacuated. It
ttUoir, but sure. A tablcspoonful 2 or 3 times
<<li]rwill remove costiveness. In smaller doses
^pofrec«^ bfifl breath, and also prevents putrid
i from the stomach. It is a very
f J, or anti-mortiticalion remedy.

7/A -w.. FREPARED.—h'n^hmadQ

'Wcoal in fine powder, 7 IV^. ; prepared chalk,
1 ax • orris root, 1 Tb. ; catechu, yi lb. ; cassia
wV. W lb. ; m\TTh, <^ lb. SifL

CffA.\fOMlLE.—h. warm decoction of the
'^**Tn in large quantities will act as an emetic ;
M ttiitll doses, taken cold, it Is an excellent tonic
■^Wrtngthen the stomach.

CHERRY PECTORAL, .-/ K/-"v?»^.— Take

<.r^rn; of acetate of morphia, 2 fluid drachms

- i>f blood-rout, 3 fluid drachms each

>I wine and wine of ipecaciuuiho, and

•» ' 1 ' hcrry. Mix.

^/ rrn.^tcd lime, A lb.;

^■1 ,-,.... .....t..-, 10 pinu; diloride

^^ '--cs, 1 drachm. Put the mixed

^' :lo a rcturl ; add ihc spirit so

V}*' only one-third of the retort.

'^' bath, and when ebullition com-

J*"^';- ,11 unci; withdr.t ' ' lest the retort

**« bfolcen. Let the :i into the re- 1

2^, while heating _. . ind

J*! ^un when neceisary, T" the
S*jd«dd one-fourth of the water, and mu well.
rJJ^flrte Ibe heavier jiortiun, which !>ab^iile«,
** "dd the chloride to it ; frequently shake du-
rn^ivt.- . , -^ »,.dictil1 from a gUs» re-

Prof. Nu^isbaum has sif-
m prolongmg the anxslhcsia induced hy
Srm, by the sub-cutaneous injection of a
containing I grain of acetate of morphia.
ate the patient slept 12 hours, and uu-

anplving
dish Dec)

dcrwent a painful operation without experiencing
any sensation whatever. The injection, per-
formed without th(i previous inhalation of cnlo-
roform, produced no such effect.

CHLORODYNE, J. Ct>//ts Brmtmf'i.—Bunt
sugar, 1 drachm ; hydrochloratc of morphia. ^
grain ; diiitilled w.iter, 2 drachms ; oil of pep-
permint, 6 minims; diluted prussicacid, (Th. L.)
S minims; tine, capsicum, 7 minims; chloro-
form, I drachm. Mix.

C/fOLAGOGC/£. LVD/A .--Qmamc, zogr. ;
Peruvian bark, (pulverized,) I oz. ; tartaric acid,
I scruple ; brandy, I gill ; water enough to
make I pint. Dose — 5 to.ispoonfuls every 2
hours, in the absence of fever.

CHLORAL, HYDRA TE OF— The use of
this new remedy, either as nn anodyne, a seda-
tive, or a hj*pnotic, has, at this writmg, become
very prevalent, and there is danger tnat not a
little harm may result therefrom. Kmincnt phy-
sicians say that it aggravates many diseases — as
rhcmnatism and skin diseases — and causes irri-
tation of the mucus surfaces of the nose and
throaL It also causes dimness of sight. One
case is reported where a man took nn over-dose,
slept for 24 hours, and, on awaking, found his
legs and arms paralyzed. Its effects ore, of
course, vArious in different individuals. A pe-
culiar diagnostic sign of its cflecls i<; a black
streak on the tongue, like thirt. caused by ink,
extending its whole length in the cenlre.

For these reasons its use should be discarded,
espcdaJly so bccauiie the habit of using it, when
once formed, is exceedingly hard to break off,
and attempts to do so have resulted in symptoms
not unlike those of delirium tremens.

It hai been found on trial to be an excellent
suppurative J^nt. According to the lime it is
left on the skin, it becomes a perfect ritbefacient,
irritant, suppurative, or even escharoiic. The
mode of application is to take n piece of fresh
adhesive plaster, of the sire -\\nn(<-d, and crash
fine, on its surface, with an ivory ■^pnfiit.i. en-'ti^h
of the crvstaU of the chloral to irons • ■ r

of adhesive plaster quite evenly; e

of the spatula to take off the chlonl i*

more than a mere dust in thickncs ,
ute evenly, leaving '-^ of an inch m i-

hesion; bMt the back of the plast ^-

stant only, and apply. Leave it on m

hour as a rubemcioit, 6 hours as an irritant.
To produce sffppnntion, pot ihe chloral on the
plaster in larger quantities, and leave on from
24 to 36 hours ; on its withdrawal api>ly a stimu-
lating salve, and afterwards heal with cerate.
For an cscharot ic effect apply the chloral, thickly
spread, and afier 13 hours repent the application,
if necessary.

COAL-GAS, DeUctum 0/ SHfpkur m.'-'T^t
presence of sulphur in coal-gai can be proved >n
the following simple manner; Let <a platinum
l^asin be filled with half a litre of water, and
the Itasin be faeatcd over a Bunsen burner until
all the liquid has evaporated ; the basin will be
tuund to be coatetl mi tlte outside, where it has
been strtick by the flame, with a dirty, greasy-
looking substance, whit.li, un l>einfi washed off
with pure disiilU'd water and tested proves to be
sulphuric ati'J. The glass cliimiicys used with
Argand gas-hurncn soon become coated over
internally with a white substance, which, on be-
ing washed off with distilled water, will be
found to be, on testing, sulpbatc q( ttccucoLO^i^a.

A

DICTTOr^ARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

K

le glass panes of a room wherein gas is
burned for a few evenings consecutively will,
when rubbed with the Angers of a clean hand,
impart to it a substance which, on the hand be-
ing rinsed in distilled v-ater, will yield a precip-
itate of siilphnte of t>aryta with chloritlc of ba-
rium, and a brick-red precipitate with potassio-
lodidc of mercury. •

COLORS, DRUGGISTS'.-^YfUine.—T^z
iron filings, hydrochloric acid to dissolve. Di-
lute with water. Red. — Solution of snl ammo-
nine, ccKrhineol to color. Blue. — l. Sulphate of
copper, I port; alum, I part; water, lo parts;
oil of vitriol, q. s. — 2. Indigo, l part; oil of
vitriol, 3 parts. Dis!>olve, and then dilute with
water. Grten. — \. Verdigris; dilute sulphuric
acid to dissolve. Dilute with water. — 3. Ver-
<Ugris. I part ; acetic acid, 3 part», Dissolve,
Bnd dilute with water. PurfU. — 1. Sagar-of-
lead, I oz. ; cochineal, 25 grains. — i. Infusion
of logwood, water of ammonia, q. s.

L'OMF-KEY. — Comfrey Imilcd in milk is ex-
cellent in dysentery and bowel complaints, im-
moderalc courses, and other diseases. It is
beneficial in all cases attended with burning
heat in urinary evacuations. A poultice of the
pounded root is good for wounds and inflomma-
I lory swellings.

COTTON fin' Staunching Hem0rfhage—\K
flew preparation.)— American cotton of the best

gualily should be cleansed by boiling it for an
our in a weak solution of soda, (about 4 per
cent.,) then repeatedly washed in cold water,
resscd out ana dried, liy this process it will
perfectly disinfecieil, and ad«pled to more
ready absorption. AOcr this it should also be
•tecped once or twice, according to the degree of
•trcngth required, in liquid chloride of iron, di-
luted with y^ water, presssed. and thoroughly
dried in the air — neither in the sun nor by tlic
fire — then lightly pulled out The cotton so
prepared will be of a yeltowish-brovm color . i t
vast be kept very dry, as it ijt aflected by the
damp. Lint may be similarly treated, but the
fine texture of the cotton renders it preferable.
Vhen placed on a fresh wound, it causes a mod-
erate contraction of the tissue, and gradually
coagulates the blood in and beyond the injured
veins, thus closing the source of the effusion.
Tliis property of the chloride of iron is increased
by the dryness of the cotton and the extended
surface offered for the development of the chem-
ical action,

CORDIAL, GO/}FR£Y'S.SMiaAM, 6
oz; seeds of coriander, cmrmwoy. and anise, of
•adi I oz. ; infuse in 6 pints of water ; simmer
the mixture till reduced to 4 pints, and then odd
6 Ills, of molasses; boil a lew minutes; when
cold, odd 3 fluid oz. of tincture of opium.

CORDIAL, 6'06'7:— Rhubarb. I o/.; senna
and red sanders, of each 1 drachms ; coriander
and fennel se«U, of each I drachm; saffron and
licorice, of each % drachm ; stoned raisins, 6
oz. ; proof spirit, 48 oz. ; macerate for 14 days,
express and filter. Dose— ^ to 1^ oz.

COUGH CANDY, A/rduateJ.—To 5 lbs. of
candy just ready to pour on the slab, add the
following mixture, and form it into sticks : Tinc-
ture of squills, 2 02. ; camphorated tincture of
€kpium ana tincture of tolu, of each % oz. ; wine
(H ipecac, )( oz, ; oih of ^aultheria, 4 drops ;
tassofras, 3 drops, and of anise seed oil, 2 drops.
Vae this Irccly in commoa coughs.

COUCH COAfPOUNL>—VQT the cure of
coughs, colds, asthma, whoojnng cough, and aH
diseases of the lungs : i spoonful of common
ta'^i 3 spoonfuls of honey, the yelks of 3 hen's
eggs, and Knlf a pint of wine; beat the tar, the
eggs, nnd the honey welt together with a knife,
and bottle for use. A teaspoooful every mom*
ing, noon and night, before eating.

COUR7^RLAS7'I^R,'-'iQak bruised isingUss
in a little warm water for 34 hours, then evapo>
rate nearly all the water by gentle heat; dis>
solve the residue in a little proof spirits of wine,
and strain the whole through a piece of open
linen. The strained mass should be a stiff jelly
when cool. Now extend a piece of silk on a
wooden frame, and hx it tight with tacks or |iack
thread. Melt the jelly, and apply to ihc silk
thinly and evenly with a badger hair brush.

A second coating must be applied when the
first has drictl. When both arc dry. cover the
whole surface with coalings of balsam of Vera,
applied in the some way. Piaster thus mode is
very pliable, and never breaks.

CREAM, COLD.— Oil of almonds, 4 ox.;
white wax and spermaceti, of each 3 drachms i
melt ; add ro%c water, 4 oz. ; orange-flower wa-
ter, 1 oz. Used to soften the skin.

CREAM, COLD, l70L£T.~.\\mond oil,
^ lb, : oil of cossie, X 1^* i ^°^^ water, i Ib^ ;
sperm, I oz. ; wax, I ox. ; otto of almonds, X
drachm.

CREAM. CIRCASSIAN.— OYivccn^ 1 pint ;
white wax, 3 oz. ; spermaceti, 2 oz. ; alxanet
root, *4 <*'• Warm the oU and olkanet, then
strain, and add it to the melted spermaceti and
wax. .Scent with 3 drachms of English oil of
lavender, and i drachm of essence of amber-
gris. Used for the hair.

CREAM, CRYSTALLINE.— OMvt oil. X
lbs. ; spermaceti, 4 to 6 02. ; melt, cool, and add
essence of bergarootle and essence of lemon, of
each 6 drachms ; oil of cinnomon, 30 drops ;
olio of rose, I drachm. Mix. Fragrant. Used
for the hair.

CREAM, SNA T/A'C— While wax, sperm-
aceti, and almond oil, of each % oz. ; and while
warm beat in 3 squares of W indsor soap* pre*
viously reduced lo a paste with rose water.

CREAM OF ROSES.— Oil of almonds, l
lb. ; rose water, I pint ; white wax and sperm-
aceti, each I oz. Mix in a pipkin with a Uttle
heat, then add essence of neroh, 20 drops ; otto
of roses, 15 drops. Put it into pols, and tie it
over with skin or oiled leather.

CEPHALIC SNUFF.~u Asarabac« leaves
(dried.) 3 parts; marjoram and lavender fiow*
ers, of (^cn I part. Mix in fine powder. — 3.
(Boeli's.) Valerian and snuff, of each 3 drs. ;
oil of lavender and oil of marjoram, of each 3
drops. Mix.

DANDELION.— A decocdon of dandelioa
will correct an unhealthy state of the stomach
and liver, and procure an appetite. It is diu-
retic, and very oeneAcial in jaundice. Given in
the form of extract, in from 3 to 5 groin doses, 3
times a day, and continued for a I'^ng time, it
has the happiest effect upon the liver when its
diiicasc has assumed a chronic form. The best
way of preparing it, is to gather the roots in
August and September, press out the juice, and
evaporate in shallow dishes exposed to a dry,
warm air.
DENTIFRICE, Cimujaw.— Prepared harta-

DRUGGIST Al^D CHEMIST.

I
I

llOTii* 3 oe. ; sulphate of potash, 3 02. ; cuttle-
fish bone, 8 oz. ; orris root, 4 oz. \ yellow san-
dal wood, I 0£. ; rtne pink, 3 oz. ; oil of rho-
dium, 30 drops. Mix the powdered ingredients,
and add the rhodium.

DENTIFRICE, .1/yrr*.— Myrrh, I o*. ;
cuttle-fish bone, 4 oz. ; orris, 3 02. Mix.

DEXTIFRICE, Cartwnghfj.—Ot prepared
dz^k, I ox. ; orris, I oz. ; castilc soap. I drachm.
DENTIFRICE, CamphomUd.—Vxcc\\i\\9Mn\
e^aJk. I lb. ; powdered orris root, % lb, ; pow-
dered camphor, \L lb.

DENTIFRICE, Charroa/.^Ytcsh charcoal
in fine powder, 7 lbs. ; prepared chalk, I lb. ;
orris root, I lb. ; catechu, 1 lb. ; cassia bark, 1
lb. ; mrrrh, '^ lb. Sift.

DENTIFRICE, Cuttfe /•»>*.— Powdered
cuttle fish, I lb. : prectpilatcd chalk, 1 lb. ; jx>w-
dcxed orris, I lb. ; otto of lemons, 1 ounce ; ot-
to of ncroli, I drachm.

pEF/l.-t /'ORIES.-~r)vpi\AXory is a term
which is applied to any application that removes
hair from tbc human skin. Depilatories* act
either mechanically or chemically. To the first
belong adhesive plasters, that on their removal
from the skin bnng away the hair with them ;
equal parts of pitch and resin Iiave been used
for this purpose. To the second class belong
those substances which act upon the bulbous
roots of the hairs, and destroy their vitality.
Tlie former method ts more painful, but less
dangerous, than the latter one. The following
arc the principal depilatories at present employed
in the ti-shionablc world: l. {l}f/croij:'s PotuJrc
Su&t*U.) — Orpiment, I pari ; finely powdered
oaickltme and starch, of each 1 1 parts ; mix. It
should be kept from the air. tor use, make it
into a paste with a little warm -n-aler, and apply
it to the part, previoui^ly shaved close. As soon
as it has become thoroughly dry, it may be
Wftshcd off with a little warm water. 2. (On-
fMtal Rusma. ) — (Quicklime, 2 oz. ; orpiment,
^ OL. ; strong alkaline lye, t lb. ; boil together
until a feather dipj}cd into it loses its flue. It is
applied to the skin, previously soaked in warm
WBter, by gentle friction, for a very short time,
flowed by washing with warm water. This is
<me of the most certain and powerful depilato-
ries made, but rapidly loses its strength unless
kept in a well-sloppcrcd glass bottle. 3. {Chi-
meg* i3r'/wii/(»7'.)— Quicklime, 1 lb. ; pearlash
aad sulphurec of pota.ssium. of each 2 ox. ; re-
duce them to a fine (lowdcr, and keep it in well-
oorked bottles. Use like Poudrc Subtile. 4.
{Rmjkt'm /?r/i/rtfory.)— Lime, I oz. ; carbonate
hi p9t3L»h. 2 ot. ; charcoal nowder. I drachm.
Thu and No. 3 are preferred by those persons
who do not approve of the use of xirsenic. 5.
^D^iiaigry Pastf.) — (Quicklime, I 01.; orpi-
aod oi^s root, of each 3 drachms; salt-
and sulphur, of each 1 drachm ; soap-lccs,
i friot ; evaporate to a proper consistence. It
mfd be kept from the air.
DR. A'lTTR EDGE'S REMED Yfer RJkfu-
QMti Shff yeinft. — Strong camphor spir-
I ^int ; ncat<-faot, coon, bear, or skunk's
I imc ; spirits of turpentine, i pint. Shake
Mble when used, and apply 3 times daily,
ftjrpovrins ^" ^ little at a time, and rubbing in
aU ton GUI for 30 to 30 minutes.

DR, PEABODY'S CURE fir Nmral^na
(tmeraal Remedy.)— Sal ammoniac, si drachm;
whwJtg m water, 1 oz. Dose — t ta(>lcspoonful

every 3 minutes for ao minutes, at the end of
wliich time, if not before, the pain will have
disappeared.

DROPS OF LIFE, ^r/^nTj.— Gum opium,
I oz. ; gum kino, i drachm ; gum camphor, 40
grains; powdered nutmegs I ox. ; French brandy
or Jamaxa spirits, i pint; color with cochineal
or saffron. Before taking cleanse the Ijowels
with castor oil. Kor a grown person 20 to 40
drops 3 or 4 times per day. ?or children, 4 lo
6 drops ; adnunister in a Uttle warm mini lea, in
which IK mixed as much prepared chalk as will
lie on the handle of a teaiipoon.

DROPS, IMPERIAL, far Gravd and Kid-
Hey Complainti. — Oil of origanum, I oz. ; 01] of
hemlock, % oz. ; oil of sassafras, ^ ok. ; oil of
anise, i oz. ; alcohol, i pint; mu. Dose — i
leaspoonful 3 times a day, m sweetened water;
this will soon give relief when constant weak-
ness is felt across the small of the bock, as well
as gravelly affections causing pain about the kid-
nev«.

DROPS, DirRETIC—Oil of cubebs, 1 oz;
sweet spirits of nitre, I oz. ; balsam of copaiba,
1 oz. ; Harlem oil, 1 bottle; oil of lavender. 30
drops ; spirits of turitentine, 20 drops ; mii.
Dose — 10 to 25 drops, as the stomach will bear,
3 limes daily.

DROPS, PECTORAL (Bateraan's.)— Pare-
goric, 10 0£. ; tincture of castor, 4 oz. ; lauda*-
nam, I oz. ; tincture of saffron, 1 oz. ; oil of an-
iseed, 15 drops. Mix. Dose — 1 tcaspoonful in
case of C3ughs or coUls.

DROPS, DUTCH {oT Harlem. )— Take bal-
sam of turpentine, 2 ox. ; oil of tur{>cntine, to
oz. Mix.

EAU DE C/^>7»^£.— Extract of musk, I
pint ; ambergris, vantlla, tonquin bean, orris, of
eodi half a pml; trijile extract of rose, 2 pints.
The mixture thus formed is one of the most
lasting odors that can be made.

EA U DE BOTOT, for the 7>rM.— Tincture
of cedar wood, I pint ; tincture of myrrh, I ojt. j
oil of peppermint, half a drachm; oil of spear-
mint, halt a drachm ; oil of cloves, 10 drops ;
oil of rosea, 10 drops. Mix.

EAU POUR LES Z>.£',Vr.S.— Cinnamon, %
ounces ; cloves, 6 drachms ; fresh lemon peel, 2
ounces ; dried rose petals, I ounce ; scurvy
grass, 8 ounces ; spirits, 3 pounds ; macerate, 24
hours, and distil in a water-bath.

EA UDE MILLEFLEURS.—&\>\x\l of cum-
min seed, oils of sassafras and rosemary, of each
10 drops ; oil of lavender, and otto of roses, of
eadi 2 drachms ; ncroli, half a drachm ; oils of
pimento and doves, of each 20 drops ; essence
of bergamotte, 4 drachms; oil of orange, z
drachm; essence of lemon. 8 ounces ; Toniila, I
f^cruplc ; elder-flower water, 4 ounces; rectified
spirit, 30 ounces ; mix and filter.

EAU DE BOUQUET,— \. Spirit of rose-
mary and essence of violets, of each 1 ounce;
essence of bcrgamotte and i.ismine, of each I
drachm ; oils of verbena ana lavender, each x
scruple ; eau dc rose, half a pint; orange-flower
water, 1 ounce ; rectified spirit, 2 pinu ; mix,
digest and filter. — 2. lloocy-water, 2 ounces;
tincture of cloves, i ounce ; tinctures of cala-
mus, of lavender, and of loag cypress, each half
an ounce ; eau sans pareitle, 4 ounces ; spirit of
jessamine, 9 drachbis ; tincture of orris, i ounce;
tincture of neroli, 20 drqi)s; mix and filter.
EAU DE ROSiERES.—%^\TiA qIxm,«*,\

mcTTONAny of every-day wants.

pints; spirits of jes!iamine, I pint ; spirits of or-
ange flowers* I pint ; spirits of cucumber, i%
pints ; spirits of celery seed, 7.% pints.

EAU DE riOlETTES.—yiaicetaXtt 5 02.
of fine orris root in a quart of rectified sjuril^,
lor some days, and filter.

EHGOT. — ^The diseased production of rye ;
on some occasions, when the grain has been

Spurred or covered with ergot, it has caused
eath frequently to the partakers ; medically it is
administered to contract the uterus in labor, and
it is very powerful in this case. The active
roperty appears to reside in the oil, which Is
ten up by hot water, (tea, etc,) alcohol, and
itther, and these preparations arc generally ad-

giinistered uncombined with other mediancs.
owdcred ergot is given in repeated doses of 10
to 20 grains, or in one dose of half a drachm, ia
-which case it generally acts in less than 20 min-
utes.

ERGOTy Ethereal Tineture ^—Powdered
ergot, 15 ounces; ether, 2 pints; macerate 7
days; express and strain. Dose— 1 5 to 60
'drops, according to the object in view.

ERGOT, Tifutun c/.— Powdered ergot, 8
ounces ; proof spirit, 2 pints ; macerate 14 day» ;
Strain, express and 61ier. Dose — 15 drops to 3
drachms, as required.

■ ERGOT, To Prestrue. — Ergot is injured from
being eaten by a minute insect of the acarus^jfr-
nus, that appears to have a liking for damaged
rye, among, perhaps, many other things to it
not less palatable. As it nas an aversion to
many pungent things, it may ]>c kept away by
putting in the vessel containing the ergot a few
drops of the oil of cloves, or a few cloves tliem-
aclves, or seeds of cardamons, or camphor, etc.
If well dried before corking it up, by treating it
after this manner it may be preserved for a long
time, probably several years.

ELDER. — An infusion of elder flowers is
good for feveriihness and sore mouth in chil.
drcn ; add a pint of boiling water to a table-
spoonful of l)ic flowers.

The inner bark, with cream, fresh butter, or
sweet oil, makes a nice cooling ointment for
bums, and other inflamed sores.

ELIXIR, Anii-Korhutity for tJu Teeth.-^
Cinchona, 3 ounces; guaiacum, 5 ounces; pel-
Jitnry 3 ounces; orange peel, 2 drachms ; cloves,
^ drachms; saffron, half a drachm; benzoin, 3
drachms ; spirits of wine or brandy, 32 ounces ;
digest and filter.

ELIXIR, REED'S, for the TV^-M.— Fresh
Toots of horse-radish, fresh leaves of scurvy
grass and mint, each 6 drachms ; guaiacum,
cinchona, pcllitory, calamus, and rfaaiany, each
5 drachms; proof spirits, i quart; macerate for
16 days, and strain.

ELIXIR, ODONTALGIC— ?e\\\iory root,
3 ounces: simple spirits of lavender, 16 ounces;
muriate of ammonia, half a drachm; digest 24
hours and 61ter.

ELIXIR OF ROSES, for the Tuth.^
Cloves, I drachm ; cinnamon, 3 ounces ; ginger,
2 ounces; spirits of wine, 2 pints ; oil of orange,
1 drachm; otto of roses 15 drops; essence of
pep|>ermtnt, I ounce. Mix. Digest 15 days^
and filter. •

ELIXIR of PyrophoiphaU ofItr>n and Bark.
— Pyrophosphate of iron isS grains, simple
syrup 2 ounces, water 6 ounces, tincture of bit-
ter orange peel 3 ounces, alcohol, dilute, 6

ounces, sulphate of quinia.6 grains, suiphnie of
cinchona 3 grains, sulphate of quinidia 3 grains
Put the water, pyrophosphate of iron, and half
an ounce of the smiple syrup into a pint bottle,
and shake occasionally till tiie pyrophosphate of
iron is dissolved. Into another pint bottle pat
the diluted alcohol, tincture of bitter orange peel,
and the sulphates of quinia, dncliona, and quin-
idia, and snake occasionally till these salts of
bark are dissolved — then add the whole to the
bottle containing the pyrophosphate of iron, and
shake till mixed, after which nllcr through pa-
per, and add the remainder of the syrun ; mix by
sliaking, and the preparation is ready for use.

EUXIR 01^ CALJSA YA BARK AND
IROA'. — Take cali&aya bark in powder 4 ounces.
Cinnamon water 2 pints, caraway water I pint,
tincture of orange peel yi a pint, alcohol ji a
pint, brandy 3 pints, syrup 3 pints, soluble py-
rophosphate of iron 2 ounces. Mix the cinna-
mon and caraway waters with the tincture of or-
ange peel, and percolate. the bark with the mix-
ture. Dissolve the pyrophosphate of iron tn the
percolate, add the other ingredients, and hiter.
This contains about I grain of pyrophosphate of
iron and 2 grains of cincliona l)ark to a drachm.

ESSENCE of fiitter Almonds.— 'E.^icnUaX
oil of almonds t part, and recti&ed spirit 20
parts. Used to Aavor wine, cordials, liquors,
]>erfumcry, pastry, etc It is poisonous in large
quantity, and, having a strong taste, very tittle
serves to impart flavor.

ESSENCE of Lavinder. — Essential oil of
lavender x ounces, rectified spirit 2 quarts, rose
water hall a pint, tincture of orris half a pinU

ESSENCE of Roses.— t. Otto of ro*c» 7
drachms, spirit I gallon. Mix. — 1. Rose leaves
4 jKirts, water 13 parts. Distill off one-balf.
When a sufficient quantity of this water has been
obtained, it must be used as water upon fresh
rose leaves, and the some process must be re-
pealed to the fourth, fifth, or even the saxth
lime, according to the quality desired.

ESSENCE of Neroli. — Spirits of wine half
a pint, orange pecU cut small, 3 ounces, orris
root, in powder, I drachm, musk 2 grains. Let
it stand in a warm place for 3 days, and filter.

ESSENCE of Romfelctte.—Smxii (brandy,
60 o. p.") I gallon, otto of lavender 2 ounces,
otto of cloves I ounce, otto of roses 3 drachms,
otto of bcrgomot i ounce, extract of'^musk, va-
nilla and ambergris each ^ |Hnt. The mixture
must be made at least a month before it is &t for
use.

ESSENCE 0/ Mmk,— I. Bladder mask, cnt
small, 5 ports, civet I nart, spttit of ambrette IDO
parts, strongest alcohol, 35 parts. Put them into
a close vessel, and digest for a time in a beat
of from 100 to 150^ Fahrenlieit — 2. Grain musk
3 drachma; alcohol, i lb. Mix. As before.

ESSENCE of Peppermint. — Oil of pepper-
mint I ounce, rectified spirit I ounce, carbonate
of morne&ia half an ounce, water 7 ounces. Mix
the oil and magnesia intimately, put them tn the
filler, pour on the spirit, and afterwards the wa-
ter. Mixes with water; it may be hltcred a^in
if not quite clear.

ESSENCE OF VIOLETS.— X. Orris root,
a ounces ; rectified spirit, 8 ounces ; digest, ex-
press and (liter, or proceed by percohtum. — 2.
Alcoholic extract of cassie i pint, esprit de rose,
tincture of orris and of tuberose, of each half a
pint, oil of almonds, 3 drops.

DRUGGIST AND C/fEM/ST.

ESSENCE of f rnSwwi.— I. Oil of verbena,
t drmdun; rectified spirit, I ounce; mix, and
add essence of vanilli, lo drops. — 2. Oil of lem-
on-gra^5, 3 drachms ; of lemon peel, 2 ounces ;
of orange peel, 4 drachms ; »pirit t pint ; mix
and filter.

ESSENCE far Smelling BottUs.—^i^cncr:
of ambcTgri-s, I ounce ; otto of roses and oil of
lavender, of each 20 drops ; essence of berga-
motte, 3 drachms ; mix, and add 5 ounces of the
Strongest solution of ammonia. Fragrant and
refreshing.

ESPRIT DE BOUQVE T.— Oil of lavender.
<^ ot doves, nnd oil of bergamolte, each 2
drachms ; otto of rose and oil of dnnamon, each
20 drops; essence of musk, I drachm; rectified
spirits. I pint. Mix.

ETHER, ACETIC— Ta\i^ strong alcohol,
3 parts ; acetate of potass, 3 parts ; concen-
trated sulphuric acid, 2 ports. Mix and distill;
then take of the product 4 parts, and sulphuric
acid I part, and draw over a quantity equal in
weight to the alcohol employed.

EXTRACTS, TO AfAA'E.—Take of the
plant, root or leaves you wish to make the ex-
tract from, any quantity; add sufficient water,
and boil them gradually ; then pour off the wa-
ter, and add a second quantity ; repeat the pro-
cess until all the virtue is extracted, then mix
the several decoctions, and evaporate at as low
a temperature as possible, to the consistence of
an extract. Extracts arc better made in a water
both, and in dose vessels, and for some very
delicate articles, the evaporation may be carried
on at a very low temperature, in a vacuum, by
surrounding the vessel with another containing
sulphuric acid. Manufacturing dniggists usually
add to erery 7 lbs. of extract 4 ounces of gum
arable, i ounce of alcohol, and i ounce of olive
oil. This mixture gives the extract a gloss and
keeps it soft.

EXTRACT OF BUCUa—lixxchyx leaves i
lb., boiling distilled water 3 gals. ; boil the lea\'cs
in 3 gals, of the water down lo 6 quarts ; then
boil It again in the remaining water till reduced
to 2 quarts. Evaporate the mixed liquor down
to 6 quartSf and add i quart of strong sage tea,
a dr^'-*'"" ■>'' ><icuhonate of potas^ia, 2 drachms
of :"^. 5 ounces of rectified spirit, 2

ouTir .im copaiba and Harlem oil; then

bottle.

EXTRACT OF EIJ>ERFLOWERS, far
the Complexion, — Take gum bcnsoin I drachm,
a -n-tne-glossful of sinrit-t nf wine, and t pint of
elder-flower water. Powder the ^m, and nuf
it into the spirit. In a short lime it will 1>e ois.
solved. Now put this mixture into a jug, and
then gradually add the elder-flower water. ]f
there oe any partides of benzoin not dissolved,
the ezTract must be strained through fine muslin
prior to its being put into the toilet bottle. On
account of the miucy appearance of this ureparn-
tion, the French perfumers call it tatt virgi-
«a/.

r ■ r OF OP/CAf.-Opmm sliced

1^ -d water 5 pints. Macerate the

Vpiam If] ■; i.ic water for 24 hours, frequently
rarring ; then strain, macerate for 34 hours in
tike remaining; water, and strain and evaporate
tKe mixed liquors to an extract. Used as a mild
preparation of opium. Dose-— I to 6 grains.

EXTRACT OF POPPy.~Pnpp\c% bruised
and freed from the seeds 15 ouncesi boiling dis-

tilled water 1 gallon ; macerate for 24 hours,
boil to 4 pints, strain while hot, and evaporate
to an extract. Anodyne narcotic. Do&e — 2 to
20 grains.

EXTRACT OF SARSAPARILLA, Flnid,
— Sliced sarsaparilla 3>i lbs.» boiling distilled
water $ gallons, rectified spirit, 2 ounces. Boil
the sarsapariila in 3 gallons of water to 12 j»inu,
and strain. Kvaporate the mixed liquors lo iS
ounces, and when cold add the spirit Dose — t
to 3 drachms, or more.

EXTRA CT OF SENNA, F/uid.'Stmnz, 15
lbs. av., boiling water, q. s. ; concentrate the in-
fusion to 10 lbs. nv., dissolve in it 6 lbs. of thick
treacle, add 24 fluid ounces of rectified spirit,
and water sufficient lo make 15 pints. Dose — 3
drachms. Each ounce represents 1 ounce of the
senna.

EXTRACT OF VANILLA.— Ttkc of va-
nilla in the pods I ounce, fine washed sand t
ounce, 95 per cent, alcohc^ 3 ounces, 45 per cent,
alcohol 13 ounces, syrup 2 drachms; cut the va-
nilla into short nieces and bruise well with the
sand, then pack in a disnlaccr; add first the
strong and afterwards the diluted alcohol j after
24 hours filter.

FEBRIFUGE, fat Feiers in General—
Carbonate of ammonia 2 drachms, alum I drachm,
capsicum, foreign gentian, Colombo root, and
prussiate of iron, all pulverised, of each K a
drachm; mix by putting into a bottle, and adding
4 ounces of cold water. Dose — i teaspoonfnl to
a grown person, every 2 hours, in common cases
of fever. It mav be sweetened, if preferred.
Shake well each time before giving, ana keep the
bottle tightly corked.

FEBRIFUGE TEA.— T^iVe Virginia snake-
root and valerian root, of each 2 draclims, and of
boiling water 1 pint. Pour the boiling water on
the roots and steep }4 an hour, and give a tea-
spoonful of the febrifuge and a lablespoonful of
this tea together, every 2 hours, and after the pa-
tient has been 24 hours without fever, give it ev-
ery 3 or 4 hours, until the patient has good ap-
petite and digestion; then 3 times daily, just be-
fore meals, until the patient has gained cimstd-
erable strength, when it may be entirely discon-
tinued : or he may continue the simple infusion
to aid digestion.

FEBRIFUGE fK/.V£.— Quinine 25 grains,
water 1 pint, sulphuric acid 15 drops, epsom
salts 2 ounces, color with tincture of red Sand-
ers. Dose — K wincglassful 3 times per day.
This is a world-renowned medidne.

FRENCH H'lI/TE.—YTenQh white is leri-
gated talc passed through a silk sieve. This is
tne best facc-powdcr made, particularly as it does
not discolor from action of the skin or impure
atmosphere.

FLUID EXTRACT OF VANILLA.— "^t^
nilla beans 4 ounces, sugar 2 ounces, alcohol 4
fluid ounces, simple syrup 4 ounces, brandy I
pint. Cut the beans finely, and rub thoroughly
with the sugar, put all together in a strong stone
iKiltle; secure the cork with twine, and boil in a
water-bath for }^ an hour; then transfer to a
percolator, and add brandy sufficient lo moke 4
pints.

FLUID, GERMAN RflEUMA T/C— Oils
of hemlock and cedar, of each half an ounce, oils
of ortganom and sassafras, each I ounce, aqua
ammonia I ounce, pulverized capsicum I ou^<*»
spirits of turpentine and gum caxu^\\oi » (A «u^ %

D/CTIOJ^ARY OF EyERV-DAY WANTS.

half onnce ; put all into a quart bottle, and fill it
with 95 per cent, alcohol.

FLUID, BOGLE'S HYPERION.— 'Vo 8
ounces of 90 or 95 per cent alcohol, colored with
red alkanct, add I ounce of castor oil ; perfume
with geranium and verbenx

GARGLES. — Gargles arc very simple reme-
dies, and well suited to domestic practice in sore
throats of various kinds. Accordmg to the na-
ture of the ingredients of which they are made,
they allav irritation and inflammation, invigorate
the memlirane Uning the mouth and throat, and

J>romote suppuration. The particular purpose
or which ihcy are reciuired ought to be kept in
view in their preparation.

GARGLE, Ftfr Inflamed rAmi/.— Purified
nitre 2 drachms, barley water 7 ounces, acetate
of huncy 7 drachms. Mix the ingredients, and
use frequcniW.

CARGLE^/i^ Domestic Use, — 5 teaspoonfuls
of vinegar, 2 teaspoonfuls of tincture of myrrh, 3
of honey, a glass of port wine, and ^ or 4 wine-
glasses of warm water ; mix all these mgredients,
mnd the gargle is ready for use. A decoction of
flic leaves of the currant may, with good effect.
be added in<,tcad of ihe worm water. This makes
both a pleasant and useful gargle.

GARGLE, MUCILAGINOUS, /or Inflamed
Thrvat. — Tincture ol myrrh 2 drachms, mudla^
of gum Arabic 7 ounces. Mix. This gargle is
of use in defending the ports when the saliva is
of an acrid character.

GARGLE, to Promote SuppuratiffH.—'Bn\ty
water and infusion of linseed. This gargle is to
be used worn. It must be kept in view that
this mild c^rglc acts by softening the ports of the
fliroat, ana hastening the suppuration by its heat
—it is requisite, therefore, that the temperature
cK the gargle be kept up.

C/IEiyiXGGUM.—Takc of prepared bal-
sam of tolu 2 ounces, while sugar I ounce, oat-
meal J ounces. Soften the gum in a water bath,
and mix in the ingretljents; then roll in finely-
powdered sugar or flour to form sticks to suit.

GL YCERINE.— Glycerine is derived from a
residuum left after the making of soap and stear-
ine candles, and which for ages was considered
of no value. The medicinal properties of gly-
cenne are of the most striking kind, but it is not
valuable in pharmacy only ; its antiseptic prop-
erties are marvelous. It is capable of preserv-
ing anim.nl substances from decay ; leather is
preserved by it in a soft and pliotle condilion ;
wooden vessels saturated with it neither shrink
nor dry up ; it Is used for extracting the o<lor of
flowers, and is of great value in the processes of
dyeing, brewing, liqueur making and wine keep-
ing; Its power in nealing sores and removinc
pains, such as car-ache, is wonderful. With m-
tric acid it forms nitro-glyccrine, a substance
whose explosive force is many degrees greater
than that of gunpowder.

GLYCONINE.— This is the name of a new
glycerine preparation, which is recommended as
a nealing ointment for wounds, and broken sur
faces of all kinds, erysipelas, cutaneous affections
— of which it allays the itching — as it forms a
sort of varnish over the skin, and thus excludes
the air. For its preparation 5 parts of glycerine
are mixed wn'lh 4 parts of the yelk of eggs. It
has the consistencyof honey, feels like suve, and
is not changed in the air.

MVES, HAIR.— Hail dyes color the hair only

as far as the roots, and require to be applied as
frequently as the growth of hair shows both the
false and real color. I. Dr, Hanman*!. — Lith-
arge half an ounce, ciuicklimc 3 ounces, starch 3
ounces ; mix in powder. For use, mix in warm
water, and rub on Ihe hair to the roots. Cover
the hair with oil-skin or wadding for the night.
— 2. Orflla'j. — Litharge 6 parts, quicklime 5
parts, starch I part ; mix and apply as above. —

3. Spencer's. — Sap green half a drachm, nitrate
of Silver I drachm, hot water l ounce ; dissolve.
Combed in the hair for use. — 4. t'Arr-d/jiTV.—
Mix 5 drachms of fresh-staked lime with 2 ounces
of water ; strain and bottle. l)i.vsolve 5 drachms
of acetate of lead in water, add enough slaked
hmc to saturate the acetic acid, wash the prcci|^
itflte, and mix it with the milk of lime. — 5. Har^
ren's. — I Jme 4 ounces, while ^ an ounce, lith-
arge I drachm; mix in powder. Used with a
sponge and water, to dye black, or with milk to
dye brown. — OeieroLx's. — Acetate of lead s
ounces, prepared chalk 3 ounces, quicklime 4
ounces. As No. i. — 7. Ccn. Twi^^s. — 1 dradim
of sulphur, % a drachm of sugar of lead, 4
ounces of rose water. Mix them well ; shake
the phial on using it, and bathe the hair twice a
day for a week or longer if necessary. It docs
not dye the hair, but seems to restore the origi-
nal color. — 8. Bateftelor's, — No. i. To i ounce
of gallic odd, dissolved in 8 ounces ol alcohol,
oda >i a ^lon of soft water. — To 1 ounce of
nitrate of silver, dissolved in I ounce of conccA*
trated ammonia and 3 ounces of soft water, add
I ounce of ^m Arabic and 4 ounces of soSt
water.

HAIR DYES, ZiWm.— There is no doubt
that the lead which forms so Urge a part of the
various hair dyes in general use is injurious, if
not actually dangerous, to the system. Head-
ache, neuralgia, paralysis, etc., have in number-
less cases been caused by the use of lead prep»>
rations for the hair, and for this reason they
should never be used. Gray hairs, whether on
the head of a middle-aged or old person, ore its-
variably becoming, and ore, or should be, **a
crown of glory." Another objection to the dye-
ing of the hair is, that it can be detected by the
most casual observer^ and, in fact, deceives no
one.

HAIR INVIGORA TOR,—u Take b«y rum
I pint, alcohol % a pint, castor oil i ounce, cat-
bonate of ammonia }( oi v\ ounce, tincture of
canthoriJes U^ of an ounce. Mix, and shalce
when used. To l>e used daily. — 2. Vinegar of
'caniharides 1 ounce, Cologne water i ounce, aiul
rose water 1 ounce, mixed and rubbed to the
roots of the hair, until tfae scalp smarts, twice
daily, has been very highly recommended for
bald heads, or where the n.iir is falling otit. — 3.
Carbonate of ammonia i ounce, rubbed up in I
pint of sweet oil. Apply daily until the hair
stops falling out, or is suflidentlv grown out—

4. Strong sage tea, as a daily wasb. will be found
to promptly stop the hair from falling out, and,
if Its use is persevered in, it will make it grow
thick and strong.

HAIR RESTORATIVES— Mrs. AIUn*i —
To 16 ounces of rose water, diluted with an
equal part of soft water, add ^ oi 9n ounce of
sulphur and ^ of on ounce of sugar of lead; let
the compound stand 5 days l>efore using. —
H'ood^j. — Take 4 drachms of lac sulphur. 1
of sugar of lead, and I pint of rose water; mix.

DRUGGIST AND Ci

n

— PhahfCs. — To 8 ounces of 90 per cent, alco-
1U>I, colore<I by a few drops of tincture of alkanet
root, add 1 oance of castor-oil, and perfume with
a compound of bergamotte, neroli, verbena, and
orance.

ffAIR, Saponaceous IVash for M<*.— Rectified
spirit t pint, rose water I gallon, extract of ron-
deletia. f^ 1 pint, transparent soap ^ of an ounce,
bay saJfron 1^ of a drachm. Sfiave up the soap
rery fine ; boU it ajul the saffiron in a quart of the
rose water ; when dissolved, add the remainder
of the water, then the spirit, and finally the ron-
deletia, which is used by way of perfume. After
standing for 2 or 3 days, it is fit lor bottling.

JiAIR W'ASHy Roumary. — ^Koscmary water
I gallon, spirit 10 ounces, pcarlash I ounce.

HOREHOUXD,—K bitter pectoral herb,
used mostly in syrup or candy. The synip is
made by adding I lb. of good lump sugar to each
pint of a strong infusion ; the candy, with 10 lb.
of lump sugar to each pint, and boiling until It
will candy on cooling. Used in severe coughs
and colds.

HORSE-RAD/Sff.—'Vhis. is an anti-scor-
butic and stimulating medicine. It may be taken
either in substance or infused in wine, for the
scurvy, dropsy, palsy, clironic rheumatism, and
like aJTecttonsI

HYDROGE.VGAS, An Imfeoi'^i Mrtkod oj
Pnidueimg. — Alkaline and earthy alkaline hy-
such as the hydrate of potash, soda,
iam. baryta, chalk, etc.. ratxed with char-
coke, anthracite, pit-coal, peat, etc., and
to a red heat, arc decompowd into cir-
uc acid and hydrogen without further loss of
iMAt than that due to the production of the car-
bonic acid and hydrogen. The hydrates of pot-
ash, soda, etc., and more especially the hydrates
of chalk or time, decomposed by the coal into
hr^o^eJi Uid carbonic acid, can be used indefi-
■odj in this process, provided they are raoist-
cnn each time with water, so as to reproduce
fbc deoomposed hydrates. In this operation the
liyckofen gas is generated without any special
|NvAirtioa of steam, and may thus be produced
without any other generating apparatus than the
retorts themselves. These retorts, not being
expoacd to the direct action of the steam, are
■oC avb^rct to any interior alteration or damage.
If fcOows, therefore, that the hydrogen gas pro-
dooed by the decomposition of the above-named
bTdntes, by means of carbon, can be generated
■I a rerr small cost, and with the same facility
as carbarctted hydrogens, from the distillation of
pit -coal OT other organic hydrocarbon matter*
Ttese Alkaline and earthy alkaline hydrates may
be nilECd with the differrrnt mineral or regetable
tbostibles, cither in a definite chemical pro-
or without a fixed or determinate pro-
1, and in any suitable distilling or heating
in order to pr^nJucc, when heated to
heal, hydrogen gas for illumtnating and
[Mirposefl. TTie advantage of the pro-
of iHfdrogen as chcaplv as oxygen, and
baa Men obtained, is likely to create a
in many industries, and especially in
A cheap method of producing a
heat in order 10 reduce melals, such as pla-
I, rold, silver, and iron, ha,s long been
il for m Europe, where the oxyhydric blow-
is oow used to roelt the platmum in a cal-
criMible:. By this discovery it becomes
to obtain any immense heat which may

(and this is a most important point) be regulated
by a simple tap.

/CE, CAMPHOR.— "^tW of spermaceti I
drachm, with almond oil 1 ounce, and add of
powdered camphor i drachm.

/R&J^, Bitter IVtnc ^—Citrate of iron 128
grains, extract ofcalisaya 16 grains. Hot water,
sugar, and tincture of orange peel to flavor, and
sherry wine to make i pint. Dissolve the cit-
rate of iron and extract of cinchona separately in
hot water, adding a small excess of cilnc acid;
then add the sugar and tincture of orange peel,
and lastly the wine.

IXEUS/O.y OE Pi/C// a— Bucha t ounce,
boiling distilled water 1 pint Macerate for 4
hours in a tightly-closed vessel, and strain.
Used in affections of the bladder or urinary or-
gans. Dose — I to 2 ounces, generally combined
with alkalies, as liquor potassa, etc.

/.VCEA'SE. — Powdered cascarilla 2 ounces;
myrrh, styrax, benzoin, and Burgundy pitch, of
each I ounce.

/OD/XE, Stnins of. — By adding a few drops
of liquid carbolic acid to the iodine tincture, tne
latter will not stain. Carbolic acid also renders
the efficacy of tincture of iodine more certain.
The following formula is recommended when-
ever injections of the latter are indicated : Alco-
holic tincture of iodine 45 drops, pure liquid
carbolic acid 6 drops, glycerine I ounce, distilled
water ^ ounces. In blenorrhea and Icucorrhea
this mixture is said to be much superior to tar
water.

A'ATffAlROy fir the Jfatr.— (Lyon's.)
2 ^lons of castor oil, and j gallons of alcohol.
Mix first. 10 oes. of tincture canlharldes, (of-
ficinal,) 13 ounces oil of bergamotte ; dissolve
in a small quantity of alcohol. Tincture of red
sander — ^pro[>ortions say I lb. to 5 gallons, 95
per cent, alcohol to suit — 4 ounces color 30 gal-

k'ALYDOR, for the Complexion. —It^h of
blanched bitter almonds 1 part, and rose-w^er
16 parts. Mix and strain, then add 5 grains of
bichloride of mercnry to every S ounces of the
mixture, and scent with rose or violet.

LARD, To Prepare /*««•.— Take good white
lard, and melt it in a water bath ; then put it into
water, and agitate them well together to wash
out all the salt; let them cool, and then col-
lect the lard from the top of the water, drain it,
melt it o^n in a water bath, let it remain melted
for H' ofan hour, and lastly pour off the clearest
portion, and be careful to preserve it from the
air.

I^UDANUM.—^T^t best Turkey onium 1
ounce ; slice it, and pour upon it I gili of boiling
water, and work it in a bowl or mortar until it is
dissolved; then pour it into the bottle, and with
half a pint of 76 per cent, alcohol, rinse the dish,
adding the alcohol to the prcuaration, shaking
well, and in 24 hours it will oe ready for use.
Dose — From 10 to to dro|>s for adults, according
to the strength of the patient or the severity of
the pain. 30 drops of this laudanum will be
equal to I grain of opium.

LEECHES. — Leeches are best preserved in
clean rain or pond water ; in spring water they
soon die. TIic water should not be changed too
often ; once each week in summer, and once
each month in winter, being sufficient, unless it
becomes foul. I,eeches, when applied, do t\q\
probe the skin like a lanccl-^\iiV,\ra,V mX ^i■5 a^

■

74

DICTIONARY OF £ VERY-DAY WAUTS,

saw-Ukc motion until the skin is pierced ; tliey
then ^uck, if undi<tturbcd, until the cxcal pouches
arc full, and finally drop off. A little salt is
usually sprinkled on to cause them to disgorge
the blood, and they are gently pressed between
the fingers to facilitate this effect, ^\*hcn leeches
do not readily bite, means arc used to induce
them. The skin in all cases should be well
wvihed and dried, and the leech gently dried in
a soft cloth ; it may then be put in a pill-box or
wine-glass, which is pressed on tlie ^ort to be
operated on. When they do not yet bite, a
small puncture should be made with a lancet, to
draw blood, and they will then mostly take
hold, lliis n^wlc is also used when llic spot to
be drawn from is near the eye, etc ; or, if the
leech is lively, it may be put m a large quill, and
the head placed toward the part, while the tbimib
prevents its retreat at the op]>osiic end. A-s the
amount of blood cUrawn by leeches is not lar^c,
hot poultices or fomentations are applied to in-
crease the discharge, or the cupping-glasses may
be used. When sufficient is drawn, the bites
mostly close without much attention, but in some
rare cases they arc rery troublesome ; they then
should be pressed with lint soakcil in a solution
of alum or the tincture of scsquicliloride of iron,
or a fine point of nitrate of silver should be in-
serted a minute di!>tancc. If the bleeding still
continues, the skin must have a needle passed
through the edges, and silk twisted round it.

lTme-juice and GL VCONINE.—
Lime or lemon-juice /^ a piat ; heat in a por-
celain mortar to near the boiling point, and add
gradually rose water, elder-flower water, and
rectifictl snirits, of cadi 2 ounces. Agitate the
whole well together. After 24 hour? repose,
decant or filter through calico or muslin, then
add of pure glycerine i%_ ounces, and oil of
lemons y^ a drachm. Again agitate them to-
gether for some time, and by careful manipula-
tion you will have a somewhat milky liquid \ but
it should be (^uitc free from any coarse floating
matter or sediment.

UNIMENTS. — A liniment is a semi-fluid
ointment, found or supposed to be useful in
painful joints, swellings, bums, elc. It is gen-
erally applied by rubbing on with the hand, or a
flannel, and sometimes 00th, the flannel being
used first to irritate the skin. There are many
who have come tu the conclusion that the rub-
bing is more l)cneficial than the liniment.

2,/NJjM EN T, Arnica. — Add to 1 pint of
sweet oil 3 tablespoonfuls of tincture of arnica;
or the leaves may be heated in the uil over a slow
fire. Good for wounds, stifTjoints, rheumatism,
and all injuries.

L/N/SlENTy ChiiMain. — I ounce of cam-
phorated sjiirit of wine, % an ounce of the sub-
acetate of lead, (liquor.) Alix, and apply 3 or
4 times a day.

LINIMENT, Gjw/^r.— Rectified spirits 17
fluid ounces, strong water of ammonia 2^^ 02.,
camphor a ounces, oil of Livcndcr 5 drops.

LINIMENT, EUctrx>-Mapietic.—^^f:%t olco-
ho! I gallon, oil of amber 8 ounces, gum cam-
phor 8 ounces, castile soap shaved fine 2 ounces,
Dcefs gall 4 ounces, ammonia 3 F.'s strong 12
ounces ; mix, and shake occasionally for 12
hours, and it is fit for use.

LINIMENT, Good Samaritan.— I^t of 98
per cent, alcohol 2 quarts, and add to it the fol-
lowing articles : Oils of sassafras, hemlock.

spirits of turpentine, tinctures of cayenne. cat<
chu, guaicaci, (guac,) and laudanum, of each
ounce; tincture of myrrh 4 ounces, oil of oi
puium 2 ounces, oil of wintergrecn % oun<
gum camphor 2 ounces, and chtorofona \\
ounces.

LINIMENT, Rheumati£.-0\n^ oil,
of camphor, and cliloroform, of each a ounces^
sa&safras oil I Icaspoonful. First add the oil of
sassafras to the ohve oil, then the spirits of cam-
phor, and shake well before putting in the chlo>
roform, shaking when used, keeping it corked,
as the chlorulurm evaporates very (ast if it v^
left open. Apply 3 or 4 times daUy, rubbing ~ "
well, and always toward the body.

LINIMENTy Sore Throat. — Gum camphof^
2 ounces, castile soap shaved fine 1 drachm,
of turpentine I tablespoonful, oil of origanum
an ounce, opium 3i of &" ounce, alcohol 1 pinCJ
In a week or 10 days it will be fit for use ; tb<
balhe the parts freely 3 or 3 times daily until
lief is obtained.

LINIMENT for S/ina! AJrctions.—Takt
pint bottle and put into it oil of origanui
wormwood, spirits of turpentine, and gum cam-
phor, of each I otmcc, and fill it with the best
alcohol.

LIP-SALVE, Carnation.— any c oil i lb.,
alkanet root i ounce or less. Macerate with
hcit until the oil is well colored ; then add of
white wax 6 ounces, spermaceti 6 ounces, oil of
lavender 30 drops, essence of bergamottc I
drachm.

LIP-SALP'E, R^.—u Olive oil I Ih.. alka-
nct root 3 ounces or less. Macerate with heat
until the oil is well colored ; then atld of sper-
maceti 3 ounces, white wax 8 ounces, suet (pre-
pared) 12 ounces. When nearly cold stir in or-
ange-flower water 1 ounce, oil of Kivender ^ a
drachm, — 2. Prepared suet I lb., prepared lard

1 lb., alkanct root 2 ounces. Macerate in a gen-
tle heat unt^t sufficiently colored, then cool a lit*
tie, and stir in of rose water 6 ounces, oil of lav-
ender to drops, essence of neroli 10 drops, es-
sence of lemon 10 drops, essence of bergamottc
10 drops.

LIP-SALVE, White.—x. Prepared suet i
lb., prepared lard i lb. Melt, and when cool-
ing stir in rose water 4 ounces, uil of rhodium

2 drops, oil of cloves 5 drops — or other scent to
taste. — 2. Olive oil 1 lb., spermaceti i lb., white
wax I lb., prepared lard t lb. Melt, and while
cooling stir in rose water S ounces, essence of
lemon % drachms, bergamottc a drachms.

LIQUID BLUE, To I^e/stn.—Takc of pure
Prussian blue I part, and gradually add a parts
of concentrated hydrochloric acid. I^eave tJ^e
paste to stand for 24 hours, and then odd 9 parts
uf water, and bottle it.

LOTION, aONLAUD'S.—manchcd bitter
almonds i ounce, blanched sweet almonds yi an
ounce ; beat to a paste, add pure water I pint ;
mix well, strain through a piece of coarse doth,
put it into a bottle, and add of corrosive subli-
mate in powder 10 to 13 grains, dissolved in a
teaspoonful or two of spirit of \sinc, and shake
well. Used as a cosmetic to improve the com-
plexion, and also as a wash for obstinate erup-
tions.

LOTION, ERECA'LE.—'SiuTVitc of amm<
nia I dnv^hm, spring water ] pint, lavender wi
tcr 2 drachms ; apply with a sponge 2 or 3 timcfl'
a day.

DRUGGIST AND CHEMIST,

7S

I

LOTJON 0/ ChhrinaUd 5rt/*j.— This lotion
U used for purifying ihc breath, cleansing the
mouth, removing unpleasant odors, etc. Liquid
chlorinated soda i ounce, distilled water about
19 ounces. Mix. A teaspoonful in a glass of
water.

LOTION for Itching Chilblains.— I^z. hy-
drochloric aad I part, and water 8 parts. Mix.
Apply on going to bed. llus most not be used
if ue skin is broken.

LOZENGES, Carmittativf. — Bicarbonate of
sodft 2 drachms, refined sugar 14 ounces, oil of
peppermint 4 drops ; made into lozenges with
mualage of tragncanth. Used in flatulency,
heartburn, etc.

LOZENGES, Caugh,—i. Extract of blood-
root, licorice, and black cohosh, of each ^^ of on
ounce ; tinctures of ipecac and lobelia, with
lauduium, of each % oi on ounce ; cayenne,
powdered. 10 grains; pulverized ^m arabic and
s-torch, of each }l of an ounce; mix all together,
and add pulvenzed sugar 3 ounces. If this
should be too dry to roll into lozenges, add a
thick solution of gum arabic to give it that con-
sistence ; and if it should be yet too moist, at
asy time, add more sugar. Divide into 320 loz-
enges. Dose — I lotcngc 3 to 6 times daily, as
needed. — 2. /ifatim^s. — Laclucariumadracnms,
ipecacuanhn l dracnm, squills }{ drachm, ex-
tract of licorice 2 drachms, sugar 6 ounces.
Made into a mav^ with mucilage of tragacanth,
and then to be divided into twenty-grain lozenges
for use.

LOZENGES, Ginger.— rC:AiZ 8 lbs. of loaf
sugar in fine powder, and 8 onnce:t of the best
ground ginger. Mix tliem into a paste with dis-
CN^Tcd gum. If gum tragacanth lie preferred,
the proportion is I pint of water to i ounce of
sum; when properly dissolved, it must be forc-
ibly pasi«d through the interstices of a coarse
towel or cloth. 1 ounce of this diisolved gum
ts sufficient for 4 or 5 lbs. of sugar ; or 1 ounce
of dissolved gum Arabic to 12 ounces of sugar.
Ksseoce may be used instead of powdered gin-
ger, coloring it with saflron. A stimulant and
stomachic.

LOZENGESf Santonin, — Santonin 60 grains,
polrerixcd sugar 5 ounces, mucilage of gum
tntfac&nlh sumcient to make it into a thick paste,
vrorkcd carefully together, that the santonin
slukU be evenly mixed tliroughout the whole
mau; then cover up the nioiiar in which you
have nibbed them, and let it stand from 12 to 14
hours to temper, at which time they will turn
oct better than if done immediately ; divide into
120 larengcs. Dose — For a child I year old I
loienge night and morning: for a child 2 years
oJd, 2 loienges; for a child of 4 years old, 3
loeenges ; for a child of 8 years old, 4 lozenges ;
for a child of 10 years old, or more, 5 to 7I0Z-
emges ; in all cases to be taken twice doily, and
coDttnuxng until the worms start on a voyage of

OZENGES, .y/fcA— Sugar % lbs., starch I
'^"^"' or oxide of iron 6 ounces, pow-
> ounces. Mix with muciUge.
\KE, or May Apple, — This is an
excellent purgative, in doses of from to to 30
crams, or double that qtuntity, in a gill of wa-
ter; or equal quantities of the mandrake juice
sad molLsscs may be mixed, and a tablcspoonful
CjLco every hour or two till it operates. 'ITie
lafius ftihcr the root in autumn, when the

leaves turn yellow, dry it in the shade, and pul-
verize it for use.

MILK OF ALMONDS.— 1^^ of blanched
Jordan almonds I ounce, blanched bitter almonds
2 drachms, dihtillcd water % a pint. Make on
emulsion with them, then strain and add gradu-
ally corrosive sublimate (in coarse powder) 15
^ainsj previously dissolved in % a pint of dis-
tillcid water. If necessary add as much more
water o.^ will make the whole measure about 1
pint.

MILK OF ROSES.— In making the milk of
roses, the chief object should be to produce a
perfect emulsion, or one at least which. If it sep-
arates after long repose, may be restored to a
homogeneous swte by slight agitation. Ii must
also be recollected that, iKouch other perfumes
may be and arc commonly added to it almost at
will, the scent of roses should predominate and
form its characteristic one.

MILK OF ;fVJA'.— White wax and alcohol
equal parts. Mix with heat in a porcelain ves-
sel, then pour it on a slab, grind to a paste with
more alconol, and as soon as it appears of a per-
fectly even consistence, add w.-vlcr gradunlly to
the amount of 3 or 4 times the weight of the
wax ; grind to a fine emulsion, and strain through
canvass.

MIXTURE, COUGH.— T^c 1 teacupful of
molasses, .ind add 2 tablespoon fu Is of \-ineg8r;
simmer this over the fire ; then, when taken oflf,
add 3 tcaspoonfuls of paregoric, and as much re-
finca nitre as con he put ui>on the point of a
small breakfast knife. Of this mixture take 2
or 3 teaspoonfuls on going to bed, and i or 3
during the day when you nave a disposition to
cough

MIXTURE, G^jAo.— Balsam of copoila
1*4 ounces, nitric ether I ounce, tincture of
henbane 3 drachms, liquor of potash 2 draclmis,
cinnamon water sufficient to make the mixture 8
ounces. Dose — 2 table&poonfuls twice a day la
case of gonorrhea.

MIXTURE, Gmtt.—\imt of colchicum I
ounce, spirit of nitrous ether ] ounce, iodide of
potassium 2 scruples, distilled water 2 oimces.
Mix. A teaspoonful in chamomile tcs 2 or 3
times a day.

MISTURA SpirituJ I7wi CaZ/K-/.— Best
brandy and cinnamon water, of each 4 fluid
ounces ; the yelks of 2 eggs well beaten ; loaf
sugar 34 *n ounce; oil of cinnamon 2 drops;
mix. Dose — From ^ to i fluid ounce, as often
as rci^uired. Thjji makes both eat and drink.
Of course any other flavoring oils can be used,
if preferred, m place of the cinnamon.

NITRATE OF SILVER.— Vutt silver i^
ounces, nitric add i ounce, diluted with 2 ounces
of water ; heat by a sand-bath tmtil ebullition
ceases and the water is expelled; then pour into
moulds. Must be kept from the light.

ODOR OF FLOWERS, To Obtain the.—
The method pursued in the south of France, by
which all the better qualities of pomatum are
obUined, consists in the preparation of a pure
fat or lard, and in impregnating this with the
odoriferous principles of the flowers. Tlie pu-
rifying of the lard has to be done with the ut-
most care, as almost everything depends on iu
The lard is for this purpose washed on an in-
clined board with water, rubbing and working it
all the while by means of a smooth, large stone,
UDtil the water runs off pure oud d<tu<

D/CTIOyARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS,

I

£U i& then tilled into shallow pans on which arc
thrown ihe flowers freshly cut; they are re-
morcd after 12 or 24 hours and replaced by fresh
ones, until the lard is considered saturated. The
pomatum is then filled into pots or bottles, and
ihc bottles arc tighdy corked. If the fat is
slightly rancid, a very much larger amount of
flowers is required to render it fragrant, and the
odor never attains that fineness and delicacy that
it does with pure lead.

OIL, ESSENTIAL, To Extract from Flmc-
rrs. — Take any flowers desired, which stratify
with common salt, and put them in a clean
earthen glazed pot. When thus filled to the
top, cover it well and carry it to the cellar. 40
days afterwards put a crape over a pan, and
empty the whole to strain the essence from the
flowers by pressure. Bottle the essence and ex-
pose it 4 or 5 weeks in the sun, and dew of the
evening, to purify. A single drop of this es-
sence, if rightly prepared, is enough to perfume
m quart of water.

O/L, ZiR/T/S//.— Unseed and turpenlmc
oils of each 2 ounces, otts of amber and juniper
of each 4 ounces, Rarbadoes tar 3 ounces, scn-
eca oil I ounce. Mix.

O/L OF //^i^AAM/.— Sublimed or flowers
of sulphur and oil of amber of each 2 ounces,
linseed oil i IK, spirits of turpentine suflicicnl
to reduce all to the consistence of thin molasses.
Boil the sulphur in the Hn^ced oil until it is dis-
solved, then add the oil of amber and turpen-
tine.

Oft, HATR, {Ro%tmary.y~'Yv^Ji castor oil
I pint, sweet oil ^ pint, larrl oil % pint, alcohol
a tablespoon fu I. Perfumed vrith rosemary.

On^ //>//i?.— (Phalon's.) Cocoanul oil,
perfumed with oil of almonds,

OIL^ Rmoland^s Afacajsnr. — Take sweet oil 4
ounces, canthoridcs 30 drops, oil of rose 5 drops,
oil of bergamolte and oil of lemon of each 30
drops, ana alkanct sufficient to color it.

Ori^, KING t)/".— Burning fluid I pint, oils
of cedar, hemlock, sassafras and origanum of
each 3 ounces. carlMnate of ammonia pulverised
I ounce; mix. To use — Apply freely to the
nerve and gums around the tooth, and to the
(ace in neuralgic pains, by wetting brown paper
and laying on the parts — not too long, for fear of
blistering ; to the nerves of teeth by Hnt-

OIL OF CASSIA.— Y'mt^t oil of cloves 3
parts, ground cassia I part. Pour Ihe oil warm
on the cassia, macerate for 3 or 4 days or more,
and then strain with expression.

OIL OF EUODIirhf.—Thii oil is derive«l
from a species of Rhudoriza ; very fluid and
limpid; pole yellow; soon darkens by age and
exposure ; tastes bitter and aromatic ; has a mod-
ified odor of roses. Chiefly used as a substitute
for ottar of roses in cheap perfumery, and also
to adulterate it Oil of sandal wood is very fre-
quently sold for it.

OIL OF ROSES, {f*r Mr //a/r.)— Fine olive
oil I pint, otto of roses 16 drops, oil of rose-
mary % * drachm. If required to be red, color
with aJkanct root, and strain before adding the
otto.

OIL OF ORANGE FLOWERS.— Onnge
flowers I part, blanched almonds bruised 2 parts,
olive oil 1 part. Mix, and let them remain to-
gether for a week, then express the oil. More
flowers may be used to increase the perfume, if
desired.

OIL OF SFIA'E.— The genuine oU of spike
is made from the iavenduh spiea, (broad-Icavcd
lavender,) but the commercial oil of spike is al>
ways made by taking the rock oil, and adding 3
ounces of spirits of turpentine to each pint.

OIL OF TURPENTINE, M Punfyin?
Purposes. — However carefully the oil of turpen-
tine may have been distilled, it always leaves af-
ter evaporation a disagreeable odor, firmly ad-
hering to the goods that have been treated with
it. TTie same is the case with benzine and the
lighter petroleum oils. This may be obviated
according to Bremer, by distillation over tannin.
Articles treated with oil of turpentine that ' ~"
been distilled in this way, arc heated to 150'
when they lose every trace of odor. Brem
adds that this preparation is less inflommab
cheaper, and more agreeable to the vorkznui
than bcnrine.

OIL CREAM, Cod //:rr.— Pick ont a ^ o<
an ounce of nice, clean pieces of gum tragacanth,
and steep them in a pint of water for 24 hours,
stirring or shaking up occasionally so as to in-
sure a fine, even mucilage. Now mix a pint of
nil with a pint of this mucilage, and put them
into a bottle capable of holding more than a
quart, so as to give good '• sh.aking room," and
give a good shaking, until the particles of the
nil are thoroughly divided. They cannot get to-
gether '^gain, even if the mixture stands several
days. To guard against any sourfng, add a lea-
spoonful of best brandy, and 1 or 2 drops of es-
sence of lemon, almonds, vanilla, or whatever
flavor is most desired. The brandy may be sub-
stituted by 20 drops of spirit of wine.

OINTMENT, CREAM.— Ohxuxn a pint of
pure cream, let it simmer over the fire till it re-
sembles butter, and forms a thick, oily substance,
which may be used as ointment for fresh or old
wounds, cracked lips or hands.

OINTMENT, GREEN— Money 3>x\A bee*.
wax each ^ a lb., spirits of turpentine i ounc^
wintergTccn oil and laudanum each 2 ounces,
finely powdered verdigris J^ of an ounce, lard
1% fhs. ; mix by a stove fire, in a copper kettle,
heating slowly.

OINTMENT, GLVCERINE.—SUirdti 3
ports, glycerine 1 o parts. The starch, finely
pulverized, is digested for about an hour with the
glycerine, at the heat of a watcr-balh.

OINTMENT, IMicKiKty's.-Tukc butter 12
ounces, beeswax 4 ounces, yellow resm 3 ounces.
Melt, and add vinegar of cantharidcs i ounce ;
evaporate, and add Canada balsam I ounce, oil
of mace I drachm, and balsam of Peru 15
drops.

OINTMENT, ITCIf.—Syftet oil i lb., suet
I lb. , olkonct root 2 ounces. Melt and macerate
until sufficiently colored, and then add powdered
nitre 3 ounces, powdered alum 3 ounces, pow-
dered sulphate of rinc 3 ounces, powdered ver-
milion sufficient to color, and ou of origanum
sufficient to perfume.— 2. Carbonate of potash t
ounce, rose water I ounce, vermilion I drachm,
sulnhur 1 1 ounces, oil of bergamottc i dnchm,
lard It ounces. Mix. — ^3. Unsaltei.1 butter I lb..
Burgundy pilch 2 ounces, spirits of turiwniinc 3
ounces, pulverized red precipitate 15/ ounces;
melt the pilch and add the Duller, stirring well
together; then remove from the fire, and when
a liltlc cool odd the spirits of turpentine, and
Easily add the precipitate, stirring the mixture
until cold.

nec^^l

'

DRUGGTST AND CI/EM/ST.

PRECIPITATE, RED, for Qid Sorts,—
Red prccipiute )^ ounce, su^r of lead yi ounce,
burnt Alum I ouoce, white vitriol % ounce, or a
little less; all to be very finely pufveriicd ; have
mutton tallow made warm l lb. ; stir all in, and
stir untd cool.

OINTMENT, MAJiSmrALLOlV,—\c\.
low refill and yellow wax each 56 lbs. Melt
and reduce them to a proper consistence with
rape oil, then add of ihicL mucilage i gallon ;
Kormeric 10 color if required, ^lir until it be-
comes cold.

OlNTAfENT, /'//.^.—Powdered nut-gall
2 drachms, camphor i drachm, melted wax i
ounce, tincture of opium 2 drachms. Mix.

OINTMENT, SISSONS,-^^^K brandy S^
& pint, turpentine I gill, camphor gum l ounce,
beefs gall % a pint, neats-ibot oil 1 pint ; mix.
Excellent for bruises or swellings of long stand-
ing.

OINTMENT, STRAiSfONrUM.—TaVc of
the leave* of the stramonium, while yet green.
about I bushel, and place them in a suitable
iron kettle over a slow fire. Put in a few of the
learcs at a time, washing them as you keep ad<
dang, until a pulpy m.iss results, when add lard
5 lbs., and slew 10 a crisp; then strain and box
for tt«. Or take a drachm of the soft extract.
and nib it into an ointment with I ounce of
brrl

OINTMENT OF BEI.IMDONNA.^%%'
tract of belladonna i drachm, lard 1 ounce, and
■ux. Used to allay the pain of rheum.ilisin, etc.

OPIUM, POli'ELVS.—T?ke opium t part.
spirit 9 ports. Macerate until the spirit will
take up 00 more, decant, and reserve the tine-
tare; then pour 6 parts of water on the residu*
Via and repeat the process. Strain and mix the
2 solutions; next put them into a retort and dts*
til over, spirit 9 parts, ami evaporate the remain-
clcr In a proper consistence.

OPODELDOC, Zywr,/.— The best brandy, i
4]ttm ; warm it and aud gum camphor I ounce,
■■I ammoniac and oil of wormwood, of each %
ovnce ; oils of origanum and rosemary, of each
y^ an ounce ; when the oils arc dissolved by the
■ad of the heat, add 6 ounces of soft soati.

OTTO OF ROSES.— V\\\ a large glazed
earthen jar with rose leaves, carefully sep-tratcd
from the cups; poar upon them spring water,
ittst aafficient to cover them, and set the jar with
Hs oJDtents in the sun for 3 or 3 days, taking it
under cover at night. At the end of the third
or barth day, small particles of yellow oil will
be ««n floating on the surface of the w.ater, and
wfaidu tn the course ol a week, will have in-
crcancd to a ihin scum. The scum is the otto of
roses; take it up with a little cotton tied to the
■odof 0 slick, and squeeze it into a phial.

OXYCEN Mfthod of Pre&aring.—'Vi^x a
■IrMiff solution of chloride of lime, and gently
\tmA \ with onlv a trace of freshly prepareil
fwioaidc of cobalt ; a stream of oxygen is thus
■f<l»di «id chloride of calcium is formeti. The
vvalstiov of the gas is very regular when the
S(|«d fa heated to 70 or So*'. All the oxygen is
UHM ol^ no chlorine being liberated. The
cabf poial is to use a perfectly clear solution of
<ltbtiiit of Itrae I if a milky or thick solution be
■Md, it will froth

PAIN-KILLER, Pfrry /^rciy.— Alcohol t
^MR, (BA rnaioc I ounce, gums myrrh and
piMrf aoa Cayenne, (pulvcrixed,) of each

^ ounce. Mix. Shake occasionally for a week
or 10 days, and filter or let settle fur use, Ap-
ply freely to surface pains, or it may be taken m
teaspoon doses for internal pains, and repeat ac-
cording to necessities.

PAIN EXTRACTOR.—Syix\\& of ammonia
I ounce, laudanum l ounce, oil of organum i
ounce, mutton tallow y^ a lb. ; combine the ar-
tides with the tallow when it is nearly cool.

PAREGORIC.^^^i opium % a dmchm;
dissolve it in about 2 tablespoons of boiling wa-
ter ; then add benzoic add <^ a drachm, oil of
aniseed ^ of a fluid drachm, clarified honey i
ounce, camphor gum l scniple, 76 per cent, al-
cohol 11 Quid ounces, distilled water 4 Hiiid
ounces, macerate (keep warm) for 3 weeks.
Dose — For children 5 to SO drops, adults I to a
teaspoons.

PAPER, FUMIGATING,— rOiC sheets of
light cartridge paper, and dip them into a solu-
tion of oluni — say, alum T ounce, water i pint.
After they are thoroughly moistened, let them
be well dried ; opon one side of this paper spread
a mixture of equal parts of gum benzoin, oliba-
num, and cither balm of Tom or Peruvian bal-
sam, or the benzoin may be used alone. To
spreof! the gum, etc., it is necessary that they be
melted in an earthenware vessel and poured
thinly over the paper, finally smoothing the sur-
face with a hot spatula. When required for use,
slips of this paper arc held ovtr a candle or a
lamp, in order to evaporate the odorous matter,
but not to ignite it. The alum in the paper pre-
vents it to a certain extent from burning.

PASTE, Gefnian. — Ulanched sweet almonds
I lb., pea-meal 2 lbs., butter 1 ounces, saffron 4
grains, the yelks of 2 /ggs, noney sufficient to
make a paste, which must be passed through a
sieve. Used to feed larks, nightingales, and
other insectivorous singing birds,

PASTE, Phoiphorom. — Put into a Florence
flask I drachm of phosphorous and i ounce of
rectified spirits. Dip the flask into hot water
until the phosphorous is melted, then cork the
flask and agitate it until the contents are cold.
Pour off the spirit, and mix the phosphorous
with 1^4 ounces of lard, then add a mixture of
flour 5 ounces, sugar or cheese \% ounces, and
make the whole into a paste with a lUtle water.
Used to destroy vermin.

PASTILES, pHmigatiH^^.^X, Benzoin J
drachm, cascarilla % of a drachm, myrrh 1 scru-
ple, oils of nutmegs ^nd cloves of each 10 drops,
nitrate of potash \^ of a drachm, ch.ircoal 6
drachms ; mix with mucilage of tragacanlh. — 2.
Benzoin 3 ounces, balsam of Tolu and yellow
sandal wood of each H of an ounce, laudr.n-jm
1 drachm, nitre 2 drachms, charcoal 6 ounces ;
mix with mucilage of tragacanlh. — 3. Sanlal
wood in powder 1 lb., gum benzoin 1 lb., gum
Tolu % lb., otto of .Santal, cassia and cloves, of
each 3 drachms; nitrate of potass l ounce, mu-
cilage or tragacanlh sufficient to make the whole
into a stiff paste.

PASTILES, MOUTir, for Prrfuming ike
Breath. — I. Chocolate powaer and ground cof-
fee each I ounce, prepared charcoal I ounce, su-
gar t ounce, vanilla (pulverized with the sugar)
1 ounce, and sufficient mncilftgc to mix. ^lake
into lozenges of any form, 6 or 8 to be used ev-
ery day lo disinfect the breath. — 2. Catecho 7
drachms, orris powder 40 grams, sugar 3 ounces,
od «f rosemary, (or of cloves, ipc^^troanX, at

DICTIONARY OF EVERV-DAY WANTS.

I

SpxnUh Kkin, is nothing more than highW
fiimcti leather. Gooil and sound pieces of wash

cinnamon,) 4 drnp^i. Mix, and roll flat on an
oiled marble slab, aiid cut into very small lozen-
ges.— 3- {Fot Dijin/cetitti( the Br^tsth.) — l>ry
diloride of lime z drachms, sugar 8 ounces, and
gum IragacAnib i drachm ; carmine 2 grains.
Form into small lozenges.

PEAU D'ESPAGNE.—VcuM d'Espagnc. or

highly per
ces of 1
leather are lo be steeped in a mixture of ottos, in
which arc dissolved some odoriferous gum res-
ins, thus : Otto of neroli, otto of rose, santal, of
each _^ an ounce ; otto of lavender, verbena,
bergantotle, of each a Ji( of an ounce ; otto of
cloves and cinnamon, of each 2 drachms; with
any others thought 5t. In this mixture dissolve
about a ounces of gum benioin ; now place the
skin to steep in it for a day or so, then hang it
over a line to dry. A paste is now to be made
by rubbing in a mortar i drachm of civet with i
drachm of grain musk, and enough solution of
gum acacia or gum tragacanlha to give it a spread-
ing consistence ; a liltle of any of the ottos that
may be lelt frum the steep stirred in with the
civet, etc., greatly assists m making the whole
of an equal body; the skin, bein^ cut up into
pieces of about 4 inches square, is then to be
spread over, pLvster-faslnon, with the last-named
compost; 2 pieces being i>ut together, having
the civet pla<itcr inside 01 them, are then to be
placed between sheets of paper, weighed or
pressed, and left to dry thus for a week ; finally,
each double skin, now called peau d'Espagne. is
to be enveIuj)«Kl in some pretty silk or satin, and
fmishc<l off to ihc taste of the vender. Skin or
leather thus prepared will evolve a pleasant odor
for ye.arx.

PERFUME OF FLOWERS, To Extract.—
Procure a quantity of the petals of any flower
which has an agreeable flavor; card thin layers
of cotton wool, which dip into the finest Flor-
ence oil ; sprinkle a small quantity of fine salt on
the flowers, and place layers of cotton and flow-
ers aUernalely. until an earthen or wide-mouthcd
^ss vessel is quite full. Tie the top close with
a bladder, nnd lay the vessel in a south aspcLl,
exposed to the sun, and in 15 days, when opened,
a fragrant oil may be squceiecl away from the
whole mass, and but little inferior (if roses are
used) to the dear and highly valued otto or odor
of roses.

PERFUME for Sachets. — Orris root in pow-
der I lb., musk 12 grains, essence of lavender I
drnclim, essence of ambergris i drachm, essence
of bcrgamottc )4 a drachm, essence of lemon *^
a drachm. — 2. Take any quantity of pure starch
in powder, color it with a little finely -powdered
rose-pink, and perfume it with otto of roses, oil
of rosemary, lavender, and ncroli. letting the
rose prctlominatc. — 3. 4^ of a lb. lavender flow-
ers, ^ of an ounce of dried thyme, }i of an
ounce of dried mint, ^ of an ounce of cloves,
\( of an ounce of caraway seeds, I ounce of fine
salt. Tlie lavender flowers must be rubbetl from
the stalk, the thyme and mint reduced to pow-
der, and the cloves and caraway seeds bruised in
a mortar. The whole should then be mixed
with the sail, which must be well dried before it
is used. When the ingredients have been thor-
oughly mixed, the compound may be put into
silk or muslin bags for use.

PERFUME PtmHler for Boxes and Drawers,
— I. Coriander powder, Florentine orris pow-

der, powdered rose leaves, powdered sweei
scented flag-root of each 2 ounces; lavcndec
flowers powdered 4 ounces, musk I scrupl^
powder of sandal-wood I drachm. Mix. — 2.
Take of cloves, caraway seeds, nutmeg, m*
cinnamon, and Tonouin beans, of each i ounce^"
then add as much Florentine orris root as wiH^
equal the other ingredients put together. Gi
the whole well together, and then put it in Utl
Irags among your clothes, etc.

PERFUA/E for C/m'es.—0\\ of lavender
drops, neroli 10 drops, essence of tnusk 5 drop^
otto of roses 2 drops, alcohol 2 ounces. Mix.

PILLS, v4^/. —Quinine 20 grains, Dover*;
powders^ TO grains, subcarbonate of iron lO'^
grains ; mix with mucilage of gum Arabic an<t
mrm into 20 pills. Dose — 2 each hour, conv*
mencing 5 hours before the chill should set i
Then t^e I night and morning until all of then(]
are taken.

PJLLSf Anti-Bilious. — Aloes 28 parts, colo-,
cynth 12 parts, rhubarb 7 parts, myrrh an
scammony of each 3^^ parts, ipecacuanha
pans, cardamom seed 2 parts, soft soap 9 parts^
oil of juniper 7 parts, and treacle q. s. Divide
into 4-grain pills, of which 2 or 3 are a dose

PILL cf Aloes, Compound. — Socolrine
in powder i ounce, extract of gentian J^ otm
oil of caraw.iys 40 drops, and treade a snffid
quantity. IWat lugcther to a pill mass. Pn
Tivc, stomachic. Used in habitual costive
Dose — 5 to 20 grains. Aloes ore more easJl,
powdered by adding z or 3 drops of olive oil lo
each ounce.

PILL of Aloes with jWrrr>5.— Powdered So-
cotrine aloes y^ ounce, saffron, powdered myrrh
and soft soap, of each 2 drachms, and ol I
a sufTidcnt. quantity. Beat together to a
mass. Purgative emcnagoguc. Used in clUO-
rosis and amenorrhea. Dose — 5 to 15 grains.

PILL of Aloes with Avi/.— Extract of Bar-
badoes aloes powdered, soft soap, and extract of
licorice equal parts, and of treacle a suflSdent
quantity. Beat the aloes wilh the soap, odd the
other ingredients, and make a pill mass. Pur-
gative. Dose — 5 to 15 grains.

PILLS, Brandfc/A^j—Takc 2 lbs. of aloes,
lb. of gamboge, 4 ounces of extract of colocj'n
}4 ft lb. of castile soap, 2 fluid drachms of nil
peppermint, and I fluid drachm of cinnamotu
Mix. nnd form into pills.

PILLS, Carbonate of Irott. — Sulphate of iron
4 ounces, carbonate of soda 5 ounces, clarified
honey 2)^ ounces, of syrup and boiling walcr a
suflicicnt quantity. Dissolve the sulphate of
iron and carbonate of soda each in a pint of wa-
ter, and to each solution add a fluid ounce of
syrup ; then mix the two solutions in a bottle
just large enough to contain ihem, close it accu-
rately with a stopper, and set it by that the car-
bonate of iron may subside. Pour off the sti-
pctnatant fluid; and, having washed the prccip-
tale with warm water, sweetened with syrup, in
the proportion of a fluid ounce of the latter lo a
pint of the former, until the washings no longer
have a saline taste, place it upon a fl.anncl cloth,
and express as much of the water as possible;
then immediately mix it vn\h the honey. Lastly,
heat the mixture, by means of a water-bath, un-
til it attains a pilular consistence.

PILLS, Cathartic. — Aloes and gambc^e of
each I ounce, mandrake and blo<M-root with
gum myrrh, of each % ounce ; gam camphor

#

DRUGGIST AND CHEMIST,

w

ftnd Cayenne of each \% drachms, and ginger 4
ounces ; all to be finely pulverized and thor-
oughly mixed with thick mucilage (made by put-
ting a little water upon equal quantities of gum
Arabic and gum iragacantn) into pill mass ; then
formed into common-sized pills. Dose — 2 to 4
piUsi, ftccordine to the robustness of the patient.

PILLS, C%a(Y6^air, for Leiuorrhta. — Sul-
phaXe of iron t scruple, bol&am of copaiba and
ucorice powder to mix. Divide into 40 pills.
Dose — 3 or 4, 3 times dailv-

PILLS^ Chiimomtle, — Aloes 12 grains, extract
chamomile 36 grains, oil of duunomilc 3 drop<: ;
make into 12 pills ; take 2 every night, or twice
aday.

PILLS, Cough. — Of extract of hyoscyamus,
balm of Gileod buds, with pulverized ipecac or
lobelia, and balsam of fir, each % oz. ; oil of an-
ise a few drops to form into common-sized pills.
Dose — I or 2 pills, 3 or 4 times daily.

PILLS, Dtgestivf. — Rhubarb 2 ounces, ipe-
cacuanha % ounce, Cayenne pepper % ounce,
soap ^ ounce, ginger % ounce, gaml>oge %
oatkce. Mix, and divide into 4-gnun pilk.

PILLS, Dinmr. — Aloes 20 grains, ginger 5^
drachm ; add syrup sufficient to mix. Divide
into 20 nills. i to be taken daily before dinner.

y/Z/fit'ffrOTi'MJ^^^.— Precipitated carlwnate
of iron and giun myrrh of each 2 drachms, aloes
and tincture uf Spani&h flies of each i drachm,
and oil of savin i drachm ; all to be pulverized,
and made into 100 ^)ilU by using thick, gum so-
lution. Dose — I pill, from i to 3 times daily.

PILL, Ftmaie Ltixatxvf. — .\Tocs, macrotin,
and cream of tartar, of each 2 drachms ; podo-
pbylin and ground ginger i drachm each ; make
Into common-sized pills by using 15 or 20 drops
of oil of peppcrmmt, and a thick solution of
gam Arabic mucilage. Dose — I pill at bedtime,
or 3 if found neccisary, and sufficiently often
to keep the bowels just in a solvent condition,
but not less often than once a week.

PILLS, for Grvrjfl — Castile soap 8 parts,
Ik soda 4 parts, oil of tartar to mix. Di-
into 3-grain piJU, I to be taken every 2 or 3

I
I

to kee[
^K but no)
■ PIL

PILLS, Ifaliaway's. — .\loes 4 parts, myrrh,
jalap, and ginger, of each 2 parts, and mucilage
to mix.

PfLL of /npw.— Powdered myrrh 2 drachms,
carbcoatcof 5oda,salphatc of iron and treacle,
of each I drachm. In a warm vessel rub the
myrrh with the soda, add the iron, and rub
a^ain ; mix in the treacle, and form a mass.
Took, Used in chlorosis. Dose — From 5 to to
£rain«.

PILL, Liver. — Lcptandrin 40 grmns, podo-
fUio and Cayenne 30 grains each, sanguma-
iridtn, and inecac, 15 grains each ; see that
pulycn/ed and well mixed ; then form into
by astng 3^ of a drachm of the soft
*»f mandrake and a few drops of anise
mH mil into 3-grain pills.
<}hstrucUJ Menstruation. -^Tzkc
I 30 grains, potassa fsubcarb. J 30
igar 30 grains, myrrh I drachm.
■'> 3g^ain pills. 3 to be taken 3
■lay when ihcre is no fever present.
PILf^ to Pt{>moU Menshtsat Sffretion^ — I.
Take b«IU of aloes and myrrh 1 drachm, com-
poma into piJls 70 grains. Mix and form into
«5 ySBa^ Do»c^— 2 pills twice 1 «!ay.— a. Take
pibanum pUl 1 drachm; Soootiinc

IM

aloes X drachm. Mix. Dose — 2 pills, twice a
day.

PILL, N^ructis. — Alcoholic extract of the Ig-
natia Amara (SU Ignatius bean) 30 grains, pow-
dered gum Aiabic 10 grains. Moke into 40
pills. Dose — I pill to be taken an hour after
breakfast, and i an hour before retiring at night.

PILL, Hhuharb. — l'"ine powdcretl rhubarb 4
drachms, powdered aloes 3 drachms, powdered
myrrh 2 drachms, soft soap % drachm, oil of
caraway 15 drops, and of treacle a sufficient
quantity. Mix Ine powders, add the other in-
gredients, and form a mass. Stomachic, pur>
gative. Dose — 5 to ao grains.

PILLS for Sick Ileadaehe. — I drachm of
castile soap, 40 grains of rhubarb, 20 drops oil
of juniper, nnd syrup of ginger enough to form
so pills. Take 3 or 3 occasionally.

PILLS for Shortness of Breath.—TsAx % of
on ounce of powder of elecampane root, % of
an ounce of powder of licorice, as much flower
of brimstone and powder of aniseed, and 3
ounces of sugar candy powdered. Make all into
pills, with a sufhcicnt quantity of tar ; take 4
large pills when going to rest.

PILLS, To Sugar Crc/.— Pills, to be sugar-
coated, must be very dry, otherwise they will
shrink away from the coating, ami leave it a
shell easily crushed oft When they are dry you
will take starch, gum Arabic, and white sugar.
equal i^arts^ rubbing them very fine in a marble
morLir, and if damp they must be dried before
rubbing together; then put the powder into a
suitable pan, or box, for shaking; now put a
few pills mto a small tin box having a caver»and
pour on them just a little simplie syrup, shaking
well to moiiicn the surface only; tncn throw
into the Ujx uf powder, and keep in motion un-
til completely coated, dry and smooth.

If you are not very careful, you will get too
much syrup upon the pills ; if you do, put in
more, and l>c quick about it to prevent moisten*
ing the pill too much, getting them into the
powder xs soon as possible.

PIXK SA(/CEKS.~ Safflower or cnrthamus,
(washed,) 8 ounces, sulKarbonale of soda 3
ounces, water 2 gallons. Macerate, strain, and
add Frencli chidk (scraped fine with Dutch
rushes) 3 lbs., and precipiute the color on it
with tartaric acid, a sufficient quantity.

PIASTER, Crfrn.— Yellow wax 1 lb., Venk»
turpentine 2 ounces, wrdigris i ounce; melt to-
gelher and spread on leather.

PLASTER, rtjwr^.— Soak bruised isinglass
in a little warm water for 34 hours ; then evapo-
rate nearly all the water by gentle heat ; dissolve
Che residue in a little proof spirits of wine, and
strain the whole through a piece of open linen.
The strained moss should l>c a stiff jelly when
cool. Now extend a piece of silk on a wooden
frame, and fix it light with tacks or pack-thread.
Melt the jelly, and apply to the silk thinly and
evenly with a badger hair brush. A second
coating must be applied when the first has dried,
WTicn both are dry. cover the whole surface
with coatings of liaJsam of Peru, applied in this
way. Plaster thus made is very pliable, and
never breaks.

PLASTER, IrritaiiHff,~T^ I lb.. Bur-
gundy pitch }4 oL-nce, white nine turpentine X
ounce, rosin 2 ounces. Boil tne tar, rosin and
gum together a short time, and then remove
irom the fire, and stir in finely pul\CTUc4 mui-

So

K lem
^1 ven
■ ofi

draicc root, blood root, poke root, and Indian
turnip, of each i ounce.

PLASTER, A/ujfanf.—Ta.Vt a pic« ofwosle
linen, and, if crumpled, iron it smooth ; or pa-
per will ilo. Procure a small quantity of black
mustard seed, and bruise it to a coar&c powder,
in n pe^tlc and mortar or olherwisc. lie par-
ticular not to have it too fine. Spread o\'er
the linen a thin solution of giim, and sprinkle
the powder equally over it. Dry in a warm
place. When Wanted, plasters mar be cut any
size or shape ; and when applied should be mo-
mentarily dipped in tepid water, and tied over
the oiTectcd jmrt with a bandage. These plasters
arc more ^implc, cleanly and effective than the
ordinary mustard poultices.

PLASTER, Pitch. — Burgundy pilch 6 parts.
yellow resin 8 parts, yellow wax 3 parts, lard 7
parts, turpentine I part, palm oil I part, linseed
chI I part. Mix.

PLASTER, Poor J/rt«V— Take nf beeswax
1 ounce, lar 3 ounces, resin 3 ounces ; to be
melted together, and spread on paper or muslin.
PLASTER, Rheumatic,— % lb. of resin, and
% lb. of sulphur; melt them by a slow fire;
then add I ounce of Cayenne pepper, and ^ of
an ounce of camphor gum ; stir well till mixed,
and temper with ncatsfoot oil.

PLASTER, Stren^thentH!^. — T.ithnrge plas.
ler 24 parts, white resin 6 pans, vellow wax and
olive od of each 3 parts, and red oxide of iron
8 parts. Let the oxide be rubbed with oil, and
the other ingredients added melted, and mix the
whole well topeiher. This is an excellent plas-
ter for relaxation of the muscles and weakness of
the joints arising from sprains and bruises. The
plaster, after being spread over leather, should
oe cut into strips 2 inches wide, and strapped
firmly round the joint.

PLASTER, Styptic— The property of chlo-
ride of iron to stop bleeding is well known, but
the inconvenience of carrying it about often pre-
vents its application when wanted. The French
have a way of preparing a pa]>cr saturated with
it that onswers every purpose, and can easily be
transported. This paper is immersed in a licjuid
prejKired as follows : I lb. of finely pulverized
gum benzoin. 1 lb. of alum, and 4 gallons of
water are boiled in a well-tinned vessel, and fil-
tered after cooling. The paper is well saturated
with this mixture, and when it is dry a tolerably
concentrated solution of chloride of iron is spread
over it with a brush. It can be kept indefinitely
when protected by wax cloth, and is admirably
orlaptcd for stopping the bleeding of small flesh
wounds.

POMADE, Castor Oi7.— Castor oil 4 ounces,
prepared lard 3 ounces, white wax 3 drachms,
Dergamotte 2 drachms, oil of lavender 20 firops.
Melt the fnt together, and on cooling add the
scents, and stir till cold.

POMADE, Cmrm.— McU together i drachm
each ol white wax and spermaceti, and add oil
of sweet almonds 3 ounces ; pour it into a warm
mortar, and gradually stir in I ounce of rose or
other perfumed water, and I drachm of tincture
of Tolu.

POMADE, Marnr.t}. — Beef marrow i ounce,
ca<(tor oil ■{ of an ounce, tincture of cantharide*
1 drachm, essential oil uf bitter almonds and of
lemon of each 12 drops. This will be found
verv beneficial if the hair should show symptoms
of falling off^

DICTIONARY OF EVERY^DAY WANTS.

POMADE, Tramparent.—x. Take of castx>r
oil I lb., spermaceti jjf lb., and .sufficient of any
desired perfume. — 2. Fatty oil of almonds 2 lb*..
Spermaceti % of a lb., od of lemon 3 ounces.
The spermaceti is melted in a water bath, the
oils are then added, and the heat kept up until a
uniform mass is obtained, in which no Hoaliiifl
^irticles of spermaceti can be distinguished.
The pomade is then poured into glasses ; if it is
desired to obtain the pomade crystallized, the

Classes must be heated beforehand, and cuokd
own very slowly.
POMADE DYE, fvr Ike J/air.^NiUntt <rf
silver l part, nitric add 3 parts, iron filings a
pr.rts. Mix, and let them stand together tor 4
or 5 hours, then pour them on oatmeal 2 parts.
Next add lard 3 ports, and mix well togclher.

POMATUM, Black i^rtr*.— Prepared lard,
melted, -with one*third in winter, and one-half
its weight in summer, of wax. and colored with
powdered ivorv-black, and strained through tam-
my, or any suostanoe that will permit the fine
particles of ivory-black to pass through. Stir it
constantly, and when it begins to iKidcen pour it
into paper moulds.

POM A TUM, Eajt India.— Take suet 7 lbs.,
Lird 7 lbs., beeswax I lb. Melt, then add es-
sence of lemon 4 ounces, gum benzoin 3 ounces,
musk 2 scruples, oil of cloves 25 drops, oil of
rhmlium 25 drops. Mix well.

POMA TC'Af, //amw.— Purified bid 4 lbs,,
purified suet 2 lbs., otto of lemon 1 ounce, otto
of bcrgamotie 1 ounce, otto of cloves -i drachms.
Melt the greases, then beat them up with a nhi&k
or flat wooden spatula for a ^ of an hour or
more ; as the grease cools, minute vessels of air
arc inclosed by the pomatun, which not only in*
crease the bulk of tnc mixtures, but impart ape-
cuUar mechanical aggregation, rendering the p(V
nuttum light and spong)*; in this stale it is ob-
-vnous that it fills out more profitably than other-
wise.

POMATUM, Phi/ocotHc.—Whilt wax 10
ounces, fresh rose oil 1 lb., fresh acacia oil ^
lb., fresh jasmine oil X ^^t fresh fleur d'orange
oil [ lb , fresh tuberose oil i lb. Melt the wax
in the oils by a water-bath at the lowest possible
temperature. Stir the mixture as it cools; do
not pour out the philocome until it is nearly cool
enough to set ; let the jars, bottles, or pots, into
which it is filled for sale be slightly warmed, or
at least of the same temperature as the philo-
come. otherwise the Imttles chill the material as
it is poured in, and make it appear of an uneven
texture.

POMATUM, Rote.— or prepared brd 16
ounces, prepared suet 2 ounces; melt with a
gentle heat, and add 2 ounces of otto of water,
and 6 drops of otto of roses. Beat them well to-
gether, and pour into ^wts before it is cold. For
making je^isamine, violet, and orange pomade,
put the same quantity of water, and 1 drachm of
the required essence.

POSQIOGICAL TABLE ; or. Rules J0t
AdminisitrtHg Medkines, having rrfermce im
Age and Sex. — For an adult, (a person of 40
years) the dose is allowed to be about I drachm,
DO groins.
Those at 20 years, 2<3 of a drachm, 40 grains.

.1 ,_J .. |., .. yj ..

41 m <l |.- <« 20 "

«l 4 .. 1^ « ,5 M

■I 2 " 1-6 " 10 "

DRUGGIST AfiD CHEMIST.

I

Those at 3 jrcars, l-S of a drachm, 7 to 8 grains.
«i , .. ,.,2 .1 5 .*

For babes* under i )rcar, the dose should go
dowD by nionths, at the same rale as by years,
for those over a year.

Again, for persons in advanced life, say from
60 ynrs, the dose must begin to lessen about 5
eraias. and, from, that on, 5 grains for each ad-
ditional fO yctrs.

Females, however, need a little less, generally,
than males.

The above rules hold good in all medicines
except castor oil, the proportion of which cannot
be reduced so much, and opium and its various
preparations, which must be reduced, generally,
la a little greater proportion.

POULTICE, C-Umw/.— Linseed meal % of
a lb., charcoal powder 2 ounces, hot water suRi-
ocni to give it the necessary consistence. This
poultice is highly antiseptic — that is to say, it
r\is great power in cleansing ulcers, and correct-
ing a tendency to morti5c.iUon-

POULTICE, GoMhrJ'j.—TA\:c, & drachm
and a half of extract of lead, rectified spirit of
vrioe 2 ounces, water 12 ounces, and bread or
cracker crumbt sufFlcient to make the whole into
■ proper con&i:>tcnce. This poultice is an excel-
lent application to reduce swelling and inflamma-
tion, ind to allay irritation.

POULTICE, //cw/^-^.— Pour 2 pints of
water oo a ounces of hemlock leaves, boil it
down to a pint, and add as much linseed meal as
snay be necessiry for the due consistency of the
pottlCice. This is an excellent application to
ciaGcroai and other malignant sores. It greatly
diminishes the existing pain. The fresh herb
farms Ihe best poultice.

POULTICE, yVdj/.— Flour I lb., yeast of
beer V ^^ * pint. Mix, and expose the mixture
to ■ gentle heat till it begins to swell, when it is
ready for use. This poultice is well adapted as
an ajipUcation to painful, foul, or gangrenous ul-
oen. It is a gentle stimulant to such ulcerations,
correcta any tendency to morlilicition, cleanses
Uie sore, and removes the fetid odor.

POWDF.Ry '*'^*'- — Quinine to grains, cap-
sicum 4 grains ; mix and divide into 3 powders,
Directions — Take I about 4 hours iwfore the
chill, I aboot 2 hours before the chill, and the
KhirJ I hoar before Ihe chill should commence.
POiVDER, Com^titu>/i,^h^yhtTTy bark 3
lb»., benlock bark i lb., ginger root I lb., Cay-
mne pepper 2 ounces, doves 2 ounces ; all very
finely nulrcriied and well mixed. Dose — One-
haU 01 a teaspoon of it. and a spoon of sugar ;
pot tticffl into a tea-cup. and pour it half fuU of
boiling water ; let it stand a few minutes, then
fiS the cup with hot water, and drink freely.

POiVDERS. C^iij'i/wii.— Black aatimony 4
evAces, Aoar of sulphur 2 ounccn, bean flour or
bariey neal |^ of a lb. A Liblespoonful to be
^Tca with the feed — a. Sobhur 2 lbs., fcou-

S^ of 1 1^ . ^ 'i of a lb., common salt I

& l>o\ laily for 2 or 3 weeks.

POW2. --.-r*/. — Ipecacuanha in pow-
der I dradim. opjum in powder i drachm, salt-
~ in pT'Wii'.rr I OTincr. The above ingredj-
tko'i ' '-t powder.

r -ins.

POWl/r.i-^. s t.;.''in^- — r uiic: . earth, puH-

M tni powdered, tzujied with duimol charcooL

greek 4 lbs., cream of tartar 1 lb., licorice I lb.,
nkrt I Ibk, black antimony Ji^ of a lb., gentian

Used to fdtcr oils, etc, and to render various
liquids whitet.

POWDERS, Lfmanoif/.—Whitt sugar 36
drachms, carbonate of soda 4 drachms, essence
of lemon 15 drops; divide into 12 blue papers.
In 12 white papers dinde 6 drachms of tartaric
acid. Mix the first well in water, and add the
last. Each powder contains 3 drachms of su-

f^ar, 20 grains of soda, 2 drops of essence of
emon, and 30 grains of acid. Pleasant refrig-
erant drink.

POIVDER, PtarU fof ih* Comptexum.^
Take pearl or bismuth white and French chalk,
equal parts. Reduce them to a fine powder, and
sin through lawn.

POWDER, Rose /'.w.— Wlicat starch 7 lbs.,
rose pink l drachm, otto of rose 2 drachms, ntto
of sanlal 2 droclmis.

POWDERS, 5>ii//iyx.— Rochcllc salts 2 drs.,
bicarbonate of soda 2 scruples ; put these into a
blue paper, and put tartartic add 3^ grains into
a white paper. To use, put each into different
tumblers, hll % with water, and put a little loaf
sugar in with the acid, then pour together and
drmk.

POWDER, 7a>^A.— I. Take powdered chafc
coal and white sugar of each 1 ounce : PeruviaV
bark *^ an ounce, cream of tartar 1 5^ drachms,
camella 24 grains. Rub them well together and
pulverize in a mortsr. The above powder will
cleanse the teeth, strengthen the gums, sweeten
the breath, and prevent the toothache. — 2. Take
pumice stone and cuttle-fish bone of each ^ an
ounce, vitriolated tartar and mastic of each 1
drachm, oil of rhodium 4 drops. Mix all into a
fine powder. — 3. (Antiseptic.) Prepared chalk 2
ounces, dry chloride of lime 10 grains, oil of
cloves 5 drops. It may be colored, if preferred,
by a little levigated bole. — ^ (Anti-scorbutic.)
Extract of rhatany ^ ounce, prepared charcoal

2 ounces, cinnamon % ounce, cloves % ounce.
— 5- ( Rhatany. ) Rhatany root 2 ounces, cottle-
fisn bone 4 ounces, prepared chalk 8 ounces,
borax I drachm. — 5. (Violet) tjrris root 3
ounces, cuttle-fish bone 4 ounces, precipitated
ch.\lk 12 ounces, bicarbonate of soda ^ ounce,
essence of violets t drachm, and rose pink
enough to give it a pale violet color. — 6. (Char-
coal.) Prepared charcoal l ounce, sugar i ounce,
oil of cloves 3 drops. Mix. — 7. (Paste.) Pum-
ice stone 1^^ ounce, alum }4 di^chm, bitartrate
of potash I ounce, cochtneal 2 scruples, bicar-
bonate of potash I drachm, orris 1 ounce, sjrrup

3 ounces, essence of lemon 1 drachm, od of
cloves and es'ience of bergamottc of each I
drachm, otto of roses 8 drops. Mix.

QUININE, Substitute /(tt.— Signor Pavia
has extracted from the leaves and roots of the
box t^BuxHt umpervirens') an alkaloid, which he
calls buxina, that has been found most efTicociout
in a large number of cases treated by 7 different
Italian physicians. It is in the severe intermit-
tent fevers that prevail in the marshy parts of
Italy that the new drug has been put to the teat.
Out of 608 coses submitte^l to the new alkaloid,
535 were completely cured — nearly 80 per cent,
— enough to permit the claim for it as a specific
to be entertained.

In a single dose of 1 5 grains, sulphate of bux-
ine gener^uly prevents the next paroxysm from
appearing. In a few cases it only diminishes
the intensity of the paroxysm. It Is onl^ in
rare coses that a second dose bos had to be pveB>

DiCTWNARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

The drug seems eflectual in every type of dis-
ease attributed to mar^h miasms.

RED RASPBERRy.—Thxi is an astringent.
A tea made of the leaves is an excellent remedy
for the t>owet complaints of children. A little
of the bark of slippery elm improves its efficacy.
It should also be given in the form of an injec-
tion. The tea is used as awash and gargle; and
if drank freely it has a good effect in a cancerous
State of the mouth, throat and stomach.

RED PRECJP/TATE.—qmQ^LsiUtiT, ni-
trie add. equal parts. Dissolve, decant, and
evaporate to dr^-ness, in a sand heat, until it ai-
samcs the proper color.

REMEU 1 for DrunkfHHcss. — Tartar emetic
8 grains, and rose-water 4 ounces. Mix. Put
a tablespoonful into the whole quantity of liquor
drank each day by the patient, and le: him take
it as U'iual. Be careful not to exceed a table-
spoonful or }-2 an ounce.

REMEDY fcr Gtfut and RA^maf ism. —Gum
Foaiacum i ounce, rhubarb in powder 2 drachms,
nour of sulphur 2 ounces, cream of tartar I
ounce, ginger powder i ounce. Make them into
an elecluflry with treacle. Dose — 2 leaspoonfuls
night and roontine.

REVALEXTA ARAB/CA.—Thii article
for dyspepsia and constipation is what is some-
times called Ervalcnta, and is said to be com-
pounried mainly from a species of lentil. A pop-
ular kind is m.idc by takmg lentil meal I part,
and Turkey millet flour 2 parts. It is some-
times prepared by mixing Indian mcd and bean
flour, equal parts of each, with a little salt and
sugnr, and mtngling all together by passing it
through a sieve. Tliis preparation (as an article
of food for dyspeptics) inste.id of being nutri-
tious, is only an irritant to the bowels, oecausc
of the difficulty experienced in digesting the '
lentil meal.

PINK, i^a?/?.— Take a strong decoction of
Brazil wood, to which add a little pearlash, and
then pour it over finely-sifted whiting, and re-
duce It to a thick paste ; llicn dry slowly.

ROOT^ Atkanet. — This root gives a fine red
tinge to oils, fals, wax, turpentine, spirits, es-
sences, etc.. and is nsed to color hair oil, poma-
turn*, ointments, varnishes, etc. The spirituous
solution stains marble of a deep red ; wax tinged
with alkanet, and applied to warm marble, leaves
a Aesh color.

ROOT, GoiJ 7>Jr/a</.— The root, chw'wed, is
good for canker, or other sore mouth; and, pre-
^red by decoction, as a gargle in sore throat.
The tea is useful in cases of general debility and
loss of appetite.

ROOT, Goidftt Seal. — ^This is an admirable
remedy in case of dyspepsia. A half teaspoonfal
of the powder, with a half tcacupful of boiling
water, taken immediately after ealing, when the
food distresses one, often gives relief

ROOT, Rhubarb. — Rhubarb is generally cnl-
tivated in our gardens for the sake of the stalks,
which are made into excellent pies ; the root,
however, is of great efficacy in some diseases.
6 to 10 grains are astringent and strengthening
to the stomach. In larger doses — from a scru-
ple to half a drachm— It is first purgative and
then astringent. It is, therefore, an excellent
medicine for diarrhea and dysentery, because it
evacuates any acrid matter that may be offending
the bowels, before it acts as an astringent.

ROQT, Xtllifw -£?.vi.— This is one of the

most valuable remedies known in diseases of the
skin. The best preparation is to bruise the
fresh roots in a morlar, and add cream or fresh
butter enough to make an ointment ; and it may
also be taken internally at the some time, either
in decoction or combined with such articles as
arc useful for the internal treatment of bad hu-
mors and scrofulous conditions of the system.
It is a certain and safe remedy for the trouble-
some disease known as the itch.

ROb'GE,—\VziM saffiowcrs until the water
comes away colorless ; dry the flowers, powder
them, and digest in a weak solution of carbonate
of soda. Place some cotton wool at the bottom
of the vessel, then add white vinegar till it ceases
to produce a precipitate ; wash the wool in cold
water, dissolve the color in a fresh solution of
soda, add some finely powdered French diolk,
mix well, precipitate with vinegar as before,
dry the powder carefully, and triturate it with a
little olive oil, to render it smooth and odhe&ive.
— 2. Take 1 lb. of best Brazil wood, fine, and
of ^Iden color, infuse 4 days in 4 quarts of best
white wine vinegar ; then boil them together for
1 hour; strain tTirough a linen cloth, and place
the liquid in I pint of white vinegar ; mix tne 2
liquids and stir them well together. TTie scum
wnich now arises should be carefully taken off",
and gradually dried and powdered. — 3. Mix ver-
milion with enough of gum tragacanth dissolved
in water to form a thin paste; add a few drops
of almond oil, place the mixture in rouge pots,
and dry by a very gentle heat. — 4. Take I pint
of alcohol, and ] ounce of alkanet ; macerate 10
days, and pour off the liquid, which should be
bottled. This is the simplest and one of the
best articles of the kind.— 5. Boil 1 ounce of
Brazil dust in l pints of distilled water, and then
strain ; add 6 drachms of isinglass, 2 drachms of
cochineal, I ounce of alum, and 8 drachms of
borax ; boil again, and strain throu^^ a fine
cloth.

SACfTETA LA FRANGIPANNE.~-Orn%
root powder 3 lbs., Tilivert powder ^ of a lb-,
sandalwood powder % of alb., olto of ncroU I
drachm, otto of rose i dradim, otto of saAtal I
drachm, musk-pods, ground, I ounce.

SACHET I/EUOTROPE.—Vo'oi^tt'tA or-
ris 2 lbs., rose leaves, ground. I lb., tonquin
beans ground \^ a lb., vanilla benns yC of a lb.,

frain mu^k % of an ounce, otto of almonds J
rops. Well mixed by sifting in a coarse sieve,
it is ready for use.

SACHET ROSE.^^ow heels or leaves I
lb., sandalwood ground yi lb., otto of roses ^
oi an ounce.

SALINE, 5/Ar*.— Lard 24 parts, while oxide
of zinc 3 parts. Peruvian balsam 3 parts, nitiate
of silver (finely pulverized) 1 part.

SALVE, j9nnt'«.— Take of rosin 5 lbs.. Bur-
gundy pitch, beeswax and mutton toUow, each )^
of a jb. ; oil of hemlock, balsam of fir, oil of
origanum, oil of red cedar, and Venice turr-cn-
tine, each 1 ounce; oil of wormwood % an
ounce. Melt the first articles together, and then
add the oifs, stirring well; pour into cold water,
and work like wax until it is cool enough to
roll.

SALVE, Balm of GiifoA.—UxMon tallow ^
lb,, balm of Gil cad buds a ounces, white pine
gum I ounce, red precipitate i ounce, hard soap
1 ounce, white sugar I tnblespoonful. Stew the
buds in the tallow until the strength is obtained.

and press out or strain ; scrape the soap, and
add it with the other articles to the tallow, using
SttSicient unsalted butter or sweet oil to bring it
to a proper consistence to spread efljiily upon
doth. When nearly cool, stir in the red pre-
cipitate, mixing thoroughly.

SALP£, FrioA. — A salve made bv boming I
teblespoonfnl of copperas, then pulverizing it
and mixing with the yelk of an egg. is said to
relieve the pain, and cure the felon in 24 hours ;
then heal with cream ^ parts, and soft soap I

• part Appl}^ the healing salve doily after soak-
ing tbe part in warm water.
SALVE, GrtiH iV^wwiixm.— Rosin 5 lbs.,
Burgundy pitch, beeswax, and mutton tatlow, of
each % lb. ; oil of hemlock, balsam of fir, oil
of origanum, oil of red cedar, and Venice tur-
pentine, of each 1 ounce ; oil of wormwood %
an ounce, verdigris very finely pulverized I
otince; melt the first articles (ogetner, and add
the Otis, having rubbed the verdigris up vrith a

» little of the oiU, and put it in wiin the other ar-
tidcs^ stirring well; tnen pour into cold water,
and work as wax until cool enough to rolL

SALl'E, Conktin's. — Rosin 4 Ihs., beeswax,
Burgundy pitch, white pine turpentine and mut-
ton tallow, each % lb. ; camphor gum and bal-
&am of fir, of each 5^ of an ounce ; sweet oil 1
ounce, and alcohol t pint. Melt, mix, roll out,
and use as other salves.

SALVE, A'l/ni/jy v.— Bitter-sweet and sweet
cider roots of each l lb., hop vines and leaves.
and garden plantain, top and root, of each %
lb. ; tobacco, about 3 ounces. Boil all in rain
water to get out the strength ; then put the
herbs in a thick cloth, press out the juice, and
boil down carefully to one half a pint ; then add
QCtsalted butler 1 lb., beeswax and rosin of each
I ounce, and simmer over a slow fire until the
water is all out.

SALVE, L/P.~T%\te I ounce of the oil of
almondf, }^ ounce of spermaceti, and % drachm
of prepared suet, with any simple vegetable col-
oring to fancy; simmer these unlil thoroughly
mingled ; as soon as taken oflf the fire, stir into
the mixture 3 or 4 drops of tincture of capsicum,
And when nearly cold 5 or 6 drops of oil of rho-
dium.— a. Butter of cocoa I ounce, oil of
almonds i ounce ; melt together with a gentle
heat, and add 6 drops of essence of lemon. — 3.
Put into an earthen pipkin I lb. of fresh butter,
t lb. of fine yellow wax, I ounce of alkanet, ai\d
3 bunches of black grapes ; boil together, and
strain without pressure, through linen, — 4. Of
■Imond oil, <^ lb., spermaceti and wax each 3
oaaccs, alkanet root 3 ounces, otto of roses I
drachm. Place the wax, sperm and oil on the
vlkanet root, in a vessel heated by a steam or
waUT bath ; after the materials are melted, they
nust digest on the alkanet. to extract its color,
lor al lea^^t 4 or 5 hours ; finally, strain through
6ne muslin, and then odd the perfume just be-
Cnre ii cools.

SALVE, ^Mj/M.— Take equal parts of yellow
wax and sweet oil, and melt slowly, at the same
time carefully stirring; when cootmg, stir in a
small qtianiKy of glycerine. Good for all kinds
<it wnuniU, etc.

SARSAPARLLLA, Deeeictim ^y!— Take 2

oaaco of sarsaparilla root, ^liceil, and bruise it,

HcA aild I ounce of guaiacum wood; boil over a

•tew far in 3 quarts of water till reduced to i

sJiortly before removing it £rom the

I

■:

saucepan, add ^ an ounce of sassafras wood
and 3 drams of licorice ; afterward strain it.

Sassafras. — it is an aromatic or pleasant
tonic Sassafras, prickly ash, dogwood, and
American gentian, make as powerful and as
pleasant a bitter as the foreign gentian, Colombo,
Peruvian bark, cloves, and c'mnamon, that we
buy at the drug store.

SHOW COLORS, for Drugmste Windamu
— A beautifiU blue is obtained ny dissolving a
few crystals of sulphate of copper in water, and
supersaturating the solution with ammonia. A
green color is obtained by dissolving nitrate or
chloride of nickel in wnter. Nitrate of cobalt
will give a rose color. Other tints may be se-
lected from the different aniline dyes, those sol<
ublc in alcohol being preferable. They should
be renewed every 3 or 6 months, as tney will
gradually lose their briehlness. (^See page 68.)

SALTS, Inexhausttbh for SmtUing BottUs,
— Liquid ammonia I pint, otto of rosemary i
drachm, otto of English lavender I drachm, otto
of bergamottc % a drnchm, otto of cloves y^ a
drachm. Mix the whole together with agitation
in a very strong and well-slopnered bottle.

This mixture is used by nlling the smelUne
bottles with any porous absorbent material, such
as asbestos, or, wh-il is better, sponge cuttings,
that have been well beaten, washed and dried.
{See ^ige -JU)

SNUFF, Catarrh. — Scatch snuff i ounce,
chloride of lime dried and pulveri2ed I rounding
teaspoonful; mix and bottle, corking tightly.

SNUFF, CephaHc. — Dried asarbacca leaves
3 ports, marjoram l part, lavender flowers t
part ; rub together to a powder.

SPONGE, To B/eacA.Soak the sponge in
very dilffte muriatic add to remove calcareous
matter; then in cold water, changing it fre-
quently, and squeezing the sponge out each time.
Then soak it in water, holding a little sulphuric
or sulphurous add, or chlorine in solution, and
chan^ng the acid frequently till the sponge is
.suffiuicntly bleached. Last, repeatedly wash and
soak in dean water, and scent with rose or or-
ange-flower water.

SPONGE TENT, Ta iVr>2«.— The old
wav was by saturating the sponge with warm
melted wax, and compressing it until the wax
solidified, and then getting it into a suitable
shape. The method of Dr. Sympson, of Edin-
burg, is to saturate sponge, previously dconed,
with thick gum mucilage, and then having put
on awl through its centre, a cord is forcily wound
round it so as to expel most of the mucilage,
and reduce the size of the sponge to a small di-
ameter ; it is then dried, the cord is removed,
and the outside of the tent rubbed down with
sand-paper to the proper shape.

L>r, il. Nott, of New Vork, preparec antisep-
tic sponge tent by saturating the prepared sponge
with an antiseptic paste composed of alum, ace-
late of lead, wheat flour and gum water, healed
to the boiling point, and wrapped in goldbeater's
skin. It is then punctured with a small knife-
blade.

SPEC/F/C for /Jy/^/^frv.— Take I lb. of
gum Arabic, I ounce of gum tragncantfa. dis-
solved in 2 quarts of soft water, and strained.
Then lake I lb. of cloves, \^ a lb. of cinnamon,
and the same quantity of alUpice, and boil in 3
quarts of soft water, and stnin. Add it to the
gums, and boil all togethtf over a moderat*

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

I
I

I

6re, and stir into it 2 lbs. of loaf Sugar. Strain
the whole anin when you lake it off. and when
it is cool add to it )^ a pint of sweet tincture of
rhubarb* and \% pints of best brandy. Cork
it light in bottles, as the gums will sour if ex-
posed ; if corked properly it will keep for years.

SYRUP, Ctwi'-*.— Put I quart of horehound
to I quart of water, and boil it down to a pint ;
add 3 or 3 sticks of licorice and a tablcspoonful
of essence of lemon. Take a tablespoonful of
t}ie syrup 3 times a day, or as often as the cough
may oc troublesome.

SYRUP fffT C<msum6livfs^-^V3ikK tamarack
bark, without rossing, (ine moss may be brushed
off.) t peck, spikenard root % a lb., dandelion
root U of a lb., hops 2 ounces. Boil these suf-
ficiently to get the strength in 2 or 3 gallons of
water; strain and boil down to I gallon; when
blood warm add 3 lbs. of honey and 3 pints of
the best brandy ; bottle, and keep in a very cool
place. Dose— A wine-glassful, or a little less,
OS the stomach will bear, 3 or 4 times daily, be-
fore meals and at bed-time.

SYRUP, Hive. — Squill and seneka bruised
of each 4 ounces, tartrate of antimony and po-
tassa 48 grains, water 4 pints, sugar 3^^' lbs.
pour the water on the squill and seneka, and
boil lo half the original quantity. Strun and
add the sugar ; then o-aporate to 3 pints, and,
while the syrup is still hot, dissolve in it the tar-
trate of antimony and potassx

SYRUP, SocfAin^.—Takc i lb. of honey, add
a tablespoonfuls of paregoric, and the same of
oil of aniseseed, ado enough water to make a
thick syrup, and botlje. Dose — For children
teething, a teaspoonful occasionally.

SYRUPUS. Stiilingui Compound,— Chxt^ti*^
root 2 lbs., root of Turkey-corn 2 lbs., blue flag
root I lb., elder flowers l lb., pipsissewa leaves
1 lb., coriander seed % lb., prickly ash berries
^ lb. Grind and mix the articles together ;
place the whole S lbs. in a convenient vessel,
cover them with 76 percent, alcohol, and macer-
ate for 3 days. Tlien convey the whole to a dis-
placement apparatus, and f;radu:illy add alcohol
until 4 pints of the alcoholic tincture have been
obtained, which retain and set aside. Then
continue the percolation with water, and of this
second solution rescr\'e so much as contains a
sensible amount of spirit, and distil or eva[>oratc
the alcohol from it. Continue the displacement
by water until the solution obtained is almost
tasteless, and boil down this weaker infusion
tmtil. when added to the second solution after
the evaporation of its alcohol, it will make 24
pints. To these 3 solutions combined add 24
lbs. of refined sugar, and dissolve it by hcaC.
carefully removing any scum which arises as it
comes to the point of boiling ; and if it exceeds
28 pints, evaporate to that point with constant
Stirring. Then remove from the fire, and when
nearly cold add the 4 pints of reserved alcoholic
tincture, and make 4 gallons of syrup, each pint
of which will be equ^u to 4 ounces of the ingre-
dients in medical vutue.

SYRUPo/ Tar. — ^Tincture of tar 2 ounces,
carbonate of magnesia 1 ounce, water a sullficient
quantity, sugar I lb. Rub the tincture with the
carbonate, add gradually ^ o( a pint of water ;
then filler, and pour on water through the filler
to make the liquid measure ^ of a pint ; lastly,
add the sugar, and dissolve with the aid of gen-
t/e beaL

SYRUPS for Minetal WaUrs.—'i. Simfilr,
White sugar 10 lbs., water 1 gallon, l>cst isin-
glass 1^ of an ounce. Dissolve the isingla.vs in
hot water, and add it to the hot syrup. The
syrup is to be made with gentle heat, and tbca
strained. — 2. Lemcn — a. Grate off the yellofr
rind of lemons, and beat it up M-ith a sumcicnt
quantity of rranulated sugar. Express the lero-
on-juice, odd to each pint of juice i pint of wa-
ter, and 3 lbs. of granulated sugar, including
that rubbed up with the rind ; warm until the
sugar is dissolved, and strain. — 3. Ltm^n — 3,
Simple syrup 1 gallon, oil of lemon 25 drops,
citric acid 10 drachms. Rub the oil of lemon
with the acid, add a small portion of syrup, and
mix. — 4. Strawberry — a. Strawberry juice I
pint, simple syrup 3 pints, solution of citric acid
2 drachms, — 5. Strawberry — b. Fresh straw-
berries 5 quarts, white sugar 12 lbs., water I
pint. Sprinkle some of the sugar over the fruit
m layers, and allow the whole to stand for sev-
eral nours ; express the juice and strain, wash-
ing out the pulp with water ; add the remainder
of the sugar and water, bring the fluid lo the

f joint of boiling, and then strain. This will keep
or a long time. — 6. Raspherry. Raspberry
iulce I pint, simple syrup 3 pints, solution of cil>
ric acid 2 drachms. Raspberry syrup may also
be made in a way similar to* No. 5 for strawberry.
— 7. I'amUa, Fluid extract of vanilla i ounce,
Citric add V of an ounce, simple symp I gal-
lon. Rub the acid with some of the syrup, add
the extract of vanilla, and mix. — 8. J ani/Ja
Cream. Fluid extract of yaniUa 1 ounce, aim*
pie syrup 3 pints, cream or condensed milk I
pint ; may be colored with carmine. — 9. Crrom*
Fresh cream I pint, fresh milk I pint, powdered
sugar I lb. Mix by shaking, and keep in a coot
pbcc. The addition of a few grains of bicar-
bonate of soda will for some time retard souring.
to. Ginger. Tincture of ginger 2 fluid ounces,
simple syrup 4 pints. — 11. Orange. OH of or-
ange 30 drops, tartaric acid 4 drachms, simple
syrup I gallon. Rub the oil with the odd, and
mix. — 12. Phieappie. Oil of pineapple idrachm^
Tartaric acid I drachm, simple s}Tup 6 pints. —
13. Orgeat. Cream syrup I pint, Vanilla syrup
I pint, oil of bitter almonds 4 drops. — 14. Nee-
tar. Vanilla syrup 5 pints, pineapple syrup 1
pint, strawberry, raspberry or lemon 3 pints.—
15. Sherbet. Vanilla syrup 3 pints, pineapple
syrup I pint, lemon syrup ] pmt.— 16. Graft,
Brandy ^ of a pint, spirits of lemon ^ i:if an
ounce, tincture uf red sandcrs 3 ounces, simple
syrup I gallon. — 17. Banana. Oil of banana 2
drachms, tartaric acid i drachm, simple syrup 6
pints. — 18. Coffee. Coffee roasted )^ oJ a lb.,
Loiling water I galUm. Enough is filtered to
make about onc-holf gallon of the infusion, to
which add granulatctl sugar 7 lbs. — 19. WiiJ
Cherry' Wild chcrrv bark in coarse powder 5
ounces. Moisten tlic bark with water, and let
it stand for 24 hours in a close vessel. Thea
pock it firmly in a percolator, and pour water
upon it until I pint of fluid is obtained. To this
add sS ounces of sugar.— 30. Hintergreen*
t")il of wintergrcen 25 drops, simple syrup 5
pints, and a sumcient quantity of burnt sugar to
color. — 21. Sarsaparilia — a. Oil wintergrecn lo
drops, oil of anise 10 drops, oil of sassofiiu 10
drops, fluid extract of sarsaparilia 3 ounces, sim-
ple syrup 5 pints, powdered extract of licorice I
ouQce.— 22. Sarsaparilia — b. Simple syrup 4

DRUGGIST AND CHEMIST.

%l

I

^

k

pints, compound syrup of sarsaparilla. 4 fluid
cmnccs, caramel \% ounces, oil of wiiitergreen
6 drops, oil of -^a^safras 6 drops. — 33. MapU.
Maple sugar 4 lbs., water 2 pinU. — 24. Choco-
Iste, Best chocolate 8 ounces, water 2 pints,
white sugar 4 pounds. Mix the chocolate in
-water, and stir thoroughly over a slow fire.
Strain, and add the sugar. — 25. Coffee Cteam.
Coffee syrup 2 pints, cream I pint. — 26. Am-
Srvsia. Raspberry syrup 3 pints, vanilla syrup
a pints, hocK wine 4 ounces. — 27. //a-/- anJ
CUrtt, Hock or claret wine I pint, simple
sjTop 1 pints. — 28. Solferifia. Brandy I pmt,
ftuaple syrup 2 pints. — 29. Fruit Acid (used in
some of the syrups.) Citric acid 4 ounces, wa-
ter S ounces. Most of the syrups not made
firocn fruits may have a little gum Arabic added
ia order to produce a rich froth.

^/fi^iC-T-yr/r^V.— Sweet fern grows in the
woods and in stony places, flowers from June to
October, and is welt knnwtt. It is a powerful
medicine to expel the tapeworm, in the dose of
a pint a day ollhc decoction, or 1 or 2 teaspoon-
fals of the powder, lo be followed on the fifth
day by a dose of some kind of physic. It is
also good in chronic rheumatism, and a wa^h of
il is coasidered l>enefid:il in St. Antliony's fire,
and other cutaneous aiTcctions.

TANXLV, Purification </.— In order to free
oommcrcial tannin from the peculiar odor which
it derives firom a greenish -colored resin, Dcinz
vccommends lo dissolve 6 parti of it in 12 parts
of hot water in a porccUun mortar, to pour the
fluid into a boldc. and after the addition of % to
I part of ether, to shake it vigorously. The
mixture appears cloudy and very greenish, but
bcoome< clear after a few hours' standing, while
the resinous coloring matter separates in flakes
of coopilatcd albumen. Tlic fluid is then fil-
tered, and the filtrate evaporated to dryness.
Tannin treated in this way is colorless, and
forms a perfectly clear solution.

TINCTUKE cf CanfAaHdfs.—CajithAndcs
bruised ^ an ounce, proof spirit 2 pints. Ma-
cerate 6 or 7 days, express and strain. Stimu-
lant, diuretic, and must be used with caution.
Dose — lodrops, gradually increased to l drachm,
givca in any mucilaginous fluid. Externally
ttscd, combined with compound camphor lini-
ment* as a rubefacient in rheumatism, frost-bites
or unbroken chilblains. An in^edicnt in reme-
dies for lialdncss.

^ TINCTURE^ CW^nz.— Select the thinnest
cinnamon bark, cloves, guaiac, all pulverised, of
cadi 1 ounce; very best brandy 1 quart. Mix,
and shake occasionally for a week or two. Dose
— ^Teaspoon fill to tables poonful for an adult, ac-
cording to the condition and robustness of the
Sjrstem. It may be repeated at intervals of i to
4 hours, if necessary, or much more often, ac-
cording lo the condition of the bowels. — 2. Sul-
pharic ether 2 ounces, and put into it castor and
gentian, of each % of an ounce ; opium and
agaric each I drachm, gum camphor ^ of an
vunce; let them stand 2 days, then add 1 quart
of alcohol, and let it stand 14 days, when it is
readv for use. Dose — j teospoonful every 15 or
to minutes, according lo the urgency of the
OLse.

"*' '"''^' '" ", '■ hta. — Compound tinc-
tur tincture of rhubarb and

rpti... .„ .......... . ;,j..h 5 ounces, tincture of

cfrtum J ooooes, oils of anise and dnnomon, 1

with gum camphor and tartaric acid, of each %
of an ounce. Mix. Dose — I teaspoonful in
half a tea-cupful of warm water, sweetened with
loaf sugar ; repeat after each passage.

TINL TUR/t^ Gout. — Veratrum viridc (swamp
hellebore) 1 ounce, opium % of an ounce, wine
r pint ; let them stand for several days. Dose
— 15 to 30 dro[}S, according lo the robustness of
the patient, at intervals of 2 to 4 hours.

TINCTURE iS^tftft) of >yl« Air*.— Take
of rhubarb bruised 2 ounces, licorice root bruised
2 ounces, aniseed bruised 1 ounce, sugar t
ounce, diluted alcohol 2 pints. Macerate tor I4
days, express and filter.

TINCTURE of yV«/*.— Powdered musk I
ounce, civet 30 grains, otto of roses 25 drops,
oil of cloven 10 drops, alcohol 4 pints. Digest.
TINCTURE of Of/ww.— C>pium 3 ounces,
proof spirit 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, ex.
press and strain. Dose: From 2 drops to 1 or

2 drachms, i grain of opium is contained in 19
drops.

TINCTURE ofPearh {far the Cemplcxian.)
Blanched almonds i lb., acetate of lead 4 ounces,
water 7 pints. Rrdurc them to a milk and then
strain ; add spirit 3 pints, essence of neroli and
essence of lavender each I drachm. This is
used for removing freckles,

TINCTURES far tkt Tettk.^x. Camphor
4 ounces, myrrh 2 oances, rectified spirits 36
fluid ounces, distdlcd water 8 ounces. — 2. Spirit
of nutmegs I drachm, tincture of rhatany 2
drachms, compound tincture of c&rdamons 3
drachms, compound spirit of lavender and spirit
of cinnamon of each I drachm, otto of roses t
drops. Mix. — (J/yrr-*.) Choice Turkey myrrh

3 ounces, cau de Cologne I quart. Digest for
7 days, and then filter. — 4. {AiyrrA anJ Berax.)
Take spirits of wine l quart, l)orax t ounce,
honey l ounce, gum myrrh i ounce, red sanders
wood I ounce. Rub the honey and borax well
together in a mortar, then gradually add the
proof spirit, the myrrh and sanders wood, and
macerate for 14 days.

VACCINE VIRUS, To Art?*.— Immerse It
in the fresh slate in glycerine, of which the best
quality only should be used. It should be kept
in a cool place, and never at a temperature higher
than 84** Fahrenheit.

VERMIFUGE {,S%min's.)—Oi worroseed 2
ounces, valerian, rhubarb, pink-root, white aga-
ric, of each I ounce ; boil m sufficient water to
yield 3 quarts of decoction, and add to it 30
drops of oil of tansy, and 45 drops of oil of
cloves, dissolved in a quart of rectified spirits.
Dose: I tablespoonful at night — 2. {^FakneS'
tech's.) Castor oil 1 ounce, oU of wonnsecd i
ounce, oil of anise I ounce, tincture of myrrh I
oil of turpentine 10 minims. Mix.

VINEGAR, Toilet—i. {Anfmatir.) Acetic
add I pint, camphor 2 ounces, oil of lavender I
drachm, oil of annamon 20 drops, oil of cloves
and oil of rosemary each 30 drops ; mix thor-
oughly. To be used as a reviving perfume in
fainting, etc. As it is corrosive it should not be
allowed to come in contact with the skin or the
clothes. — 2. {Ileniy'j.) Dried lca%'es of rose-
mary, rue, wormwood, sage, mint, imd lavender
flowers, each i ounce ; bruised nutmeg, cloves,
angelica root, and camphor, each i ounce ; alco-
hol, 4 ounces, concentrated acetic add 16 ounces.
Macerate the materi.-ds for a day in the spirit*
then add the add, and digest for a week lou^^

DrCTWNARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

at a Icmpcraturc of about 14 or 15* C. Flnall;r,
press out the new aromaliznl acid, and filter it.
HEATER, CarhbuiU (.-fr/iyfrw/.)— Hydro-
chlorate of lime 8 groins, tincture of scsqui-
dloride of iron I drop, sulphate of soda $0
grains, carbonate of soda 60 grains, hydrochlo-
ride o\ soda 8 grains, carbonated water I ptnt.

h^ATER^ CoUgne.—l. The recipes for Co-
lore water are innumerable ; the quality of the
preparation depends altogether on the nurity of
the oiIs» and greatly on the quality of tiie alco-
hol, (Eirjt Quiihty.) — Pure alconol 6 gallons,
oil of neroU 4 ounces, oil of roscnuu7 a ounces,
oil of orange 5 ounces, oil of citron 5 ounces,
oil of bergamotte a ounces. Mix with agitation.
and then allow it to stand for a few days per-
fectly quiet before bottling. — a. {SfcpnJ Quality)
Pure alcohol 6 gallons, oil of neroli 1 ounces,
oil of rosemary z ounces, oil of orange peel 4
ounces, oil of lemon 4 ounces, oil of bergamotte
4 ounces. To be treated in the same manner as
the first.

IVATER, Ccttmss.—Takc of supercarbon-
ate of soda 2 drachms, Kpsom salts 1 drachm,
table ult ] drachm, well water (soft) 1 quart;
mix the powders in a black bottle, and pour on
tiie water ; then add of tartaric acid l drachm
to each bottle, and cork tight immediately. Fit
for use in 13 hours.

lYA TER, Congress {far Fountains.)— Com-
mon salt 7|^ ounces, hyurate of soda ao grains,
bicarbonate of soda 20 enuns, craldned magnesia
1 ounce. Add to 10 gallons of water, ana then
charge with gas.

lvATER,£ye.—\. Soft water I pint, gum
Arabic I ounce, white vitriol 1 ounce, iine salt
Ji^ of a teaspoonful ; put all into a bottle and
shake until thssolved. Put into the eye just as
you retire to bed. — 2. Take I pint of rose-water,
and add l teaspoonful ench of spirits of camphor
and laudanum. Mix end bottle. To be shaken
and applied to the eyes as often xs necessary. —
3. Sulphate of copper 15 grains, French bole (5

Eains, camphor 4 grains, boiling water 4 ounces.
fuse, atram, and dilute with a quarts of cold
water.

IVA TER, Florida,. — Take oil of bergamotte
3 ounces, oil of cinnamon 4 drachms, tincture of
benzoin 2 ounces, alcoho! 30 per cent. Baume l
{;allon. Mix and filter.

WA TER, Goulard. — Extract lead i drachm,
and of distilled vinegar 3 ounces, proof spirit
of wine ^ of an ounce, water i pinL Mix
these ingredients together.

WATER, Hcn^y, — Rectified spirits 8 pints,
oil of cloves, oil of lavender, oil of bergamotte,
each ^ of an ounce ; musk S grains, yellow
landers shavings 4 ounces; digest for S days,
and add 2 pints each of orange flower and rose*
water.

WA TER, Hungary.— ^^<t oil of rosemary 2
; ounces, of balm and lemon peel of each I ounce,
int 30 drops, essence of orange fluwers and es-
sence of roses of each I pint, alcohol i gallon.

WATER, Kissineen, \f^ Fountains.) — Bi-
carbonate of soda t drachm, carlmnate of lime 3
^achms and 2 scruples, precipitated cirbonalc
of lime 2 scruples, common salt 8 ounces, muri-
ate of ammonia 4 grains, sulphate of soda 2
drachms and 2 scruples, /ulphate of magnesia 2
ounces, phosphate of sodn 13 grains, phosphate
of lime 3 drachms and 2 scruples. Mix. Add
water jl< of a gallon. Let it stand for 6 hours,

>hate

1

filter, add carbonate of magnesia 3 dradima and
I scruple, and charge with 10 gallons of watet.

WATER, lazmdrr.—i. Oil o«f Uv«iida 4
ounces, proof spirit 3 quarts, rose water r pint
Mix ana filter. — 2. {Od^ri/efxms.) — Oil of^lav-
ender 3 drachms, oil of bcrganiottc 30 drops,
oil of neroli 6 drops, otto of rot« 6 drop4, c»-
scnce of cedrnt 8 drops, essence of musk 30
drops, rectified spirit 38 fluid ounces, distilled
water 4 ounces.

WATER, ZiwA— Lime % kA ^ lb., distilled
water 12 pints. Slake the lime with a little wa-
ter, add the remaining water, and shake; set
the covered vessel aside for 3 hours, keep the
liquor and lime in stopi^l glass vessels, and
when it is required decant the clear portion for
use. Antacid, lithontriptic. Allays obstinate
vomiting, is used as an astringent in dysentery,
and, with sarsaparilla. as an iterative ia cnls*
neous diseases or impaired digestion. Dose—
1 to 3 ounces, combined with an equal quantity
of mdk.

WATER, Ros f.^OxXo of roses 13 drop*,
white sugar i ounce, magnesia 2 drachms, pare
soft water i quart, alcohol 3 ounces. Rut the
otto of roses with the sugar and magnesia, and
gradually add the water and alcohol, previously
mixed, and filter the whole through paper.

IVA TF.R, Vichy {/or Fountains) — Sulphate
of potass 2 drachms, sulphate of soda 4

Eles, phosphate of soda 25 grains, common
drachms, bicarbonate of soda c ounces,
bonate of ammonia 10 grains. Mix. Add
ter I gallon. Let it stand i day, filler, and
change with 10 gallons of water.

WASJIBAll, Fer/urmd.—Take of the best
white soap, shaved into slices, 3 ounces: of Flo-
rentine onris I ounce, of calamus aromaticuj the
same, of elder-flowers, duvcs and dried rose-
leaves, each I ounce; corriander seeds, lavender,
and bay leaves, each i drachm; with 3 drachms
of storax. Reduce the whole to a fine powder,
which knead into a paste with ijic scrap, adding
a few grains of soap or ambergris. \Vhen you
make this paste into washballs, soften it wiin a
little oil of^almonds to render the composiuon
more lenient. This soap has excellent deanslng
and cosmetic properties.

WAFERS, firman's /V/j«p»»>.— Take white
sugar 7 lbs., tincture of syrup of ipccac4 ounces,
antimonial wine 2 ounces, morpliine 10 grains,
dissolved in a tablespoonful of water, with to or
15 drops of sulphuric acid; tincture of blood
root I ounce, syrup of tolu 3 ounces; add these
to the sugar, and mix the whole moss as confec-
tioners du fur loienges, and cut into lozenges Che
ordinary sire.

WJNTERGREEAr, — IK is nscful in
modic asthma, in urinary, and in female wi
nesses. It relieves cranip from wind in
stomach ; and the juice, boiled wiih sweet
wnx and turpentine, makes a solve which is
to heal wounds.

WITCH HAZEL.^K tea of the leaves

bark is useful to wash putrid sores; and H will
also remove that diseased or dead substance
known as "proud flesh." For this ourposca
poultice should be made of a strong inmsion and
applied to the sore, or it may he washed gently
with the tea.

WR/GHj 'S cure for Injlammattvy Rkew
matistn. — Sulphur and saltjMHrc «f euJi 1 ooner*
gum guaiac 1 ounce, coldiicum root, or aeciL

( and '

and nutmegs, of each ^ of an oance all to be
pulverued ind mixetl with simple syrup, or mo-
Usses, 3 ounces. Dose — i teaspoonM evcrv 2
boon ontil it moves the bowels rather freely;
then 3 or 4 times diuly until cured.

iVO/fAfAEED {Oak of yrrttsa/zm. )— This is

▼ermifugc or anthelmintic medicine, that is

to di»troy worms. A tablespoon^ of the

juice of the plant expressed or sr|ace£ed out b a
dose. The seed may be boiled in milk ; gire a
wineglassful. Or i or 2 leaspoonfuls ol ihe >ced
itself may be mixed with molasses or honey,
and given to a child 3 or 3 vears old, an an
emntr stomach, twice a day and continued sev-
eral da^s. Tim is very highly prucd for bowel
complaints*

DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

ft

AKlMALSt Effffts ttf Kindness <w.— The
l&w that is to usher in the advent of the Golden
Age is the law of kindness — the Uw of love be-
tween man and man. If this law, or even a j
portion of it, be applied by man to the govern- 1
ment, or rather Uie directing of tlie so-called
** brute" creation, it will be wonderful how eas-
By they can be brought under subjection and
oontiol. The cflicacv of the soothing word, the
gentle touch, ha& only to be hones Uy tried to be
fully appreciatcti. It maybe set down as a fixed
fact that ^thcncver a horse or a cow or an ox is
Cunid and shy — will not allow a person to ap-
pruacb or handle, unless it is so situated that it
cannot escape — a wrong system of treatment
has been pursued. The ammals of the farmer
are naturally disposed to be docile and affection-
ale. They recognize the voice and hand of a
friend almost as soon as a human being would,
and manifest their aflcction in a variety of ways,
which none but the kind master or keeper will
observe. Have you not seen team&tcrs who
could manare their teams bv asoft word far bet-
ter than others could do by blows and harsh
words ? I have. Have you not seen a milk-
aoaid approach a cow with a bucket without the
slightest evidence of a disposition on the part of
the animal to evade her ? And have you not
seen the same cow make every effort to escape
from the next milkmaid who approaches her ?
I have, and the reason was that tnc first had al-
ways treated her kindly and gently, while the
latter had pursued the opposite method. Ani
mab almost invariably partake of the character
tk their masters. The kind, gentle and consid-
erate master will generally have kind, gentle
aaimnln; while the rude, impetuous and cruel
OMSt^ will rarely foil to have animals who^e
dtspofiitioa^ will mate with his own. Is not
gentlenesi the true method ? I think so. God
has given those poor brutes for our use ; they
Binifttcr to our wants, are patient and uncora-
pUaiBC. and certainly deserve such treatment
at our Mnds as will show that we properly ap-
preciate the kindness of the Almighty in giving
them to Uft tur Uie purpose of adding to our
conliort.

CATTLE.

CA TTL£,AGE OF, ffmtf h TV/A— The age
of the ox or cow is told chiefly bv ilie teeth, and
Ies4 perfectly by the horns. The temporary
teeth are in part tlirough at birth, and alt the in-
cisort are through in 30 days ; the iiTiX, second.
aad Aird pain of molan «;c thiuufh in 30

days ; the teeth have grown Urge enough
touch each other bv the sixth month ; they grad-
ually wear and fall in iS months ; the fourth
permanent molars arc through at the fourth
month ; the fifth at The fifteenth month ; the
sixth at a years. The temporary teeth begin lo
fall at 21 months, and are entirely replaced by
the tliirty-ninth to the fortv-fifth month. The
development is quite complete at frnm J lo 6
years. At that time the border of the incisors
nas l)cen wotn away a little below the level of
the grinders. At 6 years the firet grinders are
be^nning to wear, and are on a level with the
incisors. At 8 years the wear of the first grind-
ers is very apparent. At 10 or II years, used
surfaces of the tecLli bear a square mark, sur-
rounded by a while line ; and this is perceived
on all the teeth by the twelfth year ; lietween
the twelfth and the fourtecnih year, this mark
takes a round form. The rings on the horns
arc less useftil as guides. At 10 or 12 months
tlie first ring appears ; at 20 months to 2 years
the second ; at 30 lo 32 months the third ; at 40
to 46 months the fourth ; at 54 to 60 months the
fifth ring, and so on. But, at the fifth year, the
3 first rings are indistinguishable, and at the
eighth year all Ihe rings ; beside, the dealers
file the horns.

CA TTLE, BREACHY.—I0 prevent bore a
hole through each end of the boaid, whete ibey
will exactly fit the horns without stretching or
pressing. Let the holes be small enough not to
^ too rar down on the horns. Leave about an
inch of the born sticking through the board,;
drill a small hole through it, targe enough to
admit a horse-nail as a key. The board, reach-
ing from this cross-piece to the nose, may be
screwed fast to it ; there will lie play enough on
the horns to give the necessary swing. If nails
are used, which is seldom necessary, they should
be very smoothly blunted.

CATTLE, Catarrh m.— MaUgnant catarrh,
or coryza, htis been confoumled with the catOe
plague or rinderpest, in some points of which
there is a resemblance. Symplems, — In first
stage a shivering fit may be observed; dullness,
head held low, ears pendulous, the visible mem-
branes of which are of a bluish-red color and
dry; eyes closed and swollen, tears flow, and
light cannot l>e endured; muzzle dry and hot,
saliva discliarged abundantly ; painful cough,
pulse frequent and full, heart's action feeble,
bowels costive, feces black and hard, but after
a short time diarrhea ensues ; urine scanty, ol-
fensive, and of a high color; is thirsty, but eats

I

4

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WAHTS.

emU nothing. The second stage occurs within
|8 or 24 hours from the appearance of the first
signs of disturbance, and ii denoted hy a very
inark<y change in the character of the discharges.
The membranes of the eyes and nose now fur-
nish a purulent secretion, having an admixture
of blix>d and ichor, which trritales and makes
»orc the skin over which it flows. Within the
sinuses of the head large accumulations of pus
occur, and when the bones over them arc tapped
by tlte fingers (percussed) a dull sound is emit-
ted. If the mouth is opened, red patches will
be observed, which in some places will have
fallen off, exposing a foul ulcer beneath, and the
membranes are now of a deeper purple hue, and
the breath fetid. The animal is fame, and expe-
riences great pain when urine or dung is dis-
charged. Pregnant auim.ils are almost sure to
cast their young (aborL) In the tliird stage

great prostration is evident Sloughing of mem-
ranes extensive, and probably the horns and
hoofs have come oflT. The pulse has become
imperceptible, and convulsions ensue, with gen-
eral coldness. The thermometer indicates a
rapid and unusual fall, 90 to 95' F. being the
amount of heat that can be registered at the rec-
lum. Sometimes ulceration of the cornea is ef-
fected before death, and the contents of the eye-
ball discharged, giving rise to a great amount of
additional pain. Dut^tion. — From 4 to 9 or 11
days. 7Vvw///i^«^— Remove the animiU from
the pasture, and place it in a comfortable, cool
place, with good bedding. Cooling or evapo-
rating lotions, water, etc., should be constantly
applied to the head. Injections of warm water
snould be thrown up. The following laxative
drink may be idroinistered:

Take of Epsom salts 12 oz., ground ginger 2
oz., treacle ^ lb., and warm ale I ^ pts. Mix
and give to a 2-year old beast ; \^ for t year
old : *^ at 6 months, and }i for lesser animals.
as calves, sheep, and large pigs. 2 or 4 drs. of
nitre in water may be given 3 or 4 times a day.
Solutions of carbolic acid, or sulphurous acid
gas and chlorine in water, should be used for the
purpose of dressing the wounds and cleansing
the points of discharge, etc. It may also be
necessary to open the sinuses and sponge them,
using the some solutions.

CATTLE, CHOKED, To RtHn^.-l'ci
choking, the accumulation of gas (chiefly sul-
phuretted hydrogen) is the cause of the animal's
death. This gas can be decomposed by the
forcing of chloride of lime down the an'mars
throaL A strong solution of salt and water will
also effect the same object. Another mode of
relief is to force the animal to jump over the
bars of a gate or fence, as high as she will jump,
and when she touches gruund on the opposite
side the obstruction will be elected. Another
pUn is to take a loaded gun, slip up by the side
of the animal, place the muz?.le directly between
the horns, about 3 inches forward of them, and
discharge the piece. A sudden spring of the
animal backward results, and the obstruction is
removed. And yet another is to use 4 or 5 feet
of % rubber hose, and push the obstruction
down.

CATTLE, BLACK" LEG /.V.— This can be
ctired by thoroughly washing the diseased leg in
strong soap suds; rub till dry ; then scrape the
knois witn a dull knife ; then lake i ounce of
Tithol and diMolve in slroog vinegar, after

which the leg must be very thoroughly bathed
and dried.

CA 7'TLE, FfiiiiH^ auj Cair cf. — The two
p-eat points in the feeding of cattle are re^lat-
ity and a particular care to the weaker individu-
als. On this last account there ought to be
plenty of rack or trough room, that loo man/
may not feed together ; in which very common
case the weaker ore not only trampled down \xf
ihe stroAgcr, but they are worried, cowed and
spirilWss ; than which there cannot be a more
unfavorable state for thrift ; beside, they are
ever compelled to shift with the worst of the
fodder. To prevent this the weaker animals
should be kept and fed apart The bam or sta-
ble should be kept worm in winter. Daring
the winter months, whenever llie sun shines,
turn them into the yard, and they will soon find
the sunny side, and begin to stretch themselves
and show increased comforL A good plan is to
feed them meal or roots early in the morningi
without any hny, :vnd turn them out a Utile after]
sunrise, and then feed hay, either in the yard or]
at the adjoining stack, putting them back in
stalls as early as 4 r. m.. stormy or extreme cok
weather excepted, when they should be kept
comfortably housed the most of the time. In
Fattemng, the farmer should remember that it
does not pay to feed grain to a poor creature —
one that does not take on flesh rafudly. This
kind of stock should at once be disposed of fc
what it will bring. The next important point H
to feed plentifully, without stint, and to do this'
rcgularfv and not too ottcn, as the stodc will cat
and lie down and ruminate.

CA TTLE, Ftlm on Eyrs of.— To remove it
apply clean lard, warm or cold, which ever way.
It can be got into the eye best. Its applicati(
will cause no pain, and should be applied unl
the film is removed. Another method is to ap*
owdcred sugar.
'^ATTLE, Foot and Mouth Diseast in. — Oa.
the first indication of this disease, the |jPecteid
cattle should at once be separated from th^j
healthy, so as to secure against the spreading of
the disorder. Next make a mixture composed
of 5 lbs. of alum to 12 gals, of soft water, 4
qts. of salt, and a small quantity of tar, and
with a sponge or rag wash the inside of the
mouths thoroughly of^those not aflfectcd. Ncrt
bathe the lower portion of the legs with suds
furmed from carbolic disinfecting soap, to whidi
is added I at. of salt to about I gaL suds. Re-
peat the battling and vrashtng once a day for 7
days. The affected animals should be treated
in the same manner, with the exception of wash-
ing the inside of the mouth twice a day — once
with the mixture given above, and once with
wormwood steeped in vinegar. To the division
of Ihe hoof apply suds at lirst, and afterwards
apply a mixture of pitch and tar. The buildings
should 1>e thoroughly disinfected by carbohc
acid, chloride of hme, and other disinfectants,
and if the cattle themselves be treated witli the
fumes of burning sulphur, it will help to prevent
further infection, for which purpose drop small
pieces of brimstone upon live cools, contained in
suitable metallic vessels, (so as to avoid all risk
of communicating fire,) and allow the fumes to
mingle with the air 01 the lean-to, or building
containing the cattle, and to penetrate the C'xUs
of the beasts, and to be inhaled to such extent
as can be borne by the attendant without serious

"V;

DOMESTIC ANIMALS-^CATTLE,

»

I

discomfort. \jt\. this be regularly repeated,
daily or twice daily while the danf^cr continues,
usuig from I to 2 ounces each time, according to
the extent of the danger. Finally, the animals
should tie kept in a dry, comfortable place, suit-
ably ventilated, and receive good nursing, inclu.
ding the utmost cleanliness. No Weeding must
be allowed, nor should active purgatives he given
them. If unable to take their usual food, their
strength should be sustained by giving mashes
of coarse-ground wheat, with bran or other sim-
ilar diet.

CATTLE, HOOF ROT IN,— Tor a cure,
take I teacupful of sharp cider vinegar, l^ ta-
blespoonfuis of copperas, 1*4 tables poonfu Is of
salt. Dissolve gradually on the hot slove, but
do not let it boU. When cool, apply it on the
affected limb and hoof, and also swab out the
mouth of the anifpal with the mixture. 2 or 3
applications gcncially effects a cure. This prep-
aration can M used m the foot and mouth dis-
ease in connection with the above treatment.

CATTLE, Hffi'en or Bloat hi.— A certain
remedy for this is to take a pail of water, fresh
firom the stream, and pour it from a jug forward
of the hip tones, rubbing it on with the hands.
It will be found that the bloat will at once com-
mence to go down, and by applying 2 or 3 more
pailsful complete restoration will result

CATTLE, LICE ON, To Destrpy.—l.
Cacaphor dissolved in spirits is an effectual rem-
edy.— 2. I part l.ird and I parts coal oil, melted
together and applied, will kill lice without fail,
— 1. A strong brine, thickened with soft soap,
vriU also kill. — 4. 3 or 3 applications of kerosene
oil, applied by carding the animal^ and dipping
the teeth of the card in the oil, is convenient,
harmless iind effectual. — ^. Feeding onions to
the anunal will make the uce travel in from 10
to 15 hours.

CATTLE, MANGE /M— This is caused
by Improper treatment of the animal through the
wixtcr, rendering it debilitated and unable to
support the change when the grass comes on.
Nature, overloaded, will relieve herself by this
eruption on the skin, which, once introduced,
will quickly spread through an entire dairy.
The treatment required is proper attention to
cleanliness, food, drink, and plenty of sun-
light.

CATTLE PLACC'E,—CU\oudc of copper
is sow extensively used in Germany as a pre-
ventive against the cattle plague, llie mode of
•dibiAistering the specific is as follows : A solu-
tion ta first mode by dissolving 1^ of an oz. of
tike green crystallized salts in spirits of wine. In
tfaia solution a pad of cotton is soaked for a lit-
tle while, and is then laid on a plate and set on
firt! ta the centre of the stable, the animals'
heads being turned toward the flame, so as to
make tbcm breathe the fumes. The operation
is performed morning and evening, and a spirit
Ump fiUed with the solution left burning in the
statile every night. The liquid is also adminis-
tered internally, with the addition of t^ an or.
ofdUoroform for the above quantity, ateaspoon-
Ifil being put into the animal's dnnk 3 times a

VA TALE'S ffORNS, Sawing Of.—K eel-
elaiieJ proliessor of a Ixindon Veterinary Col-
len his aaid, concerning this practice : I con-
TOcr diis to be a very gross act of cruelty, and
fiir this reuoo— ilut the horns of oxen are very

«k

unlike those of the deer species. Thev have a
large proportion of bone growing out (rom the
bone of tne head, and that is surrounded by a
heavy sensitive structure, so that, to cut the an-
imal s horns, they had to go below where it was
simply homy, and the animal had to suffer much
pain. The nearer the operation was performed
to the skull, the greater the suffering. That
bone was hollow — that is to say, it had not one
single horned cavity — l)ut it nad several cells
M-hich extended into the head, though not to the
brain, but close to it. Tlicse cavities were ex-
posed, by the removal of the horns, to the air ;
and as they are lined with a delicate, sensitive
membrane — there being, beside, a delicate, sen-
sitive covering outside — great suffering must be
caused. The cavities were never intended by
Nature to be exposed to the air, which brought
on an inflammatory condition. These canties
were very apt to be inflamed, and the inflam-
mation was Tery likely to be extended to the
membranes of the brain, causing madness, lock-
jaw, or other dangerous results. This operation
is one of the most painful and unwarrantable
that could possibly be performed on cattle.

CATTLE, SNAKE-BITTEN, Remedy for.
— Cattle or horses are usually bitten in the Ket.
WTien this is the case, all lh.it is necessary to do
is to drive them into a mud-hole and keep them
there for a few hours ; if upon the nose, bind
the mud upon the place in such a manner as not
to interfere with their breathing.

CA TTLE, Sorf Mifuth in.— Take a weak so-
lution of carbolic acid — say I to 5 drops to the
ounce of water — washing the mouth every few
hours, allowing a little to be swallowed, and
following this with mild tonics and food that
will not irritate the mouth.

CATTLE, WarUon.^i. To remove warts
from cnttle, mix equal parts of blue vitriol, lard
and honey, and anoint them once in 4 or 5 days;
they will be removed without making a sore. —
2. VVash with a strong ley made of pearlash and
water 3 times a day. — 3. Or make 2 or 3 appli-
cations of lunar caustic

CATTLE, WENS aV.— Wens cannot be
cured, except by a surgeon's removing them al-
together with a scalpel, followed by the applica-
tion of a healing ointment.

COWS, ABORTION IN— The predispos-
in^ cause for this disease is constitutional in the
animal, while the exciting cause may be ill-treat-
ment at the time of pregnancy, damp surround-
ings, food in which ergot of rye may l>e found,
impure water, etc. The predisposing cause can
be avoided by giving the generative organs of
the animal a rest. The domg of this, by a free-
dom of from six months to a year from preg-
nancy, will almost insure freedom from alK>rtion
^-especially so if care is taken in the avoiding of
all tupposable exciting causes. Many farmers
may not be willing to endure the loss involved
in this suggestion ; but it will l>e a gain in the
end, because no animal alwrts without, in a
greater or less measure experiencing such a
shock to her system as will tell on her future
_ health and ralue.

COIVS, Cartef.—l. Cows should ran dry 6
weeks before calving ; if milked do$ely toward
calving, the calves will l>e poorer.

2. A cow newly come in should not drink
cold water in cold weather, but moderately warm
water. Calves, intended for raising, should \a

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS,

taken from the cow within a few days, and ther
will be \ts% liable to suck when they are olcL
Feed them first on new milk for a snort time,
and then on skim milk, taking care that all the
dianges arc gradual, by adding only a portion at
first

3. Hearty eaters are desirable for cows, and
may usually be selected while calves. A dainty
call will Iw a dainty cow.

4. Heifers dried up too early after calving,
will always run dry about the same time in after
years — therefore, be careful to milk closely the
nr&t year, until about 6 weeks prerious to the
time fur calving.

5. Spring cows should come in while they arc
yet fed on hay, and before they are turned to
erass^ which will be more Ukely to prevent caked
Bag and milk fever.

6. The best times for feeiling the cow are early
in the momingt at noon, and a little before sun-
set.

7. Abundance of the purest water must al-
ways be ^u]}pHcd, and it ought in all c^ies, when

fracticabte, be what is understood as soft water,
n winter llie water given should be warmed to
the temperature of the air on a summer day.

8. The food given should be as nearly in its
natural state as possible. Cooking food, slops,
brewers' grains, etc, are all objectionable, where
either 6m), healthy flesh or pure rich milk is de-
aired.

COWS, DAIRY, To SeUct—Cowi of extra-
Ordinary milking qualities are as often found
iWnong the native as among grade and thorough-
bred animals ; and, as a rule, the progeny of
these extra-milkers become the best cows, and
every heifcr-caif from such shouki be raised, ex-
cept it foils to carry the mark indicating a good
milker. This mark is the upward growth oT tlic
hair on the inside of the thighs of the calf from
immediately behind Uie ut'der, as high as the
hair goes. If it be found running up in a very

tooth and unbroken column — idl other tilings
'facing equal — with good care and continued hnc
■growth, there will scarcely be a lailurc. But
whatever extraordinary qualities the cow may
"""isess, unless this mark is found on the calf, it

not worth raising for a dairy cow. There are
several other signs .ind conditions indicative of
valuable milking q;ua1ities. some of which attend
the first described. Smooth and fair-siurd teats ;
a large and long milk vein ; slim neck ; and
sometimes 6 teats ; a yellow skin. ap{)arcnt
^X)ut the eyes and nose, and other bare spots,
Are indications of rich milk, and one of the indi-
cations of a good cow.

COIVS, FARROW, What ta Do With.—
Feed them liberally and they will give rich milk,
though, perhaps, not mucn of it. Let them
liave 3 or 4 quarts of meal a day through the
winter and spring, and do not stop giving it to
them when grass comes. As soon as it dries
them up they will be fit Cor the butcher.

COWS, BLOODY M!LK IN— To cure,
give a tablcspoonful of milk in a little bran or
Sneai, and renewing the dose the second or third
'day. Another remedy is to give a tablcspoonful
of sulphur in a little dry braa once a day — in
Ycry had cases, twice a dav.

COIVS, CA RGR T AV.—This disorder is
very frequent in cows after ceasing to be milked ;
il alfccts the glands of the udder with hard
swellings, and often arises bom the animal not

being clean milked. It may be removed by jit*
ing a pwt of beans a day for 4 or J days. The
beans should be soaked and mixed with meal to
make the cow eat them ; but the better way is to
grind the beans and feed a pint a day with other
meaL This wiil be found a sure remedy. An-
other plan is to give the cow I tcospoonfuj of the
tincture of arnica, in bran or shorts, three times
a day, and bathe the bag thoroughly witli it as
often. The arnica for bathing should be reduced
yi in warm water, and bathe with the hand.

COtVS, HARD-MILKING.— Tht. eaascs
for cows holding up their milk are various — ir-
regularity in time of milking, imperfect milking,
and lack of water in pastures; over -driving in
bringing nnim.als home; the taking of the calf
away — and especially will this be the case where
the cntf, while being reared, is kept in a situa-
tion where the mother can keep up an acquaint-
ance with it ; and finally the presence of a vi-
cious or sulky disposition in the cow, the slight-
est dissatisfaction making them bold up (heir
milk, llicse l.ut ore unprofitable and nnly hi
for the shambles. The remedy in usual cases is,
besides the avoidance of the apparent cause,
gentleness, kind words, and a system 01 petting
the animals, so as to gain their confidence ana
affection, coupled with plenty of good water and
feed.

COWS, KICKING.— Co^% seldom kick
without some good reason for it. Teats some-
times are chapped or the udder tender ; harsh
handUng hurts them, and they kick. Sometimes
long and shaip finger nails cut their teats, and
suraeLimcs the milker pulls the long hair^ on the
udder, while milking. Shear off the long hairs,
cut long finger noils close, bathe chapped teats
with warm water, and grease them well with
lartl, and always treat a cow gently. She ne\'er
will kick unless somctliing hurts her, or she fears
a repetition of former hurts. When handled
gently cows like to be milked. Wlien treated
otherwise, they will kick and hold up their milk.
Occasion:dly a cow is found that, hke some men*
has a bad, ungovernable teraper^lbat flies si
merely imaginary offences. For this class lake
a small strap long enough for the purpose, and
bend the foreleg so as to bring toe toot up to
the body. Then put the strap round the am
and smul part of the leg, near the hoof, crossing
between so as not to slip off over the knee, and
buckle. In this condition it is an impossibility
for a cow to kick ; they may come to toe knee a
few times, but arc soon quiet. Never, fts some
do, confine the hind legs, either singly or to-
gether, for in doing this there is danger of spoil-
mg the animal. Milkers should study the tem-
per of the cows they milk, and find out whether
a cow kicks on account of pain or willfulness.
If it is from bad temper, the strap applied to the
foot if a very good way to subdue her, but you
should avoid whipping and beating in all cases.
COWS, R/I£UAM7/SA/ /N.— The tre^-
ment of rheumatism should consist in placing the
animal in a moderately warm place, and giving
diet of a generous character. In cases where
the pain is severe, the tincture of aconite in 20
drop doses may be given with advantage. Fric-
tion to the joints will be found Iwncficial; and,
where much swelhng exists, the liniment of am-
monia may be rubbed in daily. Cooling Appli-
ances do not seem to suit this complaint. The
enlargements in the joints sometimes become

ill

DOMESTIC ANIMALS— CATTLE,

^

^

chronic, and should then be ireated with appli-
cations of the tincture of iodine.

COIVS, MIIKIXG, The Highi Mithcd ef.^
Some persons in milking seize the root ol the
Vtax between the thumb and forefinger, and then
drag upon it until it slips out of Ihcir jgrasp. In
this way teat and udder are subjecteu to severe
traction for an indefinite number of times* and in
rode hands are often severely injured. Others,
afain^ by carelessness and want of thoroughness,
wUl cause ihe usual quantity of mtllc to shrink
ooe<third in 2 weeks. In many localities more
oowi are ruined IVom faults of bad milking than
^om all other causes that act specially on the
udder. The proper mode of milking is to take
Ctie teat in the entire hand, and, after pressing it
apward, that it may be well hlled from the capa-
cious milk reservoir above, to compress it first
9l the base between the thumb luid forefinger,
then successively by each of the 3 succee<!ing
6aeers, until completely emptied. The teat is
at the tame time gently drawn upon, but any se-
vere traction is altogether unnecessary, and
Mghly injurious.

COWSt To Increase theip Miii- — Give your
cows, 3 times a day, water slightly warm, slightly
salted, in which bran has been stirred at the rate
of f quart to 3 gallons of water. You will find,
if you have not tried this daily practice, that the
cow will give 35 per cent, more milk, and she
will beooiiie so much attached to the diet that
•he will refuse to drink dear water unless very
thirsty, but this meks she will drink almost any
ti»e and ask for xnore. The amount of this
drink necessary is an ordinary water-pail full
each time, morning, noon and night. Avoid

S'ving cows " slops," as they are no more fit for
e animal than the hum.-tn.
COIN'S, Milk Ffi'er in. — Immediately there
we indications of milk fever, the animal should
Im restricted to an exclusive hay diet. T^is
Ireatment should be followed, even in summer
lime, unles:> the animal is kept in very close pas-
lure aod shows no tendency to fatten. This
Bwderate feeding of hay only should be contin-
ued on^ tlic fourth or fifth day after calving, at
which time the full flow of milk is established,
sad the danger of puerperal fever hai become
sitghc.

COirS. OLD, n'hen to A7//.— It u a ques-
tioct among farmers as to what age cows can be
properly used for dairy purposes^ and when it is
best to dispose of them on account of age. It
will depend somewhat on the breed of the ani-
inuls and the usage they have received. As a
Cjneni rule, when a cow has entered her teens,
ue has approxiroated closely the limit of her
ESS in the dairy line. A good ^nner has
rked that a cow was never worn out so long
was any room on her horns for a new

COWS^ SELfi-^UdCING.—K good, sim-
pie aa^ cfac^ arrangement to prevent cows from
June themselves, or each otner, may be made
jiaaLiag a baiter as follows : Take X or 3
2 inches wide, and long enough to reach
I the cow's nose. Stitch the edges to-
r, god the ends also, with sharp nails in*
♦very r^ inches, so that the points will
outward. The heads of the nails should
lar^ and should be between the two
«rh«D leircd together. Now fasten two
fid* aCrapSj with a budcle on one eikd of one, so

that when the port with the nails is around the
note the side straps may be buckled together
over the head, back of the horns ; the part lliat
goes around the nose should be large enough to
allow the animal to eat freely. Inis arrange-
ment will be effectual, but many think it cruel,
especially in fly time. A much more desirable
and effectual method is to put on a good strong
halter, put the animal in a good stall, keep her
clean, and feed as much cooked meal as she will
until her milking season nearly runs out.

eat

v:

icce
arge

it will be found that the milk will pay for uie ex-
tra feed and care, and the beef will be in prime
condition.

COW St Swelled Bags in. — An excellent rem-
edy for swelled bags uf cows, caused by cold,
etc., is ^ an ounce of camphor gum to 2 ounces
of sweet oil ; pulverize the gum, and dissolve
over a slow fire.

COWS' TEATS, Waris 0H,^Visins on the
teats of cows usually extend no deeper than the
skin. Tliey should not be removed while the
cow gives milk. The most cfTcctual way is to
take hold of the end of a wort with pUers, and
cut it off with sharp shears. The cut should
not be deeper than tnc skin. This remedy will
not hurt a cow as much as clipping the skin does
sheep when they are bein^ sueorcd ; or a
of small wire may be twisted around a
wart sufhciently tight to obstruct the circulation
of the blood, aad left on till the wort drops off,
leaving the surface smooth.

CMLA'EO/^CALrES.—yrhetinnnnlnud
is found licking his fellow, it is proof that unea-
siness is present m the stomach, and the licking
of his neighbor is a Iiabit contracted by instinct^
with a view of removing the unpleasantness.
Unfortunately instinct is not at oil timc^ suffi-
cient to avoid dangerous practices, and, if we
take for granted that the stomach is at all times
fully charged with acrid matter, we shall without
hesitation llnd a remedy. It is only necessary
to place within their reach shallow troughs, in
which h kept a supply of common cliolk. If an
animal has a supcraoundoncc of acrid secretion,
it will most certainly swallow some of the dialk,
which will as certainly neutralize the excess of
acrid. If an animal has not acrid in excess, and
partakes of the chalk, it will do no liarm. It is
often too late to administer remedies to young
stock, and the placing of chalk within their
readi cannot be made tuo early.

COOKING FOOD FOR STOCK,— TYa
great profit of steaming food to feed to stock is,
mat it converts much of the woody fibre of hay,
straw, etc, into soluble, fat-forming nutriments.
It is commonly supposed that, as cattle chew the
cud, all the nutriment is extracted from the ha^,
fodder, grain, etc., eaten. So far from this,
nothing snort of boding or its equivalent, steam-
ing, can convert woody fibre into soluble nutri-
ment. Tlie same rule is applicable to grain, po-
tatoes, and roots generally ; heat is essential to
dissolving the starch of grains and roots to ren-
der it available, as well as to dissolve the ele^
ments out of woody fibre. The heat of the an-
imal system, together with the gastric juices,
perform, but imp>erfectly, the same that steaming
or cooking does. Experience and careful ex.
periments have demonstrated that a very much
larger proportion of food is assimilated into the
system if cooked than \i fed uncooked, la ^RXf

9*

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

cold weather & greater amount of heat'forming
matter is required tu keep up animal heat than
in mild or warm weather. At such limes extra
hay or straw may he fed, to sustain this hcat»
without cutting and steaming, yet this latter pro-
cess would add largely to it<t nutriment, wilnout
diminishing its heat-forming power. In this
connection the foUouing directions wdl be found
serviceable :

To Cook Hay. — Cut it, wet it well, put it in
upright tanks or casks, with false bottom and
tight cover, press it down firmly, pass the steam
in under the false bottom, and cook until done.
To Cook Com. — Soak as many barrels, half-full,
as you wish to cook from 15 to 24 hours ; turn
on steam and cook until done, when the barrels
should be full. To Makt Mush. — Fill as many
barrels half-full of water as you wish to make
borreU of mush ; bring (he water nearly to a
boit by passing the steam to the bottom ; stir in
each barrel from i>^ to 1^ bushels of meal un-
til well mixed ; then cook until done, when the
barrels should be full. T0 Cook Vegetablts —
Fill the barrels full, and, if no other cover is at
band, chop the top Ane with a shovel ; then
cover them over witn bran meal or provender,
and cook until done ; have holes in the bottoms
of the barrels to carry off condensed steam.

COTTON SEED FOR STOCA'.^Very
many farmers believe that cotton seed for stock
is superior to com, and ample experiment seems
to confirm this view. To cook cotton seed, take
a large kettle, which holds from 5 to 6 bushels,
set it upon a brick furnace, fill it with cotton
seed fresh from the gin. and then fill up the ket-
tle with water, and boil something less than ^
an hour ; then empty the seed into troughs, and
let the cattle and hogs to them. The milk and
butter have none of that cotton-seed taste which
the green or uncooked seed gives. Both cattle
and nogs will keep in good order winter and
summer on seed thus prepared ; and when yow
arc ready to fatten pork, you have only to add
an equal quantity of cotton-seed and corn, and
boil as above. Experience has proved that it
will fatten much sooner and be equally good as
when fattened on corn alone. Your cows will
give an abundance of milk all winter when fed
in this manner, with but I bushel of com to 4
of cotton- seed.

CONDIMENTAL FOOD, THORLETS.
— ^The advertisements of the patentees of this
English preparation would lead to the belief
that their "cattle food" contains more real nour-
ishment than the ordinary kinds of food which
hare hitherto been given; but chemical analysis
shows the incorrectness of these statements.
There is no secret in the composition, for the
test is at hand in a simple analysis. Tlie follow-
ing is an ordinary formula to make I ton of the
meal : Take of Indian meal 900 weight, locust
bean finely ground 600 weight, best linseed cake
300 wcieht, powdered tumeric and sulphur of
each 40 lbs., saltpetre 20 lbs., licorice 27 lbs.,
^ngcr 3 Ibi., aniseed 4 lbs., coriander and gen-
tian of eadi 10 lbs., cream of tartar 2 lbs., car-
bonate of soda and levigated antimony each 6
lbs, common salt 30 lbs., Peruvian bark 4 lbs.,
fenugreek 22 lbs. The reader will observe that
the cliicf ingredients are corn meal, locust bean,
and linseed cake; these form its bulk, and con-
stitute nine-tenths of the whole, the remainder
being made up of "condiments." There can

be no doubt whatever that the nutritive materials
which the compound contains are purchased at
an enormous expense, and really does not pay
for the purchase.

CALVES, Care of . — To raise good calves —
those that will make good cows — Ihey must be
well fed from their birth, as it is impossible to
stint a calf in food till t year — or more — old, and
then bring the animal into as ^ood condition, in
all respects, as could be done if the animal had
been well fed. Allow the calf to suck until the
milk is fit to use. To learn it to drink, take the
calf from the cow at the time memioned, and
fasten it with about 6 feet of rope in a box stall ;
then milk the cow, and standing off just fiir
enough for the calf to reach you, wet one finger
with milk, put it in its mouth, and gently lower
your hand until it is immersed in the milk in the
noil; let it continue to have the finger until iC
hat received enough. This is lesson No. t.
Itic second lesson is given in this wise : Dip the
finger in the milk and place it in i(« mouth, and
when you have brought its mouth in contact
with the feed, gr.idually withdraw your finger
and the thing i? done. It may be necessary to
repeat this at the third time. The secret is that
you must stand just far mourh so that the calf
can just reach the pail of feed, as the rope will
then be taut, and hence he cannot reach yoti, or
butt over and spill his milk or feed. It may be
remarked in tnis connection, that calves will
thrive better on milk that is not rich in butter
than on what is commonly called very rich mDk.
The nutritive elements of milk reside chiefly in
the casein. If ^ou have a cow that gives par-
ticularly rich milk, and one that gives a quahty
poorer in butter, it is better in every way to feed
the calf on the milk of the latter. The calf will
thrive better, and you get more butter from the
milk of the first cow.

CALVES, Lice and Vermin wr.— The best
applications to destroy lice, nils, etc., is a thor-
ough application of alcohol or kerosene oiL
Neither will do the animals any harm, and they
are much better than ointment of any kind.

CALVES, ToCurfSfoursin.—Tikti \ pint
of red oak acoms, break the shells, and steep
thoroughly in 3 pints of water, and you will have
[ quart of the tea. Give i pint of the same,
warm, for the first dose, and the remainder 12
hours after, if necessary. I never knew more
than 2 doses required to effect a cure.

HOLLOW IIORN, or Ifom Ail,— TUi dis-
order usually attacks cattle in the spring, afler a
severe winter; likewise those that are in very
poor flesh, or those that have been o\Trworkcd
and exposed to severe storms, or reduced by any
other diseases, are predisposed to lake it. The
s>'mptoms are as follows : Eyes dull, discharge
ing yellow matter, dizziness, loss of appetite,
shakmg of the head, bloody urine, coldness of
the horns, stupidity and great debility. The
remedies that are recommended are as numerous
a? they are contradictory. One authority, ad-
vises boring gimlet holes in the horns 3 inches
from the head, while another advises not to bore
at all; one advises to bleed in the neck in the
same manner as a horse is bled, while another
deprecates bleeding. Another advises to put a
mixture of strong vinegar, (^ a teaspoonfal, )
fine salt and ground black pepper, (of each a ta-
blespoonful,) and, after allowing it to stand over
I night, to put a tablespoonful in each car of the

I

DOMESTIC ANiMALS^CATTLE,

93

ft

ft

I

animal oifected. Another advises the cutting of
the hair off the top of the head, and then pour
or rub strong spirits of camphor thereon. And
slill another advues the pouring of the camphor
in the cars. Where so many remedies and so
much advice is offered, it U safe to say that not
ouch is known of the real ncturc of the dis-
ease.

I*IGS, Ninu to Select Good. — The desirable
points in a good pig are: Sufficient depth and
length of body to insure suitable lateral expan-
sion; broad on the loin and breast. The bones
small and joints fine ; legs no longer than, when
fully fat, to just prevent the aniraal'i belly from
trjuUng on tne ground when walking: feet firm
And <iound: the toes to press btraightly on the

Eound and lie well togcincr; the claws should
healthy, upright and even. The head small,
the snout short, forehead somewhat convex and
curving upward ; the cars small but pendulous,
somewhat inclining forward ; light and thin.
His oirnage should be lively, sprightly, tather
than dull and heavy ; a lively bright eye, and he
sbould carry his head up rather than down.
Those colors which ore characteristic of the best
breed are to be chosen. The thinner the hair
of a black pig the nearer allied it is to the Nea-
politan, and consequently the less hardy, either
to endure the cold and change of seasons* or to
resist disease. White color indicates a connec-
tion with the Chinese Mixed colors show marks
of particular breeds; thus, if light or sandy, or
red with black marks, the Berkshire blood is de-
tected* etc

P/CSt Blind Sta^^gfrs in. — The cause of this
disease is too high feeding. The cure is to
withhold their food for a day or two, and feed
them on very small quantities of sulphur and
charcoal.

J'/GS. Li£f OH. — Procure some leaf tobacco,
and boil it to a strong amber in water enough to
Boat it ; mix in, whde hot, enough of lard or
refuse grease to make a thin salve ; rub on the
pigs or nogs troubled, and in le^s than a^ hours
Ihey will not have a louse on them. If thor-
oaghly Applied. Or get some crude petroleum
oil and apply once a month, and no more lice
will Appear.

J'/CS, MANG y. — Manee is a diseaiie caused
by the burrowing and breeding of a minute in-
sect in the skin, like the itch in man, scab in
sheep, etc If pigs which have it, or have been
exposed to it, are washed with carbolic or crc-
flyllc suap, and their pens and betiding sprinkled
With the aamc, a cure is easily effected. More
than one application might he required, and it
would be beit to wash the animals at :he inter-
val o/ a week.

X/yGS, BULU Trf rns<rt.—H\Cx% can be
done in three ways: i. By burning the hole
throogh with a pomted rod of iron heated in the
ibrge, thus piercing and searing the wound at
the tame time. — 2. By punching out the hole
an mttrnment like a leather punch of large
■3. By pierdng the gristle of the nose with
tipped rod, (cold,) of which the point is
wkh two cutting edges. Perhaps it may

as t£iprovcment to make the section of the
Old. jusj above the point, triangular, or in the
ahape o^" a four-pointed star. Tlijs last mode is
sua to be the preferable one. A point of iron
i^KMit 3 inches long, and hollowed out at the
cod, like the barrel of a key, to receive the

round end oC the open ring, is used after the
hole has been pierced, as a guide to the ring.

S!IKEI\ AGE QE, /low to T^//.— The age
of sheep may be known by examining the front
teeth. They are S in number, and appear dur*
ing the first year, all of a small size. In the
second year the 2 middle ones fall out, and their
place is supplied by 2 new teeth, which are eas-
ily distinguished, being of a larger size. In the
third year, 3 other small teeth. I from each side,
drop out, and arc replaced by 2 large ones, so
that there are now 4 urge teeth in the middle,
and 2 pointed ones on each side. In the fourth
year, the large teeth are 6 in number, and only
2 small ones remain, i at each end of the range.
In the fifth year, the remaining small teeth are
lost, and the whole front teeth are large. In the
sixth year, the whole begin to be worn ; and In
the seventh — sometimes sooner — some fiUl out
and are broken.

SHEEP AXD LAAfBS, Care anJ Afana^i-
ment of. — l. Keep sheep dry under foot with
litter. Thii is even more necessary than roof-
ing them. Never let them stand in mud or in
snow. — 3. Do not starve them during the win-
ter, but by an abundance of food keep them in
good conoition, A more painful sight than the
nocks of many farmers, near the close of the
winter, cannot be witnessed. When a farmer
has more sheep than he can properly keep or
sell, he should kill the surplus when winter sets
in, even if he should get nothing from them but
the pelts. — 3. Furnish an ample supply of wa-
ter, convement of access, during the winter
months. — 4. Always try to avoid letting any of
your sheep or lambs have any sudden change of
food. — 5. Take up lamb bucks early in the sum-
mer, and keep them up until the December fol-
lowing, when they may be turned out. — 6. Drop
or take out the lowest bars as the sheep enter or
leave a yard, thus saving broken limbs. — 7.
Count every day. — 8. Begin feeding grain with
the greatest care, and use the smallest quantity
at first. — 9. If a ewe loses her lamb, milk her
daily for a few days, and mix a litde alum with
her 5.111. — 10. Let no hogs eat with the sheep,
by any means, in the spnng. — n. Give lambs a
lilitc mill feed in time of weaning. — 13. Never
frighten sheep if possible to avoid it. — 13. Fur-
nish sow rye for weak ones in cold weather, if
possible.— ^14. Separate all those that are weak,
thin or sick from those that are strong, in the
fall, and give them special care. — 15. Ifany one
of your shwp is hurt, catch it at once and wash
the wound; and, if It is fly-time, apply spiriis of
turpentine daily, and always wash with some-
thing healing. If a H.nb is iKoken bind it "'ith
splinters, hut not tight enough to interfere wUli
the circulaiicm of the blood. — 16. Keep 0 num-
ber of guod bells on the sheep. — 17. Do not let
the sheep spoil their wool with chaff or burrs.—
I&. Cut tag-locks in early spring. — 19. For
scours, give pulverized alum in wheat bran ;
prevent by taking great care in changing dry for
green feed. — 3o. If one it lame, examine the
foot, clean out between the hoofs, pare the hoof
if unsound, and apply a wash of carbolic add.
— 3t. Shear at once any sheep commencing to
shed its wool, unless the weather is too severe,
and save carefully the pelt of any sheep that
dies. — 23. If sheep arc ^ivcn pine boughs once
or twice a week Iney will create appetite, pre-
vent disease, and increase their neaLtJh.-^'V

DICTION'ARY OF EVF.RY^DAY WANTS.

Their general health during the grazing season
will be promoted by giving the sheep tar, at the
rntc of a gill a day for every 3o sheep. Pat the
tar in a trough, sprinkle a little fine salt over it,
and the sheep will consume it with eagerness. —
24. The best sheep to keep, both for wool and
mutton, is the American merino,

SHEEP, STEERS, and Other Animais,
yumpin^ Fencer, To /*rrtm/.— Various devices
nave been resorted to in order to prevent such
trcspa55C!>, and cspcciiilly in regjird to sheep, but
none have succeeded, or only in a limited de-
gree. The following is a new one, and is not
cruel or painful, and will not greatly discommode
the animal operated upon, and is a remedy to the
employment of which there can be no obiection.
It IS todtpofTthe eyelashes of the under lids
witli a pair of scissors, and the ability or dispo-
sition to jump is as effectually destroyed as was
Samson'R power by the loss of his locks. The
animal will not attempt a fence again until the
eycKoshcs arc grown.

SJF/EEP, CATARR/r /y.—Tat following
is asserted to be a sure cure for this disease.
Take a quill from a hen's wing, immerse the
fe.ilher end in spirits of Inrpcntine, run it up the
nostril of tlic sheep the whole length 01 the
feather end, and twist it round Ijefore withdraw-
ing it ; wipe it off clean each lime before immer-
sing. One application will cure ordinary cases ;
the second or tnlrd, at intervals of 2 or 3 dmys,
will cure the worst.

Sf/EEP-A'/LU.VG DOCS— If sheep are
kept in the same lot with cows or fat cattle dogs
will not disturb them. As soon as the don ap-
preach ihcm they run to the cattle, who drive off
Che dogs. This plan will usually be found effect-
ual, but an additional safeguard is to put a e<^d
sounding bell on one of the sheep. If a Tittle
strychnine is put on a piece of meat (if tainted,
the better) and left in tnc yards or vicinity of the
sheep in the evening, if there be any dogs around
ihey will be in a condition for a post-mortem ex-
amination. An excellent way to trap sheep-kill-
ing dogs, is to place the sheep they kill, or at
least one of them, where the dogs have left it ;
then put 4 or six lengths of fence around the
dead sheep, made of sawed scantling. Com-
mence by laying the scantling on the ground,
and as you lay them up, draw your scantling in
the width of them every time around, and build
the fence high enough in this way that a dog can
not jump it. Then lock the corners well, and
you have a pen that dogs can go over into from
the outside readily, and when once over, they
cannot get out of it again until they are helped
out. In this way, in a few nights, you will be
quite likely to get the very same dogs that killed
your sheep, as they will have the curiosity or de-
sire to go over the ground the second time. It
willbe octter lo keep still about having your
sheep killed, for if you make any search for the
dogs you need not be at all surprised if you find
that every roan's doe is carefully shut up over
night. It is not at .-dl likely that the dogs will
have had the blood stains wxshed from them, or
any p;u-ticles of wool removed from betwixt their
teeth, on their return home in the morning, af-
ter having been out over night engaged in sheep-
killing.

SHEEP, To Fatten for IVinter—OXhcx things
taken into consideration, large sheep fatten more

r/^ond profitably than small sheep, and full

grown animals than those that have not reachevl
inoturity. Two-year-oM wethers are the most
profitable to fatten, and it is a matter of consid*
erablc surprise that $0 few of our farmers breed
them. Sheep will fatten readily in winter on
good clover hay alone ; we do not mean the dark
looking, burnt up stuff commonly called by that
name, but what an I,nglish farmer would call
"hay," cut when in full bloom, and cni in sndt
a manner as to retain all its juices before they
are turned into woody fibre, and of a good green
color. A sheep of, say, 120 lbs. live weight,
will consume 21 lbs. of clover hay per week, and
increase in weight 2 lbs. Allowing that it woi^Ul
ordinarily consume I4 lbs. to keep it in ^\:-u\\
stationary condition, an expenditure of 7 lh«. of
hay extra will produce 1% lbs. of mutton, worth,
in the spring, 10 cents, so tlmt the extra feeding
ii literally realizini^ to the burner at the rate of
nearly $30 [wr ton for his hay. No other stock,
we think, will give such a return for the trouble
of fattening as this.

If it is desired to fatten sheep rapidlr, the a<]-
dition of a small quantity of oats to tneir foCxl
will be of great service ; a gallon of oals once a
day, among 20 sheep, will be a great help to
fattening. Fattening sheep do not rcnuirc very
warm quarters — in fact, ihcy will not bear close
confinement, but their quarters must be dry,
well ventilated, and abundantly littered with
clean straw ; they roust be fed regularly, kept
quiet, have access to water, and an occasional
taste of salt. It will be found that when the
weather is very cold they will require to consume
somewhat more food than at other times, in or-
der to counteract the waste of substance used tts^
generating heat for their bodies, otherwise ihcy
will lose mstead of gaining on cold or stormy
days.

SHEEP, To Protect from the Gad FIy.—\n
August and September this fly lay* its ems in
the nostrils ofshecn, where they are hatdicii,
and the worms crawl into the head, and verj- fr<;.
quently thev eat through to the brain. In this
way many sheep are destroyed. As a protection
smirch their noses with tar. Lay some tar in a
trough or on a bcrard, and strew fuie salt on it —
the sheep vn\\ finish the operation. The tar will
protect them, and what they eat will promote
their health.

SHEEP, FOOTROTIiV, Ti* Cwrr.— Causes
—exposure in bad weather, bnt particularly from
soft and low lands and wet pasturage. It never
occurs on hard, mountainous districts. The beM
mode of cure is that bv arsenic. The moment
you perceive that any 0/ your sheep have become
lame, pass them through a trough containing a
warm solution of arsenic of about the following
strength: 4 ounces of arsenic, four onmrs of
soda ash or potash, I gallon of water ; boil till
dissolved; keep it about 3 inches deep, m> as to
cover the foot as the sheep walk through ; the
trough should be about 20 feet long, and just
wide enough lo admit I sheep walking after the
other. 3000 sheep can !*e run through in about
3 honrs; and this will result in a cure in every
instance.

SHEEP, Hay Raekj f^r.—T^t cheapest and
best rack for sheep can be made of 8 boards {4
long and 4 short ones) nailed to 4 posts, form*
ing an indosure 13 or more feet long, as the
case may be, and « inches wide. The bot-
tom board should be at least 10 inches vide

POMESnC ANIMALS—CATTLE.

and tbe top one need not be over 4, irith a space
bdween 01 from 6 to S inches, depending some-
whaiC npoo the size of the sheep that arc to eat,
standing with their he«ds thrust through this
aperture.

SilEEP^ Injtammaticn of Lungs in. — This
d&Ka&e is caused by wet and cold pastures, chills
aAcr hard driving, washing before shearing when
the water is at too low a temperature, sheormg
when the weather is loo chilly and wet, and other
carcumslances of a similar description. Its first
iadicahon is that of a fever, hard and quick
pruUe, diunclination for food, ceasing to chew
the cud. unwillingness to move, slight heaving
a( the flanks, and a frequent and painful cough.
The disease soon assumes a more aggravated
form ; but it is sulftcient for the farmer to know
dK first stages of the malady, when he can pur-
SBre tbe course of treatment which expcrteoce
^Aertnines beiL

SHEEP, RED WA TER AV.— To cure this
ccNDpIaint tike of Epsom salts i ounce, linseed
o«3 I ounce, gentian I drachm, ranger i scruple,
water 2 ounces. For a lamb give ^ of

I PiK '

Cwm •■

this amoant, but to a full-grown sheep the entire
rf|WM>fcty. Foment the abdomen with warm wa-
lex— 4 Iamb, m fact, may be placed altogether in
a warm bath. In cases of recovery a change of
looii must be ailbrded, and a short, sweet pas-
tisre should be preferred.

SHEEP, KlfEUMA T/SAf /y.—T\i\i dis-
consists in a peculiar inflammation of the
of the body, very fret^uently causing
cooiiderable pain when thcr are called into ac-
It if osoally cnused oj exposure to cold,
sooMtiaieft shifts from one foot to another,
y degenerating into a slow or chronic
fans, aad attaining the sinews, ligaments, and
joiaU, as well as the muscles. The neck and
»Bs are die ports most frequently attacked,
cilber separately or combined. The former af-
liBCtioa causes tne head to be carried in a bent
poiition, and tbe latter produces considerable
sCiSsess and weakness of the loins. The treat-
■CSKt riiould consist in removing the animal to a
confortabte place, giving an active purgarive,
VDch as 2 ounces of Fn^om salts dissolved in
water, with a drachm of ginger, and ^ an
of spirits of nitrous ether. A stimulant,
Mdi as hartshorn and oil, or opodeldoc, should
b« well rubbed over the ajffected part ; and if the
4itTi«y auomes a chronic form, a seton should
be inserled near the part.

SHEEP, SCAB AV.— This disease closely
leseiables the itch in man, and is caused by a
very minute parasite called the scab mite. These
creaCores find no dwelling-place on healthy,
dcaui-fckinncd sheep : but when they do 5nd ihe
leqoisilc conditions they multiply with astonish-
rapidity, and spread throagh the flock, and
fc dock to fiock. The females burrow in the
and Biake little sores, in or under which
depout their eggs, which hatch, and in a
lime go to work produdng broods them-
. The sores thui causeil run together and
<hcab«; they make an intolerable itching,
and the sheep hue and scratch themselves fear.
fbflf, tearing out their wool m [>atchc5 over their
loaew The disease is sometimes an epidemic.
■hI ibnoch wbule regions (he flocks suffer so
Itnihiy that government action has been ncces-
cvy to prevent their cxtinctinn. The suffering
bcooinr OKin and more emaciated ; their

A

wool (alls otf; their bodies are covered with nan-
scous scabby sores ; their nervous system is in-
cipable of sustaining the pain, and its functions,
with those of the skin, l>eing deranged, the di-
gestive organs sympathize, and the sheep finally
die. 'llie reme<iies for the scab are numerous,
but the best discovered is the use of a solution of
sulphuret of lime, as practiced in Australia, and
is made as follows : Take loo lbs. of flour of
sulphur, 50 lbs. of lime, (auick-Ume, if possi-
ble, or a large proportion slaked.) and 100 gats,
of cold water. I'ut these into a boiler. Keep
them mixed by constantly stirring until they
boil, and then keep boiling and stirring for about
10 minutes, until a clean, dark>brown, orange*
tinted solution supervenes ; then mia i gallon
of this solution with 3 gallons of hot water, and
make your dip or bain, heated to too or 114^ of
Fahrenheit, and jplungc your sheep over head in
it for about a minute. When they are dry the
cure is complete ; but to prevent the risk of re-
infection, and to secure yourself against the
chance of an Imperfect muster, a second dip. af-
ter 10 days, in a bath of ^ the above strength
will render assurance doubly sure. This hod
better be done after the sheep is shorn ; but even
if the wool i$ long, it will not in the least degree
injure the health of the animal or the fibre of the
wool ; but, on the contrary, by absorption it
passes into and improves the constituents of the
nlood, and stimulates, through its action on the
natural perspiration, tbe growth of the wool.

SHEEP, f.hreawnsfor SHEAh'JXG.'-T\\f;
shearer may place the sheep on that part of the
floor assigned to him, resting on its rump, and
himself in a posture with his right knee on a
cushion, and the back of the animal resting
against his left thigh. He grasps the shears
about half-way from the point to the bow, resting
his thumb along the blaues. which gives him a
better command of the points. lie may then
commence cutting the wool at the brisket, and,
procecdmg downward, all upon the sides of the
belly to the extremity of the ribs, the external
sides of both sides to the cilges of the flank*,
then back to the brisket, ana thence upward,
shearing the wool from the lireast, front, and
both sides of the neck, but not yet the bock of
it, and also the poll, or forepart, and top of the
head. Then "the jacket is opened.** and its
position, OS well as that of the shearer is then
changed, by the animal's being turned flat upon
its side, one knee of the shearer resting on the
cushion, the other gently pressing the fore-quar-
ter of the animal to prevent any struggling. 1 le
then resumes cutting upon the flank and rump,
and thence onward to the head. The sheep is
then turned on the other side — in doing which
great €:are is requisite to prevent the fleeces licing
torn ; and the shearer proceeds as upon the other
side. He must then take the sheep near to the
door through which it is (o pass out, and neatly
trim the legs, leaving not a soUtarv lock any-
where as a lodging-place for ticks. It is abso-
lutely necessary Tor him to remove from his
stand to trim, otherwise the useless stuff from
the legs becomes intermingled with the fleece^
wooL In the use of the shears, the blades roust
be laid as flat to the skin as possible, the points
not lowered loo much, nor should more tnan I
or 2 inches be cut at a clip, and frequently not so
much, but depending on the compactness of the
wooL

A

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

SHEEP, STRETCHES IN.—h method
that is recommended to cure this dise&se is as
follows : Take 6 red peppers, boil them thor-
oughly, and give (he juice, as hot as can be giv-
en, in doses of )^ a pint at a time. This is to
be followed bjr giving the sheep plenty of exer-
cise by ninaing them about the fields ior 5 or lo
minutest.

SOIVS NEAR FARROWING, Treatment
of. — During the whole period of pregnancy
SUW& should be moderately well fed, but not to
produce too much fat, as this will reduce the
number of the litter, or risk their being smoth-
ered by their unwieldy dam lying down on them.
As farrowing approaches, the food muvt be semi-
liquid or gently laxative, since costivcness at this
period fosters fever, and hence sows devour
their offspring. Gcnllc exercise is beneficial to
all pregnant healthy animals, and for this the
pen should be roomy, li is best to protect the
sow against injury from otlier pigs. The pen
should be airy and clean, and, until the last clay
or two of pregnancy, comfortably littered. As
the time approaches, or when uneasiness, or the
piling of litler fur a bed, shows its near advent,
clear out the pen, and cover it with a thin litter
of diaff pnly. This is necessary to prevent
smothering the pigs, particularly if the sow be
large or fat. Soon remove the pigs when they
arc brought forth, helping them away until after
the after-l>irth. In all circumstances the after-
birth should be removed at once. However
natural it may be for the wild animal to devour
this, (he practice, if permitted among domesti-
cated swine, develops the propensity to devour
their offspring. A drink ot milk, gruel, or In-
dian or oatmeal and hot water will be at once
grateful and supporting to tlic sow during aj;d
. after parturition ; and as soon as the secretion of
milk is freciv established, the diet should be
abundant, soft and laxative. Tlie pen should be
kept clean. The litler of chaff should be of a
limited amount for a week, until the pigs can be
better able to protect themselves.

STEERS, Jfmv to EreaJt.^U is best to begin
with them as calves, and let (he boys play with
Ihem, and drive them tied or yoked together,
taking care they arc not abused When a pair
of old steers arc to be put together and brolcen
to the yoke, or a pair of bulls, as not unfre-
qucndy h.ippens, it is usually best to yoke them,
and lie their tails logclhcr. in extempore stall, in
a well fenced yard, and then turn ihcm loose in
the yard, which should not he large enough for
them to run in and get under much headway.
If (he tails arc not tied together, they will fre-
quently turn (he yoke, which is a very Dad habit.
After half a day's association, ihe lesson of " ye
up it" and "whoa"' may be inculcated and —
these being well learned — probably the next day
"haw" and "gee." The doily lesson should
be given after they have stood yoked awhile.
They should not be taken from the yard until
they bove become used to the yoke, and arc no
longer wild and scarey, as they are apt to be at
first. Each day all previous lessons should be
repealed. Put them before an ox sled or a pair
of cart wheels at first, rather than to a slonc
boat, as they are apt to step on the chain, and
that frightens ihem. All treatment should be
firm but mild, and no superfluous words should
be employed. If these directions are carried
It, the result wdl be satisfiactorj.

HORSES.

BAlSAAf, WOUND.— 0\nxi benxoin in
powder 6 oz.. balsam of tolu in powder 3 oi.,
gum storax 2 oz., frankincense in powder 2 oz.,
gum myrrh in powder 2 02., socotorinc aloes in
powder 3 oz., alcohol I gal. Mix them all to>
gether and put them in a digester, and give them
a gentle heat for J or 4 davs, and then strain.

BALL, COC/G//.—l*uiverizcd ipecac ^ 01.,
camphor 2 oz., squills }i oz. Mix with honey
to form into mass, and divide into 8 balls. Give
I every morning.

MALLS, D/URET/C—CastHii soap scraped
fine, and powdered rosin, each 3 teaspoonfuls ;
powdered nilre 4 teaspoonfuls, oil of juniper I
small tcospoonful, honey a sufBcicnt quantity to
make into a balL

BALLS, FEVER. — Emetic tartar and cam-

fihor each % oz., and nitre 3 ounces. Mix with
inseed meal and molasses to make 8 balls, and
give I twice a day.

BALL, PHYSIC— T^Vt 2 oz. of aloes, 1 ot.
of turpentine, and i oz. of flour; make into a
paste with a few drops of water, %\Tap in a paper,
and give them with a bailing iron,

BALL, PURGA TIVE,—Mocs 1 oz.. cream
tartar and Castile soap % oz. Mix with molas-
ses 10 make a ball.

BALL, /rOA'jl/.— Assafelida 4 oz., gentiaa
3 OZ., Strong mercurial ointment i ot. Make
into mass with honey. Divide into 16 bolls.
Give I or more every morning.

BAULA'Y HORSES, n Cure.— A man, in
order to be able lo control a horse, must first
learn to control himself; for, as a rule, whcu a
horse is patiently made to understand what is
rnjuired of him, he becomes a willing subject.
To attempt to force him to do what he docs not
understand* or to use the whip under such cir-
cumstances, only excites him to more determined
resistance. One method to cure a baulky horse
is to take him from the carriage, and whirl htm
rapidlyround till he is giddy. It requires 2 men
to accomplish this— I at the horse's tail. Dont
let him step out. Hold him to the smallest pos-
sible circle. I dose will oAen cure him ; 2 doses
ore final with the worst horse that ever refused
lo stir. Another is to fill his mouth with dirt
or gravel from the road, and he will at once go
— the philosophy of this being that it gives hSa
something else to think about.

BLISTER, LIQUID.— 'Xxiit.t % % pint of
linseed oil, I pint of spirits of turpentine, and 4.
oz. of aqua ammonia ; shake well and it is fit
for use. Apply every third hour until it blis-
ters.

BIG LEG. — To cure, apply the above Liquid
Blister every third hour until it blisters. In 3
days wash the leg with linseed oil. In 6 days
wash it clean with soap and water. Repeat ev-
ery 6 days until the swelling goes down. If
there should be any callous TeU, apply spavin
ointment.

BIG HEAD.— "When this disease occurs, cr-
ery care must be devoted to improving the gen-
eral health. Let work he regular and moderate.
Have the stable clean, dry, and well ventilated.
Feed on sound hay and oats, either bruised or
cooked. Withhold all Indian corn— af>avc all if
raw and hard. 4 or 5 lbs. of linseed cake may
be given daily. Give every day, in the feed, 2

DOMESTIC A mMALS— HORSES,

I
I

ft

drwrbm^ of phosphate of iron, and 4 drachms of
powdered gentian.

BIG SHOULDER.^ See Big Head.

BREASTS, 5£W?^.— This Ecnerally occurs
to the spring, at Ihe commencement of plowing.
Al bmes the faalt is in having poor old collars,
«ful not having the collar properly fitted to the
liorse's brcAst ; and, at others, (be hamcs nrc
either too light or too loose. There is a great
diflercnoe in horses about getting chafed or gall-
ed, and at limes it has seemed to be impossible
I0 keep their breasts from getting sore ; but a
thorough applicalion of strong alum water CT
vhite oak bark to the breast of the animn.1. 3
days before going to work, will toughen them so
thai ihcf win not get sore. Another excellent
plan is, when you let your team rest for a few
moments during work, to raise the collar and
pall It a little forward, and rub the breast thor-
oughlv with vour naked hand.

IiRF.AKf\\'G />o;rM— The suspensory lig-
mmeni is attached superiorly lo the back part of
Ihc knee, and inferiorly to the back of tne fet-
k»dc joint. It is cl:istic and gives springiness to
the limb. In motion and in standing it pas-
sively supports the horse's fetlock, n this lig-
ament is torn or cut across, the joint comes to
the ground and the toe turns up; if severely
strained, the fetlock descends unnaturally low.
Id breaking down, the fetlock is almost com-
pletely torn across, and the fetlocks come nearly
or completely to the ground. Considerable
«wrHing soon ensues above and behind the fet-
lock ; there is great pain and .symptomatic fe-
ver, and in severe cases the tendons arc gener-
ally spnined. Wien the suspensory ligament
i^ completely ruptured, and where the injury oc-
curs in both fore legs, treatment need not 1>e at-
tempted. In severe cases the leg should be im-
mersed la a rail of water, and kept in it fur sev-
eral days. When the pain and fever subside,
KTct bandages may l)c used. A dose of opening
SDcdicine should also he given. Bran mashes
■ad hay should constitute Uie hon^e*s diet at the
fir«t, and when pnln and fever subside the diet
maybe more liberal. In bad cases ahigh-hecled
shoe may be applied, or the horse may be slung
•o as lo relieve the affected leg of weight.

BI.OOD^ Futmts <y:— When this condition
«>pears, the eyes appear heavy, dull, red or in-
iiuned. and are frequently dosed as if asleep;
the rmUe is, small and oppressed ; the heat of
the bvly somewhat increased; the legs swell;
the hair alio robs off. Horses that ore removed
from gross to a warm stable, and full fe<l on hay
and com, and not sufficiently exercised, are very
subject to one or more of these symptoms. By
regulating the quantity of food given to him, by
proper exerdse and occasional loxalivcs, a cure
HMV icon t>c effected.

BOWELS^ LOOSE,— \xi cases ot chronic
diMrrbei. a good rcmedjr is to put powdered
cfaucoo] in the feed, and if the disease depends
oa s diee*tive function — the liver included — rive
a few (^scs of the following : Powdered goMcn
seal 2 OS., ginger I oz., salt i oz. Dose — ^ an

/'■ \ ' 'tts arc the larvre of the g|\d fly,

of >» arc 3 diflFerent kinds. The fe-

malc K^d tly, (luring the summer months, de-
posits ber ova on ihe horses* legs or sides, and
they become firmlv attached to the hair. After
fCBiBfalinc oa the (eg for some time, perhaps 4

or 5 days, they become ri[>c, and at this time the
slightest application uf warmlli and moisture is
sumcicnC lo bring forth the latent lorvx. At
this period, if the luogue oi the horse chances
lo touch the egg, its operculum is thrown open,
and a small worm is produced, which readily ad-
heres to the tongue, and with the food is con-
veyed into the stomach, and therein is lodged
and hatched. It clings to the cuticular coat by
means of its temacula, between which is its
mouth ; and in such a. firm manner does it ad-
here to the lining of the stomach, that it will
suffer its liody to be pulled asunder without
quitting its holtt. Bots arc ofien supposed to do
a good deal of liarm, but except in cases where
they accumulate in very large numbers, we are
of the opinion that they arc almost harmless,
because in ordinary cases they are chiefly at-
tached to the cuticular coat, and the cuticular
coat of the stomach is not possessed of a great
degree of sensibility. Most horses that have
been running at pasture during the summer
months l>ecome effected more or less with bols,
and their presence in the stomach is thus ac-
counted for. When a horse is troubled with the
bots, it may be known by the occasional nipping
at their own sides, and by red pimples ana pro-
jections on the inner surface uf Uic upi>er lip^
which maybe seen plainly by turning up the Up.
To remove them, take of new milk 2 quarts,
molasses I quart, and give the horse the whole
amount. 15 minutes afterward give 3 quarts of
very warm sage tea, and 30 minutes oflcr the
tea give i pint of linseed oU, (or enough to op-
crate as a physic. ) L.ird has been used, when
the oil cotud not be obtained, witli the same suc-
cess. The cure will be complete, as the milk
and molasses cause the buts to let go their hold,
the tea puckers them up, and the oil carries them
entirely away. The spring is llie onlv season in
which there is a chance to effectually remove
them.

CA TARACT. — This can be removed from a
horse's eye with fmely pulvcrtxcd burnt alum,
blown into the horse's eye through a goose quill.
Or take oil of wintergrccn, get a small glass
syringe, and inject a few drops into the eye, and
after 3 days repeat the application.

CATARRJf, NASAL^ cr c:.?rri'M.— This
malady is commonly known as a cold; it is on
inflammation of the membrane lining the inte-
rior of the nose, and is observed in oU the do-
mestic animals. It occurs frequently after sud-
den dianges in the temperature uf the atmos-
phere, which checks or diminishes largely the
action of the skin. In the early stage the ani-
mal is feverish ; the membrane of tne nose is
dry and infected ; the animal also frequently
snceics and coughs. There is a watery mucous
discharge from one or both nostrils, which by
degrees assumes a yellowish color. In young
animals this affection is generally associated
with swellings beneath the jaws. When the
disease extends over a longer period than a fort-
night it assumes a chronic tvpe. TrcatmenU —
Dissolve % an 02. of nitre m a pint of water,
and administer lhi?t to the patient daily, or it
may l>e mixed with the water which the horse
drinks. A bran mush should l>e given every
other dav. AVben the disease assumes a chronic
form, which is seldom the case, injecting the
nose with a weak solution of .alum will remove
the discharge. Voung horses arc \cr^ «^ Vjo

98

DTCrrONARY OF BVERY-^DAY WANTS.

have swelled legs unless they get walking cxer-
dse for a short time every day. This is owing
partly to the weakness of tae circulation, and
partly to a deteriorated state of the bluud liaving
been engendered during the horse's sickness.

CASTRA TION.'-\ most important point to
be considered is the proper time for the opera-
tion to be performed, and when that is satisfac-
torily deciJed, employ none other than a thor-
oughly competent individual to assume the duly.
Very many of the defects observable in geldings
arc attributable to loo earlv or too laic a period
of caslration, and might have been, in a great
measure, avoided by a judicious selection of the
time suitable for its occurrence. A colt whose
development will warrant his being cut at 5 or
6 months of age, will be in very slight danger
from the operation ; but few arc so lormcil,
much the larger number requiring a year*s full
growth 10 sufficiently perfect them, and others
exceeding even that age. The withers, neck and
shoulders arc the most frequently deficient, and
are parts that are most dependent upon castra-
tion for their proper appearance in the horse.
The weather of late spring or early autumn will
be found the most suitable time fur castrating,
when the air is dry and tcmpcralc. Upon no
consideration should the animal, after being cut,
be exposed to wet or inclement weather, or un-
sheltered from too hot a sun. Close confine-
ment, or unlimited exercise, is equally prejudic-
ial to an early and successful healing of the parts

of colic : Aromatic spirits of ammonia % an ot.,
laudanum \% ox. ; mix with I pint of water.
anil administer. If not relieved, repeat the dote
in a short time. Another ai\d n better remedyis
to Lake a piece of carpet, blanket, or any thi<i
material, large enough to cover the horse from
his fore lo his hind legs, and from the spine to
the floor as he lies, and wring it out in hot water
as hot as you can stand. You need not fear,
scalding the animal. Apply this to the hors«^|
and cover it wilh a similar dry doth. As soon
as the heal diminishes much, dip the wet cloth
again in hot water.

COLLAR^ Now to Fit a /ft>rsr.^An excel-
lent plan, and one that will not injure the colIoTp
is to dip it in water until the leather is thoroughly
wet, then put it on the horsCi secure the hames
firmly, keeping it there until it becomes dry. It
is all the belter if heavy loads are lo be drawn,
as that causes the collar to be more evenly fitted
to the neck and shoulder. If possible, tne col-
lar should be kept on from 4 to 5 hours, when
it will be perfectly dry, and retain the same shape
evca afterwards; and as it is exactly filled to the
form of the neck, will not produce chafes nor
sores on the horse's neck.

CORAS, — 'ITicre are no fixed rules for the
treatment of horses wilh corns. Corns occur to
horses wilh ihe l)C»t of feet. The high-heeled
and conlracled guarlcrcd. the low as well as the
broad, all occasionally become afTlictcd with this
annoyine disease, the common ciusc being the

and moderate liberty should in all cases be al- worst of shoeing. Success in the treatnicnl of

lowed the patient

Speaking of the operation, Mr. Youalt says :
'•The old method of opening the scrotum (tesl-
ical bag) on cilhcr side, and cutting off the test-
icles, and preventing bleeding by a temporary
compression of the vessels, while tlicy are being
scared with a hot iron, must noi, perhaps, be
abandoned ; but there is no necessity of that ex-
tra pain, when the spermalic cord Tlhe blood
vessels and the nerve) is compressed between 2
pieces of wood as lightly as in a vise, and then
IctL until the following (lay, or until the teslicJe
drops ok." He also objects to the unnecesRary
pain inflicted opon colls by corping them, and
states that it is accompanied with considerablc
danger. With regard to the method of castra-
tion by Torison, he adds : " An incision is made
inlo the scrotum, and the vat deferens i5Cx(»osed
and divided; the artery is then seized bv a nair
of forceps contrived for the purpose, anu is then
twisted round 6 or 7 times. It retracts without
untwisting the coils, and bleeding ceases, the
testicle is remoycd. and there is no sloughing or
danger. The most painful part of the odcralion,
%vhich is that of the firing-irons or the clamps is
avoided, and the wound readily heals."

CUCfCTNG.—Ti-ivs. is noticeable by a disa-
greeable clicking noise made by the horse strik-
ing the toe of his hind shoe against the inner
edge of the fore one. To prevent this annoying
habit, shoe the hind foot short at the toe — that i5
lo say, set the shoe as far back as is comjjatiUe
■with security and safety ; the fore shoe should be
forged narrow with the inner margin filed round
and smooth.

COLlC.Symptams : The horse oflen lies
down, and suddenly rises again with a spring ;
Strikes his belly with his hind feet, stamps wilh
his fore feet, and refuses every kind of food, etc.
Tite following is said never to £ul in caring cases

corns must rest entirely upon the intelligent un-
derstanding of the shoer. If he is master of the
art, he will see at a glance what parts of the foot
require to removed. In the preparation ol the
fool, no matter what its form, so long a.s there is
no reason lo suspect suppuration, no "paring
out the corn" should be permiiied. When such
officious exploration is permitted, the healthy
condiuon of the whole fool is interfered wilh ;
the scooping out ol the horn al the anLdc formed
by the wall and bar interferes wilh the natural
growth of these parts, causes them to till over
end lo press directly upon the sent of the com,
thus inflicting injuries whith frequently termi-
nate in suppuration. Let ihc horse's foot be
properly niljusted in all it?; parts, always leaving
as broad and level a bearing surface as possible.
Wilh regard to the «.hoc, unless the condition of
the horse's fool requires some special modifica-
tion for its protection, we prefer a plain shoe, a
small clip at the toe, moderately broad web, and
of uniform thickness from lot lo heel.

COLTS, Their Care ami Mafta^cmtnl, —
Much h.irm arises from improper wcnning. A
good method is, when the coll is 4 or 5 months
old, to put a strong halter upan him, place him
in a stall, and put his mother in an adjoining
stall, with a parlilion between, so arranced that
they can sec each other, and, if iKs^ible, get
their heads lopclher. The first day let the colt
nurse twice — ihe nexl day once. Feed the mare
upon dry hay and dry feed, and about half milk
her 2 or 3 times a day until dry. Feed the coll
upon new-mown grass or fine clover hay, and
give him a pint of oai^ twice per day. and in
about 2 weeks you will have yatir colt weaned,
and your mare dry, and your coll looking as well
xs ever. When he is I year old he has as much
growth and development of mvscle as one z
years old weaned in the usual manner. When

DOMESTIC ANIMALS— HORSES.

99

I

the marc becomes dry, colt and mare may be
a^un turned in pasture. An opinion generally
prevails among lanner<4 thnC, from the time the
\oA If taken from its dam unto coming maturity,
it should not be '* pushed, as the saying is, nor
fed on grain, for fear it would injure one so
young and tender. Thi& accounts (or the great
number of moping or sniritless and unthrifty
colts, that are scarcely able to drag one leg after
another. Their very appearance, cadaverous
and pitiful looks, seem to convey to the mind of
every sen<^ible man that they are the victims of a
wretched system of starvation, which enervates
the digestive organs impairs the secretions, and
impoverishes the blood. Hence the dc6dency in
the development of bone and muscle. The mus-
cles and tendons, being so illy supplied with ma-
terial for crowth and development, become very
weak, ana afford but little support to the bones
and joints, so that the former become crooked
and the latter weak — defects which no after feed-
ing, no skill in training can counteract. It must
be known to breeders that from the time of birth
np to maturity, colts require food abounding in
flesh-making principle, nitrogenous compounds
^-oats. corn, etc. ; otherwise they must naturally
be deficient in size, symmetry, and powers of en-
durance. Therefore they should be regularly
fed and watered ; and their food should consist
of ground oats, wheat bran, and sweet hay* in
quantifies sufficient to promote their growth.
Finally, propw" shelter should always be provided
for them. They should not be exposed, as they
often are, lo the vicissitudes of the weather, un-
der the false notion of making them tough and
hardy. Equally unwise is it to confine colts to
ckwe, onvcntilated, and filthy stables, deprived
of tight, exercise, and pure air. They should be
groomed e\*cry day ; a clean skin favors the \\-
talixation of the bftxxl. They should be permit-
ted to gambol about as much as they choose.
Exercise develops muscle, makes an animal ac-
tive and spirited, and increases the capacity of
the lungs and chcsL By the above means, and
proper attention to the principles of breeding,
the business of raising colts may become bodi
creditable and profitable.

COLT% To Prment from yumpinp, — Pass a
good stout surcingle around his body ; put on
his halter, and have the halier strap long enough
to go from his head, between his lore legs, then
through the surcingle, and back to one of his
hind legs. I'rocure a thill strap, and buckle
around the leg between the foot and joint; fasten
the halier strap in this — shorter or longer, as the
obstinacy of the case may require. It is also
useful to keep colts from running where there is
likely to be oanger from the result. If the thill
strap should cause any soreness on the leg, it
nay be wound with a woolen cloth, and it would
be well Ci> change from one teg to the other occa-

tlOfMllhf-

CoLt^ callus on— T^c X oi. of bitter
twvet* 1 oz. of skunk cabbage, I 0£. of blood
root t sleep and mix with lard ; make an oint<
acnt. and apply once or twice a day. This is
oonaidered a sure remedy.

COVGU. — Take powdered squills i oz., gin-
ger X oz., cream of tartar I 07. ; mix well, and
give a ipoonful every morning in bran. Another
remedy is to give the animal a feed of snnflower

k

CRIBBING.— 'V\\txt is supposed to be no

remedy for this habit, but a person who has
tried it says that a horse can be cured of crib-
biting by nailing a sheep&kin, wool side up,
wherever there is any chance (or the horse lo
bite.

Z>/i'7'^>V/'£'^.^The treatment of distemper
should consist in good nursing rather than active
or ofhcious medication. In the first instance the
animal should, if convenient, be removed to a
loose box, with extra warm clothing, flannel ban-
dages to the legs, deprivation of grain, warm
mashes, and a small quantity of damped hay.
If the running at the nose is considerable, the
throat very sore, and the cough troublesome, it
will be advisable to wrap several folds of thick
flannel around the throat, which should be kept
constantly wet with alcohol, or weak camphor
and spirit — that is, I part camphor dissolved in
16 ports alcohol. A dose of 4 drs. of cither ni-
trate or sulphate of potass, dissolved in the
drinking water, may be given once or twice each
day. Active stimulants, particularly blisters, are
wholly inadmissible. Demuldcnt drinks, such
as linseed tea, hay tea, or oat or commeal, are
useful and oflen acceptable. The animal should
remain quiet in his box until all irritation in his
throat has completely passed awoy. Even when
the horse is *• convalescent," the owner must not
be in a hurry to get him into fast work, because
the membrane of the larynx (upper portion of
tlic windpipe) will continue to be for some time
very susceptible of irritation and inflammation.
In the advanced stages, if the debility is great
and the appetite poor, much benefit is derived
from the administration of tonics and stimulants.
The following may be given daily: Iodide of
iron [ dr., extract of gentian 4 drs. ; mix for to
make i ball, or dissolve in a pint of ale and then
give as a drink. In cases, however, which are
progressing favorably. Nature had better be left
to herself, and tonics should only be resorted lo
when the symptoms really indicate the need of
them.

DRESSING IfOOF.—k good preparation,
and one that will give the horse's hoof a rapid
and healthy growth, is to take of oil of tar i pt.,
beeswax \% lbs., whale oil 4 pis. The above
ingredients should be mixed and melted together
over a slow fire, and applied to all parts of the
hoof at least once or twice a week.

EVEf Injlammation of. — Keep the horse
quiet, and dress the eye repeatedly with the fol-
lowing lotion: Take of tincture of opium 2 oe.,
and of water 1 pt. ; mix. Much depends upon
a proper application of the lotion, and a most
advantageous proceeding is to attach several
folds of linen rag to the headstall so as to cover
the eye, and by being repeatedly saturated it
will keep up constant evaporation, as well as a
cooling effect. The horse shotdd also be re-
moved from excessive light When the inflam-
mation has been subdued, the opacity — more or
less of which is sure to remain — must be treated
by the application of either iodide of potassium
or nitrate of silver, prepared thus : Take of io-
dide of potassium ao grs ; water 1 oz. ; mix; or
take of nitrate of silver S grs.. distilled w.iter t
ounce ; mix. To be applied daily by means of »
camel's-hair brush saturated with the lotion and
drawn gently across the eye.

FARCY. — In most cases farcy is indicated by
the appearance of one or more pustules, whica
break into a very peculiar, deep, abrupt ulccr^

a^bifeVi

DJCTJONAR V OF E VER Y-DA Y WANTS,

I

»

having thick inverted edges, which bleed freely
on the slightest touch. The matter discharged
from a farcy bud is cither of a flirty, dingy yel*
low color or of a glue-like character; in either
case it is offensive. Or it may be bloody or ich-
orous. In the latter case it aorades the surface
on which it falls, or gravitates its irregular cord.
ed lines into the cellular tissues, and hence it
helps to spread the disease. In other cases this
complaint commences with a very painful swell
ing of the hind leg, followed by the peculiar in-
tractable ulcers described above. In treatment,
the horse should receive good care, fresh air,
regular, moderate exercise, and be carefully kept
apart from til others. Give daily in food for a
fortnight 2 drs. of iodide of iron, 4 grs. of can-
iharides, with 2 drs. each of powdered ginger
and aniseed. 1*he ulcers or sores should be
dressed daily with carbolic acid.

FEET, HORSES'^ Ca« e^.— Every person
may see. upon turning up the bottom of a horse's
foot, an angular projection pointing towards the
toe. termeirthc frog and its bars, the remainder
or hollow part being tedmically called the sole,
though the entire bottom of the foot might bet-
ter receive this name. It is certain, however,
that the '* frog and sole" require pressure — a
congenial kind of pressure without concussion—
that shall cause tnc sensible, inside, or fjuick-
sole to perform its functions of absorbing the
serous particles secreted or deposited therem by
the blood vessels. If the frog and its bars are
permitted to remain in such a state as to reach
the ground, wherever the sod happens to be
soft or yielding, the hollow part of tnc sole re-
ceives its due proportion of pressure laterally,
And the whole sole or surface of the foot is thus
kept in health.

Every veterinarian of sense wiU perceive the
necessity of keeping the heels apart, yet though
the immediate cause of their contracting is so
universally known and recognized, the injudi-
cious metnod — to call it by no harsher name — of
paring away the frog and sole, which prevents
the bars from ever touching the ground, is still
continued to an alarming extent.

So much for prevention, \\1ien disease comes
on, which may be accelerated by two other spe-
cies of mismanagement, another course is usually
followed not less injudicious than the first men-
tioned origmal cause of all the mischief.

Horses hoofs are of two distinct kinds or
shapes — the one being oval, hard, dark-colored,
and thick ; the other round, palish, and thin in
the wall or crust of the hoof! The first has a
different kind of frog from the latter, this lacing
broad, thick and soft, while the oval hoof ha.s a
frog that is long, acute and hard. The rags,
which hard work and frequent shoeing occasion
on the horny hoof of the round foot, produce
ragged frogs also, both being thus pared away
to make a fair bottnm to receive the shuc — burn-
ing hot I — the whole support is so far reduced,
and the sensible sole coming much nearer the
ground, becomes tender and fiable to those pain-
ful concussions which bring on lameness — prin-
cipally of the fore feet. Contraction of those
kinds of heels which belong to the cart-horse.
and pommice-foot, are the conse^iuence.

The oval foot pertains to the saddle-horse, the
hunter, and bit of blood-kind, whose hold pro-
jccting frogs the farriers remove, and these being
compelled to perform long and painful journeys,

ever starting or going off with the same lending
leg, and continuing the same throuchout. lame-
ness is contracted m that foot, whicli none caa
account for, nor even find out whereabouts it
may be seated. Applications of "the oyals**
(that egregious compound of folly, ignorance
and brutality) follow the first appearance of this
lameness, and are made alike to the shoulder,
the leg, and the iwle, under the various pre-
tences of rheumatism, strain In the shoulder, and
founder. The real cause, however, is not once
thought of. much less removed, but, on the con-
trary, the evil is usually augmented by removing
the shoe and drawing the sole to the quick, per-
haps, in search of suppositious corns, surbaling^
etc — pretended remedies that were never known
In cure, but which might have been all prevented
by the simplest precautions that can be imagined,
TTicse arc:

I. Let the frog and sole acquire their natnt
thickness.

3. Lead off sometimes with one leg, some-
times with another.

3, Stuff the hollow of the hoofs (all four of
them) with cow dung or tar ointment, dianging
it entirely once n day. In everj- case it is auvis-.
able that he be worked moderately, for it Is use-
Jl-ss to talk to the owners of horses about giving
the aHlictcd animal an entire holiday at grass.

FEET, £K/7'TLE.^\n a large majority ofi
cases brittleness of hoof owes its origin to mis-
management of the feet, and especially to exces-
sive moisture, the use of swaus, the 1)ath-1ub.
etc In all cases where the hoof is naturally.
brittle the feet should be kept dry rather than,
wet. If convenient, we would remove the.
shoes, and rasp the wall moderately short tnd
round at its margin. Having cut the hair offJ
short around the entire coronet, a little iodide ofj
mercury ointment should be rubbed in. Thi»!
will cause a rapid growth of horn. The horse
should be kept during the day in a roomy box
having a layer of tan or sawdust spread over the*
floor. When removed to his stall at night the
feet should be washed dean, and, after being
wiped dry, every part of the hoof should be
freely anointed with the following composition :
Take of oil of tar and beeswax of each 4 oi.,
honey and beef suet of each z oz., whale oil S
ounces; melt the beeswax and beef suet firsts
then add the honey and other ingredients, stir-
ring the whole until nearly cold. All sousing of
the feet must be avoided.

FEET, CONTRA CTED.—Uovsts which
stand nearly or quite the year round, sometimes
from year to year in the stable, are apt to have,
the feet get into a dry and fevered condition, the
hoof becomes dry, hard, and often contracted,
frequently also very brittle, and the horse some-
times suffers lameness in consequence. One of
the most effective means of remedying these
difTicullies, where the horse cannot be spared to
Ik: turned loose into pasture for quite a seasoD.
is in the spring, when the ground is breaking up,
and the wmtcr s frost disappearing, and no last-
ing freeze is to be apprehended, to have all the
shoes taken off, and drive the horse daily abont
business as usual without them. Tlie roads re-
inain muddy .ind soft, usually, so that a horse
may be thus driven daily for a fieriod of 3 or 4
weeks, and a great improvement is effected in
the feet in every respect.

FEETt To Ptevmt Snpw-halUng.—OKiSi.

DOMESTIC A I^/MALS— HOUSES,

lot

I

h

their hooEs wcU, then rub thoroughly with thick
soap sads before going out in the snow.

FISTULA. — Moke a free opening in the low-
e»tpxrt uf the sac. and inject it daily with a lo-
tion containing 2 drachms of chloride of zinc to
m pin! of Sf^ft walcr.

FLIES OiV I/ORSES.—Kfi a preventive of
horses being teased by flics, take 2 or 3 small
handfnls of walnut leaves, upon which pour 2
or 3 quarts of cold water ; let it infuse for one
nignt, and pour the whole next morning into a
kettle, and let it boil for a ^ of an hour. When
it becomes cold it will be fit for use. No more
is required thaji to moisten a sponge, and, be-
lore the horse goes out of the stable, let those
parts which are most irritable be smeared over
with the liquor — namely, between and upon the
ears, the neck, the flanks, etc Not only the
lady or gentleman who rides out for pleasure
■will derive Jileasurc from the walnut leaves thus
preparerl, but the coachman, the wagoner, and
all others who use horses during the summer.
Or take smart weed and soak it in water, and in
the morning apply it to the horsct all over him,
with a "tpon^. A decoction of quxssia chip!!,
truide by bf>iling them in water, has also been
recommenrlcd.

FRACTURE. — Severe lameness is some-
times caused by the fracture of I or 2 bones on
the inside of the hoof — namely, the coffin of the
navicular bone. Inclosed as these bones are on
the inside of the hoof, and fenced in laterally by
the cartilages, it is often difficult to detect, and
wre arc obfiged to depend on the general symp-
toms: the horse halls exceedingly, the foot is
hot, and the pain extreme. As these bones are
confined in the hoof no dtsplacement can take
place, therefore no crffiiitts can be detected. In
all cases of fracture of either bone, a, careful ex-
amination will, however, reveal the existence of
a swclhng at the back of the heels, immediately
above the frog, and more or less fulness over the
coronet of the foot. The treatment m-ty be in-
dicated in a few words — rest, absolute rest, is
aU-unportant. So long as the horse exhibits ev-
idemx of acute piin whenever his weight is im-
plied on the lame limb, the quieter he is kept
the betlC' Warm baths, or cloths frequently
SKiistened ivilh a mixture of equ.al parts of alco-
hol and water, are useful adjuncts. It may be
added that, in all ca.scs of serious injury of'^the
stifle, the hip-joint, or the pelvis, the fiorse is
aUe to bring his heels " fjitr and square" upon
the floor. In fracture of either the navicular or
coffin l«ne, lameness sometimes continues long
afier reooverr* It may turn out permanenL

FOOT, CANKER OF.—'Xhxs complaint is a
separation of the horn from the sensible part of
the iaa\^ and the sprouting of the fungus mat-
ter— prond flesh — instead of it, occupying a por-
tkm or even the whole of the sole and frog It
is the occasional consequence of bruise, punc-
ture, com, quittor and thrush, and is exceedingly
d^hcult to cure. It is more frequently the con-
sequence of neglected thrush than of any other
disease of the foot, or rather it is thrush mvolv-
ini; the frog, the bars and the sole, imd nuJiing
the foot one mass of putrefaction.

The cure of canker is a painful and !ediou5
business. First, the extraneous fungus growth
u to be removed with either the knife or caustic
TlMn the growth of frc^h fungus must l»e dis.
coarxgcd, Dy bringing the fool into tlial slate in

which it will a^in secrete healthy horn, by a
slight daily application of the chloride of anti-
mony, and that not where the new horn is form-
ing, but on the surface which continues to be
diseased, and accompanied by as firm but equal
pressure as can be made ; the careful avoidance
of the slightest degree of moisture, the horse
being exercised or worked in the mill, or wher-
ever the foot will not be exposed to wet, and
that exercise adopted as earlv as possible, and
even from the beginning, if Ine malady is con-
fined to the sole and frog. These means will
succeed, if the disease is capable of cure.

FOOT, PUAfM/CE.—'hdz is indicated by
the hoofs spreading more and more and losing
their shape. A properly constructed round (bar)
shoe is the only reliable remedy, for it can be
worn indefinitely without detriment to any part
of the foot. The main object of treatment is to
protect and preserve the deformed sole. The
shoe must t>e chambcrcil so as not to touch (he
sole, and no paring away of the latter must be
allowed. Keep the feet clean and dry u poa*
sible.

FOOT, SA.VD C/fAC/r ly.^ThU, as its
name imports, is a crack or division of tlie hoof
from above downward, and into which sand and
dirt axe too apt to insinuate themselves. It oc-
curs both in the fore and the hind feel. In the
fore feet it is usually found in the inner quarter,
but occasionally in the outer nuarter, because
there is the principal stress or ciTort toward ex-
pansion in the foot, and the inner quarter is not
so strong as the outer. In the hind feet tlic
crack is almost mvarialilv found in the front, be-
cause in the digging of the toe inlo tlie ^round^
in the act of drawing, the principal stress is in
front. If the craoc be superficial — docs not
penetrate through the horn — it will cause no
lameness, yet must not be neglected. If tlic
crack has extended to the sensible parts, and j^ou
can see any fungus flesh, with a small drawing
knife remove the edges of the cracked horn that
press npon it. Touch the fungus with caustic,
dip a roll of tow or linen in tar, and bind it very
firmly over it. The whole foot is to be kept m
a bran poultice for a few days, or until the lame-
ness is removed. A shoe may then be put on, .
so as not to press on the diseased part The
pledget of tow may now be removed, the crack
filled with the composition, and the animal may
be then turned into some soft meadow.

FOUNDER, To C«f^.— Clean out the bot-
tom of the foot thoroughly, hold up firmly in a
honxontal position, and pour in a tablespoonful
of spirits of turpentine, if the cavity will hold
that much; if not, pour in what it will hold
without running over; touch the turpentine with
a red hot iron, (this will set it on fire ;) hold the
hoof firmlv in tnis position till it bums out, and
care must Vte taken that none runs on the hair of
Ihe hoof, lest the skin be burned. If all the
feet are affected, bum turpentine in all of thera.
Relief will speedily follow, and the animal will
be ready for service in a short lime. — 2. The
seeds of the sunflower — a pint of the whole seed
— given in his feed, immediately the founder is
discovered. — 3. Py standing the foundered horse
up to his belly in water.

GALLED BACh'.—S>Q soon as an abrasion
is discovered on the back of a horse, the a[um.-il
should I* excused from duty for a few days ; the
abraded parts should be dressed twv^ Out^*^ Vt^a,

to«

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-^DAY WANTS.

a portion of the tincture of mloes and myrrh.
This simple trntment will soon heal the pans.
Should Ihrrc be no a^ra^ion^ but simply a swel-
ling attended vrich heat, pain and tenderness, the
parts should be frequently sponged with cold
water. Occasionally the slun undergoes the
process of hardening (induralion.) This is a
condition of the parts known to the farriers of
old as •• silfast," and the treatment is as follows :
Procure I oz. of iodine, and smear the indurated
spot with a portion of the same twice daily.
Some cases of goUcd back and shoulders arc due
to negligence and abuse ; yet many animals, ow-
ing to a peculiarity of constitution, will chafe, as
the saying is, in those parts which come in con-
tact with the collar, and neither human foresight
nor mechanical means can prevent the same.

GLANDERS, — Glanders is a disease of very
malignant type, and consists in a discharge from
one or both nostrils of matter which, by transfer
or inoculation, will produce the disease in any
other animal. It is also chimicterized by tume-
faction of the submaxillary and lymphatic glands.
The lymphatic glands enlarge, a pustular erup-
tion appears upon the skin, followed by suppu-
rating, bloody, gangrenous ulceration in various
parts, giving rise to small tumors known as farcy
buds. These gradually suppurate, and secrete a
specific virus. The physiology and pathology of
it is this: It occurs under 3 forms — namely,
glanders and farcy. Many veterinarians have
considered these varieties to be distinct diseases,
but numerous experiments have demonstrated
that they have their origin in the common ani-
mal poison, ll appears, however, that there are
a grades or varieties of this disease. Thus, if
glanders be defined to be a disorder with a run-
ning of matter from the nose, enlargement and
induration of the glands, farcy consists in the
formation of a number of tumors on difierent
parts of the body, which soften and ulcerate.
It may be shortly stated that, in the primary
stage of glanders, the nasal jxissages especially
suffer, while in farcy it is the lymphatic system
which is first afTccte\l. The catalogue of reme-
dies proposed is endless. Sulphate of copper,
sulphate of iron, cantharidcs, arsenic, and re-
cently sulphate of soda and carbonic acid, have
been used, but without benefit, and to the disap-
pointment of the hopes which had been enter-
tained of them. The disex^c is pronounced in-
curable by standard authorities, and an animal
having it should be killed, rather than expcri-
roent<^ on.

GRA r^'Z.—^teep a % lb. of hops m a quart
of water, and give it as hot as the horse can stand
iL

GREASE. — This is a white, oflcnsive dis-
charge from the skin of the heels. Wa^h the
part well with warm soap-suds twice a day, and
if the swelling be great apply a poultice to it;
when the sores are cleansea touch them with a
rag or feather dipped in a solution of chloride of
zinc, I grain to the ounce of water.

I/AIR, LOSS OE.—To promote the growth
of hair, where the skin has been deadened by
bruises or rubbing, take of quinine 8 grs.. tincly
powdered galls, lo grs., powdered capsicum S
grs., oil of almonds and pure lard of each I oz.,
oil of bvendcr 2o drops ; mix thoroughly, and
apply a smail quantity to the denuded parts 2 or
itimcsawTck. Where there is falling out of
tie hair of the mane and tail, take glycer-

ine 2 oa., stilphtir t oz., acetate of lead x drs.»]
water 8 oz. To be well miied* and applied
means of a sponge.

HALTER'PULUNG.—K new way to pre.
vent hordes pulling at the halter, is to put a very
small rope under the horse's tail, bringing the
ends forward, crossii^ them on the l^ck, and
tving them on the breast. Put the halter strap
through the rinc, and tie to the rope in front of
the breast. When the horse pulls, he will, of
course, find himself in rather an uncomfortable
position, and discontinue the effort to free him-
self.

HARNESS, Care tf/.— First take the harness
apart, having each strap and piece by itself, and
then wash it in warm soap-suds. When it has
been cleaned, black every part with the follow,
ing dye: I oz. extract of logwood, la grs. of
bichromate of potash, both pounded fine; put it!
into 3 Quarts of boiling rain water, and stir undlj
all is dissolved. When cool it may be used*i
Yon can bottle and keep for future use if yottj
wish. It may be applied with a shoe-brush,
anything else convenient. When the dye haS']
struck in. you may oil each part with iieat's-foot
oil, applied with a paint-brush, Or anything con-
venient. For second oiling use ^ castor oil and
double that quantity of ncat's-foot oil, mixed.
A few hours after wipe clean with a wooleq
doth, which gives the harness a glossy appear,
ance. The preparation will not injure the leather
or stitching, makes it soft and pliable, and obvi«
ates the necessity of oiling as often as is neces-
sary by the ordinary method.

}l EAVES. — This disease is indicated by
short, dull, spasmodic cough, and a double-jerk-
ing movement at the flanti during expiration.
If a horse suffering from this disease is allowed
to distend his stomach at his pk-asure, with dry
food entirely, and then to dnnk cold water, as
much as he can hold, he is nearly worthle&s.
But if his food be moistened, and he be allowed
to drink a moderate quantity only at a lime, the
disease is much less troublesome. To cure this
complaint, feed no hay to the horse for 36 or 4S
hours, and give only a pailful of water tt a time.
Then throw an armful of well cured sroart weed
before him, and let him eat all he wilU In all
cases where the celts of the lungs are not Hroken
down, great relief, if not a periect cure, will fol-
low. Another remedy is sunllower seed, feeding
I or 3 quarts of the seed daily.

J/IDE-BOUND.—lo recruit a hide-botmd
horse, give nitrate potassia (or saltpetre) 4 os.,
crude antimony I of., sulphur 3 oz. Nitrate of
poiassia and antimony should ue finely pulver-
ized, then add the sulphur, and mix the whole
well together. Dose — A tablcspoonful of this
mixture in a bran mash daily.

I/OOF-BOUND — Cut down several lines
from the coronet to the toe all around the hoof,
and fill the cuts with tallow and soap mixed ; take
oflTthe shoes, and (if you can spare him) turn the
animal into a wet meadow, where his feet will be
kept moist. Never remove the sole nor burn the
lines down, as this increases instead of diminisb-
ing the evil.

NOOF-^VARTER, CRACKED,— Uwny
plans have been devised by which to heal a quar-
ter crack — such as scoring with a knife, blister-
ing, cutting with a sharp, hot iron, riveting and
the like, all which, in many cases, have proved s
failure. If the following directions arc adopted.

DOMESTIC ANIMALS— HORSES.

lOJ

Ihe fore feet will be sound in 3 months. Above
tbe crmcW, and neit to the hur, cut with your
knife an incision % inch long, crosswise ol the
cnck. and about % inch deep. Now from the
indsion dr.\w a line % inch each side, parallel
with the crack, down to the shoe ; then with your
knife fallow those lines, and cut through the
ciuunel or crust of the foot. Now there is a
piece of the crust to be taken out. Tliis is done
Dj loosening the top of the piece next to the
uUr with your knife, then with your forceps take
kold of the piece and pull it off; tliat leaves a
space of % inch of the crust taken out Irom the
hair down to the shoe. Fill the cavity with tar,
■od bee on a soft piece of leather to keep the
Xmx in its place.

Keep the animal quiet for 3 or 4 days, and he
b ready to drive, but it is best not to use hiiu
until the foot is perfectly sound. Shoe with a
bar shoe, leaving some spring to the heel, so it
will not bear hard upon the weak quarter, and in
3 months you will have a sound foot.

HORSES, HiTui ti> Jud^e and SeletL—Cohr,
Light sorrel or clicstnut with feel, legs, and face
while, are marks of kindness. A deep bay, with
DO white hair, will be a horse o| great bottom.
but a fool, especially if his face is a little dished.
They are always tricky and unsafe. A black
horse cannot stand the neat, nor a white one the
cold. The more white about the head the great-
er his docility and gentleness. Eye. — If broad
and full between the eyes, he may be depended
on as a horse for being trained to anything.
Eart. — Intelligent animus prick up their cars
when spoken to ; vicious ones throw thetr ears
back. Fiut and Neck. — Dish. faced horses must
idways be avoided, and a broad forehead, high
between the cars, indicates a very vicious dispo-
sition; white a long, thin neck mdicatcs a good
disposition; conlr-iwise, if short and thick; the
nostrils of a good horse should be large.

HORSE^ Points of a CooJ.—\U should be
about I5''x hands high ; the head light and clean
made; wide between the nostrils, and the nos-
trils ihcrasclves large, transparent and open ;
brood in the forehead; eyes prominent, clear and
sparkling ; ears small and neatly set on ; neck
rather short, and well set up; large arm or
shoulder, well thrown back, and high ; withers
arched and high ; legs fine, Rat, thin and smMl-
boned; body round and rather light, though suf-
bciently large to afFord substance when it is need-
ed; fall chest, alTording play for the lungs; back
abort, with the hind-quarters set on rather ob-
]M|uely. Any one possessing a horse of this pre-
cise make and appearance, and weighing I too or
1200 lbs., may rest assured he has a horse of all
work, and a bargain well worth getting hold
of.

HORSE, {Cart,) Points of a Good .—\ wcll-
shapcd head, rather large ; a long, clean ear. full
eye, neck rather long, but not too much arched ;
Stxoo^ withers, lying well forward to catch the
collaf At the proper angle for dr.iiight, and broad
ihoaklers well spread mto the back; back very
straight, ribs long and well roundel, hind legs
beat at the hock, forlcgs forward, hind-quarters
tonewhat round, but not sufficiently so to make
Ciirai look short ; the niane and tail of strong,
bot not cotiTkc hair, and with a fetlock about 3
inehm long : broad knees, long hocks, short
dunks, and hard ankles or fetlock joints, and
boOtfSf wcU opened behind ; and the near-

er you can approach this description, the nearer
the horse will be to perfection.

HORSES, AGE OF, By Teeth.— \ horse
has 40 teeth — 24 double teeth, or grinders, 4
lushes, or single file teeth, and 12 (ront teeth,
called gatherers. As a general thing, mares
have no tushes. Between 2 and 3 years old, the
colt sheds his 4 middle teetlj — 2 above and 2 be-
low. Afler 3 years old a other teeth are shed,
I on each side of those formerly changed; he
now has 8 colt's teeth and 8 horse's teeth ; when
4 years of age he cuts 4 new teeth. At 5 years
of^age the horse sheds his remaining colt's teeth,
4 in number, when his tushes appear. At 6
years of age his tushes are up, appearing white, ,
small and sharp, while a small circle of young
growing teeth is observable. The mouth is now
complete. At 8 years of age the teeth have
filled up, the horse is aged, and his mouth is
said to be full. Pv Eyelul. — After a horse is 9
years old, a wrinkle comes on the eyelid, at the
upper comer of the lower lid, and every year
thereafter he has 1 well-tlcrined wrinkle for each
year over 9. If, for instance, a hor« h.is 3 of
these wrinkles, he is 12 ; if 4. he is 1;^, Add
the number of wrinkles to 9, and you wdl inva-
riably judge correctly of a horse's age.

HORSE'S EYES, To Test a.— To tesi a
horse's eyes, look at the eye carefully, when the
horse is in rather a dark stable. Note the shape
and size of the pupil carefully, carry this in your
mind while you turn the horse about to a strong
light. If the pupil contracts and appears much
smaller than in the first instance, you may infer
that the horse has a good strong eye ; but if the
pupil remains nearly of the same size in both
cases, his eyes are weak, and you had better
have nothing to do with him.

HORSES, WHEN UNSOUND,— Kny of
the following defects constitute unsoundness inft
horse:

Lameness of all kinds and degrees. Diseases
of any of the internal organs. Cough of every
kind, as long as it exists. Colds or catarrhs,
while they last. Roaring, broken wind, thick
wind, grease, mange, farcy and glanders ; me-
grims or staggers, founder, convex feet, con-
tracted feet, spavins and ringbones, enhrgement
of the sinews or ligaments, cataracts and other
defects of the eyes, imp.iiring sight.

TTie following may or may not occasion nn-
soundness, according to the slate or degree in
which they exist: Corns, splints, thrushes, bog- .
spavins, Uirough pins, wind-galls, crib-biting.
Curbs ore unsoundness unless the horse has
worked with them for some months without in-
convenience.

Cutting, particularly speedy cutting, consti-
tutes unsoun<lncss when it cannot be remedieili
by care and skill. Quidding, when a confirmed^
habit, injures the soundness of a horse.

Defects, called blcmiihes, are: Scars from
broken knees; capped hocks, splints, bog-spav-^
ins, .ind through pins ; loss of hair from blLsterft:]
or scars, enlargements from blows or cutting,
and also specks or streaks 00 the corner of the
eye.

Vices aret Restiveness, shying, bolting, run-rj
ning away, kicking, rearing, weaving, or moving/
the head from side to side, stringhaft, quidding,
slipping the halter.

HORSES, Care of. — The man having the care
of horses should be the embodiment of

104

DTCTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

His temper should always be under j)crfcct con-
trol. He should never inflict any unnecessary
pain, for it is only by the law of kindness that a
norse can be trained and managed. No man
ever yet sUuclc a horse, but (hat he made the
horse the worse for it- Patience and kindness
will accomplish in every instance what whinping
will fail to do. Horses having a vicious uii>po-
sitiun are invariably made so from cruel treat-
ment.

Horses arc designed to work, and daily labor
for them is as much a necessity to their existence
as to that of man's. It is not the hard drawing
and ponderous loads that wear out horses, and
make them ix>or. Ijaulky and worthless; but it
is the hard ariving, tlje worry by rou^h and in-
human drivers, that uses up more horse flesh,
fat and muscle than all the labor a team jicr-
forms. Another great reason why there are so
few really sound animals, is because of their be-
ing put to work so soon. Horses are not devel-
oped until they arc 5, G or 7 years old, and they
should do very httlc work until they reach tlial
period.

When a horse is worked hard its food should
chiefly be onlsj if not worked hard, its food
should chiefly be hay ; because oats supply more
nourishment and flesh-making material ibian any
other kind of food ; hay not so much.

HORSES, Food for.— \\fi\i.t% are usually fed
thrice lUily — namely, in the morning, at niicl-day
and at mght It is not pos&ible to state the ex-
act quantity of food a horse requires to keep him
in good working condition. In all cases the
horse himself tells whether he is getting loo
much or loo little. The best feed for ordinary
road horses is hay and oats, lo lbs. of liay is a
fair allowance of good hay, and to fast-working
horses from 15. ao, or 25 lbs. of oats; one-tliird
of tlie hay may be given during the day, the bal-
ance at night. Horses differ so much in the
quantity 01 hay they may eat without inconve-
nience— in fact, they vary so much in size, age,
breeding, temjitr, condition, and labor they are
called upon to perform, that it is impossible to
fix upon any specific rules for feeding them.

Oats should be bruised for an old horse, but
not for a young one, because the former, through
age and dcfccti\*e teeth, cannot chew them prop-
erly ; the young horse can do so, and they arc
thus propi^rly mixed with the saliva and turned
into wholesome nutriracnU Carrots given occa-
sionally will give a flnc, sdky appearance to the
coat, and experiments have shown that the best
way to feed carrots is lo give them with oats.
If you arc in the hnbit of feeding 4 cjuarts of oats
to a mess, give 2 of oats and 2 of 'sliced carrots,
and the result will be more satisfactory than if
each were fed separately. Youatt writes of the
carrot: "This root is held in much esteem.
There is none better, nor perhaps so good ; when
first given it is slightly diuretic and laxative, but
as the horse becomes accustomed to it these ef-
fects cease to be produced. They improve the
slate of the skin. They form a goo<l substitute
for grass, and an excellent alterative for horses
out of condition. To sick and idle horses ihey
render grain unnecessary. They are beneficial
in all chronic diseases connected with breathing,
and have a marked influence upon dironic coueh
and broken wind. They are scr^nceablc in dis-
eases of the skin, and, in combination with oats,
ty restore a worn horse more than oats alone

It is also advantageous to chop hay fed to a

horse, and to sprinkle the hay with water that
has salt dissolved in it — a (easpoonful of 5.alt to a
bucket of water is sufBcient. Rack-feeding is
wastcfuL The better plan is to feed with hi
(chopped) from a manger, because the food
not tiien thrown about, and is more easy to ch(
and digest.

Vetches and cut grass should always be gii
in the spring to horses that can not be turned^
out into the fields, bccau5e they are very cool ai
refreshing, and almost medicinal in their eflfectsfl
but they must l>c supplied in moderation, as they
are liable to ferment in the stomscht if given
Urgely.

As often as once a week a change of food
should be made — i>nc feed of cot h.-iy and meal,
or cut hay with shorts will do. Musty hay on
no account should be fed to horses. Let the
food be the best of its kind, for in the end it i»
tlie cheaj>est.

HORSES, WaUr for.—Vi^ict is usually
given 3 limes a day; but in summer-, when the
horse sweats much, he should have water 4 or 5
times ; under ordinary circumstances, 2 rule*
will guide the attendant. The first is, never lo
let the horse get verv thirstv ; the second, to
give him water so often anil in such quantity
that he will not care lo take any within an hour
of poing to fast work. The quantity of water
which a horse will drink in 24 hours is uncer-
Liin ; it varies so much that 1 will drink quite
as much as other 2 or 3. It is influenced by
the food, the work, the weather, and the number
of services ; the demand for water also increases
with the perspiration. Horses at fast work, and
kept in not stables, neetl n large allowance,
which must be still larger in hot weather ; horses
of slow work may be permitted lo take what
qdantity they please; but lo those of fast work
ocoisional restriction is necessary. Restriction
is always necessary before fast work. A few
quarts given an hour before goingto work ooght
to suffice. Water should always dc given before
rather than after grain. Water ynurnorscs from
a pond or stream rather than from a spring or
well, because the latter is generally hard .ind
cold, while the former is soft and comparatively
warm. The horse prefers soft, muddy water to
hard water, though ever so clear.

HORSE.FEEDING ON THE ROAD.—
Many persons, in traveling, feed their horses too
much and too often, continually stuffing tliero,
ami not allowing them time to rest and digest
their food ; of course they suffer from over-full-
ness and carrying unnecessary weight. Horses
should be well fcil in the evening, and must not
be stuffed too full in the morning, and the trav-
eling should be moderate on starting when the
horse has a full stomach. If a horse starts in
good condition, he can go 20 or 35 miles without
feeding.

HORSES, Cr^ANIXG.—V^'hcTi brought in
from work, warm with exertion, the horse must
be rubbed do^vn and then blanketed ; but wc
would not blanket a horse in a good stable, as a
general rule, except in extremdy cold weather,
A sharp-toothed curry-comb is the dread of at
finc-skmncd horse, and the brush and straw wisp
answer the same purpose much letter, if used as
frequently as they should he. Mud should not
be allowed to dry on the legs of a horse ; it is
I the cause of ludf the swelled legs, scrmtdiest

DOMESTIC ANIMALS^HORSES,

I

sad other affections of the feet with which ihcy
are aiflieted.

MORSES, Stablts /ir.— The floor of the sta-
ble should b« level, or nearly so. When it is
iaciinett it ctusct the horse to hang back, because
the incline causes his loins and hind parts to
acbe intolerably, and he hangs bade in ordcft if
po4«iblc, to get his hind legs beyond the gutteft
thus dtminis.ning, by many dcj^ccs, his standing
op hUl. The best bedding is that of straw, fine
shavings from a planing mill, or sawdust — pine
sawdust being best, and oak sawdust the worst.
They should be allowed to stand on the naked
6oor as little as possible. " If I were asked,"
said a noted stock-raiser, "to account for my
kocscs' legs and feet being in better order than
those of my neighbor, I should attribute it to
the four folk>wtng circumstances : First, they are
ail shod with a few nails, so placed in the shoe
as to permit the fool to expand every time they
move. Second, that they all live in boxes, in*
stead of stalls, and can move whenever they
please. Third, ther spend 2 hours d.-uly in
wilking exercise, when they are not at work.
Fourth, that I have not a hc»i-stall or trace-chain
in my stable. These four circumstances com-
prehmd the whole mystery of keeping horses'
legs fine, and their feet in sound working condi-
tioa up to old at;c.

HORSE STABLES, Ta D^e>Jjni£.—%xw-
dit&t, wetted with sulphuric acid, diluted with 40
paits of water, and distributed about horse sta-
nes, will, it is said, remove the disagreeable am-
monucal smell, the sulphuric add cambining
with the ammonia to form a salt. Chloride of
time slowly evolves chlorine, which will do the
sainc thing, but then the chlorine smells worse
than the ammonia. Sulphuric acid, on the con-
liary, is perfectly inodorous. The mixture must
be KCpt in shallow earthenware vessels. The
aiUphuric actd used atone, either diluted or
stnMig, would absorb more or less of the ammo-
ak* out there would be danger of spilling it
Aboat. and causing serious damage ; and, beside
this, the sawdast offers a large surface to the
Aoaxing gas.

//ORSES, BLANKETING.— \z\. reference
to blanketing horses in winter, it is doubtless
brae that blankctingkeeps a horse's coat smooth-
er in winter, and hence fine carriage horses and
»vkUe horses wdl continue to be blanketed.
Bat where horses arc kept more for service than
%fm «bow, we think they had better dispense with
Ae blanket. Keeping them constantly covered
laakes them tender and liable to take cold. It
if better to give them a warm stable, and plenty
of straw for bedding, and good food. When
Shef are Co sund for any length of time out of
4oors in a cold winter's day, they should have
bbniccis. And so when tliey come in from work
Stcaimag hot, they should be allowed to stand a
abort txmc until they have partially cooled off;
tbca the blankets shou]d t>e put on for an hour.
Be CHcbl And not delay putting on the blanket
satil they have become chilled.

HORSES, POOR, Hffut ta FATTEN.—
ICaay good horses devour large quantities of hay
aad grain, and still continue thin and poor. The
food eaten is not properly assimilated. If the
■SMUL focd has been unground grain and hay,
aod^ttg but a change will effect any desirable al-
taniiaa in the appearance of the animal. In
^ase cEL meal cannot be obtained readily, mingle

a bushel of flaxseed with a bushel of barley, I
of oats, and another bushel of Indian corn, and
let it be ground into fine n^eal. This will be a
fair proportion for all his feed. Or the meal or
barlev, oats and corn, in equal quantities, may at
first be procured, and % of oil cake mingled
with it when the meal is sprinkled on cut feed.
Feed 2 or 3 quarts of the mixture 3 limes daily
with a i>eck of cut hay and straw. If the horse
will eat that amount greedily, let the quantity be
gradually increase<I, until he will eat 4, $ or 6
quarts at every feeding, ^ times a day. So long
as the animal will eat this allowance, the quan-
tity may be increased a little every day. But al-
ways avoid the practice of allowing the horse to
stand at a rack well filled with hay. In order
to fatten a horse that has run down in flesh, the
groom should be very particular to feed the ani-
mal no more than he will eat un clean and lick
his manger for more. Follow the above sugges-
tions and the result will be satisfactory.

JNTEREE RING. —To prevent inlerfcring
in a horse who is turned out in the front feet,
the shoe should be applied to fit closely on the
inside, and the nails applied round the toe and to
the outside. In some mstanccs a small piece of
leather placed betwixt the sole and the shoe, and
allowed to project outwards, has a very good ef-
fect in preventing interfering.

/7ci7. — To cure a horse aflccted with itch,
first reduce his daily allowance of food, putting
him on a low diet, and then give him a teospoon-
ful of a mixture of equal ports of sulphur and
antimony, and at the end of a week or 10 days
the sores will have disappeared, and the horse
will be covered with a fine coat of new hair.

A'/DNEYS, Jnfiammutivn of—iNcf^hritis,)
— Symptoms : Gradual loss of f?csh, pain across
the back, impaired action of the hind extremi-
ties, and the frequent passing of urine, which is
very highly colored. In treating this affection,
the horse should be allowed per^ct rest, and he
should also have a generous diet of easily di-

fested food, and plenty of mucilaginous drinks,
he loins may be rubbed every iRird or fourth
day with mustard, and I drachm of tartar emetic
given every night. This me^Ucine can be con-
veniently administered mixed with the food.

KICKING IN stall:— To prevent your
horse from kicking in the stall, fasten a short
trace-chain, about 2 feet long, by a strap to each
hind foot. A belter way is to have tne stalls
made wide enough so that the horse can torn in
them easily. Close them with a door or bars,
and turn the animal loose. After a while he
will forget the habit, and stand tied without fur-
ther trouble.

KNEE-PAN, DISPLACED.— Feed tha
horse well on oats, barley and sound hay ; f;;ive
him a rlrochm of powdered phosphate of iron
daily in his food ; keep in a stall with a perfectly
smooth and level floor, and not less than 5^ or
6 feet wide ; apply a shoe with a bar welded to
the toe, projecting 2 or 3 inches, and then let it
be turned up; rub the joint with an ointment
made of l drachm of powdered cantharidcs to
j4 an oz. of lord, repeating the application next
day if it has not blistered. When a blister rises,
wash it off with soap and warm water, and then
anoint the part daily with lard, until the scab and
other effects hav* passed off, when another blis-
ter may be applied.

KNEE-SPRUNG.— The best remedy tot

]06

DrCTTONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

knee-sprung or contracted tendons is a winter's
ran in a straw yard, or a sitmtncr's run at grass,

LAM PAS, — This consists in a swelling of the
first bar of the upper palate. It is cured by rub-
bing the swelling 3 or 3 limes a day with % an
ounce of alum and the same quantity of double
refined sugar mixed uilh a little honey.

LJlGS^ tnjiammatwn and S-weUing ef.—
Rest, and the application of an active buster to
the swollen parts, will effect a cure. No better
blister can be used than the following : Take
resin and black pitch each 4 parts, beeswax 3
parts, sweet oil 1 1 parts, Spanish flics 6 parts,
euphorbium 3 parts. Melt the resin, pilcn and
wax first, then odd the oil, and when thoroughly
mixed remove from the fire; lastly, add very
slowlrthe powdered flies and euphorbium. Be-
fore the blister is applied the hair should be cut
close off, and the skin, if scurfy, washed with
Castile soap and warm water, after which it must
be thoroughly dried, and the blistering ointment
rubbed in for 10 minutes. After applying the
blister, the horse's head should be tied up to pre-
vent his biting the part, or rubbing it with his
nose. At the expiration of 2 or 3 days most
horses may be set at liberty. In about a week
rub sweet oil over the blistered part.

LEGS, BROKEN, To C«r^.— Instead of
summarily shooting the horse, in the greater
number of fractures it is only necessary lo par-
tially sling the horse by means of a broad piece
of sail or other strong cloth, placed under the
animal's belly, furnished with 2 breechings and
3 breast-girths, and, by means of ropes and pul-
leys attached to a cross beam above, he Is ele-
vated or lowered, as may be required. Uy the
adoption of this plan every facility is allowed for
the satisfactory treatment of the fractures.

L/N/AfENT, BLISTERING,— ^c "Legs,
Inflammation and Swelling of."

LINIMENT for the Gall^ Backs of llorsa.
— White lead moistencil with milk. When milk
is not to be procured oil may \\c substituted, i
or 2 oz. mixed at a time will be sufHdent for
a month.

LINIMENT far Bntiscs, Sfminr, ttc—
Take I pint of a!coho1, 4 oz. of Castile soap, %
07.. of gum camphor, % oz. of sal ammoniac.
\Vhcn these are dissolved, add i 01. of lauda-
num, I or. origanum, % oz. oil of sassafras, aiid
2 oz. spirits of hartshorn. Bathe freely.

LINIMENT, NERVE AND BONE.—
Take beefs gall i qt., alcohol i pt., volatile lin-
iment I lb,, spirits of turpentine I lb., oil of ori'
eonum 4 oz., aqua ammonia 4 oz., tincture of
Cayenne % pt., oil of amber 3 02., tincture of
Spanish flies 6 oz. Mix.

MOON EYE. — Moon Eye is a term applied
to remittent inflammation of the eyes of the
horse. From the remittent or periodical appear-
ance of this disease, it has been supposed that
it rccurrc'i monthly, or with special changes of
the moon — ^hence the name Moon Eye and Moon
Blinding. It is constitutional, hereditary dis-
ease, localizing itself in the eyes. This malady
attacks alike the young and the aged, the fat and
the lean, while the high bred and the mongrel,
the lazy and the nervous, are all caually prone to
its baleful influence. Certain kinos of eye — es-
pecially the small sunken eye — seem disposed to
contract the disease. Of all the influences tend-
ing to the development of Moon ICyc. none is
uorc dearly established than the hereditary pre-

UU4

i

disposition. During its prevalence the aniin_
almost entirely useless.

MOUTH, 5C>^iS".— Symptoms: The
runs water, the horse cuds, or throws ha^i
his mouth. Tlie cause of this disease is
from frosted bits being put into their moul
by eating poisonous weeds. To cure, lak-
borax 3 drachms. 3 drachms of sugar of \czA
ounce of alum, l pint of vinegar, x pint of >
tea. Shake all well together, and wash the
mal's mouth out every morning. Give him
hay for 12 days,

THE MULE.— There seems to be but 1
doubt that mules arc more economical than ho<
for farm purposes. The climate, soil, and n;
of carrying on farming operations in the pn
regions of the West are all admirably suUe<
the working of horses. One combinatiot^
circumstances renders oxen the favorite t
team of New England; another causes mule
be employed in the South; and still ano
makes ncirses the most desired iarm team in
Northwest. If we lake into con s.i deration t
beauty of form and carriage, speed and dod
as well as strength, no animal employed in
service of man can compare with the horse.
for many purposes where elegance and speed
of little conseouence, the horse U not an e
nomical animal to use. The cost of keepinK 1
is greater than is the case with the mole ; hi
ability to disease is very much greater, and
years of available labor arc less. The eipc
of shoeing mules is much less than (hat of&ti
ing horses, on account of the smallness of tl
feet, the hardness of the hoof, and its frccc
from disease.

MULE, Sfi/inf «!.— To remove these Bt
formations, the treatment consists in rcpa
blistering. Having first cut the hair short,
a little of the following ointment into the «1
covering the splint, every night, until a ffte^
terr discharge is i>roduced from the "^^
Take of biniodide of mercury 2 dradimsri
oz. Mix. If, after an interval of a foi
the splint does not appear much reduced in s
the ointment should be re-applied and rcpea
at similar intervals.

NASAL GLEET— CT running at the
caJi be cured by taking }4 a lb> of rosin,
of blue vitriol, and 4 oz. of ginger, grtndii
all fine, and ginng the horse a spoonful
times a dny.

NAIVCULAR /)/5£'^5"£'.— Symptoms:
prevent tension of the injured parts the fao
points his foot. Pointing is also observed
corns and in bruises and injuries of the heel, 1
long-continued pointing is to be dreaded as
harbinger of incurable lameness. Lameness
first is often shght, and disappears after ^
hour's work, from increased secretion of syni
In lifting his foot the horse bends bis knee I
than natural, and — es]»ecially when first broot
out — walks on his toe ; the toe of the si
wears raindly, while the heel exhibits verv sli|
wea^ i'hc norse steps or moves in a sliltj a
of way. In from 4 to 8 weeks the hoof "
deeper, narrower at the heels ; the sole b
very concave, and the foot appears no w
the sole than at the coronet. ^NTien the
especially the elastic and insensible fr
to bear weight, it becomes absorbed,
ters consequently contract, and the so*.
This is most among horses used on fa

iiiW

DOMESTIC AmMALS—MORSES.

f«T^ irrffirt-c : rapidity of iction is the canse

- ncet. Treatmmf. — In such

piring the quarters almost

aiot \%. atjuptcd. 'Fhe toe is shortened,

ieec ATS eaveloped in poultices for lo

9icw^tii£ the poalticc twice a day. The

tiwMJd be fed on bran and oats scalded,

• oftodierate allowance of hay. Give a do^e

CBifrdicise at (he end of to diys; bli^-

ODct, ftod keep the hoof moist with

The sole may now be thinned, and

kept standing on wet sawdu&l, and a

bilsler nuy be at the same time applied.

Che lume is shod for work a leather sole

be applied, and the space between the

tm and «<o1« stoiTcd with tar and tow. Turning

Utehorrse itito a damp pasture for 6 weeks wiU

bcatlcsdr^ — ■'*■ ' — icfit. In a great many in-

•aaces t^ - incurable.

0AVT.1 . :f OOF. —Tike }4 a lb. of

asH 4 ot, of rosin. Heat them over a slow

BBlil melicd; take the pot ofT the Gre, add I

- «f patlverixcd verdigris; stir well to prevent

Snm muntng over. When partially cnol add

V* 't ,.,..^.-. ,,.« Apply it from the hair

m the oorse all the time.

t.. SLOAN'S,— Ro'iin 4 oi.,

Yaarwt 4 uj.. Lad 8 oz., honey 3 01. Melt

I uticies slowly, gently bringing to a botl ;

, fta U begins to boil, rcmurc from the fire

■inwiy add a little less tlian a pint of spirirs

Hf.^tit--.^ *<lirring all the time this is being

Jr - until cool.

-itTyy/A'^.— Make the shoe its

■ttzai U^^'.h, or a trifle lont^er — with the calk

of Ac forward shoes high and the heel calk low.

bi>of wm then stand further forwartl. and be

t«aM>ved from the stride of the hind foot,

*M-I».> ihod with a low toe calk and high

keel irike the gronnd before it reaches

Ihe An interfering horse generally

BH. Ic of the hoof, about 2 inches

fcoc r.3 make the shoe straighter

Ml tbc i.ii^jt:. ii,i i rj.ip thc hoof accordingly.

i*4tSy. — An attack of this kind is frequently
fdoired br woilintr of the affected muscles —
Ary kMC ' ' d form, and present a more

W IcB t. . r-ect. The most common

ttMd of Uus diaca^'- " is and plethora.

Il Mff rerah from a< l^nce. as blows

•rblu. TftQtment — i u ^i, .^■.'\>\f a blister over
ftr loiaft. Then give the mare one of the fol-
t*»iac P^ every morning fur 8 or 10 davs :
Ti3kc c*fUlaa and ginger oTcach 2 drachms, bn.
i«*l meal 4 drachms, strychnine < grains. Mix
«bb«at«T for I pill. The diet should he light,
^kd (b« marc kept quiet in thc stable, or — better

FBYSIC /?W^Z.— Barbadoes aloes 4. 5 or 6
(accor\!mg lo the site and strength of the
) tartrate of p:>tassia t dr.. of ginger and
•osp of each 2 drs., anise or peppermint
ptUvcritc, and make all mto I ball
llikk rua solntion. Before giving a horse
ftntc^ b# ^oold be prepared f'>r it by feeding
nMlirao. in place of oats, for 2 d.ty« at the
'**• fivioj also w3tfT which has the chill taken
•^ nd O' ind drink during Its

t^tfttion I operate in 4S hours,

■ VTA, ACUTE.^Svmptomt.—

H^ J^ - . - ' 1 «ra wtth a Arf^ dcriressed cough,
H[«n of cp>p«til*t b«S dibrsty; puis* fveblcj bat

frequently the extremities are cold — sometimes
when first taken, at others they retain their nat-
ural heat until the disease assumes its wont ap-
pearance, and then thc legs become cold. Res-
piration is very active and bborioos; the animal
pants all the time, slanHs with fore legs widely
separated, never lies down, and is loth to move.
Some discharge copiously from both nostrils a
thick, slimy matter, sometimes mixed with blood
— in that case the whole body i? excessively hot,
and the extremities also, but other symptoms the
same. Tlie treatment in the early stage of this
disease should be: r. An abundant supply of
cool, fresh air. 2. Abstinence from grain or
corn. 3. Extra dotlung snd warm bandages to
the legs. In all cases it is desirable that the pa-
tient snould at once l>e removed to an airy, loose
box. If these simple remedies do not bring
about a subsidence of the attack within a short
time, recourse must be had to medical treat-
ment.

POLL EV!L.~-\\ there is only swelling and
slight tenderness, but without any fluctuation or
pressure from contained matter, give the horse
as a laxative 5 drs. of Barbadoes aloes, and rub
the poll actively with an ointment made by mix-
ing equal parts of mercurial and iodine oint-
ments. Repc.it this application, if necessary, to
induce some blistering action. If matter is al-
ready formed, .is indicated by the fluctuation nr
pressure, the swelling should be at once opened
so as lo let it escape. An opening should then
be made from the very lowest point of the sac,
so that the matter may flow freely as soon as
formed. If obstinate, it may be injected sev-
eral times a week with a lotion containing <j a
dr. of chloride of cine to a pint of water.

POLL EVIL (A'orrwfirtrt rwrr.)— Cover the
head and neck with 2 or 3 blankets ; have a pan
or kettle of the best warm cider vinegar; tnen
hold it under the blankets ; steam the parts by
putting hot stones, brick or iron into the vinegar,
and continue the operation until the horse per-
spires freely ; do this for 3 mornings, and .skip
3, until 9 steamings have been accomplished,

POLL EVIL and E/STir LA. —Common
potash % *^^'t otract of belladonna )4 dr., gum
Arabic ^ ot. Dissolve the gum in as little w.i.
ter as practicable ; then, having pulverited the
potash, unless it is moixt, mix the gum water
with it and it will soon dissolve; then mix in thc
extract and it is ready to use; it can be used
without the belladonna, but it is mure painful
without it, and does not have <^uitc as good an
effect. The best' plan to get this into the pipes
is by means of a small syringe, after having
cleansed the sore wth soap-suds ; repeat once in
2 days, until all the callous pipes and nard fibrous
base around the poll evil or hstula is completely
destroved.

POiVDERS, COND/TIO.V.'^oi. resin, 2
ot. saltpetre, 2 oz. black antimony, 2 or. sul*
phur, 2 oz. saleratus. 2 01, ginger, I 02. cop-
peras. I tables pivinful to a dose once a day for
for 3 days ; then skip 2 or 3 days, and give again
until you have given in this way 9 doses, or even
more if you like. It should be given in thc
spring and fall, or at any lime when the animal
is not doing well.

POWDERS, CLEAXSLVG.^lzkeoi gin-
ger 2 oz,, 4 01. fenugreek, I o/. black antimonv,
and a oz. rhubarb. l~^rind all fine, mix it wefl,
and it is fit for use. Give a Urge spooafol kvoj

108

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

I

morning and nt^ht. It gives a good appetite,
and fine coat and life to the animal

QC/TTOR. — The treatment of this disease is
as follows : After the shoe has been removed,
thin the sole until it wiil yield to the pressure of
the thumb ; then cut the under parts of the wall
in an oblique direction from the heel to the ante-
rior ^>art, immediately under the seal of com-
plaintt and only as far as it extends, and rasp the
side of the wall thin enough to give way to the
pressure of the over -distended parts, and put on
a bar-shoe rather elevated from the frop. As-
certain with a probe the direction of the sinuses,
and introduce mto them a saturated solution of
sulphate of zinc, by means of a small syringe.
Place over this dressing the common poultice, or
the turpentine ointment, and renew the applica-
tion every 24 hours. 3 or 4 such applications
will complete a cure. It is recommended that
when the probe is introduced, in order to ascer-
tain the progress of cure, that it be gently and
carefully used, otherwise it may break down the
new-formed h-mph.

//OA'S^\ }/civ to RUc a.— The body of the
rider is divided into 3 parts, of which 2 arc mov-
able and I immovable; I of the first consists of
all the upper part of the body down to the waist,
the other of the lower part of the legs, from the
knee down. The immovable portion is from the
waist to the knees. The rider should sit per-
fectly square on the middle of the saddle, the
upper part of the l>ody presenting a free and un-
constrained appearance, the chest not very much
thrown forward, the ribs resting freely on the
hips, the waist and loins not stiffened, and thus
not exposed to tension or effort from the motions
of the horse ; the upper part of the body should
lean slightly to the rear, rather than forward \
the thighs, inclining a little forward, lie flat and
6rmly on the saddle, covering the surcingle, of
which only a Email part behind the knee should
be setn ; the lower part of the leg, hanging
vertically from the knees touches the horse, but
wiiliout the slightest jircssurc ; the toes arc
pointed up without constraint, and on the same
line with the knees, for if the toes are turned
outward it not only caoses the horse to be un-
necessarily pricked by tlie spurs, (if worn,) but
the firmness of the seat is lost ; the heek should
be seven-eighths of an incli below the toes, and
the stirrups so adjusted that when the rider
raises himself on thcin, there may be the breadth
of 4 fingers between the crotch and the saddle ;
to mnke this adjustment, when the rider has ac-
quired A firm nnd correct scat he should without
cnanging that scat, pu^h the bottom of tlie stir-
rup to the hollow or the fool, and then, with the
foot horizontal, feel a slight support from the
stirrup; when this is accomplished he replaces
the foot properly in the stirrup, and the heel will
then be seven-eighths of on inch below the
toes.

To give the rider a correct scat, theinstnicior,
having eiused him to mount, seizes the lower
port of his leg, and stretches it straight toward
the fore-quarters of the horse, so as (o bring the
buttocks of Ihc rider square on the saddle ; then
resting one hand on the man's knee, he seizes
the lower part of the leg with the other, and
carries back the thigh and knee so as to bring
the crotch square on the saddle, the thighs cov-
cring the surcingle, the lower part of the leg,
Crom the knee down, also over the surcingle, and

sees that the rider does not sit too much on hiS
.crotch, but has his buttocks well under him.
lie then explains to the rider that the firrancfs
of the seat consists in this : that the rider grasps
the horse with his legs ; that both thighs press
equally upon the saddle, in conformity with the
movements of the body, and that the general
movements of the body and thighs must conform
tu tliose of the horse. He should be taughti
too, how to hold the feet, without allowing him
to place them in the stirrups, fur this is one of
the most essential conditions for a good seat.

RINGBONE^ — This disease is generally
caused by heavy draught, especially in up-hiU
work. The first appearance ui the complaint is
indicatetl by a hard swelling uj>on the lop of the
fetlock or pastern joint, accx^mjinnied by tender-
ness, pain, heat, etc. Cooling appliances, such
as cold water, soap, camphor, etc, with a little
laudanum, should be promptly applied, giving
the animal perfect rest, with green food or roots
in connection with hay — no groin. This raav be
followed by some convenient preparation of io-
dine, hkc an ointment of iodide of lead and
lard. Rub in the ointment well, and follow up
the treatment for several weeks. If the cose is
an obstinate one, try blistering with cerate 01
cantharidcs, continuing, at intervals, the use of
the iodine. Equal parts of tur^ientinc and kero-
sene would, no doubt, form a most excellent
wash — the crude coal oil would be belter than
that which has been refined. Kub it well into
the hair around and above the hoof.

RINGBONE REMEDIES.~~T\iLyfrra^
cantharidek, oils of spike, origanum, amber, ce*
dar, Barbadoes tar, and British oil, of each 2
02.; oil of wormwood I oz., spirits of turpen-
tine 4 oz., common potash }i oz., nitric nad 6
oz., oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid) 4 ox., and lard

3 lbs. Melt the lard and slowly add the acids;
stir well and add the others, stirring until cold.
Clip off the hair, and apply bv rubbing and heat-
ing in; in about 3 days, or wWn it is done run-
ning, wash off with suds and apply again. In
old cases it may take 3 or 4 weeks, but in recent
cases 2 or 3 applications will cure. — 2. Take ^
pint spirits of turpentine, ^ 01. blue stone, jj
ot, of red precipitate. Shake well and use ev-
ery morning ; and keep the hoof well greased.
This will nut only take off the hair, but cause a
severe bUsler, wlitch, after healing, if there still
be signs of lamenes, repeat llic remedy.

RIXGll^ORM.—\\:iS.h. the rrarts with a very
strong infusion of bayberry bark, wipe dry, an^
then smear the denuded spots with a mixture of

4 oz. of pyroligncous acid, I oz. of turpentine,
the washing and dressing to be lepe.ited until
healthy action Is established. If the disease docs
not readily disappear, give sulphur, cream of
tartar and sassafras, equal parts, in a dose uf 6
drachms daily. If the disease still lingers,
sponge the denuded parts with tincture of muri*
ate iron.

ROAR/NG. — This is a loud sound which
some horses emit during the act of breathing,
and is caused by a diminution in the diameter, or
by a distortion of the windpipe, or bv a wasting
of the muscles of the larynx, and imperfect
opening of the latter. It is incurable.

RUNAWAY I/ORSES, To Prn'mt IhJu-
rifs from. — This can be done by electricity. A
complete electric apparatus con be purchased in
a sinall case. Let one of these be fixed in on

DOMESTIC ANIMALS— HORSES,

109

It-of-the-way nook in the carnage, 3 wires to I
lo harness, beneath which have 2 very thin \
pbtes properly placet!. In the CTcnt of
[ranaway, the driver and inside occupants will
l1y have to press a glass knob to stop instantly

mad career of the strongest horses.
jei//'7'6^^£.— Rupture or hernials the pro-
Lsion of a bowel, or some other part, fr<>m its
roper cavity. It is sometimes congenital, and
vf then be reduced at the same time that cas-
ion is performed. At other times rupture
may be produced by blows, kicks or falls. A
hernia is dangerous to life when It becomes com-
^tecssed or strangulated by a stricture at the ori-
ffee of protrusion. Skillful surgical aid sliould
mlirays be obtained in any such case nl once.
But sometimes, in the absence of a vetenahan,
any one may restore the gut by introducing the
hind into the bowel and drawing it up ; the other
hand, at the «amc time, making gentle pressure
lason the swelling in the abdomen. No violence
fthould ever be used in attempting this; and the
boirels should first be emptied by a clyster.

SCR A TCifES.—\X a horse's blowl is pure
he will not have the scratches. Give him a ta-
blespoonful of saltpetre every day for 15 days,
and oe careful about his taking cold while feed-
ittp it. tt opens the pores so that he will take
cold very easy. Along with this take pure, dry
rhite lead, pure oxide of rinc, and glycerine, of
ich ^■^ an oz ; fresh lard (free from rancidity)
t^ ox. Mix the white lead, oxide of linc and
lycerine to a uniform, smooth paste, then add
lard, a little at a time, till a uniform, smixtth
(intmcnt is formed. Wash the parts with Cas-
Ic soap and water, and dry with a cloth, then
\y tlie ointment 2 or 3 times daily with the
Wash once in 2 or ^ days, and dry the
»t well before dressing ogam.
The horse should stand on a plank floor kept
^^n and dry ; and if used, all dust* sand and
should be washed off so that the affected
ts may remain dean. If these directions arc
Strictly carried out, it will seldom, if ever, fail
10 cure the very worst cases within a reasonable
time

SHOEING HORSES.— Yt^ horseshoers
understand thoroughly the anatomy of the horse's
The great mistake is made in attempting
trim the ho»if lo fit the shoe, whereas the shoe
be made to fit the hoof. Very little trira-
ing is needed if the shoe is made right. The
should never be touched by the buttress, if
foot is healthy, as Nature has intended that
be the spring or cushion to first receive the
low when the foot is set down on Che roid, to
the knee and shoulder from the concus-
^liofi.

Nothing can be more barbarous than the carv-
infi and cutting of a horse's foot before shoeing,
thoocli on his skill in this many a farrier prides
binMclf. The idea that the frog must not oe al-
^■cfl lo bfar on the ground — tnat the sole must
thinned till it *' springs on the thumb," is a
■I pernicious one.
you value your horse, do not let the bbck-
even scrape the dirt off the frog. It would
tcr if he could not sec it, because, if any-
fit to be called a frog, he will beg, argue,
try every means to jKrsuade you to let him
iJo not turn your back to him while he
fuot In his bp and knife in his hand, or
' comes a portion of the frog. If the

frog if left to itself it will, when Nature gets
ready, shed itself; but the difference between
shedding and culling is, that before shedding the
under frog is protected by a suitable covering,
but when cut it is exposed to the action of the
air and water, which causes it to crack, leaving
those "rags" which the blacksmiths love so well
to cut Do not open the heels, as it increases
the resistance offered to contraction.

The summer shoe needs lo present a flat sur-
face to the ground. Make it of the same width
.ind thickness from the toe to the heel. Have
the seating deep, so as to prevent die sole press-
ing upon the shoe as it descends. Have a clip
at the toe to prevent the shoe slipping back, but
none at the sides, as they not only destroy loo
much of the hoof, but prevent expansion. Have
the fullering deep to receive the nail-heads, and
have the n^ holes straight — neither inclined in-
wardly or outwardly. Ilavc only $ nails to hold
on the shoe — 2 on the inner, and 3 on ihe out-
side. Place the 2 on the inner side about I fa
inches from the top; those on the outside may
be placed further back toward the heel. The
reason is, that when the foot strikes the ground
it expan<ls to relieve the horse of the shock of
his weight, and the inner side being thinner than
the outside, the expansion is greater. Tty plac-
ing the nails far back we prevent thai expansion,
thereby cramping the foot, which makes ihe ani-
mal step short and quick, like one \«*ith tight
boots. If we take an old shoe, we find at the
heels that it is worn down, and also that it is
smaller and bright, which is not done by the
shifting of the shoe, as you only find it at the
heels, by the action of the foot while expanding
and contracting. Of course, this action wears
upon, but tlie foot is continually growing.

On fitting the shoe, do not let it bum the foot,
as it makes a strong foot brittle, and on a weak
one hurting the horse. Be sure it fits close to
the foot. Bring in the heels, as they do not, but
the nails prevent expansion. Do not get the
nails larger than necessary; bring them nut low
down in the crust, and make the clinchers very
broad. Rasp below but not above the clinchers,
as tlie foot above is covered — if healthy — with a
varnish which excludes the air and water.

The hind shoe need not be so brood, but a tit-
tle higher at the heels. In this put 7 nails, as
the hmd legs propel and the front legs receive
the weight

The winter shoe needs toe and heel pieces to
prevent the horse from slipping. Have the in-
ner cork not quite so sharp as the outer one, so
that if he steps upon the other foot it will not
cut it.

The outside of the hoof ought not to be at all
touched by the rasp, save at the very edge, as
rasping tends to thicken the hoof ana muce it
coarse and clumsy. Shoes should be made just
as light as they possibly can be to answer the
purpose. Ordinarily they are K too heavy. A
norse's hoof should lie carefully cleaned every
day. and oiling the hoof once or twice a week ii
recommended.

SPA r'AV.— 'Take }^ oz. oil of amber, 1 oju
oil of spike, 2 oz. spirits of turpentine, % o«,
nitric acid. The acid must be put into the bot-
tle lost, .\pply this mixture thoroughly, and —
though it will not remove the bunch — tlie lame-
ness will generally disappear. If the horse is
over 4 years old, you will fit a box of Ic^ yuX

J

1X0

above it, ^t-irei^g ihp ends together so that it will
constantly wear upon the enlargement, and the
two together vrill cure 9 cases out of every 10 in
6 weeks.

^/W /y.V C:6'A*iF.— Take I or. of ori^nm
oil, I oz. of British oil, I or., of oil of spike, i
oz. oil of wonnwood, i oz. gum myrrh, i gitt of
alcotio]. Put the oils together; put the gum in
the alcuhol, and let it stand for 24 hours, and
then add it to the oils; shake well before using ;
apply it to lite parts a/Tcclcd, and rub it in well
with the hand, or heat it in with a hot iron. If
it is applied fur a sprain, use it morning and eve-
ning. Wash clean once in 3 days.

SPLIMT. — When a splint does not occasion
lameness it need not be interfered with. To
cure, lake volatile liniment (of the U. S. Dis-
pensatory) lo which add I dr. of oil of origan-
um. Apply tills thoroughly twice a day, fol-
lowed by rubbing the splint with a round pine
or bass wood stick, as hard as can be done with-
out abrading the skin. This treatment should
be continued several weeks, when it will he dis-
covered that the splints will grow less and finally
disappear,

SPA'A/.VS, Getural Treatment 0/.— Rest is
the first requirement. Next apply wet bandages
until (he heat is abated, and until there is no
pain on pressure; then rub with some simple
ointment.

STAGGERS. — This is a functional disorder
of Ihc brain, which, when once it has declared
itself, is said to be beyond cure. The following
prescription may be tried. Give a mess twice
per week composed of i galr of bran. I tablc-
s(K>onful of sulphur, i spoonful of saltpetre, i
quart of boiUng sassafras tea, 1% oz, assafetida.
Xcep the horse from cold water for ^ a day af-
tcrwards.

STRAXGLES.—YtttA with light, cooling
(green if it can be had) food ; mix the food with
sassafras tea, in which a spoonful of powdered
sulphur and a teaspoonful of saltpetre have been

STIFLE-STEPPTNG, Ta Cure,^ % a tea-
cap of vinegar, the whites of 3 eggs, a niece of
alum tite size of a chcsnut, well beiaten, dissolved
and warmed. Twitch and kncc-strap the fore
leg standing oflT from the affected member. Ap-
ply with lIlc hand and rub it in well; saturate a
piece of flannel 6 inches square, place it over the
joint, cover this with a double thickness of the
same, long enough to lap behind the leg. and
draw it very tight. Now take a very hot flat-
iron and iron it, being cautious not to blister
your horse too severely. Turn him out, and in
I week repeat; in the meantime bathe the parts
with a decoction of white-oak bark.

SWEENY. — A horse is said to be sweenicd
when the muscles of the shoulder appear to have
periidied away, and the skin seems lo be attached
closely 10 the shoulder-blade. These symptoms
may arise from chronic lameness in the foot or
other part of the limb. In such case, of course
it is 01 no use to apply remedies to the shoulder.
Care the foot, and the shoulder will come right,
although stimulants and nibbing will expedite
it. But genuine sweeny is quite different from
the above, although the apf^nrarances arc the
Sftme. It is caused by liard drawing in a collar

It it too large; or where no whiffletree is ever

I. but the traces are hitched directly to the

as ia "jumperS|"BS they^acc caUed; or

by jumping fences, or ihe like. The presence of
real sweeny may be discovered by moving the
horse in a circle, or causing him to step over
bars, when you can generally determine the scat
of the lameness. For such cases irritants with
friction, is the proper trcalment. BUstenng Un-
iment, or seton, or a piece of leather inserted
under the skin, will cure, w^th rest.

TAMING AND TRAJN/NG.—'SUxiy per-
sons pay for instructions in training horses, and yet
they nearly all fail, kimuly Ifccause, with all ihc
instructions in the world, they cannot handle a
horse — it is not in them. To be a successful
trainer you roust have a sympathy with the horse
and a personal power of control. That which
partakes of the power necessary to subdue and
train, you will find in your own mind, your own
love, will and wisdom.. If you have liiiJc or no
instinctive love for the horse, of course you are
not the person to control him. Men and women
are often found who arc said to have the natural
gift of cnntroUing the horse; they love horses
from instinct, as it were. The secret in these
cases consists in their intense love for the horse.
If yoB love the horse, you will, you can, but
know how to make the horse love yon. Love,
in all grades of animals, has its appropriate lan-
guage ; and when this language is addressed lo
the norse, it excites love, of course. A blow
with a whip or club does not come from love,
but from combativeness, and it excites combat-
iveness or fear in th& horse. If you want to
make a horse love you, (and you must cause lam
to love you if you control him. ) why of course
you must love him and treat him accordingly.
Study the character of your horse — not the na-
ture of horses in general, but of the horse thai
vou wish to control. Horses differ in their dis-

sitions as really as men do, and each one is to
'., pleasf
accordingly. To Make Iiim Lit Dawn. — Pirst,

posttioi
lie app:

reached, attracted, pleased and controlled

catch yr>ur horse, then strap the near fore leg up
round the arm of the animal ; lead liim al*oui on
3 legs until he becomes tired or weary ; he will
then allow you to handle him anvwhcre ; then
attach a strap with a ring lo the ofr forc-fctlock;
to this ring fasten another strap, which being
brought over the horse's back to the near side,
is put through the ring on the off fore fetlock;
return the end of the strap to the near side, siiU
keeping fast hold, and move the animal on, and
pull; he will then he thrown upon his knees,
when, after struggling for some time, by gentle
usage he will he down. After unloosing the
straps, put him through the same process as be-
fore, when the horse will lie down whenever re-
quired. Uniformity is necessary in our method.
It is by the repetition, by ihe constant recurrence
of certain motions, words or actions, that we suc-
ceed. M.iny fail for the want of tmiformity in
their method, lliey are loving and kind by
spells; then they are harsh and cruel. The
horse is "impressed." as it is said, with his mas.
tcr's wishes, when those wishes arc often and
uniformly expressed in motions, words and ac-
tions! If man needs ''nrccept upon precept,
line upon line, etc., in order lo Icam his lessons
well, how much more true is this of the horse,
which is below man in consciousness and the re-
flective faculties. Teaching Ifim to J^au. —
Buckle a 4 lb. weight nrounil the ankles of his
hind legs, (lead is preferable;) ride jomr ksne
brifiklf with these weights upoa hi» ankles, ftC

J

DOMESTIC ANTMALS— HORSES.

Its

I

the same time, tmtcbing each rein of Che bridle
alternalel}r ; by this means you will immediately
throw htm into a pace. Alter you have trained
this way to some extent, change your
'leaded weights for something Lighter; leather
padding, or something equal to U. will answer
the purpose ; let htm wear these light weights
until he i* perfectly trained. This process will
m&ke a smooth and easy picer ol any horse.
7> jVai/ Him Tr^t. — The secret consists in
nftlng rollers on the front feet. These rollers
are made of pieces of wood or horn turned
round, as big as a hickory nut, with a gimlet
bole bored through the centre of each, and about
12 of them strung on a string or narrow strap,
(which should be much smaller than tlie hole,)
and then tied or buckled very loose around the
feter-tock joint next to the hoof, so that they
will play loose up and down when the horse is
in motion. As soon as the horse 6nds some-
thing on his feet, he will lift them up higher and
throw them out further and handsomer; this he
will soon learn permanently, .\nother secret is
that a 'Small or medium sized flat is the best, and
Cm- superior to the track system for teaching the
horse or colt to gather quickly. A -very light
skeleton or gig should be used in training. To
Sit 6n ku HauHchij. — First learn the horse to
obey you, so that when you say ** Ho !" he will
renuin still. Then, having learned him to lie
dfMrxi, let him get up on his fore legs, and then
nop him. The horse gets up in this way, and
900 have only to teach him to hold his position
Mr a while. It docs not strain the horse to sit,
and you mu&t always use the word "sit*' in con-
nection with the fcaL Wsq (he word " down"
when you wish him to fall. To Make Htm Fol-
Uw K«i. — ^Take your horse to the stable, put on
asvrdngle and a bridle with short reins, which
HUy be checked up a Utile and fastened to the
surcingle. Then lead him about a few times,
and letting go the bridle continue to caress him,
as you constantly say, "Come along." If he
Iw. give him a light cut behind with a long
WMp. Continue this until you succeed. Do not
Idt^ the dement of " love" m this as well as
other feats, Ta Ttafh Him to Pick Up a Hand-
Atrtkit/. — Spread on the sawdust a white cloth
cocttaining a liberal supply of oats ; lead the an-
faaal round the rine, and let him take some of
Ibe oats. Tliis is Icssou No. i — its object being
to 6x in the horse's mind a connection between
the ctoth and the oats. The march round the
drdc being once or twice repeated, he slops at
Ibe handkerchief as a matter of course. By dint
af practice — say acouple of weeks — he will learn
to stop as readily in a trot or a gallop as in a
walk. After a time the handkerchief must he
<Soabtcd over and tied in a knot; the animal
■hihc^ it 10 get at the grain, but not succee<)ing,
|ifi& it from the ground, which is just the thing
^Vhen the horse has done this a few
and 6nds that, though he can shake noth-
be will receive a handful of oats as a re-
hc may be trusted to pcrfurm in public
last step of all— jicrsuading the horse to
carry the handkerchief to his owngr — is easily

mjTm

Of his own accord he will hold the cloth
tM if rs taken from his mouth, and there will t>c
Bule dtfficalty in coaxing him to walk a few 5^ieps
he kiKnrs that he will ^t a handful of
a CMTOt for his ol>e<lience. Teaching
Mim ir WM^—'Vqx every-day use, the most

economical gait for a horse is a fast walk; and
yet not half the thought is given to this essential
that there is to other things that secure to the
horse a name rather than intrinsic value. Colts
can be taught to walk fast by following them for
a half day together (some ope leadmg) with a
small switch, starting them, when inclined to go
slow, into a quicker pace. After they are har-
nessed keep fast walking in mind, and when on
level ground, or going up a hill with a very light
load, urge ihem to their utmost, until 4 miles an
hour becomes a habiL Teachin)^ Htm io Stand.
— Take your horse on the barn tloor, and throw •
a strap over his back and fasten it to his right
fore foot; lead him along and say *' Whoa," and
at the same time pull down the strap, which will
throw him on 3 feet, and moke him stop sud-
denly. This is the best way known to teach
*' \Vhoa," though you can put on the war bri-
dle, and give him a sharp jerk that will stop him
about as soon as the strap to his foot. Then put
tiim in harness, with the foot strap, as directed
under the head of •' Training to Harness,*' and
drive him up to the door. The roomenl he un-
dertakes to move, lake his footandsay "Whoa.'*
Gel in your carriage and get out .tgain ; rattle
the ihills ; make all the noise getting in and out

{rou can ; give him to understand, by snatching
lis foot each time he moves, that he mast stand
until you tell him to go ; and after a few times

f'ou can put the whole family in the carriage, and
le will not stir out of his tracks.

TAMING^ Preparation /w.— Take finely
grated horse castor, and oils of rhodium and
cummin ; keep these in separate bottles, wcU
corked ; put some of the oil of cummin on your
hand, ana approach the horse on the windy side.
He will then move toward you ; then rub some
of the cummin on his nose ; give him a little of
the castor on anything he likes, and get 8 or ID
drops of the oil of rhodium on the point of his
tongue; you can then get him to do anything
yon please. Follow up your advantage by all
the kindness and attention possible toward the
animal, and vour control is certain.

TES'DdXS, CON TK ACTED,— YxxsX try
the effect of lowering the heels a Utile mure than
the toe at each shocmg, and applying a shoe with
a plate projecting an inch or two in front of the
toe. If there is much tenderness of the back
sinews on pressure, this form of shoeing must
be avoided until tliat has been removed- The
thickened tendons must be rubbed doily with a
mixture in equal parts of strong iodine ointmenf
and blue ointment, until blistering takes place,
when It may be discontinued until the effects
have passed off. The horse should have a yard
or small n.addock to run in where he is not very
likely to ije excited to vigorous or irregular ac-
tion, or, if kept itt-doors, let il be in a roomy
box, and give a moderate amount of walking ex-
ercise daily. Should several months of this sort
of treatment fail to restore in jwrt, it may be ad.
visal>le, perhaps, to have tlie back sinews cut
through.

TV/AY '^//.— This is a discharge of very of-
fensive matter from the cleft of the frog. It it
inflammation of the lower surface of the sensible
frog, and during which pus is sccretcii together
with, or instead of horn. In its treatment, al-
most any astringent substance will check thrush
in its early stage. Tar and common salt mixed
is A very good appUcatiun, and tar and &ui^hA3ft

i

112

DTCTlOXARy OF BVERY-DA Y WANTS.

of 2inc can also be highly recommended. Be*
forcthe introduction of either of these prennra-
lions, the frog should be carefully inspected and
all decayed parts removed. The drcssinc must
be pressed to the bottom of the cleft and com-
missures of the frog, and this should be repeated
every other day or twice a week.

TRICKS OF HOKSE-DEALERS^Vn-
less a man is accustomed to horses, it is the
greatest folly in the world to depend upon his
own knowledge in purcha<;ing them, for there is
a class of men who make their livinj; by bringing
up horses with all manner of dcfcctii, and which
their art enables them to disguise just as long as
is sufficient to take in their dupes. In buying
OS well OS selling arc these deceptions practiced.
A few of these "tricks" are as follows. 'Jo
Miik^ a Tru€-pulHng Hone Baulk. — Take tinc-
ture of cantharides I oz., and corrosive subli-
male i dr. Mix, and bathe his shoulders freely
at night. To Makf a Hors€ Appear as if iMme.
— Take n single hair from the toil; put through
the eye of a needle ; Ufl the front leg, and press
the sKin between the outer and middle tendon or
cord ; shove the needle through ; cut off the hair
on each side, and let the foot down ; the horse
will go lame in 20 minutes. To Make a J/i*rse
Stand by His Food and Xot Eat It. — GrcaLSc
the front teeth and the nxif of the mouth with
common beef tallow, and he will not eat till you
have washed it out. To Make a Hone Appear
as if Badly Foundered. — Take a fine wire and
fasten it light around the fetlock, Ijctwccn the
foot and heel, and smooth the hair over it. In
30 minutes the horse will show lameness. Bo
not leave it on over 9 hours. — To Cure a Horse
cf tht Crib or Sucking Wind. — Saw between the
upper teeth to the gums. To Cmrer Up the
Heaves. — Drench the norsc with ^ lb. of com-
mon bird shot, and he will not heave until they
pass through him. To Make a Horse Appear
as if He lAid the Glanders. — Melt 4 or. of^frcsh
butter, and pour it into his ear. To Nen»t a
Horse that is lAime. — Moke a small incision
about half way from the knee t (lie joint on the
outside of tlic leg, and at the back part of the
shin bone you will find a small white tendon or
cord; cut it off and close the external wound
with a stitch, and he will walk off on the hard-
est pavement and not limp a particle. To DiS'
guise lameness. — When a horse goes dead lame
m one shoulder, it can be disguised by creating
a similar lameness in the corresponding leg, by
taking off the shoe and inserting a bean l>etvveen
it and the foot. To Put Black Spots on a H'kifi
Horse. — Take of powdered quick-lime ^4 a Ik»
and litharge 4 oz. Well beat and mix tlie lith-
arge with the lime. The above is to he put into
a vessel, and a sharp ley is to be poured over it.
Boil and skim off the substanco which rises on
the surface. This is the coloring matter, which
must be applied to such parts of the animal as
you wish to have dyed black. To Produce a
Star on a Horse. — Take a niece of coarse tow-
lincn, the size of the wishea-for star ; spread on
it warm pitch, and apply it to the shaved spot ;
leave it on for 2 or 3 days, when wash with a
little osmart water* or elixir of vitriol, 2 or 3
times a day until well. When the hair grows
it will be white. To Make an Old Horse Appear
Young. — This is done by fdJng down the teelh,
tlic dark markiof^ on which are removed by a
iron. Filling up the depressions over the

horse's eyes, by puncturing the skin over ih*^
cavity, and filling through a tube by air frum th*'
mouth, and then closing the aperture, when the
brow will become smooth — for a time. The
white hairs arc painted out, when the animal will
altogether have a youthful appearance.

UHINE, Stoppage of. — Symptoms : Freqncnt
attempts to urinate, looking round at his sides,
lying down, rolling and stretching. To cure,
take }^ lb. of hops, 3 drs. oil of camphor; grind
and mix. Make this into 3 pills. Gii-t? I evrry
dav, Willi a drench made of a small sjKwnful of
saltpetre and 2 oz. of water. This »tL1 cure, as
a general thing.

H'ARTS. To Cure.^The safest and most ef-
fectual caustic for destroying warts is chroi
acid. Having first picketl off the rough out*
-surface of the warts so as to make them bleedf'
apply, by means of a small wooden spatula^ a
little of the dry acid, rubbing it well in. This
will cause a free discharge of watery Ruid from
the surface. In a few days the wart b converted
into a tough, leather-like substance, which ulti-
mately falls off, generally leaving a healthy sore,
which soon heals.

n'AHTS ON A HORSE'S NOSE.—Vii%^'
solve >» lb. of alum in a quart of water, with a'
brush or cloth wet the warts twice each day for
4 days, and they will disappear. Another rem-
edy IS to smear the warts with salted butter.

WATER FARCIN.— "^ymyiX^^ms.: The horse
is dull and loses his apj>clite, and swells along
tlie belly or chest and between the fore legs. To
cure : Kowcl in the breast, and along each side
of the chest, as far as the swelling goes. Leave
the rowels in until the swelling goes down . give
a spoonful of cleansing powders morning and
nignt.

WEN^ To Cure ci.— Take equal parU of 50ft
soap and slaked lime, well mixed. Lance the
wen at the lime of making the application, or
two or three days after. Two or three applica-
tions will cure.

;f 7. VZ?-(7.-/ZZ.S".— Wind-galls are puffy swel-
lings above and behind the fetlocks, caused by
the enlargement of the sheathes through which
the tendons pass. In recent cases nothing fur-
ther is required than rest, aoerient medicine, and
wet bandages wrapped firmly around the swell-
ings. It may also be advisable to remove the
shoe and shorten the toe to remove the tension
of the tendons. When there is lameness, and
the swelling is indurated, hot fomentations for
several hours a day, or pouldces, should be ap-
plies!. A woolen bandage should afterwards be
applied, and camphorated spirits well rubbed in
daily •

WIND IN HORSES, To Imprat'e.—\i will
be found, if tar water and powdered charcoal are
mixed with the horse's feed, that it will have a
most bencticial effect on his wind and condi^
tion.

WORMS IN HORSES.— \. Give erer^
morning, one hour before feeding, 3 drs. of sul-
phate of iron and 2 drs. of assafettda ; and ev-
ery night, for a week, throw up an injection of I
02. oil of turpentine and 10 oz. of linseed oiL.
Green food is to be preferred. — 2. WTiiie-ash
bark burnt to ashes and made into rather a very
strong ley ; then mix % a pt. of it with 1 pt. of
warm water, and give all 2 or 3 times daily.

WOUNDS.— One of the best washes that is
known for ordinary wounds on horses, is to take

DOMESTIC AA^nfALS—POVLTRY,

I

I

W ib. of ssltpdre, K ^ P^' turpentine, and put
{heto into » bottle; shake np well before using;
flopljr to the wound 3 times a day with a feather.

POULTRY.

BONES, To Puherisr for Fowls.~-'?wK the
bones in a stove and allow them to bum white,
when they can then be easily pulverized; then
mix with corn meal and feed twice a day.

ClilCKEl^S, Management of.— kiXftx emerg-
ing from the shelU the chickens should not be
removed from under the hen. They are at first
weekly and wet, but in a few hours they become
thoroughly dry, and it is not unlil their little
qaaint heads peep from under the feathers of the
hen that she should be removed from the nest.
Many persons miaginc that the chickens require
feeding as soon as hatched. This is an error.
At Che time of halching, the remains of the yelk
are drawn into the digestive canal of the cliick,
and constitute its first food. This will last it for
ao to 30 hours, and then the chickens are strong
and active on the legs, and rcadv to cat with
avidity. As regards the first food for the chicks,
there i* nothing appronching in value to a mix-
ture of equal parts of grated bread, yelk of hard-
boiled egg^, and oatmeal slightly moistened with
water. This is the best fixS for the first fort-
ni^t; then add gradually groats, hemp-seed,
and green food, such as cress, lettuce, cabb.ige,
and lecks, chopped fine. If the weather is cold
and wet, add a Hltle powdered pimento to the
iJMd occasionally, also a little finely minced meat
as a substitute for worms and insects, fresh curd
and hard-boiled eggs mishcd up with the shells.
Feed the chickens early in the morning, and of-
ten during the day, giving but little at a time;
the water vessels should be shallow and fre-
quently refilled, and so arranged that the chick-
ens cannot get into them. Throw the food on
the ground to the chickens ; they will then pick
top gravel alone with it, which is necessary for
the digestion of their food. Of course there is
not so much necessity for a substitute for the
natural animal food when the hens have a free
range, and an scratch for worms ai4d insects for
the brood. It is important that a hen with
chickens should be well fed, for if poorly fed
the will drag her progeny about in search of
food* taking them through the wet grass, and
wcsrring them with over-exertion ; but if well
fat she broods them carefully, and only scratches
lo »npT>ly them with grubs and dainty animal
Ibod. Both hen and chickens must be carefully
aad warmly housed at night, and never allowed
out until the dew is quite off the grass.

r-^/'O.V.T.— Place the fowl on its lefk side on
the table, with its back to the oijcrator, a strap
loaod its wings, and the legs in a noose. Pluck
off the fieaihers between the first and second
rih«, and with the thumb and finger of the left
hand draw the skin tense, so as to ascertain pos-
itively the space between the ribs. With a very
sharp knife make an inciiiion through the skin
oaly, an inch long, measuring from the point of
thi &rst rib backward. This will expose the
two ribi and the margin of a large muscle run-
anoifdoim the thigh. This muscle is in no dan-

Sr o| beang injured if the incision be made at
• proper point; but if otherwise, an injury to
HwUanse lameness. Dinde the muscle bc-
B ribt, by introdudiig the knife at the

point of the first rib and cutting backwards
about an inch. In this way the pleura is sundy
avoided, and of course an escape of oir.

Now, by introducing two small hooks, or any
other suitable apparatus, draw apart the ribs so
as to expose a bundle of fibres called the inter-
costal inu!>c1e. Should the incision be too small,
it may be enlarged by passing the knife round
the point of the second rib. Divide the belly of
the intercostal muscle lengthwise^ and you will
perceive a semi- transparent membrane, called
the peritoneum. This must likewise be divided,
keeping the knife as far off as possible from the
pleura. A branch of the cceliac artery traverses
this membrane, and may be injured by a bung-
ling hand or by inattention. On cutting through
this membrane the upper testicle is brought into
view. This lies on the margin of the lateral
spinous processes, surrounded by nerves and
blood vessels. It is a small yellow body, its
color somewhat darkened by the membrane cov-
ering it. In pushing downward and forward the
intestine, the second testicle is brought into view,
Iving centrally between two large blood vcssela-
This must be removed with great care, so as not
to iniurc any of the neighboring veins.

CANKER /X /^OlFLS.— This disease is in-
dicated by the mouth and throat becoming filled
up with a cheesy substance of very offensive
odor, which causes in some cases' a stoppage of
the windpipe and death by suffocation. It is to
lie treated successfully as follows: I. If the fowl
is not worth a good deal cut its head off. — 2, If
worth saving, with a small spoon and pincers
take out all the cheesy matter, and* wipe out all
the slimy mncus from month, nostrils, and eyes.
— 3. Prepare a solution of chlorinated soda or
chloride of lime. If chlorin.itc<l so^la (Laba-
raquc*s solution) is used, dilute it with one or
two parts of water. Wash the head, eyes, nos-
trils, mouth and throat out thoroughly, using a
soft swab with one of these solutions, and in 20
minutes give the fowl a good feed of chopped
meat, mixed with bread soaked in ale or spirits
and water, and well sprinkled with Cayenne
pepper. Give some solution of iron in the wa-
ter, and keep up the diet indicated until well.
Put the whole flock on a similar diet for a few
days, espcciallv those having colds.

CATARRif AND COZ/?.— These com-
plaints in fowls are caused by their being ex-
pose<l to dampness, and, if allowed to continue,
will run to roup. Keep them on dry, elevated
places. Red pepper mixed with soft food, fed
several times a week, will remove a cold ; and
pulverized charcoal, given occasionally, is a pre-
ventive of putrid afTeclions,

CHOLERA, C/f/CA'EN.~A remedy pro-
mtilgated by the Department of Agriculture is
alum alone — giving 3 or 4 teaspoons of alum
water daily, and mix with the feed (corn-meal)
strong alum water. This is said to cure the very
worst cases. Another remedy is to feed raw
onions, chopped fine, mixed with other food,
about twice a week.

CROUP.— Try and remove the croup mem-
branes from the mouth with a feather, and then
touch the parts with a feather dipped in a solu-
tion of nitrate of siver, 10 grs. to I or. of rain-
water. Feed no raw grain. Well boiled oat-
meal or Indian com-mcal will make an excellent
substitute. Put ?i an oz. of carbonate of soda
in every quart of the water dr^nk. b*) \^^ diutt^-

6

«u

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

enB, and* if possible, change their roosting place
to a new building. If this last cannot be done,
clean the place thoroughly, and wash it over
with a solution at the rate of on ounce of car-
bolic acid to a quart of water.

CJUCKENSCKA TCHJNG-^^KdsX people
object to allowing hens in gardens bccau&e of
their .scratching peculiarities. This nuw be right
At time of seed-planting, and until the young
plants arc well started on their growth above the
ground; but before and after this lime, when
scratching will do no harm, chickens should be
allowed tncir full freedom, because of the good
they do in freeing the ground from insects. In
a recent article which ap]>eared iu a prominent
agricultural pap*r, the writer says: " Recently
we were at work in our garden. Half of it was
dug and some planted. Tlic fourteen hens and
two roosters were throwing dirt at a fearful rate ;
peas and beans were unearthed, but none of them
were caien ; but when an earth-worm or grub
was brought in sight, it was swallowed as sud-
denly as Western men arc said to swallow oys-
ters- While watching ihcm, one found some-
thing that pleased her so much that she chuckled
audibly. Bv making a sudden rush toward her,
she dtuppctl it — it was the pupa or chrysalis of
one of those large green caterpillars (txsually
called ** worms") that arc found on potato and
tomato plants. Gardeners who understand how
to make tlieir business profitable will use great
quantities of well-rotted stable manure. If the
hens arc on hand when this manure is spread,
how busy and how happy they will be 1 Some
may suppose they are looking for grain ; perhaps
ihcv do fmd some kernels, but more often chrys-
alids looking like grains of rye, which are the
pupec of flics — generally our common house-flies.
Could all such manure heaps be submitted to a
thorough scratching by the poultry, we should
be less tormented with insects. Both vegetable
and fruit gardens could be arranged so that hens
and cliickens could have access nearly all the
time to great advantage. £s{>ecially should
fowls Ijc kept in ortliards. If so kept they will
tvork among the trees, doing just what is need-
ed, keeping the ground well cultivated, and de-
stroying everything that can injure the fruit and
trees in the snapc of bugs, worms, and other in.
sects.

DROOPING ;JAV£7X— This, in either tur-
keys or chickens, is caused by vermin To cure
it, grease their heads, the under sides of their
wings, and their bodies under tlieir wings, with
lard or fried meat fat, or any other grease. In
a few days their wings w)41 be naturiu, and their
appetite ami comfort will return.

DUCk'S, To Fatten. — Give them oats, meal
and barley. This feed puts on flesh rapidly.
Shut your ducks up in a good coop, with no run-
way. Tliey must have no exercise, for that
gives heallti, not fat. Feed them with bran,
oats, oat-meal, or barley-meal, cooked ; put in a
shallow vessel; give gravel, water, cabbage
leaves or a sod of grass. Some feed Indi.iu
meal, and proceed wth the cramming process ;
but this is unnecessary, as young duclcs will eat
all the fond put Itefore them, and in that way
cram themselves without assistance. Lei what-
ever food you give them be cooked and fed
warm.

EGG^EATING HENS.— To cure this hah-
% break an egg and dust the contents nicely

with fine Cayenne pepper, afterwords turning
the egg round so as to get the pepper below the
velk, if possible, and leave the egg xtk the of-
fender's nest ; or, if he catches her in the act of
eating an egg, let him drive her away quietly,
and place pepper in the remainder of the egg,
endeavoring, as stated before, to get the pepper
underneath. He will very soon see her mnning
furiously about with distended beak. If one
dose is not sufficient, administer another a little
stronger. If fowls are well supplied with lime
and gravel rubbish and animal food (frejihineat)
in some form, hens will not eat their eggs. Ar-
tificial or china eggs should be used as nest
eggs,

EGG-PRODUCERS, £EST.^'E%i>entnce
has indicated that for laying eggs the Polands
are most desirable ; for the table, Dorkings ; and
for early marketable chickens, Brahraas and Co-
chins. A writer who has had considerable ex-
perience in raising fowls for pro6t says : The
Farmer's Breed is the breed for profit. It con-
sists of Brahma hens and colored Dorking cocks
— the chicks from which are hardy, easily reared,
grow fast, and in four months, without extra
feed, will dress four to five pounds each of fine-
grained, well-formed, plump-brca&ted, well-cc4-
ored flesh, fit for the table of any amateur or ep-
icure, and always commancUng a good price in
market. The hens from this cross are even bel-
ter and more continuous layers than either pure
Brahma or the Dorking; but if wanted to breed
again, the farmer must kec{i one coop separate
oC Brahmas — say a cock and two hens — and so
also of the Dorkings, and thus yearly •with, the
cross of pure bred birds, cocks of the Dorkings
and hens of the Brahmas, keep up the *' Fann-
er's Breed for profit."

EGGSt SEA OF, ~li is affirmed with assur- ^^M
ance that the eggs containing the germ of males^^H
have wrinkles on their smulcr ends, while fi^^^|
male eggs are smooth at their extremities.

EA TTENJNG POVL TR I'.— The fowU de-
signed for being fattened should be well and lib-
erally fed from the time they are hatched. It is
a mistake to suppose that they can be kept low
when young, and got up to a great size by lib-
eral feeding when put up to fatten. The fowls
so treated arc stunted in their growth, the bony
frame-work becomes scl, and they never after-
ward attain a large size ; whereas with liberal
feeding they become fit for the fatling-coop at
the age of about four months in summer, and
from five to six in winter. It cannot be too
strongly impressed upon those who are desirous
of obtaining poultry of first-ratc quaHty, that
fowls are only in perfection for the tabic before
they have altainca their complete development.
The cockerels should be put up when "their
tails begin to turn'' — namely, just when the two
lung siclilc feathers or streamers begin to top the
straight feathers of the tail ; and the pullets be-
fore they have laid. Tliey may be cither con-
fined within a small space or placed in a coop, tn
a warm and rather dark situation, and, of course,
under cover. The fowls should be separated
from each other by partitions in the ccop, and
no more space ought to be allowed them man is
necessary to make them comfortable, without al-
lowing room for exercise.

The falting-coops should stand on legs, in or-
der'to raise them to a convenient height from
the ground, so that the dung may be removed

DOMESTIC ANIMALS— POULTRY.

"5

I

I

daily ; or each may have a shallow drawer un-
derneath, being dail^ filled with fresh earth — an
admirahlc plan — the fowls being very fond of
nestling in dry earth, and earth being a deodor-
xvtt and disinfectant, it is most conducive to their
health. The most scrupulous cleanliness must
be observetl in the case of fattening fowls; the
troughs in front of the coop must be removed
when the fowls have ceased eating, the remains
of food Uken out, and the troughs scalded and
laid in the sun to dry daily. Not a particle of
fcK>d that has become sour should be given to
them; indeed, they will eat better if fresh food,
and of a ditTercnt kind, be given to them at each
meal. When first put into the coop they should
not have any thmg placed before fehem for some
hours, till thev have recovered from their fright
at being caught, and have become accustomed to
ihctr new residence. Afterwards they should be
fe^i with much regularity three times each day,
giving them at each meal as much as they can
eat, hut not leaving anything for them to pick up
n the intervals.

When first placed in the coop they may be fed
twice a day on boiled potatoes, mashed up with
coarse oat-meal, and moistened with a little new
milk. The third meal may be Patna rice, well
boUcd, with a httle milk added. When the
Ji>wLs are nearly fat, the rice may be given twice
a day and the potatoes only once ; the rice makes
the flesh white and clear. A little vegetable,
chopped fine, may occasionally be given to vary
the character of their food ; the earth in the
cnnpwill supply the small stones necessiry for
therr digestion. Tlie first meal should be given
early in the morning, the second about mid-day<
and the last at dusk, when the other fowls are
going to roost.

On this system of feeding, a fowl will become
perfectly fatted in from a fortnight to three or
Kwr weeks at the outside. When fat it should
be immediately killed ; for not only is it unprof-
iulUe to keep it any longer, but it deteriorates
Tcry rapidly, lo'sing weight and becoming hard
Aim coarse in the flesh. Ilefore being killed, the
fowls should be kept for fifteen or sixteen hours
without food or water. If this precaution is not
taken, {and it is unfortunately often neglected,)
the food in the crop and intestines ferments.
When this is the case in summer, the fowl in a
flew hours turns green, and is entirely unfit for
Ibe tabic.

FOWLS, O/.O.—Tfi have the poultry yard
profitable, the fowls should not be kept until
they arc old. There is no objection to preserv-
mC * £>vorite cock, as long as he is active and
fivdy, but hens after three years will not pro-
ilacc as many eggs as those of one or two

CAPES. — ^This destructive disease is believed
to be infectious and epidermic Unless perhaps
thas communicated by others, it never occurs
accept there has been foul water, exposure lo
wel, ttnd want of nourishing food. The disease
OOfMtsts — at least so far a-; actual symptoms ex-
VemA in a number of small worms which infest
1fe« windpipe, and cansc the poor chicken to
cup for breath. If taken early, it will t>c suffi-
aent to give, everyday, a morsel of camphor
the size «f a grain of wheat, and to put camphor
in the drinking water; or a little turpentine may
be given doily in meal, taking care, of course,
that the dcfiacncics in diet and shelter be also

amended. In fully developed cases, the worms
must be removed by introducing a loop of horse-
hair into the trachea* and turning round during
withdrawal — the operation to be repeated se\'eru
times, till all the worms appear to be extracted.
A feather, stripped almost up to the lop, maybe
used instead ol the horse-hair. Crumbs of dough
impregnated with soft soap, given once or twicci
is also said to cure.

GEESE, TO MANAGE.—lht goose lars
from lo to ao eggs l>efore silting, and when she
is well fed and attended to she will lay and hatch
3 times in a year. She begins lo lay early in
March, and even toward the end of h'ebruarv.
Tlie period of laying may be perceived in tfic
drcttmstance that the goose at that lime carries
about straws in its bill, prompted by the devel-
opment of the maternal instinct to prepare a
nest. When this practice is observed it will be
found prudent to confine the bird, providing her
with a nest for laying and hatchmg in, which
should be made of straw Uncd with hay, and so
formed that tlic eggs will not readily fall out, es-
pecially when the bird tnms them. 15 effgs wll
be sufhcient to place under even a large bird.
The period of incubation is a month, but some
of the goslings may l>c hatched a day or two be-
fore this time; it is desirable, however, that all
the youn^ birds be hatched about the same time,
and to this end as much care as is practicable
should be taken to have all the eggs e^^oally
fresh. When the brood are hatched they ought
to be turned out into a sunny place, sheltered
alike from cold winds and bad weather; but it is
not only unnecessary, but prejudicial, to feed
them for 12 hours or so. Their earliest food
ought to be bread soaked in milk, curds, por-
ridge, boiled greens, boiled potatoes mixed with
bran ; and such food ought lo be given them at
a mo>leratc temperature, so as lo avoid the en-
trance of heat or cold, and for a couple of days at
least after being hatched the goslings ought not
to be allowed access to cold water, whi(^ often
gives them cramp.

As a general rule, geese ought to be confined
as Utile as possible. If they are allowed to run
about the fields, ditches, and streams of water,
they will forage for themselves very success-
fully. Grass and water are essential to their
comfort and well-being, such grass especially as
may be found on damp and swampy soil, and
which, however rank or coarse it may be, is well
adapted to them. In harvest time the stubhlc-
ficlus are an excellent pasturage for them ; they
can there pick up no small supply of com* and
which would otherwise be lost, and they obtain
abundance of young grass and other herbage.
The advantages of a stubble-field, however, are
nol always to be had, but where this occurs the
kitchen-garden may be made available. In au<
tumn the gecsc may be turned into it without
the danger of their doing any serious damage;
but they ought to be fed occasionally on boHed
potatoes, bruised up with bran, or the result of
their foraging for themselves will not be produc-
tive of any advantage.

Goslings in June and July will Citten without
any food ocyond what they can gather for them-
selves in the stubble-fields ; but if it be neces-
sary to hasten the process they must be supplied
with additional nutriment for thai juirpose, such
as potatoes and turnips bruised with meal, md
ihcy should thus be fed once a. Aa-y. TiVett «re

■

i

1X6

DICTIONARY OF EVERY^DAY WANTS.

nrious methods of faClening geese, but the sim-
plest and best is nutritive food, and in abun-
dance.

GUINEA FOWL—Ttiw bird is a native of
that part of Africa which its name indicates, but
it is also said to be indigenous in America. It
is a larger bird than our ordinary barn-door fowl
— but the eggs are small, three of them being
hardly efjuafio an ordinary hen's egg ; they are,
however, numerous and well-flavored. This
fowl dt>c^ not thrive in confinement, but requires
perfect liberty, and a wide space over which to
wander. And it is of so pugnacious a character,
moreover, that it can hardly be got to associate
with other poultry on amicable terms. The dif-
ficulty of rearing the young ones in this damp
climate, and Ihe very noisy and destructive hab-
its of the old birds, may account for their ab-
sence generally from our poultry yards. Thev
are, however, very excellent eating, and well
worth the trouble of keeping. The best way to
raise and keep them is to procure some eggs of
a good stock, hatch them under a small variety
of fowl, such as game-fowl or bantams ; when
Ihe chicks appear, keep them under cover where
Ihcy can have plenty of air and dry gravel ; feed
Ihcm frequently — at least once in every three
hours, llegin by giving eggs and milk made into
rather a dry custard; toward the end of Ihe first
month add a little oat-meal mixed with milk, and
as they grow older boiled vcgctahlcs small wheat
and potatoes maybe given. Ants' eggs are their
favorite delicacy, and will be found most nour-
ishing food for them. These birds are very fond
of scratching in a garden, not for seeds, hut for
insects and grubs, and it is questionable whether
lliey do most harm in rooting out the gardener's
seeds, or good in destroying the insects that
would destroy his plants after they had grown
np.

HENS, To Make Lav.^K hen is said to have
the capacity of laying 600 eggs and no more — a
few in her first year, from 320 to 375 in the next
three, and the rest from the fifth to the ninth in-
clusive. The true economy, therefore, is not to
keep hens after their fourth year, liy feeding
stimulating food, the hen can t)c made to lay the
quantum of eggs with wliich she is endowed in
a much shorter time than if left to scratch for
herself. There is no better food for this pur-
pose, fed each alternate day than the foUowmg :
To 3 gals, of boiling water add % 01. of com-
mon salt, a teaspoonfvd of Cayenne pepper, and
4 OE. lard. Stir the mixture until the pepper has
imparted considerable of its strength to the wa-
ter. Meantime the salt will have been dissolved
and the laid melted. Then, while yet boiling
hot, stir in a meal made of oats and corn, ground
together in equal prnj>ortions, until a stiff mu«>h
is formed. Set away to cool down to a milk.
warmth. Before feeding taste to see that you
Kivc an overdose neither of salt nor pepper, and
lo prevent the hens from being imposed upon
with a mixture not fit to be eaten. Itesides
this, especially during the winter, give them on
the days on which the above mixture is omitted,
a ^ oz. uf fresh meat chopped fine, and at nit
times plenty of pure water, grain, gravel, and
lime.

HEX-ROOSTS^ Ta Destroy VertHin <m.—
This can be done promptly and simply by sprink-
ling kerosene on tnclr roosls.
^£A^St To ^r/.— The most coovenicnt way to

set hens is to get a common tea chest or box,
put a portable sloping roof to it, made of a ftnv
pieces of board. Tut a hole at one end, like
that for a dog-kennel. In front of this put a
wire p<n or frame made of lath. Provide Ihe
hen with food and water daily, and you need n«j|
be under anxiety about your hen leaving her
^gg*; ^c cannot get out, and will return on the
eggs, if really broody, in a very short time. In
this way you would have them entirely under
your command.

HENS, To Pmtnt 5>//m^.— Setting hens
can be cured by putting water w a vessel to the
depth of one incn, putting the hen into it, and
covering the top of the vessel for ahoat twenty-
four hours. The vessel should be deep enough
to allow the fowl to stand up.

KILLING AND DRESSING PO UL TR Y.
— As much, if not more, dcjicnds on the manner
of killing poultry as in the dressing to have It
look fit for markeL Too much caution cannot
be used in this branch of the business. One
mo<ie of killing fowls, (instead of wringing the
necks, which we deprecate,) is to cut their heads
off with a single blow of a sharp ax, hang Ihcm
up by the legs and allow them to bleed freely,
and pluck their fcathL-rs immediately — while yet
warm. The French mode, which is highly com-
mcndetl — we think far the best, as it causes in-
stant death, without pain or disfigurement, and
is simply done by opening the beak of (he fowl,
and with a shar^i-pointcd and narrowbladed
knife, make an incision at the Uick of the roof,
which will divide the vertebrx. and cause imme-
diate death, after which hang the fowl up by the
legs till the bleeding ceases, and pick it while
warm, if you desire the feathers to be removed.
With a little care the skin of the fowl does not
become as torn and ragged as it d(.>es in the otd-
fashioned way of scalding. Another thing, the
flesh presents a better and more natural appear-
ance when not scalded.

Geyelin says : *' Some breeders cram their
poultry before killing, to make them appear as if
heavy ; this is a most injudicious plan, as the
undigested food soon enters into Jermeniation,
and putrefaction takes place, as is evidenced by
the quantity of greenish, putrid-looking fowls
that are seen in the markets." Fowls should
always be allowed to remain in their coops at
least twenty-four hours previous to being killed
without food; by so doing the breeder will l>e a
gainer in the end ; as his poultry will keep long-
er, and present a better appearance in tlie mar.
ket ; and above all he will show the purchaser
that he is honest, and has not crammed his pouU
try for the purpose of benefiting hiuiself and
swindling otners.

LA VINO SOFTSHELLED EGGS.^Thn
results from a deficient supply of lime, and an
excess of soft and animal food. Give with the
feed more plaster, pounded oyster shells, gravel
and rubbish, etc

LICE — and other vermin — on fowl may be
treated by rooking their roosts perfectly clean
with hot water and soap-suds, ami ajtplying af-
terwards spirits of turpentine (to the roos-ls.)
The whole of the building which they occupy
should be kept scrupulously clean. Another
method is to strew small branches or sprays of
cedar about the hencry. This, also, will be
found very effective.

POULTRY FOR MARKET^WtL^ fowU

DOMESTIC ANIMALS— POULTRY.

I

I

are killed Iwfore being sent to market, it is best
not to pack them as soon &s ihev axe plucked.
It is best to let poultry hang at feast 24 hours
after being picked before packing, so as to allow
the aninuJ neat to entirely pass olT. After pick-
ing, wash olT the blood-stains with a cloth and
warm water la a careful manner, for if anv arc
left to harden and become dry, their removal will
prove very troublesome.

ROUP. — Symptoms: The symptoms of roup
are at first identical with tho» of a severe ca-
tarrli ; the discharge from the nostrils, however,

■ fcoon loses its transparent character, becoming
more or less opaque, and of a very peculiar and
offensive odor ; froth appears in the inner comer
of the eyes, and the lid« swell; in severe cases
the eyeball is entirely concealed; the nostrils are
doseil by the discharge drying around them, and
the eyelids arc agglutinate! together ; the dis-

■ eased secretion accumulates withm to a great ex*
tent, consequently the sides of the face swell to
an extreme degree, and the bird, unable to see,
or feed itself, suffers from great depression and
sioks rapidly. With respect to the communica-
tion of this disease, my experiments prove that
il is CKcecdmgly contagious. It is frequently
communicated by fowls drinking out of the same
vessel, as the discharge from the nostrils of the
sick bird contaminates the water as it drinks.
^L No common fowl is worth bothering with i^ftcr
^B the eyes swell badly ; before that tney may he
^^ cured with tolerable ease. The raouth, throrit,
eyes and nostrils should be washed out clean, and
Sponged with strong chloride of lime water, or,
vtui is better, Labaraque's solution, chlorinated
soda, and the whole flock, but the ailing ones
particularly, should have the heartiest diet — iron
m their water, bread and ale, soft feed well pep-
pered, and meat of some kind.

TURKEYS, TO REAR.— First, a quiet hen
is to be fiought for as a sitter, and when such an
one is obtained, the next care is to give her a
i^iiiet and rather secluded place for her nest while
^K sitting, which is of more importance than some
^H Ihink, who do not give themselves the trouble to
^^ care for tuch small matters. Bronze turkeys are
large birli, and will cover 15 to 18 eggs with
ease ; while silting they should not be disturbed,
and should not be taken from the nest after
hatchir^ for at least 24 hours, or longer, if she
ftkts oomented, as the young chicks gain strength
very fast by being kept quiet for a day or two at
firsL If the hen is quite gentle, (as she should
be* if possible.) it is best to watch the hatching
proce&s, ind if a chick is not likely to come out
stTOOg, the shell may sometimes be broken, and
t£»e oick uvcd; in taking the hen with her
brood from the nest, she should have a large,
mirycaopt where the grass it closely mown off,
where the chicks can bask in the sun at pleasure,
«ad have quite a run for exercise, and the picking
up of bngi and insects.

The feed should be mostlv ctirds. made from
aouT-milk healed, and the whey drainctl off and
Sfluooed with pepper, .\fter a few days, ac-
OOrdlBg to their «.trength nnd the quietness of
ibehea turkey, they should have the range of
tbcfium. At first a tinall portion of the day,
■Iber the dew it all off, they should be housed at
■light, and not let out (ill the wet is off the grass
iD the morning; then by liberal feeding \v)en-
cwtT they come near thrir roosting quarters, they
wiU be heaUh7 and grow rery Ust — especially if

L

grasshoppers are plenty, as they arc some years
in most sections of the country. When it is the
time for the fattening seasons, they should then
have all the good food thev will eat, of a variety
such as com, buckwheat, Doiled potatoes, chop-
ped cabbage, etc., and if kept where they can
get what ihey will eat when they want it, they
will fatten very fast.

An experienced farmer gives his experience as
follows : Let the mother of the new-born brood
choose her own time to leave the nest. Taking
off is always bad policv. As soon as the nest is
left, make a yard, twelve feet sqcirc, by setting
boards edgewise. Remove the turkey and her
brood into this little pen, wherein they should
be kept for at least six davs — after which they
may be let out in the middle of the day, and per-
mitted the range of an acre; but they must al-
ways be gathered at least an hour before sun-
down into the pens to remain until the dew is
off the next morning, and all the dav, if there is
the least appearance of a storm. The time the
mother leaves the nest, wash the naked parts of
her body thoroughly with tobacco juice, to kill
the inevitable Hce; and at the same time dust
thoroughly the young with some vermin-destroy-
ing powder. No one thing kills as many young
turkeys as these parasites, .\$ a preventive,
sulphur and snuiT, mixed in equal quantities, and
dusted on the nest afler the turkey has been sit-
ting two weeks, is recommended; but nothing
should prevent the washing of the mother, or
the dusting of the young, the day the mother
leaves the nest, and 2 days after the young have
left the shell Young turkeys require but little
food, but they need to be fed as often as once an
hour for the first week. Coarse-ground Indian
meal, mixed with sour milk curds, and 6nely
chopped hard-boiled eggs, is the best feed for
the first month. After that, the eggs may hf.
left out, the meal ground a little coarser, and the
curds, if you have them, used in larger measure
than at the first. As soon as thev can swallovr
whole grain, give them that, and tnen all trouble
in [his direction is at an end. Until they are
two months old, they must be driven to some
shelter every night, and never be allowed to re-
main in the fields through a long or heavy rain-
Even when one-quarter grown, they will die
from exhaustion, trying to follow the vigorous
and unreasoning mother, if wet with but a very
heavy dew. 'Inrce rules, then, must be ob-
served, if those who attempt to raise turkeys
would secure success : First — Be sure to free
both old and young from lice immediately upon
the old ones leaving the nest. Second — Feed
frequently at the beginning with strengthening
food. Tliird — Never let the young turkey* get
wet, either with dew or rain, until their feathers
afford their bodies, if not complete, at least par-
tialprotection.

TURKE YS^ Charcoal far. — A recent exper-
iment has been tried in feeding charcoal for fat-
tening turkeys. Two lots of four each were
treated alike, except for one lot finely pulverized
coal was mixed with mashed potatoes and meal,
on which they were fetl, ana broken pieces of
coal also plentifully supplied. The difference in
weight was one and a rialf pounds each in favor
of the fowls supplied with coal, and the flesh wai.
superior in tenderness and flavor. This sngges- |
tion is well worth a fair trial from those engaged
in turkey 'raising.

A

Il8

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

FARM, ORCHARD, GARDEN AND DAIRY.

ACCOUNTS, ICE E PING.— Ket^n^ of ac-

counts is almost an absolate necessity to a farm-
er's success. If we should be asked what is the
great hindrance to the advancement of ordinary
Urraers, we should reply, the want of some sys-
tematic plan in their labors, especially the want
of some systematic mode of keeping their farm
accounts. If we ask them the cobt of raising
100 bushels of com, or making loo lbs. of pork,
not one in a thousand can give an answer based
on actual figures. They^'w/j-j a bushel of corn
costs so much, but their guessing is often wide
of the truth. The great majority of farmers
cannot tell the net income of their farms, and
hardljr know whether they are progressing,
standing still, or retrograding. If a merchant
or a manufacturer should conduct his business
in this shiftless way. we should expect him to
fail, and the reason that farmers do not more fre-
(juentlvfail is that their business is comparatively
limited. They live mainly within thcnuclves.
The farm supports the family, and the family
take care of the farm. Tliey would find their
interest in farming as well as their <iLiIl and prof-
its greatly to increase if they would adupt some
mode of ascertaining how much this and that
crop costs, and cultivate such crops and rear
sucn animals as are found by actual calculation
lo pay the best. How arc we to decide what
liranches of farming are the most profitable un-
less the figures of the farm account show us ?
Shall we guesa whether it is better to mnke but-
ler or cheese, or sell our milk, or shall we know
definitely about these points? The question is
sometimes mooted whether Eastern farmers had
belter raise tlieir own corn or buy it of their Il-
linois neighbors. How can this question be de-
cided, unless wc know how much it costs lo raise
a bushel of corn ?

Whoever makes accurate, experiments and
keeps accurate accounts not only benefits himsell
but the public We know there arc many cir-
cumstances to be considered in estimating the
cost of raising crops and feeding stock ; and with
the greatest accuracy of observation, the results
of farm experiments are often only approxima-
tions lo the truth, but whoever labors even for
these approximations is a public benefactor.
The general principles of practical agriculture
can never be established till we have more ol
these accurate experiments on which to ba&c
liieniu

Many seem lo suppose that it is a great bur-
den to write down in the evening the results ol
the day- They can handle a crowbar or a plow
for ten hours, but ten minutes' work with a pen
is an Herculean labor. This is a mere imagi-
nary lion in the way of keeping accounts. It
only wants resolution to undertake the work, and
a little practice will make it easy. Possibly the
task maybe devolved on some young member of
the family, whose fingers are not unused to the
pen or stiffened by hard work. A general farm
account should be kept, in which the farm is
^arged witli all its expenses and credited with
" iu receipts. Besides this general farm ac*

count, a more minute record should be kept of
each crop, charging with all the labor, manure,
seed, etc, bestowed upon it, and crediting it
with all the returns, whether sold or used iu the
family. Such a book will prove a treasure of
wisdom to every farmer who keeps it.

APPLE-TREE EORER.— To remove and
destroy this pest of the orchard, in the spring.
just before vegetation starts, level Ihc ground,
and pack it firmly around the root of the tree, in
a circle of about two feet in diameter, according
lo the size of the tree. Take unlcachcd ashes
and air-slaked lime in equal parts, well mixed,
and apply to the circle thus made, covering the
ground all over two or three inches in depth.
Then take strong soap suds, or, what is Iwtter,
a solution of half a (>ound of sal soda lo one
gallon of water, and wash the entire trunk and
tne base of the limbs thoroughly. Repeat this
operation in the fall of the year, just before
freezing weather, covering the ground with the
mixture of ashes and lime, and washing the
trunk and base of the branches with Ihc solution
of sal soda. If the borers have already made an
entrance into the tree, the only way to get rid of
them is to dig them out by the use of a fine, an-
nealed wire, avoiding as much as possible the
cutting away of the bark in the necessary prep-
aratiun for entering the holes.

APPLE TREES, To Keep Rabbits from
Barkinf^. — I. Take any quantity of sweet milk
you may desire, and add to it soot from the stove
pipe or chimney, where wood has been used, un-
til It is a thin paint. Take a warm, dry day to
wash your trees, so it will get dry before a rain.
One thorough washing will generally l)C found
to be sufficient. — 2. Thoroughly rub the tiuoks
with the dead body of a rabbit.

APPLES, To Color IVkiU Grvunmg.—A
bright red color can be imparted to growing ap-
ples by the application of the oxyd of iron to
the soil about the roots of the trees. Aavil dost
and cinders, etc., will answer the purpose.

APPLE TREES, Treatment o/.—\Ti the au-
tumn, as soon as the leaves have fallen, every
tree should be carefully and freely pruned ; this
will open a passage to the sun and air, and will
contribute to health in the future season. In ad-
dilion to this, brush off the moss and cut off the
cankered parts, and unless the orchard is plowed,
the soil should be opened al llie roots.

APPLE TREES, (Old,) To RencvAU,—
Take fresh-made lirue from the kiln, slake it well
with water and well dress the tree with a brush,
and the insects and moss will be completely de-
stroyed, the outer rind will fall ofT, and a new,
smooth, clear, healthy one will be formed, and
the tree will assume a most healthy appearance
and produce the finest fruit.

APPLE TREES, ZiVr <?«.— The apple-hark
louse is most common on unhealthful trees —
trees that are grown in grass and are most likely
to be infected with them. It is hurtful to trees
and should be exterminated. A good way to do
this is first to feed the trees liberally with ma-
nure and ashes. Ashes alone, if you have qo

FARM, ORCHARD, GARDEN AND DAIRY.

it9

manure to spare, placed about the roots — not in
contact with the hoAy — will help. Dig up the
grass about the tree. In the spring take a hoe
and give the hark a good scraping; then wash
the tree with strong soap-sods. This should be
done cutXy and the washing repeated once or
twice before the trees blossom.

APPl.R-TREE SaCA'ERS.^Mmy other-
wise good orchards arc allowed to become de-
faced, as well as seriously injured, by allnwing a
profusion of suckers to grow at the base of the
trunks. Attempts are sometimes made to get
rid of them by cuttiug them off down to the sur-
face of the ground, and leaving considerable
portions below in the form of short stumps.
These sprout again, and they soon liecome quite
AS bad as ever. A better wiy is to wait until
tbey are in leaf, at which time they are loosened
more readily, and taking each separately in the
hands, place a thick boot upon it near the tree,
and they ore quickly separated. If done aX that
time they will not be likely to sprout again.

APPLE TREES, To P/anf.— The trees, in
all cases, should be set without bending or di-
Terttng them from their natural direction, and
the more rojm is all the better. The subsoil
or dead earth should be removed from the bot-
tom at least a foot deep in shallow soils, and its
place supplied with good surface soil or compost.
A compost of well rotted manure and meadow
mod is admirable for this purpose, and for filling
ibe hole when the tree is set. Care should be
taken not to set too deep. The roots need the
influence of the atmosphere, of light and heal,
as well as of manures and rains, and languish
if buried below this influence. It is a safe rule
(o set no deeper than the trees stood in the nur-
sery, and this can easily be determined by their
appearance at the base. Every fibre should be
cutended in its proper direction, level and not
dipping, and carefully surrounded with compost.
No vacant places or cavities should be left in cov-
ering the roots, nor injury done to ihcm by the
hxna or spade. A tree should not be taken from
a toil much richer than that to which it is trans-
Ccrred.

ARTICHOKE, JERUSALEAr—^SoM^ixn-
ffanlt says, in his *' Rural Economy :" There are
few plants more hardy and so little rice about
soil as the Jerusalem artichoke; it succeeds ev-
erywhere, with the single condition that the soil
te not wet. The tubers arc planted exactly as
potatoes, and nearly at the same time; but this
IS a process that is performed but rarely, inas-
moch as the cultivation of the helianthus is
incessant, being carried on for years in the same
pUce, and after harvest, in spite of every dispo-
sition to take up all the tubers, enough const.-intIy
escape detection to stock the land for the follow-
ing year, so that the surface appears literally
covered with the young plants on the return of
spring, and it is necessary to thin them by hoe-
ing. The impossibility of taking away the whole
of^lhe tubers, and their power of resisting the
liar''-" '■'••=; of winter, is an obstacle almost in-
sr: to the introtluction of this plant, as

on-- "f a regular rotation. Experience

More and more confirms the propriety of setting
aaide a patch of land for the growth of this pro-
dactsre and very valualilc root. Of all the vari-
e« plants that engage the husbandman, the Je-
fmatem artichoke is that which produces the
moftt at the least cxfiense of manure and manual

labor. He then directs the reatler's attention to
an example where the artichoke had been pro-
duced for thirty. three successive years with suc-
cess, while they had received no care or manure
for a long time. Those who wish to try it must
plant it as early as the condition of the soil will
allow. The land after plowing is marked out
with furrows l feet apart, and the small tubers
are dropped about 1 8 inches apart, and covered
3 Inches deep. Go over the field in a week or
two with a light harrow to kill weeds, and culti-
vate between the rows until the plants get large
enough to render it unnecessary. It grows very
readily in dry soil. Those who moke trial of it
should take care that the plant does not become
established as a weed.

ASPARAGUS, To CuithaU.—To raise the
as.parag;u5 plant, first select a piece of ground
which IS lignt, but not too much so ; have it har-
rowed finely and plowed deeply; then draw fur-
rows through it far enough apart to admit of a
hoe-harrow or cultivator; then spread stable ma-
nure in the rows, or l>etter still apply the manure
broad-cast and plow it in ; then draw the furrows
afore-mentioDetl, taking care to draw them very
shallow ; then take the seeil and sow it very
thinly in the rows ; after you have finished sow-
ing, cover lightly with a wooden rake. When
the plants begin to show themselves be sure to
keep them free from weeds and grass, as much
depends on the healthiness and size of the
plants. I will give two methods of planting
when they are planted for their final culture.
Select a (fry, light piece of ground, well exposed
to the sun, as Ijy such a course it will sprout
earlier, and thus augment considerably the prof-
its. Have it manured heavily with pood barn-
yard or stable manure; then have the ground
plowed, following immediately with the sub-soil-
er, and make it as fine as possible; then draw
furrows three feet apart, and six or eight inches
deep, the entire length of the bed, March or
April, according to tne season, is the time to set
out asparagus {Hants. They should be only one
year from the seed, as this is sufficient if properly
cared for and kept clean while growing. After
having prepared the ground as above-mentioned,
take the plants from the seed bed, l»eing careful
to expose them as little as possible . tnen take
Ihe plants lo the ground allotted to them ; place
the plants, or more properly cnlled roots, eight
or ten inches apart m the row, spreading the
roots as much as possible, taking core to hava
the crown of the plant only about two inches be-
low the surface ; when they are all placed in the
right position, draw the ground over Ihe crowns
with tne back of a wooden rake to the required
depth. Permit the crop the first two vears to
run up to stalks, keeping the ground as (rec from
weeds as possible. ITie third year from planting
is the time to gather the first crop for market.
Begin to cut as soon as the shoots are fit, and
continue cutting until the first of June or there-
abouts, and then leave the rest to encourage the
formation of new roots. The shoots are tied up
in bundles of 25 to 30 stalks, and when mark-
eted early and in good condition bring remune-
rative prices.

The other mode of planting is to dig trenches
about two feet deep, and three feet apart, the
length of the field, taking care to keep the sub-
soil from the good manure, and throw about sir
inches of it in the trench, ground ; then mix the

DICTlOt^ARY OP EVERY-DAY WAlTTS.

I

CTOund with considerable sub-soil, and then set
me plants. The following spring the trenches
are nllcd up. and every subsc<^uent spring a
heavy coat of manure is plowed into the aspar-
afus bed. Core should be token in cutting the
shoots not to cut deep enough to injure the
roots, as the future productiveness of the plan-
Ution depends partly in observing the above,

ANNOTTO, C^^w^fi?/— Annotto should be
chosen of a good flaine color, brighter in the
mid(Ue than on the outside. It should feel soft
imd smooth, and have a good consbtencc. It
should possess a strong smell.

A?^TS IN GREENNOUSES, To Dettroy,
— Place some arsenic, mixed with sugar and wa-
ter, itt a saucer, which cover with a slate, leav-
ing room for the insects to pass 1)etween the
slate and the saucer. A stone ought to be set
on the slate to prevent any other creature but the
ants from getting access to the poison. Lime
water, poured into the nests, wiu also destroy
them.

BA.VKS, {SUep,) To Covtrwitk GRASS.—
For each square rod to be planted, take half a
pound of lawn grass seed, and mix it intimately
and thoroughly with about six cubic feet of ^ood
drv garden earth and loam. This is placed m a
tub, and to it liquid manure, diluted with about
two-thirds of water, is added, and well stirred
in, so as to bring the whole to the consistency of
mortar. The slope is to be cleaned off and then
made perfectly smooth, and then well watered,
after which the paste just mentioned is to be ap-
plied with a trowel, and made as even and as
thin as possible. Should it crack br exposure
to the air, it is to be again watered ana smoothed
up, day by day, until the grass makes its appear-
ance, which will be in ei^ht to fourteen days and
the whole declivity will soon be covered by a
clo!ie carpet of green.

BARLEY, Ttf CuttivaU. — Our climate is not
OS favorable for basley as for oats and wheat
We cannot obtain a good crop unless the soil is
dry, clean and rich. It seldom does well on a
recently inverted sod. Its best place in the ro-
tation is after a highly manured and thoroughly
cultivated corn crop. The best crops ue ob-
tained on a rather heavy calcareous loam, pro-
vided it has been thoroughly pulverized during
the preceding summer and autumn. But as tht&
is seldom the case, the soils that usually give the
best medium crops are those of a lighter and
warmer character — or sandy loams.

Barley should either be sown very *arly, or
rather late — say the moment the ground is nt to
work in the spring, or not until after the heavy
spring rains are over. Much depends on the
season. If there has been heavy rains soon af-
ter the barley is sown, and then before the plants
cover the ground, dry weather sets in, the sur-
Hcit of the soil becomes baked, and the crop suf-
fers. An early sown crop would suffer less, be-
cause it would have got a good start before the
drouth set in. A crop sown immedialcly after
the spring rains, as soon as the land is in condi-
tion to work, commences to grow rapidly at the
very first, and often does better than a crop that
is sown two weeks earlier — but not as well as a
crop sown a month earlier. If the soil is rich
and has been plowed the fall previous, sow as
early as it will work without clogging.

When barley is grown to sell, the six-rowed,
or what is usually called the four-rowed (though

there is no such thing as a four-rowed barley»)
is the most profitable — because it brings frona
ten to fifteen cents a bushel more than the iwo-i
rowed. But when barley is grown to feed oi^i
on the farm, the two-rowed is altogether the best*
— especially on strong, rich land. It weiglis
great deal more per bushel, and if the soil
rich enough, it will yield more per acre. It hi
another aclvantage — that of being later than the]
four-rowed, which ripens at the same time 34
wheat, and we have wheat and barley harvest on
us at once. With the two-rowed.wc can geT^
through with the wheat by the time the barley is '
ready.

It is osuaI to sow from 2 to z>{ bushels per
acre. If the land is very rich and it is sown
early and drilled in, less seed ti required. Th«'
yield varies more than that of almost any other!
crop, depending somewhat on the season, bt '
much more on the condition and previous cuWi
ture of the soil.

BARLEY, To /farvest.^y^vTi the straw
lon^ enough, the best way to harvest barley isl
to hind it up the same as wheat. It requires
be cut just at the right time. If cut too carlyij
the grain shrivels up, and if it is allowed X^\
stand a few days too long, it " crinkles down,'^'
and the heads drop off in reaping and arc 1q>C.
We know of no better test than to squeeze ih«,
grain l>etween the thumb and finger, and if lheFfl(1
15 the least appearance of milk, the crop should!
be allowed to stand longer. The real difhculty^t
however, is in the uneven ripeness of the crop^'
Some portions will be dead ripe, while other*,
are still green, and it requires considerable cxt>&*i
rience and a sound judgment to decide whether'
we shall lose most by cutting before it is all rip^
or by letting a portion of it get so ripe that thertt]
is danger of the heads falling off. Much de^
pcnds on the weather. In this as in many other
farming operations we must calculate our chances
— and not be discouraged if we sometimes mist
the mark. When barley is clean and the weath-
er favorable, there is perhaps no better — ccr*j
tainl^ no cheaper — way of curing it, than to atl
low it to remain in the gavels as thrown from the'^
platform of the reaper. They may be turned or
stirred to facilitate the drying, but otherwise may
remain as left by the reaper until ready to draw
in. By moving one or two swaths to make rooBftl
for the team, two men with barley forks can pick
up the gavels of three or four swaths on each
side of Uie wagon, and place them on the load.
In this way scarcely any of the barley will b*
scattered on the lana.

But if there arc weeds or grass in the barley,
or the weather is threatening, it will be neces*-]
sary to turn the gavels, and towards night pat
them into small cocks, which will have to be
turned or opened the next day and recocked in
the evening again, if not sufficiently cured to
draw in. It should be borne in mind that bar-
ley is very frequently stained in the stack or the
mow, from being drawn in too soon, or with the
dew on it. Barley should be either thrashed as
drawn from the held, or not until it has done
"sweating" in the stack or mow. If the form-
er. It will be necessary to watch the grain in the
bin and turn it occasionally, or it will heat and
become discolored. The rakings shimld be kept
separate, as the grain is frequently stained, and
if mixed with the rest may reduce the price of
the whole several cents per bushel

FARM, ORCJfAKD, GARDEN' AJ^D DAIRY.

121

^

%

I

BEAj^Si To Cuitiz'aU.'^'Di^zc grow best in
warm, rich, mellow soil. The bush bcAOs are
plaalcd m drilU, .ihout two inches deep, and two
mches apart in the row. The drills may be from
one foot lo eighteen inches apart, when the
jjants are three or four inches high, the earth
abould be dnivrn up to the stems, and just be*
lore they begin (o olossom they should be again
earthed up with loose, mellow soil. They re-
qmre to be frerjuently hoed while growing, that
Uie ground may be kept loose and Tree from all
weeds.

Pole or running beans arc planted in hills, two
by three feet apart, five or six beans to the hill,
aiM covered about a couple of inches deep. It
is of DO UK to plant untd the soil has become
warm. Tliesc iKans need the support of a pole
or rod, thrust deep enough into tne grouna to
sustain the weight of the vines, usually about
cigfatecn inches, and standing eight or nine feet
high. TTiree healthy plants will be enough to
grow in each hill.

JBEANS^ LIMA. — The principal point in the
successful culture of the Lima bean is lo get the
seed well startol. The best wav of doing this
is to plant in a hill of light cartfi, made so by
sifting the soil, if it con be had in no other way.
A shovelful of well-rotted manure should co into
each hill. Then mix sand and muck, ana after
placing each seed bean with the germ downward
la the hill, sift the covering over i: through %
willow sieve. Corn-planting time 15 the right
time to plant Lima beans. The after-cultivation
is ihe same as for the common pole bean.

BEAN, CA S TOR- Oil.— T\tehc&i land for
tbe growth of the castor-oil bean is a light sandy
loan soil, with a substratum of clay. First,
brcik vp the ground well as for corn, and then
lay off the rows six feet apart. Between every
seventh row leave an interval of six feet, in ad-
mit tbe passage of a horse and slide when the
beans arc being gathered^ as hereafter explained.
Before plauting, put the seed in very warm (not
booltng) water, and let them soak all night.
I>rQp su or seven &ccd in each hill, the hills six
feet apart each way. Thin out to two plants af-
ter the plants have got too lar^e for the cut-
worm, which is sometimes quite destructive.
At this stage, if the plants arc vigorous and
healthy, reduce to one plant, leaving two only
where the plants took delicate. Keep the crop
dean, first with the plow, then with the cultiva-
tor, and now and then drawing a little dirt
aroand with the hoe. When the plants are some
two feet high no more work need be done, un-
less, after a long spelt of r.iin, you may loosen
tbe earth with your cultivator. After the ripen-
102 of the beans, which will be in July or Au-
eost, take your hor^e, and slide along the rows
left tat thit purpose^ and with a pair of shears
dip ofiT the pou-bcaring spikes as soon as the
pogs begin to turn of a nrown or chocolate color.
They must be promptly cut at this stage, or the
bcmns wiU pop from the pod and be lost.

Have ready a shci with a plank floor, or a
Boccc of ground, well cleaned, l>eatrn and rolled,
Ske an old time threshing floor, twenty or thirty
Ceet »>]uare, well exposed to the sun, on which
throw your spikes, and turn them over occa-
sionally until all the beans drop out. Then
%enpe away the husks, gather the beans, and go
lata the fiefd for a new supply, as they will con-
tiaae (o bear and mature uatil frosL Do not al-

low the beans, when drying, lo get wet.
shed is best. If you have no

an open

when the weather

Hence
shed,
is threatening, rake into a
heap, and cover with a tarpaulin or boards.
"Phey should be well fanned and winnowed of
ch-ifT before being sacked for market. From 15
to 25 bushels per acre is the average yield.

BEECHNUTS, Uses ^.—Beechnut oil is
most valuable for culinary and lighting purposes.
The oil is obtained from the beechnuts by the
some means as from castor beans and from cot-
ton seed, the crushed material being subjected
to the action of heavy presses. The nuts yield
16 per cent, of their weight of oil, or about a
gallon of oil to the bushcL In England, as long
ago as the time of Queen Anne, a company was
formctl lo carry on the manufacture of beechnut
oil, and aftcn^ard, in the reign of George 1., an
application was made for a patent lor making
buUcr from beechnuts. In France, and in some
parts of Germany, the inhabitants use beechnut
oil in place of butter, and sometimes grind the
nuts into flour, from which a nutritious but rath-
er indigestible bread is nude. Roasted beech-
nuts are among the many substitutes in vogue
for coffee.

BLACA'BERRV.—YoT the cultivated black-
berry the soil should be rich, dry and mellow.
Barn-yard manure and bone-dust arc its best
fertilizers ; it is a good plan to mix them with
half-rotten straw, or some such thing. They
should be planted three feet apart in the rows*
and the rows should l>c six feet asunder.

BLIGHT IN FRUIT TREES, To Curt.—
A smothering straw fire should be made early in
October, in calm weather, under each tree, and
kept up during an hour or more. This done,
scrape the moss and other impurities from the
trunk, and from every obscure hole and corner ;
set your ladders to the branches, carefully clean-
ing them in the same way, taking from the re-
maining leaves every web or nidus of insects.
If need be, wash the trunk, and all the larger
wood, with a .<;olution of lime and dung. L.ist
of all, it is necessary to destroy the infects and
eggs which may have dropped upon the ground,
and it may be useful to loosen the soil in the cir-
cumference. In the spring, or early blighting
season, apply your ladders, make a careful sur-
vey of every branch, and act accordingly ; repeat
this monthly, picking off all blights by hand, and
using the water engine, where ablution may be
necessary. To those who have fruit, or the
market profit thereof, every orchard or garden,
little or great, will amply repay such trouble and
expense.

BOYS, H<m to Attach to FARM LIFE.^
One of the sorest methods of attaching a boy to
the farm is to let him have something upon it for
his own. Give him a small plot of ground to
cultivate, allowing him the proceeds for his own
use. Let him have his steers to break, or his
sheep to care for. The ownership of even a
fruit tree, planle<l, pnincd, and brought to bear-
ing by his own hands, will inspire him with^ an
interest that no mere reward or wages can give.
In addition to the cultivation of a taste for (arm
life which such a course will cultivate, the prac-
tical knowledge gained by the boy will be of the
highest value. Being interested, he will be
more observant, and will thoroughly learn what-
ever is necessary for his success. Do not, when
the boy is in a position to realize firom the sale

.

123

DICTIOl^ARy OF EVERY'DAY WANTS,

I

1^

of his produce qx animals, (a.s many fanners
very wrongly do,) take the money that i$ rightly
his — the result of his core, labor and uixiety ;
hut otherwise allow him to do just as his tastes
and plans sugge&t. Another and equally im-
portant advantage will be the accustoming him
early to feel responsibility. Many young men,
thongh well acquainted with all the manual op-
erations of the farm, fail utterly when intrusted
with the management of an estate, for want of
experience in planning for themselves. It is a
great deal belter th.it responsibility should be
gradually assumed, than that a young man should
be first thrown upon himself on attaining his
majority.

BOULDERS AND ROCKS, {Big,^ To Rf.
fmn't, — It is the opinion of some fartners that it
is better to bum than to bury the granite rocks
of which one may deiiire to relieve his fields.
Make a slow fire across the rock in the direction
in M'hich you wish it to break ; keep it up for
one hour, more or less, When the rock begins
to heat, thump on it with the point of a bar
vherc it is hot, and if it has slartetl a scale, re-
move it, and keep up your fire as before. The
heat will swell the rock near the fire, and if the
rock is sound will crack it where it is not hot.
One man will break more hard rocks with fire in
tliat way than a half dozen nith drills and pow-
der. \Vood does not cost more than j>owder.
You need not throw on water, as that will not
do the least good.

BUGS, To Destroy* — The striped bug on cu-
cumbers and melons may be destroyed as fol-
lows : I. By a strong solution of hen-house ma-
nure— say I peck of the manure to \% gaU. of
water ; let it stand 24 hours, and sprinkle the
plants freely with it after simset, — 2. lly sifting
charcoal du$t over the plants ; if repeated 3 or 4
times the plants will be entirely freed from the
annoyance. — 3, Plant a few kernels of buck-
wheat in each hill of cucumbers or melons, and
stripe^! bugs will not trouble the vines.

BUTTER, Afanafrcment of the J/i7>.— The
advantage gained during the not season by the
rapid and complete coonng of milk as soon as it
comes from the cow, can hardly be over-esti-
mated, as recent experiments show thnt the milk
thus cooled will keep sweet much longer, and
yield its cream more readily and abundantly ;
and, as all experience has proven that the quan-
tity of butler made, dc[)enas greatly upon keep-
ing the milk in such a stale as to secure all the
cream. A saving of labor is effected by this
process, as the muk, when cooled to the required
temperature, (60,) maybe set in deeper vessels,
thus diminishing greatly the number of vessels
required, and, consenucntly, the labor of clean-
sing them. The milk may be cooled by setting
some large pails into a trough or box partly tilled
■with very cold water, and pouring the milk into
these pads as fast as it is drawn ^om the cows,
allowing it to stand until of the required' tem-
perature, and, if necessary, renewing the water.
The pails used in milking should be made of tin
— never of woo^l. It is very difficult — almost
impossible — to cleanse wooden pails so perfectly
that they will not impart some degree of acidity
to the milk, though it may be on insensible de-
gree. Thf Dairy Room. — Much of the success
of butter-making depends upon the fitness of the
place or room where the dairy is kept, and upon
its condition as to deonliness and freedom from

taints and odors of every description. If a cel-
lar is used, it should be a dry one, and perfectly' I
dean to the remotest comers, having no hiddcQ
remnants nf decavcd vegetables or fruit, or any-
thing which could possibly offend the roost deU-
cate olfiictories. If a room in the dwelling.
house is used, or a milk-house, built separately,
which is, perhaps, better, it should not be situ*
atcd near a hog-pen, stable, or anything of thffj
kind, nor shoida anything likely to impart its
odor to the milk — as smoked ham, codfish, po-
tatoes, onions, etc — be allowed a place in the
room. Nothing will receive a taint more easily
than milk or cream ; and all bad odors absorbed
by the milk are certain to be concentrated in the
butter, they not having the accommodating dis-
position to run off wiui the buttermilk. 7>«-
ptrature. — The milk, whether in a cellar or in a
room above ground, should be kept cool in the
summer, never being allowed to reach a temper- ,
aturc above 60^, thoug^ it may fall below that
without detriment. Milk should be set upon
racks, rather than shelves, so that the air may
drculate freely under it, as well as over ana
around it. Hacks are made tn various ways ; '
the most convenient we know of is constructed
as follows: Take a 6x6 pine post, of a length
suited to the height of the room, place it upright
upon a pivot so that it will revolve, and nail sUts
of half-inch stufT to each side of the post, at such
intervals as will give room for the pans or other
vessels used. Two such slats nailed to opposite
sides of the post, will support two pons 01 milk«
one on each side of the post. 'Ine rotary ar-
rangement allows one to stand in the same place
to skim a whole rack full of milk. If pans are
used, the seamless ones are best — but deeper
vessels, cither of tin or earthenware, are perhapi
preferable, provided the milk is cooled bclore
being set. Washing the Utensils, — The great*,
est care is requisite m cleaning these vcssus, oCj
whatever material and form, as also of all the
other utensils employed in butter-making. Thia
is a matter of mucn greater importance thaQ'
many suppose, cs the smallest neglect in regard
to It is sure to tell upon the cream and butter.
The pans and paills should be washed thorough-
ly, in two waters, each time being made as deam.i
as possible with the water used ; they should
then be scalded thoroughly with boiling water.
The churn, butter-bowl and ladle, or butler-;
worker, if one is used, should be washed and'
scalded with eoual care, and all should be care-,
fully wiped ana dried, unless some arrangement
is made for drying in the sun, which will do very
well for tin and earthenware, and save the laboi^
of wiping. In summer it will be necessary ta^
see that all utensils are cooled perfectly before
using them. Skimming. — The milk should b©
skimmed as soon as all the cream has risen, an^
before the milk has thickened. At the time th#'
cream should be removed it will have a bright^
healthy appearance, a rich, uniform, yellow ccwl
or.'and such an adhercncy of partides as will c»-
able one, sometimes, to remove the entire creaoti
at one dip of the skimmer. If allowed to stand'
too long without skimming, both the quantity and^
quality of the cream wilt be seriously aifcctedi,'
The surface will become discolored, knobby,'^
and blotched, while underneath the cream is rap-
idly yielding to the corrosive tendency of the
add m the milk. Yet. in order to make the
largest quantity of butter, care must be taken

FARM, ORCHARD, GARDEN AND DAIRY.

"3

^

not to remove (he cream loo soon. The milk
should all be &kimmcd at the same a^e, provided
It has hod the same conditions as regards tcm-
pcratare, etc ; it follows, then, ttial some milk
should be skimmed evcrv night and morning.

BUTTER, Winter trcatmrntin Afakmg.—
— ^It will be found that in winter milk and cream
reqaire somewhat different manaeement. The
effort must now be to keep the milk warm rather
than to keep it cool ; and a failure in this respect
'wiU very materially affect the quality of the nut-
ter. If the milk is very much too cold, it will
hare to stand so long for the creaun to rise that
it will became bitter, ortea long before it turns
sour, and the quality of bitterness will be still
more apparent in the butter. To prevent this
the milk should be kept at a temperature of 60"
if possible; if not, the railk may be scalded as
soon as strained, and the cream will then have a
£ur start before the milk has parted with this
extra heat, unless the place where it is kept is
Tcry cold. If scalding is not found sufhacnt,
two Off three spoonfuls of sour milk (which has
soured quickly and is not bitter) may be added
to each pan of milk when it is set .iw.-iy. This
^rfll help to sour the milk and cause the cream
to rise i^uicker. thus making it less liable to be-
come bitter. It may also help to prevent bitter-
ness to salt the cows often, and see that they do
not eat decayed vegetables, or any substances
^■iuch may impart a bad taste to the milk. The
cream should be kept at about the same temper-
store, (60^,) and should be well stirred as often
as new ii added. It should not be kept too long
be^vre churning, never more than a week— Hfour
or fi*e days i* better,

BUTTER, Churning Crmnt for. — ^Thc cream
sbonld be churned at a temperature of 62^ ^r
^*. A great deal of experience may enable one
to ^ess at this temperature with tolerable clev-
erness, but it is better to use a thermometer and
be sure. This temoeraiure will be increased du-
ring the process of churning to 68**, or there-
sbonts, when the butter will come. If it should
be hard and giranular, refusing to come together
well, throw in a little warm water, churning all
the while, and the butter will soon be gathered
and mdy to take op.

Sweet cream should never be mixed with sour
cream just before churning, as sweet cream is
much longer coming, and hence likely to lose
itself in the buttermilk. To salt the cows once
s week is generally believed to facilitate the pro-
COM of churning. In case they have not been
thus tailed, some put alittle salt into the cream
Mora churning ; but we think that in most in-
**'**^* where butter is vcrv long coming, it is
owfalg to the temperature of the cream. It may
be >0 oold as to require churning nil day to bring
the batter ; a tax upon one's patience and one's
stfowlh* if performed by hnna, equal to the cost
cf s do«en (itcrmometers. Rapid churning must
hs anrotded, for it not only affects the quality,
hot lessens the quantity. Churning should oc-
d^jr from one-half to three-quarters of an hour
Is Its operation.

BUTTER, COLORING.— K^ a rule, it is
AbMblely essential in the winter to color butter,
!■ Older to make it marketable, or at all attract.
Ivc as an article of (able use at home. There
auybe e possible eiccption to this rule, in cases
where cow* are fed largely ui>on yellow com.
■rsl. pumpkins* carrots, etc., but this does not

lessen the importance of the rule. Of the vari-
ous substances used in coloring butter, we think
that carrots (of the deep yellow variety) give the
most natural color and the most agreeable flavor.
Annotto, however, is principally used, and with
most satisfactory results. Some of the most cel-
ebrated bultcr-makcrs in the country color their
butter with pure annr>tio, giving it a rich, deep
orange color. If carrots arc used, take two large
sised ones, clean them thorouglily, and then with
a knife scrape off the yellow exterior, leaving the
white pilh ; soak the yellow part in boiling milk
for ten or fifteen minutes. Strain boiling hot
into the cream ; this pves the cream the desired
temperature, colors it nicely, and adds to the
sweetness of the batter.
BUTTER, Imprffi>ed Coloring for.— kvL im-

E roved coloring matter for butter — carotine — has
een successfully employed by Dr. Qucsneville
as a substitute for annotto, to which il is in ev-
ery respect superior, although somewhat more
expensive. This carotine is the representative
in carrot of alizarine in madder, ana is obtained
by slicing, drying, and grinding the roots to a
powder, exhausting the powder with sulphide of
carbon, and, having removed the solvent, rapidly
crystallizing out the carotine from the extract.

BUTTER, Salting and ;fVr^*«.f,— ^VhUe
salt is not to be undervalued as a preserving
agent, it must be remembered that loo much 01
it destroys or overpowers the fine flavor and del-
icate aroma of the best butler. Be careful to
preserve all the sweetness of the fresh butter,
salting just enough to remove its insipidity. It
is important to use the best salt. Pure salt is
perfectly white and destitute of odor. It will
dissolve in cold water without leaving any se^li-
ment, or throwing any scum to the surface, and
the brine will be as pure as clean water, and en-
tirely free from any bitter taste. The butler-
milk should be nearly all worked out and the
butter well washed before salting. Washing
may abstract somewhat from the flavor of the
butter, but it is, nevertheless, a necessity, if the
butter is expected to keep long, as il completely
removes the cream and casein of the buttermilk,
a part of which might otherwise rem^n in the
butter.

Butter should stand but a short time after it is
salted, before it is worked enough to remove all
the water, when it may be resalted if necessary;
there should be suHicicnt salt left in the butter
at this time to make a strong l»rine of the little
water that remains. It may then stand until the
next day, when it should be worked and packed.
On no account should butter be allowed to stand
long before working, as it is apt to become very
streaked, often so much so as to necessitate its
being worked over in order to restore a uniform
color. Besides, if neglected too long at this pe-
riod, a tendency to rancidity will be rapidly de-
veloped.

We realize the difficulty of giving explicit di-
rections for the second and last working of the
butter — its final 'preparation for packing. If not
worked enough, every one knows that the but-
ter will soon spoil; if worked too much, U is
spoiled already; though the danger of its l>eing
overworked is less. A great deal of judgment
and discretion, and somewhat of expcntncc, are
requisite in order to determine wnen it has
been worked just enough ; ihe viriuc of stop-
pingi in this, as in many other cases, bein^wc-

«4

DTCTTOKAJiY OF RVERY^DAY IVANT^

P

I

ond only to that of doing. There arc some sug-
gestions, however, which may prove valuable,
parlicuL-vrly to those hAving little experience. I.
The butter should not be too warm when it is
worked, nor should it be so cold as to nuke its
working dlHicult. Immerse the ladle for a few
minutes in boiling water, and cool perfectly in
cold water; then, if the butter in toe bowl is
warm enough to admit of putting the ladle en-
tirdy through the whole mass without difficulty,
and dividing it up without crumbling* and still
hard enough to cut dean and smooth, not the
slightest particle adhering to the ladle, then it is
in the rignt condition to work. 2. It should be
worked with careful and gentle, yet telling pres-
sure, and not by a series of indiscriminate stir-
rings and mashings and grindJngs against the
sides of the bowl. The butter is composed of
minute globules, which are crushed by this care-
less handling, thus rendering the butter greasy
And sticky, whereas it should retain its clean,
solid individuality, up to the time of packing,
always working clear from the bowl, and never
sticking, in the least, to the ladle. 3. The but-
ter should not be worked until it is perfectly
dry. \Mien ready to pack it should have a very
slight moistare about it, a sort of insensible re-
mains of the clear brine which has been working
off, and at the last enough, so that when a trier
is thrust into it, a drop or two of brine will oo»e
out around it, and the trier be slightly wet. bs if
by a light dew. . Overworking destroys all the
beautiful consistency of the butter, and makes it
dry and sticky ; greasy in summer and tallowy
in winter ; gives it a dull appearance, and a ten-
dency to become randd.

BUTTER, PaehinganJ Mnrheting.—Vi^xXitx
should be packed solid, leaving no interstices for
air, and should completely fill the firkin, tub, or
paU, as the case may be, leaving a flat surface.
It is common to put a cloth over the lop, and a
layer of salt on tne cloth. Some think it better
to wet the salt, making a brine. The cover
should then fit tightly, leaving no room for air
between it and the batter. Some butter, also,
goes into market in the form of rolls, some pine-
apple, and other fancv forms for the table, etc
Every person should be guided by circumstances
in his choice of styles for putting up butter, al-
ways being careful to give it a neat and attract-
ive appearance. If living at a distance from
market, and the dealers at jiis market-place buy
for New York, he should pack in firkins or in
tubs, so that the batter con l>e safely kept the
entire season through, and the whole tot dis-
posed of at once in the fall. If at a con\'cnienl
^stance from Kew York, fresh t\ibs or pails
may be sent in at intervals, all through the sea-
son, or the whole kept through as he chooses.
Or if in the vicinity of any city, gocxl chances
offer in the way of supplying hotels, restaurants,
etc. the butter shonUl be put up in a style to
suit the customers. Some, who are hundreds
of miles away, make shipments of butter to
New York on their own account, instead of sell-
ing to buyers at home, in which case, if their
butter is really superior, they will not be long in
making a reputation, and will soon be able to
secure a high price. Some few have a stamp of
their own, ana lal:»or assiduously to establisti a
value for it as a trade-mark. It is said that the
best butter-maker in the vicinity ot Philadelphia
(who ncvtr seUs for less than a dollar a pound),

uses a stamp inherited from his faiher, and thai
*'nota pound of inferior butler ever went to
market with that stamp upon it." If you would
attain to a goodly fame, then, as a butter-maker^
and reap a rich reward for your pains, attend
carefully to the minutest details in making, and
never sell any but good butler, put up in neat
packages; never allow your "trade-mark" to
lose its \fdue.

BUTTER {Rancid) To Rfjiore.—K:iw:^X\
butter may be restored by melting it in a water-
bath with some fresh burnt and coarsely pow-
dered animal charcoal, (which has been lhor<*
oughly freed from dust by sifting.) and atrain it
through clean Rannel. A better and less trouble*
some method is to well wash the butter, first-
with good new milk, and next with cold spring
water. Butyric acid, on the presence of whic£.
rancidity depends, is freely soluble in frcsb.
milk,

SUTTER, To Present Fmh.—Ut\\ it in ■"
well glazed earthen ran, set in a wster-bath at A
heat not exceeding iSo'' Fahr., and keep it heat-
ed, skimming it from time to time, until it be«>
comes quite transparent ; then oour off the deaa
portion into another vessel, and cool itasquiddv
as possible, by jnladng the vessel in very cold
water or ice. This is the method employed bjr
the Tartars who supply the Constantinople mar*
kct. In this state it may be preserve<l perfectly
fresh for six or nine months, if kept in a close
vessel and a cool place.

CABBAGE, CAULIFLOWER and LET.
TUCE.'-'Siow the seeds for early cauliflower,
cabbage, or lettuce, about February I. in well-
prepared soil — say one-third each of Icaf-molda
sand and loam ; spread three or four inches
deep on the benches of the greenhouse, or in
hoxts of about that depth. Keep a tempera-
ture of from 55° to Go'', and in three weeks they
will be ready to replant — this time in boxes — at
about 2% inches apart each way for the cab-
bages, and x% inches for the lettuce. By the
middle of >Iarch they will, if the temperature
has averaged 55"*, be strong plants, superior ia
every respect to those wintered over in cold*
frames. By this date (the middle of March) the
weather is such that they may be set out in cold-
frames, and covered at night cither with wooden
shutters or sashes for five or six davs, when they
will be sufficiently hardened off to \\c planted ia
the open field. The conversion of sash that has
been used on cold-frames into greenhouses is a
very simple matter ; two sashes of 6 feet ia
length, give, when placed at the pro()cr angle, a
width to the greenhouse of 11 feet: 3 feet of
this space is used as a walk ; the remainder, 9
feet, for bench room, on which to grow planls*
The outer walls may be formed of wood.

CABBAGES, The Cut Worm tm.—To pre-
vent the ravages of the cut worm take pieces of
newspaper six inches square, tear a slit in one
side to the centre and insert the plant. Bring
the slit edges together, and place a little earth or
a pebble on the corners, ana the work is done.
A platform of paper is formed around the plant,
through which the worm cannot penetrate.

CABBAGE PLANTS, SA LT//\rG.~-The
use of salt is said to make the cabbage more
crisp, of better flavor, and to keep better when
salt is used, than without. After setting out the
plants, and when they are damp, either after a
rain or when the dew ts on, take a small dish of

FARM, ORCHARD, GARDEN AND DAIRY.

"S

fine sjdt And vrallc among the rows, iprialcling .1
liulc pinch of salt on the centre leaves of each
plant: when the leaves begin to grow you re-
peal the sailing, and when the centre leaves be-
gin to form the head, apply salt a^ain, scatter-
ing it over the leaves ; after this look thcra over
oocastonally, and if you find any plant* that do
not bead well or appear diseased, sprinkle the
salt over freelr ; this will save all such plants.
A quart of salt is sufficient for 500 plants in a
fca^on. although more can be used with safety.

CARROTS, T^> Cu/tivau. —Scltcx a good,
rich clover sod, deep loamy soil, or even grav*
dly, well drained; spread on evenly fifteen to
twenty ox-cart loads of good manure to the acre.
In the spring, after the ground is welt settled and
dry, with settled warm weather, plow the ground
tborooghly, eight inches deep, or more, depend-
mg apon its previous nianagement. In plowing
it ought not to be plowed more than an inch
deeper than before, unless the deeper soil has
been ameliorated and is richer than the upper
soiL A soil having a dose, stiff subsoil, unless
thoroughly subsoiled, will grow poor crops of
roots generally. After plowing, harrow so as
fa mke the soil perfectly fine, and even this is
ccscatial to the ready drilling and germinating of
the seed; now drill in the seed, putting the
drills two feel apart. The seed should be fresh
4m1 of the prenous year's growth. It is best
to ocnnmeacc the culture as soon as the rows can
be distinguished. Have a cultivator of light
frame* with eight teeth, similar to the coulter of
A |ilow« only narrower, and about ten inches
lon^ and a shovel for the front With this and
a hont go through, cutting the soil deep close
to the rows without covering the plants; thi<;
will save the greatest part of the work usually
tlooe with the hoe, and do it much better.
When the carrots ore well growing and about
tite sue of the small end of a cby pipe stem,
take a narrow hoe and cut them into hills, thin-
aing them to four or five inches apart. The af-
ter culture is performed with the cultivator, go-
ing through once in al>out two weeks. If any
weerdi come in the rows, pull them out by hand
^but It is ntX protiablc that weeds will trouble
a the soil be selected as above, and well pre-
psred before planting, and the culture as di-
rected. To harvest, it is best to take a sharp
hoc with a short handle and clip off the to pit
close to the crown, gather them, and then plow
Brottful a plat a deep furrow, as close to the
ffoou as you can go ; now lake them by hand
ttDd dnw them out, and throw four or more of
the rows into one. Carrots should be taken out
when the ground is dry. and lie a few hours to
dry, and then be hauled to the root cellar to be
stored, and if in light bins and covered with
aand they will keep better. They should be
left In the ground to ri|>en as long as safe with-
ool freezing, as they improve till freezing weath-
er, and keep fresher than if gathered before fully
matured; be careful not to let them remain too
long to get frosted, for a light freeze injures the
mrrot more *han other roots.

CA rS CA TCiriNG CHICKENS, n Curr,
WIkh a cat is seen to catch chickens, tie one of
tbem areend her neck, and make her wear it for
two or three days. Fasten it securely, for she
will make incredible elTorts to get rid of it. Be
firm for that time, and the cat is permanently
cored ; she will never again touch a bird.

CELERY, To Cuitivatt. — Celery seed usu-
ally germinates slowly, and the plants are ex-
ceedingly small and tender when they first ap-
pear ; consequently a carefully prepared seed
bed is positively necessary. If there are no hot-
beds that can be used for this purpose, select a
warm spot on the south side of a fence or build-
ing, ana as soon as the frost is out of the ground
dig up a bed, say three feet wide and ten feet
long, cover it with fine manure, two to four
inches deep, and dig it in and mix it with the
soiL Rake the b^ level, and sow the seeds
evenly over one-half the surface, leaving the rc-
mainaer vacant, and for use when the plants are
large enough for their first removal. Tat down
the surface with the back of a hoe or spade, and
this will usually cover the seed suffidently deep;
if not. sift on a very httle fine soil. Give tne
bed a good soaking of tepid water, applied, if
possibU. through a watering pot with a fine
rose. It will not do to dash on water with a
pait or some similar vessel.

The seed bed must be frequently watered un-
til the plants appear^ and thereafter sufficiently
to keep them growing. If the plants come up
too thickly, thin them out ; but as soon as large
enough to handle, lake up and transplant into
rows, beginning on the vacant end of the bed,
placing them four inches apart each way ; and a
oed of the size named will hold about three hun-
dred. The plants may remain in this position
until wantea for final planting in the garden,
which is usually done from the fust to the mid-
dle of July. Plants that have been transplanted
in the seed bed con be safely removed at almost
any lime, whether the weather is moist or dry.
In Hxe Etna! Rlantingf it is best to adliere to
the old practice of trench planting for ordinary
garden culture. A trench is dug of the required
length, or several of them, four feet apart, and
one spade deep, which, as a general thing, will
not be more tluin six or eight inches, and about
a foot wide. This trench is then half filled with
fine stable manure, and this is mixed into the
soil in the bottom of the trench. TTie trench,
when thus prepared, will be about four inches
deep, exclusive of the soil, which has been cast
out upon either bank. The plants are then set
in the centre of the trench six inches apart, and,
after planting, carefully watered. The reason
why a shallow trench is most desirable isl)ecause
of the convenience of watering, as when applied
it is sure to reach the roots, and not spreaa over
the surface, as when level culture is adopted.
From this time forward, until the blanching is
commenced, all that is required is to keep the
plants growing by careful culture, such as fre-
quently stirring the soil and giving water whcu
required.

CELLARS, To Ketp from Freezing. — The
following experiment was tried by a gentleman
with the cellar of an out-house, in which on sev-
eral occasions vegetables have frozen, though
the cellar was fortified against frost by a process
known to farmers as "Ijanking." The wails
and the ceiling were pasted over with four or
five thicknesses of newspapers, a curtain made
of the same material being also pasted over the
ow window at the lop of the cellar. The papers
were pasted to the bare joist over head, leaving
on air space between ihem and the floor. Tlte
result was that no frost entered the cellar, though
the cellar was left unbanked. We do nut ^o>i&.*'

FARM, ORCHARD, GARDEiV AXD DAIRY.

U7

dc which skirU the vilUge; the temperature
Ibcsc recesses is kept low by various contri-
Dccs, and seldom nscs above 4" Cent. ^41"
tr. ) The cheese is made with the milk of the
iming and of the evening before.
CifEESE, DL/TCJf.—'V\i\s is the curd of
milk dnined from the whey, pressed into
lis or molded in small fancy shapes, and eaten
h^Q fresh, or soon after it is made.
The milk is alk>wed to sour and become lop-
rrcd or thick, when it is gently heated, which
dlitates the separation of the whey. The
rds are then gathered up, salted, or otherwise,
suit the taste, and pressed in small molds, or
nncd with the hana mto suitable shape, when
b ready for the table, and may be used irome-
tely. In cool weather, when milk does not
lily thicken, the sour milk may be put in a
litablc vcwcl set in hot water over the range.
milk is then stirred for a few minutes, when
whey will begin to separate, and it is then
loved, and another batch may be treated in
same manner.
Sometimes this kind of cheese is potted and
to decompose, and when it has acquired a
rong. villainous smell, it is regarded as most
didous by those who have acquired a taste for
tting it in this state. In some markets cottage

■ Dutch cheese Amis a ready sale, and quite a
-ofit U made by certain butter -makers, in tum-
0 their sour milk into this product.

CHEESE, jV£irEC//AT£l,—S^M(chzle\
eese, in its manufacture, difTers from (he
ove (Dutch cheese) only in being not aUowed
ripen so long, two or three weeks being con-
icrtd enough. Variations of this cheese are
hy addmg some chopped herb — the favor.
is sage — and not allowing the cheese to ripen

three or four days.
CHERRIES. — The cherry, as a rule, luxn-
in a warm, sandy soil, in an elevated situ-
ion ; but some of the best varieties will thrive
•II soils and aspects. In order to obtain this
lit early, some of the varieties are planted up
.ainst walls, but all the sorts do well as dwarfs
espaliers in general situations, and most of
an as standards. Full standards should be
»ted from twenty to thirty feet, and the small
kdirds from fifteen to eighteen feet aparL
^^ r proper season for planting is from the end
October till February or .March. Varieties

■ the cherry are perpetuated by grafting or by
Iding on stocks of the black or red wild chcr-

and new sorts are procured from cherry

which arc preserved in sand from the

m till spring, and then sown. The plants

the same season, but should not be re*

till the second autumn after sowing, when

ly be tr.insplantcd into rows three feci

the plants being placed from a foot to fif-

inches apart in toe row. Next summer

' be 6t to bud if intended for dwa^f^ ;

It if for standards, they should be allowed to

" one or more seasons, generally till they are

irs old. They should be budded or be

about six inches from the ground, the

way being to bud in summer, and to graft

'hich do not succeed the following spring.

various methods of training the chcr-

rn grown on walls or espaliers, which, of

must be lefl to the judgment of the

Occasional pruning is ul that is rc-

the object bemg to remove uiy irregu-

larity in cross placed or overcrowded branches,
and to take away all cankcry and decayed wood.
CREAAf, CLOTTED {as Made in Eng^
land.) — The dairy-house is of stone, in connec-
tion with the dwelling — stone fl'ior, and stone
benches for the milk to set, and all well venti-
lated and scrupulously neat and clean. Tlieir
milk at this season of tne year is strainetl in very
large, deep pans, and put in the dairy-house,
where it stands fjrom eight to ten hours, when
the pans arc taken oat, and the milk scalded by
the pan in an iron skillet, filled with water, and
placed upon the range. At the bottom of the
skillet lliere is a grate, on which the pan of milk
rests, so as to keep it from the bottom, and from
burning. The milk is here slowly heated, until
the cream begins to show a distinctly m.-irked
circle around the outer edges, when it must be
immediately removed. Some experience is nec-
essary in applying the heat, to have it just right,
otherwise the cream is spoiled. When properly
scalded, the milk is removed to the dairy, where
it stands from twelve to twenty-four hours, ac-
cording to the condition of the weather, when
the cream is removed, and is in a thick, com-
pact mass, very much unlike our ordinary cream.
It is considered a great delicacy, and is largely
used as a dressing, with sugar, upon pastry,
puddings, etc

CLOVER^ Hsno Cured in Germany. — A far-
mer provides in winter a number of stakes from
three to four inches thick and seven to eight feet
long, about eighty or one hundred to an Ameri-
can acre. In each of the stakes six holes one
inch wide are bored in this way : Suppose that
the stake is firmly planted in the ground, the
first hole is bored two feet above ground from
north to south, the second three inches higher
from east to west, not quite half w.-\y from the
5rst hole to the lop of the stake hole- Ko. 3 is
bored again north and south, three inches high-
er ; hole No. 4, east and west. A little below
the top come holes Nos. 5 and 6. Through
these holes sticks about five to six feet long are
put, so that, seemingly, twelve sticks of about
equal length protrude from the stake, crossing
each other at right angles. On these sticks the
clover is put, either right away after mowing, or
a little willed, and there left to dry. This makes
a better, more nutritious hay than the best sun-
shine would, and rains do not much harm, par-
ticularly if care is taken to spread the clover well
on the two top sticks. The whole fixture is
called a "heintzen," and is mostly u&cd on deep
clay soils, where the holes for the stakes can be
made easily by a peculiar kind of borer. For
stony grounds the pyramids are used. Three
stakes, six to seven feet long and two to three
inches thick, are bored near the top, and then
joined there by a wooden or iron bolt, on which
they can turn. This pyramid is then put up-
right on the ground. Small pegs are fixed m
each limb. From one peg to the other on the
next limb sticks are laid, and on the sticks come
the clover. The number of pyramids wanted
for an acre is one-half of the " hcintien," and,
as old roils will answer for the limbs, the pyra-
mids would probably suit the American former
best.

COR.V. — In the cultivation of corn, the best
time to plow is just preWous to planting. Do
not commence loo soon — not unhl the ground
will turn up mellow ; every one should calculate

I
1

ia8

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY IVANTS.

about the amount of time it will take to 6t the
ground, and if loo wet when you wish to com-
mence, perhaps the plowing can be safely de-
layed a lew days.

Let all the grass grow that will previous to
the first of May \ all weed seeds in manure and
on the surface of the ground will by this time be
sprouted, and with the grass make almost an ex-
tra coat of manure.

In plowing, commence in the centre of the
field, nack-furrowing the Whole field, thus you
will have a field with not a particle of it trodden
solid in turning, as you turn each comer on un-
plowed land and with no dead furrow ; a little
practice will enable you to finish without carry-
ing a furrow.

As soon as plowed harrow well ; a good plan
is to harrow each morning that plowed the pre-
vious day. The proper time to plant — let the
location be what it may — can be determined by
observing the natural \-cgetation and the warmth
of the soil. Whenever the ground is warm
enough to cause a speedy germination and
groM ill, then is the time to plant. This can be
ascertained by plunging the lower end of a ther-
mometer into ttie ground. If the mercury goes
much below 60*, mere is no use in putting corn
tK:ed in. A generally safe rule is to plant when
the apple is in full bloom.

Much has been said in regard to hills vs.
drills. It has been found that the l^est results
will be found in planting in drills about three and
one-half feet apart, and putting hills about eight-
een inches apart, leaving only two stalks to each
hill.

The great difficulty with those who drill is that
they do nut thin sumciently. Drills should run
north and south. Three inches ts about the cor-
rect depth for planting. As soon as the com be-
gins to push through the ground start the drag,
going diagonally across the drills, paying no at-
tention to the corn; for if plant«l at that depth
you will not destroy a hill ; go over the piece at
least once each week until the corn is of such a
height that the drag wilt break it off, when u^e a
wheel cultivator, or any of the various imple-
ments. The thinning should be done about the
last of June, and directly after harvest go over it
and cut out any remaining weeds, etc

CORN COBS.^ln shelling com most farm-
ers throw the cobs into the manure pile. This
is poor economy, as lliey are slow to decay, and
are a source of'^ perpetual trouble. Rather pat
them into the wood-huuse, or some other dry
place, and use them as fuel ; they moke a quick
and very hot fire, excellent for summer use, and
excellent kindlings. A few shavings and one or
two handsful of dry cobs will start a fire as quick
as any kindlings ever used, and the ashes moke
the best of soap.

CORN. To Ptez'mt Being Destroyed Vi^^
Newly Planted. — To prevent the com being de-
stroyed or eaten by ciiickens, bird.s, or insects,
before it grows througli the surface of the soil,
prepare the seed before planting by sprinkling a
sumdcnt portion of coal tar, procured at the gas
manufactory, through it, stirring so that a por-
tion will adhere to each grain ; then mix among
the corn some ground pi aster-of- Paris, which
will prevent the tar from sticking to the fingers
of those who drop the corn, and vegetation will
be promoted thereby. The tar and plaster will

' injure iht corn so as to prereat its growing,

by being kept some days after it is so mixed to.
getber.

CORN STACKS, To Prevent Ravages of
Mice m.— Sprinkle from four to six bnshels of
dry white sand upon the root of the stack before
the thatch is put on. The sand is no detriment
to the com, and stacks thus dressed have re-
mained without injury. So very effective is the
remedy, that nests of dead young mice have been
found where the sand has been used, but not a
live mouse could be seen.

CORN CRIBS, RA T-PROOF.—lokc posts
10 or II feet long and 8 inches square ; mortise
2 feet from one end ; for end-silb, a-inch mor-
tise with tusk. Taper post from sill to the end,
by hewing olT inside until the end is reduced to
4 inches diameter ; make smooth with the draw-
knife, and nul on tin smooth half way to the
end, below the sill. Let sUls be 8 inches square,
also end tie them and the rafter plates strong
with moderate inter-tics. Brace well, and lath
up and down with X i**^^ ^^ '* c^^vc-tail or
counter*sink joints crosswise ; lay the floor, and
board up the ends with ungrooved boards; let
each bend be 12 feet long, 6 feet wide at the sill,
and 7^ feet at plate ; and, if full to peak, it will
hold 250 bushels. If preferred, lay the floor
with lath or narrow boards, with room for ven-
tilation. Each post shoxUd stand on stone, and
be about 3 inches from the ground, and each
stone have a foundation 2 feet square and below
the frost

CORN, BR OOAf.— Broom com should be

flanted at the same time Indian com is planted,
t requires a richer soil than Indian com — at
least Indian corn will produce a better crop on a
less fertile soil than is required for broom com,
in conse^juence of its growinij faster, and feeling
the effects of fertilizers more perceptibly. Bot-
tom lands on the bonks of rivers that are anna-
ally overflowed in early spring are particularly
adapted to the growth of broom com. It is
sowed in drills, &l>out three feet apart, and the
corn thinned out to stand from four to six inches
apart. Any good upland soil that consists of a
rich mould, easily tilled, will produce an excel-
lent crop of broom corn, with the aid of barn-
yard manure or other fertilizers. It requires
careful cultivation, by running the cultivator be*
twcen the rows as soon as the com is well up;
and then the rows require hand-weeding, and
thinning out to the proper distances. Boys and
girls can do this work better than men can, and
at one-third the expense that it would cost to em
ploy men to do it. No weeds should be per-
mitted to grow, as the value of the crop depends
on the cleanness of cultivation.

The seed is valuable for fowls, and for eveir
kind of live stock when ground ; and some cuu
tivators think that the seed alone is worth the
cost of cultivation.

COTTON.— The most suiUble soil for the
cotton plant is a rich loam. It cannot be toa
rich, and it is a poor crop on poor land. Cot-
ton has been raised with success in DcUware«
and even in Fenn<iylvania, but the finest long-
staple cannot be produced so far north.

The seed arc planted in hills, the rows three
or three and a half feet asunder, and the plants
about two feet apart in the row. After spring-
ing it should be ttiinned to one plant in a hiU.
The season for planting is as early as the ground
I can be prepared. The soil should be well cul*

*

J

FARAf, ORCHARD, GARDEN AND DAIRY,

^

h

tinted* and care should be lakcn to keep it free
firam weeds.

In the fall, when the pods open, it must be
gathered every day and stowed away until there
15 a »uffideDC]r to run through the cotton cin,
•which cleans it of seed. It is then ^wcked in
bales, when it is reaUy for market fhe yield
of cotton per acre is from 500 to 1,000 pounds,
according to soil, cultivatiiin, treason, etc

CRANBERRfES.^'W'fi most favorable lo-
cation for the culiivaiton of cranberries is where
the soil is peat from one to several feel in depth,
and where the surroundings are such lliat during
the summer months the waler caa be thoroughly
drained off at lea^t one foot below the surKice,
anil at the same time &uch tlut the water can be
let orn in a few hours in a sufficient quantity at
any season of the year to cover the surface from
4 to 6 inches in depth ; and also in the vicinity
of a good sand-biC.

In preparing the soil, the surface should be
removed down to the peat; it should then be
covered at least with j inches of sand, or, when
this cannot readily be found, fine gravel will an-
swer a very g'lnxl purpose.

In selecting plants, care should be taken to
use only such as Ire known to proiluce gootl
crops. It is found that while some varieties can
produce 4 bushels to a rod, others, on the same
soil and with the same care, will produce only I
bushel. 'ITie month of May is undoubtedly the
best time to transplant the Nines. The water at
the time should be nearly even with the surface,
and kept so for a week or lo days, and then be
inmdaaiiy drawn off. The vines should be set
singly, alxjut 6 inches each way. The first sea-
son great care should be taken to keep out all
grass and weeds — after that, if the location be a
mod one, and the plants properly set, but little
ubor will be required lo keep doM-n the grass ;
if possible, they should, during the winter, be
kept co^-ered with at least 3 feet of water, nor
shouKl they be left entirely out of water until
all danger of frost in the spring is over ; for —
what is very singular — while the blossom buds
arc able to withstand our coldest winters, a very
slight &ost the last of May will kill them, and
cntirtiy ruin tlie crop. This is a fact not so gen-
erally tnown as it should be. When the worms
make their appearance, the flowing of tlie land
for a few hours is sufficient lo destroy them. If
daring the month uf September there shouhl be
uiy cuys which promise to be followed by frost,
the water should be let on and the fruit thus pro-
tected.

C' " ' ' " " A'jV.V. — In cultivation, the cucum-
bc" . rctjuires a deep and rich soil, an

abj - inoislure, and continued heat. Its

nature is to support itself by its tendrils in an
upfichl position upon pieces of brushwood, in
which manner the cleanest and best friiits are to
be obtained. This, by the way, will be found
to be a good practice, too, wnere there is but
IfCHe room fur a horizontal growth upon the
{round.

Cocumber*, also, like most varieties of mel-
on*, have Ivren found to possess in the leaves
iiu ^iiiratory power, so that they rc-

qu: - r supply of fluid than those of

§|^«^«Mi«>.> y intf. which accounts for the singu-
0UC they seem to thrive best where the
ibeir way to an abundant supply of
Such a supply of moisture is re<iuuite

under exposure lo an intense sunshine, the heat
and bright light of which decompose and alter
the fluids of the plants, and elaborate from Ihera
an abundance of sweet juices. This is peculi-
arly so with melons in hot climates; ami expe-
rience has demonstrated that the moisture must
be applied to the roots, and not upon the sur-
face of the soil upon which they grow, so as not
to cool the surface, check the growth, and kill
the pkuits.

The plan recommended is as follows : Take a
light barrel ur cask, remove one head, and par-
tially fill the barrel or cask with large pebbles or
stones, say half full ; upon these stones place a
mixture of compost with rich alluvial soil, or
fine fresh vegetable mold, until the barrel or the
cask is filled to within 3 or 4 inches of the top;
in which plant the seed, and cover to the requi-
site depth. This barrel or cask may be placed
in any convenient situation where sufncient room
or S]Kice can be obtained, and around which ar-
range lattice work or brush to sustain the out-
spreading plants in whatever manner may be
found most convenient for affording access at all
times to both the barrel and the plants.

Upon the outer side of the cask insert a ]»pe
of convenient size, through which waler may oe
introduced to the lower or under half of the cask
daily, or as often as occasion may require ; this
portion of the cask should be kept constantly
filled with water. Mid-way of the cask the
staves should be perforated vrith several half-
inch holes, for the ft-ee escape of any surplus
water, and at the same time to permit the ad-
mission of an equal distribution of Air; this pur>
pose would be better accomplished if the holes
were tx^red upon a line at equal distances apart
around the cask.

The effect of this arrangement, as will be seen
at once, is that through the capillary attraction
of the soil sufficient moisture is absorbed at all
limes to nourish the plants, while the a<lmission
of air can be contrulIe<i at pleasure by opening
or closing the apertures upon the sides of the
cask.

CURCULIO. — ^To annihilate curculio, make
a very strong solution of gas-tar and water, so
that after standing a couple of days it will be
flark -colored, an<l as pungent as creosote. On
the first appearance of the curculio, with a small
hand-forcing pump (which every gardener ought
lo have) give the trees an effectual drenching,
and repeat it every three days for two weeks.
As a preventive measure, destroy all the fruit oa
it falls, and this can best be done by allowing
your fowls free range of the orchard.

DAIRY^ Charctsxt in the. — The power of
milk tu absorb the noxious gases and otiors from
the atmosphere U known to every dairyman, and
this power extends also to all productions made
from milk, be they cream, butter or cheese.
Much of the bad liavor in butter and cheese is
not caused so much by anything derived from the
cow, or the food whicli she eats, as by the i>dors
imparted either to the milk after it is drawn, or
to the cheese after it is made, and before it is
put in the cloth and rendered impervious to at-
mospheric influences. Hence the necessity of
the grcatcit efforts being mnde, not only to keep
the dairy ainl every utensil used in a slate of the
most perfect cleanliness, but also the attendants
should l>c In every way cleanly in person, and
the air kept pure and uncontnminatcd by any

9

ty>

DJCTIONARY OF EVERY^DAY WANTS.

odors whalcvcr. To do this, charcoal, finely
powdered, is probably the be&t and cheapest ar-
ticle that can be used. It is capable, when it is
£re&h, of absorbing ninety times \\& own vulumc
of ammonia or other gases, which can again be
driven out of the charcoal by the application of
hcaf.

DRAINING. — A cheap mode of draining is,
instead of digging the ditch altogether with a
spade, to use the plow, takine a land 15 or 20
feet wide, and leaving the dead furrow where the
drain is to be. By plowing several times the
dead furrow may be sunk nearly 2 feet, and from
the bottom of this a trench, the width and depth
of the space, may be thrown out, and a drain
made of 3 fence boanU (4 indies wide will be
sufficient) in the shape of tlie letter V, may then
be put into this branch, and the plowing reversed
lill the ground is made level. This method has
a double advantage— i. It is a cheaper method
than to dig the fuU depth by hand, and the wood
is cheaper than tile. 2. By turning up and thus
loovrning the subsoil to that depth on each side I
of the drain, the water would nnd its way into
the drain more readily than if only a narrow
ditch had. been dug from the surface down, leav-
ing the sides unmoved and almost impervious lo
water.

DOC/CS, 7> ^mrfi>diir.— Cut them off close
to the ground when the tops are hilly out, but
the seed not fully formed, and they are done for.
The sulk dies in the ground ; but you must cut
them so dose to the ground that you leave no
leaves on the stalk, else they will not die. The
end of June '\% generally about the best time to
cut them ; but it depends on the season. In the
pasture -fields they arc soon cut with a scylhe.
In wheal and meadows they have to be cut with
A knife.

EARM LIFE, How to Make Aitractivt.—\,
By less hard work. Farmers often undertake
more than they can do well, and consequently
work too early and too late.

2. By more system. Farmers should have a
time to begin and slop labor. They should put
more mind and machinery into their wurk ; they
should theorize as well as practice, and let both
go together. Farming is hcaltliy, mural and re-
spectable i and, in the long run, may be made
profuablc. The farmers should keep good stock,
and out of debt.

3. By taking care of health. Farmers have a
healthy variety of exercise, but loo often neglect
cleanliness, eat irregularly and hurriedly, sleep
in ill -ventilated apartments, and expose them-
selves needlessly to cold.

4. By adorning the home. Books, papers,
pictures, music, and reading, should be brought
to bear upon the in-door family entertainments;
and neatness and comfort, order, shrubbery,
flowers and fruits should harmonize all without.
There would be fewer desertions of old home-
steads if pains were taken to make them agree-
able. Lose, order, health and beauty are com-
patible with £arm, and were ordained to go with
It

JARMING, Rules for Sueeest in,—l. Never
purcha>ic land on creait, unless it be in a new
country wbcrt it is certain to enhance in value
rapidly,

2. Keep no more live stock of any kind than
you cm keep in good condition.
J' Never aVow /our slock 10 suffer from cold,

by housing them in open, rickety buildings, and
remember that wurra, comfortable stables arc a
saving of one cjuartcr of the feed that otherwise
would be required.

4. If your farm is so large that you cannot
cultivate all of it to advantage, nor keep good
fences on it, sell a part, and put the money out
to rnteresL You may depend that by so doing
you will save a great deal of care and trouble,
and make money foster than by skimming over
a large surface to gel j)Of>r crops, and those half
deslfoved by unruly cattle breaking over your
dibpiclated fences.

5. Look well to your orchard, and remember
that it costs no more to produce apples that sell
for fifty cents a bushel than it does those that sell
for twelve and a half cents.

6. Keep none but the best implemcnla that
can be produced, and when y6u possess them
take care of them. It is shocking to a good
farmer to see his neighbors leaving their plows
and harrows in the field week alter week, 10
soak in the rains and crack in the sun.

7. Never suffer yourself to be unprovided
with suitable work for yourself and hands on a
rainy d.iy. A commodious workshop is neces-
sary on such days, and a plenty of good tools.
In Auch cases a good farmer will never lack for
work. Much money may be thus saved that
ollierwise would go to the wheelwright.

8. Never borrow tools, unless it be in some
unforeseen contingency. Every farmer should
own every kind of implement necessary on his
farm.

9. Never put ofT till to-morrow what may as
well be done lo-day. Thousands of lons of hay
have been ruined by not heeding this rule.

10. Do all your work well. WluU is worth
doing at all, is worth doing well.

11. Don't trv to make merchants. lawyers,
physicians or clergymen of your sons, because
the farmer's vocation is without honor. Gen.
Washington was not ashamed of being a fanner,
and you arc no better tlian he was.

13. The soil must, like the horse or the ox,
be fed, in order to give forth abundantly, and it
must have rest. A judicious rotation of crops
is the grand secret of prosperous farming.

13. Tlie manure heap is an important consid-
eration with the farmer. It should be incrca&ed
by all substances that arc easily procured, of a
decaying nature. Keniembcr that ajiunonia is
the essence— the life of all manures, and that
plaster absorbs it, and retains it in the heap,
while hmc sets it free and ■ causes it to escape.
Carting manure to llie field, and leaving it in
heaps for months or weeks before it is spread
and plowed under, Is but one step short of in-
sanity. It bhould be carted out no faster than it
can be spread and plowetl under.

14. Never leave your hired hands to work
atone. Be present with them, even if you do
nothing but look on. A pair of eyes will some-
lijnes do wonders with workmen.

15. The farmer who refuses to lay before his
children several gotwl pcriixiicals of the day, in-
cluding one agricultural |>apcr, is allowing his
wealth and the usefulness of his family to run
away nt the bung, while he is saving at the
spigot.

FARMERS, Sleep pr. —Said one of the old-
est and most successful farmers in this Stole;
^*ldo not care to have my men get up before

Mub

J

I

i.

five or half-pa%t five in the morning, and if they

So Xo bed early and can sleep soundly, they will
0 more work than if they got up at four or half-
past four." We do not believe in the ei^hl-hour
uw, but, nevertheless, are inclined to think that,
ftS & general rule, wc work too manv hours on
Ihe farm. The best man we ever nad to dig
itches seldom worked, when digging by the
rod, more than nine hours a day- And it is so
in chopping wood by the cord — the men who ac-
oODipU&h the most, work the fewest hours.
They bring all their brain and muscle into exer-
cise, and make every blow tell. A slow, plod-
ding Dutchman may turn the grindstone of a
Cinning-mill better than an energetic V'ankee,
but this kind of work is now mostly done bv
horse-power, and the farmer needs, above all
else, a dear head, with all his faculties of mind
and muscle light and active, and under complete
control. Much, of course, depends on temper-
ament, but, as a rule, such men need sound
sleep and pienty of it.

F£yCE-POSTS, Presfn/atioH o/.— Any sort
of timber, when employed for fence-posts, will
be more than twice as durable if allowed to be-
come thoroughly seasoned before being set id
the ground. TKc durability of seasoned posts
may be promoted, so as to make them last for
an age, by the application of a heavy coat of
coal-tar to the portion buried in the earth, and a
few inches alx>ve the surface of the ground.
Some farmers set the ground-end in hot tar, and
let it boil fifteen mmutes. When cool, cover
with co.al-tar, thickened with ground slate or
ground brick. The boiling stiffens the albumen
and causes the pores to absorb tar. The coat-
ing prevents the action of moUture. But such
A treatment of green posts would do very little
£Ood, and perhaps mischief. Others contend
that the better way is to season the post well be-
fore setting it, and, when the post-note is filled
to within lo inches of the surface of the ground,
to apply a heavy coat of tar and fill up with
earth. As fence-posts always decay first near
the surface of the ground, it is only necessary
to protect the post a few inches ibove the sur-
fikce, and about a foot below it. The timber be-
gins to decay, usually, on the surface of the
posts. Therefore, if the surface can be pro-
tected by some antiseptic maieriid, posts will
last a lifetime.

FL y ON TURNIPS. To Dcstto^'.—Takt i
bushel of newly slaked time, and mm therewith
}4 ft bushel of wood ashes; mix and blend the
whole intimately together, and sift the powder
Ughtlv along the top of the drills.

F^UITTREES, Or'rr.firaHn^.^Thc bend-
ing of branches of trees by an over crop of fruit
is most injurious ; for the pores of the woody
Stdk are strained on one side of the bend and
oompreised on the other ; hence the vessels
through which the requisite nourishment flows
being parlialiy closed, the growth of the fruit is
retarded in proportion to the straining and com-
pression of the stalk.

FRUITS^ To Gather,— \j\ respect to the time
of gathering, the criterion of ripeness, adopted
by Forsyth, is their beginning to fall from the
tree. Cib^erve attentively when the apples and
peart arc ripe, and do not pick them always at
the same regular time of the year, as is the cus-
tom with many, A dry season will forward the
ripeoiDg of fruit, and a wet one retard it, so that

there will sometimes be a month's difference Jti
the proper time for gathering. If this is at-
tended to the fruit will keep well, be plump,
and not shrivelled, as is the case with all fruit
that is gathered before it is ripe.

The art of gathering is to give them a lift, so
as to' press away the stalk, and if ripe they read-
ily part from the tree. Those that will not come
oflf easily should hang a Utile longer; for when
they come off hard they will not be so fit to be
stored, and the violence done at the loot-stalk
may injure the bud there formed for the next
year's fruiL

Let the pears be quite dry when pulled, and
in handling avoid pinching the fruit, or in any
way bruising it, as those which ore hurt not only
decay themselves, but presently spread infection
to those near them ; wnen suspected to be dam-
aged, let them be carefully kept from the others,
and used first ; as gathered, lay them gently in
shallow baskets.

FRUITS^ Time for Gathering. — This should
take place in the middle of a dry day. Plums
readily part from the twigs when ripe; they
should not be much handled, as the bloom is
apt to be rubbed off. Apricots may be accounted
ready when the side next the sun feels a little
soft upon gentle pressure with the finger; they
adhere firmly lo the tree, and would over-ripen
on it and become mealy. Peaches and necta-
rineSr if moved upwarcb, and allowed to come
down with a slight jerk, will separate, if ready ;
and they may be received into a tin funnel lined
with velvet, so as to avoid touching with the
fingers or bruising.

A certain rule for judging of the ripeness of
figs is to notice when the small end of the fruit
becomes of the same color as the large one.

The most transparent grapes arc the most ripe.
All the berries in a bunch never ripen equally ;
it is therefore proper to cut away the unripe or
decayed berries before presenting the bunches at
table.

Autumn and winter pears are gathered, when
dry, as they succesively ripen.

immature fruit never keeps so well as that
which nearly approaches maturity. Winter ap-
ples should be left on the trees till there t>e dan-
ger of frost ; they are then gathered on a dry
day.

FRV/Tf Surt-trintin^^ on. — Monograms, in-
itial letters, or otaer designs, can be printed on
such fruit as apples, pears or peaches by the oc*
tion of the sun, with verypretly effect, of either
a light or dark color. To do this, draw the
monogram, letter or design on a piece of writing
paper, and paste it with mucilage or glue upon
the side of the fruit exposed to the sun. Just
before the fruit begins to color, and when the
fruit is ripe, and ihe paper is removed, the de-
sign will appear in a lighter or different color to
the rest oi the fruit ; as, for instance, if the ex-
periment is tried on a yellow-fleshed peach with
a red cheek, the design will appear in gold, sur-
rounded with red. If the opposite effect is in-
tended, take a small oval or arcular piece of {mu
per, and cut out or pierce the letter or design in
It. and paste on the fruit, which, when ripe, will
have the design in high color on a yellow or on
a light green ground of the shape of the piece of
paper, and this again wilt be surrounded by tho
brighter color of the fruit.

FRUIT TREES^ To Protect fnm RobbiU*

I3»

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

— To protect fruit trees in the winter from rab-
bits, it is recommended to make a strong decoc-
tion of tobacco, simmer it down in lard to the
consistency of thin paint, add a little soft &oap,
stir well, and it is ready for use. Apply with a
brush or swab from the root of the tree upwards
until above the reach of the rabbits. This dose
would seem calculated to spoil the appetite of
the hungry depredators of whatever kmd. Sec
also '* Apple Trees, To Keep Rabbits from
Barkinp.''

GARDEN SPIDERS, To /Vj/my.— Vari-
ous kinds of fruits and plants, both in the gar-
den and the hot-house are frequently infested
with insects, such as aphides, earwigs, red soi-
ders, and other pests. Tlie vine, the peach, the
melon, the cherry, the currant, and some haro-
bler plants, afford them appropriate places of
aboile, to the discomfort of tiie gardener and the
detriment of his fruit. Several modes of expel-
ling these pests have been devised. One of the
most successful is that of frequently washing the
plants and fruits by means of the watering-pot
and rose. This itself will vastly diminish their
numbers, and at length destroy them. Lime-
water, however, will be found much superior to
common water for the purpose, care being taken
that the fluid shall reacn the lower sides of the
leaves, and those parts of the twigs and branches
in which the insects take refuge. Six o'clock in
the morning is an excellent time to perform the
work. And when the leaves and fruit have been
thoroughly washed, care should be taken to com-
pletely shade the plants in the hot-house or the
forcing-house with matting, to prevent injury to
them from the heat of the sun while they are in
a wet, cool state. The washing maybe repeated
about three o'clock in the afternoon.

GARDENING, H^INDOfK—Sotr—Tht
first point is good soil — without this no plant can
thrive welL Fresh sandy loam, with a third of
well rotted manure, will do for many plants; and
]ceep a reserve stock of soil in a heap, and turn
it over occasionally, then it will be ready for use.
In potting, press the soil well down in the pot,
and never use wet soil for this purpose on any
consideration, or disappointment will be your in-
evitable reward. See that the pot usca is not
too hard burned, as in that case it becomes al-
most non-{>orous and unfit for plant culture.
If/at — Most plants will survive it the tempera-
ture gets below 40'; but no healthy growth or
bloom can be looked for at a lower average daily
temperature than 60 or 65" ; it is better that the
night temperature should fall 15^ less than this.
One difBculty with plants in our dwellings is that
they are as hot at night as during the day. Ifa-
ter. — Give water only when the plants need it.
A plant with its roots constantly in mud cannot
thrive. It is better to wait until the flagging of
a plant shows that it needs water than to keep it
constantly soaked. Sprinkling or showering
should be done as often as possible. Take the
plants to a sink or a bath-tub and give them a
^ood dousing. Air. — Do not be amiid of open-
ing the windows whenever the outside air is not
freezing. Give air every day when it is safe to
do so. Not only will the plants be benefited,
bat the atmosphere will be better for human be-
ings. Dust is a great obstacle to the growth of
plants in the house. The showering we have
recommeadcfi wil] help to remove it ; but all the
Mmootb-leavcd phats, such as camelias, ivies,

^ ings.

^B plants

^H recomi

Ir

and the like, should be occasionally sponged to
keep the foUage clean and healthy. Imirr/x. —
Don't have anv. If the plants are daily looked
over, and the thumb and finger properly applied^
they will be kept in check. If a plant is badly
infested by the green fly, put it in a box or un-
der a barrel and smoke it thoroughly. If ibc
red spider appears, as it will be apt to do in hot
and dry rooms, smoke will not help it. Kemove
the plant into hospital and shower it dally. Fre-
quent wetting and a moist atmosphere is the
best remedy.

GARLIC, The common garlic is propa-
gated usually by oflsets known technically as
*' cloves" — tnat is, the old bulbs are pulled
apart, and the small divisions planted in spring,
1ney are usually set in rows eighteen inches
apart, and the sets four to six inches in the
rows ; plant with a dibble, or by thrusting them
into Uic soil with the fore finger and thumb.
Give them the same culture as onions, gathering
in autumn, and tie in bundles, the tops being
left on for this purpose. The young bulbs wiu
throw up long stalks, and if not checked are
very likely to run to seed, which must be pre-
vented by breaking down the stems, or tying
them in a knot, which is the practice of Euro-
pean gardeners. Garlics are mainly used by^|
foreigners, especially the Germans, and by
people for medicinal purposes,

GRAFTING IVAX.—i. Take 1 IK of lal.:
low, 3 lbs. of beeswax, and 4 lbs. of resin ; put'
into a kettle and melt slowly until all the ingre-
dients are combined. If to be used in the opcA,
air in cool weather, add a ^ to ^2 ll^' more tal-
low. Melt the resin first, and be sure it is well 1
melted before adding the wax and tallow. If j
this be not done, the grafting wax will be fuU of j
lumps. When melted pour it into cold water,
and work it by hand into rolls of convenient
size. In cold weather, soften the wax by put-
ting it into warm water before using. When th«
scions are set — say as many as 30 or 30, or few
as is wished — have the mixture ready and apply
it warm, with a small wooden paddle. See tiiat
every part is covered and the air completely ex-
cluded. It requires no bandage.

GRAFTING IVAX, ti^uuL—Ur. L'llom-
me-Lefort invented, not many yearsaoo, a graft-
ing composition, which, when generally known,
will no doubt supersede all others now in use.
either for grafting purposes or for covcnng the
wounds of trees. It is very cheap, very easilv
prepared, and keeps, corked up in a bottle wita
a tolerable wide mouth, at least six months un-
altered. It is laid on in as thin a coat as JPp'**-
ble, by means of a flat piece of wood. Witbia
a few days it will be as fiard as a stone. In ad>
dition to all the advantages indicated above, it is
not in the least affected by the severe cold of
ouf winters ; it never softens or cracks when ex-
posed to atmospheric action or changes. There
15 no better preparation for covering the wounds
of trees. As long as the inventor kept it a se-
cret it was sold at a very high price, and even
now it is generallv unknown. Tne recipe is as
follows: Melt 1 lb. of common resin over a gen*
lie fire. Add to it I or. of beef tallow, and stir
it well. Take it from the fire, let it cool domi •
little, and then mix with it a tablespoonful of spir-
its of turpentine, and after that about 7 oz. of J
very strong alcohol (OSper cent.) to be had al
any druggist's store. Tne i

alcohol cools it down

FARM, ORCHARD, GARDEN AND DAIRY.

«3S

V

^

I

so npidly that it will be necessary to put it once
more on the Are, stirring it constantly. Still the
utmost care must be exerdscd to prerent the al-
cohol from getttiig inflamed. To avoid it, the
besi way is to remove the vessel from the fire,
when the lumps that may have been formed com-
mence melting again. This must be continued
tiU Uie whole is a homngeneous mass similar to
honey.

GRAFTING, INDIA RC/BffFR.—Somc
of the English gardeners have successfully used
strips of India rubber in the place ot grafting
vrax, being neater, more perfect, and not soiling
the Angers Sheets are pu((±ased in market for
sixpence per square foot. They are about as
thick as brown paper. They are obtained of the
manufacturers of this article before it is applied
to muslin and other surfaces. The strips cut
from it are about an inch long and an eighth of
an inch wide, for small grafimg; the pieces will
stretch two or three times their first length ; the
ends a>ihere when pressed firmly with the thumb
suil» the sheet having been previously washed
and wiped dry.

CRAFT/XG. — In grafting, a sharp penknife
and a good fine saw are imlis pen sable. Split*
tia^ the stalk so that the bark shall not be at all
bruised, and shaping the scion wedge-fashion
bgth wa^s, preserving also the bark uninjured,
and placing the rim of the wood of both stuck
&nd scion exactly together, so that the sap can
intermingle — there is no danger of failure if Ihey
arc properly waxed. One year's wood should
always be used when it can be obtained, as it is
more certain tu take and grows more vigorously.
For grafting generally, any time is good when
growth is going on, and there is not too much
sap m the scion ; the amount in the stock makes
no difference. If there is much in the scion, it
U Uable to rot before the union takes place. If
scsoos are taken from healthy trees, and are kept
from drying, sprouting, or other injuries, graft-
tBg may go on (som early in the spring till mid-
summer.

GRAFTING (ROOT) APPLE TREES.—
This kind of grafting is performed as follows:
Take seedling stocks one or two years old, cut
off the stock at the collar of the pUnt. and re-
move the top root and all unnecessary fibrous
roots, leaving only a few of them four or five
inches long. Wash the stocks, and make a very
smooth cut sloping upward an inch or so across
the ooUar. la the center of this cut make a slii
or tongue to receive the scion. The sdon, three
or four inches long, should be made to fit the
tflSffiie exactly, both the woody part and the in-
b<f Dark. On this dose fining depends the sue*
cess of the operation. This done, cover the en-
tir* graft witQ the wax, or with prepared wax
doth, which is nothing more than cotton cloth
spread thinly with Rafting composition while it
is hot. This work is commonly done in the leis-
we of winter. After the required number of
stocks have been grafted, they arc packed away
ia sand in a cool cellar to be plinted in the
•pring.

GRAFTING GRAPES.—GnJtiag grape
vioes may t>e done early in the spring, before
the sap begins to flow, or after the vines have
leaved out partiallv, and just after the main How
of sap is over ; or it may be done in the fall, but
in all cases it is to be done on the stock so low
dowD Uut (he saoos may be covered with earth

up to their buds. Attention to this point is neo*
essary to success.

The operation is similar to grafting fruit trees
— the scions should each have a single bud, and
they should be cut off an inch above, and not
less than three inches below the buds. The
grape stocks are to be split, and tlie scions made
with long, wedge-shaped ends, with shoulders^
just as apple or other fruit-tree grafts are madCv
and with the inner sides of the wedges narrow*
est, so that the pressure will be greatest where
the inner bark of vine and scion meet. These
stocks are then bound with basswood bark, and'
grafting wax applied, and the soil packed firmly ,
around the sdoos, leaving the buds just above
the ground.

When the grafting is done in the fall — and we
think that the l>cst season to do it — a flower pot
siiQuld be inverted over such stock and grafis*
(insert two scions to each stock,) and covered
with straw or barnyard litter to prevent freering
— and in the following spring the earth may be '
packed around the stocksas above. It is thought
by those who graft in the fali that the stocks and
scions have more time to unite, and form a com-
plete junction during the winter, and will grow
sooner than when grafted in the spring.

When grape vines arc cut ofT wnen the sap is
flowing freely, for the purpose of grafting them,
they will be liable to •' bleed" to death— that is,
the sap will esca[>e to such a degree th.*;! the vi-
tality of the roots will be destroyed, consequent*
ly, all grafting in the spring should be done be-
fore the sap ^gins to flow, or after the flow of
sap is over, early in June, in the climate of New
York.

If vines are to be grafted above the ground,
they should be bent over and covered with earth
where the junction takes place, and a mulch of
grass, or otherwise, put upon them, to cause
them to continue moist. It is a rather difficult
operation to graft grape vines three, four or more
feet from the ground; yet we think it can be
done, and a dozen varieties of grapes made to
grow on one vine.

CA'.-f/'^.S'.— The best soil for the vine is a
light, dry loam, with a slight intermixture of day
and calcareous matter, moderately rich, the sou
inclining a little to the south. This should be
plowed in the fall of the year, at least one foot
deep, and trench plowing would be better, mak-
ing one plow follow directly after another m the
same furrow, turning upj^c ground, if possible,
15 or 18 inches deep. The utility of this is, to
^ve a light, deep surface for the roots to strike
into the earth, and thus draw the more nourish*
roent from it. and be sufficiently low and out of
the way of being cut off, when the plow is run
between the rows for after-cultivation. Plant- 1
ing ami Culture. — ICatly in the spring, before '
vegetation commences, replow ana harrow the
land fine, strike off the rows 6 feet apart, then
take cuttings or roots, as they can be best ob-
tained, and plant them 3 feet from each other in
the rows. As the vines grow they will require
staking and tying up with the stalks of long,
tough ^rass, or green, flexible straw. The after
cultivation is precisely like that of com or any
root crop, it being necessary merelv to plow out
between the rows occasion.illv, and keep weeds
down by hoeing the ground al>out the vines,
where it may be slightly elevated from the cen-
tre of the rows, in order 10 keep them from any

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

I

I

I

standing water. Two vines only are left from
each main stem of a tUfTerent year's growth, the
rationale of -which may be thus simply defined :
The branch that ^cw, for instance, in the sea-
son of '80. bears in '8i» and in the spring of '82
it is pruned oflf, and that season another grows in
i:s place, prepared to bear in 'S3, wmlc that
vhich grew in *8i bears in '82, and is cut oiTin
*8j, and the one growing in '82, when the last
gave fruit, will bear in '83.

GRC/BSf {n'Aiif,) Rmediet /or,— An au-
thority says : A goad coat of unrotted ma-
nure, plowed in six or ei^ht inches deep, is al*
most a specific against while grubs in corn or po-
tatoes. We suppose the grubs work in the ma<
nure and leave the corn plants alone. Plowing
under clover, immediately before planting, often
lias the same effect.

GOOSEBERRY BUSHES. Mildew an— A
weak solution of saleratus, pretty stiongly tinc-
tured with alum, sprinkled over gooseberry
bushes, is sure to prevent mildew.

HAY, Cutting and Curing. — I. Get ready
for haying — that ;s, put your mowing machine,
etc., in good order, so as to have no delay when
you begin the work.

a. Ifyou have a good deal of grass to cut,
some of it should be cut a few days before it is
actually mature, or you will be compellet! to cut
other fields so much later than it ought to be cut,
that you would lose more by waiting till your
carlieit grass is fully ripe, than you would gain
l)y wailing till it is mature; besides grass cut a
few days before it is strictly ready for the mow-
er makes excellent hay, but not quite so much of
it as when cut later.

3. Wlien the time comes to commence mow-
ing— which should be when there is a prospect
of fair weather, go ahead and do not wait until
the dew is off, on account of any injury the hay
may sustain, as you will ne^er be able to see any
difference in value between hay, from grass cut
vrith or without the dews upon it.

4. Just as soon as the sun has dried the upper
surCice of the grass, the spreading operation may
commence ; and you should have help cnuu|^h to
do the work welL No grass cut dunng the pre-
vious afternoon, and up to 10 o'clock thai day,
should remain anspread at dinnertime, unless it
be such as is light, and is left in good shape to
dry by the machine, as is often the case. Keep
the grass moving as long as possible before you
begin to protect it for the night ; and here we
will say that we never would allow a load of Iiay
to be put into our barns that was cut the same
day, except when the grass had been delayed to
be cut till it was post its prime and partially dry,
so that a few hours of sun and wind suHiced to
cure it.

5. After drying the hay as much as possible
up to 3 or 4 o'clock, 1\ M., according to the
quantity of it, and hands to take caro of it, the
question comes up: Is it best to cock it. or to
rake it into windrows, and so leave it till the suc-
ceeding day, when, if the weather be fair, it may
be put into the bam or stack ? If left in win-
drows a great deal of labor is saved, and if the
next day is fair, the hay is in a better condition
to be spread than if in cocks ; but if a storm en-
sues, the hay is in a bad shape, and will suffer
injuiy, according to the length of unfair weather
that takes place. No farmer should leave his
hjtj over night in windrows, unless he shall

have the very best of reasons for believing that
the next day will be fair.

6. Hay may be injured by drying too much ;
but the wide awake farmer will avoid that, and
either get his hay into windrows or cocks before
it is thus damaged.

HAY, {CLUYER,) Afanagemnit e/,—JZ\o-
ver should be mowed as soon as it is well in
blossom. There is no necessity to wait for a
brown head ; there will be plenty to be seen be-
fore the crop is well down. Cut when the dew
is off, and allow to dry until the afternoon, when
it should be shaken up and turned before the dew
falls. If a tedder is employed, its constant use
will fit the clover to be put in cocks the same
day. If turned by hand, it may lie until the
noon of next day, when it may be put in cocks,
made as high and narrow as possible ; they will
shed rain better in this shape, and, if caps are
to be used, a yard square will be sufhcicntly
large to cover them. Caps are to be strongly
recommended, and the above size is sufficient, as
the top only needs protection. Put up, and thus
protected, the hay may stav in the ficlo until it \%
all made, when it may be tiaulted together. Tf
any cock should be damp inside, ^^Tt^A for a few
minutes ; it will dry rapidly. Clover cured in
the cock is much more valuable than that dried
in the sun, and wastes less in hauling. Put
away the first cut hay by itself, in a place conve-
nient for use in the spring. Cows coming in
early in the spring will thrive on this hay; the
milk will be largely increased in quantity, and be
richer in quality, while the butler will come eas-
ily, be free from white curdy specks, and in col-
or will not be far behind that made from June
grass.

NA V STACKS, To Ymfi/afe.—SUcks of
hay, corn-stalks, etc, may be ventilated by mak-
ing a hole perjiendiculariy through llic centre*
with apertures through the base acd top or sides
of the stack to admit a current of air. The ori-
fice should be constructed when the stack is be-
ing built, which can easily be done by filling a
bag of the requisite size with hay or straw, plac-
ing it upright in the centre of the slack, drawing
it upward according as the stack rises. In this
way a chimney will l)C formed in the centre of
the stack, which will cirrv off the sleom, if the
hay or corn-stalk should ferment, and by adroit-
ting air will prevent damage from mold. The
lop of the air-tunnel should be protected t^ a
roof to keen out rain.

//EDGES, //<rj} to Flant—K good way of
planting hedges is to plow the ground about I2
or 15 inches deep, and pulverize completely;
then set stakes in range as the hedge is to stand.
Then take a common garden hoe and dig a hole
as deep as the plants ore to be set, standing with
the face in ranee uith the stakes; then put a
plant down with the top toward you, leaving al
an angle of about 45 degrees, being careful lo
put it a little deeper than it grew in the nurscnr;
then cover that one up by diggingthc dirt out (or
the next plant, and so on, standing in the range
of the stakes. It will facilitate the job by hav-
ing a dropi>er to put the plants in ibur places at
you need tnem.

HEDGE, BARBERRY,— KKxAx obtaining
good seed, mix it with moist earth, and keep it
in a cool cellar, free from frost, until the spring
npens. I'hen sow it in drills, like carrot seeiC
Thin out the plants to six inches apart, and keep

FARM, ORCHARD, GARDE.V AXD DAIRY,

m

ihe rows free from weeds. The fuUowing spring
they will be ready to tran^pUtnt. Set them out
by * line, six inches apart in the row.

I/EDGE, CEDAR, {Ear Ca/J Latifudes,)^
First dig a, ditch about t fcx>t deep by 2 feet
wide where the hedge is to l»e, then go and cut
down second growth cedars, (out of thick clumps
or clusters are best, they ha^'ing most all their
branches on one side.) about 3 or 4 inches
through at the butt ; take branches and all and
lay them in the ditch, with the thickest branches
up ; turn up the branches so they are — that is,
the branches — not more than S inches apart, and
if there are not enough on l tree, lay down 2,
side by side, butt and top together ; then chop
off all branches that cannot be got to lay in the
dilch to about 10 inches long or so, so tnat they
will cover ulj ; then cover up, taking a little pains
to stake ana bend the branches that arc to form
the hedge into a straight row, or nearly so; then
cover about two-thirds up, and then water and
6msh covering, and with a very little trouble the
hedge in 5 years will be so thick that a hen can-
not get through it, or sheep or cattle gel over it,
and will get stronger and larger every year.
A^Tiere small second growth cedars cannot be
got, small trees vriW answer nearly as well — or
eren sow the seeds, which s a rather slow pro-
oesSi but sure.

HEMP CC'trrRE.—The land should be
thoroughly pulverized with plow and harrow.
The seed-bed cannot be put in loo fine tilth.
Titty to sevcnty-6ve pounds of seed per acre
should be sown evenly broadcast. The amount
should depend upon the strength of the land \
the stronger or richer the soil the more seed may
be sown, the object being to secure all ihe plants
the land will develop, and thereby a fine and a
long 6bre. The seed should be covered with a
light harrow, running it both ways. The sow-
ing should commence as soon as the ground is
dry and warm enough to pat into proper condi-
tion to receive the seed. There is no after-cul-
ture.

/fORSE-RA D/S/f.— For the cultivation ol
tKis regetable the soil should be deep and moist.
Cut off slips from a root with a little of the
crown and plant 3 or 4 inches deep in rows, il
for 6eM culture, so as to admit of handy work-
ing. If in a garden it matters little whether in
rows or not, as it soon sprouts up in every di-
rection. Unles* tlie whole crop is removed the
bed will supply itself year after vcar, and a plat
to feet square will be enough for an ordinary
family.

tiOTBED, T(f Make «.— Make a frame 6
ftei long by 4 feet wide; let the one end l>e 2
feel in height, and the other end I foot. Along
the top of the lung sides, about an inch from the
ispper edges, nail 2 cleats. This frame may be
made of one inch boards. Glaze the sash and
fit it upon these cleats, thus forming an inclined
plane* which, when the bed is completed and the
frame permanently arranged, should be made to
face the south-cast. In this manner the rays of
the morning and noonday sun fall directly upon
the growing plants.
* To make the bed. draw well- rotted horsc*ma-
and pile it in a square heap, about 3 feet
and of sufficient dimensions to admit of
tkelftwne being placed securely upon the top.
^ndun the frame, cover the manure heap with
■bout 6 inches of rich earth. Put on your sash

and leave il until the fermentation of the heap
causes the earth to become warm. When this
is effected, large dcwdrops will form upon the
inside of the glass. If the fermentation is not
very active, cover the sash with boards, so as to
prevent all radiation of heat from the pile. The
frame may be kept still warmer by banking up
the outside to the top with manure.

When the earth has become thoroughly heat-
ed the bed is ready for sowing. To sow with
the finger, draw drills about half an inch deep,
take the seed of caL<bages, cnuliflowers, toma-
toes, peppers, etc., between the forefinger and
thumb, and by rubbing ihe two gently and mov-
ing the hand along the drill, the seed may be
sown evenly and thickly.

The great principle m the successful forcing
of plants in a hotbed is to subject them to a sui-
Bdent amount of heat without allowing them to
burn. This can only be regulated by experience
and judgment. If, however, the weather be
very warm, by throwing open the sash during
the day and closing it at night, the plants may
be brought in contact with cxtern.il air, and will
become more hardy and better able to bear the
chilling effects of transplanting into the open
ur.

A constant succession of early plants may in
this manner be forced, and after their removal
melons and cucumbers may be planted in their
places in small sods, and, wnen sufficiently
forced, may be removed witliout being at all dis*
turbed.

HYACINTH CULTURE.— 1\\^ hpirinth
requires a light but rich soil, sandy loam, well
dressed, and mixed with thoroughly mttrd ma-
nure, but if the soil is not sandy, add a third of
silver sand. The soil for a hyacinth bed must
be deeply dug. well mixed and turned over.
Plant tne bulbs eight inches apart, and four
inches under the soil. To Gnnv Hyacinths in
Eols. — Select the bulbs, and plant each one sep-
arately in a four-inch pot, well drained with pot-
sherds, and filled within an inch of the inpwilh
ihe same soil recommended for the bed>. If the
plants are to remain outdoors until rooted, place
them in a dry level place, and cover them about
six inches deep with straw, decayed leaves, or
cocoanut fibre, putting a piece of bass mat over
to keep off rain ; they will not require watering.
In ten weeks they will have made sufficient roots,
and may be brought into the house and watched
carefully. If brought into the house directly
they are potted, keep them in a dark, moist at*
mosphere for about ten weeks, then gradoally
expose them to the light, and give them water
frequently. To Grow Hyacinths in Glasses. —
Single flowering hyacinths are the best for this
purpose. Fill me glasses with soft water, (rain
water is the best,) so as nearly to touch the
bulb. Exclude the light totally from them for
five weeks, by which time the glass ought to be
full of roots ; they may then l>c placed where
they will have plenty of light and an equable
temperature. Do not change the water while
they arc in the dark, but when exposed to the
light pour out half the water in each glass once
a week, and fill it up with fresh water, whidi
should have been kepi for some time in the same-,
room, that the temperature majr be the samCi
A very little guano, mixed with the water,
strengthens the plant.
IMFIEMENTS, {Farm,) Cartof,~\K Vi %

136

DICTIONARY OF El'ERY-VAY WANTS.

lamentable fact thai a large majorily of our farm-
ers lose as much from a want of proper care of
tools as from the actual wear and tear of ihem.
iicpcated wetting and drying injures, sooner or
later, any kind uT wood-work; the moisture get-
ting into the cracks soon begins the work of de-
cay. This may be prevented by the timely and
occasional application of somccheap painL The
shovels, spades, and forks are brought into the
tool-house with the dirt sticking to uiem, and in
that condition they remain through tlic winter,
or until they arc again needed. All practical
farmers know how much better a bright plow
turns the furrow, how much easier it is on the
team and driver, and yet tliey will bring their
plows and hxurows in every fall with the dirt
sticking to thcro, and allow them to remain in
that condition until again wanted, mudi to their
irreparable injury, and also to their own loss
and cxiM^nsc. There arc various mixtures which
might be applied to the iron to prevent rusting,
the cheapest of which is common (unsalted)
grease. A better article may !« formed by the
melting logeiher of six pounds of fresh (not
salted) lard and two of resin. An old iron pot
is a good thing to keep and compound the mix-
ture in. As soon as a tool is done being u&ed
for the season, clean it off and give it a coat of
this mixture, and even if it remains undi^iturbed
fur years it will come out as bright as when put
away. Implements projierly cared for will not
only last twice as long as where this is not the
case, but, as we said before, they are far better
in every way.

INSECTS^ To Exterminati, — By scattering
chloride of lime on a plank in a st&blc, biting
fleas arc driven away. Sprinkling betls of vege-
tables with a weak solution of this salt cflcctu-
ally jjrescrvcs them from caterpillars, slugs, etc.
It nos the same effect when sprinkled on fruit
trees or shrubbery. Mixed in a paste with fatly
matter, and applied in a narrow bond around llic
trees, it prevents insects from creeping up. An-
other plan is to carry all the toads you may fmd
to your gardens. They will devour immense
numbers of bugs. A toajtl will swallow the
largest specimen of the tomato worm, though
sometimes he will have a hard lime of it. Hens
and wasps and spiders are all dcvourers of your
enemies, A common duck will go up and down
rows of tomato and potato vines, and pick off
the lar^c worms usually found on such vmes. as
fast as it can sec them ; and they will see a half
dozen when a man would not sec one, Voung
turkeys will do the same service, though thev
arc not so easily controlled and guided. All fai
Icn fruit is to be picked up twice a dav — at any
rate, onetime — Ixjiletl, and then given to your
cattle to he devoured. Ry doing this it will pay
ten times over, and the result of it will l>c tnat
the next year you will not have insects. Sec also
the recipes fur a like purpose in this depart-
menL

^ LAWNS, KEEPING.~\jXQfn^ must be kept
inAif if you would have a good, fresh, green
carpet of^ grass. Mowing them repeatedly ycir
after year, and raking off the fallen leave's that
drop from the trees, which neatness demands,
and which thus removes a useful lop dressing,
requires an occasional aildicion of manure. By
Hi the best lime to apply this manure is late in
autumn. If spread earlier it defaces the lawn at
J time when it proves offensive. Fine, dry ma-

nure, which may be readily pulverized, is bcs^,
as it spreads evenly and ncativ over the surface.,!
But wnere this can not be haa, coarse or lumpy
manure will answer a good purpose if treated ia
the following manner : Spread it as evenly as
may be convenient, and if there happens to be «
sharp November freeze, followetl by thaw, it
will loosen the lumps and render them quite fri-
able, llien immediately run a smoothing har*^
row over the ground, and it will grind these]
lumps to powder and spread them over the grass-
in better style than can be done by a ikiUful.
band, and with great rapidity.

LETTUCE IN IVINT ER.—\\ is said that
heads of lettuce can be produced in winter in
^om 34 to 4S hours, by taking a box filled with,
rich earth, in which one-third part of slaked Ume
has been mixed, and watering' the earth wi(lh*i
lukewarm water ; then taking seed which had:
l>ecn previously softened by soaking in str<ui(t
brandy for twenty-four hours, and suwing in tho-
usual way. We arc assured, but will not voucH,
for ihe fact, that a good-sizeii head of Icttuco, <
may be obtained in the lime mentioned. «

Manures.— TXiett: arc two important »ej
quisiies to the luxuriant and healthy growth oC
plants — plenty of nutriment, and a suitable place
for growth. There arc soils, it is true, so ric]^
in the elements of plant-fixxl, and so bountifully-
supplied with those partially decayed remains of.
vegetable growth which we call humus, that A^
cades of continued cropping do not sufBce to ex- '
liaust their supply of the one, nor to rob theiOv'
of the mellowness imparted by the other. Urv-,
fortunately, however, but litilc of the earth's
surface is of this character, and the questional
" How much and what sort of fertilizers shall
wc use ?" is a very weighty one.

MANURES, STARLE.—Caxcfu\ expcri*
ments by German agriculturists have demon^
strated that the plant requires a ceilain list o€\
substances for its nourishment, its food, such as
nitrogen, carbon, potash, lime, soda, iron, phoa>^
phone ncid, sulphuric add, and that as far as itft
nourishment alone is concerned, it is a matter of
total indifference to the plant whether these arc.
applied in tlie furin of stall manure or of guan^
oes, superphosphates ; the one and the only rc-

auisitc Dcing that these substances be present ia
)e soil in sufhcicnt quantity and in an ossimila^
ble form. Fanners followed the teachings of
science in supplying food to plants in the form of
artificial rather than natural fertilizers. Science
had told them that the nitrogen and phosphoric.
aci<l of the one were just as nutritious as those
of the other. But this was not all that science ,
hati to say. The use of a part of its tcachiogy
and not the whole, was the mistake. The reo*-
son of the failure hereisc!ear. Science informs
us that the plant, like the animal, requires not
only good and sufficient food, but also an appro*
priate place to grow in — or, in other words, thst^j
the physical character of the soil, its cooditioik
as regards warmth, moisture, compactness, oe
looseness, are just as important as its chemical
contents, or the supply of nutritive elements it
furnishes to the plant.

And it is precisely here that the superiority of
stable manure appears. Not only is it a c<»m«
plete manure, furnishing all the elements
plant food, as special fertilizers do not« but it
contains also a large amount of organic mattefa
undigested portions of the food vi the ammsl^

FARSf, OJ^CHARD, GARDEN^ AND DAIRY.

«3r

I

I

and strtw used for bedding, and ihe like. This
organic m»ltcr decays in the gjround, and by ils
decay warms the soil, loosens it if it be compact,
and aid* in binding it together if i! be too loose,
and 15SLSIS in the working over of the mineral
matter contained therein into a condition (it for
the use of the plant.

The general rule to be deduced from the above
ftcts would be, if tersely expressedt keep stock
upon the farm to produce such an amount of stall
nanore as will be sufficient to keep the soil in
good physical condition, and rely on artificial fer*
ttluers only to supply the still remaining defi-
ciencies of plant nourishment.

MANURE HEAP, Management .?/.— Everv
miuiurc heap consists of three portions, and all
of these require very different means for their
preservation. We have first the carbonaceous
nutter. This forms the chief bulk of every ma-
imre heap, and (xom the fact lliat it came origi-
nally from the atmosphere, and that it con be re-
placed from the same source, theorists who have
not carefully watched the results attained in the
practice, are apt to depreciate its value. It is
not as valuable as the other two constituents, but
it sei^'cs to bring the bnd into fine, friable, mel-
low condition, and it is by no means certain that
the carbonic add, furnished by ils decomposi-
tion. i« not a source of plant-food. Under any
circumstances, however, it is well to be econom-
tcml of it, and allow none to ^o to WLste.

The second portion is the morganic plant-food
of uufluls. It consists of phosphoric acid, lime,
potash, soda, magnesia, soluble silica, etc., and
the great source of loss of these constituents is
frcnn their being washed out. They cannot
evaporate, but if the rain and liquid manure are
aUowcd to fall on a manure heap, and drain
thfoogh it and out of it, the manure pile becomes
a mere caput mtartttum-^^ wortliless residuum
of originally valuable materials. Hence every
bamrard where manure is kept exposed to the
■weaiber, should be hollowed out in Ihe centre
■nd well puddled, so as to prevent the soluble
■tatters from draining or soaking away. More-
over, if the farm is located in a region where a
ereat deal of rain falls, it is necessary to place a
large portion of the barnyard under the cover of
sb«lK. which prevent excessive wetting. Some
moisture is absolutely necessary. Too much is
decidedly injiunous.

The third constituent of the manure heap is
nitrogen. Tliis is a substajice of great and un-
^oabced value, and every care should be taken
to preserve and increase it. When vegetable
CTwHtnees containing nitrogen undergo putrc-
Ihntfoav in a moist state, the nitrogen in general
beeocncs converted into ammonia. The same
tMOoeas of putrefaction, however, produces car-
IMWie actd in large quantities, and this combines
with die ammonia to form carbonate of ammo-
nia. This salt is comparatively volatile, and if
tbo BROnre is allowed to dry up, while exposed,
•O tMn layers, the ammonia aisappears. Sev-
«ni a^^ts may be set to work to fix and retain
if.

Water is one of these — carbonate of ammonia
dissoWes very readily in water, and does not
then evaporate to the same extent that it would
do from a dry mass.

The great agent in the fixing of ammonis^ on
tbcnonare heap is the humic and similar adds
' dohag Ibe dccumpusilion of the tUaw,

These acids do it very effectually, and hence the
importance of mixing animal excrement with a
large proportion of moist sira**.

t_)nc of^ the most powerful fixers of ammonia
is plaster or sulphate of lime. When this meets
carbonate of ammonia in solution, decomposi-
tion ensues. Carbonate of lime and sulphate of
ammonia are formed, nnd as sulphate of ammo-
nia is not voladle at ordinary temperatures, there
is no danger of loss except by its being washed
out.

Hence a few simple rules will enable us to
manage a manure heap so as to avoid any very
great loss :

1. Prevent all loss by drainage and soaking.

2. See that the animal excrements ore covered
with moist straw.

3. See that, while too much water is avoided,
there is a sufficiency to keep the manure moist.

4. Moisture and pocking prevent fire fanging
— that is, too rapid fermentation.

5. If you find it convenient, to use a few bush-
els of plaster, sprinkle them over the heap so
that Ihe plaster will be incorporated with the
successive layers. It will thus prove of great
service.

A/AAn/RE, APPLy/.Va,—Jn spreading
manure, care should be taken to scatter U evenly
over the land, breaking to pieces all large and
hard lumps. This should always be done im-
mediately, or not more than half a day, before
plowing, especially if the weather is dry and
very windy. The manure should be plowed un-
der, before it dries very much, or loss will ac-
crue. Another way is to plow the land first, and
then put the manure on and harrow it in, if put
on plowed land ; if on meadow, spread on in
early spring on the latest settled piece, TTiat
grounct is mellow, and when it rains it carries
the manure down around the young roots, and
tlie result is a heavy crop of grass.

AfAXURE, Cmi'erfing- Dead Animais in/i*.
—The conversion of the entire bodies of dead
animals into manure, can be done by subjecting
them to the action of dilute hydrochloric acid, by
means of which Ihcy arc completely dissolvccf,
and converted into a uniform pulp, which is in-
odorous and can be kept for any length of time,
to be applied when needed towards fertilising
the soil. Another method is to cut them up, and
compost the dead meat with dry swamp muck or
peat. The ammonia and phosphate will all pass
mto the peat, making a rich pile of compost, and
that without smell.

A/AJVC/REt Converting' Bmet intif.—Takt
one hundred pounds of bones, broken into as
small fragments as possible ; pack them in a
light cask or box with one hundred pounds of
good wood ashes. Mix with the ashes, before
packing, twenty>five pounds of slaked lime and
twelve pounds of sal soda, powdered fine. It
will require about twenty gallons of water to
saturate the mass, and more may and should be
added from time to time to maintain moisture.
In two or three weeks, it is asserted, the bones
will be broken down completely, and the whole
may be turned out upon a floor and mixed with
two bushels of dry peat or good soil, and, after
drying, it is fit for use. It has been recom-
mended to pour on to this mass dilute sulphuric
.icid to aid decomposition and prevent the escape
of ammonia.

Another method is to take a kettle holding a

138

DICTTONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

barrel or more; fill with bones; pour caustic
ley over to cover ihcm. A gentle fire is built
for two or three successive days, to baiely warm
the liquid through. In a week the bones will
become softcnol. Mix the mass with three
loads of muck, afterward adding the leached
ashes, from which the ley was obtained. Let the
whole remain, in order to decompose the muck,
and apply.

AfAyURE, Garden Refuse aj.— Green stuff,
such as cabbage leaves, radish and beet tops, and
the like, should not be allowed to dry. Let
them go while fresh to the pig-pen or to tlie
compost heap. Young weeds — and old ones
ought not to be found in the garden — should
have the same destination. By saving all the
Tcfuse of the garden in a heap by i'lSclC or put-
ting it ill the pig-pen, a surprisinc accumulation
of valuable compost will be found at the end of
the season.

MAXURE, I/EN.—K mixture of hea-dung,
unleached wood-ashes and plaster, frequently has
a wonderful effect on com. If the ashes and the
hcn-manurc arc perfectly dry, no decomposition
or chemical change will take place when they arc
mixed together. But if moist, more or less am-
monia will escape, and the plaster will not hold
it. llie only advantage of mixing these articles
together, aside from the ease of applying them,
is probably this : When the dry hcn-manurc is
thoroughly broken up fine, and mixed with the
ashes and plaster, and applied in the hill, the
moist soil soon induces chemical action. Tliis
produces more or less heat immediately under
the seed and favors germination ; carbonate of
ammonia would also be given off, and would htt
absorbed by the soil immediately in contact with
the roots of the young com plants, and would, if
everything is favorable, cause them to grow rap-
idly and assume a dark-green color. But care
must be used in applying the mixture, or it may
do more harm than good by burning the roots.
It should be well mixed with the soil, and not
come in direct contact with the seed. Some per-
sons apply it on the hill after the plants are up,
just as they frequently apply the plaster or ashes
alone.

MANURE^ Leaves as. — Forest leaves are
excellent to supply the stable-yards, and, where
straw is scarce, a! 50 the cow-st.iblcs and hog-
pens. They can be most conveniently gathered
after the first snow, or at least before the wintry
blasts have soUtered them. They then lay com-
pactly, and, I.>eing n^oist, can be h.indled with
greater facility. Leaves absorb large quantities
of liquid manure, and arc an excellent ferliHzcr
in spring. They can be gathered, too, when
Other labor about the farm is slack.

MANURE, //C?tVZ?.— In every 100 lbs. of
cow's urine there are 60 lbs. of water, 5 lbs. of
urea, 5 lbs. of phospliate of lime, 12 lbs. of sal
ammoniac and muriate of potash, and 10 lbs. of
carbonate of jwtash and ammonia. WHiile the
solid excrements obtained from one cow arc es-
timated to manure three times the amount. Our
dairy farmers will see, therefore, how important
it is to have tanks connected with their blables
^tn which to deposit this material, or a good sup-
'y of sawdust, dry earth, or muck, for absorb-

g it in the gutters of the stable. A careful and
ac-curate farmer in Scotland has found that while
I4 head of cattle would make 6 loads of solid
m^ the ligoid would saturate 7 loads of

loam, rendering it of equal value. He Imd re* '
peated the experiment lor 10 years, and founil''
the saturated earth fully equal to the best pu«^
trcsccnt manure.

MANURE, N/C/fT-SO/l,^ThcTc is nt
better manure than night soil. It should
mixed thoroughly with three or four times it
bulk of muck or charcoal dust, or in the absci
of either, good loam or coal ashes will answer^
Mixed with some such absorbent, it will hav«|,H
lost its offensive odor, and become as portable
any manure. If it is to be used to assist gjrdc
crops, apply after spading or plowing the lant
in the spring, and mix it thoroughly with thL.
surface soil; if to com, apply in the hill bcfor^^
planting ; cover the manure with soil before yoi
drop the soil on it.

MANURE, Sa-MfrnfanJ CA//.— These ar»'
excellent krticles for promoting the growth d
the vines, shrubs and small plants, lliey must
be thrown into a pile, after removing the coarser
portions of the mass, and thoroughly saturated
once or twice a week with a mixture of urine and
soapsuds. This will induce incipient fermenta-
tion, and so far break down the texture of the
mass as to prepare it to act with energy when
applied to anv soil or crop.

MAPLE TREES, To ra/.— Much injury ii
often ignoranlly and thoughtlessly inflicted
sugar maple trees by excessive tap^Mng, and va-
rious negligent practices in connection with the
operation. As a guard against such malpractice
the following rules will be useful : I. Use noth*
ing larger than a three-fourth inch auger or bilt.
One-half to five-eighths of an inch is best. 2.
Do not open the trees until they will run equally
well on all sides. 3. .Select the thriftiest part of
the tree that is farthest from an old orifice. 4.
Never put more than one spout to a tree that is
less than one foot in diameter, nor more than
OT\e bucket to one less than iS inches in diame-
ter. 5. Never bore trees more than once in a
season, but freshen them once, or any time after
a long and hard freeie. 6. Never leave spouts
in the trees a single day after they have done
running. The quicker the orifices dry, the less
they decay.

The following facts should also be remem*
beted : The root of a tree will sometimes run
more than the botly. A healthy tree runs in
proportion to the size of its top, and should be
opened with respect to its capacity for pro-
duction. Trees in open grounds, with spread-
ing tops, discharge more and much sweeter wa-
ter than those in a forest,

MAPLE SUGAR, MAKING.— Prfsen^ing
the Trees. — If the trees are worth having they
arc worth keeping, and it is bad political econ-
omy, and a very immoral waste, to spoil that
which will enable posterity to live. Consequent-
ly, do not tap the tree with a huge gash, but
smooth off the outside bark about the si/e of a
man's hand. At the bottom of this, with a three
quarter of an inch auger, bore from half to three
quarters of an inch into the wood, but not dccp-
! er. Cut a V into the wood above the auger
I hole, with a mallet and firmer chisel, to comma-
nicnte with the auger hole. S^uts. — ^nn spouts
are the handiest. They save time in making and
a':^apiing to the purpose. You will waste time
in making elder spouts, or wooden s[>outs of any
kind. ViSieh. — Unpainted pails arc the best,
and if they are weQ- scalded bclbrc being used

FAXM, ORCHARD, GAR DEI/ AND DAIRY.

t»

they are all ihe belter. Furnaet. — Instead of

■ the old plan ot a kettle hanging over a 5re, build
a furnace, over which you can place shallow
pans for evaporating the sap. In many places
maple sugar making is abandoned on account of
ihc waste of fuel ; but in the way last rccom-

■ mended the fuel \s saved vcrv much, and what,
under the old system, was a losing operation in
farming, may become moderately profitable. If
you wdl use a kettle, a buill-up furnace, over
which the kettle may stand or hang, is still a
great economizer of fuel. Boiling Down. — If
you have two or more pans, or kettles, you will
save time, for while one is evaporating, tne other
may be poured off through a straining cloth, pre-
vious to sugaring off. Fcuring Off. — When the
xyrap has become nearly as thick as ordinary
New Orleans molasses, strain through a flannel
into a pan or kettle, which place again over the
fire. When warm, you can add half a pint of
milk, or an egg beaten in the same quantity of
water, as a clariAer, if it needs it. If everything
has been carefully handled this will not be nec-
essary. Suiarin^ Off. — While the thick syrup
is boiling take off the scum. Keep tlie fire reg-
ular and steady. While this is going on, try
several times a dron of the boiling syrup on a
bright ax blade; wnen a drop thus cooled slides
off with ease, leaving no trace, take the kettle
from the hrc. and stir it till it begins to form fine
grains, when pour it into moulds of any desired
shape. Moulds with sheet iron or zinc bottoms,
and wooden sides and subdivisions, are handy
and clean. StraituJ Sugar. — By boiling some-
what \^i, and pbdng the sugar (after it is
cooled and granulated) in vessels with false bot-
toms, perforated, much mola&scs drains ofT, and
a finer article of sugar is produced. During the
draining the sugar should be kept moderately
warm, say at about 70* Fahrenheit. Clarifying.
— VkTiere the sap has been kept entirely free from
dust, twigs, leaves, etc., the milk or the egg is
unnecessary. Souring. — The tendency to fer-
ment and turn sour may be prevented by a little
auscUime added to the sap. Draining. — The
lorros of the sugar should not be drained until
all the sugar possible has been granubted. To
secure this, turn them upside down soon after
taking them oat of the moulds ; afler a little
wfaile turn them back again, and so on for three
or fosr hours, after which, with % vessel under
them to catch the molasses, they may be left to
draia thoroughly. A Slargt Sugar. — If you
hare many trees, and wish to make a consider-
able bttfiness of the maple sugar-making, build
m good furnace of brick or stone, with one deep
evafforating pan, and several shallow ones, and
arrange % oarrel or hoeshead of strained sap, so
thai it will supply the deep pan with a constant
stream of sap, from whidi it may be ladled into
tiM thm ones as needed.

MEADOWS, Worn <?«f.— There is no more
profitable 5eld belonging to the farm than a good
meadow, and yet comparatively few farmers un-
dentatkd the art of keeping them in a produaive
stale. Meadows become worn out, and conse-
quently unprofitable, from two causes — namely.
from want of proper manures, or from a kind of
nets which fariuers usually call fog. The first
is cmIt remedied by spreading a light coat of
<haM of any kind over tne sod, any time between
November and the middle of April, as this is
AOC oaly the best manure for meadows, but must

h

not be put on farm lands at any time, as it con-
tains a great quantity of the seeds of noxious
pbnts that greatly thin, and sometimes almost
dcitroy the grain crop. Tlie second h effectu-
ally and permanently destroyed and converted
into a highly nutritious manure by a top-dressing
of lime, say twenty bushels to the acre.

AfELOAS. — First give the ground a good
coat of fine manure, thoroughly dig or plow the
ground, and then level with a rake or otnerwise.
Then moke a mnrkcr, by taking any piece of
wood that will not bend, eight feet long; fasten
two pegs to this, seven feet apart, and noil a han-
dle m the centre, bracing it both ways ; then
draw a tight line for the first mark, drawing the
marker the first time through with one peg
against the line; the next time through, but one
peg run in the last mark ; then you get all per-
fectly straight. Mark across these in the same
manner, and then place on each comer or hill
two shovelfuls of well rotted manure ; lake the
digging fork and mix with the soil thoroughly to
the depth of the fork tines. After this take the
rake and rake the soil on the top of this to the
depth of three inches, which makes the hiU a
little higher than the surface of the ground.

The seed should not be plantt^ until the
ground gets thoroughly warm — say the last of
May or first of June in this section. Too early
planting is one cause of failure, llien stick nine
seeds in each hill. As snon as they come up,
sprmkle a little plaster on <he plants while the
dew is on, to keep the bugs off; do this as often
as the plaster gets ofT, until (he pKints get to be
of good size, and then thin out to four plants in
a hill. When these begin to run nicely, pinch
off the tip end of the runners, which will cause
them to throw out side runners ; pinch these in
the same manner: keep the ground well culti-
vated and (rcc from weeds till the vines take
possession. If treated in this manner they will
cover the ground completely, and you will nave,
from a small patch, watermelons by the hundred,
while others, pursuing a different course, will
freauently lose all their plants by the dry weath-
er, oecause they had a manure pile underneath
the plants.

Some persons raise Mountain Sweets alto-
gether, which is supposed to be the sweetest
melon grown.

AfELONS AND CUCUMBERS, Burrd
Culture for. — ^The plan recommended is to take
a tight barrel or casK, remove one head, and par-
tially fill the barrel or cask with large pebbles or
stones — say half full ; upon these stones place a
mixture of compost with rich alluvial soil, or
fine, fresh vegetable mold, until the barrel or
cask is filled to within three or four mches of the
top. and in this plant the seed and cover to the
requisite depth. This barrel or cask may be set
in any convenient situation where sufficient room
or space can be obtained, and around which ar<
range lattice work or brush to sustain the out-
spreading plants, in whatever manner may be
found most convenient for affording access at
all times to both the barrel and the plants.

Upon the outer side of the cask insert a pipe
of convenient size, through which water may be
introduced to the lower or underhalf of the bar-
rel daily, or as often as occasion may require;
this portion of the cask should be kept con-
stantly filled with water. Midway of the cask
the staves should be perforated with several half

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY tVANTS.

inch holes, for the free escape of any surplus
water* and at the same lime to permit the ad-
mission of an equal distribution of air ; the pur-
pose would be better accomplished if the holes
were bored upon a line at equal distances apart
around the cask.

The eflfecl of this arrangement, as will be very
readily seen, is that, through the capillary at-
traction of the soil, sufficient moisture is ab-
sorbed at all times to nourish the plants, while
the admission of air can be controlled at pleasure
by opening or closing the apertures upon the
sides of the cask.

As to the production of cucumbers alone un-
der this plan, it has been found to greatly exceed
any other ; the yield, under proper management,
from one "generating tub" has liecn found am-
ply sufHcient to fill a closely packed barrel with
smted pickles.

MICE-GIRDED TREES, To Saif.—CMX
from the trees branches of green wood of the
length required to connect the bark above and
below the gnawed space, sharpen them at each
end in llie shape of a wedge, drive a narrow^
sharp chisel into the bark alrovc and below the
Space, and press each end of the i.hools fimily
into the cuts made by the chisel. Then wax the
gnawed space well, or bandage it with fresh ex-
crement from the cow stable. Pains must l>e
taken to have the bark on the body of the tree
•nd the bark of the branches driven therein co-
indde. Another method is to cover the dam-
aged parts with clay, bound on with a bandage,
done as soon as possible, as the death of the
tree is caused by the seasoning of the sap-
wood.

MIIDEW, Sulphur far.— Ttxt efficacy of
sulphur in destroying and preventing mildew is
now well known, and it is the chief reliance of
the vine-grower, whether he cultivates under
glass or in the open air. Where sulphuring is
systematically^ followed, it is applied at least
three times— just before the blossoming of the
vines, after the fruit has set, and when it begins
•to color ; and, beside these stated periods, it is
applied whenever the appearance of mildew in-
dicates that it is necessary. The mode of apph-
Cation, by La Vcrgne's bellows, is the popular
Vay of applying the sulphur. The bellows may
now 1>c obtained at most implement stores.
The character of the sulphur is of importance, as
much of that found in commerce is liable to con-
tain acid, and be injurious to (he foliage. Sul-
phur contaminated by acid may be detected by
the taste, but a more delicate test is litmus pa-
per. This is paper stained with a blue dye,
which ti:m5 red when it is touched by acids ; it
b kept by the druggists. The sulphur to be
tested is mixed with a little water and the paper
wetted with the liquid. If the least trace of the
«eid be present, it will be indicated by the change
in color of the paper. Sometimes sulphur is not
sublimed as above described, but the crude
lumps arc ground to powder in a mill. Sulphur
thus prepared is free from acid.

MILK-ROOM, Ch<ir£c<i! m.— The fact that
milk will absorb noxious gases to such an extent
as to greatly impair its excellence as well as its
healthfulness, is known to every dairyman. The
power of .ibsorjHion is not confined to the milk
Itselt but it extends to all the products that nat-
urally form, or are artificially prepared from it,
where they are cream, or butter and cheese.

The ill flavor, as well as the disagreeable odor»
of much of our butler and cheese, arc not im-
parted to ihcro from substances that existed in
the milk when it was drawn from the cow, but
which were taken up while the milk was setting
in pans or tanks, during the manufacture into
butter and cheese, or while these products of
the dairy are awaiting sale, liow snail the air
that enters our milk-room be purified ? The
answer is easily made — use charcoal. This com-
mon and inexpensive substance, when freshly
prepared, is capable of taking up and securely
nolding ninety times its volume of ammonia, and
a pro|H>rtionate amount of other ga^es. Not
only does it tightly hold the portions of noxious
matter that pass through its raeshes, but it also
seems to have the property of attracting them
from the surrounding air.

M/IK, To Decdorite. — It frequently occurs
in the spring, when tlie farmers are feeding the
cows upon ruta-bagas, or turnips, that the milk
becomes so strongly impr^nated by their disa-
greeable taste and odor as to he unfit for butler-
making. To obviate this, put a pinch of bnely
pulvcnred saltj-wrtre into every gallon of cream.
A little saltpetre worked into butter that has be-
come sour, or rancid, will render it sweet and
palatable.

MILK, {Ruhnetsof) 7>7>j/.— Procure anv
long glass vessel — a cologne bottle or long phiaL
Take a narrow strip of paper, just the length
from the neck to the bottom of the phial, and
mark it off with one hundred lines at equal dis-
tances ; or, if more convenient, and to obtain
greater exactness, into fifty lines, ard count each
as two, and paste it upon the phial, so as to di-
vide its length into a hundred equal parts. Fill
it to the hichest mark with milk fresh from the
cow, and allow it to stand in a perpendicular po-
sition for twenty four hours. The number of
spaces occupied by the cream will give you its
exact per ccntage in the milk, without any guess
work.

Now, if you wish to carry the experiment any
further, and ascertain the per centage of butler,
set the milk in a Urge dish, and collect say one
hundred or two hundred ounces of cream ; make
your butter in the cream by ascertaining the
number of ounces of butter you have made.
Thus, if one hundred ounces of cream give fire
ounces of butter, you will know that one hun-
dred ounces of milk will give fire ounces of but-
ler.

MILKING IN SILENCE.— K noted dairy-
man has said that no talking should be allowed
while milking was going on. He had discharged
a man because he would interrupt the milking
by talking, and in three days the increase of the
milk was equal to the man's weekly wages.

MILDEW ON ROSES, To AV//.— Mil
equnl parts, by weight, of powdered sulnhnr and
quicklime. Moisten with water, and let the
lime slake in contact with the sulphur. After
the lime is slaked, place the whole in a kettle
with plenty of water, and boil it until you ^et a
saturated solution of the sulphuret of lime.
This will be transparent and of an amber color,
and should be drawn off and preserved in hot-
ties for use. A gill of this added to a gallon of
water, and applied with a syringe, will Idll the
mildew without injuring the roses.

MOTHS, {CodiiMff,) r* TVa/.— Take old
dder, or dder vinegar, not rcry sharp; put hall

FARM, ORCHARD, GARDEfT AND DAIRY.

«4t

I

E

a pant tn tome open vessel, and hang it in all
carts of the orchard when in bloom — empty fruit
jars, or tin oyitcr cans with the top all on would
^ The string holding the vessel should be so
placed that it would not turn the -water running
down the limb into the wnegar or cider. If you
Kave a Urge crop to har\*esl, you will want to
look to ihem every week or two to empty and
renew if necessary.

MUSHROOM SEDS, Arti/S^ial.—Mnsh-
rooms laay be grown in pols, boxes, or hamp-
ers. Kacn box may be three feet long, one and
a half broad, and seven inches in depth. Ixt
each box be half filled with )]orse-dung from the
stables, (the fresher the better, and if wet to be
dried for three or four days before it is put into
the boxes ; the dung is to be well beat down in
the box. After the second or third day. if any
lieat has arisen amongst the dung, break eacn
spawn brick into tlirec parts as equally as possi-
ble, then lay the pieces about four inches apart
upon the surface of the dung in the 1>ox ; here
they are to lie for six days, when it will probably
be found that the side of the spawn next to the
dung has begun to run in the dung below ; then
add one and a half ipch more of fresh dung on
the lop of the spawn in the box, and heat it
down as formerly. In the course of a fortnight,
when you find that Ihc spawn has run throuch
Ihe dung, the box will be ready to receive the
mould on the top ; tliis mould must 1>e two and
a half inches deep, well heal down, and the sur-
face made quite even. In the space of five or
six weeks tnc mushrooms will begin to come up.
If then the mould seems dry, give a gentle wa-
tering with lukewarm U'ater. The box will con-
tinue to produce from six weeks to two months,
if duly attended to by giving a little water when
dry, for they need neither light nor free air. If
cut as button mushrooms, each box will yield
from twenty-four to farty-cight pints, according
to the season and other circumstances. They
may be kept tn dry, dark cellars, or any other
places where the frost will not reach them ; and
by preparing, in succession of boxes, mushrooms
may be had all the year through. They may be
grown without the dung, and he of a finer fla-
voc. Take a little styaw, and lay it carefully in
ihc bottom of the mushroom-box, about an inch
thick, or rather more. Then take some of the
spawn bricks and break them down — each brick
into about ten pieces, and lay the fragments on
tStC straw, as close to each other as they will lie.
CoTCT them up with mould three arid a half
indies deep, and well pressed down. When the
sorftnr appears dry give a little Icpid water, as
directed for the tost way of raising them ; but
this method nee<l5 about double the ciuantity of
water that the former docs, owing to naving no
moisture in the bottom, while the other has Ihc
dung. TTic mushrooms will begin to start in a
noalh or five weeks — sometimes sooner, some-
times later, according to the heat of the place
vbere the boxes are situated. The spawn bricks
may be obtained from seedsmen, or be collected
from meadows.

OATS. — (IJals are chiefly sown after grass;
■onMimes upon land not rich enough for wheat.
Chat has been previously summer-fallowed, or
has carried turnips ; often after barley, and very
tarely after wheat, unless cross- cropping, from
particular circumstances, becomes a necessary
criL One plowing is generally given to the

grass lands, usually in the month of January, so
that the benefit of frost may be gained, and the
land sufficiently nicUowcd for receiving the har-
row. In some cases a spring furrow is given,
when oats succeed wheat or liarley, especially
when grass seeds arc to accompany the crop.
The best oats, both in quantity and quality, are
always those which succeed grass; mdccd, no
kind of grain seems better qualified by nature
for foraging upon grass land than oats ; as a full
crop is usually obtained in the first instance, and
the land left in good order for the succeeding
crops.

OAVOJ^S, Cultivation c/.—Thc best soil for
onions is a light, loamy, deep, mellow soil, and
on a dry bottom. Select ground that has been
well tilled and kept clean. If potatoes, turnips,
or carrots have been carefully grown on it, it
will be likely to be in good condition to prepare
for onions. The best crop to prepare ground
for onions is onions, but as there must be a first
dme, let them follow the crop that has had deep
plowing, high manuring, anti the deanesl culti-
vation. Manure the ground heavily with the
best thoroughly rotted manure, fut it on at the
mie of twenty-five tons to the acre, and it you
can add to it the cleanings of the poultry house,
the pig pen. and your dry earth closet, and a
Ion or two of pure finely ground bones, all the
better. Onion's arc gross feeders, and require
rich manures, and plenty of them. Old onion-
growers say that the very best manure in which
to grow large prize onions, size to rule, is wcll-
rotted onions. Tulvcrizc the soil thoroughly by
plowing, harrowing, and raking, and make llie
surface as level as possible, to prevent washing
by rains, and free from stones. Sow the s^d
as early in the spring as it is possible to get the
ground in good working condition. The earliest
sown produces the heaviest crop. In field cul-
tivation the seed is usually sown with a machine
used for this purpose only, which sows two rows
at once, makinii the drills and sowing at the one
time. In sowing with the machine it will re-
quire about four pounds of seed to the acre. If
tne machine is not used, it will l>e found conve-
nient to run the drills a foot or fifteen inches
apart and sow thinly — say not thicker than an
inch apart, if the seed be new and fresh. It is
very easy to test the vitality of onion seed.
IMace a little on some damp cotton or a bit of
moss in a warm room — say the kitchen ; if it be
fresh it will sprout in three or four dnys. Seed
more than one year old is not apt to pro<luLe a
vigorous planL Sow sltallow. making n mere
scratch in which to drop the seed, and cover by
rolling a light roller over the ground, Icngthvi'te
of the drills. As soon as the plants are an iiit.h
or two high they will need hoeing and weeding,
and should be tninned out *.o about two inches
apart. Hoe shallow, and do not draw the earth
up around the plants, but keep the ground level
and clean. Hoc before the weeds start, and
much time and labor will be saved. If there be
a market for very youn^ onions, they may be al-
lowe<l to grow for awhile at two inches apart,
thinning out to four inches as fast as necded-
If there be no use for them, the onions may be
thinned to four inches as soon as Ihe plants seem
to be well established.

In wet seasons onion<i sometimes grow ihjck-
necked. To remedy this, growers are in llic
habit of gently bending down the to^ kle \a

Ml

14*

DfCTIOHARY OF SirE/^V-DAV WASTS,

July, with the hoe-handle, which checks their
growth and nukes ihetn form better bulbs. In
August or earlv in September the onions will be
ripe, which is indicated by the dying off of the
tops. They may now be pulled or raked out,
and left spread out to dry in the sun for two or
three weeks, by which time they are ready for
market, or storing for winter. The same ground
will be the best ^r onions next year, and so for
the next twenty-fire years, but it will need to be
minared every year very heavily, and if a prac-
tice is made of saving all the soot from the chim-
neys, all the soapsuds from the washtub, and all
the slops from tne chambers, and spreading it
upon the onion patch, the crop of onions will
amply repay all the labor.

OPIUM CULTURE.—'nw time to com-
mence operatin? upon the seed capsules (seed
poUi) is soon after the petals have fallen. The
way to do this is to take a common two-bUdeJ
penknife, or a pocket knife with two blades of
equal length, and both at one end of the handle.
Sup a piece of cork or wood on to these blades,
pushing the point through one-sixteenth of an
inch, or more, according to the thickness of the
pod shells. The cork guard is to prevent cut-
ting the pods too deeply when making the incis-
ions, for. if cut through to the seeds, the juice,
or a portion of it, will pass inside and be lost.
Ill setting the guard, it is well to cut off a poppy
pod and cut it in two ; then arrange the blades
so that the cut shall not be too deep. Wind the
blide^ I>elDW the guard down to the handle, and
the icx>l is ready for use. The aflernoon, or just
before evening, is the best time to make the in-
cision, as the juice exudes most freely at night.
To Cut^ take the knife in the right hand, with
the edges upward ; then insert the points at the
base of the pods, and pass them up nearly to
the apex, making a half dozen longitudinal cu(5;,
dividmg them etjually around tlic pods. The
cuts may also be made around the pods hori/.on-
lally, if more convenient for the operator. The
object sought is to wound the pod, which allows
the juice or opium to exude. The following d.iy
the opium should be gathered, commencing af-
ter the dew has dried off — say by 9 or 10 o'clock
in the morning. To Cather, take a small and
smooth-edged, but not sharp knife, and gather
by scraping off the opium from the pods. A
small vessel with a sharp e*-(gc must be used in
which to put the opium as gathered, because it
sticks to the knife, and requires some force to
separate it therefrom. When a sufficient quan-
tity is gathered, it may be pressed into small
cakes weighing a pouncl, more or less, and it is
then ready for market.

ORC HARDS, Ti> i1/rt«a^c.— The whole of
the ground of an orchard should be dug in the
autumn and laid up in a rough state for the win-
ter, giving it as much surface as possible in or
der that the weather may fully act upon and me-
liorate the soil, thus following it as far as the
case will admit. Observe to dig carefully near
to the trees, and so as not (o hurt their roots and
fibres. If the soil be shallow, and if these lie
near to the surface, it would be advisable to dig
with a fork instead oi the spade.

Crop to within two feet of the trees the first
year, a yard the second, four feet the third, and
so on until finally relinquished; which, of
course, would be against the eighth ye.ar, pro-
vj'ticd the trees were planted at thirty or forty

feet apart, with early bearing sorts betweenT
By this time, if the kinds have been well chosen*
the temporary trees will be in full bearing, and
will forthwith defray every necessary expense.

fARS.V/PS, To /"ouA— Select a heavy, but
clean and rich, loam. Plow it deep, and har-
row it thoroughly as early as it can be worked ;
mark off in rows fifteen mches apart, and drill
in the seed or sow by hand. Use plenty of the
seed, two or three to the inch* and be sure it is
fresh. Go through the rows with a pronged
hoe. or other implement, as soon as they can be
distinguished. When large enough, thin the
plants to stand four or five inches apart, and be
sure that theystand singly. Keep the land very
clean by frequent hoeing.

PEACH TREES, Afanagetnmt ^.—Seed-
ling trees ore the longest livers, most prolific and
most profitable. Secure a good vanety of pits
which produce the same kind of fruit — these are
rare. Plant pits wliere you desire your trees to
remain, or, if transplanted, they should be of
the first ycar*s growth. After your trees have
attained to a proper size, cut back, and prevent
their bearing ; this will cause the roots to spread
in the soil, and will add to the longevity of the
tree. Trees which send down one large root
and smalt fibrous roots, will soon become cov-
ered with moss and die. Use coal ashes and
soap suds plentifully, and if you wish to keep the
trees from blooming early, spread manure, coal
ashes or sawdust deeply upon the roots when
the ground is hardest frozen, and do not remove
till late in the spring. (ITiis has been sold as a
great secret.) The largest roots of a peach tree
will be found upon the north and west sides.
Branches grow fastest toward the south and the
east,

PEACNBORER, To Dfsfrvy.— One meihoA
is to bank up to the height of from 8 to 10 inch-
es, adding a little each successive spring. This,
it is said, will prevent the depredations of the
peach borer. Another is the use of scalding
water. Early each spring scrape around the
trees with a large knife on the morning of
" washing day," When the washing is done,
take buckets full of boiling suds into the or-
chard, and dash the trees just where the trunks
join the ground. In this way thousands of lit-
tle worms are scalded to death. Another is by
the use of carbolic acid soap, and lastly by pot-
ash, as follows :

PEACIf TREES, Potash /jr.— Dr. George
B. Wood« President of the American PhUo>
suphical Society, having noticed that his peach
trees, after producing a few crops, ceased bear-
ing, and died in a few years, and believing that
the cause of decay was worms at the roots of the
tree, put into operation a plan for the destruc-
tion of the worms. He dug holes five or six
inches deep at the base of the stem, scraped
away all worms tliat could be found, and filled
up with wood ashes fresh from the stove, which,
of course, contained all the potash. This was
done in tlic autumn, and with a result in the fcJ-
towing spring at which he was astonished. The
trees appeared to have been restore*! to all their
early freshness and vigor — put forth bright green
leaves, blossomed copiously, and bore a hcary
crop of fruit.

PEARS.^T)\t best soil for the pear is a rood-
eralcly heavy, sandy, and dry soil, with a sub-
soil of light clay which is easily penetrated by

FARM, ORCHARD, GARDEN AS^D DAIRY.

M3

the roots to a great depth ; a moderate portion
of iroQ in the soil is desirable. The best situa*
txan is an undulating eastern or southern expo-
sure. The best fertilizers, as in the case of the
apple, are barn-yard manure, lime^ and bonc-
cnuL Iron cinders axe a good application when
there U a de^ciency of that element in the soil.

FKAMUr CULTURE.^ll requires about
two bushels to pj*nt aixacre. Well cured seeds
are esvrntia]. The soli selected should be fri*
able and light ; red or chocolate -colored soils
stain the nuts and impair their value. Land
that has been in com^ or other hoed crops, ex-
cept sweet potatoes, is preferred, and if it has
not been heavily marled for previous crops, may
be dressed with 150 bushels of inarl or 50 bush-
els of lime to the acre. These may be sown
broadcast or strewed in the furrow over which
the beds are to be raised. Tliesoil of a peanut
farm require& to be continually renewed by very
heavy dressings of marsh mud, woods litter and
lime, and the putting of a piece of land in order
for a single crop costs a good deal more per
acre than is required to purchase good cotton
Und in the South. It is a very exhausting crop
— it is therefore customary not to take a crop o{
peanuts from land oftcner than once in threck
years.

PRUNING. — ^The practice of indiscriminate
lopping off of limbs, large and small, is the
cause of disease and a weakening of the consti-
tution of the tree, which in numberless cases
leads lo premature dtith. It h.Ts been found in
Oine cases out of every ten, where a branch of
considerable size had been taken off it would
leave a rotten spot in the tree. In a great many
yarietjcs of the apple tree, where any incision is
made in the tree, ttiere is a liabiliiv to decay and
rot- The tree may, and perhaps m most cases
will, heal over this, but a diseased spot is left
in the tree, and hence to that extent is left in an
unhealthy stale. And the more these spots are
multiplied, the more is the tree weakened and
diseased.

Pl^ANTS, nOUSE.—Scm -Gardening—
(Window)."

PLANTS, Ulame) LICE ON, To Destroy,
— Take s^mc of the common 6ne-cut smoking
enbacco. strong, and sprinkle it over the top of
the earth about the plant, and keep the plant
well watered. The strength of the tobacco now
passes through the earth and about the roots,
axui is jmt as sure to kill all creeping things as
it is used and is a great bentfit to the plant.
These worms, etc., die, and with the strength of
the tobacco form a most valuable manure for the
pUat. and those using it will find that the plant
will soon show much more vigor and begin to
grow very fast.

PLANTS, Boxes for Starting. — There is not
any better for this purpose than paper boxes.
To mak^ ihr^c boxes, cut strips o( thick paper
a^> - vv-ide and 17 long; paste the ends

ing an inch, which will make a
ci/i^L- iij iiuiics in circumference ; then press the
aides of the circle together flat, and double once,
makings XiooV. of four uncut leaves; now open
with the 6ngcrs, pinch down the comers prop-
<df . ^Vi^ a brittomless boa 4 inches square is the
'OS many of these as are necfled
in a wocwen box, fill with earth.
.*>■ -vcds or prick out the plants. It is
best not to have the box that holds the paper

ones so high by a inches as they are. as the pa-
i>cr then does not decay so rapidly as in higher
boxes, and holds the earth together better in
transplanting.

PLANTS, {Outdoor,) LABELS FOR.—K
convenient method of preparing outdoor labels
for plants, capable of resisting weather, consists
in first cutting them out of smooth pasteboard,
and writing upon them whatever may be desired
in ordiniuy inlc. When this is dry tney are im-
mersed in linseed soil, or, what is still belter,
linseed-oil \-arnish. until they are completely
permeated by the liquid ; after which they are
hung in the open air upon threads to dry ; they
become like iron, and resist wet for a long time,
and are more durable than slips of metal.

PLUM^ THE. — The plum tree is hardy, and
requires but little attention ; it bears abundantly*
and maybe considered a sure crop when the soil
suits. The best for it is a stiff clay, which is
not suitable to the habits of the curculio, the
great enemy of the plum,

POTA TOES, Earthing (/p.—\\ has been de-
monstrated that earthing up potatoes diminishes
the product, and retards the ripening of the tu-
bers. Long cKpcnmcnts in England have fully
proved this fact^lhat hilling up the potato will
reduce the crop one-fourth.

POTA TOES, RA/S/NG, Under 5/mw.—
We give an experiment in raising potatoes under
straw, by a noted agriculturist: "I fitted the
ground as for planting in the old way, by mark-
ing rows one way, three feet apart, and dropped
the potatoes on the mark from eighteen incoes
to two feet apart, covering them slightly with
soil. I then covered to about the depth of ten
inches with old straw, and did nothing more
with them. When the crop was ripe I raked oft
the straw, and raked nut the potatoes, which
were mostly on the surface, looking very nice,
fresh and large. The result was, I had at the
rate of one hundred and eighty-six bushels i>er
acre ; while the yield from those planted the old
way in drills, and cultivated on ground by the
side of them, was tmly seventy-five bushels per
acre, which was rather small for this section,
owing to the dry season. The soil is a sandy
loam.^'

POTATOES, SirEET— The first week in
June is quite early enough lo set out sweet po-
tatoes in northern localities. Where but a very
few arc grown, it is much easier and cheaper to
buy the plants than it i:i to start them. Thev
carry readily bycxprcss. In preparing the soil,
put upon the level surface a strip of fine manure
a foot wide, and turn two furrows over it to form
a ridge. Dress up the ridcc wilh the spade,
and set the plants about fifteen inches apart.
Unless the soil is moist, water the holes before
setting the plants, which should be set welt
down^ so that the stalk of the first leaf is cov-
ered. Press the soil firmly around the plants —
much of the success will depend upon this.
Should the tops wilt and dry up, a new shoot
will spring up if the plant has been set deep
enough. The skies of the ridges sliould be kept
free of weeds by the proi>er use ol the rake.
The vine& will soon get so large as to smother
most of the weeds.

POTATO ROT, Bamet's Crrtain Prevent-
h'e for the, — Sow unlcached ashes over the field
once a week for six or seven weeks, commencing
soon after ihe second hoeing. Apply two or

■

«4t

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

three bushels to the acre, using care to dust the
tops well.

POTATO BUG, (Cif/i^radff,) To Dtsh-oy,—
A great many preparations have been invented
to destroy this marauder on the potato fields.
The principal ingredient in all is tne powdered
point known as Paris green. Its poisonous ef-
fect ujxin the plant is obviated by the admixture
of other ingredients. The Paris green, accord-
ing to price, is more or less pure. If Lnadulte-
rated, it should be mixed with four, five, or six
times the quantity of meal, flour, ashes, i^alcined
plaster and lime. The more it can be diluted,
witliout destroying its efhcacv, so much the less
expcuMvc it will be, and the less injurious to the
vines, and also the le&s dangerous to the op-
erator.

PLOWING AND NARROWING.—'^^y^x

filow, if it can be avoided, or go on the ground
or any purpose, when it is wet and sticky ; keep
the furrows strught, and, if possible, reverse
them at even* plowing, so as to keep the land
level. To lill in furrows, back-furrow pretty
widely once around, and haul once orounc very
wide; this will cencratly l>e sufficient. Harrow-
soon after plowmg, and before the lumps, if any,
get dried hard ; twice over with the teeth down,
and unce with the back of the harrow, will pre-
pare the land for ordinary crops.

PLOWS, {Rusty,') To C/.ra«.— Take a quart
of water and pour slowly inio it half .1 pint of
sulphuric acid. (The mixture will become quite
warm from chemical action, and this is Ihc rea-
son why the acid should be poured slowly into
water, rather than the water into the acid,)
Wash the mould-board (or any other iron that is
rusty) with thi^ weak add, and let it remain on
the irun until it evaporates. Then wash it once
more. The object is to give time for the acid to
dissolve the rust. Then wash with water, and
you will sec where the worst rusty spots are.
Apply some more acid, and rub those spots with
a brick. The add and the scouring will remove
most of the rust. Then wash the mould-board
thoroughly with water, to remove all the add,
and rub it dry. Brush it over with petroleum
or other oil, and let it be until spring. When
you go to plowing, lake a bottle of the acid wa-
ter to the field, and apply it frequently to any
spots of rust that may remain. The add and
the scouring of the earth uill soon make it very
brtght and smooth.

PUAfPA'INS Amongst CORN.^fdmosX all
■' oUI-fashioned farmers" take a crop of pump-
kins off their com fields, much to the annoyance
of the theorist who demonstrates to his entire
sntisfflclion that the one crop must detract from
the full force of the other. But the most careful
experiments show no loss to the com. The very
same weight results from on acre, with or with-
out the pumpkins.

QUINCES, To CttUivate. — ^The quince ap-
pears to flourish best on a rather stiff and moist
soil, in somewhat sheltered locations. Get the
" ()r.mgc*' variety. Sec that they are entirely
free of uie borer before planting. Set eight feet
apart in rich soil. Bandage the stem with two
or three wrappings of muslin, or any kind of
cloth, as far down in the ground as possible, as
the roots star! from near the surfece. Let this
bandage run six or eight inches above ground,
then pile the soil compactly a couple of inches
around the bandage, and renew this early every

spring. Fine, large golden quinces, rivaling the
largest oranges, will reward your efforts, annu-
ally.

Should the borer by any means steal in. the
same plan may be adopted for its destruction as
in the apple. Should they, however, get the ad-
vantage of you, and your trees become honey-
combed, set out again young trees, so that by
the time the old ones are gone the young ones
wilt be finely in bearing.

RADISI/ES.—U is said that, when radishes
cannot be gruwTi on account of worms or unsuit-
able soil, if common wheat bran be strewed one
inch thick on any good soil, well hoed in, and
the seed is then planted, perfect radishes will re-
sult.

RAIN, To Producf. — Rain is such a ncces*
sity to the success of crops, that whatever will
aid its occasional appearance should be ciiltj*
vated. It has been proved without doubt tfaot
trees do this, for it has been noticed that wher-
ever the country has been denuded of its fomta
rains gradually become more infrequent, and
that in perls of the country where formerly there
was little or no rain— as on the western prairies
— and trees have afterward been pbntea, occa-
sinnal and copious rains have always resulted.
Farmers should be guided by this fact.

RASPBERRIES.— V.zxs^herry canes, when
set out, should be planted three feet apart in the
row, and the rows three and a half to four feet
apart. Cut down the canes to within six inches
of the ground and set firmly. Prefer a rather
moist spot for them, and if in the shade a por-
tion of the day so much the l>etter. They can
be planted under fruit trees, where scarcely any-
thing cUe will grow, and the berry will be much
larger and finer. They like a cool, moist soil,
kept so by IJfieral mulchino with leaves, light
manure, or any trash, and ifa foot in depth it is
an advantage.

^AA'A'A'7' (also called A*««nW.)— The Bava-
rian mode of curing cons<ists in turning out the
contents of the skin of the stomach, wiping off
all specks or dirt with a cloth, and then blowing
up tne skin or filling it with air like a bbdder.
1 he ends are tied with a string, and a little salt
applied to this part only llie skin, treated in
this way, soon dries perfectly, and is as sweet
and clean as can be desired. Salt ncutr.ilizcs in
some degree the action of rennet, therefore the
rennets treated on the Bavarian plan are much
more effective than those cured in the old ^vay-
WTicn the rennets cured on this plan are dry, the
air may be expelled, and the skins can be ]»icked
away in a small space, and are easily kept clear
of insects. The defect in salted rennets i*;, that
the salt in wet weather accumulates dampness,
and, if care is not taken to keep them in a dry
place, they drip, and thus lose their strength.

RENNET, Mode of ^J^.— The way to use
rennet is to cut off a bit of suitable siie (a piece
an inch square is large enough to coagulate sev-
eral gallons of milk) and sfttk it for sumc houn
in water; then add the whole to the milk, a lit-
tle warmed. The mixture is now very gradually
heated to something above blood-heal, or aboat
120*. Very soon it undergoes a great change,
and a solid white curd is separated from the
whey.

RHUBARB, Transptanting.—hW rhubarb
plants ought to have a heavy dressing of manni«
every spring, to be forked in, and two or three

FAKM, ORCHARD, GARDEN AND DAIRY.

MS

P

boeiagi ilirough the season to keep down all the [
wwU. li is a great point to have the stalks len-
der, and li) scaire this they oii^tU to he Rrown
ra^dly Liider sltmuhting manures or a wann,
ridisoil. The p-oun'l before setting out ought
to be plijwed thoroughly and subsoilcd or trench-
ed decfily, and, if necessary, drained. Turn iin-
tlcft plenty of weU-rottea manure, at the rate
of at lea 5 1 sixty or seventy horse cart loads to
thci:rt, for the greater the quantity of manure,
theUr^jcr and finer will the rhubarb grow, and
the Ureer and finer it U the more it will bring.
Jtl/US.JRfl, rn;«j//tf«/w/;'.— Rhubarb rods
retjuite repUnting occasionally. If the stoo!s
rtauin umlistiirlied for several years, they often
commtnce to decay in the centre, and after a
*We th« whole plant becomes discxscd. Every
four or five years the stalks should be lifted and
diniied, leaving but one large crown, with its
w^mpTniinng roots attached. These may be
''•a in the same soil, or upon some
the latter method being preferable,
•nmu-n we arc not a very strong disciple of the
niWfy that plants run out if grown for many
TI*M in the same soil.
ffOCA'S, rtfiC/w^./^.— See "Boulders."
ffY£., To Cultnti/f. — Rye ought never to be
•O'Ti uTKin wet soils, nor even upon sandy soils
^«*rc (be subsoil is of a retentive nature. l'p<>n
downs, links, and all soft lands which have re-
^^tJ THiinurc, this grain thrives in perfection,
*W, if once covered in, will stand a drought af-
t<fwiud'. that would consume any other of the
J«iniferQU5 tribe. The several processes may
'^^^^irdcd as nearly the same with those an-
»»trujg for wheat, with the single exception of
pwllng, which rye docs not require. Rye may
"^Wwo either in winter or spring, though the
^^» -seeded fields arc generally bulkiest and
produciivc. It may succeed either sum-
hHow, clover or turnips ; even after oats
droits have been raised, and where such
J^ liavc been raised the land will always be
""^ in good condition.

^_^C'£, To CuUiiHite. — Put it out in rows
"^ icct apart, and the plants a foot apart in the
*^*J- Caltiratc and keep clean; it does well in
•"^yioil. Dry in the shaile. Put up in square
P'"J?incIcagcs hard pressed.
^£tZJ, //^. to Select.— \\ is of verjr great
wr .in v It, ,. fV,.. firmer, whose desire it is to
/, ' 1 1 rooi crons, be very care-

^ .-lection of^ sect!. He will

!^ ' ' i! ^,\j.\x. they wt<t large, plump, perfect, and
Wiif,»nn Hxe, In the ^election of many seeds
«tol!^* the farmer to carefully •wunine with
jP"*^ui] magnifying glass, and reject all that

Jj? itieet the abv>ve requirements.
^^^ ^ORX.—\Ti shelling com for seed,
?5™ t'le huts and tips, using only the centr^
JJJ'''>n of each car, as the early blade and root
J^" 'i'e in nroportion to the Kcmel used ; and
^^^ ''om the largo grains nfthe centre of the
•ftul!*'^ gel the surt and keep ahead of the
^^ ' 'iif'- fr.m the tip. And csjiccially select
\^ ivc ihe grains as near uniformly

i ^«

m

I

jj J " — The best Is that which

ij it the tail, and Is of a p-ilc

' riM^. i,r'-ruii\cd with a bright, whitish
r**' 36,1 if tht' lind should Iw A little shrivcllc<l,
^^och the better, as it indicates a very thin

SEED O^r^.— Place your oats in a heap
at the leeward end of the threshing t!oor on a
day when a gentle breeze is blowing through the
barn. Take a common wooden flour-scoop, and
tlirovv the oats against the wind, towards the
other end of the floor. A few minutes' experi-
ence will enable you to throw Ihem so that they
will fall in a semi-drclo at a nearly uniform dis-
tance from where you stand. 1 tie oats which
(all farthest from you arc the best for seed, and
are to be carefully swept together as fast as they
accumulate in considerable quantities.

SEED POTATOES.— Yiei^^yxX to secure
large, sound, and well-ripened seed ; cut the
large potato into pieces of one eye. Begin at
the butt end ; cut towards the centre, leaving a
due proportion of the potato with each eye. Po-
tatoes inadvertently left undug, if they do not
freeze during winter, invariably produce sound
ones, larger and more abundant tnan those kept
in the cellar through winter. This has lately
suggested the plan of keeping potatoes excluded
from the air from the time of aiggiiic and plant-
ing, which has been found to invari;u>ly prevent
rot.

SEED ;r//^// r.— Seed wheat should not
only be thoroughly cleaned from the seeds of
weeds, but small grains should be taken out with
a separator or suitable fanning mill, leaving only
the largest, plumpest, and earliest ripened ker-
nels.

SEED, HffW to Test the IVaii/y ^— By plac-
ing almost any of the larger seeds and grains on
a hot pan or griddle, where the vitality is per-
fect the grain will pop, or crack open with more
or less noise. Where the vitality is defective or
lost, it lies immovable in the vessel.

SEED, To Impfwe At! iiTrtlf.— Charles Mil-
ler, son of the celebrated botanist, published a
recipe for fertilising seed, and tried it on wheat,
by mixing lime, nitre, and pigeon's dung in wa-
ter, and (herein steeping the seed. The produce
of some of these grains is stated at sixty, sev-
enty, and eighty stems, many of the ears five
inches long, and fifty corns each, and none less
than forty.

SLUGS AND ^A':^/Z6'.— These arc great
enemies to every kind of garden plant, whether
flower or vegetable ; they wander m the night to
feed, and return at d.iylight to their haunts; the
shortest and surest direction is: "Rise early,
catch them, and kill them." If you ore an early
riser, you may ait them off from their day re-
treats, or you may lay cabbage leaves about the
ground, especially on the beds which they fre-
quent. Every morning examine these leaves,
and you will hnd a great many taking refuge be-
neath; if they plague you very much, search
for their retreat, which you can find by their
slimy track, .and hunt there for them day bv day.
Lime and saU arc very annoying to snails and
slugs ; a pinch of salt icills them, and they will
not touch fresh lime ; it is a common practice lo
sprinkle lime over young crops, and along the
edges of beds, a1>out rows of peas and beans,
lettuces and other vegetables ; out when it has
been on the ground some days, or has been
moistene<1 bv rain, it loses its strength.

SMUT IX iV/fEA r. Remedy /v.— Soak
the seed wheat in brine, and then dust it with
imslake<l lime. This will prove a perfect pre-
vent!'m.

SORGHUM CULTURE,— The soa andcU.

146

DICTIONARY OF E VERY-DAY WANTS.

mate suitable for the cultivation of corn is well
adapted to the growth of sorghum, but a richup-
lana ]'.>.ini will yicKl the richriit juice. The land
should be well worked, and kept clean, it requi-
ring about the same treatment as com. It may
be cither planted in hiltti or drills. As the cane
is a very deep-rooted plant, it is very essential
that the land should be made mellow to a gmwl
depth, but the seed should be covered very shal-
low, not more than half inch deep. It tihnuld
be plaiitnt about the same time as corn. The
young plants when they first come up look like
blades of fall grass ; they are of slow growth and
feeble ftppearanoe for some lime, nr until the hot
weather of July and August, when the plants
will go far ahead of corn in a rank and healthy
growth. It appears to delight in hot, dry weath-
er, OS its roots penetrate deep. Drouth does not
aflect it as it does corn; it it Hurpri&tng to bce at
what a rate it vill develop itself after the hot
weather has come. It is also very hardy, and
may he transplanted with entire safely. There
is a difference of opinion in regard to keeping
the suckers puUcd off. Experience shows (hat,
although we may lose a little in quanitly, it i.<i
more than made up in the quality of the syrup;
therefore have a deep, mellow soil for the roots
to pcnctrnte in scurcn of food by thoroughly cul-
tivating it during the early stage of its growth ;
but avoid deep plowing after the cane has once
acquired considerable size, as the roots then fill
the ground, and if severed the plnnls arc greatly
dwarfed; keep the suckers off, and be sure and
not let a weed show its heotl.

SORREL, To Rtmn'f. This field pest mz.y
be erft<licatcd by the judidous application of ci-
ther lime or ashes. The sourmg principle of
sorrel is oxalic acid ; if this be removed from the
coil, sorrel cannot grow. Lime or potash unite
with the oxalic ncid, forming oxalate of hme or
potash. These substances ore sometimes called
sweeteners of the soil, from their ability to re-
move acids from it. Sorrel will never grow on
hme soil.

SQUASH, CHltix^H&n of, — The squash, be-
ing a tropical vegetable, requires much care nnd
attention in northern latitudes in order lo be cul-
tivated with success. Of all the varieties tested,
the "Hubbard" has proved to be the very best
for winter. The planting should be done as
early in the spring as possible after the weather
becomes sufficiently warm, so that there will be
no danger of frost nipping the young plants, as
they are very tender. A few hills can be plont-
ed cirlier, and covered with hay or straw when
there is danger of frost ; in fact, if the season is
late, it will pay well to plant a goodly patch and
protect them in that way, for a very few young
plants will cover a wide space of ground when
old.

The land should be made deep and rich, the
richer the twlter, jmrticularly in the hills ; the
best manure l>cing composted hen-droppings.
The soil should contain a sufficient amount»nf
sand lo make it quick and warm, and a piece of
land should be-sclectcd sloping well to the south
so that the rays of the spring sun can be quickly
felt l»y ihc young plants.

Plant in rows at least 16 feet apart, in hills
from S to 10 feet ; pulling from 2 to 3 secils in
a hill, and when well started thin out to I plant.
Cultivate thoroughly all the ground between Ihc
rows, as well as around the phnl5, until the vines

nuthe

cover the ground. If the above hints are fal-
lowed a good crop wUI result.

S IRA i i 'iiURR y Li I TtrRE.^Tot
fruit the most siuitable soil is hglit and
It may be enriched by ashes, bone,
manure, etc. The plants shotild be set one]
apart, m rows two feet from eadi other.
in the young plants from the middle of Ai
lo the middle of September. Keep the
mellow and free from weeds. In the foil
spring manure and hoe the ground well, to ktcp
it moifit and free from weeds. With such care^
a quart of fruit has sometimes been picked ftoa
one plant, the next season after planting. Some
cultivators prefer to cut off all tne blohsonu the
first spring, so as to strengthen the plaatsj
growth.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS, Pratecb\^
In latitudes where snows fall about the first of
December, and remain on the ground all wintef,
no other protection to strawberry plants is need-
ed; but in all other sections of the country, sojM
slight covering is necessary, as jxjor hay, straw,
leaves, or the coarse barn-yard litter, that is il-
ways thrown out of stables with manure. Fcr
garden plaU of pLints barn-yard litter, mixed
with manure, is the best protection that con U
used, acting as a fertihzcr at the same time, by
lieing drenched with rain. In field cultivation «
strawl>errics, near the ocean, salt hay makes a
cheap and good protection. Rye straw is Tcry
good, but more expensive than salt hay. The
plants should be covered but slightly, about tiro
inches deep with whatever may be used. If it
15 put on thicker there is liabiUty to smother the
plants. Farly in December is a good time to
mulch strawlwrry plants, if not done before.

STVM/'S, To Rfmcvf.—Onc method is si
follows : In the fall of the year bore a 1 indi
hole 18 inches deep into ihe centre of the stump
and put in an ounce of saltpetre, filling up wito
water, ami plugging the hole up. In the spring
take out the plug, put in half a gill of keroseM
and set fire to it. It will burn the stump out to
its farthest root Here is another plan : In die
Fall, with an inch auger borcahole in tlie centre
of the stump 10 inches deep, and put into il a
Vz lb. of oil of vitriol, and cork the hole up very
tight. In the spring the whole stump ana roots
extending all through Ihcir ramifications wiH be
found so rotten that they can be easily eradi-
cated.

STUMP MACHINE {Heme Madf.y—Tikn
3 pieces of common joists, put them together in
form like the common harrow, letting the taper-
iug ends lap by each other some 6 inches, mak-
ing a place for tlie chain to rest in. Cut off the
roots at any distance you please from the slump,
place the machine on one side of the stump, ta-
pering end up; hitch the chain on the opposite
side and pass it over the machine ; then nitch »
good yoke of oxen thereto, and you will sec the
stump rise.

SUBSOfLfNG,~-TUt subsoil plow has now
become one of the most important implements
upon the farm. It is used to run in the bottom
of the furrow before the potato is dropped, to
loosen the earth under th« seed, to admit the air,
and after the potatoes are up a onehorse subsoil
plow is run between the rows, and, when prop-
erly done, il is equal to trenching witJi a spade.
It IS also run between the rows of com, when
the GOTO is about four inches high. This will

Ib Europe

the Ml,

ift th< s«il slightly, *nd also the young com

fints. but will not sqrtaralc Hic particles of

^ffl}y (f.,:-, ill.- roc-ts. TTiis will be a more thor-

«a^ .: of the soil than a dozen hoe-

_ I mit the corn roots lo descend

1. In raising caaols, beets and

.vy ground, it is almost indispcn-

^Vrtt* Modi of Making.-- K new way
the juice from sugar cane has been
' v in India, during the post few
li'led upon what is known as the
. iicting the saccharine
which is in use in
' •' ^ugar factories
jly in washing
^ .Tt water. The
tine is cat by machinery iolu tliin transverse
slices, which, when treflted with water, yield a
kt^it n l>oiIing yields very

BUc I'l^d the cane be ful-

lyn^fc M^.iu\ ^.'-t ^Lu.M.iOn, does not require
to tc filtered through animal charcoal, but can
be transferred at once to the cvajwrators and
ncuuxn pans (o^r the fahricatioo of a good grade
I of raw FUj^r.

^ ' OWER^ Ti^A— The sunflower is very

H t > IcsTes soon become large enough to

^^L^ **:«.■-. ^. X covering for young cabbage and to-

^■totfopdanCft, Its tlem affords an excellent hop

^Pvrlicaa pole, and when dend in the fall, if cut

tp tad kept dry, it answers well for Icindling-

wood. Ttie leaves can be plucked off through

Ihc \wmmta without injary to the plant, and then

Mrd Ibf fodder, or feed green to milch-cows or

hnf%ca. Its seeds nuke a fine oil, or chicken

fctad. It Is said to be an absorbent of malaria,

nA U often cultivated as a prerentive of fevers

ac&r dwellings that occupv low places. Plant

(B dnQt 4 feet apart, and iS inches in the drill,

vc^olrinc 2 qiurts of seed per acre. Many of

grow 16 feet hign. They want rich

From 8 to 10 tons of leaves ha%'e been

from an acre. The first leaves are ^n-

miiStf fmlled m July, going up 3 or 4 feet high.

Tbe ncxl puIHng is as high as a man can reach,

fasting I oocen Dandles in a shock, as soon as

wc aewl rlares. In winter the scc<l is threshed

a flau, ihc main heads rcscrAxd for seed,

d»r small ones threshed icparatcly. The

beads gave thirty-one bushels per acre, and

xnuU ones sixteen bushels — forty-seven fier

THISTLES, CAX^DA.^To effectually
-^w them to grow un-
- ; their \Ttality has
, then plow the land
and afterwards harr"w fine and
; Oaen, and during the remainder of the
InirtC'boe with such a horse-hoe that
pMmStAf mias one top of a thistle* first
'"■•" imlil the sca-
ly. Another
Aturatcd with
■ I with stout gloves,
wed over the [lalm,
■ing when the
ItUlc care, the
■ . .-. inches of the

«it&

become wet.
may tc dmwn

; aad jM wiU be rU of the nui&ance in two

nJiulde timber arc freqacnily unsoand

— either hollow, '*dory.'* or full of cracks at the
hutt-cnti, even when the e»lemal iippearance in-
dicates a good condition of the intcnor or heart.
This is particularly the case with white-oak tim-
ber. Large and valuable trees have frequently
been purchased at an exorbitant price (or some
special purpose. But when the woodman's ax
had made a kerf half-way lo ihe middle of the
butt, (he interior was found to be dozy or hol>
low, rendering the timber wholly worthless for
the purposes intended.

In order to determine whether the heart of a
tree is defective, without cutting into it with an
ax, the most expeditious way is to bore into the
butt, say one foot from the surface of the groand,
wiih a two-inch au^er, drawing out the chipy
(rcquently for examination. In case the tree is
of so large dimensions that the heart cannot be
reached with an auger of ordinary Icnglh, nn
iron rotl one or more feet long may be attached,
either by welding, or by means of a socket made
in the rod to fit uie shank of the auger. An nu-
cerhole near the ground will not injure a tree
for limber, except in cas# it is to be emplojed
for sleigh-runners or for ship-building.

TmHEfi, But Time fur Cuitmg. —The
best time to cut timber is in midsummer, iust
alter the sap lias ceased lo flow upwaril. when
the leaf is fully formed. Some contend that
midwinter is equally as good, but while contend-
ing that timber cut m midsummer lasts well, we
may say from experience, and according 10 the
authorities on the subject, that the former tim«
is best. Again, by culling in midsummer, the
bork can be stripped off and saved, which, in
many localities, is a matter of great importance.
This is a difficult thing to do in winter, as then
it chngs closely to the wood.

TA'A A'SPL I A'T/A'C— The froEen-ball way
of removing ornamental trees is. preferred by a
great many to all others for some purposes. It
is well adapted to cvcrgrccnii growing wild, if
thcv are of much size. In order that it may he
easily and expetlitiously performed, prepoifllions
should be made in autumn, or before the ground
frcexes hard, by digging a trench in the shape of ,
a circle alxiut every tree a foot deep, or as far
down as the frost penetrates, and then filling
these trenches with dead leaves, which are gen-
erally very abundant indeed at that time of^the
year in Ihc borders of woods, or wherever these
trees ore sought.

The leaves will prevent the trenches from ever
freezing in winter, and the earth within them
being frozen hard, the trees are easily loosened
and tippctl over, and may then be reailily trins-
ferred lo sleds and conveyed lo their place of
destination, where holes, dug at the same time
that the trenches were made, and similarly filled
with leaves if convenient, or left open nn«i froze,
may receive them. If holes ind balls arc IkhIi
frozen hard, and are nearly equal in jire, Ihc
first thaw will soften the ball and give it n close
fit. But it is rather better !o keep the hole un-
frozen, so that the bolls may be snugly imbedded
in the mellow earth when placed there.

TRAA'SPrANT/XG. A^ilton »/ n^-^r.— The
theory has been broached that trees bend t.TWnrd
the cast, and that in transplanting them ewe
should be taken to set iheni m the same position,
relative to the points of ihe compass, that they
bad before transplanting.

TRANSPLANTING Durittg tJU Night.--

t4S

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

A gentleman, anxious to ascertain the eflcct of
transplanting at night, instead of by day, made
an experiment with the following results: He
transplanted ten cherry trees while in bloom,
commencing at four o'clock in the morning.
Tliosc transplanted during the dayliglit shed
their blos&oms, producing liitlc 'OX no fruit, while
those planted in the dark maintained their con-
dition fully. He did the same with ten dwarf
trees, afierthcfruit was one-third grown. Those
transplanted during the day shed their fruit ;
those transplanted during the night perfected
their crop, and showed no injury from having
been removed. Willi each of these trees be re-
moved some earth with the roots. The inci-
dent is fully vouched for, and if a few more sim-
ilar experiments produce a like result, it will be
a strong argument to horticulturUts, etc. , lo do
such work at night.

TKANSPOKTA TION OF VEGETA-
BLESt RuUs /or, — The first principle lo be
obscrve<l is the packing, and ihe main point in
this is ventilation.

Onions and potatoes should be folly matured
before shipment, for if ihcy arc not fully ma-
tured and packed dry, thev will easily rol. Do
not expose ihem long to tne sun lo dry, but as
they become dry pack them, for the sun will
bum them.

Tomatoes should be pulled just on the lurn to
ripen. If Ihey arc pulled too green they will
rot before they will ripen, and if pulled ripe they
will rot before tliey reach their destination.

Cucumbers, peas and beans should be ripe,
but not enough lo be liable to turn yellow, ihey
being saleable only while having a green color.

Citron melons should be shipped green —
nearly matured.

Watermelons should be ripe.

Onions, tomatoes, cucumbers, peas andbeaas
should be shipped in bushel crates.

Potatoes should be shipped in barrels well
rentilated. Bore at least three holes an inch in
diameter in each slave, and several in the bot-
tom. Cover with stout cloth covers, and coojwr
the barrels.

Cull Ihe Irish and sweet potatoes well before
shipment, and the culls can be shipped marked
•• culls." They will bring half price. If they
ve shipped mixed in with large jwtatocs ibey
wilHnjure the sale of them. Every one will
find it advantageous to sliip good quality stuff.

Water melons and citron melons can be ship-
ped in three bushel crates, made the same as the
bushel crate, but much stronger.

Always fill the crates well, packing the articles
tightly, so they cannot sh.-ike aliout, and Ihey
wdl not rot as quick as they would if they could
shake aliouL

TREES, (S/fADE,) Best to Plant,— K
moderate number of trees are necessary on ev-
ery farm, both for shelter and shade. Some
farms have been completely denuded by the ax
of the wood-chopper, and, as screens and shade
trees are almost indispensable, the most desira-
ble and profitable arc black walnut and sugar
maple. The walnut-t will bear abundantly in 8
or lo years from the time of planting, and the
timber will be increasing in value every year.
The sugar maple is a beautiful shade, and its
product is exceedingly valuable. It is a gocwl
pian to raise the trees in some corner of the or-
chard or garden until the/ bare become strong.

TREES, OAA'.—The process of deforesting
our lands upon the Atlantic border has gone on
for centuries, and in the very populous States
has necessitated replanting. It is a fact not suf-
ficiently known, that oaks may be rapidly grown,
and will develop, within an ordinary lifetime,
fme groves of those noble trees which give so
much dignity to an old homestead. Major iJcn.
I'crley I'oore has upon his estate in Massachu-
setts, a splendid oak forest or wood of ^o acres,
every acorn for which was planted by himself 30
years ago. The trunks of the trees arc now 1^
feet in diameter.

TOADS. — Toads arc among the best friends
the gardener has; for they live almost exclu-
sively on the most destructive kinds of vermin.
Unsightly, therefore, though Ihey may be. they
should on all accounts be encouraged ; they must
never be touched nor molested in any way ; on
the contrary, places of shelter should be made
for ihcm. to which they may retire from the heat
of the sun. If you have none in your garden,
it will be quite worth your while to search for
them in your walks, and bring them home, tak-
ing care to handle them carefully, for although
they have neither the will nor the power to in-
jure you, a very little rough treatment will in-
jure them.

TOMA TO PLANTS, To Raise.— Ut^ a
hot bed in the customary way about 5x6 fceL
t!)n about 3 square feet at one end, sow your seed
1 - 16 of an inch thick ; cover with }i an inch of
rich, sifted soil. \\Tien the plants are 3 inches
high, make a trench across the bed. leaving one
side at an angle of 5a degrees. Wet the plants
su that theycan be Uken up without injuring the
roots. Place them in the trench 2 inches sparL
Cover ihcm up lo the last leaves by making an-
other trench so near that the rows of plants will
be 3 inches a]mrt. When they are from 4 to 6
inches high transplant them into the garden, la-
king care not lo injure the roots. Plants raised
as above directed will be very stocky, will noi
wilt when transplanted, and will ripen their fruit
before frost comes.

TOM A TOESy CuUivatim p/.— Set your to-
m.ito plants in rows three and a Ivilf feet apart,
and the some distance apart in the rows. Let
the rows be of an even number, and, if possi-
ble, running north and souths for the better ad-
vantage of the sunshine.

Now, beginning vrith the first couple of rows,
at one end set a pair of stakes in such manner
that they will enter the ground just outside of
the line of the rows, and cross each other al the
height of about four feet over the middle space.
Set corresponding stakes at the opposite end of
the rows, and also iutcrniediate ones, if neces-
sary.

This done, along the outsidp of these sloping
stakes fasten horizontal strips of edging, begin-
ning with the first about eight inches from Ihe
ground, and finishing with the one which will
run in the crossing o7 the stakes.

As* the plants grow, carefully train them over
this framework, securing them in pl.icc by tying
with strings, and judiciously trimming when
needed.

After Ihe crop is removed in the fedl, the ma-
terial oX this simple structure may be easily U-
kon apart and laid away for use the coming and
subsequent seasons.

TOMA TOES, French Mcdf of Cultk>atin^,

PAR,\f, ORCHARD, GARDEN AND DAIRY.

>49

I

-The French method is as follows , As soon as
a cluster of flowers is visible they top the stem
down to the dusters, so that the flowers termi-
nate the stem. The effect is. that the sap is im-
nieiiitelyimpellcil into the two buds next below
the cluster, which soon push strongly and pro-
duce another duster of flowers each. When
Ibcsc arc visible the branch to which thcv be-
long ts also topped down to their level, ana this
is done hvc times in succession. By this means
the plants become stout, dwarf bushes, not over
eighteen inches high. In addition to this, all
the laterals whatsoever are nipped off. In this
way the ripe sap is directed into the fruit, which
ao(]iiires a beauty, st£e and excellence unattain-
able by any other means.

TL'hW/P C'ULrC/A'E.—Thc most desira-
ble soil for the cultivation of this root is a sandy
loam free from stagnant water — one easily cuUi-
▼ated to & considerable depth, noCwithiilandine
that a heavier crop may occasiotuiUy be obtained
from a day loam.

Early in the fall the land intended for turnips
should receive a heavy coating of farmyard ma-
nure, and be deeply plowed ; cross-plowed in
the spring about the end of May or tne Iwfjin-
ning of June, harrowed and rolled until a Imc
tilth is secured. Getting the soil into a fmely
divided state is a matter of the highest import-
ance. It is a well established fact that all soils
have the power of absorbing and retaining to a
greater or less degree a certain amount of moi*
•tare, and the more finely divided and thor-
oagfal^ pulverized the land, the greater amount
of motsture will it absorb and retain. It would
be very <lifficult to state absolutclv when is the
best time to sow, ina'imuch as soils and seasons
vary. On clay or clay loam perhaps the most
desirable time is from the fifth to the fifteenth of
Jane, and on sandy loams from the tenth to the
twentieth of that month. The quantity of seed
required per acre will also vary with the weath-
er. In damp weather, on sandy soils, 2 lbs. is
ample, and on clay loam, and in weather ordi-
narily "Irr, it will be well to use 3 lbs. or more.
The dcnih of the seed should be from I to Iji
incltei below the surface. It is better for plants
to come up thickly, for they grow faster than
when thin, and arc more apt to escape the rav-
ages of the fly; and, moreover, tney require
ftmmediate attention as soon as they are urge
CDODgfa to ihin. Sowing upon drills is altogether
priderable to sowing on the level ; not only can
a raach larger crop oe produced, but the weeds
arc Ux more easily destroyed. The distance be-
tween the drills snould be from 36 to ^o inches,
and the pUnts should be left, by thinning, 12 to
*J mchcs apart. When a good braird has been
aecDfed, the great secret of^suocess is in stirring
Ibe soil freiiiientW when dry, and keeping the
pound perfectly free from noxious wecd>.
IVAGONS, n (Jr^s/.—hM (ew people are
that they do wagons and carnages more
by greasmg too plentifully than in almost

'other way. A well made wheel will endure
wear from ten to twenty five years, if

; is Taken to use the right kind and proper

mat of grease ; but if this matter is not at-

teaded to, ihcy will be used up in five or six

Lord should never be used on a wagon,

will penetrat'; the huh. and work its way

rottaJ the tenons of the spokes, and spoil

the whceL Tallow ii the best lubricator for

wood axle trees, and castor oil for iron. Just
enough grease should be applied to the spindle
of a wagon to give it a light coaling ; this is bct<
ter than more, for the surplus put on will work
out at the ends, and be forced by the shoulder
bands and nut washers into the hub around the
outside of the boxes. To oil an iron axle tree,
first wipe the spindle dean with a cloth wet with
spirits of turpentine, and tlicn apply a few drops
of castor oil near the shoulder and end. One
tcaspoonful is suffident for the whole.

l^ALNUT TR£E,—'Xht most common
mode is to propzgatc from the nut or seed. It
is also propagated by a spcdes of grafting called
'* marching, by budding, and by gralLing by
the ••approach" method. In any common fer-
tile soil the walnut will succeed, but it thrives
best in a good depth of loam, mixed with sand
or gravel. Those who intend planting walnuts
should procure plants from the nursery, either
miTched or buddod, and in as advanced a stage
of growth as is compatible with their safe re-
moval. Plants from 8 to 12 years old may he
safely removed, if properly prepared by previous
transplantation. Plants for fruiting should be
planted 2o feet distant from each other. The
u>iual periud at which they commence bearing is
18 or 20 years. The fruit is produced on the
extremities of the previous year's shoots, and
should be gathered so as not to injure the
tree.

WEEDS, To /Ji-j/pwy.— Annual weeds, or
such as spring from scea and die the same year»
are most easily destroyed. For this purpose it
will be sufficient to let them spring up till near
the time of ripening their seed, and then plow
them down before it comes to maturity. It is
also of service to destroy such weeds as grow in
borders or neglected corners, and frequently
scatter their seeds to a great distance — such as
the thistle, dandelion, rag weed, etc., for these
propagate their species through a deal of ground,
as tncir seeds are carried about with the wind to
very considerable distantc^. A firmer ought
also to take care that the small seeds of weeds,
separated from corn in winnowing, be not sown
again upon the ground; for this certainly hap-
pens when they are thrown upon a dunghill, be-
cause, being the natural offspring of the earth,
they are not casilydcstroycd. 'I nc best method
of preventing any mischief from this cause is to
bum them Perennial weeds arc such as are
propagated by the roots, and last for a number
of years. They cannot be effectually destroyed
but by removing the roots from the ground,
which is often a matter of some difficulty. The
only method that can be depended upon in this
case is fre<^ucnt plowing, to render tne ground
as tender as possible, and harrowing with a par-
ticular kind of harrow, in order to collect these
pemidous roots. When collected, they ought
to be dried and burnt, as the only effectual way
of insuring their doing no farther mischief.

tVEEDS IN iVALK'S, V'v D/stroy.—K
most efficient agent for the destruction of weeds,
and one that is not expensive, can be made by
boiling 4 lbs. of arsenic and 8 lbs. of soda in II
gallons of water. To every gallon of this boil-
ing mixture X gallons of cold water should be
added, and tne liquid carefully sprinkled over
the walks while it is yet warm. It is desirable
to do this in fine weather, and when the walks
are dry, so that the weeds and weed-seeds may

«5»

DtCTIOffARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

have the full benefit of the application. Core
must be taken not to let any of the liquid fall on
the leaves or reach the root of any plants it is
not desired to kill. In 24 hours after the poison
is put on the walks every weed will be killed ;
and, if it be once thoroughly done, it will keep
the w.-ilks clean through llic whole season.

WHEA r, To Pfn'tMt Mildnu /«.— Dissolve
three ounces and two drachms of sulphate of
copper, copperas, or blue vitriol, in three gallons
and three quarts, wine measure, of cold water,
for every three bushels of grain thai is to be pre-
pored. Into another vessel, capable of contain-
ing from fifty-three to seventy-nine wine gallons,
throw from three to four bushels of wheat, into
which the prepared liquid is poured, until it rises
five or six mcnes alK>ve the grain. Stir it thor-
oughly, and carefully remove all that s'wims on
the surface. After it has remained half an hour
in (he preparation, throw the wheat into a bas-
ket that wdl allow the water to escape, but not
the grain. It ought then to be immediately
washed in rain, or pure water, which will pre-
vent any risk of its injuring the germ, and after-
wards the seed ought to be dried before it is put
in the ground, ft may be preserved in tnis
shape for months.

IVIfEA Tt To Prevent Rust in. — Some hours
— at tlie longest six or eight before sowing — pre-
pare a steep of three measures of powdered
quicklime, and ten measures of cattle urine.
Pour two quarts of this upon a peck of wheat,
stir with a spade until every kernel is covered
white with it. By using wheat so prepared,
rust of every kind will be avoided. I hare of-
ten noticed, while in the neighboring fields, a
great port uf the crop is af^ctcd by rust; in
mine, lying closely by it, not a single car so af-
fected could be found.

The same writer says he takes the sheaves and
beats oflfthe ripe<>t kernels vvilli a slick, and uses
the grain thus obtained for seed.

IVI/EAT, {S/ues O'ikin,) Tq Datrvy.'-Q^V
lect a number of Icon tlucks, keep them all day
without food, and turn them into the field to-
wards evening; each duck would devour the
slug!; much foster than a man could collect them,
and they soon would get very fat for market.

WORM, {CUT) nD^sfrcn-.—The climbing
cut worm is the larva of moth known as the
X.ance F<ustic. and is quite common all over the
country. If you will place old r.ogs abotit the
stems of young peach trees, the worms will hide
under them in daytime, and can thus be caught
and destroyed. A few rags, or some similar
material, puiced on the ground near each tree,
will also answer as a trap. These traps should
be examined every morning, and the worms
killed. We do not know of a better method of
destroying them, as the wurms work all night,
whde their natural enemies, or a portion of
them, are asleep.

IVORAf, CURRANT.— K multitude of de-
irices have been tried for destroying this pcsL
Some persons, who have only a few bushes, suc-
ceed bj hand-picking and burning ; others by

dusting the leaves with lime ; others by burning
smudges of old leather and sulphur under the
bushes ; others by dusting the leaves with pow-
rleretl hellebore, using for this purpose a tin box
perforated at the top like a pepper-castor. The
latter method has been found very successfuL
Another method is with a solution of copperas,
made at the rate of I lb. of copperas to 6 gals.
of water, Q.nd sprinkled on the bushes through
a common watering-pot. This is cheaper than
hellebore, and does not annov the operator. It
is sure and si>eedy death to the worm, and docs
no harm to trie bushes. The Scotch method of
treatment is with sttot. \Vhen soot is dusted on
the bushes after a slight shower has fallen, or
after the leaves have t>ccn wetted, the vermin
will soon drop off the leaves and perish. The
application of a sprinkling of dry soot round the
roots of bushes, when early digging operations
arc being proceeded with in spnng, will act most
successfully in preventing their appearance; and
this, resorted to in successive seasons, will en-
tirely extirpate the pcsls.

IVORAf t TEAC//.—U is said that a mixture
of one ounce of saltpetre and seven ounces of
salt, applied on the surface of the ground, in
contact and around the trunk of a peach tree
seven years old and upwards, will destroy the
worm, prevent tlie yellows, and add mudi to the
product and quality of the fruit.

H'OUNDS IN TREES, To //«/.— Make a
varnish of common linseed od, rendered very
drying by boiling it for the space of an hour,
with an ounce of litharge to each pound of o3,
mixed with calcined l>ones, pulverized and sifted
to the consistence of an silmost liquid paste.
With this paste the wounds are to be corer^
by means of a brush, after the bark and other
substance liave l>een pared, so as to render the
whole OS smooth and even as possible. This
varnish must be applied in dry weather, in order
Lhot it may attach itself properly.

See also •' IJquid Grafting Wax."

YAAf, CI///VESE.—ln the first pkce, send
olT to get the tubers or seetl, if you cannot ob-
tain the roots ; however, the roots ore better.
Cut the roots in two slices, from one-half to one
inch in length, according to their size, and plant
in the spring in rows two and a half feet one
way by six inches apart in the row — one piece io
a place, and cover three inches in depth ; culti-
vate to keep clear of weeds, and the following
spring dig up one-quarter of the bed. taking np
the one-year-old roots, and cut them into pieces
ind plant a new bed, and thus have a supply of
two-year-old roots that may be dug each fail and
placed in the cellar for winter use. For cook-
ing purposes they are excellent, apparently par-
taking of the general nourishing characteristics
of the arrowroot xs well as the potato. Thw
will keep well, without rotting, all winter. If
Ihonght best the roots can remain in the ground
all winter, and be allowed to grow tliree or four
years, and thus grow to an enormous site. But
most land without plowing for two years will get
hard and full of weeds.

HOUSEHOLD MISCELLANY.

»St

HOUSEHOLD MISCELLANY.

I

ALABASTER, To CUan.—t. Wash with
SMp sads. If stained, whitewash the stains ;
let the whitewash remain on scvcrnl hours, then
dean it off. — 3. Take ground pumice stone of
the finest quality, and mix it up with verjuice ;
let it stand for two hoars, then dip in a sponge
and rub the alabaster therewith ; wash tt with a
linen clottt and fresh water, and dry it with clean
Uncn ra^s.

JfEDS\ Cart of. — The care of beds is not un-
derstood, even by some good housewives ; when
a bed ii freshly made it often smells strong.
Con^ktant airing will, if the feathers arc good,
and only new, remove the scent. A bed in con-
stant use should be invariably beaten and shaken
up daily, to enable the feathers to renew their
elasticity. It should lie, after it is shaken up,
for tno or three hours in a well-ventilated room.
If the l>ed Ls in a room which cannot be spared
so long, it should be put out to air two full days
of the week. In airing beds the sun should not
shine directly upon them. It is air, not heat,
which they need. We have seen beds lying on
a roof where the direct and reflected rays of the
sun had full power, and the feathers, without
doubt, were stewing, and the oil in the quill be-
coming rancid, so that the bed smells worse af-
ter airing than before. .Mways air beds in the
shade on cool and windy days. Fcatherbeds
should be opened every three or four years, the
ticks washed, the seams soaped and waxed, and
the feathers renovated.

Feathers were never intended for human be-
ings to steep on. They arc always without ex*
ception debilitating. Straw, corn husks, com-
pressed sponge, or curled hair, should always be
used in preference.

BI^CK LEAD, To Rtm(n'f.—~To remove
black lead from polished steel sides of a grate,
first wash Ihem with strong soap and water, using
A bit of old flannel for the purix>se; then rub
them with sweet oil and rotten stone ; afterwards
polish in the usual manner with soft leather.

B/^NK'ETS, To C/^j«.— Wlicn soiled ihey
■liould be washed, aud not scoured, which latter
they will be if sent to the scourer's. Shake all
the dust from them, plunge them into plenty of
hot soap-suds, let them lie till the hanas can be
borne in the water, wash quickly, rinse in new
dean hot suds, shake thoroughly, stretch well,
ciry, and they will be as nice as new.

BJiASS, To CUan. — Rotten stone a oz., ox-
•lie add yi oz., sweet oil |^ of an oz.. turpen-
tine enough to make a i>aste. Apply it with a
little water.

B/IASS ORNAATEJVTS, To C/^aw.— Brass
ornaments, that have not been gilt or lacquered,
M*y be cleaned, and a very brilliant color given
to tkem, by washing them with alum boiled in
strong lye. in the proriortion of an ounce to a
pist, and afterward rubbing them with a strong

SOAXDS, To Take Ink Ow/*/.— Strongmu-
rifttlc Acid, or spirits of salts, aopliefl with a piece
C^ clocb; afterwards well vrasned with water.

BOARDS^ To Gtt Oi! Ojf.—mn together
§§3Ha*B earth tod soap lees, and rub it into the

Mk

boards, hd it dry, and then scour it off with
some strong soft soap and sand, or use lees to
scour it with. It should be put on hot, which
may easily be done by heating the lees.

BONNETS, T0 Prcuent Bring Jnjurrd hy
the Hair. — Great advantage will be found in
having a piece of while or yellow oiled silk
basted inside of that part of your bonnet where
the crown unites with the brim, carrying it up
some distance into the cruwn, and some distance
down into the liair between the outside and the
lining. This will prevent the bonnet being in-
jured by any oitiness about your hair. Or yon
may have an oiled silk bonnet cap.

BOOKS, To Rffttffvt Stams/rom.—'Vo re-
move ink stains from a book, 6rst wash the pa-
per with warm water, using a camel's hair brush
for the purpose. By this means the surface ink
is got nd of; the paper must now be wet with ■
solution of oxalate of potash, or, better slUI, ox-
alic acid, in the prc|portion of one ounce to half
a pint of water. The ink stains will immedi-
ately disappear. Finally, again wash the stamed
place with dean water/ and dry it with while
blotting paper.

Book's. To Rtmot'r Crr/7u/fVm.~l^ynpon
the spot a little magnesia or powdered prepared
chalk, and under it the same ; tet on it a warm
flat-iron, and as soon as the grease is melted it
will be all absorbed, and leave the paper clean.
BOOTS AND SHOES, Care (/.—Boots
and shoes, if token care of properly, will last
two or three times longer than tncy usually do,
and, at the same lime, fit the feet far more satis-
factorily, and keep them dry and more comfort-
able in wet and cold weather. The upper
leather should be kept soft and pliable, while the
soles need to be hard, tough, and impervious to
water.

The first thing to be done with any pair of
new shoes, is to set each one on a platter or a
dinner-plate, and pour on boiled tinseerl-uil suf-
ficient to fill the vessel to the upper edge of the
soles. Allow the leather to absorb as much oil
as it will for eight hours. Linseed oil should
not be applied to the upper leather, as it will
soon become dry, rendering the leather hard and
tough. But if the soles be saturated with this
oil, it will exclude the dampness and enlarge the
pegs, so that the soles will never get loose txoxn
the upper leather.

If the shoes be sewed, the linseed oil will pre-
serve the thread from rotting. Now wet the
upper leather thoroughly when the boots or the
shoes are to be put on the feet, so that those
parts which are light may render a trifle, and
thus adapt the form of the shoe to the foot far
more satisfactorily than when the upper leather
is not wet. Keep them on the foot until nearly
dry. Then give the upper leather a ihorougn
greasing with equal jjorls of lord and tallow, or
tallow and neat's foot oil.

If shoes 1)c treated in this manner, and a row
of round-headed shoe nails be driven around the
edge of the soles, they will wear like copper,
and always set easy to the feet. Boots and
shoes should be treated as suggested, uul "Mcynv

«5»

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

L

A little several months before ihcy arc put lo
daily service. They should be cleaned frc-
quenlly, whether they are worn or not. and
should never be put to stand in a damp place,
nor be put too near the fire to dry. In clcaiiing,
be careful to hrmh the dirt from the scams, and
not to scrape in with a knife, or you will cut the
stitches. Let the hard brush do its work thor-
oughly well, and the polish will be all the brighter.
Do not put on too much blacking at a time, for
If it dries before using the shining brush the
leather will look brown instead of black.

BOOTS AND SHOES, India RnbUt, Water
*PncK>/ for. — Spermaceti, 4 parts; India rubber
(small), I part. Melt with a gentle heat, then
add Callow or lard, 10 parts ; amber or copal var-
nish, 5 parts. Well mix and apply the compos-
ition to the leather with a paint-brush. Cut the
rubber into very small pieces, and let it take its
time to dissolve, say four or five hours.

BOOTS {WhiU y<!an^ To Clean,— \t you
have not boottrees, stuflT the boot as full as pos-
sible with common cotton wadding or old rags,
to prevent any creases ; then mix iome pipeclay
witn water to rather a slilT paste, wash the jean
boots with soap and water and a nail-brush,
fusing OS little water as possible to get the dirt
off. When thev look tolerably clean rub the
pipeclay with a flannel well over them and hang
them to dry. When dry beat out the superfluous
clay with the hand and rub them till mty look
smooth. Flake white may also be used.

BOOTS, KID, To Clean,— \l the kid boots
are not very soiled Ihcy may be cleaned in the
following manner: — Put half an ounce of harts-
liorn into a saucer, dip a bit of clean flannel in it
and rub it on a piece of white card soap ; rub the
bouts with thii, and as each piece of flannel be-
comes soiled, take a fresh piece ; the boots will
look like new.

BOOTS, KID, To Restore cohr e/"-— Take a
small quantity of good black ink, mix it with the
white of an egg, and apply it to the boots with a
soft sponge.

BOOTS, KID, ri?5<y?rn.— Melt a quarter of
a pound of tallo Wi then pour it into a jar, and add
to it the same weight of olive oil, stir, and let
it standstill ; apply a small quantity occasionally
with a piece of flannel. Should the boots be
▼ery dirty, cleanse with warm water. It will
soften any leather.

BOOTS, PEGGED, To Prevent Ripping.—
Pegged boots, it is stated, if occasionally dressed
wim petroleum between the soles and the upper
leather, wdl not rip. If the soles of boots or
shoes are dressed with petroleum they will resist
wet and wear well. The pegs, it is said, are not
affected by dryness after being well saturated
with this liquid.

BOOTS, {PATENT LEATHERY Care of.
— The old plan of washing them witli milk is
simply absurd — a waste of time. If they crack,
brush a little blacking into the cracks, and then
rub them over with French polish, or common
furniture polish, using the finger to lay on the
polish, and a soft dry rag to finish off with. In
lieu of furniture polish, a mixture of sweet oil
and turpentine will answer. This treatment will
preserve their bright polish until they are utterly
worn out.

BOOT LEA TIIER, Presen'ation <y:— Shoe
leather is generally abused. Persons know noth-
XE^ or awe less about the kind of matodal tised

than they do about the polish produced. Vitriol
blacking is used until every j>article of the oil in
the leather is destroyed. To remedy this abuse,
the leather should be washed once a month with
warm water, and when about half drv, a coat of
oil and tallow should be applied, and the boots
set aside for a day or two. This will renew the
elasticity and life in the leather, and when thus
used upper leather will seldom crack or break.

3O0TSAND SHOES (Summer) ToPreservt
tk*0ugh the Winter.— Wash the blacking off;
let them dry; then oil them with castor or neats*
foot oil. When you wear them they will be soft
and pliable, and will last longer if preserved io
this way. After j-ou have worn them a few days
they are ready for blacking.

BOOTS AND SHOES, {RC'BBER), Tj
AfenJ.—J. Get apiece of pure rubber — an old
shoe — vulcanized rubber will not do ; cut it into
small bits. Put it into a bottle, and cover to
twice its depth with spirits of turpentine or re-
fined coal tar naphtha — not petroleum naphtha.
Stop the bottle and set one side, shaking it fre-
quently. 'ITie rubber will soon dissolve. Then
lake the shoe and press the rip or cut close to-
gcthcr, and put on the rubber solution with a
camel's hair brush. Continue to apply 50 fast as
it dries until athorough coating is formed.
Spirits of turpentine dissolves the rubber slow-
est, I>ut forms the most elastic cement. — 2. Pur-
chase a can of rubber cement, which can be
found in large cities at rubber stores ; also some
rubber for patches, as new rubber is much better
than oltl lx>ots or shoes. To make the patches
adhere, it is necessary to remove the cloui from
them. To do this, moisten the cloth with hen/ine
and remove immediately. Cut the patches the
proper size to cover the hole in the boot. Make
the lxK>t around the hole rough, the site of the
patch, with a wood or shoemakers file ; apjily
the cement to the boot, and the patch with a case
knife, ami let them lie in a uhjuh, dry rc*o*n/rffn
thitty to sixty minutes; then put the patch on the
boot, and press it down firmly, lie very parti-
cular about the edges of the patch. After 11 has
been on a short time examine it again, to sec tliat
it has not started off; if it has. press it down
again. Do not use the boot under fortv-eight
hours after the patch is put on. One fitry cent
can of cement will last a family several years.
Keep the cover on the can when not in use, as
it dries up very quickly. If the cement becomes
dry, cut it with benzine.

BOOTS,SQU£AKING,ToPrefent.—^\xe^-
in^ boots or shoes are a great annoyance, cspec-
ialTy in entering a sick room, or a church after
the service has commenced. To remedy it, boil
linseed oil and saturate the soles with the
same.

BOOTS AND SHOES, {ScUs of) T& Make
Waterproof. — Experience has proved that a coat
of gum copal varnish applied to the soles of boots
and shoes, and repealed as it dries, until the
pores are filled and the surface shines like pot*
ished mahagony, will make the soles water-

firoof, and also cause them to last three limes ms
ong as ordinary soles.

BOOTS AND SHOES, Water-pycof^ompc^
sitionfor. — BoUed oil 1 pint; oil of turpentine,
black rosin, and bees' wax, of each 3 or. Melt
the wax and rosin, then stir in the oil, remove
the pot from the fire, and when it has cooled a
little, add the turpentine.

HOUSEHOLD MISCELLANY.

»S3

BRITANIA METAL, To C//<ia.— Moisten

the articles to be cleaned with sweet oil; then
appl7 s little poanded rotten-stone, and polish
with chamois leather and fine chalk.

BROOMS, Use an</ M^na^rrnrrit o/,^F'mi,
buy your broom; and in buying, choose green
brasn. See that the broomhead will not shake
in the hnndle ; if it docs, reject it ; for the handle
having been green M-hcn the broom was made,
in sweeping the brush will keep falling out.
Kext» open the broom below the sewing, and see
if there is any stalk. It should he all bru.'^h ;
for as the stalk of broom corn is brittle, if there
are any below the twine, they will be continually
breaking off.

Now, in using a broom, don't expect tt to
support you through the process of sweeping;
•hat IS how it gets its bent appearance or curl
on the edge which some brooms have, and all
the good thai comes of it is, that you wear your-
self, carpet and broom out quicker. We have
seen a broom used sounskillfuUy, that one would
almost think the person engaged in using it was
endeavoring to change the place of the dust from
the floor to the furniture. It requires some
iciencc, or at least some skill, to use a broom
well, as it does to do anvthing else.

To use a broom skillfully, the handle should
incline forward and not backward, as is often the
case. If the top of the broom inclines forward
of the part next the floor, it will prevent much
of the dust from rising into the air, and will
carry it along by a gentle sliding motion toward
the place where it is to be disposed of.

If, on the other hand, the handle of the broom
inclines backward, the dust is sent into the air
by a kind of jerk, to the great annoyance of those
who occupy the room, ami to the great detrim-
ent of everything the apartment contains. More
than this, it wears off the threads of the carpet
quicker, injures the paint more, if the room is
uncarpcted, and destroys the broom sooner than
if the sweeping was done in a more rational way.

A new broom sweeps clean, because it is the
proper shape ; keep it so by sweeping on each
side alternately. Wetting it before sweeping,
will restore its ilexibility; and if wet in boiling
flods, once a week, they will become very tough,
will not cut a carpet, last much longer and al-
ways sweep like a new broom. Do not keep a
broom near the fire ; the bru.sh is liable to break,
l»eini; so dry. Donot store brooms where there
mre rats or mice ; they like the dorn. A broom that
is all out of shape, may lie restored by soaking,
then pressed in shape between something
he*rf.

CAL/CO, To Prn^ent EaJin^.—Pat three

S'lls of salt into four quarts of hot water, put in
e calico, while the water is hot, allowing it to
icmain in until the water becomes cold.

CANDLE, To Make fiurn AU Nij;ht.^'Vo
make a candle bum all night, when, as in the
CBS« of sickness, a dull light is wished, put finely
powdered salt on the candle till it reaches the
bock part of the wick. In this way a mild and
•teady light may be kept through the night by a
SBull piece of candle.

CANDLE-STICK, (^Silver. Platfd) TaeiMH.
•^Silver- plated candlesticks should be cleaned by
poaring on the tops boiling hot water, to remove
the grease ; when wioea dry, use whiting,
nhhtng lliem until brignt. This will not injure
th: platei ware.

CARPETS, Tif CAflwA— The carpet ought to
assimilate with the style of the pnperhangings,
but the quality of the material must depend on
the cnpahility of the purchaser's pocket. In
carpets, as in many other things, the dearest
articles are generally the cheapest in the end.
In illustration of this we may state that the carpet j
in our dining-room cost $1.25 a yard, and al*j
though it has been in daily use for four years H'
looks as well as ever. For dining and drawing
rooms Brussels carpets are the best. If iht
rooms are sm:dl choose small patterns with fei
colors, or of a pattern formea of shades of 1
same color as the ground, such as a green c
pet with mosses or small ferns in various shad*
of green, or a cirpet with an indistinct pattc
of ribbons or arabesques of a small sixe. Whextj
there is nothing very decided to attrnct the eye^i
the defects of wear are not so obvious. Stair
carpets are also best of Brussels make ; crimson'^
wears longest : they must be of a pattern that
will admit of being turned upside down, as it u
a good plan frequently to change the position of
the carpel, that the edge of each step may not
always come in the same spot, which would soon
wear the fabric. A small gay pattern of crimsons
or oak colors wears best; avutd blues ur lilacs
or shades of stone color: the two former fade
quickly, and the latter always looks dirty.

CARPETING, CHEAP.^'s^tyt together^
strips of the cheapest cotton cloth, of the size
tlic room, and tack the edges to the floor. Then
paper the cloth as you would the sides of a room,
with any sort of room paper. After being well
dried, give it two coats ot varnish, and your car-
pet is finished. It can be washed like carpets
without injury, retains its gloss, and, on cham-
bers or sleeping-rooms, where it will not meet
rough usage, will last for two years, as good as
new.

CARPETS, Hffto To Z«j'.— Cover the floor
with thick brown paper, which is sold in large
rolls for the purpose ; have the carpet properly
fitted, and, on the binding of the ctlges, sew at
regular distances smnll brass rings in such a
manner that when the carpet is laid they will
not appear beyond the edges. Round the sides
of the room drive medium-sized brass-headed
nails, at the same distances from each other as
the rings are sewed on the carpet ; when ready,
begin at the top of the room and hook the rings
over the Iirass-headed nails, which must I>etlrivcn
into the floor far enough to admit of the rings
catching a firm hold. When the top is hooked
on, stretch the carpet to the opposite side and
hook // on, then fasten the sides in like manner.
This is much less troublesome and is more econo-
mical than nniling down carpets.

CARPETS (STAIR\ To ?mi^/ /at/-.— SUps
of paper should always be placed over the edges
of the stairs, under the carpet. This will dimin-
ish the friction between the carpet and the boards
underneath it. The strips sfiould be in length
vrithin an inch or two of the width of the cirpel,
and four or five inches in breadth, as convenient.
This simple expedient will preserve the carpet
half as long again as it would last without the
strips.

CARPETS, To 5kv<:^.— Sweeping caipct*
too often wears them out rapidly. It is ob\ious
to any one, that a brisk, daily brushing over the
whole suffice must wear away and carry off more
wooUy particles than the occasional stepping of

>54

DtCTTOSAXY OF EVEJiY-DAY WANTS.

fteC dnia^ Ote ^y widiovt ibc rabfaiDC lad
scrspfoe Cncn by the brooo. To lUow sas4
•■dfrit to —TwWghn* c* the n^boe, awl to

liBt'i'M" groond into the fibres br the pmsnv
•f Mfe leattfacris, howvrer, worse uam swccpof .
A hBiAfU or so of salt sprmkkd on the carpet
win carry the dut aloiie with it aa4 m^e the
carpet look bn^aadcleatk. A very dusty car-
pet nuy becle»cd by sctiiBe ft pail ofeoU water
oat by Qie door, wet the bftxm in it, kiMKh il
to fcteflfan the drops, sweep a yard or so^ them
wash tfie broom u before aad sweep agaia, beiitc
careial to shake all (he drops off the broom, and
not sweep br at a tmie. If dooe with care it
wiU deaa a carpet very nicely and yoa wiU be
rarpriscd at the quantity of dirt in the water.
The water maf need diaagxi^ oacc or twice, if
the carpet is very dirty. Snow sprinkled over
a carpet and swept off beforeit hastime (o melt
and ttatolve, \s also nice for renovating a soiled
carpet Moistened tndiin meal is used wilh
good effect by some housekeepers.

In libraries, cabinets, etc, where dost might
badly iojore or wholly spoil the specimens and
bodes. It is better to procure a patent carpet
iwcepcr, merely using the broom or brush to
dean out the comers and sides.

CA/CPETS, 7*i»C7««.— Brussels carpets may
be cleaned as foUows: — Takelhem up and shake
and beat them, so as to render them perfectly
free from dosL HaTC the Aoor thoroughly scour-
ed and dry, and nail the carpet (irmly down
upon iL U stUl much soiled, it may he cleaned
in thefoUowing manner : — Take a pailful of clean
cold spring water, and put into it about 3 gills
of ox-gall. Take another pail with clean cold
water only. Now rub with a soft scrubbing
brush some of the ox-gall wster on the carpet,
which will raise a lather- When a conTcnient
sijed portion is done, wash the lather off with
a clean linen cloth dipped in the clean water.
Let this water be changed frequently. When all
the lather has disappeared, rub the part with a
detn dry cloth. After all isdone, open the win-
dow to allow the carpet to dry. A carpet treated
in this manner will be greatly refreshed in color,
particularly the greens. — In nailing down a car-
pet after the floor has been washed, be certain
that the Hoor is quite dr^, or the nails will rust
and injure the carpet Puller's earth is used for
cleaning carpets, and weak solutions of alum or
soda are used for reviving the colors. The crumb
of a hot wheaten loaf rubbed over a carpet has
been found efTeciive.

CAKriiTS, To A'emm'e Crease front, —X. Mix
a Utile soap into a gallon of warm soft water,
then add half an ounce of borax; wash the part
well wilh clean doth, and the grease or dirty
spot will soon disappear. — 2. Cover the grease
spot with whiting, and let it remain until it be-
comes saturated with the grease; then .scrape il
off, and cover it with another coat of whiting,
and if this does not remove the grease, repeat the
application. Three coats of whiting will, in most
cases, remove the grease, when it should be
brnihed off with a clothes brush. If oil has been
■pilt on a carpet, that part of the carpet must be
loosened up, and the floor beneath it well
scrubl^ with warm soap and water, and fuller's
'^— #4Tth; otherwise the grease will continue yet to
^L "e through, — 3, To remove spots of spermac-

^K^^ icrapc off as much as you can wilh a knife,

■

fvcaa it with a warm iron. By repeat*

po« mmf 4n« o«c the nxrmaccti«
f«h Ibe dodi where the t^ou Uvtt
bccA. With scMe vcfy aoft hcewwii paper.

CARPETS, T»P>i9tmiMwtJksim.~^^pt^frBt
Bcchs frG« mnna^ cnpctic b«y half a pound
of pn C8Mkor» and that wis save all the car*
pels m jfmr ho«sc for a year, by placing a few
tnte 1 1 iMhi Hwler te ed^es of the carpeU wiih-
o«l Dtoviagthen.

CASXS, {ikUTER) n CUcM.—SoonT xhtt
inside wcQ oat with water and sand, and after-
ward apply a quantity of charcoal dust ; another
and a better netbod is to rinse them with &
stroftc aolotkw of oil of vitriol aad waUr, whidi
entirdy deprives then of their toulness.

C/fA/ESCCMt-B^Otm) To 0>m.— Turn up
the chair bottom, etc. aad with hot water and a
sponge wash the cane-work well, so that it may
become completelv soaked. Should it be very
dirty YOB must add soap. Let it dry in the open
air, if^ possible, or in a place where there is a
thorough draught, and it will become as tight
and firm as when new, providing that it has not
been broken.

CHIMSEYS, ItaJks ^moi/.— These may
be stopped by applyiitg a paste made of tar, and
dry, sifted road Just, The paste should be
lapped over the shingles to form a collar.

CHIXA OK CLASSIVAKE, 71-. AfmJ.^
A tiseful cement is prodoced by towdered chalk
and white of egg. A mixture of equal parts of
while of egg, white-Iead, and glue, forms a
strong cement. Or take a very thick solution of
gum arabic in water, and stir into it plaster of
Paris until the mixture becomes a viscous paste.
Amdy it with a brush to the fractured edge«,
and stick them together. In three days the
article cannot again oe broken in the same place.
For other preparations for this purpose see
"Omenta".

CHILDREN, To PrtUct From Brnming.^
Add one ounce of alum to the last water used in
rinsing children's dresses, and they will be ren-
dered uninflammable. It would be better still
to dress them in woollen materials during the
season when fires are needed.

CLJXKERS. — Oyster shells on top of a coal
fire will cause the clinkers adhering to the sides
of the grate or to the firc-biick to drop off. Be
lilierol with your oyster shells and you will ha*e
no trouble with clinkers.

COLOR, To Restcri.—\K u weU known that
when the color on a fabric has been destroyed by
add, ammonia is applied to neutralize the &ame.
But it is not .so well known that after the appltc-
ation of ammonia, chloroform will, in almost all
cases, restore the original color. Chloroform
will also remove paint Trom a garment when al-
most everything else fails.

CROCKERY WARE, Tc j»AW.— Wash the
vessel gently and thoroughly *-ith soap and
water, and let it dry wiltiout wiping. The pieces
should then be fitted together as soon as possible,
and kept in their places by winding firmly over
the bowl or dish a strong thread, or a piece oi
twine ; put the broken article into a boiler, an
inch or two larger each way, and fill them both
with sweet, coUl, skimmed milk ; set the boiler
over the fire, and boil for ten or fifteen minutes;
take it off, and let it stand till quite cold, when
the string, or twine, may be cn^ and (he article
washed in warm water.

^ff^

HOUSEHOLD MlSCELLAN'y,

"55

CUH TA INS, IV/yVOl V. — Window curtains
■re alike useful and ornomental. ITicy ought lo
bechuicnofa color harmonizing with ihe car-
pet, papcrhanginga. and other drapery of the
apartment. As a rule, red or green curtains
win blend pleasantly with ordinary drapery.
\Vin I'w curtains arc composed of snltn, silk,
f p. iimask, moreen, calico, and other tabrics.
KcD i& very durable, but damaslc, which may be
penodicallv refreshed by the dyer, is the must
coonomicaland useful. Net and muslin curtains
should be sobstiiuted or added during the summer
months. Top valances hax-e been dispensed with
as collecting dust and obscuring the light; and
the cuitaias are now suspended by large rings on
brass or mahagony rods, having ornamental ter-
miiials. Window curtains are seldom drawn,
their prindpal use being lo conceal the window-
ahuttcn, intercept draughts from the window-
sashes, and impart a comlortablc aspect to the
apartment.

D/S//ES, How To W^iJ/l.— First make sure
before breakfast or dinner that there is plenty
of water in the boiler, and also in the tea-
kettle. After the table is cleared, the tabie-
doth brushed off and neatly folded away.
and the dining-room disposed of, proceed
with your dishes. First take a large dish-pan,
put into it a piece of soap, and pour over ihe soap
three or four dipperftils of hot water from the
builcr. Then auu 2 or 3 dipperfuls of cold soft
water. Then ihedish-cloth. The water should
now be so cool as not to turn the hands red when
put into it. Take the dish-cloth and rub from
the saap the melted surface, and put the re-
mainder away. Wash a dish at a time and pass it
to another pan. When all are dune, or the pan
is full, take the leakelUe and pour over enough
hot Mralcr to thoroughly rinse and heat ihcm.
Now take them from the water, one at a time,
and place them bottom. side up upon a tray or
pan to drain. If they have been properly washed,
lliis hot riii'iing water will run off or evaporate
in a minute, leaving the dUhcs nearly dry.
However, they should now be wijjcd with a clean,
dry towel, andput away. Dishes must be washed
in soft water. Especially is thi> necessary where
soap is used. And soap is really indispensaWe
in wasliinc dishes properly. 'ITie dishes should
be scraped free from grease, crumbs, bones, etc,
before commencing to wash them. A neat house-
keeper wilt hare the same dish-cloth in use until
it is worn out, when it should be put into the
ragbag. Never allow the dish-cloth to be used
for anv thing else but ua^thtng dishes.

DISH FOR DISHWASHING, H<nu To
iSahr.—K handy dish for this purpose can be
secured by making it, oval, in shape, 20 inches
by ri inches at the bottom 24 inches by 16 inches
at the top and 6 inches deep ; 1 1 inches from one
cod there is a tin partition, dividing the pan into
two compartments, the smaller for washing, the
larger for rinsing the dishes in hot water.

DOOUSt To Prevent Creaking, — Apply a
little soap to the hinges. Or take lard, soap,
and black lead, emial lurts, mix and apply.

EAKTHENiVARE, To Temper, — \\\x^
new. and before used for baking, put in cold
water to cover, and heat it gradually until (he
water bods. It is then less likely lo crack.

FEA THENSt To Clean. — Feathers are com-
snonlv cleaned by washing them in a weak
aolulibci of carbonate of soob or in lime water,

after which they are rinsed in c!can water,
and llien dried in the sun or in a stove. They
will now be improved by a thorough beating.
The best way to clean feathers, is lo clean them
out of the house, by taking them up on the roof
of the bouse, barn, or shed, selecting a windy
day, carefully ripping the tick the whole length
of the seam, and suddenly opening it widely, so
that the wind will clean them out in every
direction. — Don't sleep on feathers they arc an
utter abomination ana are the cause of a vast
amount of weakness, being as they are prime
extractors of vital force.

FIRES OF KEROSENE, To Extinguish.
— Incases of kerosene fires, don't try to extin-
guish tlic 6ame with water ; that will only spread
the fire. Instead, use blankets, or wnolen
clothes, quills, shawls, or wimtever may be at
hand that can be used to smother the flames.

FIREBOARD OF PAPER FLOWERS,
— Take a piece of board which fits exactly Into
the space. TaJc over it a cover of green baize,
stretching it smoothly. Make out of stiff, green
I>apcr a number of leaves, dahlia, rose, tulip, lily,
etc, enough of them to entirely cover the baLie.
Baste these leaTCs down at the stem ; curl them
at the edges with the scissors, and gum them
down in the baize. Do not sew them, except at
the stem. Now make larye i>aix:r Mowers, or,
if you have them, take artificial flowers, and
smooth them over. Place Ihe flowers amid the
leaves, using your own taste in the arrangement.
Sew the flowers at the stem ; or, if you wish to
fasten the flowers themselves down, use dissoWed
gxmi Arabic

FLOORS, Mopping and C/eaning,— The
practice of mopping floors loo often, is a loss
of lime, and a waste of strength, and is as incon-
sistent with reason, ns the habit uf blacking
cooking stoves every lime they are used ; and I
am not sure but wet floors are as detrimental lo
health as the dust sent fortli by the too frequent
use of the common stove blacking. Mopping
painted floors too often, and with hot soapsuds,
wears off the paint, causing needless expense
of both time and money.

It is difficult to say, how often a painted, or an
unjKiintcd floor should 'be waHhc<l, for Ihal
depends on circumstances ; but it requires that
the cloth, mop and water, should be as clean as
a supply of the latter will admit, and llic floor
wiped as dry as possible ; and ihat every comer,
and other retired spots, under l>cds, bureaus
or any other articles which may be in the apart-
ments, should have a fair chuicc to partake of
the cleansing.

FLOORS, To Stour.—Take some clean, well-
sifted sand, scatter it on the floor, have ready one
ounce potash dissolve<l in a pint of water,
sprinkle it over the sand, and with a scrulibing-
brush and good mottletl stmp rub the boards
along tlieir length. Changing tlic water frequently
and using it very hut, makes the bi>ards white;
the polaihi if properly applied, will remove all
stains.

FLOORS, To Remait Stains /mm,— For
removing spots of grease from boards, take equal
parts of fullers' earth and pcarlash, a quarter of
a pound of each, and boil in a quart of si>ft water ;
and, while hot, lay it on the greased parts^
allowing it to remain on them for ten or twelve
hours; after wliich it may be scoured off with
sand and water- A floor much spotted with

156

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-OA Y WANTS.

grease should be completely washed over with
this mixture the day before it is scoured. Fullers'
earth or ox-gall, boiled logcther. form a very
powerful cleansing mixture for floors or carpets,
stains of ink are removed by itlrong vinegar, or
salt^ of lemon will remove tnem.

I'KAMES {Gill), To /'^'nr.— Wliitc of
eggs, 2 oz.\ chloride of potash or soda, I oz.;
mix well, blow off the dust from the frames; tlien
go over them with a soft hnish dipped In the
mixture, and they will appear equal to new.

FRAMES {fu/urr) To Prn>^nf Flies soliins-
— To prevent the flies going on picture frames
and furniture, immerse aquantily of leeks for five
or six days in a pail of water, and wash the pic-
tures, etc, with it, •

FURNITURE, Care ^— Keep the paste or
oU in ft proper can or jar, that there may be no
danger of upsetting when using it. Have two
pieces of woollen cloth, one for rubbing it on,
the other for rubbing it dry and polishing; also
an old linen cloth to finish with, and a piece of
smooth soft cork to rub out the stain. Use a
brush if the paste be hard. Always dust the table
well before tnc oil or paste is put on ; and, if it
should be stained, rub it with a damp sp«">ngc,
and then with d dry cloth. If the stain does not
disappear, rub it well witli a cork or a brush the
way ine wood grows ; for if rubbed cross-grained
it will be sure to scratch it. Be careful to keep
the cork and brush free from dust and dirt.
When the dust is cleaned oflf and the stains have
been got out, put on the oil or ]>a5te, but not too
much at a time; rub it well into the wood. If
oil, be as quick as possible in rubbing it over the
table, and then polish it with anuther woollen
doth. If wax, put a litUe bit on the woollen
cloth, with the finger or a small slick ; rub it well
with this till the tabic hxs a high polish, then
have another cloth to fini<-h it with, lie very
careful to have the cdgesof Uic table well cleaned,
and the oil and wax well rubbed ofT.

The furniture which is not in constant use will
not requite to l>e oiled above once a week ; it
ought, however, to be dusted every day and
well rubljcd. Tables which arc used daily must
be well rubbed every morning, and great care
should be taken lo remove all spots from them,
particularly ink. This can very easily be done,
if not left to dry l<mg, by putting uu a little sail
of [emons u-ith the finger.

\Vlien cleaning tables or chairs, be careful to
remove them into the middle of the room, or at
a distance from the wall. If the-sideboard or
sidctablc is fixed to the wall, be still more careful
in cleaning it, and roll up the woollen cloth light
in the hand, and into a small compass.

FURNITURE, To Tale Bniisrs Out of.--
Wet the part with warm water; double apiece
of brown paper five or six limes, soak it in the
warm water, and lay it on the place ; apply on
that a warm, but not hot flat-iron till the moist-
ure is evaporated. If the bruise be not gone,
repeat the process. After two or three appli-
cations, the dent or bruise will be raised to the
surface. If the bruise be small, merely soak it
wilh warm water, and hold a red-hot iron near
the surface, keeping the surface continually wet
— the bruise will soon disappear.

GLASSWARE {Ncu^ To Season. — Vyx\.
dishes, tumblers, and other glass articles into a
kettle; cover them eniirely with cold water, and
pus the Jcf ttle where it will soon boiL When it

has boiletl a few minutes, set it aside, covered
close. When the water is cold, take out the glass.

CTZW 55. CZf^AVAV.— Glass windows, look^j
in^-glasses, etc, may be cleaned as follows :--
Dip a moistened rag or flannel into indigo, fuller*!
earth, ashes, or rotten-stone, in inmalpablej
powder, with which smear the glass, ancf wipe it
off with a dry soft cloth. Puwdcr-blueor wfule"
ning, tied up in muslin and dusted up<:pn thfi
glass, and cleaned off u-ith chamois-lcathcr, also
gives glass a fine polish. The spots in ihc iilver-
mg of old looking-glasses are caused by damp at i
the back.

GLASS CIIIAfNE YS, To Prevent ctvckin^^
— If the chimney-glass of a lamp be cut with %
diamond on the convex side, it will never cradc*
as the incision affords room for the cxpansit
produced by the heat, and the glass, oner it
cool, returns to its original shape, wilh only ^
scratch visible where the cut is made.

GLASS'GLOFES, 7o a^tf«.— If the globe* '
arc much stained on the outside by smoke, soak
them in tolerably hot water with a little washinff ^
soda dissolved in it, then put a teaspooofu] q}
powdered Ammonia into a pan of lukewarm water,
and with n tolerably hard orush wash the globes'
lill the smoke stain disappears ; rinse in clean
cold water, and let them clrain till dry ; they will
be quite as white and clear as new globes.

CRfiASE, To Remxn-efrom STONE STEFS
Or Fajsag-er.'^l'oaT strong soda and water boil*
ing hot over the si>ol, lay on it a litlle fullerV
earth made into a thin paste wlh boiling water,
let il remain all night, and if the grease be not
removed, repeat the process. Grease is some*
limes taken out by ruobing the s]x>t w iih a hard
stone (not hearthstone), using sand and very hot
waler with soap and soda.

GRAINING, Haw To K"<7jA.— Take clear
warm water, a dean, white cloth, and wash a
small place and wipe dry with another dean,
white cloth. Do not wet any more sjiacc than
you can dry immediately wilh your cloth as it
must not l>eleft to dry in the atmosphere ; it must
be rubbed dry, hence the necessity for clean
white cloths. If the paint has been neglected
until very much soiled with greasy fingers, or
s]K.'ckcd with a summer's growth uf flies, z very
litlle hard soap may be put in the first water,
and then rinsed off with dear water, but avoid
<ioap if you possibly can, as it dulls the Tomish*
however carefully used. On no account must it
be rubbed on with a cloth.

HOUSE CLEANING. — In dcaning a room,
the carpet should come up first, not only because
of the dust, but to give the floor all day to ^y,
not leaving it to be scrubbed lost, as we have
seen some bad managers do, and pay for it by
influenzas. Where the \valU are papered, they
should next be swept with a clean towel pinned
(irmly round a broom, if there is not a brush
kept for the purpose. The ceilings of chambers
arc usually whitewashed ; this is the next pro-
ceeding; and the walls scrubbed, if painted or
hard finished. Then come windows and wood-
work, in all things being careful to use as little
slop as will thoroughly answer the purpose. In
cleaning wood-work, use little soap, but plenty
of clean w.itcr, which will prevent discoloration.
If dirty spots and patches arc wipctl off the yenr
round, faithfully, there will be much less need of
scrubUng the IJoards bare in "house cleaning".
Oak, or dark woods, now so mach the foshioDf

HOUSEHOLD AflSCELLAHY,

Dccd not be touched, wilh good care, more than
once a year; frequent dry rubbing will aaswcr
CYCTV purpoic.

HOUSE, Ham To Choose In Xm/in/^.—The
clioice nf a bouse is in importance second only to
the selection of a friend. The best residence is
one which i^ not inconveniently distant from your
place of business — is in a cheerful and healthy
locaUty. and of which the rent, including rates
and taxes, does not exceed one-sixth of your in-
come. Do not choose a neighborhood merely
because it is fashionable, and carefuUv avoid
occupying a dwelling in a locality of doubtful
reputation. Be particular as to whether it is dry,
wrth convenient sewage and plenty of water. , A
southern or western aspect is to be preferred.
Should the house be infested with vermin, avoid
it. See that the windows and doors are well
secured, that there are proper means of ventila-
tion, and that the chimneys do not smoke.

Let all needful rc'iiairs be made by the land-
lord before the completion of your agreement,
otherwise you will probably be required to ex-
ecute ihcra at your own expense. Do not deal
with a landlord who is commonly reputed as
being disobliging, greedy, or litigious. In every
case have a lease properly drawn out and
stamped.

Avoid the neighborhood of a sluggish slream,
a mill-dam, or fresh-water lake. Ine penalties
arc rheumatism, ague, impaired eyesight, loss
of appetite, asthma and other distressing ail-
ments. Clioose a house away from the vicinity
of tan-yards, and tallow, soap, and chemical
work&. The neighborhoixl of old and crowded
burial-grounds and of slaughterhouses is to be
shunned. A low situaiion is perilous, espc-
datly, during the prevalence of epidemics.

Kc^XT lease a house in a narrow street, unless
the back premises are open and extensive. Be-
fore cloMiig your bargain try to obtain some
account of the house from a former occupant.

HOUSE, Hffu/ To Eurftiih •».— Ifyou are
about to furnish a house, do not spend all your
money, be it much or little. Do not let the
beauty of this thing, and the cheapness of that,
tempt you to buy unnecess.iry articles. Doctor
Franklin's maxim was a wise one — "Nothing is
cheap that we do not want." Buy merely enough
to get along with at first. It is only by experi-
ence that you can tell what will be the wants ol
your &niily. If you spend all your money, you
will Knd you have purchased many things you do
not want, and hnve no means left to get many
Uungs which you do want. If you have enough,
uul more than enough, to get everything suitable
to your situation, do not think you must spend
it all, merely because you happen to have it.
Begin humbly. As riches increase, it is easy and
pleasant to increase in comforts ; but il is alwavs
painful and inconvenient to decrease. After all,
these things are viewed in their proper light by
the truly judicious and respectable. Neatness,
tistefulncss, and good sense may be shown in
the mauagemenl cm a small household, and the
sjrangemenl of a little furniture, as well as upon
A larger scale ; and these qualities are always
praised, and always Ireatca with respect and
■ttemioti. The consideration which many pur-
chase by living beyond their income, and, of
cdftrsc, living upon others, is not worth the
tremble it costs. The ^lare there is about this
frUc and wicked parade is deceptive ; it does not

tmuk

in fact, procure a man valuable friends, or extens-
ive influence.

HOUSE, Hcnv To Choose in\Punfiajmg. —
In purchasing a house, whether old or new, do
not trust to appearances, or rely on your own
judgment. W'nen you have selected a house
likely to suit your family and your purse, employ
a surveyor to inspect every portion of it. He
willexamine the loundatiuns. tnc stale of the sew-
age, and the character of the materials which form
the walls. He will be able to detect if soft bricks
have been used, by finding traces of damji at the
bottom of the walls. In examining the joists,
flooring, and other woodwork, he wiIU>c enabled
to report whether cheap wood has been used in*
stcaa of well-seasoned timlier. By your solicitor
you must look into the nature of the tenure and
Ihc duration of the building Icise. If you can
obtain a freehold prc^rty, so much the better;
if not, be particular m considering whether the
ground-icnt is such as to justify the purchase.
Vou will do well to secure a portion of ground
beside your house, on which you might erect an
addition should your iamily increase; or your bu-^
siness demand further accommo<laUoii. Beware
of rashly purchasing fixtures, — such as mndow-
blinds, hall carpets, and kitchen funiiirhings;
new articles may be found in the end more eco-
nomical. Make an effort to pay the wliole of
the purchase -money. A bond on your house
will endanger your credit, and affect your com-
fort.

HOUSE PLANTS, To Ktep Withont Fire.
— Take on old bed quill, put it on the floor, and
set (he plants together in the center. Set a
stand over them, and bring the quilt up over the
top. If any of the plants are very icusilive to
the cold, a ncwsp'-ipcr pinned around them would
be an additional protection.

ICE' HO USEf Extemporaneous, — A n ic«-
house can l>e extemporised without making a
tenon dr sawing a board. Construct a pen near
the pond or stream wliere the ice is to l>c gath-
ered, choosing if possible a gravel-bank where
there will be gooa diainage. Tlie pen may be
made of rails twelve feet long, or of any desired
length. 'I"he larger tl»e pen, the bciicr the ice
will keep. Lay up two rails upon each of the
four sides. Make the bottom level, and cover it
a foot or more with straw, sca-wecd. or any con-
venient refuse vegetable matter. Sawdust is
better than straw, if it can be had. .Spent tan-
bark is a good material for this foundation. Cut
the cakes of ice in the usual manner, and jxick
them closely, filling the interstices with pounded
ice, and if tne weather is freezing pour on a little
water to make it solid. I'ack the outside with a
foot of straw, sawdust, or other material, ; i d
put up the fence as the pile of ice rises. The
pile can be conveniently made about ei^bt feet
high. Cover the top with at least eighteen
inches of sawdust, or two feet of straw trodden
down closely. Make a roof of boards or slabs
slanting to the north, sufficiently steep to shed
water, and fasten with a few nails. Such a pile
of ice as this can be secured by a couple of men
and a team in a day. A cheap ice-box made with
double sides and packed with s.nwduit will be
wanted. The inner chamber should l>c al>out J
feet long, 2 feet deep, and 18 inches wide. This
will hoW a single cake of ice weighing a hundred
pounds or more, and leai-e room on ti»p to kc«i
milk, fresh meats, fruit, and other tv\an.u^» iX

I

\

M

iss

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

I
I

I

will Use from four days to a week, according to
the quantity that is used in the drinking-water.
If the extemporaneous ice-house is not disturbed
more than once a week, it will probably supply
the family through the summer with abundance
of ice.

INK STAINS, To Rettune Ffwn Books.^
To remove ink stains from a book, first wash the
paper with warm water, using a camel's hair
pencil for the purpose. By this means the sur-
face ink is got riJ of; the paper must now be
wetted wiili a solution of oxalate of potash, or,
better still, oxalic aci<l, in the j>ro{M>rtion of one
ounce to half a pint of water. The ink stains will
immediately dis-ippear. I-lnally, again wash the
stained place with clean water, and dry it with
white blotting paper.

IN/C, To Remati£ From DRESS GOODS.
-—Oxalic acid is considered one of the best
agents for this purpose. Dissolve ten cents worth
in a pint of soft water ; dip the stained spots in it
quickly, and then into clear water, and rub well ;
repeat the process until the stains arc remove].
If the goods remain in the acid, the texture will
be destroyed. The skin of the hands i> nnplcis.
anlly afifectcd, if brought into frequent contact
with a strong solution; care should be taken to
dip onlv the spots into this liquid. If the color
ofthe dress is affected mix wittt warm water and
wet with a dilute solution of ammonia which will
restore the original color. Ink stains on Uible
covers can be removed in the some way.

INK STAINS, To Rtm<n>e From linen,—
With a clean rag or sponge rub the soiled spot
with lemon juice in which has been dissolved a
small onantity of salt.

INK To Extmct From Mahoramy, — Dilute
half a tea-spoontul of oil of vitriol with a large
spoonful of water, and apply the mixture with a
feather to the stained wood. The ink mark will
disappear.

lA^K (A/nrh'n^), To Remoz'r,—\\ct the stain
with fresh solution ofchlorideof lime: and, after
ten or Iwclve minutes, if the marks have become
white, dip the part in solution uf ammonia (the
liquid ammonix of chemists), or hyposulphate
of^sodx In a few minutes, wash in clean water.
IRON MOULDS, 7* it^w^v.— Rub on the
S|>ot a little powdered oxt«lic acid, or salts of
lemon and warm water, let it remain a few min-
utes and well rinse in clean water.

IRON MOCLD {Old), To Rfmovr.— The
part stainerl should be rcnwistencd with ink, and
this removed by the use of muriatic acid diluted
with five or six times its weight of water, when
it will he found that the old and new stain will
be remuved simultaneously.

IRON RCST, To Rcftto7>^. —Every particle
of rust on iron may be removed by first softening
it with petroleum, and then rubbing well with
coarse sand-paper. To paint iron, take lamp-
black sufficient for two coats, and mix with etiua!
quantities of Japan varnish and lK>ilcdIinseetl oil.

irORY, To lYhii/n.—l. When ivorv orna-
ments get yellow or dusky looking, wasti them
well in soap and water, with a small brush to
clean the carvings, and place them while wet in
full sunshine; wet them for two or three days,
several times a day, with soapy water, still keep-
ing them in the sun; then wash them again, and
they will be beautifully white. — 3. Immerse the
iw>ry in a saturated solution of alum .ind allow
tto so/ien in it for an hour; then take it out,

rub with a woolen cloth, wrap in a piece of linen'
to dry throughout, and polish afterward. — ^.The
ivory is heated tn a ihin paste of lime until it
turns while, it is then dried and polished.

irORY, To Takt Stains Out o/.—K Uttle
prepared white chalk, tinged with sweet oil and
sal vobtile into a paste; nib it on wet with ^^
piece of wash-leather ; let it remain until dry^
then brush it off.

FIRE KINDLINGS— Take one quart hw,
three i>ounds rosin; melt them; wheq somewhat
eool add one gill spirits turpentine, and mix at
much sawdust, with a little charcoal, as can ba.
worked in ; spread out while hot on a board ;
whpn cold break up in small lumps about tho.
siie of hickory nuts. They will easily ignite with_
a match and burn with a strong blaze long
enough to bum any wood fit to bum.

A'NiyES, To Ciean. — i. Cut a good-size^
solid, raw potato in two; dip the flat surface iti\
powdered unck-dust. and rub the knife-blades.
Sloitis and rust will disappear. — 2. One of ihe-i
best substances for cleaning knives and forks Is.
charcoal, reduced to a fine powder, and applied'
in the same manner as brick dust is used.-^
■\. Water lime is also used for this purpose-,
Have a box with a partition and keep the lime
in one part and the cloths in the other. Wei x \
small doth a little and dip it in the lime, and'
after the articles are well washed and wiped, rub
tlicm until the spots are removed, TTien take «
br^cr, dry cloth, dip it in the lime, and rub the J
articles until polished to suit, ^Ipe oflf th«:j
dust from the knives and forks with a dry doth,
and tliey are ready to put away.

KNIVES, To Preserve From Rust. — ^Neret^
wrap them in woolen cloths, N\T»en they are not
to be used for some time, have them made bright
and perfectly dry ; then take a soft ra^. and rub
each blade with dry wood ashes. — \Vr.-ip thent
closely in thick hron*n paper, and lay ihcm in a
drawer or dry closet. A set of elegant knives,
used only on great occasions, were Itept in this
way for over a hundred years without a spot of
rust.

IVORY KNIFE HANDLES, To Present
Being Cracked, — Never let knife-blades stand
in hot water, as is sometimes done to make themj
wash cosily. The heat expands the steel which. i
runs up into the handle a vcrv Httlc, and this
crocks the ivory. Knife-handles should never
lie in water. A handsome knife, or one used for
cooking, is soon spoiled in this way.

KNIFE HANDLES, {Loose) To Fasten.^
The best cement for this purpose consists of one
pound of colophony( purchasable at the dniggist's)
and eight ounces of sulphur, which arc to be
melted together, and cither kept in bars or re-
duced to powder. One part of the [wwdcr is to
be mixed with half a jwrt of iron filings, fine
sand or brick dust, and the cavity of the liandle
is then to be filled with this mixture. The stem
of the knife or fork is then firmly inserted and
kept in position until the cement hardens.

LACQUERED ARTICLES, To Clean,-^
Brush with hot water and soap, wipe and dry
before the fire ; finish with a soft doth. Avoid
the use of pearlash or soda which may remove
the lacquer.

1^4 MP ACCIDENT, To IVevenf.—SkiiTCt}f
a week passes, during the winter months, but
we read accounts of frightful accidents from kero-
sene lamps exploding and lulling or scarring for

HOUSEHOLD MISCELLANY.

l^

I

life, women atid children. A simple knowledge
of the tnfUmmablc nature of the fluid, would prob-
ably put a stop to nearly all the accidents. As
the oil buras down into the lamp, or highly
inBanunable gas gathers over its surface, nnd 05
the oil decreases, the gas increases. When the
oil is nearly consumed a slight jar will often in-
flame the gas, and an explosion is sure to follow,
dealing with death and destruction. A bombshell
is oot more to be dreaded. Now if the lamp is
DOt allowed to bum more than half way down,
soch accide^ are almost impossible. Always
fill your lamps in the morning; then you never
need fear an explosion.

The charred wick should also be cut off, for
observation shows that in a few times using the
wick becomes choired, and after the lamp tuis
burned a little time the tube becomes overheated,
and the charred wick is all on fire. From this
extra heat the oil is set on fire, and then comes an
explosion. Cut off the charred wick daily.

It would seem as Uiough no one need be told
that it is ilingcrous to use any burning oil for the
purpose of kindling a fire, but the frequent rec-
ord of deaths from that practice, shows that great
numbers follow that wasteful and dangerous
wav.

La AfPSt{/i'ftosen() Turning Dcivn TheiVicks
V/. — Many j^eonle who use kerosene oil are in
the habit ofbuming night-lamps, and turning them
down as they would gas, not Icnowing how much
mischief they thus do. When the Tight of the
kerosene lamp is turned down low, the combus-
tion is not perfect, and the atmosphere of the
room becomes vitiated by the unconsumcd oil
Taper, by the gas produred by combustion, and
alsA legitimate p.-irticlcs of smoke and soot thrown
off, to be taken into the lungs of the occup.'mts.
Air thus poisoned is deadly m its effects, and the
wonder is that the people arc not immediately
and fatally injured by breathing it. Its conse-
quences are the unaccountable and mysterious
headaches, irritation of throat and lungs, dizzi-
ness and nausea.

LA.\fPS, To Ciiati. — Bronzed lamps should
be wiped carefully; if oil be frequently spilled
over tnem, it will cause the bronzing to be rubbed
off sooner than it would disappear by wear. Brass
lamps are l*est cleaned witti crocus, or rotten
stone and sweet oil. Lacquered lamps may be
washed with soap and water, hut should not be
touched with lad or very strong lye, else the
lacquer will soon cnme off. When lamps arc foul
initde, wash them with potash and water, rinse
ihrm well ; set them Itefore the Are, and be sure
that lliey are dry before oil is again put into
them.

LAMP CHfAfXEYS, To C/^aw. — Most
people cleaning lamp chimneys, use cither a
brash made of bristles twisted into a wire, or a
rag on (he point of sdssors. Both of these arc
h^A : for, without great care, the wire, or scissors
will scratch the glass as a diamond does, which
under the expansive pi>wer of heat, soon breaks,
as ftll scratched gLiss will. If you want a neat
thing that costs nothing, and will save half your
glass, tie 1 piece of soft sponge the siie of your
chimney to a pme stick.

LAMP C/I/MXE KS", Ta Prevent Breaking.

— ^To prevent lamp glasses breaking by the sutl-

den contact with heat, the best way is to cut or

*cr»tch the base of the glass witn a glacier's

ond. Another melhml is to put the glasses

into a saucepan of water and boil them. ThiA
seasons them.

LAMPS, To Prevtni Smokm^.Soaik the
uick in strong vineear, and dry it well before
you use it; it will then bum twth swccl and
pleasant, and give much satisfaction for the Irifl-
mg trouble taken in preparing it,

LAMP fV/C/CS, Hunti Madi.-'K good sub-
stitute for a regular lamp-^vick may be made of
canton flannel, taking a strip three limes as wide
as the hunplube, and folding it, overcasting the
open edge. The little bits can thus be utilized,
and many times considerable annoyance saved by
having a supply of these needed articles always
in the house.

LEAA\ To S/ofi a, — Beat yellow soap and
whiting, with a little water,, into a thick paste.
Rub this over the part where the leakage is and
it will be instantly stopped.

LEA TJfEK iBLOCK) OF OLD FURNI-
TUREy To Restore. — Eggs, yolk and white well
beaten, 6 parts ; treacle, 1 part ; isinglass, 1 part;
water, C parts. Dissolve tho iiinglnss in the
water, then add it to the other articles. Mix well.
Color with lampblack. This also forms a good
varnish for dress shoes.

LINEN, Can O/.^When linen is well dried
and laid by for use, nothing more is necessary
than to secure it from damp and insects. The
latter may be agreably performed by a judiciout
mixture of aromatic shrubs and flo\Ter5, cut up
and scwcfl up in silken bags, to be inters]»r5Da
among the drawers and sbelres. These ingre-
dients may consist of lavender, thyme, roseSi
cedar sha\in£js, powdered sassafras, cassia lignea,
&C., into which a few drops of otto of rose*, or
other strong- seen ted perfume, may be thrown.
In all cases, it will be found more consistent with
economy to cjcomine anrl repair all washable ar-
ticles, more especially linen, that may stand in
need of it, previous to sending them to the laun-
dry. It will aLso be prudent to have every ar-
ticle carefully numbered, and so arranged, after
washing, as to have their regular turn and term
in domestic use.

LINEN, To Remmf FnatStaiHStH.—To
remove them, rub the part on each sifle with
yellow soap, then tie up a piece of pearl-ash in
the cloth, &c,, and soak well in hot water, or
boil ; afterwards expose the stained part to the
sun and air until removed.

LINEN, To Take Ink Out O/!— Ink spots
may be effectually removed from linen by a simple
ana ready process. Take a piece of tallow, melt
it. and dip the spotted put of the linen into the
tallow ; tne linen may be washed and the spot
will di5ftpi>ear. the linen remaining uninjuretL

LINEN, To Take Markint: Ink Out 0/,—\
saturated solution of cyanuret of potassium, ap-
plie<l with a camd's-hair brush. After the mark-
mg ink disappears, the linen should be well
washed in cola water.

LINEN To Remme MmtU ^ww.— Spots of
mould on fabrics can, it is said, be rcniovctl from
cotton or linen, by first rubbing them over with
butter and afterwards applying potassa moistened
with a little water, anci then rubbing tlie spot,
when all traces of it will disappear.

LINEN, To Rrmcn'e Sunns From. — Stains
caused liy acids can be removed by wetting the
part and laying it on some salt of wormwood;
then rub it without diluting it with more water.
Or, tie up in stained part some perlatih; thea

iGo

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WAHTS.

scrape sonic sonp into cold soft water, to moke a
lather, EU)<1 boil the linen till ihe stain i.tisappcai&.
Recent stains of fruit may be removed by fielding
the linen tightly &trctclicdovcralubanu pouring
hot water over the part. This must be done be-
fore any soap has been applied to it. As soon
as the biain is made on tabic linen, etc. rub on
it common table salt, before it has had time to
dry ; the salt will keep it damp till the doth is
washed, when the stain will disappear ; or, wash
the stjun lightly when the cloili is removed.

UNEN, Tq Make FIRE PROOJ-.—k quan-
tity of phosphoric acid lime is dissolved in water;
to this a little ammonia is added and the whole
filtered and discolored witli animal carbon. It
is then put on the fire and Icfl to evaporate until
it i.i concentrated, when gelatine and five per
cent, flilicic acid is added, and again reduced by
evaporation to a crystalHc substance, which is
drictl and pulverized. This powder is called
"Hottina", from the name of tne inventor. The
cloth to be made fire-proof is dipped in a solution
made of thirty per cent, of the above powder,
thirty-five per cciil.of gum, and thirty-five per
cent, of starch. The cloth, when dry, will be
perfectly fire-proof, and preserve its color.

LINEiV {SCORCHED) r* AV/ATfr.— Take
two onions, peel and skin them, and extract the
joicc by squeezing or pounding. Then cut up
half on ounce of white soap, and two ounces of
fuller's earth ; mix with tnem the onion juice,
and half a pint of vinegar. Uoil Uie composition
well, and spread it when cool over the scorched
port of the linen, leaving it to dry ihereon. Af-
terward wash ou; the linen.

LOOKING GLASSES, To T/i-aii.-Takc a
newspaper, or part of one, according to the size
of the gJx-^s. Fold it small, and dip it intoa basm
^ of clean cold water; when thoroughly wet,
squeeze it out in your hand as you would a
sponge, and then ruU it hard all over the face of
the glass, taking care that it is not so wet as to
ran down in streams. In fact, the paper must
only be completely moistened, or duni|)ed all
through. After the glass has been well rubbed
with a wet pnper, Jet it rest a few minutes, and
then c*> over it with a fresh dry newspaper
(foldccT small in your hand), till it looks dear
and bright — which it will almost immediately,
ar»d with no further trouble.

This method, simple as it is, is the best and
most expeditious for cleaning mirrors, 2Jidit will
be foanrl so on trial — giWng it a deamcss and

folish th.it can be produced l>y no other process,
t is equally convenient, speetly, and efTective.
The inside of window frames may be cleaned in
this manner to look beautifully clear ; the Min-
dows Iwing first washed on the outside.

MAHOGANY FURNITURE, To Ghe a
Good Color to. — Let the tables be wai^hcd per-
fectly clean with vinegar, having first taken out
any ink-suins there may be, with spirits of salt.
Use the following liquid: Into a pint of cold-
drawn linscctl nil, put a mixture of^alkanet-rnot
and rose pink in an earthen vessel; let it remain
all m'ght, then, stirring well, ruh some of it all
over Die tables with a linen rag ; when it has loin

some time, rub it hrighl wi
MARBLE, To Chan.-

th Tincn cloths.

common soda, and one of pummice stone, and

oneof frncly jwwdered chalk; sift them through

a fine sieve and mix them with water. Then

rub the mixture well all over the marble, and the

stains will be removed ; now wash the marbU
over with scKip and water, and it will t>e as
as it was previous to its twing stained. Some
times the marble is stained yclTow with ironrustj
this can be removed with lemon juice.

MARULE, To Remote Grease Or Oil in,
French chalk reduced to powder, dusted ovc
the spot, and a hot flat-iron hekl very near,
soften the grease and make the chalk absorb
If this will not do, try common clay mixed wil
benzine smeared over llie spot.

MARBLE, To Remove Smoke-siK^ns /rem.
Take a large lump of Spanish whiting, soak it
water, not more than enough to moisten it, ai
put into the water a piece of wasliing soda ;
some of this whiting on a flannel, and rub
marble repcatetily, leaving the whiting on fi:
some hours. Wash it a]fl off with soap an<
water, drr well, and polish with a sofl duster.

MARKETING^ Hints on. — Tlie purchc
will do well to keep in view one or two si
rules. AVhatevcr kind of provisions may be r(
quired, it is invariably the wisest course to di
with those tradespeople who have a large buj
ness, ond who are known and respectable,
is the interest of such persons to supjily thei
customers with the best ortides, and for this
pose they themselves must go to the best marliet
.■\s a general rule they arc tinder no tcmptati<
to overcharge their customers. Tlieir fcuccess
business and their profit depend on tlie numl
of their retail transactions, and if the number
great, they gre oil the more able to supply
best arlides, and to be content with tlic smaU<
profits on each individual sale. As on i11ustjati<
of tliis it may be stated tliat, with very few
ce]>lion«;, all commodities are dearer, as wd
of inferior quality, iit shops in the sulnirbs tl
in those situated in places of the greatest con*,
course: the reason is that small dealers, who
have comparatively few transactions, must neces-
sarily msLke up for the defects of their businei
by obtaining large profits on individual
while, at the same time, they have little or m
cncuuragement to obtain the nest goofls, and ii
many cases want of sufficient capital renders
impracticable. It will be usually found, h
ever, that there is no economy in purchaung
ferior articles. In butcher's meat, for exar
the best meat, and the best parts of (he nu
although at first a litde dearer, axe in rcoUt
cheaper in the end.

MILDEW, To Remove.— 'SWx soft soap »-it
powdered starch, half as much salt, and the j|ui(
of a lemon; lay the muture on both sides oT i
stain with a painter's brush; let it lie on the gr
day and night till the mildew mark disappea

MOULD fN EOOh'S AND INK\ To
vertt. — A few drops of lavender will save
brarvfrom mould; a single drop will save a
of in^. A little salt or white wine will also pi
serve ink from mould.

MUSLINS, To Make Unin/jmma&le.—Txmi
stale of soda, prepared expressly for rcnderin|
fabrics noninflommable, is used for this purpos*
Directions for use: — ^To 3 parts of dry sti
add X part of tnngstate of soda, and use tl
starch in the ordinary vray. If the mntcri.ildot
not require starching, mix in the proporlions of
I pound of tungstate of soda to 2 gallon*; of
water, saturate the fabric well with this solution
and dry it. The heat of the iron in no way a^
fects the non-inflammability. '

HOUSEHOLD MISCELLANY.

J6B

OJL CLO'J'J/, J/aw To 67«if.— Toruin Ibem
— dean them wiih hot walcr or soap suds, utd
IcAvc them lialf wiped, and they will look very
bright while wcl, and very dingy and dirty when
diT, and soun crack and peel off. llut if you
wish 10 preserve (bein, and have them look new
and nice, wash them with soft flannel and luke-
warm water and wipe thoroughly dry. If you
want them to look extra nice, after they are dry,
drop a few spoonfuls of milk over ihem, and rub
them with a small dry doth.

O/L {k'EJiOSENE), Tc TV//.— The only
reliable test u the temperature of the flashing
point, that is, the temperature at which the pe-
trotcum takes hre when a burning match is ap-
plied to its surface. Thiii test can be easily ap-
plied. Into a flat dish or saucer, pour the oil lo
DC iried. until it is at least half an inch deep;
then hold a burning match or paper near the sur-
£ue. At the point of contact the combustion is
often very lively, as the taper draws uu some
of the liquid, out if the petroleum De safe
and free from naphtha, the flame docs not spread
over the sur£ioe. If the petroleum has been
adulterated, as soon as the match touches the
surface a blue lambent flame flashes aaoss it,
and in a few moments the body of the oil will be
on 6re. Such an oil is dangerous — liable to ex-
plode in lamps, and to give off mflammahle va-
pors at all times. Any oil which takes fire when
a match is held near its surface, and continues to
bom, ought to be condemned at once and thrown
nuo the streets.

OVEN ANDIRON \VARE{Nrui) ToTfrn-
per. — Before new ovens arc used, they should
De heated half a day, and then put up the lid to
ke«p the heat in. When heated the second time,
Chey may be used for baking. If not treated in
this way, they will never retain heat well. New
flat-irons should be heated half a day before they
are used. Iron ware of all kinds, and stoves
should be healed gradually at first or they may
Crack.

J*AINT, Ta C/<M«.— Provide a plate with
•one of the best whiting to be had, and have
ready some dean warm water and a piece ol
flannel, which dip into the water and squeeze
nearly dry; then take as much whiting as will
adhere to it, apply it to the painted surface, when
a little rubbing will instantly remove any dirt or
grease. After which vtas\\ well with clean water,
rubbing it dry with sofk flannels. Taint thus
cieaneu looks as well as when first laid on, with-
out any injury to the most dcUcate colors. It is
£tf better than using; soap, and does not require
more than half the ume and Ubor,

PA /NT, 7a Reminfe Odar o/.—V\acc^^ci%c\
full of lighted charcoal in the middle of the room
and throw on it two or three handfuls of juniper
berries. Shut closel]r the windows, doors and
of ventilation for about twenty-four
when they may be opened and it will be
diat the unpleasant smell will be entirely
_ This will not mjure articles leftm the room,
each OS tapestry, etc, aad can be considered
reliable.

Paper-hangings, n a^H.^JC^t into

8 half-quarters a stale quartern loaf; with one
of these pieces, afler having blown off all the
dost from the pnpcr to be cleaned hy means of a
(ood pair of l^eUows, begin at the top of the
room, faoiding the crust in the hand, and wiping
Gg^lly downward with the cramb, about haU a

vord at each stroke, till the upper part of the
tanging is completely cleaned all round ; then
go .again round with the like sweeping stroke
downward, always commencing each successive
course a little higher than the upper stroke hnd
extended, till the bottom be flni&hed. This op-
eration, if carefully performed, will frequently
make very old paper look almost equal to new.
Great caution muat be used not by any means to
rub the paper hard, nor to attempt cleaning it
the cross or horizontal way. Ihe dirty part of
the bread loo must be each time cut away, and
the pieces renewed as often as is ficccMary.

FAPER-HANCINGS {PoutmouA, Tistfar.
— A good test for poisonous paper-hanging is
cotnmun spirits of nart&hom, or ammonia is a
sure one of arsenic. On application llic beautiful
but dangerous green turns to a blue. The ex-
istence of arsenic in rooms hung with green paper
may also be immediately detected by lighting a
Lit ul the suspected paper at a cantUe. When
the paper is well lighted, blow it out, then smell
the iiiiokc, if it contains arsenic, the smcU will
be that of garlic

PAPER, To Remove Stain j /tvtri. — The pro-
cess must depend on what the stoinsore. If they
aie those of writing ink, a solution of citric, tar*
taric, or oxalic acid will be successful. K grease,
t.ike a heated iron and ^^ress it upon LUiiiing-
j paper placed on the stami. After this process
n.iis been frequently repeated, take a soft brush
and apply oil of turpentine to the st^ns on both
sides of the paper; lastly, with a clean brush,
apply to the spots already almost gone rectified
spirit of wine.

PAPER, To Take Writing Oi// */.— Solution
of muriate of tin, two drachms; water, four
drachms. To be applied with a camel's hair
bruslL Afler the writing has disappeared, the
paper should be passed through water, and
dried-

PAPER-MACHE, To C/ean.—VfiLsh the
article well with cold walcr and a sponge, dust
flour over il while still damp, and rub dry with
flannel.

PEHTER, Ta C7«».— Apply to the surface
of (he vessels a fine sand mixed with oil of tartar;
then polish.

PICTURE FRAMES, To Prevent Plus
From Injuring. — Boil three or four onions in a
pint of water : then with a gilding brush do over
your glasses and frames, and the flies will not
alight on the article so washed. Tliis may be
used without apprehension, as it will not do the
least injury to the frames.

PICTURES, il<r^ To IIang.~The worst
position in which a painting can be placed is
directly opposite a window, as its surface so re-
flects the light that the olyect cannot be seen
except from a side view. The picture ought to
be hung so as to allow the light from the win<
dow to fall upon it firom the same side in which
the artist saw or imagined the picture to appear
in nature ; that is to savi the shadows in the pic-
ture ought to be on that side of the objects which
is opposite to the direction from which the light
comes ; for example, in the case of a tree or
house, if the window is on the right hand the
shadows on the picture must be towards the left
hand of the observer, as ifprojcclevi from the
right side to the left, as would be the cose in
nature if the light fell upon the light of the ol>>
jccts perceived.

II

PLATE, Hmo To CUan.—Xn the first place
every particle of grease must be removed by
means of a thorough hot soap suds in which is
dissolved a small bit of cooking soda^ it must
Ihen lie thoroughly rinsed in clear warm water,
and wiped wiih a dry soft towel or a piece of
wash leather. It may then be rubbed with fine
whiting with a bit of flannel or chamois skin ; tf
tliere are i^tains on the plate the whiting should
be rubbed on mixed with water or a litHe sweet
oil and allowed to remain several hours, but if
the silver is merely tarnished il will be sufRcieat
to give it a dry palish by using the whiting of
very fine plate powder, dry, and iiolishing by a
soft wash leather, cleansing the cnascd portions
with a sofl brisUe brush.

All plate and silver in common use should be
cleaned at leut once a week, but too severe rub-
bing will soon wear out even the celebrated
Shemeld plate.

Plate snould be well proleded in a dry closet
or drawer; .1 box lined wilh flannel is ine best
miiclc. The practice of leaving plate exi>osed
on the side board is injurious to. the plate, from
the fact that there exists in the air a portion of
sulphureted hydrogen gas, which turns the sil*
vcr black.

Another habit of melting off spermaceti from
candle-sticks by placing them near the fire is also
destructive; if moderately hot water will not re -
'move the grease, a little alcohol wilL
' POTS, {IRONS To Mtnd.—^xx finely sifted
lime with some white of an egg, till a thin kind
of paste is formed, then add sumc iron filings.
Apply this to the fracture, and the vessel will l>c
found nearly as i>uund as ever.

PUTTY, Ta AVitioty.— Putly that has Iwcome
hardened may be rendered soft, so as to be
easily removed, by the application of a hot iron
to it. In this way it may l>c readily removed,
where glass is broken, without injury to ihcsash.
UMBRELLAS, To Make Last Twice As
Lang As Usual. — Most persons, when ihcy come
in from the rain, put their umbrclbs in the rack
with the handle upward. They should put it
downward; because when the handle is upward
the water runs down inside to the place where
the ribs arc joined to the handle, ana cannot get
out, but stays rotting the cloth and rusting uic
teetal until slowly dried awny. Tlic wire &ccur-
iDg the ribs soon rusts and breaks. If placed the
other end up, the water readily runs on, and the
umbrella dries almost immediately.

VENTILATION, Him casUy to secure.—
For ventilation, open your windows at top and
bottom. The fresii air rushes in one way and
the foul air makes its exdt by the other.

RAZOR STRAP, To Renr.t}.-'\L\ih clean tal-
low over the surface, then ftpply the fine snuflings
of a candle, or rub the strap "with soft pewter or
lead.

RiBpONS OR SILK, To AV^/.— In pulling
a;way ribbons or silk, wrap or fold them in coarse
brown paper, which, as it contains a portion ot
tar or turpentine, will preserve the color of the
Rrticle, and prevent white silk from turning yel-
low. The chloride of lime used in manufacturing
white paper renders it improper to'keep silks in,
as it frequently causes them to spot or to change
color.

RUG, To Make a. — A very economical rug

can be made in the following manner : take coffcc-

ARoU Bad sew together oi the required sine.

which fasten upon a rough frame of lath nailed
together. Trace n design in the center — for in-
stance a diamond, and a wavetl or pointed bor-
der. Geometrical designs are usually prettier
than those miserable, stiff masses called nowers.
To work this sadcing as if it were canvas, prepare
balk of assorted rags sewed together, as for ctr-
jwls, except that they must be cut evenly and not
more than half an inch wide ; wind each color in
a separate ball. Now take a large hook — you can
manufacture one from a piece of wire. Pot the
strip to be worked underneath, and insert the
hook from the upper side, catch the strip below,
and draw it up through the foundation about one
half an inch, making a loop; put Ihe hook through
ihe next diagonal place, and draw up another
loop; proceed in this way. following the outline
of the center design. Three times around is
enough of the outline color ; then work the out-
line of the border, and fill up the margin, FQl
up ihe inside figure with a contrasting color.
^Jcxt work the comers; and fill up the ground
with a dark color. Remove fi-om frame and hem
the edges underneath the work. This rug is
durable, and can be mode quite handsome, with
good colors.

RUGS, {SHEEPSKIN) To C/««.— Make
a very strong lather, by boiling soap in a little
water, mix this with a sufficient quantity of water
(rather more than luke-warm), to wash the mat
or rug in, and rub boiled soap on those ponions
of it which require additional clecnsing. When
the mat has been well washed in this water, pre-
pare another talher in the same way, in which a
second washing must take place, followed by a
third, which ought to be sufficient to dcante it
thoroughly. Rinse it well in cold water until
all the soap is removed, and then put it in water
in which a little blue has been mixed, sufficient
(0 keep the wool of a good while, and prevent its
inclining to yellow. After this it should be
tburuugnly wrung, «duikcn, and hung out in the
open air with the skin part towards the sun, but
not while it is scorching, otherwise the skin will
become hard. It must also be shaken often while
drying, for if not it will be quite stiff and craddy.
It should be frequently turned, being hung np
first by one end and tiicn by the other, until it
has dried entirely.

SILVER, To Give Luster To. — Dissolve a
quantity of oJum in water, so as to make a pretty
strong brine, and skim it carefully; then add
some soap to it, and dip a linen rag in it, and nib
over the silver.

SILVER ORNAMENTS, Ttf C/««.— BoU
them in soap and water for five minutes; then
put them in a basin with the same hot soap and
water, and scrub them gently with a very wft
brush while hot; then rinse and dry with a Unen
rag. Heat a piece of common ungl.-ued earthen
ware, or a piece of brick or tile in the fire; take
il off, and place the ornaments upon it for the
purpose of dr)*ing them, and causing every par-
ticle of moisture to evaporate; as the moisture,
which otherwise would remain on the silver, will
cause it to lamiiih, onassume a greenish hue. All
ornaments, whether gold or silver, can be kept
from tarnishing if they are carefully covered from
the air in boxwood sawdust, which will also dry
them after being washed.

SIL VER PLA TE, To Take Stains OtU Of.
— Steep the plate in soap lyes for the space of
four hours; then cover il over with whiting, wet

I

with vinegar, so that it may stick thick upon it,
and dry it by a fire; after which rub off the
whiting and pass it over with dry bran, and the
spot& will not only di>a|>i)ear, but the plate will
look exceedingly bright.

SPOTS, OKEASE, To Remave.^x, Take
bentinc, 30 ounces ; alcohol (strong), 5 ounces ;
ether, 2 drachms ; ammonia, i drachm. — 2. {_7<3-
vetU icatrr.) Take bleaching powder, l ounce;
GBrbonatc of potossa, l ounce ; water, 33 ounces.
Tritnrate the bleaching powder in the cold with
35 ounces of water, then add the carbonate of
potassa, previously dissolved in the rest of the
water» wake well and let it settle. The super-
natant liquor is filtered, if necessary, and mixed
with one ounce of hydrochloric acid, when it is
tcady for use.

SPOTS, (,G/iEAS£) To take out of Silk,
— Take a lump of magnesia, and rub it wet over
the s(X)t; let It dry, then brush the powder off,
and the spot will disappear; or, take a visiting
card, hcpaxaic it, and rub the spot with the soft
tnteraal port, aoicl it will disappear without taking
the gloas off the silk.

STA/XS OF NITRA TE OF SIL P'ER, Tc
Jiemavr. — Grimm states in a German journal that
dtloride of copper completely removes nitrate of
«!v« stains from colored cotton cloth. It should
a^crward be washed with hyposulphite of soda,
and tlicn thoroughly woshcd with water. Such
stains ore more effectually removed from while
coilon or linen cloth, by applying I0 it a dilute
ftolotion of permanganate of potash and hydro-
chlonc acid, which is to be followed by washing
with bj-posulphitc of soda and plain water. This
proccu renders the use of the highly poisonous
CTBBide of potassium unaeccs&ary.

STEEL ARTICLES, To Pnserve from
Ruxi, when net in Use — Sleigh runners, skates,
Ac, which are only used for a limited time during
the year, may be effectually prcse^^'cd from rust
by a coating of cummnn lard and pulverized black
lad, containing a little cnmphor.

STEEL, ToRemo-.e j^7/.V7'//wr/.— This can
lie done by a free application of kerosene oil,
allovrinc the oU to remain on until the rust is
loosened, and can be rublwd off.

STOPPER iC/ass) To Reiftir'r.—Apply hot
water to the neck of the bottle, which will expand,
while the stopper retains its fomter temperature
and Itecnmcs loose.

STOy£SffL.-iCA'EVG.—Ji\acking for stoves
may be made with \^ a pound of black lead finely
powdered, and (to make it stick) mix with it (he
whiles of 3 eggs well beaten ; then dilute it with
icoor beer or porter till it becomes as thin as
>h»v> i-i. ■•■ after stirring it, set it over hot
coo! I for ao minutes ; when cold it may

be I.. .

TAdiLLS, To remmv Marks from* — If a
whitish mark i« left on a table, by carelessly set-
pitcher of boiling water, or a hot dish,
lamp oil on the s^jot, and rub it hard
cloth. Then pour on a lilllc spirits
0^ vfeie or olocne wntcr, and rub it dry with
aaottiei cloth. The while mark will thus dis-
■Ppear, ami the table look as well as ever.

TAR, PITCH OR TURPENTINE, To Re-
wt0Ct. — Scrape off as much a:i you can ; then wet
the pJUcc thoroughly with gfxxl salad oil, and let
Si icxnain for twenty*four hours. If linen or
ctrttOO wash it out in strong warm soap-suds; if

woollen or silk, take out the oil with ether or
spirits of wine.

Tf the slain is of tar, you may remove it (after
scraping and wiping), ny using cold tallow in-
stead of sweet on. Rub and press well on the
spot a small lump of good tallow, and leave it
sticking there till next day. Then proceed as
above.

TEA-KETTLE^ To Chan.^Vwt into the
tea-kettle a 6al oyster-shell. and keep it constantly
there. It will attract the stony particles that are
in the ivater to its.elf, and jirevcnl their forming
upon the tea-kctllc.

TIN, Ilmo To Clean, — Never use lye to clean
tin, it will soon spoil it. Make it clean with
suds, and rub it with whiting, and it will look
well, and last much longer.

TIN-PANS, How To Mem/.— Thh can be
done quickly and easily by the use of putty, and
is much better than to throw them away. Put
it on the outside ; let it dry thoroughly, and ihcy
will never need mending m the same place again.

PVALLS{VAMP), Remtdyfor.—Na. excellent
remedy for damp walls is washing them with a
strong solution of alum.

WALL-PAPER, To Extract Grease Stains
from, — Oil marks can be taken from the paper
on drawing-room walls, and marks where |>eople
have rested their heads, by mixing pipeclay wuh
water to the consistency of cream, laying il on
the spot, and letdng it remain till the following
day, when it may be easily removed with a pen-
knife or Inrush.

iVAIER, How To 7>j/.— Mechanical im-
purities in water are removed only by filtration ;
chemical impurities cannot be removed tn this
manner. If lime is supposed to be present in
water, the best test is to mix with it a small quan-
tity of oxalic acid in a small vessel ; lime, if pres-
ent, will be re^■ealcd in a white precipitate. Car-
bonate of iron is best detected by the tincture of
SlIIs, which produces a black precipitate. If
e penknife, dipped in water, assumes a yellow-
ish coating, copper is present. The be^l method
of detecting the presence of vegetable and animal
matter is by dropping into il a small quantity of
sulphuric acid ; the water becomes black.

HA 7'ER, Puri/ieation ef.— Mr. Booth, of
Birmingham, England, has lately made known a
very simple process for disengaging from water
all organic mailers. By this meihod il is suflfi-
cienl to prepare a neutral solution of bj-stilphate
of alumina, and add ihe water to be purined in
the proportion of one ounce to 435 gallons. As
soon as this is done, a cloud is formed in the li-
quor, and flocks rapidly descend, taking to the
bottom all organic matters, and <lcbarnissing the
waler of all coloring matter, and disagreeable
taste and smell. In six or eight hours the deposit
is complete. The principle of this operation is
the Mlowing: All water contains bi-carbonate of
lime, in a more or less proportion. The sul-
phuric acid of the bi-sulpnate of alumina inm-
bines with the lime to form a sulphate of lime
nearly insoluble, which is precipitated. The
hydrate of alumina becomes free, and .01 ms with
tHe organic matters an insoluble product. The
carbonic add of the bi-'Carbonate is set free and
communicates to the water an agreeable taste.
For very hard waters, it is sufllicient to add to
them a very weak dose of bi<rar)x)natc of soda,
to entirely free them of their etcess of lime.
WATER {Mu^iiy) To C/<fln.— Vi^ti ciOtwa-

«64

dictionahv of every-day wants.

_ rise pure, but canUmiiiated simply with clay (as
'may DC the case with the water of rivers after
heavy rain or fall of snow), brcomcs at once clari.
fied by very minute quantities of some salts of
lime; one tnousandth part of chloride of caldum
for one part of water effects thii purpose in a
moment ; ibe nitrate, bi-carbonatc, and cau&tic
lime act in the same manner. TIic prccipiuted
^lubstance may be readily >.cixiralcd from the wa-
'tcr by filtration, whereas the fiUration of the wa-
!r containing the sunpendcd matter is very diffi-
It, because the pores of liie fdters lMx:omc
'chokni. *I"he practical importance of tliis matter
is very great, since it is, for instance, a well-
known fact that the water of some river* docs
not, in winter time, and dftcr heavy ratn-lolt or
snow-storms, become quilc clear, even if left at
rest in large ponds for a considerable lime.

WATER FILTER^ Home- made — K^t\
water is much healthier than hard water as a bev-
[etagc; and the following will be found an easy
td cheap way to fit it for drinking purposes:
Have an oak tub made, holding from half, to
a Inrrel, according to the amount of water needed
in the family; let it stand on end, with a faucet
r the bottom ; or, I prefer a hole through the
torn, near the front side, with a tube in which
prevents the water from rotting the outside of the
tub; then put dean pebbles 3 or 4 inches in
thickness over the bottom of the tub; now have
^charcoal pulverized to the size of small peas (th;it
le from hard maple is best) and put in half a
bushel or so at a time; pound it down quite
firmly, then put in more and pound again until
the tub is filled to within 8 inches of the top ; and
•gain put on 2 inches more of pebbles; then put
a piece of clean white flannel over the whole top
AS a strainer.

The flannel can be W3.<ihed occasionally, to re-
move the impurities collected from the water, and
it might be well to put % flannel between the
i.|)ebbles and charcoal at the bottom alM). When
^['the charcoal becomes foul, it can be renewed as
before, but will work a year without renewing.

WINDOWS^ To C/«fl.— Remove stains and
dust with soap and water, then apply with a
moistened rag powdered indigo, rotten-stone, or
fuller's earth. Dry with a soft cotton cloth.

WINDOW GLASS, To Prrjent tk* Sun
from Passing Through. — Pound gum tragacanth
to a powder, and put it, for twentv-four hours,
to dissoh'c in white of eggs, well-beaten. I-ay
a coat of this on your glass with a soft brush, and
lei it dry.

WINDOW SASHES, To Prnrnt Ratiiing,
—The sashes in very many costly and elegant
dwellings are frequently so loose from some
cause, that when winds blow even gently they
will rattle aod bang from stop to stop, like the

uings

-%

■plaiic^^ll

hoiUd

shrunken and decayed portions of some foruken
and dilapidated castle. Tlie remedy is by no
means difficult or expensive. Let the sashes be
taken out of the window frame, and every part
of the window examined. If the jamb-c3;^ngs
have been sprung, or ore war[>ed and twist
the first step will be to remote the stops
straighten the (ace of the cas>ings, which
done moat conveniently with a Urge rabbet-'
and a siniK>thing-pUnc. In case the sashes sf
he much too narrow for the frame, let one edge
be dressed off true, and a tiiin strip fitted ncatl^,
and glued and nailed to the edge of one stile.
See that the outside edge of such stile is not ta-
pering, even by the thickness of a heavy shaving.
When the stile are tapering only a trifle, the
sashes cannot be moved up and down easily.
Now put tlie upi«r sash in its place, and fasten
the central stoji with two or three long, slender
wood screws, after which remove the outside
slops and place them so closely to the stiles ol
the sash that the window w ill not ratde. Then
let the stops be secured on the inside so closely
to the stiles of tlie sash that will move up and
down easily, without hnWnc so much play that
the wind will rattle it. When the sasJics have
been fitted as directed, tlicre will be no mare
need of "weather strips" of any kind to exclude
dust and cold air, ana the expense of refitting a
window as directed will be much less than uic
cost of weather strips.

WIN DO W SASHES, To Kttp in Piatt.'-
These may be kept up without sash-lines and
pulleys, by means of cork, in the sioiplcst manner,
and with scarcely any expense. Bore three or
four holes in the sides of trie sash, into wliich in-
sert common bottle corks, prelecting about the
sixteenth part of an inch. These will presis
against the window -frames, along the u^iul
groove, and by their elasticity support the »ash at
any height which may be requireo.

WE/ai/TS A ND ME A SC'RES //tmieioU,
— Wlieat flour weighs one pound to a quart.
Indian meal, one pound two ounces to a quart.
Butter, when soft, one pound to a quarL Ixuf
sugar, broken, one pound to a quarL White
sugar, powdered, one pound one ounce toa quart.
Eggs, average size, ten to a pound.

WOOD {Nfuf) To Rimave Tajtt /rom.—\
new keg, churn, bucket, or other wooden vessel
nill generally communicate a disagreeable odor
to anything that is put into it. To prevent this
inconvenience first scald the vessel with boilii
water, letting the water remain in it till col
Then dissolve somepcarlash orsodainlokewai
water, adding a little bit of lime to it, and wash th(
inside of the vessel well with the solution. After-
ward scald it wcU with plain hot water, and liuse
it with cold n-ater before you use it.

HOUSEHOLD PETS.

AVTARY, The, — Strictly speaking, an avbry

is a considerable space fitted up and adapted to

anromAiodale a large number and variety of birds

remarkable for their singing qualities, the beauty

of their plumage, or other peculiarities. An
aviary, as a matter of course, is a large c^e in
which an attempt is made to give a uaiuraj ap-
pearance to the interior of the place where the

HOUSEHOLD PETS.

I
I

feathered pruoners are confined. Fercbes re-
sembling the bmnchcs of trees, grass, moss,
various pl&nU, patches of gravel or sand, a rill
of dear water, seclude^l places for nests — in a
word, everything is provided that the birds can
fequire short of liberty; which, indeed, in a cli-
mate like ours, and in the absence of those iia-
toral supplies so easily obtained in their native
plaoesy would be a more than doubtful blcbsin^
to many of them, inasmuch as no foreign species
would long survive emancipation.

la a lirge aviary possessed of all such app!i-
aaces as we have adverted to, favorably situated
and carefiilly attended, most of the little captives
win thrive and be cheerful, and many of them
win build and bring up their young. Such estab-
lisbments, however, arc rare ; and it may be
doabied whether the expent^e. trouble, and anx-
iety inseparable from the keeping of Ihem, are
not toojneat for any satisfaction which they pro-
dttfc. This, however, is a matter ol opinion.

AQUARIUM iThe^ PrincipUs c/". — Tlic
•quarium may consist either of salt water, with
marine animals and plants, or fresh water with
fincsh water animals and vegetable life. But wheth-
er the one or the other be chosen, the principle
cm which its freshness and actual existence depend
is the same — namely, the proper balance between
ttie oxygen given off by the plants and the carbon
dimwn offl^ the fish or other animals ; the com-
tnnation of the two gases prcscrvinc the walcr
pure, keeping the animals ajivc. and sustaining
the growth and renewal of the plants. Ttic scien-
tific principle by which wc imitate nature in the
aquarium is very well explained by Sir David
Brewster : "Water has the power of absorbing
certain nuantitiev of atmospheric air and various
gases ; the presence of air gives to rain and spring
water their refreshing quAlities, as maylje proved
\Ff expelling the air from water by boiling and
tbea casting the insipid li<]uor that remains. Or-
diiury water always contains a certain amount of
armospherir air and also a trace of carbonic acid,
w^hich gas is a compound of oxy^n and carbon
in the proportion of sixteen to six. The leaves
of plants when acted upon by light, decompose
this gas, and, having no necessity for oxygen,
they merely absorb the carbon. Animals, on the
ocher hana, require oxygen for the purpose of
removing the wa&te carbon of great divisions of
orpaniied beings. But two other elements pUy
an important part in the phenomenon of life —
onmcly. nitrogen and hyarogcn. Both phintJi
and antnuls require llicse gases as food. They
eambine to form ammonia, which is found in
small portions in the atmosphere and in water.
AsUBOnia is indeed the mam fertilizing element
in Twetable life. I'lants obtain their supply o(
U either through the natural water absorbed at
their rootlets, or by means of artificial manures ;
animaU, through the mean5. of the substances
they devour. All forms of vegetable and animal
life are built up of these four elements."

AQUAR/UAf, I/ino h AfaJu- and Fit!.—
Flnl, as to the tank or globe— die receptacle (or
voor water and its living plants and animals.
Whether you determine on a marine or a fresh
water aquarium, the tank is the same. It may
be either square or roun*i. If i-qucirc ur nxtanij-
ular, it ihould be perfectly water tiRht.withaplain
piece of glass to place loosely over the top at
sifht ma when the room is ocing dusted. A
propaptfing gbts turned upside c&wn forms a

good, strong round tank, which may be pur-
chased cheaj^y of the dealers in horticultuml
glass; lately, indeed, they have been made of
graceful shape in perfectly while glass, purposely
for use aff aquaria. 'Ilic advantage of square over
round tanks, is that they do not enlarge or distort
the objects seen within them.

Having bought your tank, your next task is to
fill and stock iL It must l>e prepared for the
pknls and animals by placing at the bottom a
laj-er of stones and gravel : fresh water gravel
for fresh water, stones and sand for salt water,
lliese form a basis or foundation for the roots of
the nlanfs. It is well also to have a little rock
work rising from the bottom, just above the sur-
face of the water. Then fill it with water. For
a fresh water aquarium, ordinary water will do,
but for a marine aquarium you must have the
proper sea water. Do not try the artificial sea
water advertised, but get a sufficient quantity
from the sea itself, taken at some distance from
the shore. ThLs you can procure without much
trouble or exjtensc. But if real sea water is very
difficult to procure, the following mixture wiU
form a tolerably good substitute. It so nearly
assimilates to the actual composition of salt water
that it will support life in the marine aquarium:
Common salt (chloride of sodium^ 3|i ounces;
Epsom salts (sulphate of magnesia), )^ ounce;
chloride of magnesium, 200 grains troy ; chloride
of jxitassium, 40 grains troy. These materials,
properly dissolved, are to be added to four quarts
of common soft water, the same proportions being
observed if you enlarge the quantity.

AQUA/i/UAft uome Made. — Cut a narrow
groove in a board the size you wish, set four
pieces of glass on edge in the grooves ; put %
piece of zinc in the bottom ; on the board make
a light frame, the size of the top, with grooves ;
pass a small rod through the frame down the in-
side of the corners, uirough the bottom, and
scre\v up tight; put cement in all the corners,
aiiil you will luive an aquarium at very trifling
cost. To make the cement, take one part, hy
measure, of litharge ; one part plaster of Taris;
one part fine beach sand; one-third part fine
powiiered rosin ; mix all together. Tint* maybe
Kept for years, while dry, in a well-corked bottle ;
when u«.ed, make in a putty with boiled linseed
oil; ft little patent dryer mny be used; it will
stand water at once, either salt or fresh.

AQUARIUM {FRKS/f IKi'IER), To
Make. — Presuming that you begin with a fresh
water aquarium, you will find the best weed to
grow in the water is the anacharis alsinastrum,
the weeds which often choke the canals and in-
land streams. This pretty moss-like plant may
be easily procured from almost any canal at anv
time of the year. Another weed which does ad-
mirably in the aquarium is the ranunculus oquti-
lis (llie water crowfoot), which may be talcea
from any pool during the spring months, and
placed in the tank, when it will send down roots
and grow abundantly. Be careful to remove all
broken or dcca)'ing shoots, and keep the weeds
from multiplying too fa>t, or the balance Ijctwccn
animal and vegetable life will be destroye<l-

In stocking a fresh walcr aquarium great choice
is left for the young naturalist. He may hav«
small carp, gold fish, minnow, or almost any
kind of river fish, with water newU, or efts, or
even a good sized frog, which is by no means an
ugly or uDiDtercsting animal. Tlie frogs uuL

i66

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

newts will crawl occasionally to the top of the
rock and bun themselves. A diving spider is
aUoa good addition; but you must ly no means
neglect a good supply of water snails and fresh
-water shrimps, wnich will be found very useful
in eating away the conferva, or green slime-weed
thai colUcts on the glass. Siickicbacks arc very
amusing little ft&b, but they mu&t be kept by
themselves, fur they arc qiuurclsomc fellows,
and have an ugly knack of poking Ihcir sharp
spikes into and mortally wounding the other in-
habitants of the tank. Some water beetles arc
also harmless, but others prove a great nuisance.
You must avoid placing young pike in your tank,
Uiough by themselves they are amusing.

AQUARJUM, {MARINE) lo AMakf.—Yor
tlic marine, or sea water aquarium, the sea ane-
mone (actinia) and various kinds of crabs may
be had in great variety of the dealers ; and if you
are fond of sea side wandering you may procure
them for yourselves among the rocks and in the
little pools on the shore when the tide is out. Sea
snails, shrimps, star-lUh, &c., may be introduced
at pleasure; while for the plants, any of the small
sea weeds will do. When gaihere<l, a little piece
of the rock to which they grow should be chipped
off, and the plani» placed in the tank without
being detached or bruised. The plants and r(x:k-
work should be arranged picturesquely. Remove
any sick or dying animals, so as to prevent the
water from becoming foul.

AQUARIUM^ J/mv to Manage when
Complete. — The aquarium should be placed on a
stjind or table in a good light ; and if the sun
shine directly on either side, that jKirl shoultl be
protected by a green baize curtain which may be
removed when the sunshine dei)arts. Once fixed,
the tank should not be disturbed. A window
with north-western or western asijcct is a capital
situation. Be careful not to crowd your lank,
and when you find the water level getting loo
!ow, raise U by addition of more water; but dn
not meddle with the arrangement of the tank ton
often or you will alarm your live stock. In the
management of tlic aquarium, as in other fiet
fimcics, cleanliness is the grand secret of success.

BIRDS^ {TAME) Dissrdcrs (?/.— All tame
animals arc much more subject to disease than
wild ones: and birds so much the metre, as they
are often shut up in very small cages, where they
can lake no exercise. It is often supposed thai
birds, in their natural free state, have no diseases;
but people who will take the trouble to observe,
will soon perceive the falsehood of this assertion.
We ha-^-e often found hcdgcsparrows full of pim-
ples, particularly in the naked parts, the feet,
and round tlic beak. Their diseases arc often
increased by tlie delicacies of all kinds which are
given them, such as biscuits and sugar, which
injure the stomach, and cau:^c a slow decay,

BIRDS, The PIP w.— This is a catarrh, or
cold, by which the nostrils arc stopped up, and
the membrane covering the tongue is hardened
by inflammation. In large biros it is common
to remove this skin, taking it off from the lMu;e lo
the tip; by this means this part can again per-
spire, the saliva necessary for digestion can fiow,
and the taste and appetite returns. A mixture
of fresh butter, pepper, and garlic, generally
cures this catarrh. It is a goocT thing, also, for
the birds to drink the pectoral infu!i>ion of speed-
well; and the nostrils may be oixmcd by passing
up a small feather. The rnflfing of the head, the

beak often open and yellow at its base, and tbt
tongue dry, are the most decisive indications c^
this disease.

BIRDS^ The Rheum in, — ^The symptoms of
this disease arc frequent sneering anc^ -shaking of
the head. Some drops of pectoral elixir in the
infusion of speedwell, which the sick birds must
1>e made to take, appears to me to be the moft
efficacious remedy. Give fowl^ about 20 drops
of the elixir in a glass of the infusion.

When it is merely hoarseness, Dr. Handel, of
Maprcnce, gave to his birds for several days, as
their only drink, a very diluted decoction of dry
figs, sweetened with a little sunr, and afterward
purged them for two days following, with the
)uicc of carrots.

BIRDSy Asthma in. — This is a very common
disease among house birds. Those attacked with
it have their breath short, often open their beaks
as if lo gasp for more air, and, when agitated or
frightened, keep them open for a long lime.

The cause of this dlscaM? may doubtless be
found in the mode of life which these birds lead.
Their f<xxi is generally too dry and heated, being
principally hemp seed, which is very injurious,
out liked by all ; and is the more hurtful, as it
inchnes them to eat too much. If lo this be add'
cd the unchanged air of the room^, particularly
those which have stoves insteod of chimneys, and
(he great heat which is kept up during winter, it
is plain that there is much to injure the delicate
lungs of these birds.

A moist and refreshing regimen and some ap-
erients, more or less often, according lo the vio-
lence of tlic disease, appears the most appropriale
remedy. A favorile linnet and goldhncli, when
attacked with very bad asthma, were relieved and
preserved for several years by the following
method.

The first thing was to lea^*c off hempsecd en-
tirely, confining them solely to rupcseed; but
giving ihem at the same time abundance of bread,
snaked ill pure water, and then pressed; lettuce,
cntlive, or watcrcrcsscs, according to the seasons,
twice a week, giving them lioilcd bread and milk,
almut the size of a nutmeg. This is made by
throwing a piece of the crumb of white brea^
about the size of a nut, into a teacupful of milk,
boiling it, and stirring it all the time w ith a wood-
en spoon till it is of the consistency of pap. It
must be quite cold .before it is given to tncbirds^
and must always be made fresh, for if sour it will
prove injurious.

This jHiiitc, which they are very fond of, purges
them sufficiently, and sensibly relieves them. In
very violent attacks, nothing out Uiis paste ought
to be given for two or three days following, Stid
Uiis will soon pve the desired relief.

When the disease is slight, or only be^n it is
sufiicient to give the bread and milk once in three
or four days. When employed under similar
circumstances, this treatment has cutc<l several
very valuable birds. It may not be useless here
to renew the advice of always gi>*ing the birds an
opportunity of baihing every day, oy itultinc in
their way a saucer, or any other small shallow
bath, filled with water, which should never be
Ion cold, and in winter alwa)'5 milk warm.

One thing which Ls very injurious to the lungs
of birdA, nm\ which loo often occurs, is the fripkt
occasioned bv tormenting ihem, or by seinng
them too suddenly; for the poor little things
often rupture a bfood-vesscl in the breast whue

J

HOUSEHOLD PETS.

bc&ting thembdves about; a drop of blood in the
bcftk is the sign, and a spee<Iy death is the gene-
ral consct-juencc If this does not hap|icn. the
l>reathing ts not the less difikult and painftil ; nnd
recovery ts rare, at least without ilie greatest care
imd attention.

Birds which eat insects and worms, occasion-
ally, by accident, .snallow stime extraneous sub-
staaoes, which, sticking in their throat, stops
their respiration, and stifles thctn. The only
mncdy is to extract the foreign body, which re-
quires much skill and dexterity.

When asthma is brought on by eating seeds
which are too old, spoiled, or rancid. Dr, Handel
recommends some drops of oxymcl to be swal-
lowed for eight days foHowlng. But the best way
is to change the j^ccd, and be sure there is none
but good seed in the trough.

BIRDS^ AtrQphy or Wasimg i«.— This is
C&tis^ by giving unnatural food to the bird,
which destroys the digestive power of its stomach.
In this case it disgorges, ruraes its feathers, and
does not arrange them, and becomes thin very
fiuL The best thing is to make it swallow a
Oommon spider, whith purges it, and put a rusty
nail into its water, which strengthens the intes-
tines, giving it at the same time its proper and
tuUural food. Green food, such as lettuce, endive,
duckweed, and particularly watercrcsses, is the
safest remedy. A vcr^ ^at appetite is a sign
of this disease. A &i&km, that was dying of
atrophy, had nothing but watercrcsses for three
days fullowing, and on the fourth he sung.

BIRDS^ C<fKsumpti<m or DicUnt in. — This
disorder may be known by the extreme thinne&s
of the breast, the swelling of the lower part of
the belly, the total loss of appetite, and similar
srraptoms. As a cure. Dr. Handel recommends
the juice of the wild turnip to be given to drink
instead of water.

BiRDS^ Costiventss in, — This disease may be
discovered from the frequent unsuccessful en-
deavors of the bird to relieve itself. Aperients
will be of use. If a spider does not produce the
desired effect, anoint the vent of the bird wth the
head of a pin steeped in linseed oil; this sort of
clyster generally succeeds; but if the disease
attacks a bird which cats meal worms, one of
these, bruised in sweet oil and saffron, is the
most certain remedy, and the bird will swallow
it without the least hesitation. Boiled bread and
miUc is generally of great use.

Bf/iDS, Duirrhfca in. — ^This is ft disease to
which birds that have been caught recently
are very subject, before they are accustomed to
Ih^ir new \o<a\. Most of these die of it ; ihev
continually void a white calcareous matter, which
sticks lo the feathers round the vent, and being
very acrid causes mrtammation in that part and
in the intestines. Sometimes chalybeate water
and tlkC oil clyster produce good effect; but it is
better, if possible, to procure for the bird its
mo«t natural focKl. Some people pull out the
feitheri from the tail and vent, and then rub
these parts with fresh butter, but (his is a very
painful and cruel operation. They also mix the
yelk of an egg boiled very hard with their fdod,
out we have never found this succeed very well.
If there In: any hope of curing thi<; disease it is
by attacking it at the beginning, before inflain-
nwtion is violent; boiled bread and milk, a great
dml of lettuce, or any other similar green re-
freshing food, in general completely cures them.

In a case of chronic diarrhcea, which almost
reduces the birds to skeletons, Dr. Handel pre-
scribes chalybeate water mixed with a little milk
for Iheir drink, wluch, he says, is an easy and
certain cure.

B/RDS, Bloody Flux in. — This is a disease
with which some parrots are attacked. The best
remedy is to make the birds drink a great deal
of boiled milk, or even very (at broth; for their
intestines, which are very much irritated, re-
quire something soothing to protect them from
ihe acrid discharges, which, at the same time,
must be corrected by healing food. Birds in this
state generally do nothing out drink, therefore
plenty of boiled milk should be given them, as it
nourishes them as well as acts medicinally, but
should it appear to turn sour in the stomach it
must, at least for some lime, be discontinued.

BIRDS, Obitnution in thi Rump Gland.
— This gland, whicli is on the rump, and
contains the oil necessary for anointing the
feathers, sometimes becomes hard and inflamed,
and an abscess forms tliere. In this case the bird
often pierces it itself, or it may be softened by
applying fre»h butter without any ball; but it is
better to use an ointment made ot white lead,
litharge, wax, and oUvc oil, which may be had at
any good chemist's. The general method is to
pierce or cut the hardened gland, in order to let
out the matter, but if this operation removes the
obstruction it alsodc^tro) s llic gland, and the bird
will die in the next molting, for want of oil to
soften the feathers.

The gland is known to be obstructed when the
feathers which surrountl it arc ruffled, the bird
never ceasing to peck them, and instead of being
yellow it becomes brown. This disease is very
rare among wild birds, for being exposed to
ciaoip, and bathing often, they make more use of
the liquor in the gland, consequently it does not
accumulate sufficiently to become corrupted, sour,
or cancerous. This confirms the necessity of
giving lliem the means of bathing as oflen as in-
stinct would induce them, as nothing can be more
favorable to their health.

BIRDS, {Ca^f) AUulting i>/.—Uo\x\\\ng, OT
changing their feathers, is a natural operation
with Dirds. which cannot be prcveniccl, but which
must be assisted vr\\.\\ care and attention. Cold
is the greatest danger to which they are exposed;
in passing through thb state therefore, all
draughts of air snould be carefully gujirded
against. \Vhen the cages are open ones, or have
much wire-work they ought to be partly covered
up with a doth or paper, to keep the birds warm
and the cleaning of the cage need not take place
more than once a week, though they must be
carefully supplied with fresh food and water
daily. A Httlc saffron in their water, a httle
nourishing food, and the extra warmth occasioned
by Ihe covering to the cacc, will sonn restore the
birds to a plumage more ocautiful than that the/
cast off. The covering nf the cage should not be
cast off all at once, but gradually; it should then
be cleaned thoroughly, and Ihe birds have their
ordinary food. Tney should, while moulting,
be put in the sun for an hour or two, if the
wealhcr is hne and warm.

BIROS {Sinfrinj^) FaoJ /<n'.~Kncad together
3 [xjunds of split peas, ground or beaten, I ^
pounds of fine crumbs of bread, the same-quan*
tity of coarse sugar, the raw yolks of 6 eggs, and
6 ounces of fresn butter. Put about Hof the

J

DrCTlONARY OF EVERYDAY WA^TS.

I

L

mixture at a time in a frying pan over a gentle
fire, stir it until a little brownecl. but not burned.
When tbc other 3 parts arc done, and all cold,
add to the whole, 6 ounces of maw seed and 6
pounds of bruised hemp seed, separated from the
nusks. Mix together, and it will be found ex-
cellent food for thrushes, robins, larks, linnets,
canaries, finches and most other stngin? birds,
preserving them admirably in song and feather.

Ji/RDS, /'(Jj/^/m-.— Take a while loaf which
is well baked and stale, put it into freshwater till
it is quite soaked through ; then squeeze out the
water and pour boiled milk over the loaf, adding
about two-thirds the quantity of barley meal,
from which the bran has been carefully sifted, or,
what is stilt better, wheatmcal. Another method,
however, may be adopted. Grate a carrot very
nicely, soak a small white loaf in fresh water,
press the water out of it, put it along with the
carrot into on earthen oan, add hondfuls of barley
or whcalen meal, and mix the whole together
with a pestle. 'ITiese pastes ought to be made
fresh every morning, for they quickly become
sour, and ore consequently injurious to the birds.

li/R OS, Almond Pastf /i*r.^VcA meal 2 lbs.,
blanched sweet almonds i lb. ; fresh butter or
lard ^ lb.; moi<it sugar 5 oz.; a shred or two of
hay saflron ; beat to a smooth paste, and gmnu-
latc it by p.issinc it through a cnlnnder. The
addition of the yclfcs of 2 or 3 eggs improves it.
Used to feed larks, nightingales, and other in*
sectiTorous birds. It will keep good for 6 months
in a dry place.

BIRDS. German Paste for,— Tike 4 fresh
cgEs, boiled very hard, % fb. while pcasemeal,
and about a time spfKmiul of good salad oil —
if the least rancid it will not do. The eggs must
be grated very fine, and mixed with the meal and
olive oil, and the whole then be pre.ssed through
a tin colnnder, to form it into grains like small
shot, it should nest be put into a frying iKin, set
over a gentle fire, and gradually stirred with a
broad knife, till itlx; partially wasted and dried,
the test of which wdl be its yellowish brown
color. All insect eating birds may be kept uixin
this food throughout the year, except when tney
appear drooping and unwell, or at moulting time,
when a few meal worms may be given to them
twice or thrice a ilay.

in'LLP/NCf/ES.—OMi birds should be fed
with German Paste, and occasionally rapc-sccd.
TI1C Germans occasionally give them a little
poppy-seed, and a grain or Itv9 of rice, steeped
in Canary wine, when teaching them to pipe, as
a reward for the progress Ihcy make. Ilird or-
gans, or (lagcoleLs are used to teach them.

BLACKBIRD, TV.— The blackbird should
be kept in a large cage, for it Is not prudent to
allow it to associate with other birds, as it will
attack the smaller kinds. It is fond of frequent
bathing and should be furnished with the means.
The natural food of the blackbird is iKrrrics,
worms, insects, shellwlsn.'iil'!, cherries, and other
similar fniit ; and its artificial food, le.in fr^sh
meat, cut very small, and mixed with bread, or
German paste.

CA TS, Care ff/".— The cat is subject to several
diseases ; but, as a general nilr, t<i seldom se-
riotisly ill. The best rule to keep the animal in
good nealth is to have it fed with regularity, kc]>t
clean, and furnished with plenty of pure water.
In respect to the ailments of puss, "prevention
ircMsJer than cure," as it is in many matters of

higher moment. The cat ought not to be over-
fed. If she appears out of sorts, a little brim-
stone in milk wul frequently be found useful.

CANARIES, liinU in Choosing. — In burn-
ing canaries, the birds which seem raoderateffll
shy are generally the best ; an inexperienc
person is too apt to be attracted by a very quiet
manner ; the birds seem so lame that they are
bought quite eagerly, but unhappily they are a|
to die soon after ; the loo great qmetness
caused by illness. A real good bird will
no end of fuss, pretending to be a rast deal »hy<
than it really is, hopping from perch toperct
twisting its head about, and having, in fact a
infinity of pretty airs and groans.

Bird dealers, again, always recommend
birds which sing loudly, and this to uiany
sons is not al all desirable. The lower the toa#j
the prettier and sweeter many would tlunk
song. Birds wilh long, straight and tapehi
tioilies are the Ijcst singers.

CANARIES, T9 Dulingtiuh Sex of.~-\
male has generally deeper and brighter col<
a head rather larger and longish, and lonj
Iw^dy, and a more elegant form. Thereisaf
under the beak, of tlie shape ofabcan, pli
lower than the rest, and the temples amic
around the eyes arc of a deeper yellow than tl
other part*: of the l»<:dy. The throat of llic mi
vibrates while singing, this never happens wil
the hen. If the bird be observed when it is sini
ing, and if it be a cock vou will perceive _
throat heaving with this vibratory pulse-like mc^^
tion, a peculiarity which is sc&rcely perccptiMet
in the hen.

CANARIES, Care ef. — i. Especial caremoiit
be taken to keen the canary thoroughly clean. For
this purpose tne cage should be strewed e\*ery
morning with dean sond, or rather, fine gravef.
for small pebbles are absolutely essential to
and health in cage birds; freih water must
given every day, both for drinking and Vathinej
the latter being in a shallow vessel ; and, duna|
the moulting bcason, a small bit of iron shoi
be put into the water for drinking. The food
a canary should consist principidly of »ut_
rape seed, that is, of those small brown rope-i
which are obiainwl from plants sown in
spring, and which ripen during the summer;
large and black rape-hced^, on the contrary,
produced by such plants as are sown in aultmii
and reaped m spring. A little chickweetl in spring!
lettuce-leaves in summer, and endive in autumi
with slices of sweet apple in winter, may
safely given, but bread and sugar ought to
generally avoided. Occasionally also, a fc
|>oppy or canary-seeds, and a smaJl quantit
bruised hcmp-sced may be added, but the
very sparingly. Cleanliness, simple food,
fresh but not cold air are essential to the wel
being of a canary. During the winter, the
should never be hung in a room without a Cirl
but even then, when the air is mild, and the si
shines bright, the little prisoner will be refr
by having the window open. The cage shoul
never lie less than eieht inches in diameter, ai
a fool high, with perches at diflcrent heights.

CANARIES, Careo/.~7. I'lace the cage
that no draft of air can strike the bird; gii
nothing lo healthy birds but canarj* and rape»
mixed, water, cutde fish bone, and gravel on
floor of the cage; also occasionally, a little wat<
for bathing ; uc room should not be overheated|

HOUSEHOLD PETS,

when mouhing (shedding feathers) avoid draAs
of air; give pTeniy of rape-seed slightly moist-
ened, a, little hard-boiled egg, and cracker grated
fine is excelleni; by observing these simple di-
rections, birds may be kept in fine cnndition for
years. Bad seed kills most of the birds that die;
to which it might have been added, that canary
birds are not oalv fond of, but bcnetited by hmv-
ing often ■ leal of cabbage, piece of apple or
other green food, which serves to keep down the
tendency to fever and prevent* constipation,
Banls usually bathe each day as regularly as any
one washes the face, and with apparent benent
toa When birds are sick and inclined not to
eat well, remove all the foo«i for a day, and then
tmiyf give soaked bread, from which most of the
CiOMture has been squeezed.

CASARIRS ( VOUSG^ Haw to Tame.—
The t>est way to tame a young bird is to keep it
constantly beside you wKen working or writing;
mcxnstom the bircf to having the hand put close
to it, taking care never to startle it. Endeavor
lo get it to take hemp seed (of which they are
rery fond) from the lingers. When the cage is
standing near the person who desires to tame the
canary, it is a good plan, when the bird is quiet
amd no longer afraid, to open the cage door and
lay a few cracked hemp seeds near it on the
taole ; the bird will come out and hop about, but
care roust be taken that all is secure m the room,
no open windows, no cat or doc present. It \^
also a goodplaa at night, when the binl is asleep.
to put the hand into the cage, awaking it by
brhtfring a light close to it, and then withdraw
the hand with a gentle rxclamation of fright when
the bird pecks at it. He will thus consider him-
self the cont-jueror, and will cease to fear the in-
rader. When this has been repeate<l two or
three nights, the bird will t>c ready to fight the
hand by daylight when out of the cagr, and will
take a nemp-seed from the fingers. He will also
learn to shake bands, if the claw be suddenly
touched at night very gently, and the words
**ahake hands'* repeated m soothing tones. The
greatest gentleness is required, and a cracke<l
hemp seed sh<>uld be invariably given by the
hand only of the person who is training the bird ;
it should not be mixed with the ordinary food,
bat osed merely as a reward, and he will soon
learn to take it from between the Ups of his
trainer.

A bird may be easily taught to simulate death
by placing^ it on its back in the hand, where it
will ivmain perfectly quiet until summoned to
rise at its instructor's voice, when its reward
must he ready for it. It is also recommended by
bird keepers to remove all food from the canary's
cage after it has gone to roost, and to offer it to
the bird in the morning in the hand. It will
•oon lose its fear, and wUl fly to meet its owner.
Jt must be remembered that in these pretty
dcaturcs there is a great difTerencc of temper
•oddtspe>5ition, and tne aptitude for learning ts
not cqmllT great in ail; indeed, in i^umc coses it
•sCKtremely difficult, and much patience is re-
quired to molce them mxomplished. With young
birds there is always a much greater chance of
porticolarly if they have been reared by
who tries to tame them.
MifARIES^ Insetts (w.— "Paras ites are among
iinoft dewlly enemies of canary birds, gold-
^ and other household j^ets. Many p^^e
bate obscnred a bird in a state ot excitement and

anxiety, plucking at himself continuallpr, his
feathers standing all wrong. In vain Is hts food
changetl, and in vain is another saucer of clean
water always kept in his cage, and all that kind-
ness can suggest for the little prisoner done, but
still all is of no use: he is no better, because the
cause of his wretchedness has not been found
out. If the owner of a pet in such difficaltics
will take down the cage and look up tr» the roof,
there will most likely be seen a mass of stufT
looking much like red rust as anything, and
thence comes the cause of the poor birds uneasi-
ness. The red rust consists of myriads of luna*
sites infesting the bird and for which water is no
remedy. By producing a lighted candle, and
holding it under every particle of the top of the
cage till all chance of nnylhing being left ali\-cii
gone, the remedy Is complete. The pet will soon
brighten up again after his "house-warming,"
ojia will, m his cheerful and delightful way,
thank his master or mistress for this important
assistance.

DOGS^ A^fttnaf^fmenti^f. — All dogs are capable
of education, although it is certain that great dif-
ference in intelligence is known to exist be-
tween individuals even of the same species. There
are stupid dogs and clever dogs, as there are
clever and stupid members of tlie human fimilv.
Clever or stupid, however, dogs kept in a dwell-
ing-house ought to be taught gooa manners; to
be silent, and to lie down when so ordered; to
refrain from leaping on the knees of strangers;
and not to sit watching and staring at meiTs, as
if coveting the food [>artnkcn of by their roaster
and mistress. To make them behave well, they
must be taught when youne ; and one of the best
modes of doing this is to let them be certain <A
being punished if disobedient, and rewarded
when dutiful. A clever dog will soon be able to
comprehend and act upon a look, a sign, or a
word.

VOGS, Fredin^. — The dog is naturally carni-
vorous, but when domesticated he dues not re-
fuse farinaceous food, especiallv if early accus-
tomed to it- Those who keep dogs ought not to
leave their feeding to the scraps they may chance
to obtain at the breakfast or dmner table; more-
over, irregular supplies are injunoas to the ani-
m-al's health. The dog ought to have his regular
meals, and his food should be chiefly flesh of
some kind, boiled and cold; when given raw, it
is act to produce some ferocity of temper, and to
cause him to have an offensive smell. If possible,
the dog should be induced to eat some farinaoeoas
food along with his meat, l-iver is not proper
f<x>d for a dog, unless occflsionalty, as it acts as
an aperient ; but any ordinary pieces of meat or
tripe will suit very well. The dog ought to be
fed only once a day if he gels as much as he
requires, and this allowance should be given in
the morning or forenoon; but as he require* to
drink frequently throughout the day, care must
be taken to give him plenty of pure water.

DOGS, To A'rfp Hfahhy.— To maintain a
dog in vigorous health he must have abundant
exercise in the open air, and be kept clean.
Washing him keeps him in health, frees him from
irritation of the skin, and destroys fleas. Every
house-dng or lap-dog ought to be washed once a
week with soap and water, and delicate dogi
ought afterwards lobe combed and brushed and
dned with n hard cloth. W* ashing is absolutely
indispensftbl&— independently of the considcratioQ

lyo

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

of health — where the dog hns a thick coat of hair,
as the Scotch terriers have ; he is apt to contract
an offcn.'-ive smell, the causes of which, for the
animal's own sake, as well as his owner's, ought
to be at once removed. When soap i» used in
WAshing. a thorough rinfting must follow, for
if there is the least particle of soap left, it will
prevent their licking themselves,

DOGS, 7>aiAiM^' to go IHrrantis. — This ac-
complishment may often be put to great practical
use, and it is an excellent plan to teach all dog5,
which are large enough to be of any service in
this manner, to carry baskets or parcels when
accompanying their masters. The mode of train-
ing is very simple, consisting of merely placing
the articles in the dog's moutn, and when ne let&
go of it give him a slight box on the cor and re-
place the article in his mouth, Whatever is
given him to carry should be of such a form as
to be grasped easily by him without hurting his
mouth or teeth. The weight should at first be
rery light and never more than he can easily
carry. Mo«t dogs will take a real pleasure in
carr^'ing articles in this manner, and they seem
to feel the responsibility attached to their duly.
for they will carry their own or their master's
dinner without attempting to appropriate any
portion of it until the proper time when their
ihare shall be given them. In teaching dugs to
carry food, however, it is necessary to take a
little special pains to overcome their instinctive
inclination to eat it. A good plan is to pbcc the
txticles in n covered baslcet which tliey cannot
open, and when the dog has learned to carry an
ordinary parcel give him this. If he attempts lo
get at the food, whidi he readily detects by his
sense of smell. i>ox his cart. By-and-by reward
him with the food, and then try him with n bas-
ket from which he can abstract the contents; if
he tries to do so punish him slichUy, never per-
mitting him to steal the food. If a dog ever de-
serves a reward for well doing he certainly does
in this cas^ for it is too bad lo tantalize him
with the smell of some dainty and then nut to let
him finally have something for his good conduct.

To make a dog carry articles from one person
to another it is only necessary for two persons lo
take their posiliim at &uine distance from another.
One gives the dog some article saying *'go sir,"
at the some time. As the first says this, let the
other person call or whistle to the dog. Now
let this one give the dog something and let the
other one cul him, and so on back and forth
unlil he will go from one to the other at the
command, "go sir."

It is not very difficult to teach a dog to go on
errands. Suppose you wish him lo go to market
Sot you of a morning; take hiio with yoU regu-
larly for a few mornings, letting him carry the
bo-skeU In a few days he will uaderstand when
you start where it is you propose to go, and will,
pcrliaps, run on ahead and arrive there some mi-
nutes before you do. It would be well on all
occasions before starting to give the command,
*'Go to market." which will accustom him to it

DOGS, Ilydrpphobia, Rabits or Canine Mad-
netT in. — One of the earliest symptoms of rabies
in the dog is restlessness. )(e is constantly
■running round and round before he will lie down;
Itis countenance becomes anxious ; his eye«
bloodshot; he fancies that he sees objects around
him which have not real existence, and he snaps

ihe empty air; his fondDcss for his mo&ter in-

creases, and with it his propensity to lick the
hands and dee— a filthy practice at any time, and
one most dangerous; — the appeliic becomes
depraved, his nattn-al foo<i is neglected, and, at
the same time, eveiy sort of filthy trash is greedily
devoured ; eating his own excrement is an early
symptom, and so sure a one, thtt the moment a
dog is seen doing so he should be destroyed, or,
at all events, carefully confined. For no cura-
tive treatment will avail, when a dog is seized
with this terrible disease.

DOG, How to ull tkt Age cf, {^Cntii 6
Years of Age.) — A dog has a very visible mark
in his teeth, as well aji a horse, which mark does
not disappear totally until he is very near or full
6 years old. Look to the 4 front Icelh, both in
the upper and lower jaw, but particul.irly to the
teeth in the upper jaw, for in Uiose 4 iVont icclb
the mark remains the longest. At 13 montbs
oldvou will observe everyone of the 4 front
teeth, lioth in the upper and under jaw, jagged
and uneven, nearly in iht form of a fleur de lis,
but not quite so pointed at the edges of the jags
as a fleur dc lis is. .\5 the dog advances in age
these marks will wear away, gradually decrease
and grow smoother and less jagged every year.
lictween 3 and 4 years old these marks will be
(ull half worn down, and when you observe all
the 4 front teeth, both in the upper and lower
jaw. guile worn smooth and even, and not in the
least jagged, then you may conclude that the dog
is nearly if not full 6 years old. W^cn those
marks arc worn quite flat and even, and those
teeth auilc level and even, you can no longer
judge the age of a dog.

DOG {PVPPy), Haw to C-Ujj^.— Sportsmen
assure us that, in order to make choice of a
puppy from among a number of others it »« bet-
ter to leave the choice to the mother hcrsell. In
carrying them back to their bed, the first one
she Ukes up will always be the best; if we pre-
tend to set fire to ihc bed on all sides, then the
one she will try to rescue first,

DOGS. Bat IfeJ/cr.—rhc best bed which can
be made for a dog consisu of dry, newly made
pine shavings, a sackful of which may he had for
a shilling at almost any cari>enter'i shop. The
dog is delighted in tumbling about in them until
he has made a lied to suit himself. Clean wood
sha\'in^ will clean a dog as well as water, and
flc.is wdl never infest dogs tliat sleep upon fresh
pine shavings ; the turpentine and resin in new
pine soon drive them away.

DOGS, Jii,'gs Eating. — To cnrc Oxis, blow an
ordinary hen's egg. expcUing the entire contents,
stop up one end of the shell with wax. Then
fill it from the other end with strong spirits of
ammonia^ or *Hartshom.' Seal that end and
tlien put it where the dog can get it. If he
crushes itf he will never be desirous of repeabng
the luxury of egg eating. After the do? has had
one ammonical feast, a little of the fluid poured
into the nest, will remind him of the fact, that
he once was burnt, and also will scr^-e to cleanse
the nest from vermin.

DOGS (fVhite,) k> WiwA.— Make a good
lather of white soap with a little spirit of tnrpen*
tine; wa«h the dog as quickly as possible in this
while il is warm, but not hot, taking care not to
let the .soap lather get into its eyes. Have a tub
with clean tepid water in which a Utile blue has
dissolved, ready; when the coat is clean dip the
dog into the blue water atul rinse out the so«p

HOUSEHOLD PETS,

«n

I

L

Then nib it well in a dean sheet before the fire;
if the hair is long comb it out and brush it as it
dries. The turpentine will kill 6eas unless the
dog is much infesltd with them.

DOG DIS7'EAtPEA\ /Vw/is^/^i-.— Distem-
per in dogs is characterized by a running from the
nose and eyes, and a short dry cough, followed
by a wasting of the flesh, and loss of strength
and spirits. At length the brain sufTers, and fits,
paralysis of the extremities, or convulsions come
on. A lundful of common tine salt thrown
down the throat and the mouth kept closed until
it goes down, is an infallible remedy. One dose
is enough in the early stage of the disease ; if
given later, it may have to l^ repeated.

DOGSf FUas on. — Suds made from carbolic
soap will rid a dog of fleas. An other remedy
is ID rub olive oil into the dog's coat, so as to
saturate the hair to the surface of the skin; then
to let it remain on for half an hour, and wash it
well out with the best yellow soap and warm
water. A small portion of any sweet oil brushc<l
into the cuat of a woolly dog will effectually pre-
vent iu being infested with vermin.

DOGS, Afan^f in. — Is similar to the itch in
man and require the same treatment. Wash with
soft soap and apply sulphur ointment.

DOGS^ Worms in. — .Are a frequent cause of
fits, and when they get into the nostrils, wind-
pipe, &C., generally cause death. For those in
the bowels, Youalt recommends powdered gla&s
made up into a roll with butler or lard. Cow-
ha^ (cow-itch, mucuna) is probably quite as
effectual, and is safer. A teaspoonful mav be
given in lard, and repeated if necessary. Tur-
pentine should not be given to dogs.

GOLD FISH, How to Pwd.—Tht following
is the experience of a well kno»-n naturalist. He
says: In the spring I put into one of my tanks,
two feet long, one foot wide, and six inches deep,
witharusticbasket in the centre filled with gravel,
and planted with watercresses and other water
plants, three gold-fish, two females and one male.
Going into the room one day I observed the
water, which had always been clear, very muddy.
Seeing the water in such n disturbed state, I at
onoe knew that spawningwas going on. I looked
vxth a microscope and saw a numl>er of Uttle gol-
den halls sticking on the roots of the cresses.
The thought struck me that, if I removed the
era, I could breeil them, as the fish arc known
to devour their young. I put a handful of gravel
and some weeds into a glass sugar-basin. I then,
with a pair of tweeiers, picked off the roots, with
the ova sticking on them, and put them into the
hashu In eight days I had a shoal of Uttle
fiibes.

COLD FISH, Care ^/I— Gold fish may be
loKpt ten or twelve years in vessels — the average
period ofexistence — by the following precautions:

t. AUow not more then one fish to a quart
of water. 3. Use the same kind of water,
whether spring or river water, and change it daily
in summer; every other day in winter. 3. Use
<teei> rather than shallow vessels, with small

re boles on the bottom — to l>e kept clean, — and
oep Ibcm in the shade and in a cool part of the
room. 4. Use a small net rather than the hand
while changing the water. 5. Feed the fish with
cracker, yolk of egg, lettuce, flies, etc, rather
than with bread, ajid then only every third or
ibartb day, and but a little at a time. 6. Do not
iced them at all from November to the end of

February, and but little during the three follow-
ing months.

CUIXEA.PJG, 7:1/.— This little animal,
although called by the name of "pig/* is in no
way whatever related to the family lo which the
wild boar and the domestic hog belong. It is,
on the contrary, comprehended in the order Ro-
dentia, along with mice, rats, squirrels, and the
various kinds of animals remarkable, as the name
of the order implies, for their habits of gnawing.
The guinea-pi^ is a native of Brazil and Para-
guay, where it is found wild ; and there are
various species of the same animal. When do-
mesticated in this country, it very much resem-
bles the rabbit, although tt Is smaller in size. It
IS frequently marked with irregular patches of
black, white, and orange, llie ears are round
and almost naked, the feet are short, and there is
no tail. It is a very cleanly animal, and the male
and fc-male sjiend much ol their time in licking
and smoothing each other's fur. It breeds at
two months old, and brings forth from four to
twelve young ones at a time. It is a pretty little
animal, but can hardly l>e said to make a desirable
pet, as it seems entirely devoid of attachment.
In order to keen the little creature in comfort,
the chief object, oesides that of furnishing it with
appropriate focKl, is lo keep it scrupulously dean,
— an object which its own instinctive habits ought
to sugcest to its owner,

L/.VjVETS, — Cock-birds are browner on the
back than the hens, and have some of the large
feathers of the wings white op to the quills.
(Canary and hcmp-seed, witli occasionally a Uttle
groundsel, water-cress, chickwecd, etc., consti-
tutc their food.

AfOCA'/XG PIRDS, Food for. — Mix
thoroughly together corn meal, pea meal, each
one part; moss meal, half a part; add to the mix-
ture enough melted lard not to make it too fat or
greasy, and sweeten with molasses. Now fry
this mixture in a frying>pan for alKiul half an
hour, stirring it alltlie time, and being very care-
ful not to let it burn. If not fried sufficiently, it
will not keep. When properly made it will keep
in a covered glass jarfor several weeks. Mocking,
and other birds of similar nature, will leave m1
other food for this, which is rather healthful than
injurious to them. Pea meal is maile by drying
spUt peas in an oven, and then finely grinding
them m a mill. Moss meal is prepared from the
moss seed imported into this country from Ger-
many.

MOCKING BIRDS, To Tni/.— The best
way to catch them is to have a cage with two or
three separate commrtments in one of which
you have a decoy bird. The cage is to be set
down near a bush, away from other undergrowth,
in a locality resorted lo by the birds. Cut three
or four twigs and revolve them in bird lime until
entirely covered, then cut a slit in the butt, and
fasten to the most prominent port of the bush
by this sht, then retire 150 yards. The decoy
will begin to sing, thereby attracting the wild
mocking birds, who will attempt to whip him
away. They will probably light on the prepared
twigs and will Iw neld fast; their ilutterings only
causing their wings to stick Ukcwise. A little
lard rublKxl on their feet and wings will remove
the bird lime.

It will i»e found that the birds improve in
strength and fullness of tone when kept some
yearsj and it is not so difficult to kec^ Uift

I7«

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

bird as i!> generally supposed. Feed regularly,
keep cape clean and dry, do not let victuals get
suilc or &our.

Another method is about the first of May to
taJcc a tramp through the woods aod along the
hedges until you find ft nest, and be sure it is the
right kind. l>o not touch the ne&t, but visit it
every few days, and when the young are halched
and can open their eyes and mouths take the
ncsl and binis home with you and set them in a
cage. You then prepare some com meal very
soft and feed them every half hour by putting it
in their mouths; when hungry they will open
their mouths and cry if you approach them, then
is the time to feed them; when tlicy become
strong enough to hop about the cage you may
then put water and the meal in the cage and they
will soon learn to feed themselves, llie cage
should be cleaned out at least every other morning
and fresh dry clean sand put on the floor. The
regular feed of the birds should be corn meal and
hard boiled eggs mashed together with a little
water; scalded fresh beef is very fine for them,
also a few polkc berries occasionally, all kinds of
fruits, bread that is not **short,'* meat not salt ;
never give them anythio? sweet. I nearly lost
a fine bird by allowing him to get some sour
molasses. Toe best medidnc for the mocking
bird is two or three spiders.

Be sure to put a pan of fresh water in the
cage every day, as he is a great washer and in-
variably sings better if vou give him plenty of
water and spiders. The bird should never be let
out of the cage, and he then does not know what
hberty is.

PAN ROTS, Cj^w/t.— The first requisite for
nil parrots is a strong rooray cage. The "In-
destructible Cagie," made of corrugated wire,
with perches of lignum vitrc, is the best, as thry
are most destructive birds, and delight in mis-
chief. If it be |X)ssibIc to find a loose wire or a
weak spot In the ca^e. it is worked upon with
beakana claws till it is quite destroyed. Macaws
and codcatoos are chained to a perch by the leg,
and two little tins, one containing food, the other
water, arc fastened to the perch, and a large flat
tin underneath contains gravel, which is indis-
pensable to their health. All parrots must be
kept in a warm room during the winter ; they
arc natives of the tropics, and in this climate are
extremely susceptible of cold, and should be care-
fully guarded from draughts, which often produce
asthma, of which disease a large proportion of
parrots in confinement die; at the same time
they require a good deal of fresh air and water,
botn to drink and bathe in. A parrot ought to
have a bath, at least once a week in summer, and
if the bird will not bathe himself, he should have
tepid water poured over him from a watering-pot;
he should then be set in the sun or before a fire
to dry. and great care must tie taken that the cage
is perfectly Axy. Parrots arc subject to gout,
ana sometmies loose their toes from this disease,
which is brought on by damp.

PARROTS, y-^wZ/tfr.— Wild narrots live on
grain, fruit, and nuts of various kinds ; the food
of the tame bird is much the same, — Indian com,
boiled and allowed to l>ecome cold, and canary
seed. They are very fond of hemp seed ; this
last is, however, loo heating for general use.
Ripe fruit, and nuts of any kind, they may K-ivc
in moderation ; a bit of dry mealy potato, a crust
of brcMd or toast, is also a great favorite with

some ; and a little white bread, soakc<l in fr(
milk with some sugar, should be given once a
day, just as much a^ ihe bird will cat at one time.
If the food is allowed to remain in the cage it will
get sour, and it is tlien ntost prejudicial; in fact,
parrots arc like children, some prefer one thing
and some another, but one rule mukt be scron ,
pulouslv observed — never give them meat, n4J
matter Kow small the quantity, it is always hurt-
ful ; and, indeed, butter or grease of any kind is
very objectionable. With ordinary care these
birds live to a great age, and they are so amusing,
and often so affectionate, that it is a sad afiair to
lose one bv carelessness.

PARROTS, To 7€uch jJkf to JT^*.— Tl^l
quickest way is to send the bird, if possible,
where there is another parrot who can speak.
They should be placed near enough to hear, but
not see each other, and the one will soon imi-
tate the other. A good way is to speak to the
bird at night; jusi when his cage has been
covered over (which must always be done with
a woullen rug in winter) repeat over several
times in the same lone the sentence you wish him
lo learn. He may not appear to notice at first,
but some day, quite unexpectedly, he will repeat
the sentence exactly in uie same tone that be
has heard it. He should at once be rewarded
with a bit of sugar, or fruit, any little dainty that
be is fond of. They are very quick at under-
standing that rewards aregiven for obedience.
We have had a grey parrot lor many years ; be is
now fully sixteen years old ; his plumage is beaa-
liful and his health most excellent, ami he is a
most amusing and clever bird ; he speaks ex-
ceedingly plain, and it is quite easy to teach
him a new sentence, or even to make him repeat
words and whistles when desired. He hnows
that he will be rewarded if lie does what he is
to!d, and be scolded if he is disobedienL Never
allow a parrot to be startled or teased, or permit
it to be fed indiscriminately by visitors. Keep
the cage extremely clean ; let it l»e w iped out and
fresh sand given every day. Some birds drink
very Uttle, but they shoulcl always be able to get
a drink of fresh water if they wish. It is also a
good plan to let a small quantity of canary seed
be in the seed can. If a bird is left to ihe core
of a servant during absence, it is possible that
the morning bread and milk may be forgotten,
and the seed will thus prevent the bird being
sianrcd.

PARROTS, To Prrvmt Pbukmg its ^nm
Feathers, — The morbid condition of the bird may
be induced from one or both of two causes. The
bird may be suflering from an accumulation of
parasites upon its body ; the cage may lie mfcste<I
with them, especially in the comers and crerices
of the wood of the perch. Those insects crawl
upon them and usually infest the head, neck,
and under the wings, and the poor bird may be
simply trying its best to get rid of them; or the
blood ofthe bird may be in a highly inflammatory
condition, probably induced by excess of kind-
ness, in pampering its ani>etite by feeding upon
dainty morsels but ill suited to lurds, by which
at length they will almost refuse their natural
food. If such is the case, gradually leave off
giving tlie bird those tidbits compelling it to feed
upon those seeds only suited to its condition, and
it will soon recover. If it is caused by insects
the cage must be well cleaned ; place a drop of
turpentine in each comer oC the cage, and upon

HOUSFJIOLD PESTS.

the perch, ihis will soon destroy ihcra ; anO rub
ft little irain oil upon the bare part of the bird's
body, or dusl the body well with some insect
powder (pyrtthrum rosea).

KOBfN, Hew to Tame and Fm/.—U we wish
to tame a robin, one of the most pleasant of home
pets, it must he done very gradually, making
great friends with a young bird, and feeding it,
when it will often come contentedly to roost in-
doors, in liic colder weather, and will cheerfully
introduce iu small brown brood, to hop about
before Ui on the gravel walk, later in the season.
And one tame robin will then bring in another,
when they are at peace, which is very rare. A
young bird broupnt up from a nest is a most
agreeable pet. He ought in that case to possess
m CBge, but to be allowH to no in 4nd out at will.
"When confined, water should be kept in some
convenient locality so that he can take his bath
when ever he wishes it. Old birds should never
\x caught for the purpose of (ameing or con-
frncing.

Robins eat hard-boiled eggs, bread crumbs,
German paste, hemp and canary seed, and must
hnre abundant water.

RABBIT, Habits 0/ Ma— The rabbit litters
four or five limes a year, bringing forth from five
to eight young ones at a time, and beginning to
breea at Uie age of six montb^. The animal de-
lights in a sandy soil, with a superficial layer of
fine vegetable mould, clothed with thyme, fine
^rass, and other herbage. In such situations it
can easily make it& burnjwsi and enjoy abundant
food. It is remarkable that while the young of
the bare are bom covered with fur, and possessed
of sight so as to be able to shift for themselves,
Toang rabbits arc bom blind, naked, and help-
less; they cannot sec for about twelve days after
birth, nor leave the burrow fur more than a
month.

RABBITS, Beit Kinds e/^- Stoat, short-
legiged rabbiti arc better breeders than others,
as well OS mure healthy. The large hare-coloml
raricty is much cstccmeil, but the white, or white
mottlc^l with velluw or black, is said to be tlic
most delicate for the tabic. The grey is said to
aiiproach nearest to the flavor of the wild rabbit.
Rabbit fanciers have different opinions as to the
colors of the animals. Grey, as being the com-
monest, is held in least estimation j the black
occupies the next pbcc j the fawn, the while, and

grevhold the third place; the pure albino with
pink eyes 1:9 considered better than any of these ;
various admixture*; of brown, grey, or black
mixetl with while, take the highest rank, and a
uniform mouse color is greatly admired by a few
as su[icrinr to any other.

RABBITS, To Rear. — It is of great impor-
tance that the rablMtry be properly ndaptcu to
the ptirpose intended. The rabbit in its natural
state prefers a dry and niry situation, and the
rabbit-house or hutch ought, on that account, to
he kept always dry, clean and well aired. Tlic
hutch may be most suitably placed against the
south wall of a hoii^e, so as to obtain the advan-
tage of the sunlight. It should be snrrounded
by a wire fence, and, in the interior of the enclo-
sure, boxes ought to be fixed as breeding places,
separated by partitions from other lioxcs arlapted
for the young rabbits, which iKirtitions are fur-
nished with doors capable of being closed so as
to separate the young ones from the parents
when required.

RABBITS, To FefJ.—ll ought to be kept in
mind that all the various vegetables and roots
U!»cd at table may be given to thcra. and that per-
haps celery, parsley, and the tons as well as the
roots of carrots arc preferred oy the animals ;
lettuces, slumps of cabbage and cauliflowers,
turnips, an<l parsnips, are all useful. In spring,
tares are excellent, and the dandelion, the miDc
thistle, and sow tJmtle, are all much relished by
them.

SQUIRRELS, Houf to Manage.— In a do-
mestic state these little animals are fed with hazel
nuts, or indeed any kind of nuts ; and occasionally
bread and milk. They should be kept very
clean.

THRUSHES.~\ cock may be distinguished
from a hen by a darker back and the more glossy
appearance 0/ the feathers. The belly uso is
white. Tlicir natural food is insects, worms, and
snails. In a domesticated state they will eat raw
meat, but snails and worms should be procured
for them. Young birds are hatched atwui the
middle of April, and should be kept very warm.
They should be fed with raw meat, cut small, or
bread mixed in milk with hemp-seed well bruised;
when (hey can feed themselves give them lean
meal cut small, and mixed with bread or German
paste, plenty of dean water, and keep them in a
warm dry, and sunny situation.

HOUSEHOLD PESTS.

AA^TS, ToDrrftv^ nnd Bam'sA.^i. Perfect
cleanliness. — 2. Pulverised borax sprinkled in pla-
ces ihcy frequent. — 3. A few leaves of ^ecn worm-
wood, scattered among their hauntk. — 4. The
•se of camphor. — 5. A sponge can he sprinkled
vith sugar and laia upon shelves when ants are
numerous; the next morning plunge ouickly into
boiling water, and most of the intruders will be
destroyed. — 6. Carbolic acid wiped around the
cd^ of the shelves and wherever they seem to

rme from.

BED'SO'GSt T0 £xitrminate,^U Perfect

cleanliness. Ko bed-bags or other vermin wfll
infest a house, the mistress of which, is of or-
derly and cleanly habits, and fine tastes. — 2. Two
ounces of red arsenic, a Ji^ of a pound of white
soap, )4 ui ounce of camphor dissolved in a tea-
spoonfid of spirits rectified, miulc into a paste of
the consistency of cream. Place this mixture in
the openings and cracks of the bedstead. — 3.
Where bed-bugs are present the h»est, quickest
and handiest exterminator is kerosene or crude
petroleum oil, drenching all parts of the article of
fumitttre tlu»^ghly aau cflcctiTcly*

*74

DICTIONARY OF EVERY*DAY WANTS.

CATERPILLARS, To Destrpy.—V^\\ to-
gcthcr a quantity of rue, wormwood, and nny
cheap tobacco (etiual parts), in coramon water.
The liquid should l>e very strong. Sprinkle it
on the leaves and young branches every morning
and evening during the time the fruit is ripen-
ing.

CRICKETS, Ta Destroy.— K single cricket in
the kitchen grate will disturb a household. There
is a superstition which prevents uneducated per-
sotiti from attempting the destruction of the insect.
It flaps its wings, producing iti well-known
sound, chiefly at nignt. A little ginger cordial
being plnced in a dish before the fire will attract
it, and on [tartaking of the liquor it will die. The
best mode of destroying the insect in its nest is
to put snuff into llie chmks of the grate.

COCKROACHES AND BEETLES, To
Dfstrmf. — I. Strew the roots ofblack hellebore,
m night, in the places infested by these vermin,
and they vrilJ be found in the Tnoming dead, or
dying. Black hellebore grows in marshy grounds,
and may be had at the herb shops. — 2. Put about
a quart of water sweetened with molasses in a
tin wash basin or smooth gla/ed China bowls.
Set it at evening in a place frequented by the
bugs. Around the l)asin put an old piece of car-
pet that the bugs con have easy access \A the
top. They will go down in the water, and stay
till you come. — ^. Take pulverized borax 4 ports,
flour T part, mix intimately and distribute the
mixture in cupboards which arc freq\LciiIed liy
the roaches, or blow it, by means of a bellows,
into the holes or cracks that are infested by them.
— 4. By scattering a handful of fresh cucumber
parings about the nouse. — 5. 'I'ake carbonic acid
and powdered camphor in equal parts; put them
in a bottle; they will become fluid. With a
painter's brush of the si/.e called a sash-tool, put
the mixture on the cracks or places where the
roaches hide ; they will come out at once. Tlicn
IcUL — 6. Miv up a quantity of fresh burned plas-
tCT of paris (^psum, such as is used for mucing
molds and ornaments), with wheat fl oik and a
little sugnr, and distribute on shallow plates and
box boards, and place in the comers of tne kitchen
and pantry, where they frequent. In the dark-
ness they will feast themselves on it. Whether
it interferes with their digestion or not, is difficult
to osccrtnin, but afier three or four nights renew-
al of tlie iJrepamlion, no cockroaches will be
found on the premises.

FLEAS, To get Rid <»/— Much of the hirgest
number of fleas arc brought into our family cir-
cles by pet dogs and cats. TIic nil of pennyroyal
will drive these insects off; but achcapcr method,
where the herb flourishes, is to throw yuur c:vls
and dogs into a decoction of it once a week.
When the herb cannot be got, the oil can be pro-
cured. In this case, saturate strings with it and
tie them round the necks of dogs and cats.
These applications should l>c repeated every
twelve or fifteen days. Mint, freshly cut, and
hung round a bedstead, or on the furniture, will
prevent annoyance from bed insects; a few drops
of essential oil of lavender will be more effica-
doufi.

FLY, Nature ititd Habits of » — But of what use
are flics? is the inc}uiry often made. 'ITicy are
scavengers, and delight not only in sweet things
and fresh blnod, but also in things unclean, espe-
cially in decomposing animal substances. With
their proboscis, suclong up the juices which by

evaporation would contaminate the air, very uj
ful indeed, in the houses of ilovenly housi
keepers. The bluc-bottlc, or blow fly deposit
its eggs on animal substances, which arc rccc
nized as fly blows. In a *-arm ternperalure tl
batch in three or four hours alter they nrc Ink
and then are called larvx or maggots. Linajeutj
asserts that the maggots from threcflics will coik^
sume a dead horse as quickly as a lion. So
racious are they that they incrca*»e in weigj
about 200 times iu 24 hours. The flesh fly.
little longer than the blow fly, droDS living mj,
gots on dead flesh, the magrols Deing hatch*
within the fly. The cheese fly is very small;
a shining black color, with transparent wings an<
yellow hind legs. It depokils about 300 or 25<
eggs into the cracks in cheese, which axe dei
loped into skippers. The maggots of
species of flics spin cocoons; with others,
sttin simply hardens and incases the pupa,
chrysalis. At length the fully developed fly make
its escape by forcing off with its head the cl
salis case. The dSTcrcnl-suied flies, we not
are different varieties, and not young and oJd,
some suppose ; for flics never grow to any
perceptible extent. A large proportion of
swarms of flics generated during the wi
weather of summer arc destroyed by the frost
of winter. Only a few that are so fortunate as l<
find shelter and warm places escape; and in simj
lar situations, some of them pass the winter ii
the chrysalis state, and only emerge when ws
weather returns. The house fly is a doroestfl
insect, and is said never to be found except in
vidnttv of man's present or recent habilalions.

IL)ES, {House) /'tfZ><-j/n»r.— House flics a
present just in proportion to the dirt and uncleai
liness there is in a house. The cleaner the hoi
and surrounding, the fewer flies there will be.-
I. They may be effectually destroyed by puttio|
h.ilf a spoonful of black pepper in powder on
teaspoonful of brown ^uear, and one teaspoonfv
of cream; mix them wclltogcther and pl.nce ihci
in a room where the flics are troublesome, and
they will soon disappear. — 2. The butchers of
Geneva have, from time immemorial, prevented
flies from approaching the meat which they ex-
pose for sale, by the use of laurel oil. This oil^
the smell of wnich, although a little strong, is'
not very offensive, drives aw^iy flies ; and they'
dare not come near the walls or the wainscotl'
which have been rubbed with it. — 3. Flies arei
kept out of stables, (a place they propognte inj
great numbers) by using sawdust which is satu-
rated with carbolic acid diluted — one part of acid
10 a hundred parts of water — the sawdust scat-
tered about in stables keeps all flics away. A
similar application of the aad ought to keep them
from kitchens.

FLY PAPER {Adhesive),— Vic\i resin in any
vessel over the fire, and while soft add to ft
enough sweet oil, lard or tamp oil, to make it^
when cold of the consistency 0I molasses. Thi»*
spread upon writing paper with a bru-ih will not*
dry in a long time and \s so sticky as to hold fiutd
the legs of any insect attracted to it, or accident-'
ally coming in contact. It may be placed about*
the house, the pantry or elsewhere, an*! will sooitT
attract and hold fast ants and other vermin. It'
is also used on table legs, the edges of shelves'
and other places to prevent the ascent of ants.
Strips of this paper fastened closely about the
trunks of trees, plants, etc, the vamUh side oat*

I

I

pETCvcDts the a!u:cnt of insects. It possesses the
great advantage over the ordinary fly pajjcrs in
Uial it iii not poisonous.

MlCEf T0 drh'e azvay. — Gather any kind of
mint and itcattcr it about your shelves, and they
yn\\ forsake the premises. See also "Rats".

JlfOSQ(//7'0£S, To k^ep out 0/ a ^Offm.~
I. Oil of pennyroyal, scattered about in small
Guantirics. — 3. Take of gum camphor a piece
about one iliird llw size ofan egc, and evaporate
it by placing it in a tin vessel, and holding it over
a, lamp ur candle, taking care that it does not
ignite. The smoke will soon fill the room, and
expel the mosquitoes. — 3. jagor, a celebrated
German traveller, who spent a number of years
in the junclcv of the Malayan Archipelago, recom-
mended, the roots of pyreihrum roscum. In a
paper recently published by Dr. Uirdwood, on
Ckhbanum* the author say that in Bombay nothing
&o quickly clears one's room of mosquitoes as the
burning of a little olibanum or myrrh in it. —
4. Carbonic acid has recently been successfully
used for the extermination of mosquitoes and
flics. A small piece of cloth, saturated with the
mdd. was hung in the room, and in two hours
the flics had entirely disaopenred. In the evening
the add was inctl in the Kitchen where the mos-
quitoes were very troublesome, with like success.

MOSQL7TOF.S, To prr.ent fiifin^ ^ViUtc
a little of the oil of thyme with sweet oil, and dip
pieces of jiapcr in it. Hang in your room, or
nib a little on the hands and face when going to
bed. — 3. It is said that petroleum is a good mus-
quito bar, if used in this way: A little coal oil is
dropped on some raw cotton, the excess of it
5iqncezed out, and the cotton then rubbed over
£ace and hands. It is said that the little pests
i»iU not come near it. To us the remedy seems
nearly as bad as the disease; to lltose who do not
Blind the smell of kerosene it may by useful.

MOSQ UI TOE BI T£S, Solution >r.— Apply
mi once a few drops of aqua ammonia, or an m-
fusion of tobaccu, either of whidi will allay the
itching almost instantaneously. Carbolic acid
has also been tried, and with good success, but
it should be very much ditutedj to prevent pro-
ducing a blister.

MOTHS^ To prtsetve Cloth ing and Furs from .
— 1. Procure shavings ofce<Iar-wood, and enclose
in muslin luigs, which should be distributed freely
among the clothes. — 2. Procure shavings of cam-
phor-wood, and enclose in bags. — 3. Sprinkle
pimento (iltspice) berries among the clothes. —
4. Sprinkle the clothes with the seeds of the musk
pUnL — 5. An ounce of gum camphor and one of
the powdered shell of red pepper are macerated
in Bounces of strone alcohol for several days,
then strained. With this tincture the furs or
cloths ore sprinkled over, and rolled up in sheets.
— <5i. Carefully shake and brush woollens early in
the spring, so as to be certain that no eggs are
in them: then sew them up in cotton or linen
wrappers, putting a piece of camphor gum, tied
up ID a bit of mu&lin, into each bundle, or into
the chests and closets where the articles are to
No moth will approach while the smell of
camphor continues. When the gum ii eva-
v ' ■ -li "it be renewed- Enclose them in a
x with camphor no matter whether
tOA'l-- i *-' pnper or white pine, before any

fOgi are laid on them by early spring moths.
1^ notion of having a trunk made of some pnr-
Iknkr kind of wood for this purpose, is oon-

seosc. Furs or woollens, put nway in spring
time, before moth eggs are laid, into boxes,
trunks, drawers, or closets even, where moths
cannot enter, will be safe from the ravages of
mothworms, provided none were in tlicm that
were laid late in the autumn, for they arc not of
spontaneous production.

AfOTf/S IN CAkPETS, To A7//.— Wrin^
a coarse crobh towel out of clear water, spread it
smoothly on the carpet, iron it dry with a good
hot iron, repealing tne 0|>cration on all parts of
the carjict suspected of bemg infeslc<l with moths.
No need to press hard, and ncitlier the pile nor
color of the caqiet will he injured, and the moths
will Iw destroyed by the heat and steam.

kA TS, Methods for Peitroying. — i. Mix some
fine plaster of Paris with an equal quantity of
flour; put the mixture in the place infested by
the vermin, and a vessel full of water beside it.
The rats will devour the mixture, and then drink;
whereupon the nbister, brought into contact with
the water, will become solid, and like a stone in
their stomachs, which will cause, their death.
This mcthofl is evidently highly jjrcfcrable to the
use of arsenic, which is always :Utende<l with
dancer. — 2. Flour, 6 pounds; sugar, 1 pound;
sulphur, 4 pounds ; phosphorus, 4 pounds. —
3. When a house is infestea by rats which refuse
to nibble at toasted cheese, and the usual l>aits,
a few drops of the highly scented oil of rhodium^
]X)urcd on the bottom of a cage top, will always
attract l>efore morning. Where a trap baited
with all manner of edibles had failed to attract a
single rat, the oil of Rhodium causetl it to be
completely crowded night after niyhl.— 4, Mix
powdered nux vomica with oatmeal, and lay it in
their haunts, observing proper precaution to pre-
vent accidents. — 5. {PhospnoroHs pasUJ) Take of
f)hosphorus, 8 parts, liouify it m 180 |xuls of
uke-warm ^^-aler, pour tne whole into a mortar,
and add immediately 180 parti; of rye meal ; when
cold, mix in 180 parts of butter melted, and 125
pnris of sugar. If the pho>phorus is in a finely-
divided state, the ingredients may be all mixed
at once, without melting them, 'litis mixture
will retain its efficacy for many years, for the
phosphorus is preserved by the butter and only
[Kcomes oxydized on the surface. Rats and mice
cat tliis mixture with avidity, after which they
swell out and soon die.— 6. Cover the floor near
their holes, with a thin layer of moist caustic
potash. WHien the rats walk on this it makes
their feet sore. These they lick with their tongues,
which mokes their mouths sore, and the restdt
is that they not only shun this locality, but ap-
pear to tell all the neighboring rats about it, and
eventually the house is entirely ab-indoned by
them, notwithstanding that the neighborhood
maybe teeming with them. — 7. Corks, cut as thin
as wafers, roasted or stewed in grease, and placed
in their tracks; or dried sponge m small pieces,
fried or dijijied in honej', with a lillle oil of rho-
dium, cr btrd-Ume, laid in their haunts, willstick
to their fur and cause their departure. If a live
rat be caught, and well rubbca or brushed over
with tar, and train-oil, and afterward put to es-
cape in the holes of others, they will disappear.
— ^S. Cover a common barrel with stiff, stoat
papers, tying the edge around the barrel ; place
a board so that the rats may have nn easy access
to the lop; sprinkle cheese parings or other
"feed" for the rats on the paper for several days,
iiDlil they begin lo believe tiiey have a right to

1:6

DICTIOUARY OF EVERY-DA Y WAHTS.

their daily rations from this source. Then place
at the bolloin of Uic barrel a piece of rock about
tix or seven inches high, filling with water until
only enough of it projects above the water for
one rat lo lodge upon. Now replace the paper.
first cutting a cross in the middle, anil the first
ral thai comes on the barrel top goes through into
the water and climbs on the rock. The naper
comes back to place, and the second rat follows
the first. Then begins a fight for the possession
of the dry place on tlie stone, the noise of which
ftttracLs Ihc rest, who share the same fate. —
9. Fill a deep smooth vessel of considerable capa-

city, to within 6 inches of the top with water,
cover the surface with bran, and &ee the
vcftKcl in a place most freqaented by these nestk
In attemptmg to get at the bran, tltcy will UD in
and be drowned. Several dozen have been taken
by this simple method at a time. — 10. The amell
of a goat is obnoxious to the nostrils of rats;
the two wont be friends and companions on any
account whatever, and the introduction of goats to
one's barn ur premiftcs will cause an immediate
stampede of all the rats. — ii. The possession of
a ferret is at oocc the safest and ^"^.^W^X cncmj
of the rat.

HUNTING, TRAPPING AND TANNING.

BEAVER SKINS, To Dress.— \<m must
Tip the skin the same as you would a sheep.
Stretch it in all ways as much as possible; then
it is to be dressed with equal parts ciX rock salt
and alum dissolved in v^ater and made about as
thick as cream by stirring in coarse flour. This
ahould be spread on nearly half an inch thick to
be scraped ofT when dry and repeated if one time
,_ Is not enough. This same process of dressing

H applies likewise to otter skins.

»^ H/RD ZAV£.— I. The middle bark of the
^^^K4iolly, any quantity; boil it for seven or eight
^^^Hlioars in water, or until it is soft and tender, then
^^^^ drain the water off, and place it in pits under
^M ground* surrounded with stones ; let it remain to

H ferment, and water it if required nntil it }>asscs

H into a mucilaginous state. Then pound it well

^1^ and wash it in several waters, next leave it for
^K four or five days to ferment and purify itself. —
^H %, Linseed oil boilc<l and burned duwn to a thick
^" Tarnish answers even better than the above. In

preparing it the oil is put into an iron kettle and
set upon a fire, when warm it is lighted also and

I allowed to burn until it is of the (^tined thick-

ness. The iron pot should not be over one-third
ftiU of oil, and should have a lid to fit pretty
dosely by which the oil can be quenched at will
From time to time this must be done to ascertain
the condition of the oil. It takes from nine lo
ten hours to boil it down, and when done it
should be put away in a vessel as nearly air-tight
as possible, otherwise it will continue to grow
ihicKcr and thicker antil it becomes unusable. It
should be of the consistency of thick svrup.
BIICD LIME, Ifinv to Use. — There are
various methods of using it. It can be either em-
ployed on sticks made for the purpose, by which
means there is not so much loss uf bird lime, or
plastered on sjiots to which the birds are accus-
tomed to come. If used in the former way, holes
must be liorcd into the tree in which to fix the
limed sticks. Birds taken with lime should be
relieved as soon as caught, or they will flutter
themselves to death. Alcohol will wash off the

I lime. Ttut take care in applying it; small birds
can l>e killed with the smell of alcohol. If their
heads arc not limed, cover that part of them with
a bilk handkerchief and use a sponge to wash oft
thchmcm

BIRD CA TCIIIKG, En^iisk Secrrts ^.—

"Jingling for robins" is a simple art, but it is
founflcd upon close observation of nature. The
jinjjicr provides himself with a tame rohui caged;
a ptccc of limber about a foot scuare, to which
is attached a net, which flics over U at the proper
moment bv means of a spring ; and two penny
pieces. lie selects a rural spot, d^>otsits the
cage on the board at the foot of a tree, retreau
to a little distance, and then balancing the
pennies, one on each forefinger, chinks them
together. Now, if there is such a thing as a
cock-robin in the vidnitv, he immediately ex-
poses himself- Birds, like men, have their
weaknesses, and jealousy and inquisitivenesc
are the especial weaknesses of cock-roUna.
"Chink, chink," is the call note of the male
bird to his mate; and an unwonted "chink"
affects him to that degree, that he is almost
thrown off his perch. Mis cve» bright, round
eyes, grow rounder and brighter, with all the
keenness of curiosity and the greenness of green
eyed jealousv. ** Chink, chink." go the pence.
The deluded bird sets his bead awry; and he
savs in his heart, "What does this mean, I
should like lo know." '* Chink, chink I Chink,
chink!" he can stand it no longer. His quick
vi&ion has detected the bird in Uic cage, and he
sweeps down to demand an explanation of ihc
stranger's intentions, and may be to require
immediate satisfaction. But, olasl no sooner
does the victim of his own passions alidit oo
the board, than the spring that hitherto withhekl
the net is released, and encloses both the cagol
bird and the wild one.

"Trolling for larks" at night. Selecting a
meadow which larks arc known to frequent, tlie
STurers orovide themselves with a long net. This
is looded all down one side with stones or leaden
weights, to keep it close to the ground. Stretch-
ing the net out to its fullest extent, two men i«it<>
a comer of the side that is not wcighte<l, and
slowly drag the field, until the fluttering and
screaming of the poor Utile prisoners tell them
they have had a gocxl haul. All in the dark the
men go on their knees, and thrusting their hands
tlwough the meshes, make their captures, which
they slip into store cages. These are long
wooden cages, with a round hole cut in the tag^

NUNTING^ TRAPPING AND TANNING.

tn

^

to which is fiistcncd the leg of a stocking, which
han^ loosely inside, thus making it an ea^y
afEur to drop the larks, and ad impossible one
for them to gel out again. It generally ha{>pcn%
that ajs mauy larks are taken dead as alive by
this systeio. Indeed it is almost impos!>ible to
uke them at all, except with the assistance of
two hon>cs. Tliis is explained by the fncl that
tlic sense of hearing is very acute in the lark —
the slightest nuisc, if it be of an unusual char-
acter, alarming them. Now larks are used to
liic tramping of cattle, but not to the footsteps
of men ; sometimes, therefore, the snarer^ take
each one of the dj'ogging rupes in theix hand,
and le^id a horse by the bridle with the other;
the birds are undisturbed by the tramping of the
four footed creature, and the bipeds, keeping
step with the horses, are not detected.

The metropolitan bird catcher is not content
with larks — he must have nighlingnle<i also; but
none but the most enthusiastic bird catchers are
addicted to this branch of the business, which \s
caUed •• lying out." For in the first place, it is
olmoit without cxdtemenl; and in the next,
•IlkoilClh the bird&i when cangbt in prime sin^-
istg condition, firlch a high price, the difficulty in
catching them is so great as lo make the trade
nnproAlabtc. This is how it is practiced. A
tJU> exactly Hmilar to the robin trap is used,
oaly instead of a tainc bird in a cage, a hook is
dri^-vo in the center of the board and on the
hook is impaled a lively worm. The first thing
is to discover a bush frcnucntcd by a night-
anffide. Vou must wnlch nim into the bu<sh,
alfow him to pass the night there, and see him
well o/T in the morning before you set your trap.
Then you dig the ground up within a few yards
of the bush and hury the trap so Ihot only the
writhing wurm in the middle of the net attached
is \istble; the net l>cing as much the color of
Iresh earth as possible. Then you must retire
and watch for the chance of the nird spying out
tbe worm when he hops down to I'wk for food
ia the mooning. If the worm happens to be still
ttltve, and itj wriggling attracts tfic attention of
the Dightia^ ale, then you have a chance of catdt-
ing him; \\ not, yuu must wait until this lucky
coHusion of drcuuus lances does occur.

"i**SU'"B fi^r charfinchcs*' is by far the most
carious and interesting; of all the branchc* of the
lttrd<atching art. hcforc you think of going
IKapng. you must get a thorough ^ood pegging
ckmoOL These birds are trame<l to tne busi-
BHS. As soon as the new year's bird gives sipn
€if OM&ing into song (which you will know by
tke betk taming blue), you must put the cage in
ft stout black lta|>, ami hang Itim up in his usual
pbcc. He will [xrrhaps stilk a Utile at hrst; if
•o, he will rcnuire a little encouragement. It is
asCoaixhing wW odd noises will bnng him out —
tW rasping of a tobacco pipe on the back of a
knilr. the frying of beef stcnlu. or scraping a
kow on a riddle. In a little time he will pi(>c
■wmyai w-ell in the black bag as he would out
tA i4< Thfn, by degrees you must use him lo
bring haadle<L Stand his cage on the table at
yottr elbow, carry hira altout the house, or in the
nnfen, and if he will stand all this, and f-ing as
M foeir you may venture a l>cgg>ng trip witJi

Besides the decoy bird, you will require a
choftnch — or "staH" — looking as much
]iile* lilie m possible. Then you must nave half a

doxen pegs. These are made of whalebone, and
must be right inches Inng, and about a*> Uiick sa
an ordinary meal>skewer, fixed with the pointed
half of a stout needle in one end.

1'hcn you want some bird lime, and good Inrd
lime it must be, or all your other pre]>arations
are ol no avoiU It should be so plastic that a
piece the size of a small pea may be drawn out
in a thread half a yard long.

A bright, warm May morning is the best time ;
and, isupposing you to have everything in j>crfcct
order — the i>egs, the stall, Uic lime in a little tin
box, and your decoy in bis cage, tied in a hand-
kerchief of the most unobtrusive color — yon
start off. When you get among the trees, you
will presently hear ixrrhaps one, |K:rhap3 two,
chaffinches piping away over your head. Now
to business. Mark the tree that contains the
stoutest singer, take out jour pegs and lime,
fasten the stuffed bird securely to one of the pegs,
and tlicn smear another peg all over with bird
lime. Stick the i>erch on which is standing the
stuffed bird firmly into a tree adjoining the one
containing the wild songster; and, about sik
inches above the '*sUill,*' drive the limed peg.
iMace the decoy (still in the handkerchief) at the
foot of the tree. If he is a good bird, the sing-
ing of the wild chaffinch will stimulate to the
utmost his exertions lo drown the voice of the
other ; if he is a coward, tbe vnid fellow is the
conqueror, and the trained decoy will whine and
chirrup pitifully. However, supposing him lo
be '*a good brazen bird," the wild chamnch will
gradually work himself into a rage, and flutter-
ing here and there — screaming out his notes in
defiance — to find the intruder. Presently his eye
catches the stuffed bird on the })eg; and has not
the least doubt but that he has discovered the
delinquent
sliecr on to

peg just above catches his pinions, and cither he
hangs there, or he brings tne peg down with him,
and runs screaming along the ground till you
overtake him.

BIfiDS, To Prrservi, — Birds may be pre-
served in a fresh state for some time iiy remov-
ing the intestines, wiping the inside out quite dry
with a towel, and then flouring them. A piece
of blotting pajwr, on which one or two drops ol
creosote have been placed, is now to be put in-
side them, and a similarly prepared piece o(
faper tied round them. They sliould then be
ung up in a coul dry place, and will be found to
keep much longer than withont nndergoing this
proccs>.

BIRDSt To Skin rtttd Stuf.—K great as-
sistance in skinning animals is to suspend the
body by a hook, so that both hands are at Hl>erty.
For sn^l kinds a common fishhook will answer,
with the barb broken off, and a cord attached a
foot or two in length. This may be inserted
among the bones near the tail after the skin has
been partly detached.

Odier implements required are the following:
I. A sharp knife, of almost any shajie. but a sur-
geon's scalpel without a jointed handle is the best
lor smaW kinds, and the common butcher -knife,
which is of similar shape, for larger ones. 3. A
strong, shai p jiointe*.! scissors, and for large skins,
a shears is often useful. 3. Triangular glovers*
needles, for sewing up skins; two or thr« sizes.
4. A pair of spring forceps, such as are used br
stirgeons, though not essential, are very useful.
12

with an angry cry. down he swoops
the stuffed birds luck; the sticky

178

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

5. A tope incasuret three to six feci long. 6, A
fine saw, or coarse Bat file, to notch small bones
before bre&king them, so as to break them evenly.
Some use sharji-edgcd nippers for this purpose.
Large bones may be broltcn roughly, and the
ends snnoothed on. When a bird is shot, all large
holeii must be plugged with cotton or paper, and
this niso insertcil in the mouth and throat, so as
to prevent the flow of blood or other fluids.
Blood on the feathers may be absorbed by sprinkl-
ing with plaster of Pans, ashes, dust, or &and.
shakinc off all that does not stick; then make a
cone of paper, large enough to ]iut the bird in,
head down, and twist up the other end over it,
taking care not to injure the tail leathers. This
■will secure smoothness of the feathers when the
body stiflens. In cool weather it is best to
postpone skinning for twelve to twenty-four hours,
m order to allow the blood to coagulate, so that
it will not flow so frcelv, and ihc fat hardening,
also gives less trnuble. Some use a ring of
paper pinned round the body to obtain its exart

Sirth, so that it can be stufled out to the same
imensions afterward.
Before akiiming, put fresh plues in the mouth,
nostrils, and large shot-holes. TiSte the measure-
ments and notes ret[mred; then make an mcision
from the breast-bone down to the tail, not so
deep OS to open the intestinal cavity, and care-
iully separate the skin on each side, plugging or
sewing up any holes occidentally cut too deep. If
blood or fluid run too freely, a)>5orb them by
,SOme dry ashes, plaster, or (wper, and use these
I SO as to protect Oic feathers; if necessary, keeping
the fingers well powdered. Separating the skin
from one side, the teg is soon reached; this must
be drawn out by the knee-joint as far as it can
be, and the tendons cut where they go toward
the foot Break ofl* the bone witlun the skin,
And, having freed that leg. treat the other in the
kiame way. It is most convenient in small birds
to break these bones, and also those of the upj>er
wine-joint, bclore Iwginning to skin, thus havmg
the limbs less in the way.

After the legs are freed, cut down to the tail,
and separate the body, leaving some of the
vcrtebnc attached to support the feathers. Re-
move tlic oil-glands above the tail carefully from
the skin, then insert the hook in the body, and
hang it up, head downward. The skin is then
easily peeled off until the wings are reached,
when it must be drawn to one side until the
Lroken end of the shoulder -Iwnes are reachetJ,
-which may be slipped through the musclw, and
juUed out as far as pos>ible. The muscles must
then be cut off, ana this wing being freed, the
same process is used for the otlier.

Tlie skin then slips off easily as far as the head,
an*l, if large, must be supported, so that its
weight may not stretch the neck. In drawing it
over the head, be careful not to tear it, and use
Uie nnger<nails more than the knife. The car
membranes are easily drawn out with it, and on
leaching the eves, the attachment of the lids
must Iw carefully separated from the eye-ball, so
as to injure neither the litis nor the eye-l>all, as
the fluids escaping give trouble. Then cut offthe
back |>art uf the ^kull, remove the brains and the
eyes, clear away all remains of muscle, etc.,
'from (he skull, nnd sprinkle or smear the skin
with arsenic. Fill the eye-sockets an<l other
cavities around the head with cotton or other
stuBiag, and draw the skia back to its original

shape. If the neck has dried during the opcrarj
tion, it will need moistening before retraction.

The second joints of the wings now requirtf]
cleaning from the muscles, etc. This may *
done in small birds by carefully drawing the si
down over the bones, loosening it with the f\SkA
gcr-nails. I^rge birds, however, need an ind&ion
under the wing, reaching the whole length of the
joint, which may be sewed upafterwaralw a few
stitches. Arsenic ointment roust l*c applied freely
to all these parts. The wing-lwnes must now b<
connected by a string passed tlirough the space
between the bones, or a thread se%ved through
the ligaments, so that it can not slip. Do not
draw the wings too close together, but leave as
nearly the natural distance between them as is
practicable. Cotton or tow may be now wound
round the broken ends of the wing and leg bones,
a roll of it inserted in the neck, and enough put
in the body to fill it out to its natural shape.

"WTicn the legs are tied together, no stitches
are generally nccessjuy to sew up the cut. If
there are large holes in the skin, they should be
sewed up from the insiile before putting in the
sluffmg. In large birds it is well to sew on wide
strips of rag along the inner edges of the cut
m.iae in the skin to protect tlic feathers during
the operation of .<ikinning, remo\'ing the ra^p
afterward. Very badly soiled skin can, how-
ever, l»c c1enne<l by the tnxidcrmiM ; andi, pro-
vided they have not lost any feathers, arc stall
useful. The bill should generally be tied shut
by a string passed through the nostrils, and the
label may be put there or on the legs. Very
long necks are best stuffed by rolling up a long
cylinder of paper, andpassing it down the throat
or from the inside. Tnc neck may then be bent
down along the side of the body, and the legs
Ijcnt up so as to make as comjjaci a specimen ns
possible. Having smoothed down the feathers,
the bird must now be pushed carcfiilly inside a
cylinder of 5tiff"paper 01 the proper size, and laid
on its back to dry. Hanging it up by the bill or
feet stretches it loo much. If carefully dried, it
retains a good shape, and may be freely handled
afterwards.

Some birds, especially ducks and woodpeekera,
have the neck so slender that the head can not
be drawn through it by skinning in the usual
manner. In these an incision must be made on
the most injured side, from the ear down far
enough to allow the head to be cleaned through
it. 1 he iMxIy may then be skinned ns usual, or
the incision may be continuetl du^ n the neck to
the liarc space under the wing, and the skin
taken off without culling it elsewhere. To sew
this up requires care m order to adjust the
feathers nicely, and the stitches must be token
from within outward. Some persons sldn all
birds in tliis manner; but the leather ore more
apt to fall out of those birds that have them loosely
attached.

There is much difference in the case with which
a bird may !« skinuetl, according to the relative
toughness of skin, and adhesion of feathers. A
humming-bird is more easily skinnerl than a
pigeon, and those of the si/c ofn robin take mudi
less time than an eagle. For practice, the l>e$l
are blackbirds and jays, those not too fat being
preferable.

/3/RDS, To Mtfunf.—L&Y the Inrtl upon the
(able with the head to the left ; linving atrangcd
the wings and legs to keep the bird in the ri^

HUNTING, TRAPPING AND TANNING.

t79

I

L

position, place a weight on thcr tail. IJrush the
slcin of the ncckn'ith the soap, thtra stuff with the
flax, taking care not to distend it. Anoint the
back as far as the rump, stuffing tt one-third of
the thickness, that the wire may rest on a thick
layer of flax. Prepare four wires. One f^r the
lack which may be a liulc longer than the (xxiy;
at about one-qoarter of its length it should be
twi«ted into x small ring, by the pincers, and
pointed with the file at the extrvne end ; two
others are to be cut somewhat longer than the
legs. The tail wire is to be formed into an oval,
in site, about one-third of the length of the bird's
body, twisting it a short distance from the ends,
that they may form a fork ; the two prongs to be
pointed and oenl near enough together to enter
Ibe nimp; the ends will be hidclcn under the
tail, the oval to enter the body of the bird. The
faack wire being oiled, may now be inlrcxluccd
across the skull, passing into the back in the
middle of the flax, so that the ring in this wire
will be brought a Itltle toward the anterior part,
and can receive the extremities of each oi the
irlres which have passed through the thighs and
daws.

The leg wires arc introduced by making a
pusage through the shank and bone at the thigh,
Dy piercing them with an awl, the siic of the
wire. The Tiire most be passed in a straight
Bnc over the knee, and is to be brouglit to the
little ring of the body wire, both leg wires and
the end of the back wire are to be twisted to-
gether with the pincers, and be lowered toward
uic tail. The wires thus adjusted and resting on
the flax, the skin must be well anointed and
^ed to its natural dimensions.

The body may now be sewed up with a fine
clover's neciilc and sewing silk, with what is
known as boll or carpet stitch.

If the orbit* of the eye are not sufficiently
plump, a little cotton mav be added, moistened
with the gum with which tlie artificial eyes are
to be fixed. Give the eye a natural appearance
having the lids well rounded and brought over
the gUAS,

Tm i'i.; Ill the bird to a standard its natural at*
t.t ':« copied as accurately as possible.

Ti. ild not be too wide apart, tlie legs

^ouid be ^o bent at the knee-joints and the bodv
so inclined forward that the root of the tail will
be on an exact line with the knees. This forms
the natural anj'Ie. The hcj<l may be inclined a
HlUe to one side. If ilic bill is likely to scpa-
rsdxt a thread should be uassed through the
ntnfHIn md lied beneath.untii the bird is quite dry.
rs should now be carefully siuouthed
a 1 rrilh a camel's hair brush, and the

itiii^> ii'.'i 111 a natural position, and the body
iStoSd be bound with a httle piece of muslin un-
til every part is perfectly dry.

A Utile paper cone may be put over the head,
lo Vrry (he feathers in place, lor a few days.

' ; Is should be kept free fram tfust, in
.T 'cmptrature, out of the sun. A

o>iuH> '■• --ii glass will answer to cover a single
Kpecinien or a small gniup. They should be fre-
quently examined, for moths and insects are very
apt to gel into the feathers.

Frvr Atoy% of Prusiic add, on a piece of cotton,
l',j i>c will cffcctually destroy insects.

■/IXC WOOL ON TANNED
PJ.^A .-.- i'ut an old pot or other iron vcisel in
the bottom of a hogsheadi and in the vessel a

roll of brimstone. Fasten near the top a stick or
two, to place the skin on. 'l*hc wool muse be
wet, when hung on the sticks. Heat an old iron,
red hot| or lake live coals to start the brimstone.
When it is burning briskly cover the hogshead
tight to keep llic smoke in. In bleaching buinkets
we put them in after dinner and take them out
next morning. If not white enough, repeat the
process.

BUFFALO SATINS, Indian Modt of Tann-
ing — TTic hard and incessant labor that is ne-
cessary to properly 'Indian tan' a robe is not
easy to realize unless one may see the work go
on day by day from the first step, which is to
spreacl out the pelt or undressed liide upon the
ground, where it is pinned fast by meani of
wotxlen pins driven through little cuts in the edge
of the robe into the earth. The flesh side of iHe
robe, being uppermost, is then worked over by
two, and sometimes three, squaws. The tools
used are often xcry rude, some being provided
simply with sharp stones or buffalo bones.
Others, more wealthy, have a something that
much resembles a drawing knife or shave of the
cooper. The work in hand is to free the hide
from every particle of /Icsh, and to reduce the
thickness of the robe nearly one half, and some-
times even more. 'Hiis fleshing, as it is termed,
having been thoroughly accomplished, the hide is
thoroughly mui&tcncd willi water in which buffalo
brains have been steeped; for ten days the hide is
kept damp with this brain water. Once each day
the hide is taken up, and every portion of it
rubbed and re-rubbed by the squaws, who do not
have recourse to anything like a rubbing board,
but use their hands until it would seem as if the
skin would soon be torn off. There seems to be
no definite rule as to the length of time which
the robe shall occupy in curing. The squaw
labors until the hide becomes a robe, which may
require the work of one week or two, sometimes
even more; but I think that ten days maybe
considered as the average time which it takes to
properly cure a robe.

DeAA' SA'INS, T0Dnji.~V\xt the skin into
the liquid while worm, viz.: eight quarts rain
water, to one pint soft soap. Warm it. Then

t>unch the hide, or work it with a soft stick and
ct it lay one day. It is then to be taken out and
wrung — rolled between two logs — or even a
wringing maclunc will be better. Then stretch
it until it is dry, in tlic sun is best, or by a hot
fire. Then oil it thoroughly with any oiL con-
venient. It should then uc treated to llic same
bath of suds (heated quite warm), and lay an-
other day, Then pull it out and dry as before.
Any oil will do, but good fresh l)uitcr is better
than anything else. When tlic skin is dry rub it
will) ocnrc, which will give it a splendid ycUow
culor.

L}££R SA'INS, Oil Z>rcji/«^.— For curing
deerskins etc., take the green hide, a% soon Gs
removed from the animal and groin it. 1~his is
done by getting a beam seven or eight inches
through and six to eight feet long, wiin two legs
in one end and the other resting on the gruund so
that it will stand at a steep slant The licam
should be of hard wood, should be clean and
smooth and with no ridges on it. Take a knife,
the corners should be whet smooth so as not to I
cut the skin. .Set down the upper end of th«
beam against your belly and lay un the skin, hair
side down and take off all the ime^ual^'Q!o^\ttXh<w%

m

i8o

DICTTO/^ARYOF EVERY-DA Y WANTS,

before you turn the hair side up. 'ITien com-
mence to grain by beginning with the neck of the
&kiu next to juu, shoving it against the hair,
holding firmly and using sonie strength it will
soon begin to go and bring a streak of grain.
In this way hides are grained when green ; when
dry they have to be soaked in lime and water
until mellow, and then ircftted the same as a
green hide.

DEER SA'/NS, Tcnnmg ami Buffing for
GLOVES, — For each skin, take a bucket of
water, and put into it i quart of lime; let the
skin or skins lay in from 3 to 4 days ; then rinse
in clean water, hair, and groin ; then soak them
in cold water to get out the glue; now \cour or
pound in good soa]) suds; for half an hour ; after
which take while vitriol, alum, and salt, I table-
spoon of each to a skin ; this will be dissolved
in sufficient water to cover the skin and remain
in it for 24 hours ; wring out as dry as convenient;
and spread on with a brush % pt. of currier's
oil, and bang in the sun about 2 days ; after
which you will .scour out the oil with soap suds,
and hang out again until perfectly dry ; then pull
and work them until they are soft; and if a rea-
sonable time does not make them soft, scour out
in suds again as before; until complete. The oil
may be saved by pouring or taking it from the
top of the suds, if left standing a short time.
The buff color is given bv spreading jtUow ochre
evenly over the surface of the skin, when finished,
rubbing it in well with a brush.

DOGSf CharacttristUs of a Vfell brrd Painter,
— ^The head should be broad at the tip, long and
tapering, the poll rising to a point; nose open
and large ; ears tolerably long, slightly erect and
falling between the neck and jaw bone, slightly
pcHnte<l at the top; eyes clear and bright ; necx
and head set on straight ; chest broad and deep ;
legs and arms strong, muscular and straight ;
elbows well in ; feet small and hard ; body not
I'Over long, and well ribbed up; loins broad ai
■"(the top, but thin downwards ; hind quarters
broad ; hind legs strong and large ; tail long, fine
and tapering ; nair short, sleek and close,

DYEING FOIi JJUCKSK/N {Buf,)~^
parts of whiting to apartsof ochre (yellow), and
mix them with water to a paste, moke into cakes
and dry. When a dressed skin is dry rub one
tof the balls over the surface, rub the powder in.
•Take a piece of sand paper and raise a nap on the
^leather Dy going over with it. — (B/aci.) — Take

for logwood ; after it is dry use ciTppcras water
blacken it. Be careful and not use too much
Mwras. — {iMrk firtnvn.) — 5 pounds of oak

irk ; 4 pounds of fustic ; 14 ounces of logwood.

I»c alum water (strong) to make it strike in. —
(/>rai*.) — Mix blue clay with soft soap; add
blue vitriol to shade the color. It can be made
any shade you wish.

DYEING fOK AfOROCCO AND SHEEP
J.EA THER. — The following colors may be im-
parted to leather, according to the various uses
lor which it is intended. — (^/m/.) — Bine is given
by steeping the subject a day in urine and indigo,
then boiling it with alum ; or, it may be given Dy
tempering the indigo, with red wine, and washing
tthe skins therewiui. — {^Another.)— 1&6\\. cUler-
terries or dwarf*elder, then smear and ^rash the
skins therewith and wring them out ; then boil
the elderberries as before in a solution of alum*
wmtcTf anil wet the skins in the same manner
eacc or twice, dry them, and thcj mil be rery

blue.— (.^ft/.) — Red is given by washing the
skin and laying them a hours in galls, then wring-
ing them out, dipping them in a liquor made
with liguslnim, alum and verdini:^ ; in water,
and lastly in a dye made of Bra/n-wood boiled
with lye. — {Purflf.)—V\ir\>\c is given by welting
the skins with a solution of roche alum in warm
water, and when dry, again rubbing ihcm with
the hand with a decoction of logwood in coldwatcr.
— {Green.) — Green is given by smearing the skin
with sap-green and alum-water boded. — yLhif/:
Green,) — Dark green is given wilh sleel-fiiings
and sal ammoniac, steeped in urine till soft, then
smeared over the skin, which b to be drieti in
the sh.ide. — ( VV/Aix/.) — Yellow is given by
smearing the skin over with aloes and lin5c«l-
oil, dissolvetl and strained, or by infusing it in
weld. — {Light Orange,) — Orange color is given
by smearing it with fustic berries boiled in alum
water, ©r, for a deep orange, with turmeric. —
{Sky-calot.) — Sky-color is given w^th indigo
steeped in boiling water, and the next momixi^
warmed and smeared over the skin.

FISH Ci'LTCRE.~\^TOok trout that hatch

in the winter, lay their first crfip of spawn a yc&r
from the next fall; each female producinc about
300 eggs, and doubling in number yearly until
they reach ntxiut 6,000. Salmon begin spawn-
ing at the same age and time, and produce from
5.000 to 20,000 eggs, according to the age and
size of the female, \M»en these fish are spawned
and artifici.-illy imnrcgnaled at the proper time*
nearly all the ova hal^, and if kept in the hatdi-
ing boxes until they commence in the spring, and
are then tume<l into the stream they will take of
themselves. In this way the number of fish can
be increased a hundred fold annually in
river, beyond the natural increase, till llic n
are htcrally filled with them. — Geneta/ Dtrtftma^,
(as given by Mr. Scih Green). Build youi ponds
according to the amount of water you have. If
you have but little, build small. The water
should be changed every 24 or 48 hours, and the
oflener it changes the better. The trout can be
very plenty if they have snfficicnt fresh walct
food. Impregnated spawn can be had from the
first of November to the first of March, for tea
dollars per thousand, shipped in moss. They
can be sent a fifty days* journey packed in a box
with moss. I place the moss box in a tin paU,
filled wilh sawdust, so that the spawn willoot
feel the changes of heat and cold. They can-
not be shipped with safety in warm ■weatner. —
Handiing the S/awn. — Pick the moss carefully
of! from the top of the spawn. Then put tlie
box in a pan of water and turn it nearly bottom
side up, and pick the moss out very carefully.
The spawn will sink to the bottom, and you can
pick the moss out of (he pan. If ihere is a bttle
left in it will do no harm, llien pour the spawn
in your hatching trough by holdmg the edge of
your pan under water, and "place them with-
out touching the sjtawn, by agitating the vrtJtcj
with the l>eardcd end of a feather. The dead
sjiawn will turn a milk white color, ant! should
be picked out. Your trough should be so ar-
ranged that the water will run in at about twelve
feel per minute. The water shonld te fdtcrtd
by running through gravel, or cloth screens, lo
prevent the sediment from reaching the sj^iawn.
I run about one inch of water *^ver my siiawn.
and if any sediment gets on them and is Allowed
to remain there long, it win surely IdU Ihem.

IWMTING, TRAPPING AND TANKING.

S8l

I

I

Remove all sediment with ihc bearded end of a
<|titU by agitating the water, without touching the
spAMm.

Large ponds with but lilile water, get too
Winn m summer and loo cold in winter, for trout
to (to well. It is detrimental to Havc any other
fish with trout. Any kind of ftsh or fi.«h spawn
is good for feed. The young should lie fed twice
per day very slowly — if fcrl fast the feed sinks
and befouls ihc trough, and the trout will sicken
and die. If fed regularly and the trough kcpl
cjean with a good change of water, and not kept
too thick, they will live and do welL If neg-
lected tbey will surely die. — What u death iff
Spawn. — riie sun, sediment, rats, mice, snaiU,
crawfish and many water injects. Mv troughs
are 25 feet long atid 15 inches wide, 'fhc water
ihaX. KC^Is each trough would go through a half-
inch hole with a three inch head. Use fine
graTcl that ha& no iron rust in it. Mr troughs
are three inches higher at the head. The aver-
age temperature of the water is 45 degs., and
iSe ris.h natch in 70 days. Kvcry degree colder
or warmer will make alwut six days difference
in hatching. Trout hatch the soonest in warm
The sack of their bellies sustains them

for (arty or forty-ftTe days after hatching; then
ihcy n(«d food. I use beef liver, chopped with
a razor or sharp knife, nearly to the consistency
of blood. If you have small streams or shallow
ivatcr near the head of your jwnd, put a few
troat in a place in the stream and pond, and they
-vrjll take care of themselves belter than you can.
The object of diftribuling them is that they will
get more food. All old streams and ponds have
plenty of food for small trout and large, which
yoa will find by examining the moss, sticks and
stones in your ponds and streams, as they are
fall of water insects.

Young trout, one inch long, cost forty dollars
per thousand detivercil at your nearest express
station. They can l>e carried in cans or barrels
any distance when small, and during the months
o^ January, February and March. They cannot
be carried with safety in wann weather without
A c^tw lied more trouble. It takes as much
*r.i^' It a one year old trout as it does a

th J i ones^ of f^uflicient size for stock-

ing iK>n(i-' mil for shipping.

My tfout begin to spawn the first of Xovember

nnd cense the first of March. S/ktuminj^. —

yikbes, whether in the freedom of nature or in

■rtkfictat receptacles, show plainly enough the

A of spawning. The belly of the female

& distended and yields readily to pressure.

ere i« a fluctuation under the hanil, which
shows that the eggs are free from the ovary and
chmIv Hi^r.inrd. This Itoing the case, take up
in ; ul a female fish, and hold it sus-

prn head and thorax over a flat-bot-

tcKncd vc»>cl containing clear water. Then with
thfl ti^t hand passed from al>ovc downwards,
•qseete the loosened eggs through the anal
i^Kning. A mole fi^h is then taken, and the
milt is expressed tn the same way. though often
it 60WS by the mere act of su>pcnding. Tliis
tnb«lance, white and crcam-Iikc, soon gives to
th? water the appearance of whey. To insure
<ftx1nal fevund:iU'jii, the mixture in this state
•honld Se gently stirred with the hand, or with
n koift liru'fch. It rc'iuircs but 3 or 3 minutes to
aocomnlhh the fecundation.

/^/S///AG,^/iadj for, —At ail fiihing tackle

shops, rods made of vine, bamboo, hazel, and
hickory, of various lengths and fashions, maybe
procured; some are made to fit into canvas bags,
whilst others resemble walking canes; the for-
mer, however, arc decidedly the best, being
longer and better made, as the joints arc more
carefully fitted together. The rod should, when
put together, taper gradually from the butt end
to the Lop, and should be perfectly straight and
even. For general purposes, a rotl of about
twelve feel in length is the most convenient; but
in wide rivers, fifteen and eighteen feet rods are
required. It is a good plan to have a rod for
each kind of fishing, as by such on arrangement
they can l>c kept in complete order, and ready
for immediate scr^-ice. The rods should be
ringed to guide the line from the reel; and when
screwing the joints together, particular attention
should be paid to the>c rings to see that they
run regularly on the under side of the rod. so
that there may not lie the least likelihood of the
line getting twisted, llie rods should always
be kept in a place of moderate temperature,
neither too drv nor too moist; as in the former
case they would become brittle, and in the latter,
rotten ; in warm, dry weather, if the joints are
slightly shrunk, they may be moistened a little
to malcc them adhere tetter; but if, tlirough
being too wet, they stick together so that vou
cannot readily take them to pieces, wait till they
tiry, rather than strain them by a forcible separ-
ation. It is a good plan to varnish the r^ids once
in two or three years with copal varnish, or else
with india rubber dissolved over a slow fire in
linseed oil ; either of these preparations preserves
the rods, but especial care must be taken, when
rc-vamushing, to scrape off" the old surface before
putting on the new; and the same precaution
shoulu be taken if llic rotis are carriecl to a fish-
ing tackle warehouse to be repaired.

P/S///NG, Lints for. — The most serviceable
lines are made of pure horsehair, for such as are
composed of hair and silk, from retaining the
water, soon become rotten ; neither can they be
thrown with the same precisian, as they get aoft
and flabby, and fall heavily on the water. Good
lines should be perfectly twisted, round, and
without any irregulariiics, and in point of color
those which are of a light gray, or brown, or
white, are the most useful: some anglers, bow-
ever, prefer a light sorrel tinL The )x>ttom or
casting line for fly fishing, which is affixed to the
line on the reel, must Ik of gut, and of about the
same length as the rod; the gut should be strong
at the top, and very fine at the dropper or bot-
tom, and before any flies arc made upon it, it
should be picked and lrie<l to sec that it ts of a
uniform thickness throughout.

FISHLSG, Floats /or.— ¥\Q!ii% can always be
procured ready made, of all ^^iies and every
variety of shape. For small fish and slow streams,
quill floats will Iw found the best, and in strong
and rapid rivers, or for the larger kinds offish,
cork floats can be employed. If the angler pre-
fers making cork floats to purchasing tncm, he
must procure a piece of fine grained sound cork,
and bore a hole through it with a small red hot
iron, then put in a quill which will exactly fit the
aperture, and afterward cut Ibe cork mto the
shape of a pear. \V*hen this is finished he must
grind it smooth with pumice stone, and paint
and varnish it; and if he uses two or three bright
colors in the painting be will add much to the

A

lS9

mCTIONAR YOFE VER Y-DA Y WANTS,

gaiety of its appearance. The cork float should
ft-wim pcrpenclicularly in tlic water, m) that It may
betray the slightest nibble, and uiust Ijc carefully
poised by fastening a few shot on the line ; the
sixes of shot proper for this purpusc are from
swan shot down to No. 4; tliey should be split
about half way through with a small chisel, so as
to make a gap sufBdcntly wide to admit the line,
and when tTie Utlcr is put in the gap should be
closctl with a pair of pliers.

FJSHJA'C, Reels for. — A reel is very useful,
as with its assi^uncc parts of a river may be
reached which cuuld not otherwise be attemp-
ted, it enables the angler also to play his lish
with the greatest case and certainty. When
purchasing a reel, a multiplying one should be
selected, as it is superior to all others, and en-
ables the angler to lengthen and shorten his line
rapidly. It mu^t be kept clean and well oilcil,
and great care token ihat no grii of any kind
gets into it

FiSiilNG^ Hooks fi^. — Hooks are of various
patterns and sizes, beginning at No. I, which is
the largest salmon size, ana ending at No. 14,
called the smallest midcc. American hooks arc
also very good, especiaCy those made by Clarke's
patenL Lmierick nooks arc excellent; and those
mode in Dublin, marked with z F's, 3 B's, and
so on, are second to none. A bad hook, be it
remembered, is worse than a bad knife, only fit
to be thrown away.

Wlien fabienintj the hooks on your lines, use
strong but hne sUk, and if you can get it near
the color of your bail, su much the better \ ivux
tlic Mlk thoroughly with shoemaker's wax, and
wrap it four or five limes round the body of the
hook, then place the gul or hair on the inside of
your hook, and continue winding the silk tightly
round till you have wrapped it about three ports
down die hook.

Whipping is finished off by slipping the end of
the silk through the last circle, and drawing It
light. Knottmg, by laying two pieces of gut or
hair together, one overlapping the other some
three inches or so, then holding one end in the
left hand, while forming a simple slip knot on it ;
tlien turning the other end to the right, and doing
Uie some; after Uiat drawing the two togetlicr,
when the knot is complete. No direct pull will
ever nnlooscn this water knot, though it can be
undone eattly. Gut is obtained from the silk-
worm. Gimp is any kind of tackle covered with
fine brass wire, to protect it from the teetli of
fish, sharp stones, or other injury.

FJSHiNG^ Baits /or.—V'ish., in their natural
clement, take such baits as the changing seasons
prn.luce, and will not at one lime of the year bite
at the same bait which they may be caught with
at another, for instance, in the spring and autumn^
worms may be used all day long, but in summer,
worms must only be used early and late, morn-
ing and e\'ening. An earth-worm is naturally
the first bait the young angler looks out for : it is
always to be had, is put on the hook without
dithculty, and (excepting at the times above
staled) may always be used for certain kinds of
fish, with the certainty of hooking something, if
proper patience is used. When baiting wiih a
worm, Uie hook should be put in close to the
top of the worm's head, and then passed care-
fully down, gunlly working the worm up the
hook at the same lime. Noi more than a quarier
€xf»a inch of the worm should be left hanging

over the hook. To scour or stirre these worms,
and get rid of the earthy matter ihey contain,
they must be phuied in damp moss, not soddcned
wiui water, but only damp. In cree|»ng through
the fibers of the moss, they compress and empty
themselves.

The ash-grub, which is found in the rotten
bark of a tree that has been felled some time, is
an excellent bait for all small "pan" fish, snch
as chub, sun-fish, perch, etc, and may be used
all the year round; it should be kept in wheat
bran. All grubs ur worms make good bait for
little fresh water fish.

Grasshoppers are good baits during June, July,
and August ; their legs and wings must be taken
off before they are put on the hook.

Shrimp are good for bass, lorn cod, and lafajv
elte fish. Crab and clam are good bait for these
also, shedder crab especially.

FISI/IXG, Paste Baits /or.— {Chef sf Pastrs.)
Take some old cheese and the crumb of white
bread, and mix them up to a tolerable degree of
consistency, an<l you will make a good bait for
chub. ( Ivhite Bread Paste. ) Knead crumb> of
while bread dipped in honey in the palm of your
lund until they attain a (air degree of consistency;
it is good for small fish. ( Ivheat Paste.) Pro-
cure some new wheat, remove the husks, aiul
afterward pound it; then pour some milk or
water over, and gently dimmer the composition;
when cold, it will be somewhat like a jelly, and
a very small i)iccc only should be put on Ihe
hook.

Paste baits are not at all adapted for swift, run-
ning slreamA, but for quiet brooks, ponds, or wry
stillrivers; you most l>e sharp of eve, and quick
to strike, otherwise both fish and l?ail will give
yuu the slip. A quill float is better than a cork
one when baiting with paste, as it 1>etrays the
alightc^it nibble.

P/S/Z/jVO, Grmtnd Bat't/br.-^-GrouTid liaiting
is a most essential paul of angling, and oueht
never to be omitted, as success in bottom or tlwt
fishing cannot be cxpectetl. unless the proper
means for drawing the fish together are resorted
to. Tlie object for throwing bait into the water,
is to collect fish to one particular spot, and then
to use a superior kind of bail, though of a »mi-
lar kind, on the hook. Thus, if going to angle
with earth worms, throw in for ground bait
those that are unscoured, and fish with time
that are well scoured.

For small creek fish, mix bran and day to-
gether into lumps about the sue of anapjfle;
place some grubs in the middle, and close tbe
clay over them. It is a very useful bait in a still
pond, hole, or slight eddy.

Or take the crmnb of white bread, soak it m
water, squeeze it almost dry, add bran, and work
them UD together until they acquire the consist-
cncy of^clay.

Brewer's grains will also be found very ser-
viceable ; they must be perfectly fresh.

Grubs, worms, the toughest parts of crabs,
lobsters, or clams, may he thrown in without
taking the trouble of working them into l«ills or
clay, if the water is perfectly siill; but if you ore
fishing in a stream, such a system of ground hail-
ing is injurious, as they are carried away by the
stream, and draw the fish from the spot.

/Y.S-//, CJiineje Afi v/ Catchmj;.^Tx\.Q Coc-
calu£ Indicus, Dtdveri^e and mix with dough,
then scatter it broadcast over the water as you

HUNTING, TRAPPING AND TANNING.

183

woultl sow seed. The fish will seise if with greal
tvitUtVt and will instantly become so intoxicated
that Uicy viWX turn belly up on top of the water,
by dr.rcns, hundreds or tnousands, as the case
may be. All that you now have to do, is to have
a boat or other convenience to gather them up,
and as you gather, put them into a tub of clean
water, and presenlly they will be as lively and
beaUthy a& ever.

FISH, Ckarmt, — The so called fish charms, as
given in many books and retailed as great secrets,
arc as a rale a mass of nonsense, and when em-
ployed successfully nuke the fish, caught, un

dearAble for eating, impregnated more_or less as
they must be, with the

•charms". These re-

marks apply also to the above "Ghinese art of
ogrtchinf^. The only legitimate way of catching
fish is by the hook ami net and no other <>houm
be reported to. Some of ihe?e *'secret.s" are as
(bllows ; For bail, lake a handful of swanip- apple
bIos>tom9; put ihem in a glass jar or bottle,
together with a gill of rum; cork the bottle tight
aod let it stand in the sun for three or four hours;
then take half a pint of water that is found in
nbKC« where grows the plant commonly termed
flytrap, 'lliis pUint, the liotanicai name of which
U dioH^a mtucipitla^ vegetates in quag moss
around fresh ponds. Saturate your bait with tlie
Hqirid two or three hours before using. The
Uquid bhouM be kept in a wooden or earthen
Tcsacl. Another is to put the oil of Rhodium on
the bait when fishing with a hook, and you will
always succeed; or, take the juice of smalloge or
lomce, and mix with any kiml of l>ait. As long
as ucTC remain any kind of fish within many
yards of your hook, you will find yourself busy
ptilUng tnem out. Or, get over the water after
dark« witli a light and a dead fish that has been
smeared with the juice of stinking gladwin. The
fi^h will gather aroimd you in urge quantities,
and can easily l>e scoopccl up,

PIS/I/XG, -.vilhout NetSf IJnes^ Spears^
Smarts^ **Batfs^^t or Bait, — ^The following plan
we have known used with great success to catch
fish in winter, in Pennsylvania. Wlicrc the water
was clear and still, say the back water of a dam,
U would often freeze hard enough to make good
skating and yet the ice would be so clear that the
fish could be seen lyin^ at the bottom or l.-uily
moving about. By striking the ice (not to hard)
immediately over the fish, a sufTidcnC concussion
would be produced to stun the fish. It would
immvdaalcly turn over and come up to the ice,
its white lielly showing clearly agamst the ice
below, when we proceeded to cut a nolc and take
out the fish. A mallei generally was useil to
strike the ice, as we produced a stunning blow
wilh it without killing the fish, as would be likely
to occur were the blow struck wilh the poll ol
the ax. On taking the fish home and puMing
them into water — althoagh some or all would be
froeen stiff, quite a number would often revive,
and it was to produce this result tliat the mallet

'^n,

ferrcd lo strike with.

FISHING, With Natural /"/y,— This con-
Msts in fishing ^t-ith the living flies, grasshojipers,
etc., wliich are found on the banks of tlie nvers
or lakes where you are fishing ; it is practiced
wUh a long rod, running tackle, and fine Line.
When learning this sjystera of angling, begin by
iMiisg close untlcr tKc banks, gi.idiudly increas-
ing your dii>tance until you can thr^w your hve
but ioaa the streamt screening yourself behind

a tree, a bush, or a cluster of weeds, otherwise
yon will not have the satisfaction of lifting a
single fish out of the water. In rivers where
immense quantities of weeds grow in the sum-
mer, so as alrao->t lo check the currenl, y6u must
fish where the btrcam runs most rapidly, taking
care that in throwing your line into those parts
you do not entangle it among the weciU. Draw
out only as much line as will let the fiy touch
the surface, and if the wind is at your back, it
will be of no material scr\'icc lo you in carrying
the fly lightly over the waier. In such puces
the water is generally still, and your bait must
if )>ossible be dropped with no more noise than
the living fly would make if it fell into the water.
Keep the top of your rod a little elevated, and
frequently raise and depress it and move it lo
and fro very gently in order that the fly by its
shifting abftut mny deceive the fish ami lempt
them lo make a bile. The instant your bail is
taken, strike smartly, and if the fish is not so
large as to overstrain and snap your tackle, haul
it out immediately, as you may scare away many
while trying to secure one. There arc very
many baits which may be used with success in
natural fly fishing, of which, however, we shall
content ourselves wilh enumerating some of the
most usual and usefuL

Wasps, hornets and humble bees are esteemed
good Ittits for dace, eeh, roach, bream and chub;
they should be dried in an oven over ihe fire,
and if not overdone, they will keep a long whilf.

FISHING, mth .'//-///ffw//"/!'.— Artificial fly
fishing consist sin the use ol imit.-itinnsn( these flies
and of other fancy flies, and is unquestionably the
must scientific mode of angling, requiring great
(act and practice lo moki* (he flies with neatness
and to use them successfully, and calling forth as
it dots so much more skill than the ordinary
mctluxl of bottom fishing, it merits its superior
reputation. It possesses many advantages over
bottom fishing, but at the same time it has its
disadvantages; il is much more cleanly in il^
preparations, inasmuch .is it docs not require the
angler lo grub for clay and work up a quantity
of ground baits, and is not so toilsome in its
practice, for the only encumbrances whidi the
fly fisher has arc simply a light rod, a boolc of
flics, and whatever fisn he may chance to catch ;
but there are several kinds of fish which will not
rise at a fly, and even those that do will not be
lured from their quiet retreat during very wet or
cold weather. It would l>e as well if the young
angler could go out for some little time with an
oM experienced hand, to obsvve and imitate his
movements as closely as possible; but as many
of our rcaiiers will not, in all probability, be
able to enjoy such an advantage, we subjoin some
instructions by which they may pursue this in-
teresting branch of angling.

FIStI, Skmning auJ JuituHttn^.-'-'This class
of animals possess many beauties, which when
removed from their native clement, vanish for-
ever, and it is in v.iin for the taxidermist lo try
to imitate those iridescent tints which characterize
the living specimens. The best he can do is to
preserve in form and general outline those char*
acteristics by which he may be ab'.c lo recogniic
his subject. Before proceeding to describe the
operation of skinning, it may nc well to state
that Ihe scales, a*, well as ihcir col'>r, may \*c
preserved to a certain degree by applying tissue-
paper to them, which from the natiirol ^utioaos

m

I8t

DTCTTONARY OF EVERY-^DAY WANTS,

I

I

mxtter which covers ihc scales will adhere firmly;
ihis being allowed to rctnain until the skin has
dried, maybe easily removed by moiiteuiug wilh
a damp cloth. All small fish should be mounted
in section, while ihe larger \-arietics may be
prcscn-ed entire. Suppose the fish to be of such
a size 9S to 1)e mount&d in section. First, it ik
necessary that it l)c as fresh as fx>ssihle, as the
scales will become detached if decay be allowed
10 commence. Lay the fish on one side, and
cover the side uppermost with tissue-paper, as
slated above ; also extend the fins by mcai»s of
the same, and allow tliem to remain a few mo-
ments until ihey become fixed and dry ; this will
be A protection to the fins and scales during the
process of skinning. Ha^iag provided yourself
with a (huiip cloth, spread it smoothly upon the
table, and place the hsh upon it with the papered
side down. With the dissecting- scissors cut the
skin along a line loUowing the contour of the
body, but a liltlc below the extreme dorsal edge,
and a litOc above the vcnlrnl one, and remove
the skin included within this line. 1*he remain-
ing &kin muikt now be detached from the flesh,
beginning at the head and separating it down-
ward toward the tail. The spine must l>e severed
close to the head, and also at the taiU and the
entire body remove*!. All the flcih having been
taken from the skin, and the eye's removed, the
inside muiit l>e wiped out and the preservative
applied. It is necessary here to repeat the caution
not to use any unnecessary strain that will be
liable to distend the skin. Tlie bkin should now
\yc filled with colton or tow, and Ihis must be
laid so evenly that there shall be no prominences
uiKjn the outside of the same. W hen filled, it
should be laid with the open side down, upon a
board of proper dimensions previously prqiared,
and fastened to it by means of small tacks, com-
mencing at the head, and fastening the edges
downward toward the tail. It should then lie set
a-sitlc in the air to dry, care being taken not to
expose it lo the lays uf the sun. When dry the
paper which cover* the exposed side, ami with
which the rays are distended, may l>e removed
in the manner previously staled, and the glass
eyes inserted with a Uttlc putty. K% Uic glass
eyes used by taxidermists arc generally ti>«i
spherical, and polished, it is well tonianufacturc
ihcm of wood, using common paint to restore
the color, avoiding tlic use of varnish. Finally, the
skin should receive a coat of tliin colorless varnish,
af\cr which it is ready for thecalnnet. In sharks
and large fishes an incision should be made he-
luvv tlic hcnd at its base, along the ridge of the
back, following to either side of tlie dorsal fm
down to the tad. The skin can then be separated
on each side, and bv severing the vertebra; at
the head and tail, the entire body may be re-
moved. l*he tail having been skinned, the head
should be pushed inwani and the skin |)asked
over it, when all the cartilage can be freely cut
away. In stufnng these large species it becomes
necessary to use a body support, and a bar of
light wood may be used for this purpose ; this
should enter the skull, thereby being more easily
kepi in position, and extend to the biise of the
tail. Hooks can be f:istened to this bar, and by
means of wire the specimen can l^e suspended
from above. Tlie body should then be stuffed
with hay, and the incision upon tlie tuck carefully
sewctl up. If the first coat of varnish is observwl
to rise in scales, it should be removed with a so-

"to

visiting the

lulion of nitric add and watcr^
allowed to dry, when a secuDil
varnish will ever afterward rei:

J'OXES, To Trap.— The w.^
smeared with blood, or beeswax, to
odor of the iron. Set it in soft ca:
muss or leaves lightly arouml the |w
Bait with fried meat. An old trapper savs :
make the allurement doubly sure, nl.iritn fr.-.m
the female of the dog^ fox or wolf, iT.
the season of coition, and preser\-e n
tightly corked. Leave a «mall rorliuit kA it uit
something near the trap ; also, w^en
traps, put some on ^our boots."

Another method is to make a bed of chalTin
the open 5eld, in a locality the fox is supposctl
to vii.it, but where it will be least likely to be
visited by passing hunters. Visit it dnilv, am!
stir into tnc chaff, very old or loasl*.' r

scraps of meat made nne, using the v
tion not to change the apjiearancc ol im>. u^ \js
its surroundings, and making as few tracks ss
possible. The mateiials of which the bed is
composed should not be handled any more than
is absolutely necessary. Too muth care oonot
be taken in making the bed ; for if fioxcs arc
plenty, and you get several to visit it, it will la&t
for some lime, and will aflbrd you n -"-^•ri--'
of amusement. As sooii as you an
fox has vii'iled the bed regularly for i \

nights, you may put in your trap, li »hvuld be
a small sized double spring, and should be fas-
tened lo a clog, light enouch for the fox to drag,
but heavy enough so that be cannot get too far
away; though if there is snow on ll-'- •■"^■'•-A^
there will be no difficulty in finding;
goes some diislance. He may be can;: i

night, but more likely than not, will dig out yo
trap, or show his contempt in some other wayy
com[)etling you to bring into force all ynur iQg<»f
nuity, before ynur efforts are succc&sfal.

/•CA'S, Hcnv to SelicL — In purchn"'"
sure test of what dealers call a "| ^
the length and density of the down ncv
this can be readly determined by blowing « bn
current of air from the mouth against the set
fur. If the fibers open readily, expo-I ' ' ^i
to the view, reject the article ; but ii'

so dense tliat tlic breath cannot pci;. ; ._, >,.-

at most shows but a small portion of the skin,
the article may be accepted.

FCRS, Ta r/«*rtrt.— Strip the fur articles of
their stuffmg and binding, and lay them as mudi
as possible in a flat position, 'lliey must then
be subjected to a very bri.sk biuAhing, wiih a stiff
clothes-brush ; after this, any moth-eaten ynris
must be cut out, and be neatly replaced by new
bits of fur to match. Sable, chinchilla, f-tiiurrcl,
fitch, etc, should be treated as follows ; warm «

auantity uf new bran in a pan, taking care thai it
oes not burn, to prevent which it Tn- • *— -r
lively stirr&l. When well warmed, ;
oughly into the fur with, the hand. s ^^^

two or three tiroes ; then shake the fur, -and gtv|ta^^|
it another sharp brushing until free from ^9C^^^|
White furs, ermine, etc., may be cleaned as fol-
lows : lay the fur on the table, and rub it well
with bran made moist with warm water : rub until
quite dry, and afterward with dry bran. I'hc wet
bran should l>e put on with flannel, .inil the ^ty
with a piece of book>mu&lin. Tlie !: i

addition lo the above, should be well .
magne&ia, or a piece of book<aiusiin, Alter the

ffUXTfNG, TRAPPWG AND TANNING,

185

bran process. Furs arc usiuUy much improved
byaretching. which maybe managed as foUovrs:
to ft pint of >oft water add three ounces of salt ;
di&solre; with this solution sponge the inside of
the skin (taking care not to wet the fur), until it
boCDiDCS thoroughly saturated; then lay it care-
ftlSy on a board with the fur side downward, in
its naturttl dis)>osition; then stretch, as much as
it will bear to the required shape, and fasten with
snull tacks. The drying may be quickened by
pUang the skin a little distince from the tire or
store.

i*'URS^ Ta fff serve /ram Moth. — Darkness is
aU that is necessary, The "miller," the ^gs
firom which moths are hatched, only moves m
fieht ; the moths themselves work in darkness.
luukg the furs in a very dork closet and keep the
doors shut; keep it always dork, and you can
fenc no trouble. But, as closet doors arc somc-
riaaes left open, the better way is to enclose the
srticles toosely in a paper^ put this in a pillow-
otse. or wmp orotina a cloth, and hang it up in
a dork closet. Camphors, spices or perfumes
arvofnousc. ContinuAl darkness is sufficient.
And do not take out the furs in Tune or July to
giTCthem an "airing," for even tnen cometh the
encniir» and it may be that, in fifteen minutes
after exposure, it has deposited a hundred eggs.
Hyoa consider an airing indispensable, give Uie

raa^ood switching, and put ttiem quickly back.

^t^-S', Domestic Manufacture of, — The skins
tftacoons, minks, muskrals, rabbits, foxes, deer,
Ctfc, dog^, w4Kxichucks and skunks are a11 va-
huble. H.indsome robes may be made from
the skins of the la&t two animals an<i the writer
has seen fur coats made from the skins of wood-
chocks, well Unneil, dyefl and trimmed, which
were elegant as well as comfortable, and no one
but a connoisseur would be able to guess their
origin. Of the finer and nicer furs, heautilul coHars,
muilX, cuffs, caps, clovc> and Irimtnings may be
node, with a little mgenuity and jxrseverance ;
and who would not fet-l a grealcr satisfaction in
wearing nice article, from the fact that it was
ftomcining of their own manufacture, a product
ol tK/-ir ...i-n ti^tc and genius ?

*» -me flo«ir mats are mode by tanning

rfi'--' , .11(1 dyeing them some bright color,

wbJcli Li done with very little trouble ; the art of
dying is now so &milbir to almost every hoase-
kaU. Furs may be dyed as easily a.s woolen
pMsds, notwithstanding the imprcssmn that it is
an art known only to the trade. Any dye that
will color woolens will also dye furs, unly care
must be taken not to have the dye too hot or the
teatare of the skin will l»e injured.

The mode of tanning usually followed by city
farricn^ is to rub the ski[)s well with rancia but-
ter* then irewi them thoroughly in a tub or vat,
after which a large quantity of sawdust is niixcl
with them, and the process of treading continued
ttnlil all the grease is absorbed, when they are
finished off by beating, working and rubbing with
dMlk and potter's clay, whippmg and brushing.
Afi okl trapper practised thu method with small
■kiai* 6r*t washing with a suds of soap and sal-
BOdli ID £nee them from grease, then rinsing in
dctf water to cleanse them from the suds, then
rabbing as dry as possible, after which they were
put iotoa mixture of two ounces of salt to a auart
of water, added to three quarts of milk or bran
tr«lcr containing one ounce of bo«t sulphuric
■adt aad adrredbrukly for forty or fifty minutes;

from this they are token dripping into a strong
H^ution of sal-scjda <ind stirrcu lilT they will no
longer foam; they are then hung to dry, whea
they are very soft and pliable. A very good and
simple process in use among fanners is to sprinkle
Che flesh side, after scraping it well, witn equal
parts of pulverized alum and salt, or washing it
well with a strong solution of the same, then
folding the flesh side together, and rolling it
compactly ; in which state it should remain for
eight or ten days; then it is opened, sprinkled
with bran or sawdust to absord tnc moisture, and
rolled up again, and after remaining 24 hours,
the process is completed by a thorough rubbing
and manipubtion, on which the pliability de-
pends. Skins, when token off, shoulJ l>e freetl
from grease or flesh, by thorough scraping, whea
tliey may be dried, and left to await the leisure
of the owner. Frevious to tanning they must be
well soaked and wrung dry.

It is no extravagance toassert that every form-
er's Eamily may furnish their own fur collars,
gloves, robe*, and other articles of dress and or-
nament, with trifling expense from the resources
within their own reach; but fron\ want of more
knowledge on the subject, valuable skins are
wasted or dis[K)scd of for a mere fraction of their
real value, and articles of apparel that should
have been mode from them arc bought at extra-
vagant prices of fur dealers.

GOPHERS, To Trap.— Oo where Ihcy work;
6nd the last mound mode; open the hole, set in
a common spring trap, cover with a litlie light
sand ; lea\-e the hole open. The gopher will
come to close tlic hole, and get trapped.

GOPHER TRAP, How to iVak— Take a
hard piece of wood, about nine inches long, and
turn It so that one end will be two and a half
inches in diamctcrand the other end three inches

adually sloping from one end to the other.
Viih a two inch auger bore a hole in the small
end eight inches dee^x Then take a fine toothed
rip saw and split it open from end to end in two
equal p.arls. In one of these lulves a spring
door is fixed, made of sheet iron, which is round
like the opening and curved to fit down in the
half. Iliis is made fast on n hinge near the en-
trance, with a spring under it suiTiciLnt to raise
it to a jierpendicular, the hinge so arranged that
it can only be raised to a perpendicular. Another
piece of sheet iron, made round to move easily
m the two-inch opening, is made which is at*
tached to a lone, narrow strip of iron, which
strip moves easily under two slajjles i^ the bot-
tom of the half to which the door is fastened.

In order to set the trap the door is pressed
down, and the end of tliis strip projects over it
and thus holds the door open. Tlicn take the
two halves and put them together, and slip over
them a thin wide ring, made sloping Uke the trap^
and it is ready for use.

With this trap you go out where the gopher is
at work, and find his Tut made hillock, and iT it
is not quite finished, all you have to do is to stick
the trap in the hole, open end downwanl. and in
a short lime he will bring up his load of dirt,
and, in pressing against the upper piece ol iron,
he will push the strip of iron from over the door,
when the spring will lift it up and shut him in.

GCNS, To GuarJ againjt Pursting, — It ts
stated that nincty-t'ivc out of cverv hundred in-
stances of the bursting of a double-barrel gun
can be traced to defects in the left bazicU Tho

%

tW

DICTIONARY OF BVBRY'DAY WANTS,

renfton is simply that the right iif more frequently
used and reloaded, perhaps ten times to inc left
one Iwrng discharged once. Every lime the rithl
barrel is discharged the gunpowder in the left
is pulverized more or less by tne shock, and the
settling of the grains leaves a space between the
charge and the wadding. He^ice when the left
barrel \s discharged it frequently explodes. These
acddenl&, it is a.s.scrtcd, can be avoided by send-
ing the ramrod home with one or two smart
blows into tlie non-dibcborged barrel every time
the other is reloaded.

GUNS^ Hnv to Choose. — Whatever may lac
the particular make you prefer, let your gun !«
a good one. If you arc not competent to select
yourself it would be best to obtain the aid of
some capable and reliable friend, and we recom-
mend you to purchase of some dealer of estab-
lished reputation. The claims of the different
makers can, in most cases, l>c ascertained from
their rcspeclive circulars. Breedi- loaders have
scTcral important advantages , though many
sportsmen retain a preference for the old-fash-
loncd muzzle -loading gun, for it5 supposed su-
perior shooting i.H:iwers. In every other rcsjxfct
the first rank seems concetlcd to the breech-
loader; with it the sportsman's hand need never
l>e at the muz/le under any circumstance. It is
far more expeditiously useti, as powder, shot, caji
and wadding arc all inserted in the barrel at the
same time; and it is far more easily cleaned, a*
all that is required is to draw a oiccc of flannel
attached to a string through thebsurels once or
twice after a days shooting.

CC^NS, JI<no to Use lifffctively.—'Xhft secret
ofsaccesais a very simple matter after all. Ic
consists in aiming well forwanl; nine out often
misses are owing to the aim not being sufficiently
forward. When came is going from you near
the ground, the aim shouln be full high, or llie
bulk of the charge, if not the whole of it, will
^3>as5 below it ; and when birds are higher than
,|he gun going from you, the aim should he
equally low, or the charge will pass above them.
In cross-shots 'K-ilhin, say thirty-five or forty
yards, the aim should be at least a foot or a foot
and a h.iif in front of it; at greater distance the
allowance should of course be more. In par-
tridge shooting, always endeavor to get cross-
shots irjKissib^, and this may generally be done
by walltmg across, or heading your aog when
pointing. If you go straight irom him to the
birds, tney will generally go straight away; birds
when flying across you present a far easier shot,
and expose a more vital rwirt.

6T*A', {Scattering Shot) Ihnv ti^ Remedy.—
The only remedy known tn g«n-smiths \% by
choke-boring, that is, boring from the breech of
itheffun, and so as to have a gradual taper to-
,*rara the muzzle. This method of boring greatly
ilmprnves the shooting qualities of the gun, as
t.the charge concentrates at the muzzle. Large
shot are more apt to scatter than fine, but this
depends on the bore of the gun, A large-bored
m does not shoot fine shot so well as medium.
small-bored gun throws fine shot wilh greater
f^rce than a large-bored one. As a generalthing,
a small-bored gun is not adapted to large shot,
as it does not chamber them well. The length
of gun also depends on the size of bore— 28 or
■30 inches for a gun of from 10 to 14 gage; 30 to
34, of guns from it to 10; 36 to 28, guns of 15
to 18 gage.

GUN, {Skot\/Iaw to C/een.—Ylm plae
hammers at half-cock, draw out the nxtaoii
bult ; then lift the barrels from the stock
you are ready to wash. Place the barrels in
waler, being careful the water is dean and
there is not any dirt or sand in the pail;
if you have the thrcc-joinlcd washing rod
the necessary implements that accDninanir it,
use the bru^h until yuu have lemoved Diost <
dirty powder; next take tow, and wash
you have gotten it jjerfectly clean;
soft cotton rags, and dry it out th<
It is best to rub the larrels until they
to the hand, then you may know your gun '
and in no danger of rusting. Hot or \
water should never be used in the cleuung'
shot gun because it will, — can not hclj
ing the 'nempcr" of it.

If A W^A'and Owl Traps. — ^To catch hawks or
owls, lake a pole 20 feet long, to he set a shnit
distance from the bouse or bam or on the poulcry
house. Split the lop 10 as to admit the liaseof
a common steel trap, whidi should be msdefest.
When both trap and pole are set yon may be sure
of game of some kind. These birds nntnnlW
light on high objects such as dead branrbcsoY
trees or (ops of stacks, and one should u^e jud£-
mcnt about the place where he puts the trap*.
An open field, near the chicken yard, is probably
best.

HIDES, AVtx; Mmfe c/ tnking^ ^— A
machine for taki^ off hides is now in usei
South America. Tlie oj)eration is short, sharps
and decisive, requiring only a minnte for each
hide- Cold air is forccid by a pump between tha
flesh and the hide, and the thing is done. Tin
process ought to be an imi>rovemcnt on the oUd
nocking and scraping system.

IIIDES^ (Green) To Cure. — A preal many
butchers do not use proper care in this branch,
and the consequence is that the hides will not
pass city inspection, owing entirely to the igno-
rance and carelessness of persons preparing thetn
for market. The proper way to salt hides is
by them flat, flc^h side up, and form a nesi
square l>ed say 12 by 15 feet, foldinp in the ed(
so as to make them as nearly solid as posnil
Split the ear in the cords that run up the ear
each one, so as to make them lie out flat. Sprii
the hide i*-ith two or three shovelfuls of d
salt, as the size may require — say for a sutty.
eighty pound hide, from ten to firtcen pounds*
salt. At any rate cover the hide well, as it nc
not be wasted ; then let them lie in this from
to 20 days, after which take them up, shake
salt out and u^ it again.

INSECTS, Tc /V^-ji-^rr.— Afier killlnff
insect with chloroform, point it with a soluboQ<
carbolic acid in alcohol — ^4 grnin-<ito the oum
Thiswi

•ill keep it fr

and then dry in the sun.
and beautiful.

LAMBSKINS, To Prtpare/or La^Ut Octr*
ccatj. — Make a strong sua* willi hot water
them get cold, and wash the skins, snueezi
them carefully to get out all the dirl from
wool ; wash the soap out unth dean cold watt
and cover them with water for 13 hours; ll
hang them over a pole to drain ; when partii
dry, stretch them carefully on a hoard, and 1
a little damn, sprinkle on them an ounce
of pulveri/cd saltpeter and alum; lay the
sides t<^clher, and hang in the shade for two
three days, turning them over every day to bring

HUNTING, TRAPPING, AND TANNING,

'8r

under skin uppennost till ihey are perfectly

'; then scrape the flesh side till all Mraps of

arc removed ; rub it with pumice or rotten

ami u'ith the hands; then lay the cloak*

ini down on the flesh side of the skin, trace

with a pencil, and cut it out with a

■ ; overcast the ed^cs together on the

. and line with quilted silk. No col-

r trimnung is worn vrith an astrachaii

'1 cloak.

//£'A', To Gild or Stiver, — Finely-pow-
red rc^in, and dust it over the surface of the
icr, then lay on the leaf, and apply (hot) the
letters or impression you ivish to transfer ; lastly^
dvst off the loose metal with a cloth. The clolns
for this purpose become, in lime, very
ible* and are often sold to the reBners at a
[bigh price.

\ LEA 77/ER, Oi/i»f.— Oils should not be ap-

lied tiidry leather, as they will invariably injure

If you wish to oil a harness, wet it over

I, cDvcr it with a blanket, and in the morn*

;«nU be dry and supple; then apply neat's*

iQ in small quantities, and witn so much

p«(ue OS will insure its disseminating it*

throaghout the leather. A .soft, pliant bar*

is cosy to handle, and lasts longer than a

one. Never use vcucinblc oils on

;r and among animal oils neat's foot is the

It.

^^A TNER, Frmch /'rtfrw/.— Work into the
with appropriate tools 3 or 4 successive
infiS of drying varnifth, made by boiling lin-
•ou with white lead and litharge, in the pro-
ion uf one pound of each of the latter to one
Uoa of the former^ and adding a portion of
or ochre, each coating Iwing thoroughly
before the apphcation of the rest. Ivory
is then substituted for the chalk or ochre,
|he vomi^h thinned with spirits of turpentine,
And five additional applications made in tne same
■unncr as before, except that it is put on thin
tpnd nut worketl in. Tlic leather is rubl>ed down
Mritli pumice-stone, in powder, and then placed
■Bm room at 90 degrees, out of the way of dust.
^e last varnish is prepared by boiling !^ lb. of
Ssphaltum with 10 lbs. of the drying oil used in
|fae 6rst stage of the process, and then stirring in
[J lbs. copal varnish and 10 lbs. of turpentine. It
^list have I month's age before using it.
. L.EA J'/fEMf Eratth Polish or Dresiin^ for.
r^Mix 3 pts. best vinegar with I pt. soft water ;
Iter into it % lb. glue, broken up, }^ lb, log-
ftrood-chips, % oz. of finely powdered indigo, %
DC. of the best soft-soap, <4 oz. of isinglass : put
the mixture 0\'er the fire, and let it boU ten
minuted Of more; then strain, bottle, and cork.
I^Tien cold, it is fit for use. Apply with a sponge,
LEATHER, {EuamtieJ) To /oiish.—i pints
^the best cream; i pint of linseed oil; moke
llietn each lukewarm, and then mix them well
Dgethcr. Having preriously cleaned the shoe
b')m dirt, rub it over with a sponge dipped in
he mixture : then rub it with a soft dry cloth
IBifU X tirilliant color is produced.
< LEA TNER, To ra«,— Soak the hide eight
frr nine flays in water, then put it in lime ; tSce
pi' I remove the hair by nibbing it, and

I I- . 'car water until the lime is entirely

MBb I imd of alum to three of salt, dis-

^^^b 1 sufficiently large to hold the

Hl^ _ . !iule in it three or four days, then
Kke it OBt, let it get half dry, and then beat or

rab it until it becomes pliable. Leather nrciMrcd
by this process will not do so well for shoes, but
answer well for ham strings, back bands, and
rarious other purposes on the farm. Sec "^Tan-
ning'* further on.

LEATHER SCRAPS, To dW/jc— I lerc is
a method lately proposed by a Danish mventor,
one Mr. Thamsen, of Copenhagen. He takes
leather waste, cuttings, snavinc or other small
bits of Icithcr. either new or old, and reduces it
to a kind of fibrous pulp by hand-Ubor or by a
machine or mill, (either by grinding, pounding,
cutting, rasping, carding, or grating); if old
waste IS used, it should first be clcanetHhorouch-
W. This matter or pulp is then kneaded with
India-nibljcr, which is rendered fluid or dis-
solved in oils or spirits, and treated with am-
monia. Then he dissolves the Tndia-rubl>er in
oil of turpentine. To effect this, the India-rubber
is cut into pieces and mixed with turpentine,
aSter which he lets it remain quiet in a closed ve&.
scl until it is dissolved. When the Indin.mbbcr
is cUssolvcd, he add:i ammonia of a strength of
30 per cent.in the proportion of aVtoui equal parts
by weight of ammonia to the India-rubber con-
tained in the solution ; when the mass ha.s be-
come of a grayish-wliite color, it is ready to be
mixed with the pulp.

Another and iMrtter mode is as follows. The
scraps arc first dcanscil, then soaked in H-atcr
containing i per cent. of sulphuric acid until the
material becomes 50ft and plastic, and afterward
compressed into blocks and dried by bteam. In
order to soften the blocks one pound of glycerine
is added to loo pounds of material ; they arc
then passed through rollers, and brought to the
proper thickness to be used as inner soles of
boots and shoes.

MINK BREEDING, To Trap YoungMink.
— Adult minks are almost untamable, but young
ones readily submit to handling, and are easily
domesticated. The time to secure young minks
is in May and June, when they begin to run
with their dams. The streams must l>c quietly
u-atched for mink trails, and these Imckcil I'j the
nest. When they leave the hole the old one may
be shot, and the young ones secured, or, they
may be du^ ouL Those who own a breeding
stock of minks ask high prices for them ; but
trappers represent to us that it is an easy matter,
witn a little patience, to get the wild young ones.
Habits, — .\ successful breeder says that ne docs
not attempt to tame the wild mink, but only aims
to supply for it in a small space all the neces-
sities of il^ natural instincts, lie says the mating
season commences about the first of March, and
lasts two wccki, never \-arving much from that
date. Tlio female carries ncr yuung about silt
weeks. In the minkcry, where diet, water, tcm-
pprature, etc., are similar with each animal, there
IS so little difleience in the time of mating and
time of bearing ^oung in different animals, tltat
five out of six litters dropped last spring, were
bom within twelve hours of each other. The
young are blind from four to five weeks, but arc
very active, ond playful as kittens. The mother
weans them at from eight to ten weeks old. At
four weeks the mother Dcgins to feed them meat;
this they learn to suck before they have teeth to
eat it, TT^e nests in which the voung are bom
arc lined by the mother with sole material, and
are made in tlie hollow of some old stump, or
between the projecting roots of some old tree.

M

DICTIONARY OF EVERV-DAV WAffTS^

I

and always where it u perfectly dry. The nest
is located near pure running water, which the
mother vUit* twice every twenty-four hour&. She
feeds her young on frog&, ftsb, birds, mice, crabs,
etc., etc The mink, i» from birth a pattern of
neatness and cleanliness, and as soon as a nest
begins to get foul and offensive, she lal^.e& one of
the young in her mouth, and dcposiutig it in a
deant suitable place, builds a iici^l about it, and
then brings the balance of the litter. She feeds
and cares for them until they are three and a-half
or lour months old. When the )roung arc weaned,
about the loth of July, she builds her nest near
the water, in which the young soon learn to play.
There arc usually four in a litter, tliough the
number ranges from two to sut. Towards fall
the mother separates them into pairs. One pair
— or if the number be odd, tlie odd one — is Icfk
in the nest; the utlier pair, or [lairs, she places
often half a mile from each other, and then seeks
new quarters for herself. The young soon se-
parate, and each one catches lus own frogs.
They do not pair, but the male is a sort of rover
and frcclover. Minks, are unsociable, petulant,
vicious in play, savage in war. Late in the fall
ihcy establish regular runways from one stream
to another, and usually under brush, fallea trees,
weeds, swale and under banks — anywhere, in
fact, where they can avoid the sunshine and
escape the chances of observation. The mink is
a sure prophet, and just before hard winter
begins, he lays by a store of food for the winter
in safe places, near his winter nnts, of which he
has several. As the snows fall he burrows
under the snow, where he remains until about
February, when his supply of food is ex-
hau&ledaudhe is forced to search further for food.
MoHagcmcntoJ. — Mink being by nature solitary
wandering creatures, being seldom seen in com-
pany except during the breeding season, are
llterefore iin|K>ssib1c to be reared successfully, if
large numbers arc kept constantly together there-
fore their indosurc should be a large one. — The
male and female should be permitted to be to-
gether frequently from the middle of February
until the middle of March. At all other times
keep them entirely separate. The young mink
make their apjKarauce about the first, of May.
When wild in the woods they will seldom vary
five days from this time; but when kept in con-
iinemcnt there is greater variation. About this
ion they should have plenty of fine hay,
ich they will cirry into their boxes to make
'lie&ts. A box three or four feet lon^ and i3
indies wide is the shape tliey prefer ; it should
be placed as far as possible (rom the water, to
prevent the mink from carrying water and mud
into it. The young mink when first bom are
small and delicate, destitute of any kind of fur,
and much resembling young rats. If the old
mink is tame, the young ones may be Ukcn out
of the nest and nand^d when they are three
weeks old. Ttiey will soon learn to drink milk,
and may be fed every day. At five weeks old
they may be Liken from the mother and put into
a pen by themselves, when Ihey will suon be-
come very playful and pretty, and make much
better mothers than they would if allowed to run
with tlic old ones. The shelter should be in the
shape of a long box, 5 or 6 feet wide, and 3 or 4
feet high, wl upon kgs, and with a good floor
and root Divide it mlo separate apartments,
long (or longcz would be better), the front

iJeet

of each apartment to be furnished with a swings

ing-door of strong wire screen, with "• ^-'r%

at the top, and a button or some kin ! r

at the bottom. A trough, 6 inches m| :l:

by nailing three boards together, should run the
whole length of the pen on the back side ; one
end of the trough should be made several inches
lower than the other, so that the water can I>e
drawn off. With this arrangemeDt the water
can lie turned in at one end of the trough, and
lie drawn oflT and change<l as oAen as dcbircd.
The lower end of the trough should l»c ;% Iiidc
deej»er than the other, to prevent the wster from
running over. Each apartment i. '' ' 1

iviih aooK 3 feet long and 18 inches 1

one side of the box and near one en.; . a

round hole, 2}4 inches in diameter, and provided
with a sliding cover, so that by means of a stick
il can be opened or dosed from the outside.
This is so the mink can be shut up when the pen
is being cleajied ouL On the top of the boi a
at the other cud should be a door large eoou
to jjut in Imy for tlic nest and takeout the yoa:
It ts necessary that they liavc abundance of nii
soft water, fresh ojr, desirable shade and pie
of exercises. TTiesc conditions secure to I
mink a goixl quality of dark fur, and gtnA heal
Brush, weeds, etc., are allowed to grow in the
yard, but not near enough the wall to admit of
their climbing up and out.

jV/A^A" breeding. In addition tn the
above direction for breeding mink, we give the
following experience of a gcnUcman in \ crmo "
*'I purchased one female and her litter of fi
two moles and four females in all, and construct
a building of rough boards, 10 by ^ feet, for
minkcry. It had a floor light enough to pre
the escape of the animals ; was properly ve
ated, and divided into 6 apartments, xixw of w
Li an ante-room into which to step from the oui
side and close the door. Water \& su^iplic^rt by
lead pipe running in at one side, through all t
rooms, and out at the other into a trough whi
small fish are kqit, and occasionally given t
minks. They were kept together mitirDccci
the iSth, when the males were put in an a
mcnt by themselves. On the loth of M
each male was put in with a female, each
5c|>arate, and after a couple of days one of'll
moles was put in with another female, ai»d final _
with the third. They were sqxuratcd alxiut iho'
1st of April, each female l>cing kept alone and
suppUed with a suitable box, with warm loalerial
for a nest. Wlicn it was supposed they were
about to brine forth their young, they were
disturbed as little as possible; any tiling to ex-
cite them at this time, should be avoided, fi
when irritated, they will sometimes eat tli
young. The first female put with the pcrfi
male Drought forth seven, one of wliich disa^,,

pcarcd after they began to crawl at' 1 ■■■ r>f

their nest. The other two female-. 1 t

pair, ail of which (but the oncmci Ft

now alive, fine, fat, !(icek fellows, and fully grown*
They are very easily kept, being fed once a day
upon warm milk with wheat bread crumbs,
quart sufllidng now for the whole lot, andoni
upon fresh meat, care being taken not to over-
feed. Any kind of meat and o(&d that is nut
too fat will answer. They are very fond of l>eef
liver, chickens' heads and entrails, wooddiuck.s
(being careful not to give them the gall on the
liver, which is pouoooosj) rats, mice, clci llicjr

nUKTIS^G TRAPPIKG AND TANNING,

I

I

■xc more easily cared for than one hog. and much
more cheaply kept Nothing was paid out for
meat for them, until after 1st of July, when
a cnntrnct was made with a butcher to leave a
bullock's head once a week, I am confident
that the increase of the minkcry would have
been fully nne-third more if biMh the males hud
been perfect. I intend to keep them in pairs
hereafter. They ore not easily handled, but
straggle when caught against their will, ond
exude the thick fetid substance from elands near
the %*ent. They will bite severely, nut can be
luuidkd wfclv with thick buckskin gloves.

M/NA\ 7*i7 Tmp. — For mink the trap should
betef near some stream. If their holes cannot
be found make one. Set the trap in the cavity,
fhree &ides of which should be barricaded with
stones, bark or any cqut%-alent substance. Place
the bait at the farther extremity of the cav-ity,
beyond the trap- Bait with anv kind of fresh
coeat ; mu&krat meat is good, but hsh, either fresh
or stale ts" better. Bait should be smoked in
cold weather, to give it a stronger smell. The
bcsl *cent for attracting mink is prepared from
the decomposition of minnows, eels or trout.
Cut the fish into small nieces; put into aholtle,
cork loosely, and let it nang in the sunshine two
or ihree weeks in the summer. A few drops of
this on the bait, or on a stick near the trap, will
draw mink a long distance.

MOLES (Ground), To /><-j/n»r-— There are
sereral mole traps in market that work well, pro-
Tided the moles can l>c induced to go where they
will be caught. In addition to the irap^, set men
to watching the moles during light showers in
snmnKr. at which time they are more active, and
when one is found moving the soil he js to be
dog out and killed. More moles have been
caught in this way than with all the traps used.
Poisons of various kinds have been recommended,
but on trial they have proved worthless.

MLKSKRAT, To 7>u/.— Find a log with
ftome recent droppings of the muskrat on it, a
notch is cut in the log for the trap, an inch nr
two under the water. The trap is fastened to a
tally-Mick. These tally- sticks are green saplings
with a fork at the up]>er en<l, and a hook near the
bottcmi to hold it in Oie loose ground. The chain-
ring is slipped on to this tally-stick, and care is
taken to so place the Tally-stick and trap that
when canght, the mu>ikrat shall take to the water
^d be drowned. If on the land, among weeds
nd bushes, he will not unfrc^ucnily twist off his
leg and escape. The traps are also placed in the
runs, on bogs and old muskrat houses, and wher-
ever there are recent indications that themu&k-
rati o?mc to feed. Where the game is scarce,
the traps are sometimes baited, but otherwise
this \\ not necessary. Carrots, parsnips, apples,
potatoes, or a piece of the fk'sh of muskrat can
De used for bait. A slick is stuck in the ground,
■hnting in snch a manner that the end sluU be 6
or 8 inches al>ove the Ireddle of the trap. The
bait i« slock on the end of the slick, and in this
way, if there arc any rats in the vicinity, >-ou arc
pretty sure to catch them. Sometimes the traps
•re covered with an inch or two of weed; and
tome trappers put a drop or two of the oil, found
in Ihr glands of the muskrat, on or nearthe traps.
Tbe Hfxt morning the hunter takes his boat and
vllilt hi 4 tra[«.

Mt'SKRA TS, Hsme-made Trap/^.—K trap
mpaX if Dot better than a steel trap u an old bar.

rcl. Sink it near the bank of the ditch, where
there are evidences ol the presence of the ani-
malj^, to the level of the ground, and ludf fill it
with water. Put in a couple of shingles, or lig^t
strips of Iward, to Boat on the water. Place sweet
apples or carrots cut in small bits in the runs ot
the muskrats, and loll them to the barrel. Put
se^-cral pieces upon the floats, inside. The rats
will jump in after their food, and will not be able
to get ont. Where they are plenty, several musk-
rats may be taken in a night by this simple trap,
it costs nothing but labor, can be visilcd at one's
convenience, and there is plenty of room in it for
a do/en or more at once.

MUSKRATS, To catch xviikont Traps.—
It is a mystery to many fiow mnskrats, beavers,
and other animalit, arc able to slav so long under
water, apparently without brcalfung, especially
in winter. The way tlity manage is, ihcy take
in a good brealh at starting, and then remain un-
der water as long as possible. Then they rise
up to the ice and breattie out the air in their
lungs, which renmins in a bubble against the
lower port of the ice. The water near the ice is
highly charged with oxygen, which it readily im-
parts to the air breathed ouL After a time, this
air is taken back in the lungs, and the animal
again goes under the water, repeating this pro-
cess from time to time. In this way, they can
travel almost any distance, and live almost any
length of time under the ice. 'ITie hunter takes
advantage of this habit of the muskrat in the fol-
Uiwing manner. When the marshes and ponds
where the muskrat &l.>ounds are first frozen over,
and theice is thin and clear, on striking into their
houses with his hatchet, for the purpose of sett-
ing his trap, he freqently sees a whole family
plunge into the water and swim away under the
ICC. Following one for some distance, he sees
him come up to recover his breath, in the manner
above described. After the animal has breathed
against the ioc, and before he ha-i time to take his
bubble in ngaln. the hunter strikes with his hat-
chet directly over him, and drives him away from
his breath. In this case he drowns in swimming
a few rods, and the hunter, cutting a hole in the
ice, lakes him ouL

Ml'SA'A'A TS, To SJhi».—T\yc muskrat i»
usually skinned by lK;ginning at the head, ripp-
ing from the chin to between the fore legs, and
then stririping (he skin ofTover llie iKxly. When
taken on in this manner the >kin is stretched on
a bent rod of touch, pliable wood- When skin-
ned from the tail it is stretched on a 1>oard.

MUSh'KA T SK/NS, To Tan tvith tht Fnr
«f.— First, for soaking, to lo gallons of cold soft
water add 8 parts of wheat bran, % pint of old
soap. I ounce of borax ; by adding 3 ounces sul
phuric acid tlie soaking may L«e done in one-half
the time. If the hides nave not been salted, add
a pint of salt. Green hides should not be snaked
more than 8 or lo hours. Pry ones should soak
till very soft.

For tan liquor, to lo gallons warm sofl water
add % bushel bran ; stir well and let stand in a
warm room till it ferments. Then arid slowly
2>i pounds sulphuric acid ; sin- all the while.
MuKlcrat hides should renmin in alxiut 4 hours;
then take nut hnd rub with a fleshing knife — an
old chopping knife with the edge tnken off will
do. Then work it over a Iteam unlil enlirclYdry*

OTTER, To TnyJ.— Of all animals, the' otter
is the most cunning; its sense of smell is re-

i

190

DTCTIONARY OF EVERY'DA Y WANTS.

markably good. If a person visits an otter slide,
Ihcy will leave tl immediately, and perJiaps not
return for two or three weeks. They appear Jo
have a naioral dread of man, and in their travels,
will scarcely ever follow the creek or river close
by A house. They land some distance above or
below the dwelling of their dreaded enemy, and
transport their precious coats over land, through
the fields, to the water again. To trap the otter
is almost out of the question. You must take a
large sized steel trap, set it, hang it over a fire
and smoke it for two or three hours ; then take a
slick or board, and get into your canoe, (if you
have one,) go to the place most frequentc^l by
them, and place the trap about X inches under
water and carefully cover it with leaves, light
trash or grais, which you can fish up from the
bottom of the stream. Be very cireful not to
touch the bank aljove water, if you do, it is all
over with wu. He can read in the print of boot
heels his death warrant, and he bids adieu to his
haunts, and seeks a peaceful home many miles
distant. In going to your trap, never go nearer
than the onmsilesideofthe stream. If Mr. Otter
should acciaentally put on a wristlet, he will make
directly for his tlen. If the trap is not heavy
enough to drown him, a weight can be attached
to the chain.

OTTER, To tkin, —This is done by rip-
ping down the back of each hind leg until the
slits meet in the crotch; skin, the body whole;
don't rip up the belly; pat a split stick over the
bone of the tail between the hide and liody and
skin in this way, when skinned draw the head
over a stretcher and let it remain until dry.

Oli^L {Thf) To CVi/a.— Owls arc very tle-
stmcttve to poultry, especially in the breeding
season, and are much more dangerous than
hawks, in as much as they pay their vi&its to the
roosts in the night. There is no cRectual sale-
guard against their visits unless you have the
hennery made owl-proof. Most farmers make
their roosts under an open shed, or upnn the
trees, which arc as free to birds of prey as to the
hens. Chickens arc very delicate food for young
owls, and sometimes a dozen will be mis*iing
from the perch in a night, and their feathers and
claws be found the next day in a neighboring
owl's nest. Old hens will Ije taken and their
heads be eaten off and the carcass l)e dropped
under the tree, quite too heavy for the owl to
carry off. Not a moment should be lost when
these depredations occur. Tie the dead fowl
upon the limb or the perch where it was accus-
tomed to roost, and shut up the other fowls. The
dead fowl should be lied in a roosting position,
so as to seem alive to the owl. Place a smalt
steel-trap on ihe back of the hen .ind fasten it to
n neighboring limb. Tlie owl will generally make
his appearance the following night, and in
swooping down upon the Iwcfc of the hen will
6nd his claws securely fastened in the trap. A
small rat-trap without teeth is the best. The
teeth would i>e apt to cut off the legs or cl.iws
and release the owl. The trap will often save
many days of hunting a mean, skulking enemy,
who only plunders in the night.

TARCnMENT, /Io-.t* to wai/-.— This article
is manufactured from sheep skins, cleared from
lime. The skin is slrctched on a frame where
the flesh is pared off with an iron circular knife ;
it is then moistened with a rag, and whiting
spread over it; the workman thcQi with a Urge

>5ian- i

[ one- I

rboyMl
elle^^H

pumice-stone, flat at the bottom, rubs over the
skin, and scours off the flesh. He next goes over
it with the iron instrument as before, and rubs it
carefully with the numice-stone without chalk ;
this ^crve5 to smooth the flesh sirlc. He drains
it again by passing over it the iron instrument as
before; he passes it over the wool side, iheu
stretches it tight on a frame. He now throirs
more whiting and sweeps it over with a piece of
wooly lambskin. It is now dried, and taken off
the frame by cutting it all round. Thus prepared
it is taken out of the skinner's hands by the
parchment maker, who, while it is dry, pares it
on a summer (which is a calf-skin strelchcd on a
frame), with a sharper instrument than that used
by the sk-inncr, who, working it with the arm
from the top to the Imttom of the skin, takes
a way about lialf its substance, which leaves the
parchment flnished.

RRESERV/NG ANJMALS,^\ mixture of
equal ports of good commercial glycerine and
^K'ater, to every gallon of which is added one
ounce of the crystals of carbolic acid, constitutes
a goo<l preserving liquid for all animal substan-
ces. The use of pure glycerine, with al)Out one
h.ilf pint of alcohol, and half a ounce of carbor
acid added to each gallon, makes an czcelle!
inixturc for prescr^'ing the tissues of soft oni
where it is important to preserve the color
well as the tissues.

R A BR ITS, To 7>rt/.— To trap rabbits, take
brass wire, make a noose, large enough for thcuL
to put their head through; then trim as
tree near their road, fasten the wire to the
bend over and fasten by a notch to a peg dri
in the ground; then moke a fence of fine b;
a little across their road, leaving a hole to h
the wire in. — Some use box traps, baited
sweet apple ; also steel traps laid in their
and fastened.

RACCOON, To Cflfr^.— The surest way to
catch them is with a good cur dog. One that
will not give tongue on track but will bark at the
tree. But if you wish to trap them with slcel
traps, go to the woods, near a swamp, find a bi
log lying in or near the swamp, set your trap
the log and then get two old limbs, set one orf
each side of the log over the trap, crossing
the top, forming an x, so that the coon \rill h,T
to go under them and over the trap. Bait if yot^
choose with frogs or chicken. But whether
bait •or not the coon will run the old log if be
comes in the neighlwrhood. Or on the %
plan you can set a de«d>fal1.

RACCOON SKI N^, To /V>iw.— The skin
of the raccoon should be nailed to boards to dry,
then treated to a pa^tc of i or. alum ; i oz. salt;
about ^ drachm sulphuric add ; 2 gills water
and a little wheat bran. It should when dry be
scraped off with a spoon or other thing as in
cose of mink skins. To work the skin soft, in-
stead of nailing it on boards, roll it up and wofk
it soft.

SALMON, Pr&pa^ation of, — This salmon,
like several other spedcs of fish, possess the,
home sentiment in a marked degree. No matter
how much it may wander, it will return to th
same river, to its old spawning ground, in th
season of prf»creation. It will go out of its river,,
and swim perhaps all over the f»cean, and afters
ward return lu the same river. It does not mat-
ter how much storm or tarbid water it may be
obliged to pass through when on the retoni

HU^rriNG, TRAPPING AND TANNING.

*

I

■voyage, though he may not be able to sec clearly
a tuot in front of him, he steers surely for his
old home. The bottom of all rivers and creeks
Ihat have water adapted to salmon is dotted with
springs; and thcRC fish spnwn and hatch trher*
c^-er uicy find springy bottom, particularly at the
beads of jitreams. 1 ne impression is prevalent
thai Minion spawn and hatch anywhere, for the
reason thai they arc seen daring the breeding
season in many dilTcrent parts of the river; but
the fact iH, they do not spawn in any place unless
there is a spring close by or immediately beneath.
I lliink the reason that salmon spawn near a
Spring consists in the fact, that if tlie eggs were
wpoMlcd in a part of the stream which was free
from springy bottom, many of them would be-
come burioi in sediment and not hatch out; but
being dcpo5»itcd in the vicinity of or over springy
bottom, ihcy arc kept clear from sediment by the
upward burst of the water. In the great ukes
the salmon opiKors to be strictly a shore fish,
and has never l>ecn caught more than sixty rods
from the shore, except in very rare instances.
By the application of the improved methods of
fish culture our waters can dc restocked with
sahnon, and so the good old times of good fish,
plenty and cheap, may be recovered. In the
matter of artiticiai production, it may be unneces-
sary to say more than this, that salmon arc bred
luiificially, and taken care of in precisely the
sajoe way as brook-trout.

S/ZAAP'SA'/XS, To prepan for Mats.—
Make a strong lather with hot water, and let it
stand till cold ; wash the fresh skin in it, care-
fully squeezing out all the dirt fn>m the wool ;
'waih It in cold water till all the soap is taken
ouL Dissolve a pound each of salt and alum in
two gallons of hot water, and put the skin into
a tab su^cnl to cover it ; let it soak for twelve
hours, and hong it over a pole to drain. When
well drained, stretch it carefully on a board to
dry, and stretch several times while drying.
B^re it is quite dry. sprinkle on the flesh side
one ounce each of finely pulverized alum and
aalpetrc, rubbing it in wclL Try if the wool be
firm on the skin ; if not, let it remain a day or
two, then rub again with alum ; fold the flesh
strlcs tagelhcr and hang in the shade for two or
days, turning them over each day till quite
Scrape the flesh side with n blunt knife,
mb it with pumice or rotten stone.
SHEEP-SKINS, To ran.— Sheep-skins
which arc used for a Tariety of purposes, such
aa rfores, book-cnvers. etc. ana which, when
dTcd, arc converted into mock Morocco leather,
arc dressed as follows: They are first to be
soaked in water and handlc<l, to separate all im-
purities, which may be scrapwl off by a blunt
Knife on a beam. They arc then to be hung up
in a close »*arm room to putrefy. This putre-
laclion l'»scns the wool, and causes the exudation
of on oily and ^limy matter, all which arc to he
rccioveil by the knife. The skins arc now to be
fiteepcil in milk of lime, to harden and thicken;
hfrc they remain for I month or 6 weeks, accord-
ing lo cucumstances, and when taken out, tliey
to be »inrjothed on the fleshy side with a
knife. Tlicy arc now lo be steeped in a
Inan and water, where they undergo a
cntation, and become thinner in
oe.

which are now called pelts, are to
in a solution of alum and common

salt in water; in the proportion of I20 skins to
3 lbs, of alum and 5 lbs. of salt. They are to
be much agitated in this compound saline bath,
in order to become firm and tough. From this
Iiath (hey arc to be removed to another, com-
posed of^ bran and water, where they remain
until quite pliant by a slight fermentation. To
give their upper surfaces a gloss, lliey arc to be
trodden in a wooden tub, with a solution of yolks
of ^Egs in water, previously well beaten up.
When this solution has become transp.irent, it is
a proof that the skins have absorbed the glazing
matter. The pelt may now be said lo be con-
verted into leather, which is to be drained from
moisture, hung upon hooks in a warm apartment
to dry, and smoothed over with warm hand-
irons.

SKELETONS, Preparation </.— Skulls of
animals may he rapidly prepared by boiling in
water for a few hours. .\ little potash or lye
added will facilitate the remova[ of the flesh.

Skeletons may be roughly prepared in the field
by skinning the animal and removing all the vis-
cera, together with as nuich of the flesh as pos-
sible. Whenever praclKable, they should be
allowed to soak a few hours in water to extract
the blood. The bones should then be exposed
to the sun or air until completely dried. Pre-
Wously, however, the brain of large animals
should be rcmovetl by separating the skull from
the spine, and extracting the brain through the
large hole in the back of the he.id. The head
may be cleaned by boiling. In case it becomes
necessary to disjoint a skeleton, care should be
taken to attach a common mark to all the pieces,
especially when more than one individual is
packed in the same box.

Skulls and skeletons may frequently be picked
up, already cleaned by other animals or exposure
lo wcaiher. By placing small animals near an
ant's nest, or m water occupied by tadpoles or
small Crustacea, very beautiful skeletons may
often be obtained. The sea beach sumetimes
avoids rich treasures in the remains of porpoises,
whales, large fishes, as sharks, and other aquatic
siwcics.

Although, to save lime and opportunities in
the field. It is usually necessary to i^refiare skulls
by boiling in water, as just cxplain»l, the process
is sometimes apt to leave the Iwnes colored, or
even somewhat greasy. The best method of
preparing skulls and skeletons for a museum is
unaoubtwlly, after cutting away the ^ealer mass
of flesh, that of macerating, orallowmg them lo
remain in cold water until the decaying flesh
separates from the bones. At first, the water,
OS it becomes charged with blood, is pourctl off
and replaced by fresh ; after this is repeated for
a time, the flesn becomes bleached, and ihebonea
may then I* suffered to remain as long as ncces*
sary (sometimes for weeks), removiiui the speci-
men from time to time and scraping ofi the soften-
ing flesh. After this has been all removed and
the bone* well .scrublxd under water with a stiff
brush, they should be soaked a little longer to
remove any remnant of infiltrated blood. Dur-
ing these operations, care must be taken not to
injure or separate any of the ligaments. Shreds
of^ tendon may be cut off with a sharp knife or
pair of scissors. The ligaments may then, ac-
cording to E)'ton, be converted into a tough,
leathery substance by immersion in a liquid pre-
pared by making a saturated soluUon of common

slum ondy uben cold, diluting it viih an equal
quantity of waier, and adding half an ounce of
common &aJt for every half pound of alum. If
the bones are free from blood, iwenty-fonr hours*
imnicrsion will be snifficicnt ; large birds or other
animals may require nearly a week. When
.removed from the solution, the bones must \x
|*«rasbed under a current of water, or in a iKi&in,
*nd then allowed to dry in any desirable position.

Ills imjwrtant, in preparing skeletons, not to
allow the flc«ih to dry too soon on the bones, or,

least, to allow them to soak in water for a time

ifore drying, as the subsequent operations will
be rendered much exsicr.

Greasy skulls or bone* can be readily cleansed
by immersion in ether for a length of time. The
clhcr should be kept in a tight jar, and every

£reca.ution taken to prevent undue proximity to a
pht or the fire, the vapor being cxccedingfjr ex-
i|>K>sive. A simpler method cooststB in boiling
them in a large ouantity of water, having a little
potash added.

^AVA'.V OF A.V/AfALS, Composition of,—
When fresh, from two-thirds to three-fourths of
the weight of the skin consists of water ; and if
dried at 220**, it gradually absorbs water ; but
'dried at the ordinary tcmpcralurc, the moisture
in it varies with tlie amount in llic atmosphere.
An analysis of a perfectly dritd skin gave about
95 jier cent, of girlattne tissue; 3 per cenL of
-■cellular tissue not soluble in water; 1 per cent.
■of fat; and halt of t per cenL of mineral
nmterial.

SKINS AND FURS, Coiarintr and Dyeing,
— Furs are dyed by dealers to suit some fashion,
to conceal defects, or to pass off inferior furs for
better ones. The best way is to brush the dye
over the fur with a good sponge, brushing with
the hair. As a matter of course, you can only
[^flye them of a darker color llian they are, and
Tetoin the handsome lustrous look peculiar to fur.
They may be bleached, but the process leaves
the fur looking like coarse flax or even hemp.
{BIu^A Sulphate of indigo (soluble indigo, sold
by all druggists), is the readiest and t>est to get
ft blue witn. Furs arc never dyed blue for sale,
for that would be spoiling a white fur, but shecp-
akins are. The skin should be dippird severs!
times in a bath of hot alum water ; allowed to
drain, and then dipped into a solution of &ulph:ite
of indigo and water, with a few drops of sulphuric
acid added ; this gives a pale blue. Aniline blue
is very fine, and dyeing with it Is very simple.
A solution of the color in water is made, a not
aolution, and the skin put in all at once, (if a

Srt of the skin is put m first that part will be
rkest, so quick is the absorption of these
colors.) Fancy sheep-skin mats, are colored
blue, red, green, and yellow, and have a ready
sale when they are new. — {Sfatrk). The best
black Is obtained bv first dyeing the skin a bine.
Then boil one % pound gall nuts, powdcreil,
and % ounce of logwood, in 3 gallons of walcr.
If the flesh side is wanted blue, while the fur or
voul is another, this decoction must be sponged
on. Get the wool or hair, thoroughly im-
pregnated with this and then add a »<' pound
copperas, 10 the dye, and go over the fur
or wool many times with the sponge. The pro-
cess above given will answer without previous
blueing, but the black is not so brilliant. An-
other "home made" dye, which will answer for
df&ng clothes a black, as wcU as shcep-skias, is

this, just maltje a bath of 8 ounces of bi-chromate
of potash, 6 ounces alum, 4 ounces fustic; bovt in
water cno\igh to cover 5 pounds of yarn, cloib or
a single sheep skin. Make another bath of a
pounds of logwood, 4 ounces each bar wood ana
fustic, or Sounces fustic, same amount uf bailing
water, as last ; stir the goods well around in t)ie
first bath, keeping the water hot for an hour, then
work it in the second bath the same length nf
time. Take them and wring them ; then adding
)^ pound of cojiperos, to the last hath, put tiic
goods in again, and gt\tr them a good stirring.
This is a good black dye for wool goods (or far),
but not tor silks or cotton. — (^rt/.)— -Furs of
course arc never dyed red, at least in this country.
Sheep skins might be dye<i with madder
cochineal, but in the former case, the sVrn w
of necessity be boiled with the dye, as that is
cc!;sary in using madder. Cucnincal would be
expensive and require much working, while as
bnlliant reds and purples may be got from the
aniUne colors, dissolved in moderately warm
water, the scum taken off, and &kin dtppock
These colors are the cheai>csi too, as Ihey go
very far. But always have the wool as free from
grease as possible liy working in weak hut lytt Or
hot soapsuds. — ( IWAra/.) — Can be got on fthwp
skins with black oak bark, (quercitron bark) old
fustic, annotto, and Persian (also called French)
berries. Tlic skin should be previously dippca
into a hot bath of alum, cream of tartar or spiric
of tin, about 2 ounces to the gallon. About ^
pound of annotto, or I pound of the other artidev
arc enough for a single skin. If you wish to &«e
fustic, be particular to ask for old fusric, as wbal
is known in the trade as young fustic, is a difr
fercnt article and ^ves a aiffcrcnt color. Then
is also now an aniline yellow wliicli Mrorks like
the other colors. — {Gtrfn.) Dye first bine as
explained above, then pass through a yellow dye,
until you get the shade required. An alum hath,
cream of tartar, or spirits of tin, asabo\-c, must
be used before the blue is given.

SK/NS AXD FUJy'S, Drfssirtffand Tamtimf.
— The cheapest and readiest as well as the best
methoil of dressing skins for use with the hair
or wool on, is to first scrape off all the fat with a
knife rather blunt on the edge, as not to cut holes
into the hide, upon a n^und smooth log. The
log for convenience sake should have a couple of
legs in one end, like a trestle ; the oiher end
should rest upon the ground. After the fat is
well cleaned off, take the brains of the animal,
or the brains of any other recently killed, and
work them thoroughly into the hide. Thi^ tend*
ers the hide pliable. Then to preserve from the
ravages of insects scatter on it some powdcrad
alum and a little saltpeter. If the hair side has
Income greasy, a little weak lye will take it out.
Sheepskins may be dressed in the same wfly<
though the wool should be cleaned with 9&oip-
suds oeforc using the brains. Another way b«t
more expensive, is to use a paste made ot the
yelk of eggs and whitinginstead of brains, work-
ing it in me 5am6 way, lettmg it dry an! hnnhing
off the whiting. Then add the p- ■ ■ m

as before. Deerskins and even si> ns

.-ire often tanned as the process is coin-n »% nu ilte
hair on for garments. If at is desired to ^ve
the deerskin a yellow color, yellow 'X'hcr or
chramc yellow may be used in cons' th

the brains or yelks of eggs, and after -. . A

jm^i

HUNTING. TRAPPfNG AND TANNING,

"93

K»tai 1

\

If it » simply desired to preserve skins until
they are sold, it Ls only ncccsssuy to dry them
thoroughly. If the weather should be dunp and
warm, salt the flesh side iilightly with fine salL

SA'/NS, Pr^-urt'ttfivrs /or. — ITic bc5t matcrioj
for (he preservation of skins of ajiimols con&isU
of powdered arseniout acid, or the commoo ar<
senic of the shops. This may be used in two
wmys i cither applied in drv powder on the moist
skin, or, still better, mined with alcohol or water
la the consistency of molasses, and put on with
a brush. Some camphor may \k aadcd to the
alcoholic solution, and a little strychine will un-
douhicdly increase its efficacy. There are no
aahsfactory substitutes for arsenic; but. In its
entire absence, corrosive sublimate, camphor,
alum, etc., may be employed. Many persons
prefer the arsenical soap to the pure arsenic
This Is composed of the following ingredients :
arsenic, i ounce ; white soap, i ounce ; carbonate
of potasht I dram; water, 6 drams; camphor, 2
^rwns. Cut the soap into thin slices, and melt
over a slow fire with the water, stirring it con-
linuaJly; when dissolved, remove from the fire,
and add the potash and arsenic by degrees ; dis-
solve the camphor in a httle alcohol, and when
the mUlure is nearly cold, stir It in.

The proper materials for stuffing out skins will
depend much upon the size of the animal. For
Ifirds an<l quadrupeds, cotton will l>e found
convenient ; for the larger, tow ; for those
tni larger, dry grass, straw, sawdust, bran, or
Other vegetable substances, may be used. What-
sut>stance be used, care must bo taken to
hare it [lerfectly dry. Under no circumstances
thottld animal matter, as hair, wool, or feathers,
be emplovcd.

The bills and loral region, as well as the legs

firct of birds, and the ears, lips, and toes of

may, as most exposed to the ravages

be washed with an alcoholic solution

■Irychninc applied with a brush to the dried

n ; this vrill De an almost cerUin safeguard

against injury.

SA'/A'S {Smaii), Sttftchin^ and Curing. —
The market value of a skin is greatly affected
by the care taken in removing it from the animal,
■ad in drying iL The common way is to tack
the skin to the bam-door and let it remain
ttretched until quite dry. The trapper in the
woods, liaving no such convenience as the Inrn-
door at hand, is obUgetl to resort to other me-
thods. One plan is to dry the skin on a hoop.
A skin to be dried in this manner must not be
ripped down the belly, but it is cut from the
lowffT )aw of the animal to just below its fore-
Iflp ; the lip^, eyes, and ears being cut around,
llie skin is slripped oflf, leaving the fur side in-
irant. The hoop consists of a branch of hickory
or other elastic wood, an inch through at the butl.
llkxa is bent and pushed into the skin, which is
m tight, and fastened in place by notches in
bow, drawing the skin of the lip, into these
A much neater way, and one generally
nrcfared, Is to use stretchers of thin wood. As
Wne have to be carried by the trapper, they are
of light wood and very thin. They are
th of one inch thick, 3o inches long,
wide at the larger end, and slightly
They are rounded to a blunt point at
end, and the edges chamfered. The
over the board, and secured with
Skiaa stretched by either of these me-

11

thoda should not be dried in the sun nor by a
fire, but in a cool place where they will be shel-
tered from the rain. No salt or other preserva-
tive is used upon skins intended for the market.

SA'CN/CS, To Trap. — Take an old Iwrrcl, and
place it on its side on a triangular stick of wood
about 7 inches high fastening the luiit on the
bottom of the barrel. \\Tien the skunk goes for
this bait as soon as he passes the centre the barrel
(urns up with the skunk, without making any
scent. Then take it bv tlie tail and do with it as
desired. Care must be taken not to place the
barrel too high, as it might throw over and not
remain upright. The more skunks you catch in
the same barrel, the belter the trap.

SKVNK SKIXS. Tif DecdifHse.—'Yo deodo.
rise skunk skins or articles for clothing scented,
hold them over a fire of red ced.ir boughs, and
sprinkle with chloride of lime ; or wrap them in
green hemlock boughs, when they arc to be had,
and in 24 hours they will be cleaned.

SNAPES. — Snares are not very certain, but
they are little trouble to make. They must be
set in the P^ths or runs of the birds it is intended
to lake. They are of horse hair or thin copper
wire lied in a rurming knot. The tendency of
even? bird when it finds itself touched about the
head is to push forward. TTiis draws the knot
tighter* until the bird kills itself.

SN/PHS, //tm.' fa Skcet successful, —To the be-
ginner no bird is more puzriing, and. therefore,
more diificult to shoot. Its flight is most un-
certain, most variable, and most irregular — rising
at one time as evenly as a lark, and flying close
to the ground with scarcely the slightest deviation
from a straight line ; at another, springing from
the ground as if firc<l from a gun, and then flying
in a zigzag course to the right or left, and, in-
deed, in every direction ; and sometimes, again,
rising to a great hight, and then going straight
away with nie rapidity of lightning. And yet,
with all these apparent difficulties, when the
knack is once acquired, it becomes comparatively
easy — indeed, is reduced almost to a certainty:
the great art in this kind of shooting is coolness
and to avoid (00 much hurry. And, in this, as
in every other kind of shooting, the first sight is
the best: the moment you arc "well on your
bird, the trigger should be pulled. In cross-
shots, fire well before your hird. Contrary lo
the usual practice, you snould always walk down
wind ; the reason for this is that snipe always
rise aguinsl it. Sometimes snipe are very wild,
and at others will lie until (hey arc almost trod-
den upon. If there be much wind, your best
chance is to "down with them" as soon as they
rise from the ground, or you have little hope of
getting a bag.

SOAPy Arsatital. — ^This soap, used for pre-
paring the skins of birds and other small animals,
IS made by taking of carbonate of potassa 12 oz.,
white arsenic 4 ok., whijte soap 4 oz., Umt
(slacked in the air) 4 oz., camphor (powdered) J^
oz., water sufficient lo make ihc whole into a paste.
SQUIUJiELS^ To Trap. — In trapping squir-
rels, set a steel trap on the upper rail of a fence
near where they frequent ; set a pole with an ear
of com, or some other squirrel food fastened to
the end of it, up against the side of the fence,
leaning in such a position as to spring the bait
over the trap at a hight of six or nine inches;
when the squirrel readies to get the bait be will
get into the trap.

DICTIONARY OF EVERY^DAY WANTS.

SQUIRREL SKIN, To Tan.— Place them in
a vessel with strong wootd a&hc&. Wet the ashes
till they will moke a mortar. Leave them in
about flint: days, or until the hair can be pulled
off; take them out and remove the hair. Then
place thcrit in strong, soft soap six, da^s ; then
remove and wash them in cold water till all the
loap is out of Ihcm. When nearly drv, rub them
Vith the hands till dry. {^Witk tfu Aair an.)
Place the hide on a smooth, round sided slab,
made for the purpose, with two legs in one end,
and let the other end rest on the ground ; drive
A nail in the upper end to hold the skin from
clipping while fleshing. Scrape off all the flesh
with a blunt knife, being careful uot to tear the
hide. Then take the brains of the squirrel and
work them thoroughly into the skin ; this ren-
ders the skin pliable. Then scatter on some
powdered alum and a little saltpeter. Let dry ;
then stretch and work it until aJt pliable as may
be dciireU.

TANNING, Chtmistry (/.—The skins of
animals are coustUuied mainly of glue or gluten.
This is soluble, and the principle dcrivcrt from
(be bark, tannin, or tannic add. is also to a con-
siderable extent soluble. When the latter is
allowed to act upon the former, chemical com-
bination takes place, and Icatlicr is produced
which is wholly insoluble.

TAN BARK.— 1)\z (annin properties of bark
auinly consist of the inner lining of the some ;
4 great saving in transportation would be made
Vy separating the inner from the outer eclating
before sending to market. It is also recommend-
ed that thitt liber tie ground lo a very fine powder,
in order thai its virtues may be the belter extract-
ed, and itial it be Irausporlcd in barrels, to pro-
tect it from moisture, and the better to prevent
tiie oxygen of the air from acting on the tamiin,
And thus converting it into gallic acid.

TANNING, OttratioH ^— The first opcra-
|ion is to soak the hide, as no hide can be pro-
perly tanned unless it has been soaked and broken
OD a fleshing beam. If the hide has not been
salted odd a little salt and soak it in soA water.
In order to be thoroughly soaked green hides
should remain in this liquor from 9 to 12 days,
of course the time varies with the thickness of
the hide. The following liquors v» u^ed tu re-
move hair or wool, viz: 10 gallons cold water
(soft), 8 quarts slacked lime, and same quantity
of wood O-shcs. Soak until the hair or wool will
pull off easily.

As it frequently happens it is desirable to cure
the hide and keep the liair clean, the following
paste should be made, viz : Equal parts of Hrae
and hard wolhI ashes (lime should oe sladced,)
and made into a paste with soft water. This
should be spread on the fle<>h side of the hide
and the skin rolled up flesh side in and placed in
a tub just covering it with water. It should re-
main 10 days or until the hair will pull out easily,
tlien scrape off with a knife.

TANNING, without th^ iraa/ or ffair.^Thc
skins are first soaked in warm water, scraped on
the flesh side to get off fat, and hung in a warm
room until they licgin to give a slight smell of
hartshorn. The wool or fur then comes off read-
ily. The hair side should now be thoroughly
scraped against the hair. The skin is next soaked
two or three weeks in weak lime water, changing
Ihc ^^'Stc^ two or three times. Then they are
brought out sigaia, scraped smooth and trimmed.

ast^[ I

Then rinsed in clean water, then soaked in wheat
bran and vrater for two or three wreks. After
this they are well stirred around in a pickle of
alum, salt and water. Then they are thrown
again into the bran and water for two or three
days. Then stretched and dried somewhat in a
worm room- After this they are soaked in warm
water and then worked or trodden nn in a troogh
or pail filled with yelk of egn, salt, alum, floor
ana water, beaten to a froth. They arc finally
stretched and dried in an airy room, and last ^_
all smoothed with a warm smoothing iron,
makes the beautiful leather we see in ^on
military trimmings, etc. The proportions for
egg paste are as follows: 3^^ pounds salt, S
pounds alum, 21 pounds wheat flour and yelks
of nine dozen eggs. Make a paste with water^
dissolving first tne alum and salt A little tk
this paste is used as wanted vith a great deal of
water.

Chamois skins and deer skins not wanted for
gJoves, arc similarly treated up to the point of
treating with egg paste. Instead uf using this
process they ore oiled on the hair side with very
clean nnimol oil, rolled into balls and throwA
into the trough of a fulling mill, well beaten two
or three hours, aired, re-oiled, Ixraten again and
the process repeated a third time. They are
then put into a warm room nntU they begin CO
give out a dedded smell, then scourtNd in
lye to lake out superfluous grease. Here
intention is merely to get s thick felt-like skii
good color, a nicely m-ained surface is not
quired as in gloves. The <;kins arc finally rii
wrung out, stretched and dried, and when n<
dry sUghtly nibbed with a smooth, hard roanc
stick.

These are the fine processes. A dried si
oiled so as to become smooth and pliable
retain the hair or wool a considerable time,
it may Ik: made more durable where the color 1
the flesh side is no object by scraping, woshh
in soap suds and then putting directly into the
tan pit. For ordinary purposes rabbit, squirrel
and other small skins can ot efficieully preserved
with the hair by the application of powdered
alum and fine salt, put on them when finesh,
not frcth by dampening ihem first. Squii
skins when wanted without the hair wqll tan
well in wheat bran tea, the fat and hair having
been previously reraovetl by soaking in lime water
and scraping. Old lea leaves ofibrd tanmn
enough for small skins but they give a color not
nearly so pleasant as bran. Almost any of
barks aflFord tannin enough for small *>kins,
low, pine, poplar, hemlock of course, sumach,
TANNING, witkmtt Bark or Afifural astfi
ents. — The astringent liquor is composed
water, 17 gallons ; aleppo galls % lb. ,
catechu, \% oz. and 5 lbs. of tormentil, or
foil root. Howder the ingredients, and boil in
water I hour ; when cool, put in the skins (whi(
must be prepared by being plunged into a
poration of bran and water for 2 days previ(
nondle them frequently during the first 3 daj
let them alone the next 3 days, then handle tl
or four times in one day; let them lie undisturl
for 25 days more, when the process will he
pleie. — (C£iMrt</*d/i Process.) — 'W^ti Canadians
make four liquors in using the japonica. The
first liquor is made by dissolving, for 20 sides of
upper, 15 lbs. of terra japonica in sufficient
water lo cover the upper, being tanned. TU

4

hil^^^^

the
irrel
rved
lend

linj^^l

■A

ffVXTIXG^ TSArFIJCG ASD TAXS7XG.

aeoond liqnor ccmtuni the saae ■■mncrr of japo-

tains 3o lbs. of ji^onica, and 45s lbs. oe wL^u
Hie fourth iianor ooviUiiu on3jr 15 ^^ ^ f^^^
Bica, and 1^ lbs. of svJplicxic add; aad. ibe
lather remains 4 dftja in och bqncv ^ i,^er ;
and for sole the qoaniixies azsd isne xre vx^
dooUcd. Tbcy ooant 50 calf tkmt is t'xx z£
30 sides of vpper, bat let than lie i£ ta^

tac fAr QC me znuoe pen of ue iJfSf- Ax _

becynw* brews taa r^.

°'ifiA'5f?;

'AVC, Carrim

Sa£ fer.-^i^Jt cf ■ r'jcp

aae fcr u is :se bes: cjucitKjei r ^ ^-''-'etrz>

v^de. Wbex dee ^h 2E vtxe r ii caZ^ed

■ u dit 2=irk, jiisne% ca^ &ibcr ir^ j^t??
rr. Ber»m ani asoEcrau ire &'^ tJ^Z^

siztng, I anart; soft-scMp, I gin ; stsfn^ I
sweet milk, y^ pL: boil the lizmg is vaier vu a
proper oonsistenoe^ stnin, and add the otber
ingredients; and. when thoroBg^j xnize:^ £ n.
xcadr for nse.

TANXISG^ Cwrien Paste /tr.—Ti^ Oac
Take of water, x qnarts ; flocx, }i pist ; Cw^>
sou)^ I oz.: make into paste. Seoc^ Ccoc

■^ ^-^TS-i air.ns tbt l-rvt -jf *w/ "

the 2c=soe, of -iiS exar. periui *.: wiu'-i f

cnoe ?rjae. ticiii'.*^ trtrtMrx >r;2.j a -i****- jj]

acTzaie. Tnwcn are la.-ie •.', "yty:.-. tJt^^J^-j

asd a =a;r^jEflfctJe r^ the vijj^er, tjue f-.v-v-^^"^

and the aacnfassrer,

npper. , c=re i= setsiaj wy t.-«p, h t*^ -j^. ar.vsa: v.- jj

Currifn Skirtimg fcr. — This -5 ' f- to i:, yecrm% thx: is i;-a3 '^/.r, *,~ »;«*■.-. C^
for fw«*'"g skirting and the flesn of baraeis cr.nes, trA lut thi: he i^C r^v: bt a'v> l-, j^^
kathcr, in imitatioa of oak-fa-* ^. Take tf ! awar, wiea «Ke cai^.t. *C*:it ;: ji j.*vt! 14 ,-
chrome jellow, j^ lb.; jeI!owoch.-e,l2L: crtar:. !*^V?^ to «=iofcc tie '-'*?'.» i-rr-r.^ h':"-i'^.i:^

»>>••: .^

2 '* /ft

Take of first paste, ^ pt-; g^im-tragKiaz:^ 1 <nd
all; water, I pt.: nux aU together. This wC 2
nnish richteen sides of npper. . =^

cisdk
TANX/A'G,

J^

'JT

'/WW

lo». H Vb.1 yellow ochre. ^ lb.; creaa of ur.ar. »ei-rf fa; cr rrz^-jiig :t « h^j* •» f-n »,

I oz.; soda, I os.;jpaste, 2 qts.; iptriucf arj»o j rf l*e»-wajL B=: r«=rt=:*«r ti*; jn U.*;.',g ^

tinc^IpL: mixwcIL ThiswiUfinish twelve sues.

TRAPPERS, Uimti *.— ( TflJiiaAi t rmi.- [
WtrikleMs SJtmi. ) The skins of ammals tr^^cei
are always Talocd higfaerthan tHose shot, as i^'A j
not only make holes, bat freqnectlj ^^7w aloe
the skin m ' ~
the fiiT. To

most be taken care o^ and also cleaned aod pre-
pared oroperly. Xewhoose grres these general
rales oerired £r<«i espo fence.

1. Be careful to risii j<ni traps cfitz. eoongh,
so that the skin will not have time :r> get tainted.

2. As soon as possible after an anin:^ is dead
and dry, attend to the skinxing and cnrng.

3. Scrape off all superfluous flesh and fat, aiwl
he careful not to go so deep as to c=: tiie f.ber of
the skin.

4. Never dry a skin by the fire or in the sun,
but in a cool, shady place, sheltered from rain.
If you use a bom door for a stretcher fas tors
sometimes do), nail the skin on the inside of the
door.

^ Xerer use "preparations" of any kind in
cnring skins, nor erea wash ihem in water, bat
simply stretch and dry them as they arc taken
from the animaL

TRAPPJSG^ Seasen /^r.—ASi fun are best
in winter ; but tr^^ung may be carried on to ad-
vantage for at least six months in the year, i, e.

rabbit ira^ yxr haryi&

Acre is tvJL^ a ralACt will so •'jiycluT avoi'J'

grease of a=T k^od.

N-.w Ua-=ig irrang^^ thl«, r^nr r^t U»jn*«
aice noics, doi ireqiiex:i.T ^>7w *yj<iZ ' mzst be to in/iarx yvor animal not tr/ be shy. If
aking furrows as well as shaTiagcc ym are cairyisg &n trapping j.-) tr;M wx^Ji :he
r© realise the utmost f--T ik:=j tr.er s-srrosi^disg scenery is genen.'^y » -^-j ini'/«;;>»,

ti take away the appeara.v.« '^f ;'T:pksi*>/n, awl
yet f rejAraa'.a civ.t be irdfj*. >. .jb-o-i sw-
mal s:;ch a< a fcx or rao-v-r.. ^>,'.»;:d v javjvJ
b:>a>ise t*-.«T»I tJAtt bef>re •■» tri;/it ;*r*; s/-
range a j4a« whh sa^-Ji .', Uy.v:»'f, a2ff/»r*':
chicken f-aihcrs, se-/wi; i.-.',;-.^i ,»,.,.., t/.a"*-/
Lhrosgh ;-. fvxi adap-te-i t'/ tK*r ir,„vjaJ /r.tT.'lVi*'/
becac^t,':^ rrfchxkirr.i.Vyr.tipar-'i L,'-, of i#a 'e
meat, fah head., etc, if for f-.x ; r.ihi,;;,? of ^ o#r.,
etc, forc'yyn, !*«▼« it ar.'! hJ.^ti >oi ha/*- "»-
tain indxa^-ni, s«t yvir t,,;, /f,^,. f,,^„ ,j,^ ,„,„
sme.!> a.',-! cr.vemitJ. <},• rww:al you have
ii.ed, Maf.enr.g hir» of fvxl iKfr-^n a^ h'-f'rfr,

_ a yri fiav* ut'n^tU -«:'.ur«.'l
your trap. Ar.-/K*T way ;, to v:\ y'-.t U'^u un'lrr
water two r^ thf« jr.'.!.-:i n^-h \U Uit aV^vc it,
hcng up^n a &a,o].r.g or .pilt .0 a=, to mftkr t»ic
animal 5U.-.4 i:;/>r. the trap to get it, or to jilanl
▼car trap wtll G'jvwt'ia:t:,c f'^otof an oMMuiiip,
by the vAc of a wpl.ng, by the .side of a lt»rn,
pen.

the creatsre j'.i are a
the next iR'/n>:n

B / — » i~7 — — — ''fa ^^•'Sg, by th

anytime bctweeo the first of October and the hay-statk, smoke Koui^, jA-j pen but always
middle of ApriL There is a period in the warm '. coverir.g th* trao aa-l hanjing the bait above it
season, say from the first of Nlay to the nuddle so as to make the animal Mcp into it.

of September, when trapping is out of the
(juesticm, as furs are worthless. The most trap-
ung is done late in the fail and early in the spring.
Thcreason whyfars become worthless in summer
is, that all fur-bearing animals shed their ccots,
or at least lose the finest and thickest part of
their fur as warm weather approaches, and have
a new growth of it in the fall to protect them in
wiater. This whole process is mdicsted in the
cue ol the mnakiml^ and tome other animals, by

Last of all vo-j mast secure the trap ly a
weight of wovi or metal, by a iKnt i..ipling
that pulls it up into the air, or by a wvight
or stick that will pull it into the water and
drown it. A short light chain ou{;ht tu be
attached to ererr trap of iron, as animals gnaw
with ease througn anything like rope or bioe. If
yon are catchinf anixnals only to get r*-" *'" -"U
sanoe, no spring is necessary, bat "
want to hoist the land animal iolff

196

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

Ihey cannot damage themselves, and if water
animaU, voa want to drown them quick, the for*
mcr rcsaft is attained by bending over a sapling
with a stout cord attached containing the bait, a
portion ol the cord continues down to the trap
and i& fastened slightly by a nuicbcd peg driven
into the ground, when the animal is caught it»
Struggles free the cord, and the sapling spring
back and hoists it into the air. If your trap i&
set in water it may b« fastened by a ring at the
end of the chain to a pole running out into deep
water, the pole shoula be fastened into its posi-
tion and securely anchored, or the whole thing
may be rolled far down the stream when you
come to look for it; the struggles of the animal
caught cause the ring to go farther and farther
down the stick and the weight of the trap 6nally
drowns the animaL

TRAPS^ Baittng, — Strong smelling substan-
ces are the best baits, other things being equal;
and if the smell of the kind of animal to be caught
can be given to the bait in any way, it will be
sure to lure the animal to the trap. Ifa fnx
skin be dragged along the ground in the direction
of the trap, every fox striking the trail will follow
it up. So it is with other animals. Beaver bail
is made thus : The castor or bark stone, which
is found in the male beaver, is pressed from the
> bladder-like bag which contains it into a vial
'With a wide mouth. Five or six of these stones
are taken, and a powdered nutmeg, a dozen or
more cloves, a teaspoonful of ground cinnamon,
all mixed with alconol or whisky until it is about
as thick as good syrup, cork the buttle and keep
three or four days. In using this it should be
employed for attracting the leaver toward the
trap, but not be put into it. For the beaver has
a habit when he smells the bark slunc of another
, beaver of covering it with leaves and twigs and
then voiding his own bark-stone or scent upon
it. Doing this, he would be more likely to cover
the trap than to be caught. What the object uf
this is 18 of course unknown ; but it is similar to
the voidiitg of urine bv dugs, foxes and wolves
in spots idready used oy another animal for the
same purpose.

But the beavers will take any fresh root or
sapling for bait. The muskrat wdl take carrots,
potatoes, apples, or any similar food. All of the
weasel tribe — the mink, sable, fisher, skunk, or-
dinary weasel, etc, will take fish, fresh or salL
Wlien using the latter, it should be toasted, so
as to emit more smell. Old hunters, to get a
good "5sh smell," cut up any small hsh, put the
pieces into a bottle, and let it be in as warm a
place as convenient for several days. As it de-
cays the fish oil rises, and this oil they put on
any bait they happen to have. All of the weasel
tribe, as well as foxes and woWes, arc fond of
any kind of fowL The heads and legs and any
other waste parts of both wild and domestic fowl
arc the best of bait. Even feathers scattered
around the trap make the thing more attractive
and real. A little musk mixed with assafa?-iida,
or mixed like the bark-stone, or even a mu^ikral
skin, fixed so as to drag along the ground toward
a trap, will make most of this tribe, as well a.s
the fisher, follow it up to the trail. A strong
piece of codfish will do the same. Some old
nunters just keep one of these trail-bags tied by
a string to their belt and let it drag as they go
from trap to trap. This multiplies their chances
vfiukviBji somcxhing m ihem next morning. An-

other secret of old hunters is to take the ports
peculiar to the sex of the female wolf, fox or dog,
and preserve it in alcohol or whisky for use. A
smaQ piece of this is used in drawing either fox
or wolf to traps, and proves irresistible to the
male, and no matter from which species it 15
taken, it proves alike attractive to either fox or
wolf. It is not used as a bait that is as food, but
as the trail or drag is to bring the animal toward
the trap. The trap may be baited as usual, or
this substance may be suspended over the trjip;
in trying to reacn it to smell at it, the anisiol
steps into the trap. Foxes, wolves and all the
weasel tribe will take flesh and fish of any kind
with this exception ; foxes, wolves (and dogs)
will not eat their own kind ; weasels of every
kind will. Toasted cheese forms a strong allure-
ment for a fox. The bear will po anywhere for
honey, and it is usual to smear Inis over a piece
of pork or beef, or even u|>on an ear of com, or
just to smear it on the tree or stump near where
the trap is set. The skunk considers mice a
daintv, and raccoons will travel far for frc^, fisli
(broiletl), salt or fresh; but an ear of com is not
disdained by him. Squirrels take Indian com,
nuts, etc. Woodchucks will lake roots, com and
bread. Wild cats take flesh or fish of any kind-
In the northwest they are also taken wiA the
bark-stone bale previously described. In arrang-
ing traps for small birds hemp-seed will be fouml
more attractive than any other. Buckwheat is per-
haps morcattractive for quails than any other grain.
The partridge — also called pheasant in some places
—may be caught with an apple once in a hundred
years. Wc think even tnat unlikely. Otters,
aLso, can be caught with the various grains— the
small grains being besL

7RAR SPRINGS, To TfM^,-~See "Work-
ers in Metals" department.

TRAP, D^aJ J-hJ/.—Thc simplest dead fall is
made with one log, heavy enough to hold the
creature which it is proposed to trap. Cut a
notch into a stump, or drive a short stake with
a notch in it, or fasten the log with a withe to a
stake or saphng, or in any case allow it a hinge-
like motion. 'Fhis is done with the log Ijring on
the ground. Raise one end and support it upon
a figure four, baited of course (see description
hereafter). The bait stick of the figure four must
be at right angles with the log, antTendosed with
stakes or otherwise to allow the animal to ap-
proach only from one side, and obliging it to
stand across the line in which the log would folL
Another way is to arrange two logs, one to fall on
the other in the same way. Slakes may be driven
at the side, if found necessary, to insure one log
idling on top of the other.

TRAP, J-ARMERS, For Mink, WcarfU,
Skunks, eU. — Take boards S inch thick, and
make a box the two sides and lop 12 inches long,
with one end dosed; the sixc of the box insioe
being 4 inches square. A steel spring is fastened
on the closed end of the box. to whidt is fastened
a square ring at its extremity, through which
the game thrusts its head to reach the bait at one
end of a catch, which holds the ring depressed
and held by a wire running from the front end of
the trap to the catch on the upper extremity of
the bait hook. One who has tried it extensively
says: "This is the best trap for skunks in the
world, I believe. I have used many different
kinds, but none work so well as this. You caa
set it at the hole in a wall or fence. It is sore fire."

jH,

J

IXKS AND BLACKING,

>97

TRAP, Fipire /«<r.— The "figure four"
which forms tne basis in the con&irucdon of a
large variety of traps, is made of three sticks —
aji upright, a diagonal piece and the trigger or
horifontol piece. The nrst may be made say 8
inches in length, the upper end bein^ whittlea to
a thick edge — not a point. The horuontal piece
or trigger, about lo inches long and square, lias
a iK>tch on one side, about 7 inutes from one end.
On the upper face of the trigger, about 6^ in-
from the side notch, is another notch. The
inal has both ends beveled or brought to a
edge, and a notch cut near one end. In
setting up the figure hold the perpendicular up,
lit the trigger to its !>ide, tlien adjuHl tlie notch
in the diagonal to the perpendicular, and then
insert the other end of tiie diagonal in the notch
near the end of the trigger. Now let the lid of
the trap or the fall, whatever it may be, rest on
the end of the diagonal immediately over the
timp; this mokes the figure four stand firmly, yet
ratdy to fell at a very slight pull upon the trig*
gcr, to which the bait is fastened — the trigger
extending some 3 inches from the perpendic-
ular.

TRAPf SUvf. — Take a large sieve and prop
it up with a stick to the middle uf which one end
of a piece of string is tied. Strew some crumbs
of bread or itedt under the trap, and also a few
near by, and taking the other end of the string in
^ur hand, retire and conceal yourself al some
distance until the birds are attractc<l by the batL
As soon as you {Krceive them feeding directly
under the trap, jerk the string quickly and the
sieve falls. This is the simplest of boy*s traps,
bat answers very well when there is time (o spare.
"When a chicken is wanted about the farm-house,
it is often lime saved to catch it in this way.

TRAP, Quail. — A quail trap may be any kind
of coop, supported by a figure 4. Thtt spindle of
the figure must eitaer be so made as to hold
grain, or, what is better, some grains of wheat
or buckwheat are strung over a strong thread
with tJic aid of a needle and tied to the spindle.
Ooails and prairie hens easily enter a trap when
the groond is covered with snow. At other times
it is rather difhcult to catch them.

TRAP, IVt/J Turkey. — .\ wild turkey trap is
made by 6rst digging a ditch ; then over one end
is built X rude structure of logs, covered at the
top^ The structure should not be tight, but. of
coarse, safKciently close not (o let the liirds
thrott|;h. Indian corn is scattered about and in
the ditch, and in the inside of the pen. The
torkeys follow up corn in the ditch, and emerge
from it oa the inside. Once there, the siUy

birds never think of tlescendine into the ditch,
but walk round and round the pen, looking
through the chinks of the logs for escape that way.
To make all sure, the ditch should end about the
center of the pen, and a bridge of sticks, grass
and earth should be built over the ditch, just
inside of the pen, and close to tlic logs. Other-
wise in going around the bird might step inside
the dilcTi, and once there, it would follow the
light and thereby reach the outside of the pen.

TROUT BREEDING.— T\xc experience of
a breeder on Long Island is as follows: He has
put in use a race with a floor of slats ; and upon
the slats a layer of gravel of the size preferred
by the fish for spawning ground. The water is
admitted from a powerful spring "pii>cd" to the
spot, (and from other spring in the bottom,)
beneath the floor of slats, and wells up with
great uniformity through the entire mass oi
gravel, so that everywhere there is an upward
rising, yet very gentle, current This race is
290 feet in length, varying from 4 to 8 feet in
width; the water standing frum 12 to 18 inches
deep over the gravel, and having a verv percep-
tible flow at the outlet where the race is widesL
b<:low the race is the nursery, a low building,
too feet in length by 10 in width, made of rough
boards, and entirely occupied by the water-course
and a narrow walk. From the nursery the water
flows through "the brook," a hoarded, roofed,
and gravelled channel, 500 fcct long, to its out-
let into the main pond. This is a beautiful sheet
of the purest water, long and narrow, doubling
upon itself, and filled with breeding trout, some
of which are of very large size. The parent
trout seek the race of their own accord and make
hardly any nests in this beautifully clean and
well-prepared bed, but lay indiscriminately any-
where. Tl»e eggs disappear among the gravel,
and are not touched. The old fish return to the
pond, and, after the lading season, are shut oR".
The race is roofed in Us entire length, the roof
being movable, and not entirely excluding the
light. The feeding of the fry takes place at
certain spots in the race, and here tlie largest
quantity of excrement accumulates. The upward
(lowing water makes it easy lo collect and remove
thi^, but the fry are chieflv fed in the nursery.

VELLUM, Te maJke.~n\\% is a species of
parchment made of the skins of abortives, or
sucking calves ; it has a much finer grain, and is
white and smoother than parchment, but is
prciKiretl in the same manner, except its not be-
ing passed through the lime-pit. The article is
used for binding superior books, and covering of
drum heads.

INKS AND BLACKING,

BLACKING.

BLACKING, Pr/iimiHary rtmarks OH mni-

fur. — Tii produce a first-rate article of blacking

lately necessary that the ingredients be

^i quality, and used in the proper pro-

porboas; anil thfl^ the oixler of their admixture,

'' tht fcnertl nuuupulationS| be conducted.

under ordinary circutn stances, Sn the manner
described in the first of the following formulas.
The proportions of the molasses and the oil, the
most expensive of the ingredients should not be
stinted ; and, indeed, that of the latter majr he
safely increased in quantity, without materially
affecting the polish, and with manifest ad\*anta^
as far as the softness and dvLnii^W^ o\.i2wt\Kaiivtx

J

DICTIONARY OF BVERY-DA Y WANTS.

to which it is applied. Is concerned. The inanip-
Vbtions rcf^uirni in the manufacture of both pute
blacking and liquid Itlncking, arc essentiRllT the
Rame ; uic diflerencc between the two articles,
when the same materials arc used, depending
Cntireljr on the quantitv of liquid added. Thus
by diluting paste Uacldng with water, vinegar,
or beer bottoms, it may be converted into liquid
blacking of a nearly simiUr quality ; and, by
u^iing less fluid matter, the ingredients of liquid
blacking will produce paste blacking. One
thing must, however, be observed, and that is,
tiiat the ivory-black used for liquid blacking
should be reduced to a much finer powder than
for paste blacking; as, if this is not attended to,
it ii apt to settle at the bottom, and to be with
difficulty again diffused through the liquid. Per-
Cons who object to the use of bbcking contain-
ing oil of vitroil, will find recipes in which it is
omitted below. The vitriol, however, greatly
contributes to promote the shining properties of
the blacking; and in small quantities, or in the

Itroner proportion, is not so injurious to the
ealhcr as some persons have represented; as it
wholly unites itself to the lime of the bone-
phosphate contained in the ivory -black, and is
thus neutralized, insoluble sulphate of lime, and
«n acid -phosphate, or super-phosphate, bang
^rmed. h is the latter that gives the acidity to
a well made sample of blocking, and not the
sulphuric acid originally added to it. In this
way, the larger portion of the ivory-black is
uced to a state of extremely minute divifion,
1 with the other ingredients forms a strongly
adhesive paste, which clings to the surfiice of
the leather, and is susceptible of receiving a
high polish by friction when in a scarcely dry
state. 'Vh\% is the reason why lamp-black «uou!u
never be employed for blacking to the exclusion
of the necessary proportion of bone-black, as it
has no earthly base to attsorb or neutralize the
acid, which, if left in a free state, would prove
very hurtful to the leather. Oil of vitriol is now
nployetl in the manufacture of all the more
lebrated and expensive blackings; and that,
aimply because no other substance is known so
efficient, and so little injurious to the leather. In
the common blacking!^ of Germany, hydrocldoric
'is often used lo the entire exclusion of oil of
^triol ; but bl.icking so preijarctl possesses
•cveral disadvantAces from wnich the better
qualities arc free. In the best German blackings
•9it\\y a small portion of this add is used. The
addition of white of egg, isinglass, and similar
articles to blacking, always proves injurious, as
they tend to stiffen the leatncr, and to make it
crack, without at all improving its polishing
pro]>ertie5. Even gum-arabic, in quantity, is on
this account, objectionable. Oil has an opposite
tendency, and, as already stated, the quantity
€»mmonlyusctl may be increased with advantage.
Resin oil should be particularly avoided.
The only improvement that has been in-
uced in the manufacture of blacking, since
e early days of the celclirated Day & Martin,
, a few hours af^er the conclusion of the mixture
the ingredients, but before adding the vinegar,
any, to simmer the whole very gently, for
out 8 or lo minutes, observing to stir tt as-
tiduoiuly all the time. The fire must then be
withdrawn, and the pan covered over until it is
cold, when half an hour's lusty stirring will
th^ process, la this way a degree of

matorily and brilliancy wHl be imparted to the
pr«luct, which without the application of heat.
It would take months to acquire, if indeed it ever
reached it.

As it is generally more convenient to measure
than to weigh liquids, it may be useful tofcmem-
bcr that, in round numbers:

I ^. of oil weigbi 9!^ pounds.

I " sour bcCT *• lo^!^ "

I " Yinegar 1 „

I " water f ***

We may here further remark that the blackiDgs
of different houses vary considerably in some of
their properties; as also do those of even the
same maker by age. Some blackings dry off' rap-
idly, and give a very brilliant polish with very
little labor; while others take a little longer to
dry off, and somewhat more labor to poUsh them.
The former arc best adapted to hasty use, and
when a venr brilliant suruace is desired ; the lat-
ter, when depth of polish, without extreme bril-
liancy, satisfies the wearer. 'ITie fir^t meets bot
the requirements of fashionable liT' ; -^ - '—t,
those of the middle classes and pt
posed to dirt, mud, and the variou • _ _ lcs

of travelling and weather. Time, however,
eauali7.es the qualities of these two dasscs.
Blackings which are crude, moist, and oily, lose
these properties, and become drier ond' more
brilliant by age. The practice of several of the
hrst-closs London boot and shoemakers is never
to use a blacking which they have not had in ihw
stock at least a twelvemonth.

Blacking, both liquid and paste, should be
stored in a cool and moderately dry cellar; and
when in use should be kept corked or otherwise
excluded from the air. Exposure or dcsicca^ioD
destroys most of its best qualities.

AUTOMATIC or Sel/Skimng.^i. Gnm-
arable, 4 oz. ; molasses or coarse brown sugar,
I)^ ot.\ good block ink, Xf"*'- strong vinegar,
3 oz. ; recti&ed spirit of wine and sweet oil, of
each I ox.; dissolve the gum in the ink, add the
oil, and rub them in a mortar, or shake them
together for some time, until tliey are thoroughly
united; then add the vin^ar, and laaCly^ the
spirits.

2. Lamp*black, ^ oz. ; indigo in fine powder,
I dr. ; put them in a mortar, or basin, and rub
them with sufficient mucilage (made br dissolT-
ing 4 oz. of gum in ^ pint of stronc' vinegar) to
form a thin paste; add very gradually, of sweet
oil, I oz. ; and triturate until their union is com*
plete, adding toward the end the rest of the mu-
cilage; then further add of molasses, jyi of-j
and afterward, successively, of strong vinegar, 3
oz. ; rectified spirit, i oz. ; loiily, bottle for use.

3. Mix the whites of 2 eggs with a tablespoon-
ful of spirit of wine. 2 large lumps of sugar crush-
ed, and sufficient finely powdcrcil ivory-black to
give the required color and thickness, avoiding
excess.

The above are chiefly used for dress booLs and
shoes. The fir^it two are applied to the leatlier
with the ttj) of the finger, or a sponge, and then
allowed (o dry out of the dust. The third is
commonly laia on with a sponge or soft brush,
and when almost dry or hard may have its polish
hightcncd with a brush or soft rubber, after
which it is left for a few hours to harden. It oiay
also 1>e used to revive the faded black leadier
seats and backs of old chairs. They all possess
great briUiaacy for a time; but are ozdy adapted

INKS AND BLACKING.

»99

I

to cLean, dry weather, or indoor use. They
aboutd ^ be applied to the leather as thinly as
pouible, as olltcrwise they soon cnck ojf.

BAf.LSj H(A.~x. Mutton iuet, 4 os., becs*-
vax, I oz., swccL oil. I Dz., oil of turpcnUnc, %
OS., nxelt aiid odd gum Arabic, i oz.» hunp blaoc,

a. Bees^wax» 8 oc, tallow, I 0£.. melt and
add powdered giun AnUnc, 1 uz., lamp black to
color. Used bjr shocmaker&, and to copy ifl-
scriptioDs, or Ru.scd patterns, by lytng paper on
the pattern and rubbing the ball on it.

CAOUTCHOUC, Blacking.— \% ounces of
caoutchouc arc to be dissolrcd in about 9 pounds
of hot n^K oiU To this solution 60 pounds of
fine ivorv black ood 45 pounds of molasses arc
to be added, along with l ptmndof Knely-jKiwiicr-
' gam arable, previously dissolved in 20 gallons

[vinegar. These mixed ingredients arc to be
ly triturated in a paint-mul, till the mixture
Incomes perfectly smooth. To this varni.sh 12
pounds 01 sulphuric acid are to be now added, in
small succcs^sivc quantili«, with powerful slirr-
ing for half an hour ; at the end of which lime, 3
pouDdi of fmcly-ground gum arahic are added ^
■Atr which the stirring is reoeatcd half an hour,
fisr J4 days longer, when the liquid blacking is
itady for use. In making the paste blackuig,
the patentees prescribe the above quantity of
India-rubber oil. ivory black, molasses, and gum
arable — the latter being dissolved iu only 12
pounds of vinegar. These ingredients are to be
well mixed and than ground together in a mill,
till ibey form a perfecur smooth paste. To thi.s
paste 12 pounds of sulphuric acid are to be added
in small (|uantitics at a time, with powerful stirr
tag, which is to be conUnacd half an hour after
the last portion of the acid hu been introduced,
Kcady for use in seven days.

FOR MOROCCO jy/<?j!:5.— Pound some
black scaling wax, and put in a botde with half a
pint of alcohol ; shake it frequently, and when it is
oissolved, you may rub it on Morocco shoes
when ihcy are scaled or defaced, and they will
look almost like new ; dry it on in the sun.

<;£i?d/-^.V ^/at*»ii^'.— Ivory-black, iport;
»• % pwt; sweet oil, )^part; mm. as
;; then stir in a mixture of hydrochloric
>^i /-i pAftf nil of vitriol. \i^ port each separat-
ely diluted with twice its w*eignt of water before
mixing them. This forms the ordinary paste
blacking of C^rmany, according to Liebig.

C/{A/NS/DEBU.'km^.—\ik\iC a barreland
put into it quite a quantity of old iron, cast or
wroaghl, then fill nearly full of soft water, and
add I pt. of oil of vitriol ; stir it up well, and in
a month or two you have Just as good bladting
for the grain-side, as could be made by using
vinegar in place of water.

1/AR\£SS Biathng.—U Good gtae or ge-
latioe, 4 OE. ; gum arabic, 3 oz. ; water, % pint;
diisolvc by heat ; add of molasses. 5 ox. ; ivory-
black in very hne powder. 5 oz. ; and gently
evaporate, with o:>nstant trituration, until of a
proper consistence when cold ; when nearly cold
put it in bottles, and cork them down. For use.
the bottle voslv be warmed a little to thin it. it
necessary. Does not resist the wet — 2. Mutton
saet, a ox. ; bees-wax pure. 6 oz. ; soft sobd. a
Of.; lamp'bUck, 2% 01. ; indigo (in fine powder)
yi OB. ; when thoroughly incorporated, further
add of oil of turpentine <^ pint ; and pour it into
poll or tiss* WalerpcM»^^3. Bocs^wax, t lb. ;

soft ioap. 6 oz. ; ivory-block % lb. ; Fnissian
blue. 1 02.; ground in linseed oil, 2 oz. ; oil of
turpentine, ^pint ; to be mixed, etc. as before.
■Waterproof.— 4. {EngOsk WaUr Proof.) Take
3 ounces tur]>ciitinc, 2 ounces white wax, to be
dissolved together over a slow fire ; then add 1
ounce of ivory-black and i dram of indigo, to
be well pidverizcd and mixed together, vviien
the wax and the turpentine ore dissolved, add tlie
ivory-black and the indigo, and stir till cold.
Apply very tliin ; brush afterward, and it will
give a beautiful polish. — 5. A good blacking is
made of 4 ounces of bogs lanl. 16 ounces of
neat's-foot oil, 40unces ofyellowwax. 30 ounces
of ivory black. 16 ounces of brown sugar, and 16
ounces of water. Heat the whole to boiling, and
stir it until it becomes cool enough to handle,
then roll it into balls about two mchcs in dia>
meter.— 6. A cheap and good blacking con be
made as follows: !y>ft«i two pounds of glue in
one pint of water, dissolve two pounds of soap
(castile is the best, but most expensive) in one
part of warm water ; afler the glue has liecomc
thoroughly soaked, cook it in a glue-kettle, and
then turn it into a large pot; place the pot over
a hot fire and pour m the soap-water, slowly
stirring until all is well mixed; then add a half-
pound ofyellowwax cut in slices. Let the mast
Doil until the wax becomes melted, then add half
a pint of neat's-fout oil and a sufficient quantity
of lampblack to give it color; let it boil a few
minutes, and it will be fit for use. — 7. When a
harness has become soiled, it can be restored by
the uiC of the Freneh pdith. The ingredients
are 4^ pounds stearine, 6^ pounds turpentine,
and 3 ounces of coloring or ivory black. Beat the
stearine out to thin sheets with a mallet, then
mix it with the turpentine, and subject it to a
water bath. While heating, it must be stirred
continually; the coloring matter is thrown in
after the mass has become thoroughly heated. It
is thrown into another pot and siirrud untU it is
cool and thick ; if not stirred, the mass will crys-
tallize and tlie parts become separated. When
used, it must be warmed, and a small quantity
nibbed on the leather with a cloth ; use but little
at a time and put on very thin. After it has par-
tially dried, rub with a silk doth, and a polish
will bcprodaccd equal to that of newly varnished
leather. This polish is also good for carriage-
tops, straps, etc. and will in no way injure toe
leather.

JXDIA RUBBER LIQUID, Blacking,—
Take of India rubber (in small pieces), 18 02.;
hot rape oil, 9 lb. (say I gal.); dissolve ; to the
solution add of ivory black (in very fine powder),
60 lb.; molasses 45 lb.; mix thoroughly ; further
add of gum-arabic. I lb., dissolvt^i m vinegar
(No. 24), 30 gak; reduce the whole to a perKct
state of smoothness and admixture by trituration
in a paint mill; throw the comiiound into a
wooden vessel, and add. very gradually, of sul-
phuric acid, 12 lb.; continue the stirring for y^
hour, repeating it daily fur 14 days ; then add of
gum-arabic (in fine powdcrL 3 lb.; again mix
well, and reueat the stirring for f^ an hour daily
for 14 days longer, when the liquid blacking wiU
be ready for use, or for bottling. The quality is
very excellent ; but this, probably, docs not de-
pend on the presence of India rubber, but on tlie
general correctness of the proportions, and the
care and completeness with which they are
mixed.

I

*00

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

INDIA RUHBER PASTE, Biackimg,-'
Of Indin robber, oil, ivory-black, molasses, and
gum-arabic, the iuime as for their liquid blacking
(see above), but dissolving the last in only 12
pounds, say 5 quarts, instead of 20 gals, of vin-
egar ; grinuing to a smooth paste in a color-mill,
and then adding of oil of vitriol, 12 lbs., as be-
fore. The mass is to be stirred daily for a week,
when it vrill be fit for use, or potting.

LEATHER SEATS, pfackm^ fer.—^^i
well the yolks o( two eggs and the white of one ;
mix a tabic -spoonful ol gin and a tea-spoonlul of
sugar, thicken it with ivory. black, add it to the
cg^. and use as common blacking ; the seats or
cushions being left a day nr two to harden. This
is good for dress boots and shoes.

IIQVID BI.ACKlNa,~-\. Take of bone
bbck (commercial ivory-black) 16 parts; molas-
ses, 12 parts ; oil of vitriol, 3 parts ; sperm oil, 2
parts; gum-arabic, I part; strong vinegar, or
sour beer, 48 to 50 parts ; (all by weight ;) place
the 'l>onc-black* in a capacious wooden, stone-
ware, or enameled iron vessel, (avoid vessels of
metal only), add the oil, and rub them well to-
gether ; next gradoalljr add the molasses, and
actively and patiently grind or rub the mass,
after each addition, until the oil is perfectly killed,
and finally for some time afterAvard, to insure
ccnnplclc admixture; then cautiouidv dilute the
rilriot with about three limes its bulk of water,
and add it in separate portions, to the former
mixture, observing to stir the whole together, as
rapidly as possible, on each addition of the acid,
and for some minutes after tlic whole is added,
so as to render the mass thoroughly smooth and
homogeneous ; let it stand, covered over, for two
or three days, or fonder, stirring it, in the mean
lime, for 1$ or ao mmules daily ; lastly, having
dissolved the gum in the vinegar, add the solution
gradually to the relt, and stir the whole together
briskly for some time, and .igain daily for 3 or 4
days. It maybe further diluted, at will, with a
tittle more vinegar or beer, or with water ; but
■nnecessary or excessive dilution should be
avoided, as the richness and quality of the black-
ing becomes projKfrtinnatcly reduced. If all the
ingredients (except the \'itriol) be ittade hot be-
fore admixture, the shining quality of the pro-
duct will be greatly improved, ana the process
may be shortened. — a. Ivory-black, 16 parts ;
molasses, 8 parts ; oil of vitriol. 4 parts ; (diluted
vith) water, 2 parts ; oil, 2 parts; gum>arabic, I
port ; soft water (for the finiu dilution, instead of
vinegar), 64 parts; mixed, etc., as before. Ex-
cellent. ^3. As the last ; but taking only 6 parts
of molasses, 1 part of oil, and omitting the gum-
H arabic Good. A commoner article of liquid

^^ blacking docs not sell. — 4. (Without vitriol.)

^k Take of ivory black (in very fine powder), 2 lb.;
^H molasses, l^ lb.; sperm oil, ^ pint ; mix as be-
V fore; then add of gum-arabic, t oz.; (dissolved

H in) strong vinegar, )^ pint ; mix well ; the next

H day further add of good vinegar, or strong sour

H beer, 3 to 4 pints; stir briskly for a Jl^ of an

H hour, and again once a day for a week. Excellent.

^K A cheaper, but inferior article, may be made by

^P the reductions and omissions noticed above. —

^B JJ. From paste blacking (sec below), by rcdudag

^B It with sufficient vinegar, sour beer or water to

^B give it the liquid form.

^^ PASTE BLACKING.-^A. Qualities from

^H good to super excellent may be made from any
^H mthe preceding formulas, by simply omitting

^ J L.

the final dilution with the rinegar, soar
water, therein ordered at the end of the |>nxes<7
— 2. Ivory-black, l cwl.; molasses, 28 lb.; rape
oil or oiher cheap oil, 1 eal.; mix as l>cfore ; then*
add of oil of vitriol, ai U).; diluted with water, 2
gal.; mix ihem quickly and thoroughly by forci-
ble stirring with a strong wooden spatula, and as
soon as aumixlure is complete, Init while stilU
fuming, put the covpr on the tub and leave it till
the next day, when without further stimng it
will be lit for use or sale. Good ordinary. Used
for tins. — 3. As the last ; but adding, with the
ivory-black, etc., 14 to 28 lb. of coal-boot iiftod,
omitting one half of the oil, and diluting thft
vitriol with an extra gallon of water. In^iior.
Chiefly ui«d for low price packages. — 4. Ivory-
black, "killed" with a laMe&poonfiil alcohol, M
pound ; sweet oil, I fluid ounce ; molasses, 2
pint; hydrochloric acid, I ounce; sulphuric aod,
I ounce ; mix the tirst three ingredients, add the
acids, and 3 pints 'of vinegar ifit \s. to I c liooid
blacking, ^io ''challenge blacking" equals uuSf
VAHMSH Bia(ktng.—\. Take 98 percent,
alcohol, I gal.; white pine turpentine, 1 >^ Ihs.;

Cm shellac, t% lbs.; Venice turpentine, 1 giU,
't these stand in a ^ug in the sun or by a wan^
until the gums are dissolved, then add sweet ofl
I gill, and lamp-black, 2ozs.. rub thclamp-bhclc
first with a little of the varnish. — %. Alcohol, X
gallun, white turt>eiitine, \% lbs., gum shriac,
\% lbs., Venice turpcnttne, 1 gill. Let these
stand in a jug in the sun, or by a stove, antil the
gums are dissolved, then add sweet oil, t giU,
and lampblack, 2 or., and you have a vanuth
which will not crack when the harness is twisted
like Ilie the old shellac varnish.

VARNISH, for Edge.—Ttkft 98 per cent al-
cohol, ] pt.; shellac 3 ozs.; ro^kin, a ozs.; pine
turiienlinc, I 01.; lamp-black, ^ oz.; mix, and
when the gums arc all cut, it is ready to use ;
but t>ear in mind that low proof alcohol will not
cut gums properly, for any varnish.

WA TER PROOF BUJbmg.—TAVc an old
pair of India rubber shoes, (boots or any old
India rubber.) cut them up ana puU off the cloth-
lining ; put the rubber into about a pint of nefll*s
foot oil, &.nd set it on the stove until the rubber
is entirely mclt&l, stirring it once in a while.
Don't let it boil or bum. It will take about two
days to melt the rubber. As soiin as the rubber
is melted, stir in one and a half poiuids of beef
or mutton tallow, and one-half pound of bees-
wax. Ifit is not black enough, you may add a
little lamp-black. To apply to the boots : AVash
them clean of mud ana blacking. \Vhcn they
are nearly dry, apply the water-proijf ail over
them. It the weather is cold, work near the
stove. The best thing to use in applying this
blacking is one's hands, and considerable cUxnr-
grease to rub it well into the leather. Two days
after it is applied to leather, the leather will re-
ceive a (lolisn from ordinary blacking which will
resist both fresh and salt water.

INKS.

ASIA TIC. — Logwood shavings and powdered
galls, of each 3 lbs. ; green vitriol 1 lb. . gum
^ lb. ; pomegranate bark ^ !b. ; water 1 gal-
Ion; infuse 14 days, with frequent agitation.

A C/TIIOGRAP//IC, /^,EieA&gmpJkrrT,—
White soap, 25 parts; wlffle wax, 25 parts;
mutton suet* 6 parts; lamp-black, 6 parts: shell

II^ICS AND BLACKING.

901

I
I

h

lac, 10 parts; mastic, lo parts. Mix with heat,
aasd proceed as for lithographic ink.

BL U£. — I. Take soft Prussian blue and oxalic
acid in eqaal parts, powder them finely, and then
add soft water to bring it to a thin pa^le. Let
it .oitand for a few days, then add soA water to
make the desired shade of color, adding a little
gum arafaic to prerent its spreading.

2. — Chinese blue, j ounces, oxalic acid (pure),
^ of an ounce: gumarabic, powdered; I ounce,
dutillcd water; 6 pints. Mix.

BLVEt /Mti^itpu. — This ink, for marking
clothing, is made of five parts of oxide of inolyl>-
iSenum dissolved in the requisite quantity of
hydrochloric add ; two parts of the extract of
Uquorke, and six of gum*arabic dissolved in
300 ports of water. These two solutions are
mixed, and aflcr writing with them on the ob-
jects, the side written upon is moistened with a
solution of chlori<lc of tin in water. This in-
delible ink not only withstands washing, but also
aU kinds of soaps and alkalies, except those
which also destroy the linen.

BLUE BLACA'.—Brwsed gnlls, i lb., water,
6 quarts ; steep for ten days, add iron filings, i
OX-, salphuric acid, i ok., copperas, 3 oz. ; stir
fireqomtly. and in a few days strain the liquor.
Powder i ot. of indigo very finely, dry it by a
strong heat, and stir it into 401. of the strongest
sulphuric add ; reduce the product by heat to
the consistence of syrup. After twenly-four
hours add i pint nf water, and mix with the
ink. The free acid mu»t now l>e neutralized with
chaDc or whiting. A little of this ink, properly
prepared, should color a pint of clear water
throughout immediately.

B/CAXDE'S^—CMs, 6 oz., water, 6 pints;
boQ, and add 4 02. each of gum and coppenis ;
bottle, andadd to each pint, 1 grain of U-cbloride
of Daw^, or 4 drops of creosote.
• S^OOMe^S. — Galls, 10 lbs., logwood, 4
Uh., copperas, 4 lbs., brown sugar, i lb., water,
I3H gallons, gum, 4 lbs. Boil the galls, log-
vrood, and gum separately, mix the liquors, add
tke copperas; and make up ty^ gallons.

BROWN, — Digest powdered catechu, 4 parts,
writh water, 60 parts, for some hours ; filler, and
addtfSulTtdeni of a solution of bichromate of
potassa, I part in 16 of water.

CARBON.— Wxx good Indian-ink with
common writing-ink. A useful ink for ticket
and shop-window labels.

CA/^M/NE. — Boil I pound 4 ounces of
ground OKhincal, and a very little of the carbon-
ate of soda in 4 gallons of sof% water for 30
snautes ; then uke it from the fire, and add 6
drachms of alum, and stir the mixture for a few
itci, and let it sund for a quarter of an hour

Ithe dregs to subiide ; then run off the dear

Jpt\ strain the sediment through a fine sieve

doth, and then, when cold, add the white of
two eggs with the sediment; fish glue or isin-
fiass will answer ^^well as the eggs. The
nniriate of tin may be used instead of alum.
The weight of the oodtineal may be reduced to
any amount to make a small quantity if the
Mwortjon^ are preserTod-

f AV/r. See "India Ink."

I 'A^ TE, Primtrri-Ink. — Ink for

the i"tun^-juc*s is made of Unsced-oil, burnt
jost as for common printing- ink, and is then
Ddxed with Frankfort black, finely ground.
There are 00 ocrtain proportions^ every workman

&dl^g oil or black to suit. Good ink depends
most on the purity of the oil, and on its being
thouroughly burned. Test it occasionally by
cooling a drop on the inside of an oyster-shell ;
feel it between the thumb and finger, and if it
draws out into threads, it is burnt enough.
Weak oil well charged with black is called stiff
ink. Oil fully burned and charged with aji much
black as it will take in, is termed strong ink.
Tlie character of the engraving to be printed
determines which is suitable.

COPYING,— u Take two gallons of rain
vrater, and put into it % pound of gum arable,
% pound brown sugar, % pound clean copperas,
}i pound powdered nut galls. Mix, ana shake
occasionally for ten days, and strain. If needed
sooner, let it steep ii} an iron ketlle until the
strength is obtxuned. — 3. Ta^e 3 gallons rain
water, and put into it gum arabic, %\h. ; brown
sugar, j^ lb. ; dean copperas, % lb. ; powdered
nutgalls, % lb. ; mix, and shake occasionally for
ten days, and strain ; if needed sooner, let it
stand in an iron kettle until the strength is
obtained. This ink ^-ill stand the action of the
atmosphere for centuries, if required.

COPYING, Hf quiring no Pnss,—K black
copying ink, which flows easily from the pen,
and will enable any one to obtain very sharp
copies wiihopi the aid of a press, can be prepared
in the following manner : One ounce of coar!<e]y
broken extract of logwood and twu drachms of
crystalized carbonate of soda are placed in a
porcelain capsule with eight ounces of distilled
water, and heated until the solution is of a deep
red color, and all the extract is dissolved. 'Ilie
capsule is then taken from the fire. Stir well
into the mixture one ounce oi glycerine of spe-
diic gravity of 1.35, fifteen grains of neutral
chromate of potash, dissolved in a litljc water,
and two drachms of finelypulvcrized gum arabic,
which may be previously dissolved in a little hot
water so as to produce a nuidloginous solution.
The ink Is now complete and ready for use. In
well closed bottles it may be kept lor a long lime
wiihnut getting moldy, and, however, old it may
be, wiU allow copies of writing to be token with-
out the aid of a press. It does not attack steel
pens. This ink cannot be used with a copying
press. Its impression is taken on thin moistened
copying paper, at the back of which is placed a
sheet of writing paper.

DKAIVINC — X very black and indelible
drawing ink can be made by dissolving shellac
in a hot aqua solution of borax, and rubbing up
ia this solution a fine quality of Indian ink. After
using, dip the drawing pen in alcohol, and wipe
dry to keep it clean and bright.

ELDEJiBERRY.— The bruised berries are
placed in an earthen vessel, and kept in a warm
place for three days, than pressed out and filtered.
The filtered juice is of such an intense dark color
that it takes 300 parts of water to reduce it to
the shade of dark red wine. Add to lij4 quarts
of this filtered juice i 02. of sulphate of iron, and
the same quantity of crude pyroligncous aad ;
and an ink is prepared which, when first used,
has a violet color, but when dry is indigo-blue
black. This ink is said by a German chemist to
be superior in many respects to that prepared
with galls; it does not become thick so soon, it
flows easier from the pen without gumming, and
in writing the letters do not run into one another.

EXC^EQUER^^hnuivi ^?kU^ ^^pwVs-, ^td.

■

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-BAY WANTS.

arabic, powdered. I part ; green vilriol ninc-teath
of a part ; rai n water, or the water uf melted ice,
4; parts ; mix an<l let iUand ; abake oacc a <iay.
Fit for u&e in three weeks.

FADED INk% r.^A^LrApn'.^Writiag rendered
illegible by 4ge may be restored by nuxfeleaiog
it by mcan^t ol a fcaiher williaaiBflttiaB %A gaU«>
or a ^lution uf pra&siate of potnk aH^Uly aei'
duUt«d with muriaiic acid, obaerving so to apply
thfr liquid OS to preTcnt the ink spreading.

ELIUDS, WRfTING, — What are calicil
writing fluids, in distinction frum ink, are fluids
which flow freely from the pen and do not dog
— have a good «>tor when wnilen, but do not
necessarily retain that color after the lapse of a
few months. Ink, di&lingui>hed from writing
fluids, retains its colors, if rightly made, for cen-
turies; and it is evidently necessary that it should
do so, for, on account « its use in legal docu-
ments, the most important interests uf society
arc dependent upon tnat very quality*

The best writmg fluids are made cither fr<mi
logwood extract or a decoction of logwood, with
the- aid of a bichromate of potass in the former
case, and the chromate (yellow) in the laltcr~«r
from some of the many forms of Prussian bine.
I. Dissolve ordinary soluble Prussian blue in
clean soft water until the desired shade is ob-
tained. This gives a good color, and is not af-
fected by alcohol ; but any salt added to the water
will throw down the color. Should this happen,
throw awav the ^ty water and redissolve the
Pnuatan blue in fresh soft water. Gradual cx-
pomo to the air on or near the seacoasi, and the
copstant use of a steel pen, will therefore cau^tc
this ink to have a sediment; but uoiwithsianding
that, when frequently made, or kept from the air
as much as possible, it is quite good. — a. Sijlublc
fcrro-cyanidc of jtotassium and iron dissolved in
water, as in No. 1. Alcohol throws down the
coloring matter in this solution as well as salt —

3. I'owdcrcd Prussian blue, one ouuce ; mu-
riatic (hy.lnKhloric) acid, concentrated, one and
a half duid ounces. Mix in abottle; after thirty
hours, dilute with water to the'iequired shade. —

4. {Lewis's Black WrUm^-EiuuL) One part
powdere<l copperas, i part logwood, 3 parts
crushed gall-nut-s t V^^^ gum-arabic, |uo ports
white wine ur vinegar. — 5. {/ifSan Cert's i^WA
m^Eiuiit ) Boil S parts powdered Alqipo gall-
nuts, and 4 parts thin shavings of logwood, for
one hour, in aoo parts of water until reduced lu
100 parts. Filter and add 4 parts copperas, 3
parts gum arabic, \ part blue vitriol, (cupric sul-
phate,) and I part white sugar; let the mixture
stand one day and preserve in closed buttles. In
these six prcscripttoos, of (acrman, English, and
French origin, copperas or sulphate of iron is
the chief ingredient. LAtcly, however, a sub-
stitute has been found tn the cliromate compound,
which is the chief ingredient in the foUowing
]»rescription : 6. ( /'«»•<•■<■'/ Writing-Fluid f^jr Sial
Ffnsy) consifits of 1 000 parts oi extract of log-
wood, made by boiling dom'n l<^5 parts of log-
wood in aooo parts of water ; litter and add 1
partofycltow chromate of potash. This ink is
of a very faliaish tint when first used; but nniike
those made from iron, it leaves no deposit, when
exposed to the air. To prevent mould, add a
few drops of a solution of l)i cloride of mercury.

FLUID, BLUE WHITING.— U Ferrocya-
Bide of iron, powdered, and strong hydrochloric
mddf eacb 2 parts. Dissolve, and diltUe with

soft wtter. — X. {^IndestructihU. ) Shellac, 4 parts;
borax, 3 ports ; soft water, 36 ports. Bod in a
clofic veaad till dissolved ; then hlter, and tak.c of
gim vabic, a parts; soft water, 4 ports. Dis-
solve and mix (Ae two solutions lo^ether, and boil
for &ve minutes as before, occuiodoUt stirnag
to prosMtc tlKir union ; when cold, add a saft-
cient Quantity of finely-powdered it^igo and
lM»n.hUrif to color ; Lutiy, let it star
or ttttee hours, uaiil the coarser powder has subn]
sided, and bottle for use. Use this fluid wit
clean pen, and keep it in glass or earthen
staAda, as many substances will dccom|x>sc
while in the liquid sute. When dry, it will
sist the action of water, oil, turpentine, alcohol
diluted sulphuric add, diluted hydrochloric a
oxalic add* chlorine, and the caustic alkalies
alkaline earths.

GEIZZLB.R'S BLACK.~\ Ib.crusiked
nnts ; 10 ozk. copperas ; 3 ou. gam.arebic;
vinegar, and ^ qts. water. Letuic mixture
for two weeks, and pour off the ht^uld, which
the ink. The rcsidum at the bottom will
the gall-nnts with, some ink adhering, and may]
be used again by adding 3 ou. copperas, 1 1
gum-arabk:, and a corresponding quantity
water and \-incgar — keeping the preparation in
warm place.

GREEN — I. Digest I port of gamboge wit
from 7 to 10 parts of the blue ink. — 2, To
dered bichromate of potasso, 8 ports, cont^i
in a porcelain dish, add oil of vitrioU 8 part
previouftly diluted with 64 of water ; then hca^ <
while evaporating, add gradually 24 parti of al-
cohol, and reduce to 56 parts, winch tiltcr. anct'
in the clear li(iut.)r dissolve S parts uf t^um orabic.

GREGORY'S {I/aviug a rrgtMuk tint.) — \
Bruised galls, i pound ; logwood, ^ pound ; guokj
6 ounces; copperas, 8 ounces; blue vitriol
ounce ; sugar, 1 ounce. Boil the galls and 1<
wood in twenty pinla of water down to ten pint%i
strain, dissolve the other ingredients, and bottle)

GOLD. — (icnuine gold leaf is rubbeU on **
glass or agaie plate with honey, by means of
mullcr, until a }>erfectly uniform mixture is ob
tained ; this is n'ashed in a glass or other sv ~
vessel, and the honey removed by frequent
ing with pure water. The resulting gold ^
is dried, and when used is suspended in a
lution of gum araUc. .\rLcr wriLiog with this-]
ink, the letters are to be burnished with a smooliij
piece of ivory, to produce their golden color
Drightneas.

HAENLES ^/ofi.— This ink, it is cbdmc4tj
does not attack steel pens. Two parts crushed]
gall-nuts, I part gum-arabic, l part copperas, audf
16 ports distilled or rain-water, adding a few '

r'ns cf mcrvurial sublimate to prevent mould,
prescription N«. 1, tlie kUcr is avoided 1^
using vinegar.

INCORRODIBLE Black.— \. A black ink,
not corrodini; slccl jieiis, oud neutral, may
prepared by aigcsling in an open vessel 42 ounc
coarsely powdered nutgall, 15 ounces of gum
ncgal, 15 ounces of suiphate of iron, free froial
copper, 3 dradims of aqua ammonia, 34 ouncca'
of alcohol, and iS quarts of distilled or rain water.
Continue the digestion until the fluid has assun»>
ed a deep black color. — 2. Buil t% oas. of wcU«
picked logwood in little more than a quart q|
water, down to a pint; let it cool; then add ly-'
or 18 grains of (diromale of potash, and stir jl
briskly. Tlic ink is then ready for use. It rty

ri/JCS AND BLACKING,

»3

I

■oiHHiiua. iviix inc aoove iii a clean guuui
vmk tightly, ami keep in a dsrk pUce
solved, and ever afterwards. Directions

sista the action of all ordinary destructive agents
better than the old ink. It may be washed, after
use, with a wet sponge, or »teeped for 24 hours
in water, or even tested with dilute adds, and
yet preserve its original blacknesi. As it con-
tains neither gum nor acid, and Is a perfect liquid,
it neither thickena, deposits a Mdiaient, sor cor*
rodes the steel of the pen.

JNDESTRtrCTfBLE.^On muiyoccaiions,
it is of importance to employ an ink indestructible
by any process, that will not et^uaUy destroy the
uuUerw on which it is applied. For black ink.
35 grains of copal, in powder, ore to be dissolved
in 200 grains of oil ot lavender by the assistance
of a gentle heat, and are then to be mixed with
a^grains of lampblack, and half a grain of indigo.
This ink is particularly uscfiit fnr la.t>cling phials,
etc, containing chemical substances of acorro-
sire nature.

INDELIBLE,— \, To 4 drachms of lunar
caustic^ in 4ounces of water, add 60 drops of nut-
galls, made strong by being pulverised and stcct>-
ed in soft water, 'rhe mordant which is to be
applictl tn the cloth before writing, is composed
of I ounce of pearlaiih dissolved tn 4 ounces of
water, with a little gum arable dUsolved in iL
Wet the spot with this ; dry and iron the cloth ;
then write,— 2. 1% drachms of nitrate ol silver,
t ouace ci distilled water, ^ ounce of strong mu-
cila^ of gum arabic, V of a drachm of Uquid
Mix the above in a clean gla&s bottle,
till dis.
for use:

Shake the bottle, then dip a clean quill pen in
Ihe ink, and write or draw what you require on
the article ; immediately hold it close to the fire
(without scorching), or pass a hot iron over it,
and it will become a deep black.

INDELIBLE, >^ii*7i«^.— The discovery of
an aniline black has led to the employment of
this coloring matter in marking linen. This ink
has the advanta^ of being cheaper than the ink
prepared from nitrate of silver. It has also an-
other advantage over the latter salt. viz. : thai it
is chemically indelible. The ink ma.lc with
nitrate of silver can be removed by washing the
linen with a solution of hyposulphite of sotU, or
by moistening it with a solution of bichloride of
copper and then washing with liquid ammonia.
Tliu ii Dot the case with the aniline ink, the
color of which caanot be removed by any chemi-
cd agent whatever. Linen therefore marked
with this ink can never be appropriated by other
persons than the right owner.

I. Such aniline ink may he prepared in the
following way: S>i grains of bichloride of cop-
per are dissolved in 30 gmins of distilled water,
then ar« added 10 grams of common salt, and
95^ grains of Hqaid ammonia. A s(dution of
30 erains of hydrochlorate of aniline in 90 grains
of mstitled water is then added to 30 grains of
B soiuljon of gum arabic, containing 3 pints water,
I pint gum arabic and lastly 10 gnuns of glycerine
4 parts of Ibe maline solution thus prepared arc
Buaed with one part of the popper solution.

The liquid which results has a green appear-
aooe, and may be at once employed for
marking hnen, since it invariably l>ecomes black
after a few days. A steel pen may be employed
tta well as a quill. If it is desirable not to wait
■o long for live appearance of the black ctdor, a
bdt iron mny be passed over the writing vdicn
the ink is dry* or toe linen may be held over the

m

flame of a spirit lamp, or over a hot plate, or hot
water, when the black tint will readily appear.

a. {Bi»jckn^s.) Diasolve 4 parts of aniline
black in id parts by weight of alcohol, with 60
drnp« strong hydrochloric add, and dilute the
dark blue solution with 90 parts ,b^ weight of
water, in which 6 parts of gum aribtc has been
previouslT dissolved.

/XDEUBLE, 7* 6e used with 7»i^The
thin nitrate of silver marking inks may Ix thick-
ened with gum or sugar or with printer's Ink to
bring them to the proper cotiststcncy. Inks fur
using with types or stencil plates are sometimes
prepared by taking sulphate of manganese, two
parts; lampblack, one part; sugar, four parts;
all in fine powder and triturated to a paaie wirti
a little water. Or black oxide of manganese and
hydrate of potassa are mixed, heated to redness
in a crucible, and then triturated with an equal
weight of pure white clay, and water enough to
give consistency. The work to be rinsed well in
water after it has become dry.

INDIA /.VA:— Take 8 parts well-burnt lamp-
black, 64 parts water, 4 parts fine pulverized in-
digo, well rubbed up and b<Mlcd till the greater
portion of the water is evaporated ; then odd 5
parts gum-arabic, 2 parts Ixmc-glue, I part ex-
tract o7 succory; boil till the mixture is as thick
as paste, then mould in wooden forms, well
greased with olive or almond-oil, in order to
prevent a<lhesion. By using burnt peach kernels
or cork, in place of ordinary lamp-olack, a finer
quality may be given to the ink. The glue would
better be left out, and ^ra-arabic substituted.
The mass is then pressed mto flat cakes weighing
firom one to two pounds, and left to rii^en for a
couple of days, alter which it is formed into the
customary shape. The moulder takes for this
purpose a piece of the dough, and warms it by
means of a basin full of live coals, kneads it long
enough in \a^ hands and then Alls the form, which
he puts under a long lever, pressing it by his
own weight, while in the meantime he w-orks the
next piece of the mass. The moubls are made of
wood, and also the pistons on which are cut the
letters. The lustre is produced by bnishing the
dried ink with a hard brush saturated with rosis,
which also prevents the ink from blackening the
fingers afterwards. The peculiar odor is derivetl
from a small quantity of camphor or musk, which
is incorporated with the warm dough. AU or-
dinary inks are without it The colored lettera
are painted on with a fine brash ; the gold and
silver colors by suspending the finely divided
raetaJs in water to which Kas been added a little
geUtine.

INDIA INK, Hmv ^ &/*r/.— Indian ink for
dnwin« is best tested in the following manner :
Rub on a portion on a porcelain surface witli
water to the proper consistency, then with a ruler
draw a number oi lines of varying thickness on
a piece of drawing-paper. « When dry, brush over
with water finely. If good the ink lines wilt keep
ahnip Hid clear, whilst poor ink will run nr spread
sidewm. A piece ol state is better than glass
for ru>>ning it down to the condition fit Ibr use.

INDIA INK, FerOrdiHary *K»iflwy.— India
ink is conposed of carlxjn, and will korp for any
length of tine withnni undorgotng change, al-
though dissolved in water. Neither grent heat
nor extreme cold affects iL All that is rcffuisite
is to keep the liquid from evaporating— so fiv tt
that is possible,— and to protect it from dust.

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS,

The soluUon makes aa excellent ink, and is of a
fincblaxJc

INDIA INK, Subjtitute/or.''-QoK\ parchment
slips or cuttings of gloveJeathcr in water till it
formi a sue, it'nich, when cool, becomes oi the
cunsistenoc ofjellj; then, having blackened an
earthen plate, hj holding it over the flame of a
candle, mix up, with a camel-hair pencil, the fine
lampblack thut obtained with some ol the alKive
aize, white the plate is sljll wnrm. This htack
requires no grinaing, and prudui.'cs an ink of the
same color, which works as freely with the pen-
cil, and is as perfectly Inuuparent as the ocst
Indian-ink.

yA//N*S Black. — Two parts ground logwood,
12 parts Bablah, (an oriental gum containing
tannin, and derived irom acacias,) 300 parts
water. Holl down to 100 parts, filter through
linen* and add 1 part powdered gum-arabic l
part sugar, and 3 parts copperas. To prevent
mould, add a solution of i-ioo part of mercurial
sublimate in 1 part water.

JA PA N Buuk,— In 6 quarts of water lK>il 4
ounces of logwood in chips cut very thm across
the groin. The boiling may be continued for
nearly an hour, adding from time to time, a little
IxMling water to compensate for waste by evapora-
tion. Strain the liquor while hot; oJlow it to
cool, andmakeuif the quantity et^ual to five quarts
by the further addition of cold water. To this
decoction put one pound of blue galls coarsely
bruised, or % pound of the best galls in sorts,
4 ounces of sulphate of iron calcined to whiteness,
y^ ounce of acetate of copper, previously mixed
with the decoction till il forms a smooth paste, 3
ounces of caar?;c sugar, and 6 ounces of gum
Senegal or arabic These several ingredients
may DC introduced one after another, contrary to
the advice of some, who recommend the gum/
etc., to be added when the ink is nearly made.
The composition produces the ink usonliy caJIed
Japan ink, from toe high gloss which it exhibits
when written with.

LEIV/S'. — Bruised galls, 3 lbs., gum and
copperas, of each I lb., vinegar, 1 guiinn, water,
2 gallons ; macerate, with frequent shaking, for
14 days. Product 3 gallons.

LITHOCRAPNIC. — u Take Venice tur-
pentine, I part; lampblack,' 3 ports; tallow. 6
parts; hard tallow soap, 6 parts; mastic in tears,
« ports; shell Lac, 12 ports ; wax, I& parts. Melt
and pour it out on a slab. 2. Take dry tallow
sofU|>, 5 parts; maslJc in tears, $ parts; Scotch
soda, 5 pan^; shell lac, 25 paru ; lampblack, 3
parts. Fuse the soap and lac, then add the
remainder.

For use this ink must be rublied down with
water, in a saucer (warmed), until an emulsion
is formed of a proper coosisteocc to flow easily
from a pen or pcnciL

/- UMINOUS /«i.—rhosphorus.ha]f drachm;
oil dnnamon, half ounce ; mix in vial, cork tight-
ly, heat it slowly^ until mixeil. K letter written
with this ink can' only be read in a dork room,
when the writing will have the appearance of fire.

MARKING Ink, Sre *'/mdfhW\

MARKING Ink, To 7tfir t7«/.— Most indeU
ihic ink contains silver as a basis, and may be re*
moved by asolution ofcyanideof potasstun^. When

the basis of ^b<»in\; n.rxrnnn, linwrvrr.tVi

Chlorine vk

cnt

upon ot
MARKING /«i/rtr Parulj.

n fail,

nd-

ink.

JJissolvc aa-

.1 tHIT I til

phaltum. grahamite, atbertite. or any mineral
this character in naphtha or oil of turpentine to
a thin fluid, and you will obtain on ink to .answer
all puqxises, viz., lo dry quickly, not to spr
anci the markings to be nearly indestructible.

METALS, Ink t for li'riftnj^ tm.—j. Mi
or. of powdered sulpoate of copper and }4 ox.
powdered sal ammoniac, with 2 oz. of diluted
acetic acid; adding lampblack or vermilion. — 3.
Dissolve 1 patt of copper in to of nitric acid, and
dilute with 10 parts of water. The above two
receipts will answer for writing on steel, or tinplate
or sheet zinc. — 3. Verdigris, one oanee; sal aB»-
moniac, l ounce; lampblack, half an •>
half a pint. Mix in an earthenware 1:
cut using a metal spatula. To be >•
use, and used with a dean quill pen on bright,
freshly-cleaned zinc.

MOULD in Ink, 7> /"rfrrw/.— The mkros
cope hfts revealed the fact that mould t< a plan
propagated like other plants ; and ai: *"'

will kill vegetation will prevent ml
mould. The common r'*""*-''-" -"

fmr^xise are, creosote, c . f

>ergamol, or many oih' ■ >,

acid, alcohol, corrosive .sul>]im«lt^, arsenic,
hut altvays added in comparatively small
tilies.

OLLlNESSm Ink, To Rfmtnv.—Add a Utile
ox -gall and vinegar to the ink.

PERMANENT Ink, Per Cse with Stamfr
fir Type.— I. Equal parts of black oxide of man-
ganese and hydrate of potash are mixed, heated
to redness, rubbed, with an equal quantity of
smooth white clay, into a pa^^te, water being
added for the purpose. — 2. Sulphate of manc*-
nese, 3 drams; lampblack, I dram; p<3wdered
loaf sugar, 4 drams; rubbed into paste vith
water. After stamping, dry the Uneo, etc, and
wash well in water.

PERPETUAL Ink, Fm- - I'mmhUma
Pitch, II lbs.; lampblack, I lb.; tarpeni
sufficient: mix with heat.

PREROGATIVE Cturi /«i.— Galls, i tb„
gum, 6 oz., alum, 2 uz., .copperas, 7 oz., kini\ 3
oz.y logwood, 4 oz., water, S lbs. Used to write
on parchment.

PRINTING INK'.— Set on ^rc, in a large

iron pot, 13 gallons of rl—- '• ' ' ' ^--■:' ^r.tl

stir until itsmokes, ihct. ri

the fire, and let it burn i

into strings between the tingei». I'ut the luL

to extinguish Ihe flame, then add t lb. of

10 each quart of oil ; dissolve, and -.

in slices t^ lb. of soap ; hent thr

solution is complete, wnen the varr.. ■..

— ^Two sorts are kept, one thick, and t

thin, so as to mix when required ; the dij

is caused in the boiling and ftring Iwing

for different periods. For large printi

thin is required, as thick ink would o

in patches ; for small tvpc very stiff ink

to prevent it nmning off. For n^-^l-in'^br

mix together mineral lamp^ '

table black, 7 llx., indipo nr

each 5 or-, Indian red, :•

fident vami*h, gradur

goes on. In most itu

ployed for this, puryif'--

colored pigmcnli, act.::.:^ :

shade.

PRINTING, SAVACeS~r*ktio(lm!ii
of copaiba (pure), 9 oa.; LunpbUfk, 3 oa.; I

ntfl^

r.VKS AND BLACKING,

mnd Prussian blue, of each % ot.\ Indian re<U %
ox.; yellow soap (dry), 3 ox.; grind the mixture
\o an impalpable smoothness by means of a stone
and mjUicr. Canada balsam may be substituted
for balsam of copaila where the smell of the lat-
ter is obiecuonalile, but the ink dries very quickly.
PKINTING, KIRCHER'S, {Patented.) —
This ink consists of lo parts of hydratcd peroxide
of iron, 6 parts of bydrated protoxide of iron,
and from 10 to 16 parts of varnish. The two
6rst-namcd ingredients arc mixed in a moist
stale by stirnng ; 48 parts of water are then
added; and the water being evaporated by boil-
ing converts the mixture into a fine velvety black
powder. This powder is washed and dried, and
Enally mixed with tht varnish, the proportion of
which varies in accordance with the desired c^ua-
lityof the ink. , _

The advantages claimed for this ink are that it
changes Us color. It has no disagreeable
; it is a fine glossy black; and is one third
er than ordinary mk.

WDERJNK^-^\, Sulphate of copper, 1
r.; gum arabic % or.; copperas, 1 ot.; nutgalls
and extract of logwood, 4 ozs. each ; all to be
pulverized^ and evenly mixed. — 2. Sulphate of
uon, a pans ; C*Hs, 5 parts ; j;am, I part. Re-
dace to a powder and divide into one-ounce pa-
pers, each of which will make half a pint of ink.
— .1, Aleppo galls, 3 lbs.; copner&s (ary but not
caksoed). I 16.; gum arabic, o oz.; white sugar,
a oxs.i all in powder; mix. I pint of boiling
water poured on \% or 2 o»., makes a pint ot
ink.

POWDER, {rNA)PLATZER'S.''Tikc 100
|iait& dry extract of logwood, well mixed and
ground with one part fine bi-chromate of potash.
Half an ounce is sufficient to change a whole pii\t
of water into beautiful black ink.

PVRPLE. — A beautiful purple ink is made by
boiling I ounce of ground logwood in i^^ pints
of soft water, and |J ounce oT pulverized alum.
Boil ao minutes, strain, and bottle for use. Keep
the air out, and it will keep a long time.

RED. — I. Pernambuco-wood, 4 parts; alum
ai^ cream of tartar, each i part, with 30 of water,
boU down to 16 paits, let stand, pour 0% filler,
Bttd dissolve iir the liquid gum arauic, 1^' parts ;
white sugar, l part.

a. Digest powdered cochineal, 8 pans, and
carbonate of potash, 16 parts, in 144 of water,
for 24 hours ; then boil up with powdered alum,
4 parts, and add 24 of cream of tartar, with 3
parts of tartaric acid, and, when effervescence has
ceased, another part of the add, or enough to
produce the color ; let cool, filter, and boil the re-
sidue on the filter with 12 parts of water; filter
a^n, mix the liquids and dissolve in them 24
parts of gum arabic, and lastly \^ part of oil of
doves. No iron vessels must be used in this
process.

2. Digest powdered cochineal, 16 parts ; oxalic
acid« X parts ; dilute acetic acid, 80 parts ; distilled
^tnSaa^ 40 parts, for 36 hours ; then acid powdereil
alum, I part ; gum arabic, 1 to 10 ; shAe ttp, let
Aland for 12 hours, and strain.

4. Uibsolvc 1 part of carmine in 8 to 10 parts of
aqua ammonia, and add mucilage of gum arabic
uifCcicnt to reduce it properly.

RED. /'4jA*it//fyz:A^r.— Vermilion, 4 parts:
sulphate of iron, I part; drying oil to mix. Anv
ocbcr color will answer besides red. This ink
wOl resist most of the usual reagents.

RESIN-OIL AVA'— Melt together 13 ounces
tef resin, i pound of resin oil, and 1 W ounces of
soft soap; when cold, add lamp-black.

RIPA a COURrS.—GaXU, I lb., log-wood,
% lb., gum, 6o2s., copperas S ots.. blue vitriol
and stigAr, of each 1 oz. Boil the galls and log-
wood m 20 pints of water down to 10 pints —
strain ; dissnfve the other ingredients, and bottle.

RULING, P/ack,/or.~Takc good black ink,
and odd gnll as for blue ; do not cork it, as it will
prevent it from turning black.

RULING, A/«//tff.— Takc4ounce5 of vitriol,
best quality, to 1 ounce of indigo ; pulverize the
indigo very fine ; put the indigo on the vitriol,
let tncm stand exposed to the oir for six days, or
until dissolved ; tnen fill the pot with chalk, add
half a gill of fresh gall, boiling it before use.

RULING, Ridfor.—i}T\t pound of Braiil-
wood to one gallon of the best vinegar; let the
vinegar simmer before you add the wood, then
let them simmer together for half an hour, then
add three-quarters of a pound of alum lo set the
color ; strain it through a woollen or cottoncloth.
cork it tight in a stone or glass bottle. For rul-
ing, addlulf a gill of fresh gall to one quart of
red ink, then cork it up in a bottle for use,

SCARLET, — Take garandnc of best quality
I ounce, digest with liquor ammonia I ounce, add
I pint of cold distilled water, triturate together in
a mortar, filter, and dissolve in the solution ^
ounce of gum arabic, or take pure carmine 20
grains, liquor ammonia 3 fluid ounces, dissolve
and add iS grains of powdered gum.

SILVER. — Triruratc in a mortar en ual parts
of silver foil and sulphate of potassa, until reduced
to a fine powder ; then wash out the salt, and mix
the residue with a mudlage of equal parts of gum
arabic and water. — 2. Mix to aproper consistency
finely ground mica, with a solution of gum ara-
bic, in water.
SYMPATHETIC INKS, Far secret and &ther
Correspomdence. — Chemistry gives us the means
of performing many curious feats. Among the
most interesting of these are the perfectly color-
less fluids, clear as water, which however^ when
written with, produce a variety of colored letters,
bv reason 01 simple chemical changes taking
place as soon as the fluid touches ihrjvipcr. We
will describe a few of these transformations :— Tff
write blue tetters with a cotorlexs lujuid.-~-K piece
of writing i>aper is prepared by moistening with
a solution of oxalic acid, and drying ; and a dilut-
ed (colorless) solution of nitrate of cobalt is used
for writing. The oxalate of cobalt whidi results
from the contact is blue. Or, the paper may be
moistened with the nitrate of cobalt, and the writ-
iug done with the oxalic add. Another shnde
of blue is produced by moistening the paper wua
a solution of yellow prussiate of potash. After
drying it is ready for use ; and when it is written
on wi(.h a solulion of chloride or sulphate of iron,
letters of Prussian blue will appear. The paper
may also be prepared with sulphate of iron and
the writing performed with the prussiate of pot-
ash.— To write red letters with a colt^tess tiquul,
— Prepare the paper with a weak solulion of sul-
phate of iron, to which a little nitric acid has
nccn added ; then write with a very dilute solu-
tion of sulpho-cyanide of potassium. If the so-
lution is strong, the color is very dark; if weak,
bright red. — To write black letters wttk *s ipittrUss
liquid. — Prepore the paper with a decoction ol
gall-nuts or a solutiou of tannic add, and write

L

M

DTCTIO^ARY OF EVBHY-DAY WANTS.

with a solution of sulphate of iron; or, prepare
with Ihe latter and write with the former. An*
•Other black is obtained by preparing the paper
with a weak solution of bichromate of potash,
and writing with a solution of extract of logwood;
or invericly. Or, prepare Ihe paper with a so-
lution of nitmtc of bismuth or acetate of lead,
and write with a fresh solution of sulphate of
potassium. — Tp wriu yfUmo Utttrs with a color-
usj hquiJ. — Prepare the paper with acetate of
lead, and write with bichromate of potash; or
inversely. Or, prepare the paper with a decoc-
tion of gall-nuts, and write with chloride of anti-
,inoRy; or inversely, — To write otange Utters
with a eoicrien Htjuid. — Prepare the paper with
I A solution of the yellow proiochromale of }->otash,

td write with the extractum Saturni of the drug-
'gists; or inversely. — Tc u*rite beauttful purpU
tetttr tcith a coforiess twuid, — Prepare the paper
with a solution of chloride of tin, and wnte with
a solution of chloride of gold.

If in any of the above mnnipitlations the pre-
paration of the paper is omitted, the letters writ-
ten will be entirely invisible, or nearly so, and
will become visible in their respective colors
when moistened with tlw solution otherwise used
for the preparation. In this manner, a secret
correspondence is often kept up, one party, for
inalBBce, writing with a solution of yellow pru&-
siate of p<ilash, while another, for whom the
iKTiting is intended, knows the secret to moisten
the paper with a solution of sulphate of iron,
when the letters will appear in blue; or, one
writing with chloride of gold, the other party
moistening with a tin-salt« when the letters appear
in purple.

Sometimes it is desirable that the writing may
be made to disappeAr again. For this purpose,
the writing is periorme^rwiih a solution of nitrate
of silver. After becoming dry, it is made visible
by means of a solution oi common salt, and ex-
posure to the sun or daylight. When desired to
disappear, it is washed with a solution of bichlo-
ride of mercury; and then it may lie made to
reappear a second time by moistening with a so-
lution of hyposulphite of soda,

SYMPATHETIC Inks, Other.—i, Write
upon paper with a diluted solution of muriate of
copper, when dry it will not be visible, but on
being warmed before the fire the writing u-ill be-
come of a beaaliful yellow,

2. Write with a solution of muriate of cobalt,
and the writing, while dry, will not be jiercep-
tiblc; but if held towards the fire, it will then
gradually iKrcomc visible; and if the muriate of
cobalt be made in the usual way, the letters will
ap[>ear of an elegant green color.

3. Write with acetate of cobalt, or with a mu-
riate of cobalt, prL'viously purified from the iron
which it generally contains. When the writing
is become dry, these letters will also Ix; invisililc.
Warm the paper a little, and the writing will be
restored to a beautiful blue.

4. Draw a landscape with Indian ink. and
paint the foliage of the vegetables with muriate
of cobalt, some of the flowers with acetate of
cobalt, and others with muriate of copper. WTiilc
this picture is cold it will appear to be merely on
outline of a land)>caper or winter scene; but
when gently warmed, the trees and flowers
will be dibpbiycd in their natural colors, which
they will prc^icrve only while they continue warm.
7^^ amy he often repeated.

5. Write with dilute nitrate of silver, which
when dry will be entirely invisible; hold the
paper over a vessel containing sulphate of am*
monia, and the writing uill appear very diflinct.
The letters will shine with the metallic brilliailcy
of silver.

6. Write with a solution of nitrate or acetate of
lead. When the writing is dry it will be invisible.
Then having preparca a glass decanter with a
little sulphuret of iron strewed over the bottom
of it, pour a little very dilute sulphuric acid upon
the sulphuret, so as not to wet the mouth of the
decanter, and stxspend the writing, by means of
the glass stopper, within the decanter. By an
attention to ine paper the WTiling will become
visible by degrees, as the gai rises from the bot-
torn of the vessel.

7. Write with a weak solution of sulpliate of
iron, let it dry, and it will be invisible. By dip-
ping a feather in tincture of galls and drawing
Ihe wet feather over the letters, the writing wiu
lie restored and appear black.

S. Write with a similar soluiion. and when
dry wash the letters in the same way wiih prus-
siate of potash, and they will be restored to a
beautiful blue.

9. Write with a solntioo of sulphate of copper,
wa*.h as before with prussiate of potaih, and the
writing will be revived of a reddish-hrown color,

10. Write on paper with a solution of nitrate
of bismuth ; when this is dry the writing will be
invisible ; but if the paper be exposed to sulphu-
retted hydrogen gas,^ the words wiU be distinctlj
legible.

1 1 . A letter written with a diluted solution of
bismuth, becomes, when dry, illegible: but a
feather dipped in a solution of sulphuret of pot-
ash, will instantly blacken the oxide, and revive
the writing,

TICKETING Ink, Fetr Groetrs, rA-.— Dis-
solve I oz. of gum arable in 6 oz. water, and
strain ; this is the mucilage ; for a black color,
use drop-black, powdered, and ground with the
mucilage to extreme fineness ; for blue, ultra-
marine is used in the same manner; for green,
emerald green; for white, flake white; for red,
Vermillion, lake, or carmine; for yellow, chrome
yellow. When ground too thick, ihcy are diin.
ncd with a Uttle water. Apply to the cards with
a small brush. The cards mav be sired with a
ihin glue, and afterwards varnished, if it is de-
sired to preserve them.

TRANSFER /«;&.— Maatic in tears, 4 onnoes;
shellac, 6 ounces; Venice turpentine, y^ nunee;
melt together ; add wax, % pound ; ullow, 3
ounces. When dissolved, further add hard tallow
soap (in shavings), 3 ounces; and when the
whole is combined, add lampblack. 2 ounces.
Afix well, cool a little, and then pour it into
molds. This ink is rubbed down with a little
water in a cup or saucer, in the same way as
water-color cakes. — In winter, the operation
should be performed near tlie fire.

ORE'S. — Galls, 12 lbs., gum, 5 lbs., coppc-
ras, 5 lbs., rain-water, I a gallons. Boil ijie galls
in 9 gallons of water for 3 hours, adding water
as it e>-apuratcs. Pour oft the clear, add the
strained solution of gum, dissolve the copperas
separately ; and mix the whole. To make II
gallons.

VIOLET— \, Take aniline violet, % ounce,
and digest it in 5 ounces of alcohol in a glass or
an enamelled iron vessel for 3 hours \ then add

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

207

a full oiurt of db^tilled wftter uid heat gently for

pcTvni hoars, or until the odor of the spirit hw

disappeared ; then mix in 3 dnelims of «un ani-

■dc dissolved in ^ pint of water, and allow th«

^bvle to aettie. Espcriment will determine for

btt|2he precise quantity of colorinf; matter that

^^Hpe required. — 2. Eight parts of lonrood and

^l^^ts en water ; boil down to one^iatf, then

^ run and add 1 part of chloride of tin.

VARIOUS OTHER Fffrwiutai for Blmdk
J»k. — I. A method of making this has been re-
)Boainicaded which is worthy of nt^tice. Put into
A ttoncware Jar. containing a g&llon of water. ^
of a ponnd of bruised nut{^^, and then, 24 bourn
after, add6ozE, of copperast 6 oz^. of gum aratnc,
and4 or 5 drops of creosote. The vessel is to be
closed and left for 2 or 3 weeks, but shakeaeverv 2
dajrs. The contents are then allowed to settle,
and the clear liquor will be fit for use, of a deep
black. — 3. To I gal. boiling tolt water, add ^
ounces extract log^v-ood, t>oil a minutes, remove
£-om the fire and stir in 48 grains of bichromate
;Cif potash, 48 grains of powdered gum ar&hic, and
S pains of prussiate potash. For 10 gallons, use
■^^Unnces eitract 01 logwood, i ounce bichro-
^^^■potssh. — 3. Take 2 ounces extract lo^'ood;
fl^P^m Kofi water; boil slightly, or simmer in
"aiTiron vessel 1$ minutes; dissolve in a tittle hot
water S4 grains bichromate of potash. 13 grains
T^rft&siatc of potash, and stir into the liquid a few
aatnuics while over the fire; take off, and when
settled, strain it twice through common mustin
4>r sheeting cloth. The above ink is a jet black
^om the first, Aowi bcauUMly from the pea,

and is so indeUible that even oxalic acid will not
remove it from paper. — 4. I pound of Iogwf>od is
Ixtiled for 2 hours with 7 pounds of water ; the
latter must be renewed as fast as it evaporates;
after co<rfing. 50 grains of yellow chromnte of
potash are added, and the whole stramed through
a cloth. It is then ready for use. — 5. Take cop-
peras 4 ounces, nntgalls is ounces, logwood, 8
ounces, gum arabic i ounce, glycerine, ^ ounce*
water 40 ounces , all the substances are to be
pulverized and boiled for ( hour together; they
are then set to co<i!, strained through a flannd
bag, and after that filtered through a folded filter.
A drop of oil of cloves is added, the whole well
shaken and filled into bottles.

WRITING WHICH DISAPPEARS IN
A FEW DA YS, Ink /or.^\ piece of sal am-
moniata is placed for 4 or 5 days in nitric acid,
and then powder of touchstone, such as jewelers
use for tryiiu; gold and silver, is mixed with the
liquid in suflVcient quantity, this gives a vritiDg
fluid which bleaches after six to eight days. A
still better ink of this kind may be nblamed as
follows: Boil four oimces crushed gall-niitsin
diluted nitric acid, and add two ounces sulphate
of iron and some chloride of ammonmm. Writ-
ing done with this nixture will disappear in a
few days.

YELLOW,— '\, Freiwh berries, i pound;
alum, 3 ounces; water. 1 gallon. Boil and strain,
then add gum arable, 4 ounces.

3. A little alum, added to saffron, in soft hot
water, nuJcvs a beautifiil yellow ink.

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

ASORTION.—Tht expulsion of the human
foetus, after the sixdli week, and before the sixth
tnonth of pregnancy. In lU most extended sense,
the Derm nas been applied synonymously with
S&iscafriage. The latter term, however, has been
feaerally restricted to the fir^c six weeks afier
»tioo. The cxpoUion of the fcptus after
but Irefore the ninth month, is termed
;ure labor. — Cauitt. — Nervous irriUbilily,
lora, advanced age, scurvy, syphilitic, scro-
loua, or mercurial taints, malfomuition of spine
~ Ivis. luKonoas and indolent habits of living,
ime mdul^caGc of the paisiona* extreme
ir, anger, joy. etc ; fiUb, blows, violent
CJKcrcise, romitin^ oonghing, and rough purga-
tives; hoi baths, stimulating liquors, ana other

generally. — 7Vai/«/w/. — Avoid all the
fboveoKnlioiiccl exciting causes,and immediately
4m tte appearanoe of any suspicious symptoma
«eek a recumbent posture, and repose in every
shape practicable. An aperient should l>e taken,
and shoald there be much hemorrhage, injections
of cold water, or cold infusion of hb^ tea, must
Iw bad recourse ta A cold hipbath, or sponging
the knrer part of dbe body with water and vin-

^fi vt-cB successful. Should the symp-

unabatcd , medical assistance
tlkovl'i :'il. Should the preceding meas-

Ibfca prove iadHectual, and no violcat symptoms

supervene, the remaining treatment may consist
in continuing the recumbent posture, keeping the
bowels regular, taking a light nutritious diet, and
avoiding exposure to draughts of cold air. This
treatment mny be gradually abandoned by the
patient for her osuaT course of life, in proportion
as she feels herself .ible to do so. In many cases,
however, the only treatment reouired throughout,
is simply the adoption for a few days of ute re-
cumbent posture, gentle laxatives, and a light
nutritious diet

AGUE. — .\ species of fever which comes on
only at st.ited intervals, (hence called intermit-
tent,) leaving the patient between the periods of
attack, in apparrntly good health. 7*he attodes
of this disease usually return with great regula*
rity, and have in conscquenoe been dtslinguished
by names having reference to the i>erirv]>t of their
visits. Fmm this characteristic nosologists have
divided them into the

<>uoti(lian, returning aAer a bpse of 24 hours.

1 erlian 48 do.

Quartan 73 do.

and so on until the interval extemls to 9 or to
days, as in the nonanus and decimanus.— ^Jyaw^.
— The cold Mage, marke<l by debility, paleness,
coldness, <irowsiness. and general rigors through-
out the t»ody, inijiaircd respiration, nausea, vomit-
ing, etc* These symptoms gradually abatCi and

I

1

908

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y HUNTS,

■re foUowcd by — 2. The A<j/ sfaje/, distinguished
b^ the usual marks of fevers ana, in some cases,
Violent delirium, etc. After a certain time the
disease passes into.— 3. The rw^ating stage %
gnarked by a copious (lerspiration breaking out,
' a gradual return of most of the functions of
body to their ordinary state. In many cases,
lowever, not only do the symptoms, but the suc-
cession of the stages and their duration also vary.
— (Tawj^j. Exposure to the miasmata of marshes
and stagnant water, putrefying animal and vege-
table matter, etc, poor diet, exposure to cold and
dampK, danip Vted^chamber or linen ; excessive
jricf, fatigue, etc. To cure without quinine, —
take mandrake rootf fresh dug, pound it, and
.Squeeze i^ tablespoonfuls of the juice, add an
fnual quantity of molasses, divide into 3 doses
01 I tablcspoonful each, to be given a houc£ apart,
commencing so that all will be taken before the
chill. Then steep dogwood bark (some call it
boxwood^ make it strong, and continue to drink
It freely lor a week or two at least.

AGUE in the BREAST.— 'X^^ I part of
gum camnhor, 2 parts yellow beeswax, 3 parts
clean lard ; let ail melt slowly, id any vessel,
(earthen best) on stove. Use cither cold or
warm ; spread very thinly on cotton or linen
icioths, covering those T*-ilh flannel. No matter
if the breast is broken, it will cure if persevered
in. Do not, no matter how painful, cease from
drawing milk from the breast that is affected.
ANKLE, SPRAINED,— \S^\i the ankle fre-

auently with cold salt and water, which is far better
lan warm vinegar or decoctions of herbs. Keep
your fo«.it as cold as possible to prevent inflam-
mation, and sit with it elevated on a cushion,
lire on very low diet, and take every day some
coohng medicine. By obejing these directions
only, a sprained ankle has been cured in a few
days.

APOPLEXY.^OQtMT% only in the corpulent
or obese, and the gross or high livers. To treat,
raise tlic head tn a nearly upright position ; un-
loose all tight cloths, strings, etc., and apply cold
water to the head and warm water ana warm
cloths to the feet. Have the apartment cool and
well ventilated. Give nothing by the mouth un-
til the breathing is relieved, and then only
draughts of cold watc*.

APPETITE, Loji (»/:— This may be caused
by the use or abuse of stimulants, tobacco or ^no-
lent mental emotion, and can be remedied by the
avoidance of the exciting cause, regularity in eat-
ing and simplicity in diet.

ASTHmA. — A disease characterized by diffi-
culty of breathing, coming on by fits, accomp-
anied by a wheezing sound, cough, and tightness
of the chest, and generally terminating in a co-
pious expectoration, after the lapse of a few
nours. Astlima is principally confined to the
later periods of life, and appears in many cases
to be her«litary. The fits vary from two to
several hours' duration. Sometimes copious ex-
pectoration attends asthma, which has led to its
division into two kinds, — dry (asthma siccum)
and humid, (asthma humidum), It is brought
on by sudden exposure from heat to cold, to un-
wholesome effluvia, by hard drinking, full meals,
riolenl cierciiC, and by cold, damp, and foggy
weather. — Treatment, Avoid tlic above cxcitmg
causes. .Seek a dry, warm, and airy situation.
Wear flannel, keep the bowels regular, and the
Jlomoch in order. The severity of the paroxysm

mav be lessened by adoptjog the sitting posture,
ana inhaling the vapor ot hot water, or an infusion
of chamomile. Emetics and diaphoretics, follow-
ed by mild purgatives, may also be administered
with advantage. Various other remedies have
also been recommended ; among them axe the
following : —

ASTiiMAt Cure/vr. — 1. One ounce bonesett,
one ounce slippery elm, one ounce flax-seed,
stick liquorice. Simmer together in one nuarl di
water, strain carefully, add one pint of the best
molasses and one half pound of loaf sugar. Sim-
mer them altogether and when cold, l>ottle tight
— X A lea made from the leaves of the common
chestnut, which have fallen from the tree in au-
tumn, sweetened well, and used as a common
drink for 2 or 3 months has eBected a cure. A
light nutritious diet and strictly reguUr habits
should be adopted, which will often produce a
marked improvement and eflfect a cure, when me-
dicines have failed.

A TROPH )*.— A wasting of the whole body;—
generally produced by the oody receiving an in-
sufficient supply of nourishment, arising from
imperfect digestion, diarrhora, and in children,
very frequently from worms. The best treat-
ment ii to keep the bowels regular, and ad-
minister mild tonics, or alteratives, accompanied
with a nutritious diet ; cleanliness, fresh ajr. and
moderate exercise are also essential. Vi\vx
worms are the cause, attempts should be imme-
diately made to remove them.

BACA', WVrti.— Take a beefs gall, oour it
into I pint alcohol, and bathe frequently. It
acts like a charm. Avoid the use of corsets and
all constrictions of dress.

BATHERS, AfAchsms /trr,—Ayoid ballucg
within two hours after a meal.

Avoid bathing when exhausted by fatigue or
from any other cause.

Avoid liathing when the body is cooling after
perspiration; but

Bathe when the body is warm, provided no
time is lost in getting into the water.

Avoid chilling the body sitting or standing
naked on the bank or in boats after having been
in the water.

Avoid remaining loo long in the water. Leave
the water immediately there is the slightest feel-
ing of chilliness.

Avoid bathing altogether in the open air if,
after having been a short time in the water, there
isasenseof chilliness with numbness of the luuids
and feet.

The vigorous and strong may bathe early in
the morning on an empty stomach.

The young and those that are weak, had bet-
ter battle three hours af^er a meal. The best
time for such is from two to three hcHirs after
breakfast.

Those who are subject to attacks of giddiness
and fointness, and those who suffer from palpi*
tation and other sense of discomfort at the heart,
should not bathe without first ooasulting their
medical adviser.

BA T/A The n»/'y.— Temperature 35 to 65 de*
grees. The application of cold water to the tor-
uceof the body is attended with an immediate
tonic effect. Tliis is evident from the glow which
takes place and the sense of renewed strength in-
dicating an increased action in all the vessels ol
the system. The application of the cold water
possesses the power m contracting the solid parts

m^m

J

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL,

309

the bod^, and this contraction is followed by
reatition in which the nerves, bloodvessels and
|l the or(;nns of the system ore excited to a more
lealthy OJsd energetic performance of their (unc-
tions. The best method of taking a cold bath is
in the sea or in a river, and it is well not to pro-
tract the process, since the benefit denved
dependj on the 6r$C impression the cold water
makes on the sktn and nerves.

BAT//, TAi- i'A^avr— The shower bath i^
I {Host u^ful when there is any determination of
nhe fluids to the head. Several other reasons
^^ay here be stated for the superiority of the
Hhowcr bath. The sudden contact o( the water
Brhich in the ordinary cold liath is but momentary,
mar in the shower bath be prolongc<l, repented,
ana modified at pleasure. iTic first shock is re-
eved on the head, and the blood is Utcrcfore
tpcUcd dovi-nwards; the shower balh descends
single streams and drops, and for this reosoa
more stimulating and pleasant than immersion
cold water. It is indeed an indefinite repe-
tion of the one single effect produced by a
inge into cold water, and it is coAily procured
~ readily adapted to the circumstances of tb«

It.
BA T/I, The Tepid.— T^ water for this bath
i^bt to be from 85 to 9^ degress of the tbermo-
The tepid bath has much efficacy in rc-
iog the general excitement, lessening tnc pul-
sion in fevers, and is of great service in prc-
icy and infancy. It is albo very important
complaints of the stomach and liver, in the
tiUty produced by long residence in hot eli-
tes, in the languor and weakness accorapany-
ig delicate habits, and in gout, rheumatic affcc-
ms:, and cutaneous diseases. It is admirably
toted for persons in advanced life. The best
* for the bath is the morning, between ten
twelve o'clock.
BA T/I, The lyarm.— For this bath the water
mid be from 93 to 98 degrees of heat. It is
It utility in a variety of ailments, such as
imatory and rheumatic affections, diseases
the skin, intestinal obstructions, nervous irri-
ion, and debility, whether constitutional or
arising Crom previous illness, intempenmce, late
boars and hard study, or irregidanty in diet or
cxerdse. Women, who arc delicate, weak, ai>d
nervoas, may, with much confidence, expect re-
from the use of a warm Imlh. If the warm
is not intended to produce perspiration, it
property lie oserl at any time from an hour
breakfast till dinner, but if increased per-
tion be the object the evening is the best
le tot this bath, and the patient should becon-

from the balh to & warm bed.
BATH, The //a/.— Temperature 9S to 104
degrees. Rithing in tepid and warm water has
fl, sedolXTC cHccL ^t excites tlie sensation of beat,
~ rQ% the pulse, relaxes the skin, diminishes ex-
it, and proves eminently refreshing. On
oontnuy, hot baths arc stimulating ; they
the action of the heart, redden the skin,
the respiration more frequent, and produce
iotts x>erspiration.

7V4 The Via for. — loo to 115 degrees.

of bath IS recommended for the some

ailments for which the warm both is

and it has not unfreqnently succeeded

Ittdnjr the desired eflects when warm bath*

fidlcd to do»o.

fATJf, Tki 7Vr-h<4.— This bath, has been

greatly lauded, by those interested, as a perfect
panacea for all human ills, whereas it has l>eea
proven by impartial judges that its use, only oc-
casionally, does CTJcvous harm to the strength
of the person, and invariably retards a recovery
to perfect health. Every time a Turkish luth ts
taken, the patient, whether healthy or sickly
looses a certain proportion of his vital force — of
his ability to generate life power, and in this
way, is lost the power to resist contagious or
inflamatnry diseases. The lungs are also injured,
they cannot help being so, breathing such a
super-hcatctl atmosphere as is attached to Turk-
ish baths. The healthy, and elastic tone of the
skin of the whole body is impaired. The most
enfeminate. idle and unprogressive of all natioos
— the Turks — arc made Largely so, by the use of
this bath, (where it originated) and its almost in-
valuable accessories, — tobacco, coffee and liceo-
liousncss.

BA T/If The ^wjTWJf.— The remarks made
under the heading of Turkish Baths, apply with
caual force to the Russian, and should lie avoid-
ed, by all who wish to keep their strength oi
bo<ly intact, or to recover from sickness.

B/LIOC'SA'£SS.—l*crsoas subject 10 bilious
attacks should be particularly careful to avoid
excess in eating and drinking, and should espe-
cially a\*o)d using those articles of foort which,
from experience, they find to disagree with thent.
Tea, coffee, chocolate, tobacco, aicohttlic liquors
sugar, sweetened food, and grease in any shape,
if avoided will have a marked effect on a speedy
recovery.

BLOOD, .KfittiH^o/. — i. Take two spoon-
fuls of the juice of nettles every morning, and a
large cup ol the decoction of nettles at night, for
a week. — 3. Take three spoonfuls of sage-juice
in a little honey. This presently slops either
spitting or vomiting blood. — 3.* Take twenty
grains of alum in water every two hours.

BLOOD, Tranifusion <»f. — This operation
may be described in six parts:

1st. Preparation. The points to be attcnted to
are — to have a good light; the t%ro subjects to
l>e operated on dose to one another; two glasses
standing In a basin of water at temperature of
39* R. ; a bundle of fine, clean twigs ; a fine
piece of linen lo strain the blood through after
defibrination; a bistoury, scissors, thermometer,
sponees, restoratives, cold water. Also, a stout
doubTe thread, and car-sound, or Dcchainpsche*
needle.

2d. Consists of bareing and binding the arm as
for venesection; choosing the largest vein ; mak-
ingan incision one and a oalf inches long parallel
and down lo it. If there be any bleeding it must
be checked by ci^d, and the vein, as it lies in the
centre of the cut, must be carefully dissected
loose from the cdlular tissue for about half an
inch, and the double thread be passed under it.
A cold-water compress should now be Liitl cm the
wound.

The 3d act consists in dravdng five or six oun-
ces of IJlood into one of the gUsscs, whipping it
five lo eight minutes with the bundle of twigs,
and then straining it into the other glass.

The 4th act consists in placing the canula in
the vein. The latter is drawn out of the wound
by the thrca.U— the bandage having been pre*
viously token from the anrc,ajnd a V-shApcd piece,
two lines long, cut out of ihc vein with the scis.
SOTS, or the vein cut half tfarouj^ The caaulo.

sto

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

or tube of tbc syringe U now introduced, it hav-
ing been previously warmed and carefully filled
rilh blood, so thai no air may be contained in it
(the point in this respect must be especially look-
ed to), ^ticn the tube is inserted the threads
must be lied around it tichtly. so as to prevent
any escape of the blood. Some use a Nusstjaum's
or conical canula, which itself fills up the vein
and prevents any return of the blood.

The 5th act is the transfusion proper. The
blood must be forced into the vein very slowly
and carefully, always remembering the results of
tbc introduction uf^a little air. The point of the
warmed syringe should never Itc entirely emptied.
If a refilling of the syringe is required the vein
should be held just above the point of the canula.
The 6th act consists of placing a large wet
"Itompress over the wound, and binding it firmly
by a roller bandage. Sticking-plaster and other
methods of drawing the lips of tbc wound to-

f ether should be escnewed, as conducive to pble-
itis.

Woman's blood should always, if possible, be
used in injecting into a woman, man s blood for
a man, although, if necessary, this precept may
be dej>arted from. The blood should be taken
only from a strong, healthy individual. Bluod
dcfibrinatcd by whipping is preferable to simple
bloodt unless time Iw ^a important that the lew
minutes occupied in preparing it are of conse-
quence. If simple blyou be used, it must be
teken into the syringe as fast as it flows from (he
veins, as exposure to the air favors greatly co-
agulation.

^0/ZJ*.— Boils arc first formed from a little
knot of veins, nerves, etc., as warts and corns.
It first shows itself in a small, tender, red spot,
which continues to enlarge for four or eight days,
when it opens and discharges a little pus and
blood, and exposes to \'iew a mass of dead mat-
ter, called the core. In two or three days more
this comes awav, and the cup-like cavity gradual-
ly nils up. When there arc many of tlicm in
8ucccs<tion, constitutional treatment is needed;
cencrallv the blood lacks alkalies, which must
Be suppued ; or it may need iron. A boil should
always run its course, and should not be disturb-
ed, except to apply a flaxsecd-poultice, when
painfuL An incipient boil mfy be stopped by
touching it with lunar caustic. It is well to poul-
tice a boil for two or three days after it opens,
«nd after these a stimulating safve. 7> Prevent,
fAi simple food, and less of it, and avoid grease,
sugar, and hot drinks.

BOIVELS, A(uU Infammation of. — This is an
inflammation of the mucous membrane which
lines them, as it is generally understood, but really
involves more or less the whole substance of the
bowel. — Symptoms. — Tjie disease begins with a
chill, and with uneasiness and slight gnpingpains,
which increase in severity until they are intense
and burning. Pressure aggravates the pain,
which is greatest about the navel, but extcn(!s
over the whole bowel. There is sickness at the
stomach, and sometimes vomiting ; loss of
slrengtli, costiveness, great anxiety, thirst, heat
and lever, dry, furred, and red tongue, and but
little urine, vt*ilh pain in passing it. The matters
passed from the bowels arc dark and fciid, and
the whole belly is sore to the touch. The pulse
is quick, hard, and small. If the stomach sym-
pathizes but little with the disease, it indicates
the sat «/ it to be ia the lower portion of the

bowels. The length of time, also, before drink
and medicine are vomited up after being swal.
lowed, is a pretty sure indication of the distance
of the disease from the stomach. To discrimi-
nate tliis disease from colic, it is necessarv ti3
know that pressure produces pain, which it does
not in colic ; the pam never wholly ceases, as it
does in colic; the knees are drawn up and the
breathing short, or altered, as tlicy arc not In
colic. — Trratmettt. — Hot Inmentations, mustard-
poultices, soothing and quieting injections, cool-
ing drink.s, such as slippery elm, flaxsced-tea,
etc, with tincture of veratrum viridc in fiill
doses, or ten drops every hour, to keep up a
free perspiration, will generally be all tnat is
necessary. If the disease has been occasioned
by the strangulation of a gut, or by hernia, it is
very unmanageable. The gut may be disentan-
gled by applying a large dry cup, or, what is
better, a number of small ones, but the tender-
ness of the l>elly makes this difficult,

BOWELS , Chronic InJiammatioH cf. — The
signs of this disease are, a dull pain in iht belly,
the tongue bordered willi red, abdomen either
swelled or flat, skin dry and husky, cold extreni-
ittes, small, frequent pulse, thirst, loss of flesh,
low spirit.t, scanty urme, slimy discharges from
the Iwwcls from one to four times a day. The
treatment commences with mustard - poultices,
and hot fomentations. Cold compresses at night,
the body well covered up in flannel, should be
used if the bowels arc very feverish. The warm
bath twice a week, taking care not to get cold.
The diet must be very simple and unstimulaling
— beginning with gum water, rice or barley*
water, sago or arrow-root gruel, and gradually
raismg it to chicken -broth, beef-tea or tender
beef-steak. Gentle carriage -exercise, as soon as
the patient is able, will prove beneficial. A very
mitd laxative should be given on the inflamma-
tion being subdued.

BRAIN, InflammatioH cf. — Acute and general
inflammation of the brain has two stages. T7u
sia^e of excitement, in which there is intense and
deep-seated pain in the head, extending over a
large part of^it, a feeling of tightness across the
fore-head, llirobbing of the temporal arteries, a
flushed fkce, injected eyes, looking wild and
brilliant, contraction of llie pupils, great shrirJc-
ing from light and sound, violent delirium, want
of sleep, general cun\-ulsions. a parched and dry
skin, a quick and hard pulse, a white tongue,
thirst, nausea and vomiting, and constipation of
the bowels. Tki Stage ofco/iapse, in which there
are indistinct mutterings, dull and perverted
hearing and vision, double vision, the pupil from
being contracted expands largely and becomes
motionless, twilchings of the muscles, tremors
and palsy of some of the Umbs, a ghastly and
cadaverous countenance, cold sweats, profound
coma, and death. The disease will not show all
these symptoms in any one case. It runs a rapid
course, caiv^ing death, sometimes, in twelve or
twenty-four hours; or it may ran two or three
wefcks. — TreJItnunt. — The treatment should bo
very energetic, and early administered. The
measures usually cmployetl are cold n-ater applica-
tions to the heati; hot application to the feet, and
emptying the bowels by copious injections of
water.
BRAIN, Entar^mt cf.—TKxs chiefly affecu
children, and consists in an unnatural growth of
the brain. The skull may grow with it, and there

MEDICAL Ai

tn

I

I

»

DO symptoms of disease, though children with
this Ui^ brain are apt to die of some brain
dlsca&e. The symptoms of enlargement of the
hrain are. dullness of intellect, indifTercnce to ex-
tenul objects, irriUiblc temper, inordinate appe-
tite, gi<l(unei>s luid habitual headache. Some-
times there ore convuUtons, epileptic fits, and
idiocy. There ii also a peculiar projection of
the parietal bones in this disease. — Treatment.
As much as possible, repre*is all exercise of the
mind. Do not suffer the child to go to school ;
but put it to the most active and muscular exer-
cise m the open air. The momenl there is any
heat in the top of the head, apply cold water, ice,
or cold, evaporating lotions. The diet should be
very simple, brcail and milk only, if, as the child
grows up, the sipns of disease incrcxse.

BRA/X, Sepfning ^/.— When this follows
inflammation, the most marked symptom is llie
rigid contraction of the muscles which draw up
the limbs ; the hand m:iy be clenched and pressed
against the shoulder ; or the heel drawn up to
the hip. Tlie other symptoms are — tingling and
numbness in the ends of the fingers ; perverted
vision, or blindness; paralysis ol one limb, or
half of the body; difficulty of answering qucs-
tioos; forgttfulness, makmg it difficult some-
tizoec fur the patient to remember his own name.

BREATIf, Firft'(/.~ScsLTcc\y any thing is
more disoCTeeable or disgusting than a stinking
breathu Various means have been proposed to
remove this annoyance, depending prinapally on
the administration of aromatic^, which oy their
odoT might smother it for a time; but these re-
quire continual repetition, and are liable to in-
terfere with the functions of digestion. The real
cause of a stinking breath is either a diseased
stomach or carious teeth ; when the former is the
case apenents should be administered ; and if
these do not succeed, an emetic may be given,
followed by a dose of salts, or castor oil occasion-
ally. When rotten teeth are the cau'^e, they
should be removed ; or, if this be impossible,
they should be kept dean. Dirty teeth often
cause the breath to smell. The use of the toolh-
bmsh should be a daily habit. Occasionally
rinsing out the mouth with a lirtlc clean water,
to which a few drops of a solution of chloride of
lime, or chloride of notix, has been arldcd, is an
Cilfective method. The following lozenges have
alfo been recommended : —

BREATJf, {FUiT/D) Lttenitr /or.—GMm
catechu, 2 oi.\ white sugar, 4 ot..\ orris powder,
I or.; make them into a paste with mucilage, and
add a drop or two of ncroli. One or two may
be sacked at pleasure.

BREASTS, Caked^ — Boil a handful of camo-
mile, and as much mallows in milk and water.
Foment with it between two flannels, as hot as
can be borne, every twelve hours. It also dis-
solves any knot or swelling in any part where
there Is no inflaramation.

BRIGHTS DISEASE, Milk m.— Dr. Ac-
that -Scott Donkin extols a •.kim-milk diet in
iHa disease. *The first apjireciable action",

SAfs, "of skim-milk taken to theexlent of six

pinl.'i daily, is that of a most energetic

a profuse flow of urine being rapidly

iced. The effect of this. In Briglit's disease.

tof1u<«b the uriniferoii". tubules, and to dislodge
and w«j.h tmt the concrete ca-^is of diseased epi-
thelial cells by which they are blr>ckcd tip and
ditlmded- TIus emptying of ttie tubules relieves

their pressure on the snrrounding secondary ca-
pillaries ; the blood begins to flow more freely
through them; the disteuKion of the primary
Malptghian capillaries is relieved, less and less
albumen escapes throuf^h their walls until the
renal circulation is gradually restored, ivhen it
finally disappears from the urine. While this
benendal change is progressing, healthy epi-
thelium is developed in the tubules, and the nrm -
ary excrement is withdrawn from the blood. Tn
short, a healthy nutrition becomes re-established
in the kidneys through theagencyof milk, which,
above all other substances, seems to exercise a.
controlling influence over this process.

BRONCIIOCELE, {Enlarged meri.) — To
cure take iodide of potassium, 3 drs. ; iodine, i dr.;
vrater, 2}i ozs.; mix and shake a few minutei
and pour a little into a vial for internal use. —
Dote. — Five to ten drops before eaclj meal, to be
taken in a little water. — External aftluatum. —
With a feather wet the cnlarsjctt neck, fnuu the
other bottle, night and morning, until wclU

BRONCIflTlS, Aeute.—iyi\% disease begins
with chills followed by fever; tightness across
the chest, difficulty of breathing, hoarseness,
loss of strength, costive bowels, and a quick, hard
pulse. Water runs from the eyes and nostrils,
and there is a dry, harsh, croupy cough. After
a few days mucus begins to be raised, which is
thick ana ropy, and occasionally streaked vrith
Mood. There is more or less pain in the chest ;
pain across the forehead, increased by coughing,
and a pale, anxious countenance. In severe
cases there is a tightness across the chest, causing
the patient to call for the windows to be opcnetC
to avoid suffocation. There is difficultyur breath-
ing, a paleness and lividity of the checks and
lips; a loud wheezing and rattling in the throat,
followed by cold sweat, insensibility and death.—
TreatTftent. — In mild cases, give warm flaxseed
or balm-tea, or hot lemonadc^at the same time
soaking the feet in warm water, and on retiring
to be<i, placing Iwttles of hot water to the feet
and sides to produce sweating. If the bowels
be costive, give rhubarb and magnesia, or salts
and senna. In severe cases, an active emetic is
needed, followed by tincture of vcralrum vi ride in
full doses, so as to reduce the pulse. The room
should be kept warm, and the air should l>e moist,
if there is difficulty of breathing. A gentle per-
spiration should be kept up, either by compound
tincture of Virginiasnakc-root, by tincture ol ver-
atrum, or by frequent bathing of the surface. \
mustard-paste on the chest, and soles of the feet, is
imjiorlant ; and the diet should be of barley-water,
toast-water, rice-wzter,or a solution of gum-arainc
Hie cough may l>e managed by a mixture of tinc-
ture of lobelia, half an ounce; syrup of squills,
half an ounce. Mix and give twenty drops four
or five times a day.

Bi^.yiOX.—T\ic bunion, or swelling on the
ball of the great toe, is produced by the same
cause as the corn — pressure and irritation by
friction. It may l>e cnecked in their early deve-
lopment by binding the joint with atlhesive
plaster and keei>rn[j it on as long as any uncas-
mess is felt. The bandaging should be perfect,
and it might be well to extend it round the loot.
An inflamed bunion should be pouliiccd, and
larger shoes be worn. Iodine, twelve grains;
lard or spermaceti ointment, half an ounce, makes
«, capital ointment for bunions. It should be
rubbed on gently twice or thsvx a. ^^.

rilA

ttt

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY IVANTS,

BUR YINO AUVE.-'To know when death
lias really occured and so prevent burying alive
told a lighted candle to any portion of the l>t>iy»
a blister will soon rise; if on puncture it gives
out a fluid substance, death has not taken place ;
if it emit& air only, it is perfectly certain ihal life
has liccomc entirely extinct, for which we offer
but one reason among others, in case of actual
death the blood is congealed in a sense,
there is no moisture, siinplya little air, lhisl>eing
rarificd under the flame, raises up the skin; if
there is life, the flame causes an inflammation
and nature, in her alarm, sends increased mate-
rial there for repair, a Vmd of glairy fluid, and
this being sent there in excess, causes the skin
to rise ; inability to feel the puUe or heart beat ;
cold skin, no dew on a bit of glass, none of these
arc conclusive, as there has been life, when none
of these were observed.

CANCER, Treatment vf. — Cancer has rwo
stages : thnt of indumlion or stony h^irdness ; the
second^ ulceration or open cancer. Cancer most
often attacks the female breast, the skin, the
tongue, the stomach, the neck of the womb,
the lips, etc. It rarely occurs in subjects under
thirty-five years of age, and not often in persons
under forty-five.

The symptoms of cancer in the breast are, a
puckerea condition, and a dull, leaden color of
the skin, a hnnj, knotty, and uneven feel, and
occasional sharp pains. When it attacks the skin
and mucous membrane, there is a hard, warty
lump, which ulcerates after a time, producing an
open sore, with a hard luse. The sore discharges
an irrilating, excoriating mutter, which has a pc-
cidiarly fetid odor, so offensive and so diflercnt
from any other smell that it is seldom forgotten.
Various modes of treating cancer have been,
at different times, recommended by the facultv
and empirics. Among these, extirpation wiln
tlie knife appears to Ik most in favor with the
former, when practicable. The removal of the
tumor docs noi, however, destroy the constitu-
tional tajnl, although it may lessen its intensity,
and render Utc subsequent treatment of the dis-
ease less difficult Recently, the application of
intense cold lias been highly recommended in
cancerous alTcctions of the glands. A litdc pound-
ed ice is tied up in the corner of a thin silk hand-
kerchief or a piece of bladder, and the "pad"
thus formed pressed gently against the tumor
and the parts immediately adjacent for a short
time, once or twice a day. TTic degree of cold
may be increased by mixing an equal weight
of common salt with the pounded ice, by which
the benumbing effect of the application will be
greatly augmentetl. It should nc frnzcn solid to
Its roots, after which the skin should be cu'bo-
lizcd to insensibility, and a crucial incision made
down to, but not into, the tumor, in which the
caustic, consisting of chloride of zinc; carbolic
acid, and tannin, is to be inserted and allowed
to remain five hours, after which time it becomes
very painful and ^hould be removed. Then cover
with a mild poultice. In four or five days the
cancerous mass will slough off.

The reason why a cancerous tumor should not
be cut into, nor cut around, is, that the minute
germs, cells, or Tnolecules, which constitute its
nuclei, may be diffuse^l into the adjacent struc-
ture, and in n few months reproduce the cancer ;
and this is why the ordinary practice of surgeons
in cutting them out never cures, while the causUc

treatment if properly managed, destroys these
germs, and results in permanent recovery.

CAXCER, Other Remedies /or. — Common
salt has been put forth as a remedy by Col. Us.
sory, of De Soto, who says he learned the secret
of a Spanish woman. His mode of using t^ls
remedy is as follows : Take an egg and breiik it,
pour out the while, rclainint; the yolk in the
shell, put in salt, mix it with the yolk as lon^as
it will receive it, and btirr them together until a
salve is formed; put a portion of this on a piece
of sticking plaster, and apply it to the cancer
twice or thnce a day. He says that he has tried
the remedy twice in his own family, with com-
plete success. — 2. The following is said to be a
sure cure for cancer : A piece of sticking plaster
is put over the cancer, with a circular piece ciit
out of the centre, a little larger than the cancer,
so that the cancer and a small circular rim of
healthy skin next to it is exposed. Then a
plaster, made of chloride of zinc, bloodroot, and
wheat flour, is spread on a piece of muslioHhe
size of this circular opening, and applied to the
cancer for twenty-four hours. On removing it,
tlic cancer will l)e found burned into and appear
of the color and hardness of an old shoe sole, and
the circular rim out&ide of it will appear vhtte
and parboiled, as if scalded by hot steam. The
wound IS now dressed, and the outside rim soon
separates, and the cancer comes out in a hard
lump and the place heals up. The plaster kills
the cancer, so that it slonghit like dead flesh, and
never grows again. The remedy was discovered
by Dr. Fell, of l.nndon, and has been used by
liim for six or eight years with unfailing success
and not a case has been known of the reappear-
ance of tlic cancer when this remedy has been
applied. — 3. A salve made from the juice of (he
wood sorrel, gathered in a green state, the juice
expressed ana evaporated to the consistency of ■
paste, im a frufttr ptatt, in the sun, and applied
to the cancerous part, will, — it is said —
successfully remove the diseased parL The
oxalic acid of the plant acts upon the lead, and
the product is a salve which operates with more
heahng power on cancerous sores than anything
so easily obtained. — 4. Boil fine Turkey figs in
new milk, which they will thicken ; when they
are tender, split, and amjly them, as warm as can
be borne, to the part affected, whether broken or
not; the i>arl must then be washed, every time
the poultice ts changed, with some of the milkj
use a fresh poultice night and morning, and at
least once during the day, and drink a quarter of
a pint of the nulk the figs are boiled ia, twice in
the twentyfour hours. If the stomach will bear
it, this must be persevered in three or four decades
at least. The first application gives a good deal
of pain, but afterwards each dressing gi\-cs rebef^
— D. The latest discovered remedy is a plant call-
ed **cundurango" diKovered in ,Ec»"|uai!or. Thi*
is said to be a specific, but from the limited use of
it at this date of wrriting, it is imp'^--*!'- '-«'-.«.
sitively determine its supposcil h\>:'

C///V'A'£'it.— To cure lake 1 lart,- ->!

of water, 2 leaspoonfuls of honey, 3 of l^W iugafi
3 of powdered sage, 2 of powdered goldthreaiL
and I olalum. Stir up all together; put intoa
vessel, and let it simmer moderately over a steady
fire. An oven is l>elter. Tlien ixjtllc for use.
Give a teaspoonful occasionally through the day.
CARBUNCLE.— ^nA% is a large and painAl
boU, having a surface more flat tlun a bou, and

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

ai3

Ip-eatcr mnammalion. The constitutional symp-
toms arc ajso more severe. It generally appears
ton the thighs back or buttocic, and goes through
the same process as a boil, only aischarging a
tnucb larger core. To treat make an incision uie
fciU extent ol the carbuncle, and stuff it with cot-
ton saluiatcd with pure carbc>lic acid, also paint*
Sng tlie whole surface of the hardened mass with
4diz acid. This will be followed with a sharp,
%iu-nin^ sensation for a few minutes, after which
ttc pain will subside completely and will not
^ain api>ear. In the same way the insertion of the
^acid IS tobe renewed daily until a cure is eflected.
CATARRH,— 'Q^\xtx\i is 'generally only a
Id — if it becomes chronic it assumes a dif-
renl form. The phlegm or waste matter be-
^mes acrid and almost poisonous, and serves
pb keep up the disease;. The phlegm or waste
Mutter appears to be matter which is not carried
|>ff by the usual channels. The remedy when the
feitarrh is not of long standing is the same as
cold — restore the perspiration. This can be
drinking warm gnicl, or hot lemonade,
itinc the fcet in hot water, and going to
medial ely. Or by wringing out a towel
d water and applying to the throat an<i
putting two or three dry ones over it, so
the chest and throat are well covered. Warm
help this also. The hot air lath, made
r putting a lamp on the floor, and sitting over
in loose but warm clothing, the whole carc-
"y surrounded by blankets, is also a good
Of course it needs to be carefully con-
actod. Its purpose is also to induce perspira-
a. Sometimes a cold runs into catarrh by
slow degrees as not to be noticed until the
nt begins to feel as if there were a thrcarl nr
in the roof of his moutli or throat. 'ITiis is
ning of chronic catarrh. The phlegm
ng a source of disease. In connection
, __c above any of the following local appli-
n may be uscti.— I. Snuff strong saltwater
times a day; draw up into the nostrils from
palm of the hand all that can be taken, (hen
the nostrils and retain the saltwater as long as
cndurciL It is quite painful, but the
wholly uiKjn this. Cleanse the part
thoroughly each time it is used. — 2. Dr.
a French physician, has discovered that
nia, inbalcl through the nose will cure
\\. If the cose is severe, the inhalation
i be continued until the sense of smell is
cored, when it should cease for a minute, and
n re-applied for a shorter period, and so rc-
c<l seven or eight times in the course of 6vc
utcs. — 3. Take one part finely pulverized salt-
uid mix with two parts white sugar re-
to flour. It roust be snufTctl up the nose
» times or more a day, accordmg to the
ty of the oflection.

USTICS, AVk' MoiU of Usm^.~~T\\c ex-

donger of conveying infection on the point

frequently u?ic<l pencilof caustic, will rccora-

tbis simple device to the medical profes-

Take a bundle of splints of wood, similar

fer matches ; dip the ends in melted cau-

lie them, and allow them to dry. A

of caustic may be used for each ap-

and a fine caustic point is thus always

Lunar and carbolic acid, and all the

CUistic bodies, may be used in this ttuinner.

CffAFINGx Remedy for. — jKmongthc annoy-

tt) which persons of an obese physique are

subject in hot weather, especially if they walk
much, is chafing in those ports where a con-
glomeration of muscles unite. Nothing is Ijetier,
as a remedy and also as a preventive, than a
lotion of alum in water. It should be applied
with a soft linen or cotton nig at night, before
retiring. A piece of alum as large as a hazel nut,
dissolved in half a pint of water is sufficient. It
will quickly heal excoriated skin and harden the
unabraded cuticle. The use of this for years
with the most beneficial results, is suflKicnt
authority for trial of this simple remedy. It is
gotxl rJso for tender feet and soft, corns.

CIJILBLAINS.'-Kvi. inflammatory swelling,
of a purple or lead color, produced by the action
of cold. Children, espeaally those of a scrof-
ulous habit, and elderly persons are generally
most liable lo chilblains. The common cause of
chilblains is holding the hands or feet to the fire,
after exposure lo cold. The sudden change of
temperature partially destroys the vitality and
prevents the proper flow of blood through the
part. The best preventives of chilblains are
woollen socks or stocking, good waterproof
shoes, woollen gloves, exercise and friction.
Among the cures for chilblains, are the following
recipes: — l. Sulphate of copper, (blue vitnol),
I oz.; rosemary water, i pL Dissolve. Apply
as awash. — a. .Sal ammoniac, I or.; vinegar, y^
pt. — 3. Sal ammoniac, l or.; rum, % pi.; cam-
phor, I dr. The affected part is wetted night
and morning, and when dry, is touched with a
little simple ointment of any kind — cold cream
or pomatum. — 4. Oil of turpentine, 2 oz.; cam-

f>hor, 3 dr.; oil of cajeput, i dr. Apply with
riction. — 5, Sulphate of copper, 20 gr.; water,

1 oz. As a wa^, and twice a day.— ^. Hydro-
chloric acid, I oz.; water, 11 oz. — 7. Olive oil,

2 oz.; white wax, 2 dr.; dissolved by the aid ol
heat; balsam of Peru, I dr.; hydrochloric acid,
2 dr. Mix well. To be usctt for unbroken
blains. — S. Olive oil, % pt.; while spermaceti, %
oz.; camphor, y^ oz.; mix with heal; addhydro-
cloric aatl, ^4 fluid oz. For unbroken blains
and good. ^-9. — Russian Ttmetiy. — TTie rind of
perfectly ripe cucumbers, with part of the flesh
of the fruit tied on, having previously l>een soak-
ed in worm water, with the inner side toward the
affected part.

All the above are for unbroken diilbkuns.—
10. For broken blains. Black oxide of iron, 1
dr.; bole, i dr.; oil of turpentine, 1 dr.; bees-
wax, )^ or.; rosin, ^ 01.; sweet oil, y^ oz.; or
better still : — 1 1. Rosin, 1 oz.; beeswax, 1 \^ oz.;
sweet oil, 3 oz.; calamine, (prepared car^nate
of lead) ^ OS. All but the last are melteil to*
gcther, and the last gradually stirred in until it
IS cool. Any bottom •<ediment is rejected.

01 all the recipes above given, we think the
last the must valuable.

CIIILDRES\ Care of, — Dress children
warmly, woolen flannel next their person during
the whole year. Dy every consideration, protect
the extremities well. It is an ignonmt barnariio*
that allows a child to have bare arms, and legs, and
feet, even in summer. Tlic circulation should
be invited to the extremities ; warmth does that;
cold repels it. It is at the hands and feet we
begin to die. Those who have cold hands and
feet arc never well. IMcnty of wrarrath, plenty
of subst-intial foo<l and ripe fruits, and plenty of
joyous out-door exercise, would save millions of
children annually.

214

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

CHLOROFORM, T^ prevent Dtath /nm.-^
£xpcrimcnts on inferior animals show that they
[jBuybe rcttorcJ. from ajipareiil UcaUi from chlo-
roform by the continuous galvanic current, the
negative pole being put in tne mouth and the po-
sitive pole in the rectum. In some cases the
animal was Icfl for two minutes in a ktalc of ap-
parent death and then restored.

CHOLERA. — The &ymplom& In this disease
are, a derangement in the digestive organs, jiain
in tlic loin» or knees, twitchings of the calve:* of
the legs, unpaired api>etite, thirst, and a slight
diarrhea. Ihese may last from a few hours to
.several days. It has been recently averred that
[the pulse is down to forty or fifty beats a min-
Vle for several days before the attack. In the
second stage there is vomiting and purging of a
thin* whiti.%n fluid, severe cramps in the legs, and
in the bowels and stomach. By these cramps llie
nusdes are drawn inio knots. Hie tongue
is {>ale andmoist ; the pulse feeble, though some-
timen full and firm ; the breathing hurried, with
distress about the heart; great thirst, ivith a feel-
ing of internal warmth; and tlic secretion of
urme entirely stopped. The watery portion of
the blood is soon run ofT, and the jiatient sinks
into the third stage, which is characterized by
great prostration; pulse hardly percctUiblc; skin
cold and clanimy; face blue or purple, and eyes
sunken; bands dark-colored and sodden; breath-
ing short and laborious; great heat in the
stomach, and intense thirst. Recoveries from
this stage seldom take place. Treatment — The
usual treatment of this disease is with laudanum,
administered every tlirec hours, in doses of five
|to ten drops, to check the diarrhea, in the first
Stage; and to give diloroform, opium, and other
powerful narcotics. Vills mode of pulverized
camphor, half a dram; pulverized opium, sixteen
rroins ; pulverized cayenne, half a dram, made
into sixteen piiU, and taken, one every hour, is
■ popular and often effectual remedy. It is as
|>oUcn, however, that the stimulauts without the
narcotics effect a cure. Brandy and cayenne,
ci\xn freely, have proven very potent to arrest
tne disease. To these must be added warming
injections; and the whole surface of the body
must be warmed bv hot bottles or bricks, by
rubbing with flannel, and tincture of cayenne.
The treatment must always be yzxy active, as the
disease makes rapid progress.

CHOLERA MORBUS,— This disease be-
gins with sickness and distress at the stomach,
succeeded by violent gripings, with vomiting of
thin, dirty-yellowish, whitish, or greenish fluid,
with discharges from the bowels similar to that
vomited. Tlic nausea and distress continue
between the vomiting and purging, and the pain
at times is intense, llic pulse is lapid, soon
becoming small and feeble. Uie tongue dry, the
urine high-colored, and there is much thirst,
though no drink can be retained on the stomach.
Treatment, — Apply a large mustard-poultice
over the stomach and liver. Give large drafts
of warm teas, by which means the stomach will
be cleansed of all its solid contents. Every
half-hour give tablespoonful doses of the com-
^jwund powder of rhubarb and potassa, until the
|VomittAg is checked. Warm injections must be
iven frequently, and hot bricks applied to the
ret, while the whole bo<ly should be swathed in
["^arm flannels. To get up a warmth of tlic body
' the stomzchf is, in uct, the most important

thing in this disease. Hot brandy, in which is
a dose of cayenne, is excellent, to quiet the
vomiting and griping. A few drops of laudanum
in the injections mar be given, if the pain is ex-
cessive; but generally it is not needed.

COLD, 3q avfiiJ ca/cAiH^. — Accustom your-
self to the use of sponging with cold water every
morning on Brst getting out of bed. It should
be followed with a good deal of rubbing with a
wet towel. It has considerable effect in giving
lone to the skin, and maintaining a proper action
in it, and thus proves a safeguard to the in-
jurious influence of coM and sudden changes of
temncrature. Sir Astley Cooper said: •'The
meinods by which I have preserved my own
health are — temi>erance, early rising, and spong-
ing the body every morning with cold water, im-
mediately after getting out of bed; a practice
whicli I have adopted for thirty years withonc
ever catchtngcold.

COLD^ To fut bad. — So soon as you feel
that you are taking a cx>ld — and you will generally
have notice before it amounts to niudt — place
your feet into water made as warm as you can
l>ear ; and keep them there about ten minules.
Change them, then, into a vessel containing cold
water — if iccwater, all the belter — and holcTlhem
into it about one minute; after which wipe dry
and put on warm siockiiigs.

COLD, To cure* — Before retiring soak the
feet in mustard water as hot as con Be endured,
and to bear it nt any great temperature, the feet
should nt first be plunged in a pail half JuU of
luke-warm water, adding by degrees very hot
water until the doired heat is arrived at; of
course the upper part of the bofly and the kncei
should be well protected with a blanket, i^^n
getting into bed take a hot camphor sling. Take
witli one tablespoonful of white sugar twelve or
fourteen drops of strong spirits of camphor,
with two tablespoonfuls of boiling water. Rub
the bridge of the nose between (be eyes with a
lilUe oil. Cuddle in bed aiid sleep it off.

COLICf E/LIOC'S. — This is a dangerous
disease. There is griping, twisting, tearing
pain, about the navel or sometimes over the
wliulc tieliy. It comes and goes by paroxysms.
Sometimes the abdomen is drawn m, at other
times swelled out, and stretched like adrumhead.
At first, the ])aia is relieved by pressure, tut
after a time the belly grows tender to the touch.
I'here is thirst and heat, and a discharge of
bilious matter from the stcimach. In the worst
cases, the pulse is small, the face pale, the features
shnihk, and the whole body Cdvcrcd with a cold
sweat. It is cause<l by irritating articles taken
into the stomach, vitLitetl bile, lung exposure to
cold, torpid liver and skin, great unnatural heat,
etc. — 7'reafmeftt. — Administer an active purgat-
ive injection immediately. Give a mixture of
pulverized camphor, four grains; cayenne, tn-elv«
^r.iins; white sugar, one scruple. This, divided
into four powders, and given cnce in fifteen
minutes, will relieve the pain— at the some time
mustard-poultice should be laid upon the beUy.
The sickness of stomach mav be allayed by bot
drafts over the stomach, in which arc afcwdrou
of laudanum. Also on the feet. Croton oU,
one drop done up in a crumb of bread, w ill ofken
purge successfully; or castor oil and spirits of
turpentine, equal parts, in two great-spoonful
doses, may be used before trying the other. A
warm bath is good, and botUcs filled with lioc

jamm

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL,

«5

water, placed at the feet and sides, to promote
pcrspiralioD.

COUC, n^IJVD.—rha is a serere and dis-
tresstng pain in the bowels, somclimes a stop-
page, ana swelling about the pit of the stomach
ana navel. The complaint may be caused by
weakness in the digestive organs, by indigestible
food, unripe fruit, or costivcness. — Treatment, —
If the pain is caused by having eaten any thing
indigestible, an emetic should be immt^dia.tely
taken. If this does not bring relief, a dose of
salts, or sweet tincture of rhularb may. If there
is no sickness at the stomach, a little essence of
peppermint in water, may be sufiident to expel
the wmd and give relief. If there be coslivencss,
aad continuea pain, a stimulating injection should
be given.

COLIC, LRAD.^U a disease to which pain-
ten, and workers in red and while leari, are sub-
ject, causing severe pains, tedious sickness, and
otifcen death. The disease is partially owing per-
b(Kps to breathing the fumes, but mainly uom
particles taken into the stomach by the food
which is handled. Workmen can effect a total
exemption from the disea-«:e by attending rigidly
to three things. — i. Keep the finger rails trinnn
ed closely so as to prevent particles o{ lead from
collecting under them and transference to the
httaA in eating it. — 2. Wash the hands well with
■oap and water, and rinse the mouth before eat-
ing.—3. Drink half a pint of sweet milk at each
BMal to antagonize the influence of any particles
of lead which may find their way into the stomach.
It has been found in thousands of cases that an
habitual attention to these things secures an cn-
tin exemption from lead colic

CONSUMPTIOy.~l\i symptoms and effects
■re only too well known. It remains only to be
said, that where any such tendency exists, much
may be done toward preventing its development,
by attention to the general laws of health. Fresh
ur, out-door exercise, cheerful company, and all
things that promote our best condition of health,
will do something toward warning off tliis dis-
cue, or even to cure it.

CONSUMPTION, Hemrdy /or,~~'V\ic follow-
ing is said to be an eflcctual remedy, and will in
time completely eradicate the disorder. Live
temperately — avoid spirituous liquors — wear flan-
nel next the skin — and take, every morning,
balf a pint of new milk, mixed with a winc-glass-
Ibl of the expressed juice of green hoarhound.
One who has tried it says — "Four weeks' use of
the boarhound and milk relieved the pains of my
breast, gave me ability to breathe deep, long, and
ftee, strengthened and liannoniecd my voice, and
restored me (o a better state of health than 1
had enjoyed for years,"

COA'NS, To cure. — Corns are entirely owing
to CODtinued pressure, such as wearing small
boots or shoes. At first they are the production
of Ae outer skin only, but bv gradually thick-
ening they at length come to De connected with
tbc true skin beneath, and even with the subja-
ccnt muscles. Prevention is better than cure.
Wear woollen stockings, and see that there is no
local and permanent pressure on any part of the
fbot — ^Tocurc : — 1. Put the feel for halt an hour,
two or three successive nights, in a solution of
gfyfa — iwo tablcspoonfuls ofsoda, in a small foot
tab of hot water. The alkali dissolves the in-
durated cuticle, and the corns &11 out. — 2. Tic a
pscee of nw cotton to the con&i and wet it several

limes a day with spirits of turpentine; this will,
in three days, cure the com without the least ap-
parent pain. — 1. Soak the feet in warm water,
pare on as much as possible of the homy part of
the corn, then lay upon it a moistened wafer,
and again upon this a piece of buckskin, with a
hole cut through it the size of the corn. Renew
the moist wafer twice a day, and in a few days
the corn will work out. — 4. To cure corns, take
a lemon, cut a piece of it off. then nick it (to as
to let in the toe with the com. Tie this on at
night so that it cannot move, and you will find
the next morning that, with a blunt knife, the
com will come away to a certain extent. Two
or three applications will effect a thorough cure.
— 5. The strongest acetic acid, applied night and
morning with a earners hair brush. In one week
the o^rn will disappear, — 6. Dissolve glue as you
would to mend furniture ; spread it on the corns;
place muslin rags over them to prevent llie glue
from sticking to the stocking; repeat the appli-
cation a few limes, and the cure will bceffectuaL

CORNS, SOI'T, To rwrc— Soft corns may
also be easily removed by applying ivy leaf pre-
viously soaked in strong vinegar, changing the
piece every morning j or by placing a dressing of
saip cerate, sprcaii on a bit of lint or old rag, be-
tween the iocs. Or take a piece of cotton just
large enough to fit comfortably between the toes,
spread it out and sprinkle prepared chalk over
il; then roll it up and place between the toes
where the com is. The cotton and chalk absorb
the moisture from the toe, and, by keeping the
com drv, soon effects a cure.

COSTIl'ENESS^ {ConsfiJMfiany—'nii^ is a
sluggish state of the l)owels which causes them
lo retain the feces longer than warrented by
health, is a very common disorder. In this
compUint, it is not always the case that the dis-
charges from the bowels are less frequent than
they should be, but they may be less in quan-
tity, hard, compacted, and passed with difhculiy.
It occasions headache, dizziness, fevenshness,
and bad feelings in the head not easily described,
loss of appetite, sometimes nausea, but little de-
sire to go to stool, a weight and heaviness about
the lower part of the belly, and a sense of con-
finement over the whole body. The disorder is
caused hy sedentary habits, especially when con-
nected with dose application of the mind, x<jtring-
cnt medicines, stimiilating diet, nervous diseases,
and irregular habits of evacuating the bowels.

Tnrafmtnt.—The first thing to be done is to
establish the habit of attempting to evacuate the
bowels at a particular hour everyday. The best
hour for most people is just after breakfast in the
morning. Wheihcr successful or not, the eflbrt
should on no account be omitted, as this regu-
lariiy w*ill do much to break up the costive habit.
To this should be added a diet composed of the
most digestible food. Bread made from unbolted
Hour is the only suitable bread in this disorder.
Fresh vegetables and fruit are the proper diet ;
and puddings, cakes, doughnuts, etc, must be
avoiaed until a cure is effected. Exercise, not
to fatigue, between meals is important. Frequent
bathing, and water injections, are the most cer-
tain and simple remedies. The injection should
be taken iusb before going to stool, at the regular
hour, and whenever the disposition to evacuate
the bowels is felt, until thc^ are able to relieve
themselves without much eflort

si6

DICTIONARY OF EVBRY-DA Y WANTS.

cmincnl French physician, a cold in the head can
be cured by inhding hartshorn. The inhalation

^ihould be by the nose, seven or eight times in
five minutes.

COUGHS AND COLD, Remtduxfer,—\,
Drop 3 cggH in l pint of vinegar, and let them
Stand for three days, then add K pound of hon-
ey, and mix well together, IJottle tight, and
take R ^4^^e-glas5ful night and morning. This
ffienicdy ii unequalled. — 2. Take one teacup of

[flaxseed, soak all night. In the morning put in
kettle, 2 quarts of water, a handful, split up, of

Hcorice root, W'of apound of good misins, broke
in half. Let inera l>oil until the strength is thor-
oughly, extracted, then add the flaxseed, which
has been previously soaked. Let all boil abotil
half an hour mpre, watching and &tirring, thai
the mixture may not bum. Then strain and add
lemon-juice and sugar to taste. Take anr quan-
tity, cold, through the day, and half a tnimlile-
fiu, warm, at night — 3. A coffee-cup of flaxseed,
2 quarts of water, boil several hours until reduc-
ed toajclly; strain through a thin cloth, squeeze
in the pulp and juice of a large lemon ; roll V of

^ pound of the be&t raisins, mix them in the jelly,
mer, without boiling, one hour; strain again,
Id half a teacup of the best loaf-sugar. Take a
iblespoonful every hour.
COVCI/Sf Soremu or Hoarsentss from. —
Spiken-ord root, bruised and steepctl in a tea-not,
by using half water and half spirits ; then intial-
ing tlie steam, when not to not, l»y breathing
through the spout, will relieve the soreness and
hoarscne>is of the lungs, or throat, arising from
much coughing.

COl'GJf, ly/fOOPAVG.—Thc AttAck gene-
rally begins as a common cold, with slight feverish
symptoms. In eight or ten days the fever par-
tially subsides, and the child gets attacks of con-
vulsive coughing, accompanied by the peculiar
"whoop" which gives the disease its name. The
number of attacks varies from cue or two to ten,
even fifteen in the twenty-four hours, accord-
ing to the severity of the disease. The child
should be kept in a warm room. He ought to
be clothed in flannel ; his diet should be Ught

^And nourishing, sudi as fish, milk, light puddings,
id new-laid eggs.

When the severity of the cH^ease has passed
off, change of air will be found most useful; and
if the child has become debilitated, luniot with
nutritious diet should be given.

This disease being very infectious, great care
should le taken to prevent communication of any
kind with houses where there are children who
have not already had whooping-eough.

COUGif IVIfOOriNG, Kemediei /t.— i.
Into half a pint of white vinegar break a freshly
kud egg : wDcn the egg is dissolved, add half a
pound of rock candy. Dose from three to four
tablespoonfuU per day. — 2. Unions and garlics,
sliced, of each 1 gill; sweet oil, i gill; stew them
in the oil, in a covered dish, to obtain the juices;
then strain and add honey, i gill ; paregoric and
spirits of camphor, of each ^ oz. ; bottle and cork
tight for use. Dose — For a child of 2 or 3 years,
t tea-spoon 3 or 4 times daily, or whenever the
oongh is troublesome, increasing or lessening,
according to ^^. — 3. Mix a quarter of a pound

, of ground elecampane root in half apint of strain-
";Tioncy and half a pint of water. Put them in
glazed earthen pot, and place it in a stone oven,

^nth half the heat required to bake bread* Let ,

it bake until about the consistence of strained
honey, and take it out. Administer in doses of
a teospoonful before each meal, to a child ; if an
adult, double the dose.

CROUP, — Croup seldom comes on sud-
denly. Generally it has at first no other symp-
toms than those of a common cold, but the very
moment the child is seen to carry Hu* hands
towards his throat, indicating discomfort there,
it should be considered an attack of croup, aal
should be treated accordingly. In this diseasf,
speedy action is important The best treatment
is by water. Immediately put cold, wet cloths
upon the throat, and upper part of the chesty
COTcred warmly by flannel, over the cloth.
Change them oUcn. Keep the wet cloths on in-
til the inHammation is subdued. The momcit a
mother observes croupy symptoms in a diild
from two to eight years, the especially crrapy
age, she should keep the child in her (.>wn r«oa«
by her own side, day and night, not allowing it
for a moment to go outside of the doors, kcepag
it comfortably w.irm, so that no chniiness or
draft of airsh.ill come over it. Light food ^hfiM
be eaten, no meals, hot bread or berries. The
whole body, the feet especially, should be kept
warm all the time.

CROUP, Othrr Remedies for. — i. Let a
healthy person fUI his lungs with pure air, Ihca
slowly breathe upon the patients throat and cksI«
commencing at the point of the chin, and immw
ing slowly down to the bottom of the windfipb
Repeat for a few mhiutes and it will give sjief
in cases where all other means fail. — a. Cut
onions into thin .slices; between them but brown
sugar and let it dissolve; a teaspoonful of the tyr-
up will give instant relief.

DEAFNESS. — When deafness is present in
infancy and childhood, it is accom]>anied with
dumbness, or imperfect articulation, in conse-
quence of the impossibility of conveying a know-
ledge of the sounds necessary for the exercise of
the imitative faculty of speech. A common
cause of deafness is some im|K'rfcction or ob-
struction of the passage leading to the membrane
of the tympanum or drum of the ear. In some
cases this passage is totally occluded by a mem-
brane, or some malformaUon of the tube, which
may frequently be removed by a surgic:J oper-
ation. Even instances of parLial obliteration of
this passage have occurred, which have been
cflfectually cured. A more frequent cause of
deafness is, however, the presence of foreign
bodies in the aural passages, or the accumulalion
of hardened wax. In these cases the b^t
treatment is to inject warm water into the ear by
means of a proper syringe, the head being placed
with that side upwards during the operatioo.
Insects may be destroyed by pouring a spoonful
of warm olive oil, or camphorated oit, into the
ear over night, retaining it there until the next
morning by means of a piece of cotlon wool,
Vhcn it may be wa^ed out with a little mild
soap and warm water, ^^'hen there is a deficient
secretion of wax, or a dryness of the nural pas-
sage, mild oleaginous stimulants should he em-
ployed. For this purjxtse a little olive or almond
oil, to which a lew drops of oil of turpentine,
oil of juniper, or camphor liniment, have been
added, may be used with advantage. When
deafness is accompanied ^-ilh continued acute
pain, or a discharge of a purulent matter, in-
namination of the tympanum, or some other

m^

iC^fi

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

portion of Ihe internal «ar, probably exists, and
medical advice ihould be sought as soon a& pos-
sible. The deafness that frequently accompanies
at Tiolcnt cold« is generally caused by obstructions
in the Eustachian tabe, and goes off as soon as
the secretions return to a healthy state. When
imperfect hearing depends upon obtundtty of the
Auditory nerve, or an extensive obliteration or
m^ormation of the internal ear, it scarcely ad-
mits of cure.

DEAFSESS, Remedies far.^X. Oil of al-
monds I lb. ; garlic, bruised 3 oi,\ alkanet root
y^ ot.; infuse and strain. A little is poured into
the car in deafness. — x. Take a quarter of an
Oiuice of shark's oil, ten drops of laudanum, and
five drops of turpentine, mix. Put three drops
in each ear every morning, and insert soft wool,
SO as to keep out the colcC

DEAFNESS {Trmfcrary) To Cure.— Tcm^
ponry deafness, arising irom cold, sitting in a
oiaught, and other causes, may be relieved and
cured by letting fall into the ear ten drops of a
mixture of sweet oil and one of glycerine every
night, until the duct which leads Trom the ear to
the nose is cleared; this wiin>e knovm by the
Mosation of the fluid passing from the ear Into
the nostril.

D£A Til, Sur£ Sign 0/:— Stick a needle an
inch or so into the supiMsed corpse. In the liv-
ing tissues the needle will soon become tarnished
and oxidised, whiUt in the actually dead it will
retain its polish. See also ''Burying alive."

DEUklL\\r\TREAfEXS.—'Ac greatest
di^ulty in the treatment of mania-potu is to
procure sleep, which is the indispensable con-
dition of recovery. The desideratum seems to
have been secured in Dublin by the use of red
pepper. In a case recently treated, a 60-grain
dose made into a pill was taken without any
difficulty. TTie immediate and sensible eflecls
were a burning sensation in the mouth and
throat, and a sense of diffused warmth through
the stomach and bowels for a brief period sul>-
sequemly. In less than an hour alter the pill
was taken the patient felt into a quiet sleep, and
ftftcr two or tnrcc hours awoke jwrfectly calm,
conscious and con>-aIcscenL The results thus
obtiined are fully borne out by the experience

» acquired, on a fikr larger scale of observation, in
the West Indies and in the Melville Hospital,
I>abUn.

DIASETES.^To cure lake syrup of yarrow

• iW o£s. Mix — lake 4 ounces once in 4 hours.
- ^lUa mast be continued fur 30 days, or until per-
leetW wcLL The food should be boiled beef-
steak and nothing else, except a very little bread
onoe a day. The bowels should be moved by a
mildoaUuric, one ounce (sixty grains) of Rhu-
barb at bed time*

DIARRHEA.— TYklA is a looseness of the
bowels occasioned either b^ unwholesome or
irritating food, by inflammation of some portion
eJ the bowels, or by debility. It is accompanied
by a rambling noise in the oowels, some bearing
down and uneasiness just before an evacuation,
and generally griping. The strength soon be-
es reducecC iJie skin pale, dry, and after a
sallow. — TreatmeHi. — The first, the most
and the most indispensable item in the
and cure of looseness of the Iwwels, is ab-
aolule 'quietude on a bed« Nature herself always
mompls this by disinclining us to locomotion.
The next thing b to eat nothing but common

rice parched like coffee, and then boiled, and
taken with a little salt and butter. Drink little
or no liquid ©f any kind, liilt of ice may be
eaten ana swallowed at will. Every step token
in diarrhea, every spoonful ofUquid, only aggra-
vates the disease. If locomotion i!> comnulsary,
the misfortune of the necessity may l>e lessened
by having a stout piece of woolen nannel bound
tightly around the aMomcn, so as to be doubled
in front, and kept well in its place. In the prac-
tice of many years we ha%f never failed to notice
a gratifying result to follow these observances.

DIARRHEA, Rrmedusfor.—i, Take one tea-
spoonful of salt, the same of good \'inegar, and a
tablcspoonfut of water : mix and drink. It acts
like a charm on the system, and even one dose
will generally cure obstinate cases of diarrhea or
the first stages of choler.i. If the first docs not
bring complete relief, repeat the dose, as it is
quite harmless. — 2. The best rhubarb root, pul-
verixcd, I oz.; peppermint leaf, I or.; cap^iicum,
^ oz.; cover witn boiling water and steep thor-
oughly, strain, and add bi-carbonate of potash
and essence of cinnamon, of each Y^ o<.; with
brandy (or good whiskey) equal in amount to the
whole, and lo.af sugar, 4 oz. Dose — For an
adult I or 2 table-spoons ; for a child 1 to 2 tea-
spoons, from 3 to 6 times per day, until relief is
onlatned. — 3. To half a bushel of blacklwrries^
wcU mashed, add a quarter of a pound of allspice,
2 ounces of cinnamon, 2 ounces of cloves ; pul-
verize well, mix and boil slowly until properly
done ; then strain or squeeze trie juice through
home-spun or flannel, and add to each pint of tne
juice I pound of loaf-sugar, boil again for some
time, take it ofl^ and, while cooling, add half a
gallon of the best cognac brandy.

DIARRHEA (tAiwi;V), Injfcthn f^r.Stw
milk, with thick mudlagc ot slippery elra, of
each I pint; sweet oil, I gill; molasses, % pt.;
salt, I ox.; laudanum, I dr. Mix, and inject
what the bowels will retain.

DISINFECTANTS.—i. Quicklime, to ab.
sorb moisture and putrid fluids. Use fresh stone
lime ; finely powdered ; sprinkle it on the place
to be dried, and in damp rooms place a number
of ^ilatcs or pans filled with the lime nowdcr.
Whitewash with pure lime, and not with kalso-
mine. — 2. Charcoal powder, to absorb putrid
nses. The coal must be dry and fresh, and
should be (.orobincd with lime. This compound
is the *'calx powder", as sold in the sliops. — 3,
Chloride of lime, to give off chlorine, to absorb
putrid effluvia and to sto[> putrefaction. Use it
as lime is used, and if in cellars or close rooms
the chlorine ^ is wanted, pour strong vinegar
or diluted sulphuric add upon your plates of
chloride of lime occastoaall^, and add more of
the chloride.— 4. Sal|)hate of iron (oo|^>enu) and
carbolic acid, to diainlect the discharges from
cholera patients and 10 purify privies and drains.
Dissolve S or to pounds of copperas in a common
pailful of water, and pour this strong solution
into the [)rivy, water-closets or drain, every hour,
if cholera discharges have been thrown in those
places; but for ordinary use, to kccj> privies or
water-closets from becoming offensive, pour a
pint of this solution into every water -dosct pan
or pri\7 seat every night and rooming. If there
is cholera in the house or district, let carbolic
add be added to this iron solution — one half tunt
of the fluid add to five gallons of the solution.
Bed-pans and chamber- vessels tre best disinCec^el

*

j^^

ai8

DICTIONARY OF EVBRY^DAY IVANTS.

with this mixed solution using a gill at a time—
J. Permanganate of {>ota5s^ to uc used in dis-
infccling rlothinp and tuwels from cholera and
fever patients, during the night, or when such
articles cannot be instantly Ixjilcrf. Throw the
soiled articles immcdialely inlo a tub of water in
which there hax lieen rlissolved an ounce of (he

e:nnanganate salt to every three gallons of water,
oil the clothing as soon as it \% removed from
Uiis colored solution. — 6. Carbolic acid, (fluid)
may be diluted at the rate of from forty to one
hundred parts of water to one of fluid add. Use
this solution for the same purposes as copperas
is used ; also to sprinkle upon any kind of garb-
age or decaying matter, ana on foul surfaces or
in drains. When used to disinfect clothing, car-
bolic acid of good quality should be thoroughly
xnixed with its own quantity of strong vinegar,
and next be dissolved in two hundred times its
own quantity of water, before the clothing is
immersed in it This mixture with vinegar in-
sures such complete solution of the carlwuc acid
that the clothing will not be '•burned" by undis-
solved drops ofacid when disinfected in the car-
bolic water. This weak solution (l part to 200)
will not injure common clothing. But to destroy
clothing as well as infection, mstantly, use the
add dtuiteil only ten to thirty times in its own
quantity of water. The dismfccting and anti-
septic jjower of good carbolic acid is so great that
one part of it to fifty or one hundred parts of
water is sufficient for ordinary purposes. For
drains, sewers, foul heaps, stables, and privies,
the cheap "dead oil" of coal tar or the crude car-
bolic acid answers every purpose when freely
applied. Coal-tar iUieli is available as a disin-
Cectant to paint upon the walls of stables, privy
Taults and drains. By mixing with sawdust or
dry lime, coal-tar or crude add may be used on
foul grounds or heaps of refuse. — 7. Boiling or
high-slcam heat.— Whenever foul clothing and
Inftjcted things can be boiled, or have a boiling
heal steadily applied and kept up for an hour,
this U one of the simplest and best modes of dis-
infection. But until such high heat is actually
applied to the infected things, some one of ibe
di!<infecting solutions must be used- A common
»tcam tub (in a laundry or elsewhere) willi a
tight cover is a good disinfecting vat.

First — Tilings tlwt should be disinfected are :
Deds, bedding and upholstered slufTs. Expose
to sunlight and ventilation freely and frequently.
If actually infected, thoroughly moisten every
part with best solution of 6 or 5, Second — Soil-
ed clothing, etc, from the sick with cholera or
any contagious disease. Use solution 5 or 6
precisely as directed, and as soon as the scaled
articles are removed from the patient ; or im-
merse them at once in boiling water. In any
case of infectious disease the clothing must Ijc
boiletl pre^ous to washing or drying. Infected
cloiliing must be Ihrcrwn into the water at bod-
ing heat, and that temperature should be kept up
for an hour. Third— -Carpets, sofas, lounges,
mattresses, floor;;, etc., infected by cholera ex-
crement or sraall-pox and other contagions:— I.
Thoroughly moisten every infected thing with
one of the carbolic or {lermanganatc solutions
(No. 5 or 6). — 2. To give still greater complete-
ness to the disinfection required for an infected
apartment and thick woollen stuffs, oiri^eis. etc.,
to which Ijoiling heat cannot be applied, fumigate
with suJpbuToas add, thus: — 3. Arrange to va-

cate the rcKon for twelve hours ; close every
window and aperture, and upon an iron pipkin
or kettle with legs, bum a few ounces of sul-
phur. Instantly after kindling it evcrv persoa
must withdraw from the place, and the room
must remain closed for succeeding eight hoars.
If any other kind of fumigation is resorted to (m
that oy chlorine, bromine ornitrous add,) a sa-
nitary officer or a chemist should superintend the
process. Fumigation should be resorted to in
dwelling houses only by officbl orders or f«i-
mission, as the disinfecting gases are very poi-
sonous. Fourth— Finally let fresh air and sunlight
purify every place they can reach. Open and dry
all cellars and vaults, and keep the grounds and
surfaces about dwclhngs as diy and dean us pos-
sible. Use fresh lime or the ••oiIk nowdcr"
freely upon wet or ofTensive surfaces. Flush the
water-closets and drains daily before throwing in
the disinfectants as directed. Let domestic afid
personal cleanUness be everywhere observed.
There are no substitutes for fresh air and watQ:,

DIS/XFECTAXTS, pMit.— i. One of the
l>cst and most pleasant disinfectants is cofTec;
the simplest way to use it is to pound the well-
dried raw beans in amortar and strew the powder
over a moderately heated iron plate. The simple
traversing of the house with a roaster contain-
ing frcsh^^'ft'^stcd coflec will dear it of oflensive
smells, — 2. The onion is a superior disinfectant.
Two or three good-sized ones, cut in lialves.axul
phiccd on a plate on the floor, absorb the noxious
eHluvta, etc., which are generated in the sick-
room, in an incredibly short space of time. They
should be changed every few (say 3) hours,

DirrilEKIA.—i. A French medical journal
gives the following particulars of a caive of
diplheria that was cur^ by ice : The patient was
a woman of twenty-four, who had just been
confined. She complained of sore threat, could
hardly swallow, and her tonsils, UNotla, palate,
and adjacent parts were covered with au extreixi-
cly adventitious membrane ; the sub-maxillary
ganglions were swollen and painful, and a short
cough was occasionally heard. After trying some
other remedies, ice was prescribed. During
seven hours the patient constantly kept a bit of
ice in her mouth ; it gave her pleasure, and she
felt that it eased her considerably. In the course
of tltat time, the membranes had nearly disap-
peared endrcly, the pulse Imd fallen from eighty
to seventy-six, and the general state uf the patient
had improved. In the course of the foltcming
day the cure was complete. — 2. Take a commoo
tobacco jnpe, place a live coal in the bowl, drop
a little tar upon the coal, draw the smoke into
the mouth, and discharge through the nostrils. —
3. A simple and successful treatment of diptheria
may be found in the use of lemon juice, (iargle
the throat freely with it at Uie same time swal-
lowing a portion, so as to reach all the affected
parts. A French physician claims that he saved
bis own life with tnis pleasant remedy.

DISEASES OF CHILDREN.— ChWdxca
might be saved a great many kinds of disease,
if proper care was given them. By this I da
not mean that mothers should wear thcmsehres
out in waiting upon them — that is what ihey do
now— but that they should give them the right
kind of care.

In the first place, their young lungs must have
pure air, ami enough of iL Their sleeping-
rooms should be well ventilated, and they should

J

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL,

I

P

I

be oat of doors as much as possible. The next
thing is lo clothe them warmly, so ihat (hey can
be out of doors, safely and comfortably. Put
fluinel next their skin; let Ihcmwcar high dres-
»es, moderately long; woolen stockings and
worsted drawers in winter, and cotton in sum*
mer; thick shoes, long sleeves, etc If they do
not look quite so pretty for it now, they will
rcpa/ you in good looks and good hoilth when
they arc older. •

Keep their skin dean and active, by frequent
baths; not cx[>osing them to ihe air immediately
mfter trathing, unless it is to have a good run.
Give them plain, simple, nourishing fowl, plenty
of it ; but not too much, nor at irregular times.
Stuffed children always have a bowel complaint,
as they must. Give them plenty of sleep, loo,
and have them go to bed .ilways by a certain
early hour. Treat them kindly but firmly. Do
not Uisturb their digestion with cross humors,
nor allow Ihcoa to do so themselves. Onl^ by
babits of obedience can they be mode either
bcalthy or gooiU Do not give young children
tCA, or cofiee, or liquors. They do not need
them, and are better without them.

DISEASE IX CHI LORE S% Signs of.^
In the cose of a baby not yet able to talk, it
must cry when it is ilL The colic makes a baby
cry loud. long, and passionately, and shed tears
•—stopping for a moment and beginning again.

If the chest is affcclcd, it gives one sharp cry,
breaking off immediately, as if crying hurt it.

IS Uic head is affected, it cries in sharp, pierc-
ing shrieks, with low moans and wails between.
Or there may be quiet dozing, and starlings
between*

It is easy enough to perceive, where a child is
attacked by disease, that there has some change
taken place; for cither its skin will be dry and
bot, its ap[>ctite gone; it is stupidly sleepy, or
fretful and crying; it is thirsty, or pale and
languid, or in some way 1>etrays that soipcthing
Is wrong. AVhen a chll<l vomits^, or has a
vfiorrfaea, or is costive and feverish, it is owing
lo some derangement, and needs attention. But
these various symptoms may continue for a day
or two before the nature of the disease can be
determined. A warm l>ath, warm drinks, etc,
can do no harm, and may help to determine (he
case. On coming out of the bath, and being
wrcll rubbed with the band, the skin will show
symptoms of rash, if it is a skin disease which
has commenced. By the appearance of the ra^h,
the nature of the disease can be learned. Measles
are in patches, dark-red, and come out first
about the face. If scarlet fever is impending,
the skin will look a deep pink all over the body,
though mo&t so about the neck and (ace. Chicken-
pox shows fever, but not so much mimiDg at the
BOic, and appearances of cold, as in measles,
SDOr is there as much of a cough. Besides, the
spots are smaller, and do not run much together,
and arc rociie diffused over the whole suriace of
the skin; and enlarge into little blisters in a day
<a two.

DIZZINESS. — ^This may come from dys-
pep&ta, over exertion, or any derangement of the
ctrcuUtion. Avoid the cause, and keep the feet
warm, and the head cnoL

DRINKING IN SUMMER.~\i very
thirsty sip, do not pilp, especially if drinking
iced waler. The sudden deaths while drinking
feequenti/ recorded in summer, are due to para.

lysis of the stomach, produced by drenching it
suddenly with iced water. By sipping thirst is
more thoroughly quenched and less water is
needed; for in all seasons the quantity taken is
an important matter, nearly as important as the
temperature.

DRUNKENNESS, RfmedUsfor.—l, Who-
ever makes the attempt to abandon spirit-drink-
ing,'wtll find, from time to time, a rankling in
Ihe stomach, with a sensation of sinking, cold-
ness and inexpressible anxiety. The following
tonic will help restore the vigor of the stomach.
Take of gentian root, % ounce; valerian root,
I drachm, best rhulxirb root, 2 drachms; bitter
orange peel, 3 drachms ; cordamon seeds, }^ an
ounce, and cinnamon bark i drachm. Having
bruised all the above together in a mortar (the
dniggist will do it, if requested), pour ujxin it
1% pints of boiling water, and cover up dose;
let rt stand till cold; strain, bottle, and cork
securely; keep in a dark place. Two table-
spoonfuls may be taken every hour before meals,
and half that quantity whenever the patient feels
that distressing sickness and prostration, so gen*
erally present for some time after alcoholic stim-
ulants have been abandoned. — 2. Sulphate of
iron, 5 grains; nuignesia, lo grains; peppermint
water, lidradims; spirits of nutmeg, Ituachm;
twice a day.

DRUNKARDS, To Rfform.—Tixiu emetic,
eight grains, rose water, four ounces, mix. Put
a tables noon ful into the whole quantity the man
drinks tnrough the day, and let him take it as
usual ; be sure not to exceed this quantity. An-
other cure is to compel the patient to drink
nothing but strong spirits for a week; he will be
thoroughly disgusted.

D YSENTER Y. — This is an inflammation of
the mucous membrane lining the lower bowels.
The rectum, or lowest bowel, is generally the
part most affected. The disease comes on with
lassitude, shivering, a hot skin, and quick piUse.
These arc followed by griping ]xiins in the bow-
els, and a constant desire to pass their contents.
In general, the passages arc small, composed of
mucus mixed with blood, and are attended with
griping and straining; and sometimes bjr nausea
ana vomiting. The natural feces pass off m small,
round, lurd lumps. The mucous discharges are
at first without much smell, but as the disease
increases become very offensive in odor. The
disease is causetl by sudden changes from hot to
cold, by which the peri^piration is suddenly
checked. Hot weather and mdigestibte food may
produce it.

D YSENTER Y, Cum for, — Tincture of
rhubarb, tincture of capsicum, tincture of cam-
phor, essence of ginger and laudanum, equal
parts ; mix, shake well, and take from ten to
twenty drops every thirty minutes until relief is
obtained. Phis is a dose for an adult Half the
amount for a child under twelve years of age, —
2. Take some butter off the churn, immedbtcly
afler being clmmed, just as it is, without being
salted or washed; clarify it rn-er the fire like
honey. 5>kim off all the milky particles when
melted over a clear fire. Let the patient (if an
adultj take two tables poonfuls of^ the clarified
remainder, twice or thrice within the day. This
has never failed to effect a cure, and in many
cases it has been almost instantaneous, — 3. In
diseases of this kind, the Indians use the roots
and laiTcs of the blackberry-busli— a decoctiaa

i

I

saor

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

of which in hot walcr, well boiled down, is taken
in doses of a gill before each meal, and before
retiring to bed. It is an almost infallible rure.
— 4. Ueat one egg in a teacup ; add one table-
Spoonful of loaf sngSLT and half a icaspoonful of
ground ^pjce; fill the cup with 5wecl milk. Give
the patient one tablespoonful once in ten minutes
tintil relieve*]. — 5. 1 ake one tablespoonful of
common snlt, and mix it with two table-spocnfuls
of vinegar and pour upon it a half-pint of water,
cither hot or cold (only let it be taken cool.) A
wine-glass full of this mixture in the above pro-
portions, taken every half-hour, will be found
quite efficacious in curing dysentery. If the
stomach he nauseated, a wine-glass full taken
every hour will suffice. For a child, the quantity
should be a teaspoonful of salt and one of rinegar
In a tcacupful of water,

DYSPEPSIA. — This disease, from which so
many suffer, and which is caused in so many
various ways, gives the physician a great amount
of trouble. Its "lymptoms arc now so weil known
as hardly to need description ; and ihey vary so
much according to the stage or cause of the dis.
ease, that it is diflRcult to give them in a small
space. Most often there is a sensation of tight-
ness or weight in the stomach, after meals, a
changeable appetite, flatulency, acidity of stom-
ach, general distress and nervousness, and some-
limes vomiting. A feeling of sinking and empli-
ne5LS in the stomach is also one of its signs, and a
weakness so great at thai particular spot, that it
is hard to sit up straight. The tongue is coated
white, and there is a bad taste in the mouth, oc-
casional heartburn, headache, palpitation, and
tenderness at the pit of the stomach. The urine
is high-colored, and bowels irregular. Some-
times the nervous system becomes so affected by
long-continued indigestion, as to produce a com-
plication of disorders very difficult to cure.

The causes arc insufliaent mastication of food,
too highly-seasoned food, and sedentary habits,
OS well as anxiety of mind.

The treatment should, in the first pl.ice, re-
move the cause. The bowels should be kept
open, the quantity of food taken rhouldbe rather
small, and well cncwed, nothing exciting to the
stomach should be taken into it, and out-door
exercise should be taken, but not too soon after
meals. For removing costiveness, give a pre-
paration of rhubarb and bicarbonate of potassa.
For acidity, prepared charcoal, in teaspoonful
doses, may be used. A good remedy is pulver-
ized gnaincum, rhubarb, and prepared charcoal,
equal parts, in teaspoonful doses. Too much
brain-work must not be done, and the spirits
should be kept cheerful, and the body active.
Nothing is better for digestion than laughter. A
remedy that has effected a cure is to take a piece
of rennet, the site of a dollar, and soak in a cup
of water. Give one great spoonful three times a
day. This simple preparation has effected a
complete cure, after trying every thing else, to
no purpose, for several years.

EAR' AC HE, ^rw/i/fW/iV.— Generally heat
is the best remedy. Apply a warm pcjultice or
warm oil to the car. Rub the back of the ear
with warm laudanum. Tn case of a frctid dis-
charge, carefully syringe the ear with warm milk
ftnd water, Tn all cases keep the ear thoroughly
cleansed. Relief is often given by mbbing the
back of the car with a little hartshorn and water.
"■* _^Top some warm glycerine into the ear by ,

means of a quill, nnd afterwards introduce a
piece of wool. Wool plucked from a blanket is
the most suitable ; the fibres are elastic, and do
not coalesce into a hard pellet as cotton is apt
to do.

EARy To Rrmove Insftts that have Emttred
it. — Let the person, under this distressing
cumsiance, lay his head upon a table, the sit
upwards that is afflicted; at the same time, Iet~
some friend carefully drop into the car a little
sweet oil, or oil of almonds. A drop or two wiU
be suPficienl, which will instantly destroy the in-
sect and remove the pain, howcTcr violent. Then
syringe with warm water.

E.4R, Ti> Rrmne Fprripi SoJur from. — Dl
Hutchinson, in the London Medical Timci, sai
the safest and most effective way of removing
foreign substances from the car, is to make i
inches of very fine and flexible wire into a loc
pass it down to the tympanum, and turn it genti
around. He thinks it far preferable to the
or to sTringing.

ERVSIPELAS.—'niM is an inflammation
the skin, af&cting only a portion of the body'
surface, and is accompanied by fever, which '
thought to be contagious. The local inflammat
spreads; it is deep, and attended by swellinft^
burning, and tingling heat; and by a rednt
which disappears when the skin is pressed
the finger, and returns on remitting the prrssui
— Symptoms. — Chilliness and shaking, foIl<
by heat ; depression of spirits ; weariness,
in the back nnd limbs and in the head ; qi
hard puhe, thirst, loss of appetite, tongue cos
white, bitter taste in the mouth, nausea, romi
ing, pain in the stomach, and costiveness. Th<
symptoms appear several days before the 1(
inflammation; they increase with the redness^
the skin, and disappear upon its decline,
nervous system is very much affected, and a Ic
dehrium comes on. When the inHaramalic
subsides, the Ixiwels relax, and the scarf-
peels off. Sometimes matter forms under tl
skin, and occasionally mortification takes ,
Tlie face is generally the seat of the disease ; aii<
it commonly begins on one side of the nose,
spreads over that side of the iace» closing up the
eye, and disfiguring the features shockingly, la
from three to five uaj-s small blisters are discenv
ible on the inflamed parts, which increase in size
until they break and discharge the water. The
disease runs about nine days, when the blisteis
dry, nnd the skin peels off, — ^To cure keep thd.
p.iticnt in bed, on a low diet, — bread and wite#
— the nearer a starvation diet the l)ctter, keeping
the inflamed part of the face or other part oft
body covered by soft linen cloths, wrung out
cool water and changed every half hour or boni:^,
A poultice made of^cran berries, pounded finfl^
ana anplie'd in a raw state has been recommend

EMISSIONS, IrtivJunttify. — An involuni
emission of semen during sleep, inducing _
emaciation and debility. — TrfatmenL — Ahs!
from all sexual indulgence and lascivious ideas
books, sleep on a hard bed. use the cold badk^
daily, i»-ith a generous and nourishing dicL
Chalybeate water and all the difTcrent preparft^l
lions of iron, with the cold infusion of bark an4J
elixir of vitriol, as directed for indigestion, shooldj
be freely employed.

EPILEPSY— T^\s !s a disease characterizoi]
by asudden loss of consciousness, strong spa$m%<
and interrah between the fits. The attadL ii

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL,

I

sudden, and the palient falls down, sometimes
with X cry, sometimes in silence ; either with con-
TulsioDa, uid foaming at the mouth, or with a
Bsere suspension of consciousness. In a short
time the iiruggles cex«, if there be any, and the
patient seems to sleep, after which he recovers,
andi^ apparently well. — Treatment. — Very Hltle
can lie aonc for the patient during the fit, exce[}t
to protect him from injuring himiclf by the vi-
oloicc of the convulsions, A piece of leather or
cock should be placed between the back teeth to
ppcrent the tongue being bitten. Remove the
Dcdc-doth and collar; and if the bowels are sus-
pected to be overloaded, give aa injection. The
trotment during the intervals must depend on
die cause. If it be worms, expel them ; if diffi-
ciUt breathing, lance the gums ; if by uterine dis-
tnrtKUice. search out the nature, and treat nc-
Oordingly ; if the complaint arise from indigestible
Ibod, great attention must be ^w^n to diet and
the general health. Regular habits, and light,
digestible and nourishing food, are very import-
anL The bowels must oe kept regular l^>y t'^e
Ibod if possible; if not, by raila laxatives. Ton>
ics must be given, and some strengthening lini-
ment rubbeaupon the spine dailv.

EXCORIATION.— \xiyx}^^ cliildren are very
apt to be chafed under the arms, behind the car?,
fcetwecn the thighs, and in the wrinkles and folds
of the skin, unless great attention is paid la clean-
liness and wiping the skin perfectly dry after
vashing. Whenever there is a lendencv to ex-
ooriationsof this kind, cither in adults or children,
a Bttlc finely powdered starch, or violet powder,
applied by means of a pufT, or a small bag of
ntulin. once or twice a day, will generally re-
move them, and prevent their occurrence m fu-
ture. See also "Chafing".

EYE-SIGHT^ To Frrsert't.—X, Never sit
lor any length of time in absolute gloom, or ex-
posed to a blaze of light. The reason on which
this rule is foandea pro^'es the impropriety of
goinf hastily from one extreme to the other,
vheuer of darkness or of light, and shows us that
a southern aspect is improper for those whose
si^t is weak and tender.

2. Avoid reading !iniall print, and straining the
cres by looking at minute objccL"^,

3- Do not read in the dusk, nor, if the eyes be
diKirdered. by candle-light.

4. Do not permit the eyes to dwell on glaring
ol^ect.<;, more particularly on first waking m the
morning ; the &un should nut of course be suf.
fered (o shine in the room at that time, and a
moderate quantity of light only should be ad-
mitted. For the same reason!^, tlie furniture,
walls, and other objects of a bed-room iihoulil not
bcaltogetlicr of a white or glaring color ; indeed,
those whose eyes arc wc\k, would find considera-
ble advantage in ha\-ing green for the furniture,
and as the prevailing color of their bed-chambers.
Katnte confirms the propriety of this direction,
for the Ught of the day comes on by slow degrees,
and ^recn is the universal color she presents to
OBF eyes.

5. Those indiridnals who arc rather long-
ai^ited should accustom themselves to read with
the book somewhat nearer to tlie eye than what
Aey nahirillv like : while others, that are rather
»hi rhcmsclves lorcad \nlh
iJv iihlc. Hy these mcins,
b*:'iu ".M ..«,-.j.^ .V..1 strengthen their si^hf,
while a ooolxaiy course Incrcasci its natural im-

perfections. It is well to read or &ew with the
light above or behind, rather than in front of the
face, or with a shade to protect the eyes from
glare.

EVES, To y**dge Mthtn tkty rcauirg tAe
A sjistantf c^ SPECTACLES.— I. When vf ease
obliged to remove :»inall objects to a o^nsidcrable
dL^tance from the eye in order to see ihcm dis-
tinctly.

3. If we find it necessary to get more light than
formerly, as, for instance to pLicc the caudte be*
tween the eye and the object.

3. If, on looking at, and attentively considering
a near object, it fatigues the eye and becomes
confused, or if it appears to have a kind of dim-
ness or mist before it.

4. When small printed letters are seen to nut
into each other, and hence, by looking siead£islly
on them, appear double or treble.

5. If the eyes are so fatigued by a little exer-
cise, that we are obliged to shut them from lime
to time, so as to relieve them by looking at dif-
ferent objects.

When oU these circumstances concur, or any
of them separately takes place, it will bo neces-
sary to secK assistance from glasses, which will
case the eyes, and in some degree check their
tendency to become worse t whereas, if they be
not assisted in time, the weakncss^wiU be con-
siderably increased, and the eyes be impaired by
the efforts they arc compelled to exert.

EVE, {Black) Ilffia tc cute. — Immediately
after the eye has been struck with force enougn
to make it bbck, apply a cloih wet with water
just as hot as you can bear it ; keep on applying
the water for fifteen or twenty minutes, and the
ci^pilated blood will become thin and pass off
into its natural channels, and leave the eye per-
haps swollen, but clear of blackness.

EYE {S//, in) To cttre. — Put a teaspoonful
of soda in a small bag, pour on it just enough
boiling water to moisten it, then put it on the eye
pretty warm, keep it on all night, and in the
morning the stye will most likely be gone; if not,
a second application is sure to remove it,

EYE^ ( \Veak and Sore') Remedietfor.—\. Sul-
phate of line three grains, tincture of opium
ten drops, w^tcr two ounces. To l>e applied
three or four times a-day. — 2. Take an egg and
roast it after which remove the shell, then L-df
it, take the yolk out and fill the canities left in
the whites with finely pulverised alum. Place
in a thin cloth and press all the juice out. Bottle
the Liquid thus obtained, and bathe the eyes with
it. For ordinary sore eyes it is an excellent re-
medy.— 3. Table salt and white vitriol, of each,
I table-spoon ; heat them upon conperor earthen
until dry; the heating drives ofTtnc acrid or bi-
ting -^vatcr called the water of crystallixaiion,
making them much milder in their action ; now
add to them soft water, % pt. ; putting in vhite
sugar, I table-spoon; blue vitriol a piece the sire
of a common pea. If it should prove too strong
in any case, add a little more sou water to a vial
of it. Apnly it to the eyes 3 or 4 times daily. —
4. B.ithe the eyes night and morning; with tepid
water, and then use the following lotion: — Oxide
of line, 1 drachm ; rose water, a ounces. Mix.
If the cycUd« stick together in the morning a
little weak citrine ointment si " incd

should be applic*! at bedtime to 1" the

lids with a feabier or the tipof thL ,...j^^.. — 5. An
alum kilion is beneficial to weak and walerj

DICT/O.VARV OF EVEJSY-DAY JrAXIS.

LT !«•

i^Tirg hslfx drarhaa 2r.kle4 ard fee: w.:i

ir zir.-ft !_;- -w-.-^ Six L-cscCT *;: rose-wi:er. — V^rr.e fcr 5 ~r 13 =ir-tss. This w2 j&sei
t '^-..z.'!^* 1: r --^ 2 £73.: ti.-.mre cf c-:-jir.. j- '.«*»::«;'.< jlrw. isi-i-?Kw*io i? low-XBeiet
".iiia}:ir-. . : is ; r-.*^-**:»-. 2 cr*.; =:ii. Pu: c^ve -.o ccn- jl-= :f c:ic ie; ir bed. Frtqaal
* irjiZ'T z tiroes da-Ir. — 7. ' wishing i::£ rsrrz:; i€= ioraghH dry'wifc
s-j.:s ::';«.-., ir.i rock sal:, of! a I:ner. cl?± cr fan^tu a ^isef^ for tiesnc
jir. 1 ::.; s-.f: water, is ozs.; [ purpose.

L-i -5ca? -."ii-r eve wa:er. — I FEET, FrrruJ.-^To ;elif e ibe iatCHe

I -s-; »-^r cf leaf, !, ci.: 1 itching cf fixated sck. citsoZve alacr cftfaa&a

1 :a.-v:--i:e :f :rLr.. ?, cr.; sal:, ar.d a !:::> wa'.er, a=i batbe tbe paitwM it.

a

c -■-:-.

'I'^i-I,

i 1^. :( Etih I
K.r: warer. ^2 '.

,3

«py.r. ; '.he white* c-f 2 egg?; | ir.g it t<f:re 0:e f re. Owr or rwo ajpfpocdni

/S-!.i ■=

.«-; =_i •_::€ whites of iae ecgs,
Eijir, arl :.-5r. we„ Togetaer,
I'.rr. — c ti'hm fxcf::ne\ in-

.T t*::.::

;S»

Karidful o

)f hq:

ii wi:*r, ri:rz.j ■.- fr.— », '-0 1 dr. cf c-^:um,
wh-'t 'ic'-ij; *r.-:: :■.;".'. wim, !aT the hcp^
c-^ :!-^ €T*< arl i»*7- ther: wet wi:k the water
i^ tX^i ■j'.rr wer- V:'H. — 10. If sore eii*e5

,t

.;«

^t' wis

-/

a l;:tlfi cf the oaide of line
r.i ■;*€ it rather freel)* — it
:T:r^I:T. — ix. Castile soar.
•J-.e -i-jartlrT cf very finelv
**: theni tp to a paste with
£:'. : wher. cesired 10 appiv to
T three cro^^s of brandr into
h»r. la'*;e out a h:: of ii where
jil ir. size to the
he diseased eve ;

i-*: : w»: ::

are ^-sre t? g-ire relief.

FEET, TrmJr^. ~~VCcas vocQec sods «
stock-lr.g?, ar.i ;har.pe then frvqceziXlT. Bute
s ' both Tvjr fee: arc I.-wer !i^t5 is a sotmiai cf
cTicir'rr. salt, a pc-^rd c^ 5^: to a ga2oa of viler;
\\'her. srnr.g water is C5«d. add a talUespooiM
of cirS?"!3te cf 5>ia t? e^rrr pnt of waMr. Tk
tocL« or shoes w:± soft leather cppcn, and sola
not too lh:r!.

FEIO.V. Cu^f.'/rr.—\^ scm asdie&oK
is fe'.; r-t dirtily ever the spec a ffybKstera
aVoui tlr.e sire of yo^ir ihunb naiU »d leehn-
main f-.r six h:-rs. at the exrintioD of vUck
time, d;rect:y under the s*.iHacv cfTbebfisUrnlf
V-e seen the'felcn, whidi can be instantlT okdl
cut with

.71*^, e;:

P'jt :t into the eve
-12. Sahf. Take

•m*- :: ^r. 1 - :: o: g.i3>, ar.i
■».:-. a d-T.V.'s ha;r per.d
»:.:-.* • -rc:;/:tat*, I tec-ir-tXin and rub it into a
lilvt ^.:h 3:ea--p»o:.r.s of fre^h lard, and applied
r-<,r. th* outi-'ie Vf the lii of the worst chronic.
('.\rt'' crtir.ued,, s'-re eyes, has cured them
■■h^r, •-.•T were so },^'\ that even the eye-lashes,
';;!.» •, had fs"er. out. from the disease.

FA/.VT/.VO.— Kacc the patient uprn the
lock, with the head !' w ; let fre^^h air mto the
T'j^jzr. ;r.-.tar.tly, and a; j!y gentle friction. Apply
djT.i-hor or^firits of hart -.horn upon the fore-
he:-'3, ar.d £>/out the n'^.^tr:;*.

FEET. C^rf ■/. — Manv are careless in the
Kt-j^ :nc ' f the feet. If they wa?h them once a
•*'«i:, t'r.-y 'Mr.k they are diing well. They d:j
r.'.t f-r. ■; 1^-r that the L:rge.>t pores of the sv.-^tem
a:r I'Kzt'A n the Sotf^m of the f'X>t, and thjt
th* rr.o.it cfT'.r.'.ive n-.aitcr is discharged throi:gh
the zot:'-'. Thty wear stockings from the begiT^-

e e:-.d

■.e week without change, which
bein:** nr.'/.iy s^aturate-.l with <^!Tcn*ive matter.
— r; h=a!:': i- generatcl hy such treatment of
the feet. 'I'he 7'. res are not rcpellanls, but ah-
forbants, and this fnetid matter, to a greater or
!e>* extent, is taken back into the svstcm. The
leet sho;:H !< washed every day with pure water
only, as well a^ the armpits, fmm which an of-
fensive o ior i-; also emitted, unless daily abolution
i': practictd. Stockings should not l»c worn more
than a day or two at a time. They may be worn
or.e *\r.yt and then aired and sunned, and worn
acothfr dav, if necc^^arv.

FEET.'UUSTERkn.—yo cure blistered
feet from I..n;; walking, ruh the feet, at going to
l»cd, with -; :rit^ mixcti wilh tallow.

FF./iT, C\:j. — The best method of averting
coHne<;5 in the feet and lower limbs is to wear
two pair.i of stockings of different fabrics, one of
Rilk or cotton, and the other of wool ; the two
fabric* serving to keep in the natural heat of the
feet.

FEET,(Cc.'.n -•/i?<'./-7>W.— Praw off the
stocking; j'dH before undressing, and rub the

:he pcir.: of a ceedle or a lanceL— 4^
Take e-cual :uant;'Jes of sofi.soaip and quid-fiaCb
ir.ix til! ab'."'u: the ccnsrstency of puttr, nifcc
into little balls, ar. i as often as one dries mtf
another: ihey viV. need, to be cbanged amt
every half hour, and wHl be incFeasingly pauU
> with each successive charge, but in lliree or fbtf
! h-*i:rs the suppuration wilfbe coxnfJete. aad ite
felon al! drawn cut, leaving a little bole
To the bone, which will soon heal np^
only to be washed daily »-ith Castile soip!
warm water, and kept corered vith adheshc
piaster. Hard-soap may be dissolved in »«■
water and useil instead of soft, bat soap made of
w-x^-Jashes is best. — 3. A poultice of onitWi
Erviicd m^^ming, no^'^n and night, for threecf
fur cays, will cure a felon. — ^4. Insert the finC
or ihun^b, whiche^xr the case may be, intoi
lemon, in the first suges of the disease, andkcq*
it en twelve to twenty-four hours, and it »iU i**
lieve the pain and cure without any fiuAff
trouble. — 5. Take equal parts of gum camping
opium, castile soap, Virown sugar; wet to apw*
with spirits of tur]-«ntine, and apply like a sihft
Those who have tried it say it is an inTaloiUe
remedy. — 6. Take common rock salt, sndi^
used in salting down beef or pork, and mix *w
spirits of turpentine in equal puts, and tf a
gets dry put on more, and in twenty-fonr hoB*
vou are' cured. — 7. When you fear a felon is cfl**
ing, put a pint tin cf boiling water on the sto**!
then add to that a teaspoonfiil of salcratas and I
wineglass of vinegar; neat this ererylittle wh*
say from half an hour to an hour, and htdd yo*
finger in it till the pain subsides; repeat this »1
vou see all the matter drawn to one |Jace; tbci
}ia\'e it opened and vour finger will heaL

FKVE/i and v^ttTiT.— This, ihetnieinW-
mitlent fe^-er, comes on with an ague-fit, wW™
has three stages — the cold, the not, andw
sweating. In the first stage, the patient ya«*
stretches, feels weak, has no appetite, and doeJ
not wish to move. The face and extremities beccn*

}vilc, the skin shrinks, and is covered with fi0056
lesh ; the patient shakes, and his teeth oiatt^
Then, after a time, these symptoms decline, aw
the patient's fever comes on very TiolcDtlf 1 S"

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

MJ

»mforuble sensations. As the
the sweating stage comes on,
irition is generafly profuse ; the
it^ natural tcmpemiure, the pains
lish, and a fcding of health comes
|eral!y a voracious appetite. There
tonlarity in the time of coming on,
^the ague-fits, though usually they
wr each day in appcaxing. In this
»Ieen is very much oppressed with
in from the surface, and often be-
^ enlarged as to be plainly felt by
his is a malarious disease. — Treat-
nrels may be opened with a gentle
mt sftlU uid senna. In the cold
K and stimulating drinks, use foot-
ttles, etc., and try every expedient
ith. In the hot stage, give cool-
administer quinine mixture, as
quinine, one scruple; alcohol,
ilphuric add, five drops. Mix.
iful every half-hour during the
le time giving five-drop doses of
ie every hour. \Vhcn.the sweating
Ml* stt^ the vcratrum, and rub the
dry towels. In the intermission
in mild cases, other tonics than
Uect a cure. The nursing of the
■Uhing, sweating and rubbmg are
jrtant port of the treatment, in this,
ber diseasei>. In ague districts, the
nrcnin^ air, are to be avoided.
mi AOl 'E, Other Rcmedifs fi*r. —
Inices of gum camphor and enclose
!l bag about four or five inches
;pend the bag over the pit of the
means of a cord around the neck,
rc will be effected. "When the
>lved the ague is gone. — 2. Ger-
as appears from medical jour-
a tincture uf the leaves of the
ilus, or Aostralian rum-tree, to
br intermittent fever. Dr. Lorimer
Khree patients^ of whom forty-
iplctcly cured.— 3. The ordinary
mted around a house, will free
&om tlie animal and vegetable
' to contain the miasma product-
a^ue. — 4. Sec also ^^Quinint^ a
page 81.

Uiotti* RemitUni. — ^Tlxis makes its

ddcn and marked manner. There

pitory symptoms except, perhaps, a

' ' dcbilitv, slight headache, and

mou'.h, sometimes some pain

[is comnicncemenl is with a cnill,

sometimes severe and prolong-

may begin in the feet, or shout-

«;, running thence like streams of

tliere is seldom more than this one

[coming on afterward \vHlbout the

certain periods of the day, there

rity of the symptoms, .and possibly

prot)ably not. Between these

Lsed fci'er, the disease seems to

there is still some fever. Un-

le, it does not go entirely off.

stj^ the pulse is up to one

ity, or still higher, and tlierc

head. Kick, and limbs, of the

kind. The tongue is covered

far, and, in bad coses, is parch-

tost black ia the center, and xd

at the edges. The appetite is gone, and there is
generally nausea and vomiting, an<l pain or ten-
derness in the upper part of the bowels. At first
there is cosiivcncss, hot afterward the bowels
become loose, and the e^-acuations are dark and
ofTensivc. This disoftsc is pmduccd by malaria,
and prevails in hot climates, and in oar summer
and autumn. — Trratmmt. — In the very Wgin*
ning, the disease may be arrested by an emetic
of lobelia or ipecac, followed by a mifd cathartic.
But if the dise^c is fully developed, sjwnge the
body all over, several times a day, with wrater,
and give cooling drinks, such as cream tarttr, A
two scruples, in a quart of water, lemonade, etc
To allay the fever, give tincture of veralrum
viridc, m ten-drop doses. Cold water and ice
may be given the patient, if deslwd. Coo! the
head, when it aches, with cold applications, and
put a mustard-jraultice on the stomach, if tender.
During the remissions between the fever, quin-
ine, and other Ionics, must be given, as in fever
and ague.

FEVER^ Congestive, — Another form of mala-
rious fever, is the congestive. It mav l)C cither
remittent, that is, abating considerably; or in-
termittent, that is, having intervals of entire free-
dom from fever. It may have intervals of twenty-
four or of forty-eight hours. Thd first attack does
not differ from that of a simple intermittent, and
may excite but little attention ; but the second
is always severe, producing great coldness, and
a death-like hue of the fcice and extremities. The
advancement of the disease brings dry, hu»ky.
parched, and pungently hot skin, followed after
& time, by a cold, clammy sensation. The eyes
are dull, waterv, and sometimes glossy; the
countenance dull, sleepy, distresseil ; the tongue,
at first white, changes to brown or black, and is
usually tremulous; the breathing is hurried and
difficult. Pressure over the liver, stomach, or
bowels, produces pain. Tlie mind is often dis-
turl>cd, and falls into lethar^ and stupor, or is
delirious. — Treatment. — ^This should be nearly
the same as in bilious remittent. While coa-
vaLe.^cing, the diet must be light and nutritious
at first, increasing in r^uantity as the strength
returns. Use a mild tome, if the p.itient is w^k.
Exercise out of doors must not be neglected.

FEVER, If A Y {ot Asthma).— Th^ very pecu-
liar dtKcose ap[>cars generally as a severe attadc
of catarrh, with asthmatic symptoms saperodded.
The lining membrane of the eyes, nose, throat,
and lungs is all more or less aJTectcd. The pa-
tient suffers from headache, sometimes severe,
sneejting, irritation of the nose and throat, with
a dry harassing cough. The asthmatic attacks
come on generally towards evening, and last
from one to three hours causing great distress.
Hay fever is not a very common complaint, and
only attacks those persons who from some pe-
culiarity of constitution are susceptible to the
causes producing it It is supposed tobc caused
by the inhalation of the pungent arom.i of spring
gr.\ss and hay, but the inhalation of the powder
of ipecacuanha will also produce it in certain in-
dividuals. In the United States, where the rose
is largely cultivated, similar attacks sometimes
occur; it is then collctl rose fever or rose catarrh*
The best treatment is change of air, tn the sea-
side if possible. During the attacks antispasraod-
ti"s, such as sol volatile, ether, or an emetic, if
the patient is able to bear iu inhalalinns of hot
steam medicated with creosote, carbolic ftdd* Or

»«

DICTIOr^AR y OP EVER Y-DA Y WAHTS.

turpentine will be found usefnl. When the at-
tack passes off the geaeral health should be im*
proved by toni», diet, etc.

FEl'ER, SCARLET,— T)m is an acute in-
flammation of the skin, both external and inter-
nal, and connected with an inlectiou's fever. —
Symptcmi. — The fever shows iticlf between two
or ten days after exposure. On the second day
of the fever the eruption comes out in minute
pimple<t, which are either clustered together, or
spread over the surface in a general bright scarlet
color. The disease Ixgins with languor, pains
in the head, back, and lunbs, drowsiness, nausea
and chills, followed by heat and thirst. When
the redness appears the pulse is quick, and
the patient is restless, anxious, and often delir-
ious. The eyes are red, the face swollen, and the
tongue covered in the middle with white mucus,
through which are seen elevated points of ex-
treme rc<lne,<vS. Tlie tonsils are swollen, and the
throat is red. By the evening of the third or
fourth day the redness has reached its height,
and the skin becomes moist, when the scarf-skin
begins tn come off in scales.

In this fever the flesh puffs up so as to distend
the fingers, and disfigure the face. As it pri>-
cre.sses the coating sudtlenly comes off the tongue,
leaving it and the whtile mouth raw and tender.
The tmoat is sery much swollen and Inflommcd,
and ulcers form on the tonsils. The eustachian
tube which extends up to the car, the glands un-
der the ear and jaw, some times inflame and
break; and the abscesses formed in the ear fre-
quently occasion deafness more or less difficult
tb cure. The symptoms of this disease m:iy be
distinguished from that of measles by the al>sence
of cough ; by the finer rash ; by its scarlet colur;
by the rash appearing on the second instead of
' the fuurth day ; and by the ulceration of lh#
throat. — TrfatmeHt-^\n ordinary cases the treat-
ment requiretl is very simple. The room where
the patient lies should be kept cool, and the bed-
CovL'ring light. The whole body should be
Cpongcd with cool water as often as it becomes
hot and tb^^, and cooling drinks should be ad-
ministered. If there is much fever and soreness
of throat, give cold water to drink and apply
cloths, wrung out of ice water. 1 1 would also be
useful to commence treatment with an emetic;
and to soak the feet and hands in hot water con*
taining a little mustard or cayenne pepper; con-
tinuing this batli twenty minutes, twice a day,
for two or three days. 'ITie cold stage being
passed, and the fever having set in, warm water
maybe used without the mustard or pepper. If
the head is affected, put drafts upon the feel ; and
if the bowels lje costive, give injections of warm
water. Solid food should not t>c allowed; but when
the fever sets in, cooling drinks, such as lemon-
ade, tamarind- water, rice-water, flaxsecd-lea,
thin-gruel, or cold water may be given in reaso-
nable quantities.

FEVER, 7'YPfrO/D. —Tyi^hoxA fever is
generally preceded by several days of languor,
low spirits and indisposition to exertion. There
is also, usually, some pain in the back and head,
loss nf appetite, and drowsiness, thoimh not rest.
The disease shows itself by a chill. During the
first wtek there is increased heat of the sui^ce,
frequent pulse, furred tongue, restlessness and
sleeplessness, headache and nain in the back;
^ine times diarrhea and swelling q{ the belly,
* sometimes nausea and vomitiiag. The second

week is often distinguished by small,
spots oo (he belly, and i crop of blue
pimples on the neck and chest, having the v^
pearance of minute drops of sweat ; the tongue is
dry and black, or red and sore ; the tecin are
foul; there may be delirium, and dullness of
hearing; and the symptoms every w. te

serious than during the first week. < , ,

the bowels are at this period perf- ^ c

llirough b\* ulceration, and the pal: y

sinks. If the disea« proceeds unl ; j

the third week, there is low, muttei .;

great exhaustion; sliding down of tl
ward the foot of the bed; twitchinc of ll.c muic-
les; bleeding from the bowels; antlrtd or purple
spots upon the skin. If on the other hand, the
patient improves, the countenance brightens up,
the pulse moderates, the tongue cleans, %iid tnc
discnargc* look healthy. — Trraiment. — Give the
patient good air, and frequent sponpngs with
water, cold or tcnid, as most agrceaWc. Keep
(he bowels in orcler, and be more afrnid r.f diar-
rhea than costiveness. Diarrhea?)^"'' '-^ re-
strained by injection of cold water,
ness, give mild injections, made s!i^ .-i.

ing by castor oil, or common mohLVics. To keep
down the fever, and produce perspiration, give
tincture of veratrum viridc, ten drops every hour.
If the bowels are swelled, relieve them oy hot
fomentation of hops and \'inegar. If the pain in
the head is very severe and constant, let tnchur
be cut short, and the head bathed fre<]ucnt1y with
cold water. Give light nourishment, and tf thedc>
bility is great, broth will be ncetled. Cleanse
the mouth with vcr)* weak tea — old hyf^n. If
the fe^•er runs a low course, and the ^^atient is
very weak, quinine maybe given from »' •" l--'_'iTi-
ning. Constant care, and good nur-- y

important. Typhus fever is distin^; m

typhoid by there being no marked cL»casc i>f the
bowels in ty|jhus.

FEfER, YELLOir. —This disease is most
pre\'alcntin hot climatcs.and southern ciliesofour
country. It comes in the latter port of summer,
and lasts till frosty weather. — SymM*mj, — The
disease begins irith a chill, generally not very
severe FoUowing the chill, there is moderate
fever, and some heat of the surface, but this
rarely rises to any great height, and only con-
tinues to the second or third day, when, in fatal
cx<ics. it gives place to coldness of surface, etc.
In many cases there is sweating. Tlie pulse is
peculiar, not often over a hundred, but fceltoe
like a bubble under the finger, whkh breaks and
vanishes before it can l>e (airly fell. The tongue
is moist and while in the first and second days;
but red, smooth, shining and dry as the disease
advances toward the close, having a dry, bladi
streak in the middle. The most slriking s^-mp*
toms arc nausea and ^"omiling, which, in faal
cases, is very persistent, and toward tliv last a
yellowish or greenish matter is thrown up, fol-
lowed by a discharge of tliin black fluid, which
is called the black vomit. The Iwwels ore gener-
ally costive, with tenderness in the up{>er bowels
or stomach. There is gcncnUly severe head-
aches, and n peculiar expression of face, in which
the lips smite, while the rest of tlir T ' ' _-l
and S.11I, sometimes wild. The pati- .'<

wakeful night and day. Tliere arc u.. j,. . uf

blocKl. oflcn from the nose, the gums, the ears,
the stomach, the bowels, and the urinarv pas-
sages.— 7>n>/nw»/.— fust move ibe howtL with

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

325

t

some mild physic, such as sweet tincture ol rhub-
arb, four ounces; bicarbonate ofsodA. two draniK.
Mix. Give a Ublespoonful once in three hours
until it operates. Dunne the cliill, use all the
usual means of warming Uic IxxJy lij hot bottles,
mustard foot-bath, warm drinks, drafts, etc. A
warm poultice on the stomach is useful — some
would advise cupping. During the second, or
cmlm sta^t give gentle stimulants, warm drinks,
and five-drop doses of veratnim viridc, also
qtunihc In the third stacc, brandy, quinine,
and all stimulants freely, lo quiet the vomiting,
give of this preparation: creosote, twenty drops;
spirits of mindererus, six ounces; and alcohol,
enough to dissolve the creosote. Dose, half an
ounce, every two hours.

Temperance, cleanliness, and all good habits,
do much to prevent this disease.
/■/r.?.— See '•Epilepsy".
rOOD /w ^.-r/y/i&^r.— Mothers who are nol
able to nurse their babies, find it almost impos-
sible to keep the milk they are compelled to use
%o perfectly sweet as nol to injure their little
ones. Ice, if it can be had, docs not wholly
answer, even if its excessive cold docs nol change
the character of the milk. A few years since the
writer of iliis, while in a southern state, recom-
mended the folIoMTing plan to a mother ; Min
your babe's foo<i milk with its due proportion ol
sognr, and place the pitcher holding it in a deep
plate — a souneplalc or pie-dish wilfd*) — and fill
the pUic witli cold water. Take a piece of thin
xna>tlin. targe enough to cover the whole pitcher
and reach down all sides into the water. Have
no cover on the pitcher, wet the cloth and cover
the pitcher with it; put its ends into the water,
and set the whole in aplace where a draught cf
air will pass over it. The motlier tried llie plan,
and diinng an exceedingly hot summer, through
the mo^l sultry days ana nights of a long season,
the milk never turned at all. TTie rationale of
thing M easy. The milk is nol confmed In a
ressel, or in danger of l>eing tainted by
e*.s to other, perha|>s not wholesome food ;
the thin gau^e protects it, yet leaves it open ;
ihc draught of air keeps the temperature oown
bjr the constant evaporation, while the water is
constantly sucked up by the cloth, acting like a
wick in a Lunp to supply the moisture.

GOXOA'A^UcEA, {C/nfi).—\ tingling scnsa-
tioa at the end of the penis, which swells, looks
red and inflamed, followed by a discharge of
matter that stains the linen, nrst of a whitish,
then of A yellow or green color, a scalding pain
in making water, involuntary and painful erec-
tion.— Ttratmcnt. — There are two lunds of this
■flection, the mild and the virulent. The first
is of so trivial a nature, that plentiful draughts
of any soothing liquid, as barley-water, or nax-
seed-tea. with a low diet, are sidlicicnt to remove
it. The seo^nd produces cfTects more or less
violent on diflFerent persons, and occasionally re-
sists forraonlhscvcry remedy that can be thought
ot If there be much pam mid infl.iraniation in
the peals, apply a bread and milk poultice to it,
take a dose of salts, and lose some blood. Tliis
is the more necc<«sary if. in consequence of the
swelling of the forcikin, it cannot be drawn back,
or being back, cannot be drawn forward. In the
gi,^r,t....^ t,i .. — "vlargedowsof Iheb-ilsamco-
pai ■ w diet should be adhered to,

■ad lid remain perfectly quiet.

CLSLT, — The weeping 01 thin glairy fluid,

M them
■ tbem
^telh

y

like the white of an egg, from the penis, caused
by a long- continued clap, — TreaUnent. — ,\ gleet
is exceci^ngly difficult to get rid of, and frcf|ucnlly
defies every effort that is made for that purpose.
It must be attempted, however, by the doily use
of the cold bath, and thirty tlrops of the muriated
tincture of iron, token three times a day, for
months, in a gloss of the cold infusion of bark.
The best advice to be given in this case is to
apply at once to an intelligent &urgci.>u, who will
prescribe injections of alum, sulphate of zinc, or
nilrate of silver.

GRA I'EL. — Grovel, which is a deposit of un-
natural substances in the urine, is inoicated by a
sudden attack of pain in the region of the kid-
neys, so acute and severe as to frequently cause
fainting, and even convulsions. 'Ilic pain runs
down to the groin and thigh, causing a numbness
of the affected side, and a drawing up of the
testicle. The pain is excessive at times, and then
remits. Finally it stops suddenly. The pain is
causetl by the passing along the tubes which lead
from the kidneys to the bladder, the itones or
gravel which is found there. Sometimes the
gravel is so hnc as to cause no pain, and is depo-
sited with the urine at the bottom of the vessel.
The depositcs are of various kinds, indicating the
state ot the health, and must be treated mffcr-
ently. But as none but a chemist or j^ysicion
could determine the nature of the de|>osits,
whether they where acid or alkaline, we will
leave the treatment also entirely to them.

GOUTt To cure. — Take hot vinegar, andpnt
into it all the table salt which it will dissolve,
and bailie the parts affected with a soA piece of
flannel. Rub in with the hand, and dry tne foot,
etc., by the fire. Re[>eat this o[>cration four
times in the 24 hours, 15 minutes each time, for
four days; then twice a day for tlie same period;
then once, and follow this rule whenever the
symptoms show themselves at any future time.
A better ciue, as also an infaUible preventive, is
to live on brrad and water alone twice a day, and
com it by hard physical labor.

HEALTH, Rules pf PrturviHg.^y, Pure
atmospheric air is composed of nitrogen, oxvgen.
and a very small proportion of carbonic acia gas.
Air once breathed has lost the chief part of its
oxygen, and acquired a proportionate increase of
carbonic aciil g;ii ; tlicrelore, heoltlt requires that
we breathe the same air only one.

2. The solid parts of our bodies are continually
wasting away, and require to be repaired \sf
fresh substances ; therefore, food, which is to re-
pair the loss, should be taken with due reference
to exercise and thr waste of boiiy.

3. The fluid part of our bodies also wastes con-
stantly ; there ts but one fluid in animals, which
is water; therefore, water only is necessary, and
00 artifice can produce a better drink.

4. The fluia of our l}odies is to the solid in
proportion as nine to one ; therefore, a like pro-
portion should prevail in the total amount kA
food taken.

5. Light exercises an important inflticnce upon
the growth and vigor of animals and plants;
ther«ore» our dwelUngs should b'ccly admit
light.

6. Decomposing vegetable and animal matter
yields various noxious gases, which enter the
lungs and comiin the blood; therefore, all im-
purities should i>e kept away from our abodes,
and every precaution used to secure pure uc*

DICTIONARY OF EVBRV-DAY WANTS,

7. Warmth » necessary lo all the IxKlily fiinc-
tions; lliercfore, an equal lx>dily temperature
should be maintained by exercise, clothing or
fire.

8. Exercise warms, invigorates, purifies the
body; clothing prc«;ervcs the warmtn the body
ffenerAtes; fire imparts warmth externally; there-
lore, to obtain And preserve warmth, cxerdsc
and clothing arc preferable to fire.

9. Fire consumes (he oxygen of the air, and

Eroduces noxious gases ; therefore, the air is
tss pure in the presence of candles, gas, or coal>
fire tiian othcrwrsc ; and the loss shuuld be re-
paired Viv increased ventilation.

10. Tfic skin is a highly -organized membrane,
full of minute pores, cells, l)lood- vessels, and
nerres ; it imbibes moisture, or throws it off, ac-
cording to the state of the atmosphere and the
temperature of the body. It also breathes, as do
the lungs, though less actively. All the internal
organs sympathize with (he skin; therefore, it
fthould be cfeansed frequently.

11. l-ite hours and anxious pursuits exhaust
the nervous syslem, and produce disease and
premature death; therefore, the hours of study
Apd labor should be short.

12. Mental and bodilv exercise are equally es-
sential to health and happiness; thcrnorc, re-
creation and studv should succeed each other.

13. Man will live most healthil)' upon simple
solids and fluids, of which a sufficient but tem-
perate quantity should be taken; therefore, strong
drinks, tobacco, snufT, and opium, and all mere
indulgences, should l>e avoided.

14. Sudden alternations of heat and cold are
dangerous, especially to the young and aged ;
therefore, the clothing should be suiSicicn,!, and
adapted to changes of t»mperalure.

15. Moderation in eating and drinking, in labor
and study ; recreation taken with regularity ; rest,
cleanliness, even temper, an equable Icmpcra-
tnre, ore the great essentials of health — which for
surpasses wealth in value.

//^.^A^CV/i^.S'. — Headaches are always
symptoms of some derangement of the syslem in
some of its parts, and should not lie neglected.
In children, they generally indicate the ap-
prcKich of some disease. In adults, they arc oc-
casioned frequently by a hiad circulation, mipaired
digestiop, and by affections of the nerves. For
the first, active exercise, and a slight physic, are
only necessary ; for the second, light diet, with
exercise and a dose of some bitter alkali afler
meals ; and fur the third, the same treatment as
for neuralgia, being careful about the diet. Some-
times a patient is subject to rheumatic headache,
which may 1^ treated with warm fomentations,
stimulating Hniment, and a gentle physic. The
patient should dress warmly, and avoid exposure
to cold and wet feet

HEADACHE, Remediisfcr.—\. A doctor in
Paris has published a new remedy for headaches.
He uses a mixture of ice and salt, in proportion
of one to one half, as a cold mixture, and this he
applies by means of a little purse of silk gauze,
with a rim of gutla percha, to limited spots on
the head, when rheumatic headaches ore felt. It
gives instantaneous relief. The skin is subjected
to the process from h^f a minute to one and a
half mmules, and is rendered )iard and white by
the application. — 2. Put a handfjl of salt into a
^aart of water, add one ounce of spirits of harts-
hom and haJfan ounce of camphorated spirits of

wine. Put them quickly into a bottle, and cork
tightly to prevent the escape of the spirit. Soak
a piece of rag with the mixture, and apply it to
the head ; wet the rag afresh as soon as U fCts
heated. — 3. It is btatcii that two tea-spoons of
finely powderetl charcoal, drank in half a tmnUer
of water, will, in less than l§ minulc!^, give relief
to the sick headache, when caused, as in moit
cases it is. by su{>crabundancc of acid cm the
stomach. We have tried this remedy time nil
again, and its efficacy in every instance has been
signally satisfactory.

HEAD {StaUi), in Infants. — This complaint
begins in brownish spots on the head, and in a
few days forms a scan, and discharges a thick,
gluey matter, that slicks upon the hair. The
sores gradually increase, until the whole head it
covered with a scab, discharging this matter,
which is very oflTensive. The hair is to be cut off
OS close as possible, and the head washed nrcry
night and morning with lime water. This is
easily prepared bv slacking a piece of quicUiac,
of the size of a hen's egg, in a quart of w«ter,
and when settled, it is to be put into a bottle sod
corked for use.

HEART, Pahitation <?/: — PalpilatJOB mad
irregular action of the heart are often experiencad
in persons between the ages of sixteen and
twenty years ; they are, or have generally been.
grounng rapidly, arc of delicate appearance, and
rrcc]iienl!y are addicted to some vicious habits.
In such persons, the blood is thin and poor, and
the heart and nerves fail lo perform their proper
function for want of support. Derangement o(
the stomach oficn gives rise to these symptoms,
and they may persist for a long [>eriod from tins
cause. A lady who for years suffered from vio-
lent paroxysms of palpitation, which many phy-
sicians attributed to organic disease of the heart,
happened on one occasion to take some medidiic
which induced vomiting, and this act was follov-
e<i by immeiiiate recovery. Subscqticntly, wbes-
ever she had the symptoms of .in approaching at-
tack of palpitation, she resorted to an emetic,
which not only gave relief tM^MtflBroxyfrn. but
finally relieved her altogether.^iitantjther case,
a patient entered a hospital svRcring screrclt
from violent action of the heart ; he was bled.
and blistered, and purged without benefit; hir-
ing taken a targe dose of medicine, vomitwg en-
sued, with immediate and permanent relief.

Tea, and especially green tea, is very liable to
disturb the heart's action when used by suscep-
tible persons. And there is no doubt that tt
immense number of persons in every community
suffer from minor forms of heart acraogement,
due to the use of ten.

Tobacco, either smoked or chewcd« invariaUy
effects the hearts action, and prodnces irregBlar-
ity and palmtation.

HEARTBi'RN.—kr\x\cljZT\A pain about the
region of the stomach, generally attended by a
sense of gnawing and heat; hence called heart-
burn. ?aintne^s, nausea, and eructation of a
thin, acidulous, watery liquid, especially in (he
morning, are common symptoms of this com-
plaint The usual causes of ncartbnm are c«cot
m eating or drinking, the use of improper food,
and sedentary habits. A good remedy is a tcft-
i^poonful of carlionale of magnesia, or carbonate
of sofla, in a glass of pcpix-rmint or dnnonioa
water, to which a little powdered ginger may be
added with advanta^. This dose may be tucai

»

I

3 or t times ilatly until the disease is removed.
ArlicTes of ffKxl that easily undergo fermentation
should at the same time be avoided, and a dry
diet had recourse to as much as possible. Soda-
■waler» toast and water, and weak spirits and
^Rraler. are llie most suitable beverages in this
oooiplaint.

HEMORRflAGE, Uterine, To Preient—
Take sugar of lead, lo prs.; ergot, lo grs. ;
opium, 3 (jrs. ; ipecac, l gr. ; all pulverized and
well mixed. Dose, lo to 12 grs., given in a
little honey or svrup. In very bad cases after
childbirth, il might be repeated m 30 minutes, or
the dose increased lo 15 or 18 grs. ; but in cases
of rather profuse masting, rcj>eat it once at the
end of 3 hoars, or as the urgency of the case may
require:.

HJCCOUGH.~K convulsive motion of tlic
diaphragm and parts adjacent. The common
aias^ ore flatulency, indigestion, acidity, aJid
worms. It may usually be removed by the ex-
hibtdon of warm carminatives, cordials, cold
water, weak spirits, camphor julep, or spirits of
lal voblile. A sudden fright or surprise will
often nr-xlucc the like cflfcct. An instance is re-
aonled of a delicate young lady that was troubled
with hiccough Cor some months, and who was
reduced to s state of extreme debility from the
losa of sleep occasioned thereby, who was cured
by m fright, aAer medicines and topical anplica-
ttons had failed. A pinch of snuff, a guus of
cold soda-water, or an ice-cream, will also fre-
qncntljr remo\*e this complainL

HOARSENESS, Remedy /or. — TtCkc one
drachm of freshly scraped horse-radish root, to
be infused with four ounces of water in a close
vessel for three hours, and made into a syrup,
with double its quantity of vinegar. A tcaspoon-
fal has often proved effectual.

jrVDROP/rOfi/A.^TWii, terrible disease, the
resnlt of the bite of a mad dog, or mad wolf, is a
difiease for which there is no certain remedv. Tlie
syrnptoms, after luring bitten, are lonanating
pains in the scar of the wound, which dart toward
the bfjdy, if it be a lirab that was bitten. Somc-
thttcs the wound feels cold, or stiff, or numb, or
prows red, swellcct, or livid, and sometimes
DTcaks open and dischar^s matter. The patient
§tA% a strange anxiety, is depressed in spirits.
Iws an occa<iional chill, and disturbed sleep, or
spasmodic twitches. The pulse is above its na-
tural state, both in quickness and strength, and
the ncr\'iius system is very impressible. The
Mtses are all more acute; trifling noises produce
agitation, and the eyes are so disturbed by the
I^t that the pa:ient sometimes hides himself in
« dark pLure ; and the appetite is lost. In the
Moond suge there is thirst ; but when the patient
•Clemptx to drink, a spasmmJic shudder comes
OfTT him; he pushes away the water in horror,
and the awful conviction flashes over him that he
is nuuL After this he can not swallow fluids ;
has stiflVjess in the neck; is thrown into convul-
•ioiu by the sight or sound of water, by a breath
of Air blowing upon him, or by a bright light.
I£s throat is full of a \iscid, glairy matter, which
he oontiaually trie*; to clear away. Iletween con-
mUtons and exhausdon he lingers three or four
dan, and dies.

lo rrgard to preventive treatment, which is so
efficient, and thcrefnrc of vast importance, let it
he rcmemt>ered that a mere scratch on the hand
or fiice is the most dangerous'-a, bite through

clothing not without danger. .\s the poison ad-
heres to the part some time after the bite be-
fore it produces the effect, let the wound be in-
stantly washed, again and again, with soap and
water. If a jihysician were lo vaccinate a child
in the arm, and an hour after should wash the
part with soap and water, nu effect would result.

While washing is being done, send instantly
to the nearest druggist for a piece of caustic pot-
ash. This comes in small cylindrical pieces. U
the tooth of the don ^'^^ penetrated, cut the cau-
stic in the shape of a pencil or a dog's tocWh, in-
sert it in the wound and hold it there firmly for
a quarter of a minute without regard to the pain,
which will be severe.

Caustic potash can be made extempore by
pouring boiling water on wood ashes, straining
out the ley, and boiling it down to the consislenec
of molasses. It may be applied with a smooth
stick.

WTicn the wound is a scratch, and therefore
the most dangerous, wipe it over briskly with the
same maleriol. If the caustic potash cannot be
procured, use nitric acid (aoua fortis) or sulphuric
acid (oil of vitriol). Milder caustics, which do
not dtslroy the surface of the wound in which
the poison is lodged, arc not worthy of confi-
dence, although Mr. Yonatt recommends the ni-
trate of silver (lunar caustic). The part may be
poulticed with bread and mdk for two days, and
then dressed with simple salve.

It is too common a practice to kill instantly a
savage dog who has bitten a person. This is
exceedingly wrong, as the person lives for years
with the torturing apprehension that he has tieen
bitten by a rabid dog. The animal should be
shut up and regularly fed. If rabid, he will cer-
tainly die; but if he lives a week and takes food
there is no danger.

It is generuly believed that canine madness
occurs almost exclusively in summer, and espe-
cially during what «re termed the "dog days."
This is a popular error. According Xo the best
authority, the disiease is communicated only by
contagion, and just as likely to be propagated m
winter as in summer, and therefore city ordinan-
ces, which allow dogs lo be at large at one season
and not at another, are absurd. See also "Mad
Dog Bites" on page 11.

INDIGESTION, Remedy for, — "HtM an
ounce of ground Turkey rhubarb; I drachm 01
sulphate of quinine; i drachm of extract of sar-
saparillo. Put the sarsaparilla into a cup with
3 or 4 teaspoonfuls of cold water ; let it stand till
disolved ; then add the other ingredients. >fakc
it into a stiff paste; it will then be ready to make
into pills with the use of a little flour. The
whole costs but a small sum and makes nearly
100 pills. The dose is 2 pills every other night.

INFLUENZA, — Innucnia, which, in its
lighter form, is simply a cold, may become a
very serious and trounlcsome complaint. It be-
gins generally with a tingling ana sense of full-
ness m the mucous membrane of the nose, mak-
ing breathing through the nose difficult, and pro-
ducing sneering. The eye* become rc*l and
watery, the throat is sore, and there is a dry
cough', hoarseness, thirst, lassitude, and chilli
ness. 7^e mucoui membrane of the nose, throaf«
and breat)iing-tube«. is refl and inflamc<l, some-
times swollen and painful. The water runs from
the eyes and nose, and the c<»ni;h beE^u^ t*> be
accompanied by cxpcctontioa of ycUo^M iejCQjb.

Ja8

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

Fain in the back nml limbs, alternate heat and
cliiUs, and loss of ap{>elile, accompany the dis-
e&se. — Treatment. — A very mild treatment is
required only, such as bathmg the feet in worm
water* sweating, drinking warm hcrb-tcas, sUp-
pcrv elm, and taking a verf light diet. Some
slight laxative may also be given. If the disease
is very icvcrc, it mny be necessary to give an
emetic of the compound tincture of lobelia, or
the powder of ipecac, lO to 20 grains. If the
cougii is severe, give this. : tincture of lobelia,
haltan ounce; syrup ofiiquilU» half an ounce.
Mix. 20 drops fnur or five times a day.

INTOXICA TION, Remedies >r.— Among
the remedies employed to remove the intoxication
produced by the use of alcoholic drinks, the pre-
parations of ammonia and the vegetable acids ore
tlie mott common and important. About 3 or 3
fluid drachms of aromatic spirits of ammonia
(spirits of sal volatile) mixed with a wineglasslul
of water will generally neutralize or ^eatly les-
sen the action of intoxicating liquors. This jiorae-
limes produces vomiting, but this is a desirable
result, as nothing so effectually Tcmovcs the
drunken fit as the thorough removal of the liquor
from the stomach: hence tickUng the throat with
the finger or a feather is a common resource.
Soda-water acts by the free carbonic acid it con-
tains, and serves also as a tonic to the stomach.
Vinegar, among the acids, is one of the most
efTecUve remedies, a small leaspoonful t>eing a
customary dose. In the West Indies, lime juice
and lemon juice arc u&ed. The use of bitter al-
monds, OS a means of Ics^ning or retarding the
effects of fermented Rquors, was known to anti-
quity, and is still common among heavy drinkers
at the present day. See abo '"Drunkencss."

ITCH. — This disease is generally consequent
upon personal unclcanliness, yet oil classes ore
liable to it. Its symptoms are the eruption of
distinct, cone-like, watery pimples, tran5|3arent
on their summits, accompanied by excessive itch-
ing, which is made worse by high-seasoned food,
by drinking liquor, and by the heat of the bed.
When these pimples are scratched and torn, a
sticky, watery fluid is poured out, which forms
snukll scabs; and in time, if the disease is not
cured, these scabs being torn off, bad sores arc
ina<1e. This disease is caused by a minute insect,
•which forces its way into the skin, and makes
cavities for its own occupation, while the vicliro
itches and scratches in conseciuencc.

Treatment. — To kill the insect which causes the
annoyance is the way to cure the disturl>ancc.
For this purpose, the compound sulphur ointment
is a sovereign remedy. Four ounces of this
should be well rubl>ed into the skin, before tlie
fire, morning and evening, for three or four days.
Caustic potash, one |)art, to twelve parts of water,
as a wash to be thoroughly applied, is a good re-
medy. Before using any application, tlic i>erson
should be washed with warm water and soap,
and well dried. The Prussian military authori-
ties cure itch by smearing the parts with a mix-
ture of two parts of liquid storox with one part
of sweet oil. The cure is said to be complete in
twenty four hours.

ITCH, Petroleum for. — Dr. Decaisne. of Bel-
gium, reports having used successfully the oil of
petroleum in upward of six hundred coses of
il<ch. In the great majority of cases the disease
was completely cured after a single friction; in
#ei«nJ o/ler tirO| and in a very few in&toncas

three or four applications were rtquiped. The
method (ailed in two or three case^ • ' ' in

these 5u)phur.-klc of lime was n«t - ;l

acurc. It is not necessary, as some ;..! -iif-

geons have thought, to rub in the od with coarse
towels and brushes, but on the contrary, the sof-
test brushes should be used to spread the oil oa
the skin. Dr. Decaisne, from experiments insti-
tuted in the military ho^piul and garrison at
Antwerp, on the disinfection of the clothing, be-
lieves thai this process is quite unnecessary. Even
if some of the germs of the itch insect should ad-
here to the wearing apparel, these arc destroyed
by the action of the petroleum with which die
person of the patient is saturated.

ITCH, Barber*!. — Tliis appears on the hairy
part of the face — the chin, upper lip, the region
of the whiskers the eyebrows ana nai;«c of the
neck. It consists in little conical elevations*
which maturate at the top, and have tfac »haJl of
a hair passing through ihem. These pimples are
of a pale, yellowish color. In a few <lays they
burst, and the matter running out, forms into
hard, brownish crusts. These crusts fall off in
one or two weeks, leaving purplish, sluggish
pimples behind which disappear very sk>wly.
The disease is thought to be caused by tising a
dull rarer in shaving; and is very obstznale,
lasting for months, or even years. — Tmtimeni*
The most important part of ttie treatment is the
removal of iiie cause, llie l>eard must not be

Culled will a dull razor, and the shaving hid
etter be discontinued altogether, the beard being
simply cropped off wiili the scissors. All intern,
peran^ in eating or drinking must be nv«aded.
as well as c]n>osing the face to heat. A light,
cool diet will no much toMrard a cure.

JTCIIy Bakers. — This disease is of common
occurence on the hands of bakers : hence the vul-
gar name. — 7>rnA— Frequent ablution ift w«tm
water, keeping the bowels open with saline por-
gativcs, and the nightly use of sulphur ointment
will generally effect a cure. Salt food should be
avoidctl as much as jwssible, as well as keeping
the hands covered with dough and flour; the lat-
ter Ixring the cause of the disease.

yA uND/CE,— The most prominent symp-
toms of this disease are, yellowness of the sfcm
and whiles of the eves, saffron-colored Tirine, and
whitish or clay-colnrerl stools. An infusitm of
thoroughworl, drank freely every day, is 1 good
remedy. The diet should be plain, wholcscme
and nourishing, com[K)&ed mostly ctf'Tegclable
articles. Cold water should be the only drink,

X/DNEYS, AchU Infiammation tf/. — The
symptoms of this disease nrc,at first, cold chills and
ngors, especially in the back and loins, followed
by fever and pain. The pain frequently extends
to the bladder, the loins, the thighs, and is of a
severe and lancinating kind— though a httle xky-
tuse. Pressure, motion, straining, or taking a
full breath, add to its pungency. The urine is
scanty and high-colored, sometimes bloody, and
can only be passed drop by drop. In the loin
there is a sense of heat, gnawing, and constric-
tion, and the bowels are irregular. A nurabnc«
of the thigh, and drawing up uf the testicle, are
marked and {>eculiar symptoms. In some cosci
there is nausea and vomiting, fainlness, kiccuu^
distension of the bowels, w-hich rumble, etc Toe
skin is dry and hot; pulse hard and frcqueitt.—
Treatment. — Either put the feet in a hot mus-
tard bath, or put draus of mustard oa the feet.

mmm

i

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

239

\

\

k

0

h

Also apply the same upon the small of the back,
and follow it up with hot fomeniations of hops or
fttromonium-lcavcv Induce perspiration by the
iis« of ver:itrum viride, in ten-drop doses e\'cry
hour. If tlic bowels arc costive, open them with
uhi or cream of tarUr, or, better still, by fre-
quent Bind copious injections of warm water con-
taining a few drops of tincture of arnica. The
drinks must be Klippery elm, flaxseed -tea, and
the like cooling infu!it<)ns. If the disease bc-
comc* chronic, which is indicated by weakness
in the small of the hack, and dull, heavy pain in
the kidneys, by the small quantity of urine pas-
sed oficn. and its white color, use the diuretics,
buchu, trading arbutus, queen of the meadow,
■ad open the bowels with a gentle physic, if
Homwry, Use the alkaline bath, daily, with
friction. A mustard -poultice, two or three times
a week, upon the small of the back, should be
used. The diet should be very careful.

LEAD Fotssming. — M. Didicrjcan, a red-lead
nunufacturer, has discovcrcfl that the use of milk
Rt their meals, which he has made obligatory on
his workmen to the extent of one litre daily, pre-
serves those employed in lead works free from
any symptom of lead disease.

IJEECffES, To Apply.-^Onfi of the opera-
tions generally intrusted to the nurse is the a}>.
plication of leeches. The part to which they arc
to be applied should be carefully and thoroughly
-washed with soap and warm water, then dried,
mod again just moistened with fresh milk. The
leeches having been put into a wineglass or
tumbler (according to their number), it should
be quickly inverted, and pressed firmly on the
skiak so as to prevent them from escaping under
the edge of the glass.

tSUCORRHEA, (" tVHi/fs.") This is the
term applied to a colorless, white or yellowish
discharge, secreted from either the Mucus Mem-
brane of the Vagina or Uterus, or both. The
cause which produces the Whiles may have its
seat either in the Vagina, or in the neck of the
Womb. If it be thin and watery, or thick and
cream like, it is from (he Vagina ; if ropy, gluey
or albuminous, like white of egg, it is irom the
ca\-ity of the neck. The treatment consists in
strengthening the i>arl b, by the wearing of perfect-
ly loose clothing, hip baths, and cold water injec-
tions five or six limes a day» with active friction
on the back, hips and lower part of the abdomen.
Ho scAual intercourse most be allowed while a
care u unaffected.

UVER^ AeuU Infammathn of. — The office
of the liver is to take the superabundant carbon
ovt oC the blood This cartxm unites with other
CJcamts, and forms bile — the peculiar bitter sub-
which is poured into the upper bowel, and
tly aids digestion. The liver is liable to
e inflamed from several causes: such as
gravel .stoneSf external violence, suppressed se-
OTiinns, hot climates, inflammation of the duo-
droum, etc The j-^ymy^/V'Wj- of acute inflammation
of thii organ are, fever, with pain in the ri};h'.
side, and a sense of tcnMon, inability to lie on ihc
left side, difficulty of breathing, a dry cough, vom-
i^g and hiccnugh. The pain is generally acute
and lancinating, though sometimes dull and ten-
sive. When snarp, it is like the stitch of pleurisy,
and it indicates that the peritoneum whicn covers
the brer is inflamed. When dull, it is in the body
of the liwr itself. The pulse is full, hard and
MnxD^ tb* bowels costive, and the stools day*

colored, owing to not being tinged with bile—
this having slopped flowing. The tongue is cov-
ered with a yellow, dark-brown, or even black
coat, and there is a bitter ta^te in the mouth.

Trtatment. — It may lie necessary to apply wet
cups, or leeches, ofcr the liver. Pureativcs must
be used pretty freely, and those which produce
watery stools are the best Senna-leaves, two
drachms, steef>ed in a pmt of water, to which is
added, when cool, one ounce of Epsom salts.
Strain, and give onc-fourlh of the preparation for
a dose; this Is a brisk purge. It will be neces-
sary to blister the surface over the liver generally,
though a mustard -poultice will answer in mild
cases. A poultice of mustard on the spine is also
of service in relieving the pain. A foot-bath fric-
lion, and sour drinks, are good. Perspiration,
induced by a va(x>r-bath, and kept up by giving
ihe tincture of American hellebore, from three to
ten drops an hour, is excellent. When the urine
is scanty and high-colored, give some diuretic, as
an infusion of marshmallnw-root, or the seeds of
the pumpkin steeped to make a tea- Tlie diet
should be of the lightest kind, until the patient is
somewhat recovered.

f.ll'ER^ ChrttuU Inflammation of. — This is a
difficult disease to cure. Its symptoms are a
sense o( fullness and weight in the right side*
with some enlargement, and shooting pains in
the same region, especially when it is pressed,
with pains in one or both shoulders, and under
the snoulder -blades ; uncomfortable sensation
when lying on the left side ; yellowness of the
skin, eyes, and urine; bowels irregular, loose or
costive ; appetite disturbed ; sometimes a dry,
hodcing cough ; shortness of breath, tongue
whitish, and Drown or yellow toward the root;
a bitter and bad tasle in the morning. The urine
deposits a sediment on standing. There is u>ua1ly
a low and desponding state of the mind, with ir-
ritability and peevishness of temper. The skin
is often covered with yellow spots, and with a
branny substance. Tne various symptoms of
dyspepsia are present. The nervous system is
apt to be disturbed, and there is a disinclination
to apply the mind, or a dread of some impending
evil.

Treatment. — If there is much tenderness of the
liver, begin with mustard -poultices, and the com-
pound pills of podophyllin. or ihe compound pills
of leptandrin : podophyllin, fifteen grains ; lep-
tandrin, two scruples; cream of tartar, five scru-
ples. Mix. Divide into ten powders. One is
a dose. The compound tar-plaster is often very
useful. An alterative wilt be found useful. The
daily alkaline sponge-bath must on no account be
neglected. Vigorous friction should follow it.
If the constitution will bear it, it is well lo vary
the sponge-balh with an occasional shower-bath.
The diet must be simple, yet nourishing, and em-
bracing but a small amount of fat. But, at>ove
all, out-door exercise must be taken lo the full
amount of the strength, and Ihe thoughts occupied
with cheerful subjects. Avoid the hot sun, and
let the summer exercise be taken in Ihe cool of
the day. The recovery from any chronic disease
must necessarily l>c slow, therefore the jiatient
must not be discouraged, but should persevere
steadily until Ihc benefit is felt.

LOCJC-JAM''. —Thii is a spasmodic con-
traction or stilTness of the voluntary muscles.
Sometimes it is partial, and sometimes extends lo
the whole system. It is produced by ex^qvu^

■Hill

DICTIONARY OF EVEFY'DAY WANTS.

to cold» by bodily injuries, or by the injury of &
nerve. Symptoms, — There is lon^-continued,
violent and painful cramping of the voluntary
muscles. At first there is difficulty and uneasi-
ness in turning the head, with inaoility to open
the mouth easily — then the jaws close graduaJly,
but with great firmness, swallowing becomes
difhcult, and a pain, starting from the breast bone,
pierces througn to the back — probably caused by
cramp of the midriff. Tlic cramps now extend to
the whole body, the muscles of which continue in
m slate of rigid spasm till the disease yields or
the patient dies. The appearance of the patient
is fnghtful, the face being contorted, and tne fea-
tures set in a ghastly grin. — Treatment — The
only known remedy for tliis disease is chloroform
or ether, token cither into the stomach, or by in-
halation, in quantities sufficient to control the
Epasm — being repeated as long as the spasms
occur. The costiveness must be removed by one
or two drops of Croton oil, given in a spoonful
of gruel.

Ll/NGS, Haw t& ascertain state of. — Persons
desirous of ascertaining the true state of their
lungs, are directed to draw in as much breath as
they Conveniently can ; they arc then to count as
> £ur as they are able, in a slow and audible voice,
without drawing in more breath. The number
of seconds they can continue counting must be
carefully observed; in a consumptive the time
does not exceed ten, and is frequently less than
six seconds ; in pleurisy and jmcunjonia it ranges
from nine to four seconds. When the lungs are
in a sound condition, the time will range vis, high
as from twenty to thirty-five seconds.

LUNGS^ Jimu to Strengthen. — Many inven-
tions have been sought out for expanding the
lungs, but the following simple means will ac-
complish the work as well as it can possibly be
done. tk> into the air, stand erect, throw back
the head and shoulders, and draw the air through
the nostrils into the lungt a.s much as possible.
After having thus filled tlie lungs, raise your
arms, still extended, and suck in Ine air. When
we have thus forced the arms backwards, with
the chest open, change the process by which you
draw in your breath, till the lungs arc cmplieil.
Go through the process several limes a dav, and
it tirill enlarge tne chest, give the lungs ucltcr
play, and serve very much to ward off consump-
tion. If the lungs are tender^ or the blood ves-
sels weak, due care must be used at first not to
over>str«in them.

LUNGS, Inflammatiint of. — The patient lies
upon his back, and has some pain m his side,
some difficulty of breathing, a dry cough at first,
but soon accompanied by a mixture of j^legm
and blood. As the disease increases, this matter
becomes more tenacious; there is increased dif-
ficulty in breathing; greater prostration; and
often some delirium. In the first stage of the
disease, the lungs are crowded with blood; in
the second the lung<: are so swelled and tliickened
up as to force out the nir, and become solid; in
the third stage, matter is found diffused through
the whole substance of the lungs. The matter
raised is thinner, and looks like prune-juice.
From this stage persons rarely recover. — Treat-
ment.— The first thing to be done is to give on
emetic, either of compound powder of lobelia,
tartrate of antimony, or pulverized ipecac. The
next thing is to produce sweating by the same
means as in pleurisy. _ If there is much fever.

r gen.
thictv i

ik

odics. 1

and a rapid pulse, it is better to give tincture d
veratrum viride, every hour, in from three to
ten-drop doses, for tne purpose of sweating.
Mustard-plaster on the chest, to be put on. ami
taken off several times, and when the &ur£ue
grows sore, it must be changed to another, so as
to affect the chest extensively.

Open the bowels wiih a preparation of salts, or
magnesia. Give the patient for drinks flaxseed
or slippery elm tea, and let the diet be barley-
water, lemonade, Indian-meal gruel, very thin,
crust-coffee, etc. As the fever abates, the cough
will need attention. To quiet this, give Tartar
emetic, one gram; boiling water, ten dnums.
Mix. Take one teaspoonfuT every hour. When
the fever is gone, if the patient is feeble and low,
give tonics, such as compound infiisi<m of gen-
tian, eight ounces; nitrn-mtiriatic acid, tucti
drops. Mix. Take a tablespoonful three
a day ; and guard against a relapse.

U the fever takes a typhoid form, great
must be used not to give reducing rt-modics.
The purgatives must be more mild, and the ton-
ics used more freely, while the cough H kept
loose by slippery elm, or flaxseed, or marahmd-
low-tea.

MEASLES,— 'X\C\i is an acute infiomi
of the skin, both external and internal, comi
with an infectious fever. — Symptoms.~^K
succeeded by great heni, lanpior, and drowsii
pains in the head, back, and limbs ; quick
-soreness of throat ; thirst, nausea, vomili
dry cough, and high-colored urine.
symptoms increase in violence for four
l^he eyes are inflamed and weak ; and the
pours forth a watery secretion, with frequent
sneezing. There is considerable inflammation ol
the larynx, windpipe, and bronchial tubes, with
soreness of the breast, and hoarseness. About
the fourth day the skin is covered with a
inc out which produces heat and itching;
red in spots, upon the face first,
spreading over tne whole body. It
the same way, from the face first, and
the body, and the hoarseness and other
decline with it. At last the outside ski
oflTin scales. — Treatment. — In a mild form :
ing is required but a light diet, slightly a
drinks, and flaxseed or slippery elm tea. Wi
herb teas, and frequent sponge baths wi^
water, serve to allay the fever. Care &hut
taken not to let the patient take cold.

MEASLES, {False) or Kose-Fask.—'Xyat ap-
pears with the same general symptoms as meas-
les, and continues for about five day;, ; or tome-
limes comes and goes for several weeks. The
rash appears in small irregular patches, pain
than those of measles, and of a more roseate
color. — Treatment should be alight diet, acid
drinks and gentle laxatives; or if the ^sca>e
assumes a darker red, and the patches ore more
elevated, a tonic is needeiL

MENSTKUA T/ON, Af^e at whiek it Om-
mences. — Dr. Walter Rigden gives the subjoioeJ
statistics obtained from females who were con-
fined at University College Hospital. In 3,696
cases menstruation occurcd for the first time:

At the age of—

At the age of—

9 m 3 cases.

14 in $60 cases.

10 •• 14 "

IS -540 "
lS"4S5 •'

u " 60 "

13 " 170 "

17**372 "
18 "150 '*

13 "353 "

MED/CAL AlTD SURGICAL.

a3i

I

At the age of —
19 in 76 cases.
ao *• 39 ••
21 •• 7 "
« •* 3 "

At the age of—

23 in 2 cases.

24 •' o "

25 '* o •'

26 « 2 "

It appears that it is most common at 14 fears

MENSTJfC/ATIOy, /i^tamfd.—'Vhxs may
be known by a sense of weight or fulness in the
pelvic region^ which is increased al each men-
strual pcnod ; a fcchnfj of weakness and heaviness
in the back and loins, aching sensation down the
thighs, etc The treatment requires the aid of a
sorgeon.

MENSTRUATION, Pam/uf.—'V\{\% is ge-
neroUy caused by sudden colds at the menstrual
perioa, or soon after delivery, by exhaustion,
cau&ed br the luxurious indulgences of civi-
lued life, by unnatural or excesMve excitement of
the organs. The symptoms are pain in the pel-
vis, weakness and distress in the small ofthe
bock, tenderness and swelling of the breasts,
heoiUche, etc. Clots of blood arc formed in the
uterus, and sometime^a false membrane is thrown
off, either entire or in shreds, which is expelled
with violent be-iring-down efforts, with intervals
of comparative case, like those of child-birth.
These pains, and the expulsion of a membrane,
might readily be mistaken for a miscarringe. The
attacks last from one to four days, during which
time many patients are unable to walk nr even
stafbd, and especially so during the bearing-down
oontractions of ihe uterus, while others are oljlig-
ed to keep their beds. A cure can only be ef-
fected by means of proper treatment during the
inlenrnls. The Iwwels should Iw kept regular
by right diet, and, when confripated, should be
frccabv enemas ot tepid water. Vaginal injec-
tions ofwann water, and warm or hot sitz-baths,
should be employed. E\xry l-iw of health should
be obscrvcrl, and every possible cause of ill health
abstained from. A free, happy, unexcited and
nnexhanstinc life will greatly nelj>. During the
attack a cold or hot sit2-bath should betaken^
and continued while tlie jiain lasts. The relief
is more immediate by the hot bath; but the cold
bath, at a temperature of from sixty to seventy-
five degrees, is the best. At the same time a hot
foot-bath, OS well as \'aginal injections, may he
employed. These baths should be repeated on
every return of the pain.

MILJC SICKNESS. — This is a disease
ivhich prevails in (he West, in the neighborhood
chiefly of level, heavily limbered, rather wet oak
land. TTic plant Ihc eating of which causes the
milk to be poijMinous is not known. The s)*mp-
toms of the disease ore, a sickness at the stomAch,
and weakness and trembling of the legs. 7*here
is vomiting, and a peculiarly offensive breath.
The»e symptoms amtinue for weeks, and are
often all that are shown in this complaint ; but in
•omc severer ca:>cs, there are (.hills and flashes
of hca£, great oppression about the heart, anxiety.
deep brealhing, heat in the stomach, violent
retching and vomiting, alarming beatings of the
heart, and tlirobbing of the large vessels, and
cdM extremities. In most cases, the vomiting
returns every hour or two, attended by a great
burning at the pit of the stomach, the substance
thrown up havinc a j>cculiar bluish-green color,
and a sour smell. .\s soon as this discharge
takes place, the patient (alls back upon the pillow,
aad Uea easy until another turn comes round.

The tongue is covered with 3 whitish coat, and
the bowels arc obstinately costive. The pulse is
small and quick. 'ITie treatment does not STiry
much from that pursued for inflammation ofthe
slomoch.

MOUTH, CUeratien ^— This frcquentW
lakes place in children whose slate of health is
below par. It is caused chieHy by a disordered
state ol the stomach, but occxsionally the cause
is local, viz., the stump or sharp edge of a de-
cayed tooth. The ulcers sometimes appear as
little white specks on the longne and lining
membrane ofthe mouth, constituting the disease
called thrush or aphthx. This form is frequently
seen in infants when nursing, and may be trans-
ferred from the infant's mouth to the mother's
nipple.

When the ulcers are caused by a disordered
stale of the stomach, two or three tablespoonfuls
of the following mixture should be taken every
second or third morninc : powdered rhubarb and
bicarbonate of soda, ofeach two drachms; infu-
sion of rhubarb and infusion of genti.Tii, ofeach
four ounces. Mix. When caused by the sharp
edge or stump of a tooth, the tooth must be re-
moved or the sharp edge filed away. Children
suffering from thrush should lie given a nutritious
diet with tonics; the tongue and inside of the
mouth should be freely painted over with a
gargle, composed of borax, two drachms; and
glycerine, one ounce, a camel's hair pencil being
used.

MUMPS. — This disease, most common
among children, begins with soreness and stiff-
ness in the side ofthe neck. Soon a swelling of
the paraolid gland lakes place, which is painful,
and continues to increase for four or five days,
sometimes making it difficult to swallow, or open
the mouth. The swelling sometimes comes on
one side at a time, btic commonly U|x>n both.
There is often heat and sometimes fever, with a
dry skin, quick pulset-fHrred tongue, constipatcil
liowels, and scanty and high-colored urine. The
disease is contagious, 'Ine treatment is very
simple, — a mild diet, gentle laxatives, txrcasional
hot fomentations, and wearing a piece of flannel
round the throat.

NEURALGIA. — ^Tliis isapainof the nerves,
the disease only affecting the nervous tissue, and
ginng bul one symptom — pain. It may occur
in almost any part of the system, and is known
under various names — Tic Douloureux, Face-
ache, Hemicronia, Sciatica — according to Its lo-
cation. It may be occasioned by miasm, in fever
and ague districts; or by whatever debilitates
the syiitem, as hysterics, too lung suckling an in-
fant, or low diet. — Trtatment. — For external use,
the following liniment is excellent: while soap,
twelve ounces ; camphor, six onnccs ; oil of rose-
mary, one and ahalf ounces ; alcohol, four pints ;
opium, three ounces. Mix and filter. \\T»ere
the disease is caused by miasm, the treatment
must be with quinine, iron and other tonics, to
gel up the blood. Plenty of exercise in the open
air is important, if well protected from the
weather.

NER VO USNESS.— The cure of ncrrousnesa
is best effected by restoring the healthy action of
the stomach and bowels, and by the use of pro-
per exercise, espcdally in the open air. TTie
stomach should not be overloaded with indigest-
ible food, and the boi^'els shoald be occasionally
relieved by the use of some mild aperient. Aber-

A

ielhy's injunction to a nervous and dyspeptic
ty, ''Dismiss your servants, madani, and make
own beds , should be recollected by all
s a proof of the importance that eminent surgeon
attached to exerciser

NECKALGIA, Other Rcmfdiesfor.—X, The
■pplicition of bniiscd horse-radish. — 2. One
drachm doses of hypophosphite of soda, taken
three times a day in beef tea, is a cood remedy
for this painful afTeclion. — 3. The oil of pepper-
mint lightly applied to the seat of paia with a
camel-hair pcnul will oftord relief.

KrCfff-MARE, To prexent.—VjiX nothing
mftcr 3 o'clock p. m. and no nighi-more will ever
^sert ifi suffocating presence.

NIPPLES, Sore. — Nursing mothers are some
times serioosly troubled with this painful aflic-
tion, and would be willing to mnlce almost any
sacrifice to have a cure for it. The following
simple mixture, will cive immediate relief: Pow-
dered borax, a small, even tcaspoonful ; pure
water two-lhirds of a teacupfiil, alcohol, one and
a half tablespoonful. Mix and use, washing the
nipples with it. Or lake ripe raw tomatoes, narc
ftndcut them up; then stir in flour enough to
make a stiff dough. Roll and work it with the
hands until it becomes very smooth. Spread a
thin plaster .and apply it to the affected part with
a cloth over it, changing the dry plasters for fresh
ones AS often as necessary. ITiis keeps up a con-
stant perspiration, which is what is neeaed. If
you cannot get tomatoes, a dough made with
cold water and flour will answer.

NOSE-BLEED.— Thxi may be caused by
violence, or may arise from an impoverished state
of the blood. When it occurs in persons of
middle age it is more serious, as it is then often
a symptom of some other disease. The bleeding
can generally be stopiwd by making the patient
raise both his arms above his head, and hold
them there for some time. Spimeing with cold
or iced water to the forehead and face, or apply-
ing a towel wet with cold water between the
shoulders, will, in most cases, succeed. Tlie
uiplication of a strong solution of alum or iron-
alum lo the inside oT llie nostrils or plugging
the nostrils with lint or cotton wool soaked in
the solution, may be necessary if l!ic bleeding
is profuse. Sec'also page iz.

NUPSING S/CA' C///£.L>PEN.—This is a
more delicate task than nursing adults. The
greatest watchfulness and judgment are necessary
to determine the meaning of their symptoms, and
in giving medicines. Just as great circ should
be observed not lo disturb them, as if they were
able to make compLoints of any carelessness.
Let the room, where a child is sick, be shady,
quiet, and cool. Be careful not to speak so sua-
aenlv as to startle the half-sleeping patient ; and
handle it with the greatest tenderness, when it is
necessary to move it.

If it is the lungs that suffer, have the Uttle pa-
tient somewhat elevated upon pillows for easier
breathing, and doing every thing to soothe and
make it comfortable, so a.s not to have it cry, and
thus distress its inflamed lungs.

In till fevers and bowel complaints, especial
attention must be given to frequent sponging of
the skin with tenia water ; and great care exer-
cised not to bxuncn the stomach with loo much
food or drink. If the skin becomes irritated for
any reason, sprinkle it with flour or pulverixcd
Mtaircb, If the child is very weak, be careful not

to move it too suddenly, as it may l>e startled into
convulsions. In administering a bath, the greatest
pains must be tiken not tn frighten the child. It
should be put in so gradually^ and so insensibly
amused by something placed in the water on pttr-
pose, as to forget its fear.

PAPUlOiS .96*^ Z./..— Papulous scall ks a
mattery Dimple developed in a highly inflamed
skin. The blisters are about the siie of a split
pea, and are surrounded by a red ring, Tney
are generally separate, not clustered like crusted
letter. They are scattered over various ports ol
the body, and are followed by a hard block crust,
or by a sore. The disease is either acute or
chronic. The chronic form is found in weakly
children, or persons reduced by sickness or \crm
hving. — Trrfttment. — For the acute form, low
diet, gentle laxatives, cold sponce-bath on the
sound parts, and an ointment ofoxide d smc^
one dram; s]>crmaceti ointment, one ounce,
mixed. Knr the chronic form, toni« sbouklbe
given internally, and the above ointment used.

L*/tES. — TTiis is another very common com-
plaint, and one which causes great distress. It
consists in a fullness of blood, and languid cirrn-
lation in the lower part of the bowel or rcctsm.
In consequence of this congestion, either the
veins of the gut become enlarged or varicose, or
the blood gets infiltratcdinto the cells beneath die
mucous membrane, and coUects so as to fbrm
bloody tumors. These tumors, which ore sel-
dom absent, are the leading feature of the piles.
Sometimes they appear externally, arnund the
anus: this isextcmol piles. At olhertimcs they axe
within the bowel ; the complaint is then called
internal piles. WTien the blood is discharged,
they are called bleeding piles; and when not,
blind piles.

Symptoms. — Usually there is a sense ofweij^t
and weakness in the lower part of the back and
loins, with a painful itching about the imn.s. On
going to sl'wl, there is a burning, cutting pain
experienced, which is followed by hearing down
and tenc>imus. If it be bleeding piles, the little
tumors will bleed at every motion of the bovris.
There is often disagreeable sensations in the head*
and an irritable state of mind, and a sense o(
fullness and anxiety in the stomach. The disease
is caused by habitual costivcncss, sitting a great
deal, riding much on horseback, hi^jhseasimed
food, over exertion, and induration of the liver.
It is also very common in pregnancy &om sev-
eral causes.

Treatment. — Medicinefi — pui^es in jiarticulor
— must not be taken. The costivcness may be
corrected as before mentioned ; or if it is neces-
sary lo give something to move the bowels, let it
be this: confection of senna, two ounces; cream
tartar, one ounce; flower of sulphur, one oonor.
syrup of ginger, enough to make a stiff paste.
Mix. A ptecc as large as a nutmeg is to be taken
as often as necessary to keep the lx>wels opeo.
A soothing ointment, made of two ounces of
lard, and one dram of sulpliur, and nibbed be^
tween two plates of lead until it is well bladicnedi
is excellent for an application to the parts. Frc*
quent injections of coo! water will do as nodi as
any thing to allay the inflammation. Steaming
the parts over a not decoction of hops, or stia-
monium, will frequently give relief. The diet
mu^t be cooling and loosening.

PIMPLES, /)/i*>'.— Dry Pimples, under the
several names of Red Gum. Tooth Rash, as s«ea

AittI

fl^

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

m

in children* and Lichen and Prurigo in &daltf»
are exceedingly troublesome, and if much scratch-
ed and torn, may form uainful sores. Prurigo
often causes elderly people a great deal of sufler-
ingi giving ihem no rest day or night, from
the tormenting sensation of numberless ants
crawling upon the skin, or red-hot needles pierc-
ing it.

Treatment. — Careful diet, ai*d gentle cathartics,
or tonics, according to the condiiion of the system.
Externally, cold, salt-water spongc-balh, and
glycerine, applied with a soft sponge, vinc^t
and water, or creosote ointment. Tfthc itchmg
affects some very sensitive parts, a wash of rose-
water, four ounces; pulvcrircd borax, half an
ounce; tulphatc of morphine, six grains, should
be used many times a day.

PLEURISY. — This is an inflammation of
that membrane which lines the chest, and covers
the outer surface of the lungs. It generally
commences by shrvcrings, which arc soon follow-
ed by a high fever, with a peculiarly hard, resist-
ing pulse; sharp, stabbing pain m the side —
generally just below the nipple, but sometimes
extending to the shoulder, arm pit and back;
harried and interrupted breathing; and a short,
dry cough. The pain is aggravated by motion,
coughing, or taking a long breath. The patient
can not lie on the aflcctrd side, he is anxious,
and afraid to move for fear of the pain, which
often causes him to cry out. At a more advanced
stage, the patient lies on the ailing side, in order
to leave the other lung more at lifjcrly. — Treat-
ment.— Bleeding is commonly resorted to in this
disease; but it should not he resorted to, if thor-
ough sweating can be made to answer the pur-
pose. The compound tincture of Virginia snake-
roo( will generally induce free perspiration, if
giren every half-hour in teaspoonful doses. It
may be given in an inru<tion of balm, or cntnip.
At the same time the afTectcd side should be fo-
inentcd with hops, tansy, wormwood, etc, appli-
ed quite hot.

PROUD FLESH, To Remm^e. — Pulverixe
loaf-sugar very line, and apply it to the part af-
fected. This is a new and easy remedy, and is
said to remove it entirely without pain.

POX, CHICKEN.— Kn eruptive skin disease,
consisting of smooth vesicles of various sizes,
which afterwards become white and itraw colored,
and about the fourth day break and scale ofT In
hot weather the diM;harge sometimes becomes
ptimlent, and at others the eruption is attended
with considerable fever. The treatment consists
in the adoption of a light vegetable diet, and ia
the admiiustralion of mild aperients and cooling
drinks.

POXt COW. — This disease was proposed as
a substitute and preventive of smallpox, by Dr.
Tenner in 1798. TTie success which has followed
Its artificial production has nearly led to the ex-
tinction of smallpox in England. The process
of vacdnatioQ is similar to that of inoculation for
the smallpox, before noticed. About the third
dajr the puncture usually becomes red and ele-
vated, and continues to enlarge and become vesic-
ular, tinul at about the Sth or 9th day, it is at its
height, and the vesicle is surrounded with a florid
areola. About the eleventh or twelfth day these
symptoms decline; the centre of the pustule be-
cxMDcs brown, and a dark scale gradually forms
and separates, leaving the arm as heretofore.
This disease seldom requires medical treatment;

but should febrile symptoms come on, an aperient
may be given.

Pox, SMALL, — ^This disease comes on with
the usual symptoms of inflammatory fever. About
the third day, red spots, resembling flea bites,
make their appearance on the face and head, and
gradually extend over the whole body. About
mc fifth day small circular vesicles, depressed in
the centre, surrounded by an areola, and con-
taining a colorles"; fluid, begin to form, when the
feverish symptoms oliate ; about the sixth day
the throat becomes sore ; about the eighth day
the face is swollen, and about the eleventh day
the pustules acquire the size of a pea, and cease
to enlarge, the matter which they contain be-
comes opaque and yellow, a dark central spot
forms on cnch, the swelling of the face subsides,
and secondary symptoms of fe\-er come on ; the
pustules become rough, break and scib over,
and a dark spot remains for some days, often fol-
lowed by permanent indentation. At the end of
the sixteenth or eighteenth day, the symptoms
usually disappear. In the confluent smallpox,
the pustules coalesce, the eruption is irregular in
its progress, and the inflammatory sym[)toms are
more severe. The treatment of ordinary cases
of smallpox resembles that mentioned above for
chicken-pox. The apartment should be large,
cool, and welt-vcntilated. The windows should
be open day and night, and the linen changed
daily. Dunng the discharge of the pustules,
change it twice a day. The patient should be
taken into the open air often. Children and
others, even if they have been vaccinated, should
not visit the sick-room, though they need not
leave the house. After the disease is over, the
bed and bedding should be scoured, the room
fumigated, and inoroughly cleansed. It is stated
that if a patient, in the nerinning of the attack,
be put in a room from wbicti absolutely all light
is excluded save that of a candle, the effect i* to
arrest the disease in the papular or vesicular
stage; it never becomes purulent, and the sktn
between the vesicles is never inflamed or swollen;
the liquor sanguinis is prevented from becoming
pus ; the large scabs of matter never form over
the face ; there is no intense pain, and only tri-
fling itching, and the smell u either very sli^t
or altogether wanting.

PO.X, {SMALL)RemedUs/or.-~i. Thetrcat-
ment of snuUl-pox in the State .Mmshouse in
Massachusetts, where the dl-^case prevailed
for three months, has been singularly soccesstul.
Out of about sixty cases, but one fiital result
occurred, and that was in the case of a man who
was taken to the house in the last sLige of the
disease. The remedy used with so much success
was a tea made from a plant known in the Ma-
teria Medica as Serracenia Purpura, familiarly
called Ladies* SaddTe or Water Cup, the medicinal
virtue of which lies in the root. The cflecC of
the remedy, which has been newly discovered
and found remarkably efhdent whenever tried,
is to allay the fever and irritation caused by the
formation of pustules, which are rapidly dried up,
leaving but slight, if any, traces.

a- A remedy practiced in China is when ttic
prccctling fever is at its height, and just before
the eruption appears, the chest is rubbed with
croton oil and tarLir emetic ointment. This
causes the whole of the eruption to appear m
that pail of the body, to the relief of the rest.
It also secures a full and complete eruption, and

*«

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WAKTS.

thus prevents the disca^ from attadcing the inicr-
nai organs,

FOX {Small\ Pitting in. — I. In a case re-
ccndv trcalctl, in which ihc eruption so com-
nletely covered the face that it was almost im-
[possiblc to place the point of the finger on it,
I'vithout toulctiing it in one or more places. Dr. J.
';C. Whitehall, succcedctl in absorbing the "pocks"
Boni|)Ietely. by anointing the face freely wth a
Bolution of carbolic acid, j scruple, and bi-sul-
phate of soda, 2 drachms, In an ounce of pure
fresh glycerine, and causing each vesicle, as soon
as formed, to be punctured with a finely pointed
hardwood skewer and some of the solution in-
troduced. At the same lime light was excluded.
as far as possible, from the room, and a liniment
of croton oil used over the chest as a revulsive.
Not a "pit" was formed on the face. — 1. I. H.
Bird, M. D., uses an ointment made of charcoal
[And lard to prevent pitting in smallpox, lliis is
applied freely over the surface of tne face, neck
and hands, as soon as the disease is distinguish-
ed, and continued until all symptoms of suppu-
rative fever have ceased. The applicntion alUiys
the itching, and seems to shorten the duration of
the disc.ise, and leaves the patient without a
blemish, the eruption protected by the oinimcrtt
not even showing signs of puslulation ; the char-
coal preventing tne action of light, and lard that
of air. — 3. The Mclia Azidavaciita L. of India is
used in tnat country by the nntives to cover the
bodies o^ patients recovering from small-pox, il
being believed to prevent the marks becoming
permanent. Pr. Wight says nf il: The leaves
beaten into a pulp and externally applied act like
a charm in removing the most intractable form
of psora and other pustules of an eruptive nature.
^4- Sweet oil and lime-water, xs these arc ge-
nerally prepared for applications to bums or
water-scalds, will operate to prevent or allay all
irritation, and hinncr the discoloration of the
cuticle and the pitting, which arc so often the ac-
companiment of this Tearful disorder.

QUINSY, — TTiis is an inflammation of the
tonsils, or common inflammatory sore throat;
commences with a slight fcvcrisn attack, with
considerable pain and swelling of the tonsils,
causing some difiicully in swallowing; as the at-
tack advances these symptoms become more in-
tense, there is headache, thirst, a painful sense
of tension, and acute darting pains in tlic ears.
Tlie attack is generally brought on by exposure
to cold, and lasts from five to seven days, when
it subsides naturally, or an abscess may form in
tonsil and burst, or tlie tonsil may remain enlarg-
ed, the inflammation subsiding.

Treatment. — ^Tlie patient should remain in a
warm room, the diet cnicfly milk and good broths,
some cooling laxative and diaphoretic medicine
may be given; but the greatest relief will l>e found
in the frequent inhalation of the steam of hot
water' through an inhaler, or in the old-fa&hioned
way through the spout of a teapot.

RHEUM A TVi^vl/. --Rheumatism is a painful
affection, brought on, when acute, most frequent-
ly by exposure to cold, and wet feet. Rheuma-
tism is causeil by acrid or poisonous matter in
the blood, and has for its seat the fibrous tissue,
or that thready texture which enters into the com-
position of the cords and muscles of the human
^Dody. The lining membrane of the joints is
eculiarly liable to rheumatic afTection.

RHEUMATISM, AcuU.—Ts^^ has for its

symptoms, high fever, full pulse, furred ton(^
profuse, sour sweat, scanty, high-colored urine7
swelling of the joints, with sUgnt redness, great
tenderness, and severe pain. It often changes
from one set of joints to another, or to various
parts of the body. This sudden shifting is very
dangerous, for the inflammation is apt to seize
upon the lining mcmbrauc of the heart, which
may prove fatal. — Treatment. — Keep the bowels
open. Give tincture of black cohosh and tinc-
ture of veratnim viride— one drachm of the
first, and two ounces of the last; mix, and
give a teaspoonfiil. three times a day* or
often enough to produce sweating. If the disease
is reduced by this, and the exhaustion not too
great, continue it until the disease abates. Hoc*
ture of black cohosh-root. and tincture of cc^
chicum-root, in proportion of two parts of the
first to one of tlie last, is an excellent remedy.
Forty drops is a dose. Fomentations of hops,
on tlie inflamed joints, will generally "bring rebef.
The system wants building up with tonics and
nourishing diet, when subject to this disease.

R//EUMATISM, 6>/wi/.-.— This is not at-
tended by fever, but generally lasts a long time,
and is the cause of much suffering. Its symptoms
arc. stiffness and lameness of the joints, some-
times a little swelling, and inability to move
these joints without great trouble at first ; bat as
the patient grows warm with exercise, the dif-
ficulty disappears.

Treatment. — The electro-magnetic treatment
is excellent, generally perfectly successful. Lini-
ment of sweet oil, one ounce ; water of aminonia,
one ounce ; mixed and rublwd on with flannel,
is very good; or, soap liniment, two ounces;
chloroform, one dram; mixed. Tincture of black
cohosh is very useful as an internal remedy.
Dusc, forty drops, A piece of oiled silk, worn
over the jomt, keeps up a perspiration, and aids
in the cure. Sweet oil, rubbed on before the fire
on going to bed, is also good. Tlie bowels should
be kept regular.

RHEUM A TISM, Otkn- RemeJirs fir.^u
Bathe the parts affected with water in woich po-
tatoes have l>ccn boiled, as hot as can be home,
just before going to bed; by the next morning it
will be much refieved, if not removed. One ap-
plication of this simple remedy has cured the
most obstinate of rheumatic pains. — 2. I^talfan
ounce of pulverized salpctre put in half a pint of
sweet oil ; bathe the ^^rts aflcctcd, and a sound
cure will be speedily effected. — 3. Rlieuuiatism
has frequently been cured by a persistent use of
lemon-juice, cither undiluted or in the form of
lemonade. Suck half a lemon every morning
before breakfast, and occasionally during the day,
and partake of lemonade when thirsty in prefer-
ence to any other drink. If severely afHicted, a
Chysician should be consulted; but, in all cases,
;mon-juice will hasten the cure. — 4. By the
valerian bath, made simply by taking one pound
of valerian root, boiling it gently for about a
c|uarter of an hour in one ^lon of water, strain-
ing and ad<ling the strained liquid to alK>ut
twenty gallons of water in an ordinary bath. The
tcmpcralurc should be about 98*, and the time
of immersion from twenty minutes to half an
hour, l^ains must be taken to dry the patient
perfectly upon getting out of the bath. If the
inflammation remain refractory in any of the
joints, linseed meal poultices should be made with
a strong decoction of valerian root, and applied.

iiuMi^M

J

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

I

RING {TIGHT), To Remffve.—lt is selclom
aeocssary to file off a ring, t(X> light to readily
pass the joint of the finger. If the nngcr is swol-
len, apply cold water to reduce the inHammation,
tbea wrap a small mg wet in hot water around
ihc ring to expand the met&l, and soap the finger.
A needle threaded n-ith strong silk can then be
passed between the ring and finger, and a person
holding the two ends and pulling the bilk while
slowly sliding it around the periphery of the ring
may readily remove the ring. If llie ring is a
plain hoop this process is easy; if it has a setting
or protub«nuice more care wfll be recjuircd. An-
other method is to pass a piece of sewing silk
aodcr the ring and wind the thread, in pretty
clnse Sfurals and snugly, around the finger to the
end. Then take the Tower end — that below ring
— and begin unwinding. The ring is certain lo
be removed unless the silk is weak. The wind-
ing compresses the fi^nger and renders the opera-
tion less difficult.

RINGWORM.— \. Take yellow-dock root;
cut in small pieces, and simmer them in vinegar,
and when the strength is extracted, strain offlhe
vinegar, which apply to the part affected at least
three tiroes a day. At the same time, it is well
to drink a tea made of the same root; or take
some of the extract of ycUow-dock root, which
can be found at any drug store. — 2. The head to
be washed twice a day with soft soap and warm
soft water ; when dried, the pLiccs to be rubbed
with a piece of linen rag dipp<Kl in ammonia from
gat tar. — 3. Take the back of a silver watch or
uiy smooth piece of silver, rub on and around
the sore a few minutes four to six limes ; it will
soon cure it.

ROOM, H<rj} to Coot. — The simplest and cheap-
est way to cool a room is to wet a cloth of any
sixe, the larger the belter, and suspend it in the
place you want cooled. Let the room be well
TcntOated, and the temperature will sink, from
ten to twelve degrees in less than an hour. This
is the plan atloptcd by many Eastern nalions.

RUPTURE.— T\icfas\. thing to be done is (o
put the bowel hack in iu place, by gently press-
ing and kneading the lamor, and swaying it back
and forth — being careftU to use no violence —
until ie can be pushed withiti the abdominal
walls. It is then to be kept m its place by the
use of a truss, worn all the time. -

SCRA TCHES. — ^Trifling as scratches often
seem, they ought never to be neglected, but
should be covered and protected, and kept clean
and dry. until they have completely healed. If
there is the least appearance of inflammation, no
time should be lost in applying a large bread
and water poultice, or hot n.innels repeatetlly
applied, or even leeches in goo<t numbers may
be pat on at some distance from each other.

SCROFULA.— \i is useless to describe this
disease, or to mention its causes. It i« an evil
as patent as it is dreadful. Being hereditary, it
may never be eradicated whoUv from the consti.
tubon. bot may no doubt be alleviated. — Treat-
mmt. — Iodine is the one great remedy for this
disease. Dissolve one scruple of iodine and
two scruples of iodide of potassium in seven tca-
•pooofuls of water. Of this, give ten drops three
times a day in a little water, gradually increasing
the dose to one and a half or two times that
amount. Where there is much debility, the
iodide of iron, in doses of twenty-five or thirty
dropCy in water, three times a aay, should be

given. Medicinal springs, containing iodine, are
excellent. The condition of the bowels should
be always looked to, keeping them open. Bath-
ing frcauently, cxcrdse out of doors, healthy air,
cheerfulneMi. and a nourishing diet, ore all ne-
cessary. Either flannel or silk should be worn
next the skin summer and winter.

The tumors should be balhed, before they be-
come much sore, with a solution of muriate of
lime, several times a day. If they are inflamed,
apply poultices of slipiKry elm, and powdered
luyberry. equal parts, rlaxseed-poultices are
good. \Vhen the tumors arc ojwned, the ulcers
must be washed out with soap-suds, and dressed
with a salve made of beeswax and sweet oil;
change two or three limes a dny. Red iodide of
mercur^'-ointment is needed when the ulcers are
indolent. Salcratus-watcr baths are good.

SCURyy. — This is a disease which seamen
on a long voyage, and men on long journeys
over uniimabited countries, are subject to; and
is occasioned probably by too much salt food,
and other unnatural habits. Its symptoms arc,
languor, loss of strength, and great depression
of mine]. 'ITie patient has no energy to move;
the whole skin looks pale and bloated, and the
breath has a fetid smell. The gums arc sofl, red,
swelled, and spongy, and ble^ upon the slight-
est touch ; sometimes the blood oozes from them
spontaneously. The teeth get loose, and often fall
out. l*he skin is spotted with purple, as if it
were bruised, and the spots running together,
form large discolored patches. Ulcerous sores
break out on various ports of the body, and dis-
charge a thin matter. The ulcers arc covered
with a crust. Twinging pains assail even the
bones ; the pulse is weak ; all the secretions liave
an offensive smell; and, in truth, tlie whole body
is approachine putridity; the flesh dwindles
away, and the bones break easily. In bod cases,
blood is discharged from the bladder, bowels,
womb, nose, mouth ; and the smallest exertion
is followe<i by fainting, an<l in some cases by
sudden death. — Treatment, — Quinine is one of
the most important medicines in this disease; it
may be eiven in from one to two-grain doses,
twice or three times a day. Gentian and quassia
are also suitable remedies ; so is muriatic ttoctore
of iron. But better than all are fresh and juicy
vegetables and fruits. Spinage, sorrel, lettuce,
dandelion, cresses, and the Tike, arc the very
best things, when they can be hod. Lemon-juice
is excellent. Potatoes, when scraped and eaten
raw, arc especially good; also valuable cooked.
Sprucc-becr is good, and may be made at sea
from the essence, as may also many kinds of
beer. To correct costivcncs?, cream of tartar in
water, drank freely, will be needed. For loose-
ness, give a tea made of logwood or geranium.
Apply a solution of alum to the gums, or tinc-
ture of myrrh. Vinegar is good in this disease,
and should always be canned to sea, together
with dried fruits, and various dried herbs. The
patient suflfering with this disease should be
moved with care, as life may be easily extin-
guished.

SEA SICATNESS—Tho^t liable to be sick
should make a hearty meal not more then two or
three hours before going on board. Tliey should
select a spot as near as possible to the centre of
the vessel, and lie down before she gets under
weigh. Theborixontal position shoukl be rig^ly
kept during the whole passage. The person

d

336

DICTIONARY OF EVERYDA Y WANTS,

shouM be well covered, not only to protect from
cold, but lo shield from disagrecacile sounds,
sights, and smells. A stateroom should be se-
lected as near as possible lo the center of the ship,
but not near the furnaces. In going to Europe,
it is better to be on the starboard, and, in return-
ing on the port side which will be the sunny
one. The following suggestions for the pre\"en-
tion of sea sickness nave proven efficacious :

1. Have every preporalion made at least
twenty-four hours before starting* so that the
system may not be exhausted by overwork and
■want of sleep. This direction is particularly im-
portant for ladies, though useful to all.

2. Eat as hearty a meal as possible before going
on board.

3. Go on board sufficiently early to arrange
such things as may be wanted for the first dav or
two, so that they may be casv of access; then
undress and go to bed before tnc vessel gets un-
der weigh. The neglect of this rule by those
who are liable to sca-stckness is sure to be re-
gretted.

4. Eat regularly and heartily, bat without
raising the head, for at least one or two days.
In this wa^y the habit of digestion is kepi up, the
strength is preserved, u^ile the system be-
comes accustomed to the constant change of equi-
librium.

5. On the first night out. take some mild laxa-
tive pills, as for example, two or three of the
compound rhubarb pills. Most persons have a
tendency to become constipated at sea, although
diarrhcea occurs in a certain per-centngc. Con-
stipation not only results from sea-sickness, but
in turn aggravates it. The effervescing laxa-
tives, like the seidlitx, or the solution of the
citrate of magnesia, taken in the morning on an
empty stomach, arc bad in sea-sickness.

O. After having become so far habituated to the
sea as to be able lo take your meals at the table
and lo go on deck, never think of rising until
yoy have eaten something, as a plate of oatmral
porridge, or a cup of concc or tea, with sea bis-
cuit or toast.

7, If subsequently daring the Toyagc the sea
should become unusuallv rough, go to bed before
getting sick. It is foolisn to dare anything when
there is no glory to be won, and something may
be lost.

SICK^ Food for. — ^The greatest care should be
taken in the preparation of food for the sick. It
should be just right, or the weakened and sen-
sitive appetite will refuse it. If gruel is scorched
in preparing, or whatever ^ou attempt fails the
first time to be as nice as it shoidd be, throw it
away and make more. Be scrupulously neat in
serving it up. Use your prettiest dishes and
finest napkins. Sometning depends upon looks;
and the eye of a sick person may l>c unusually
criticflL Except in the nreparaiion of light pud-
dings, the process of baking is inadmissible for
the sick. Roasting is better — a light roast po-
tato is sometimes very acceptable. Meats should
be delicately broiled, except when boiled for
broths.

SICK-ROOM, Pure Air i«.— The disagreeable
and unhealthy evil of the foul gas escaping from
a kerosene lamp burnt all night in a sick-room is
very easily remedied. All that is necessary is to
take a raisin or anv suitable-sized box, that will
contain the lamp when set up on end. Place the
Ump in the box, outside the iriadov, with the

open side facing the room. When there ai
blinds, the box can be attached to each by Icai
ing them a little open and fastening with a core
or the lamp box con be nailed to the windoi
casing in a permanent manner, llie lamp bui
quite as well outside, and a decided improvemc
of the air in the room is experienced.

SICA'ROOM, CautiifH in tiJi/w/-.— N<
venture into a sick-room in a violent persjiiratit
(if circumstances require a continuance Inere '
any time), for the moment the body I
cold, it is in a state likely lo absorb the ii
and receive the disease. Nor visit a sick pei
(especially if the complaint be of a conlagioi
nature), with an empty stomach ; as thi\ di<pos<
the system more readily to receive the infcctic
In attending a sick person, stand where the
passes from the door or window lo the bed of 1
diseased, not betwixt the diseased person ;
any fire that is in the room, as the neat of
fire will draw the infectious vap«'»r in that dii
lion, and much danger would arise from breath-
ing in it. Do not enter the room the first
in the morning before it has been aired
when you come away, take some food, cl
your Clothing immediately, and expose the
to the air for some days.

SA'I.V, Z>iufl/i>r^.^As moles, freckles, sw
bum, etc., is the result of di-fea.»ed action. It
not best to meddle with moles. For the clu
of color called sunburn, a lotion made of
ounces of lime-water, and two ounces of flaxi
oil, is the best. Freckles arc removed with
same, or with this : corrosive sublimate, fii
grains; almond mixture, half a pint. Mix »ai
apply. If the skin is bleached m spots, appt]
some stimulating liniment.

SA'INGRA FTING.^ln nlcXtcT to the
don Lancet, David Fiddes, Surgeon to the R<
Infirmary, states that it is unnecessary to put ll
patient to the pain of cutting a piece of neall'
skin from the body for the purpose of transpl:
t.nlion. All '.h.it is necessary to be done, is tO'
take a long bistoury or razor and shave or seraph j
off the epidermis scales from the convex aspectt'j
of the forearms and thighs, and place them oftj
the healthy granulations. TTiis can best be
by brushmg the scales off the bistoury wiih
camel hair pencil. After securing them in sil
for three or four days by means of adhesri
plaster, Oie granulations on which the cpidermt^j
scales were placed assume a ghued, bluish aj
pearance, wluch gradually grows into skin, tn^
meets tlic nearest edge of the healing ulcci;
which edge shoots out, and meets the newlyj
formed skin on the granulation. '1

SLEEPLESSNESS, Cure/or.^Go wiihottk^
supper. If accustomed to drink tea, take noi
in Inc latter part of the day, and gradually Icai
it off altogether. Spend some hours of the af^er»]
noon in the open air; avoid everything calculaK
to excite the mind in the latter part of the
sedulously putting away all thought and
about business ; $eek cheerful, but not boisterot
sociability — that which is sedative rather
that which is exciting; have the sleeping
well ventilated ; avoid sleeping on feathers
night lay off all garments worn during the
and pu( on fresh ones : sleep alone; and gcttii
into Dcd take a comfortable position and drt(
minedlykeep it lillsleepcomes, compelling your-
self to avoid tossing and tumbling, and fidgeting
about. Learn to control your mental activities ;

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL,

m

when you get to bed stop thinking; if your
thoughts begin to wander in anv direction, bring
them back and hold them steadily to a fixed point.
Keep this up till you become master of your
thoughts. Then in all directions seek, to bring
the entire system under the control of the Uws
of life and health, and be patient. Sleeplessnetis
is a thing not to be overcome in a day, any more
than rheumatism or bronchitis.

If you 6nd yourself inclined to wake up at a
regular hour in the night and remain nwake. you
can break up the habit in three days, by getting
up as soon as you wake, and not going to sleep
again until your usual hour for retinng; or retire
two hours later, and rise two hours earlier, for
three dayt tn succession not sleeping a moment
in the daytime.

Ncrvouspcrsons, who are troubled with wake-
fulness ana excitability, usviatly have a strong
tendency of blood to the brain, with cold extremi-
ties. The pressure of the blood on the brain
keeps it in a stimulant or wakeful state, and the
pulsations in the head are often painful. Let
such rise, and chafe the body and extremities
with a brush or towel, or rub smartly with the
hands to promote circulation and withdraw the
excessive amount of blood from the brain, and
ther will fell asleep in a few moments. A cold
bato, or a sponge bath and rubbing, or a good
run, or a rapid walk in the open air, or going up
and doMm Etairs a few times just before retinng,
will aid in equalizing circulation and promoting
sleep.

SLEEP for l.VFAUTS. — TnfiinLi can not
sleep too long; it is well when they can enjoy a
odm and long-continued rest, o\ which they
should by no means be deprived, as this is the
greatest support granted tnem by nature. A
child lives comparatively much fester than an
adult; its blood flows more rapidly, and sleep
promotes more uniform drculation, and facili-
tates digcittion, while a horizontal position is fa-
Torable to growth and development. Still, sleep
should be proportioned to the age. After six
months, the time of sleep, can be regulated. An
infent should always sleep the whole night in

E reference to the clay, anu as it grows older, a
rw hours morning and afternoon; and, after a
while, to sleep after dinner will be sufficient
After a child is four or five years old, its time of
sleep may be shortened one hour every succeed-
ing year, so that a child of seven will not require
to sleep more than eight or nine hours.

SLEEP, Position in. — Sleeping-rooms should
always he so arranged, if possdde. to allow the
head of the sleeper to be towards the north.
Frequently, in cases of sickness, a person will
find It impossible tn obtain rest if the head is in
any other direction, and often a cure is retarded
for a long time. A Vienna physician had a pa-
tient who was suffering from acute rheumatism,
with painful cramps running from the shoulders
lo the fingers ; and, while his head was to the
south, he could do nothing towards his relief.
On turning the bed, however, so the head was
towards the north, the patient uttered expressions
of pleasure, and in a few hours a great improve-
ment ha<I taken place, and he was in a few days
almost entifel)r cured. Many other cases are
given by scientific persons ; and people, in buQd-
sng houses, should always have this in view.

SLEEPWG TOOE THER. — During the
flight there is considerable cxludfitioa from our

^

bodies, and at the same time we absorb n large
quantiiy of the vapors of the surrounding air.
Two healthy young children sleeping together
will naturally rive af>d receive healthy exhala-
tions; but an old, weak person near a child will,
in exchange for health, only return weakness.
A sick mother near her daughter communicates
sickly emanations to her; it the mother has a
cough of long duration, the daughter will at
some time also coogh and suffer by it; if the
mother has pulmonary consumption, it will be
ultimately communicated to her child. I( is
known that the bed of a consumptive is a power-
ful and sure cause of contagion, as well for men
as for women, and the more so for young per-
sons. Parents and friends ought to oppose as
much as is in their power the sleeping together
of old and young persons, of the sick and of the
healthy. Another reason ought to forbid every
mother ornurse keeping small children with them
in bed; notwithstanding the ad>'ice of prudence,
no year passes that we do not hear of a new in-
voluntary infanticide. A baby full of hie, health
and vigor in the evening is found dead the next
morning, sufftjcated by its parents or nurse.

SPLIXTERS, To j^>/rj,-/. — Thorns and
splinters finding their way under the skin fre-
quently give no inconsiderable pain, and unless
extractecij the annoyance may be very great, as
inBammation will in all proKibility ensue, which
is the process nature adopts for getting rid of the
cause of irritation. If the splinter or thorn can-
not be immediately extracted, — for which purpose
a needle will be found in most coses a sufficient
surgical instrument, — linen dipped in hot-woler
ougnt lo be bound round the piece, or the part
may be bathed in hot water. In the event of
inflammation, which may probably issue on the
production of an ulcer, the steam of hot water
should be applied, and afterwards a poultice of
bread and milk.

SPLEEX, Chrenii Infiammaiian of. — The
symptoms are a feeling of tightness and pain in
tneleftside — the pain heingincrcascd on pressure,
or by lying upon the left side. Sometimes the
organ enlarges, so as to be fell by the* hand.
There is sometimes numbness, weakness of the
legs, palpitation of the heart, difhculty of breath-
ing, inability to exercise much, ob«iinate con-
stipation, vomiting of food, piles, dry skin, tongue
coaled white or ml, low spirits, an^ occasionally
dropsical affections. Trcninient should be .nbout
the same as in inflammation of the liver. After
the active inflammation is subdued, the warm
bath may be used once or twice a week. In the
chronic form of the disease, counter irritation with
the compound lar-i>la«.tcr, with mustard-poul-
tices, Croton oil, or tincture of iodine, will b-
parliailarly needed. Keep the bowcU open, and
if the patient is pole and bloodless, give iron u
a tonic.

SPRAiy. — As soon as possible after the acd.
dent get a calico bandage one to two yards long,
and two to two and a half inches wide; wet it m
cold water, and roll it smoothly and firmly round
the injured part. Keen the limb at rest, exposed
lo the air, and continually damp with cold waler.
Tlie sooner after the accident the bandage is ap-
plied, the less pain and swelling there will he;
Dttt if pain becomes eicessive, case must be taken
to slightly loosen the bandage.

SPASAfS, R^tnrdy far. —Take of acetate of
morphia, i grain ; spint of sal volatile, \ €L

4

d

sulphuric ether, I fl. oz.; Camphor iulqi, 4fl. oz.
Mix. It should be kept closely corVcd, in a cool
place, and shotild be well shaken before use. —
Dose. A teaspoonful in a glassful of cold water
or wine, as reauired.

SQO/j\'T/NG. — Squinting frequently arises
from the unequal strength of the eyes, the weaker
eye being turned away from the object, to avoid
the fatigue of exertion. Cases ol squinting ol
long sta,nding have often been cured by covering
the stronger eye, and thereby compelling the
-weaker one to exertion.

It is well known that in inlancy there is not
unfrequently a tendency to squint ; this often
passes away as the child increases in age ; but it
•ometimcs becomes quite a fixed habit, demand.
ing the knife of the oculist for its permanent
cure. A means of rendering this operation un-
neccssnry by curing the tendency in early life
has been suggested, which is worldly of trial. A
pair of spectacles is procured without any glasses
Di them. One of the orifices opposite the eye
that squints is to be filled with tliin tiorn or with
ground glass, and in the centre of the horn or
ghus is to be made a small hole. It is obvious
nut !o see with the squinting eye it is necessary
*tbr the child to look directly tlirough the orifice
in the centre. He will thus acquire the habit of
looking forward towards an object, instead of
looking to the right or left hand of it. It is not
at all improbable that the slight squint, which in
infancy is apparently only a habit, may be re-
medied by this means.

STOMACH^ Wrk/.— Prepared chalk, to be
found always at druggists, is an excellent remedy
for this complaint, and all the unpleasant head-
Itches and sickness to which it gives rise. This
isone form of dy&pepsia, and is somelimes re-
lieved by the use of this simple remedy.

STOMA CN, AcuU InJtnpimatiimef.—'Y\)\%\i,
ft Vore diccose, and generally comes from irritat-
ing and corrosive substances being taken into
the stomach. Blows, sudden stopnngc of sweat,
and excessive use of ardent spirits, may also
excite it. The symptoms are, a burning pain in
the stomach, thirst, restlessness, anxiety, con-
stant vomiting, prostration of strength, quick,
\attA and small pulse, incessant retching, a sunken
countenance, hiccough, cold hands antl feet, and
A damp skin. — Treatment, — If the inflammation
be excited by poison, the remedies named under
antidotes for poisons, must be first employed.
The poison b«*ing neutralized or thrown afl", the
inflammatory condition must be combated with
the remedies usual for such states. Mustard-
poultices lo the feet, along the spine, and over
the pit of the stomach, will lie among the first
things resorted to, and should l>e followed by hot
fomentations with stramonium-leaves or hops,
repeating these applications as long as required.
For drinks, give rice-water, toast-water, arrow-
root gruel, shppery-elm infusion, and cold water.
These should be taken in very small quantities
— a Ceaspoonful at a time — about twenty drops
of tincture of aconite-root being added to hal-f a
tumblerful. Lumps of ice held to the mouth, or
occasionally swallowed, may be useful. Neither
physic nor emetics arc proper now, but inicctions
of simple saipauds will be rcquirc<l. 'Hic ic-
• medics mnst He followed up until the tenderness
of the stomach is all gone. Be v»ry careful not
To oveWoacJ- the stomach before perfect recovery
fdicen piacc Only the simplest and most

cooling diet can be used daring the period of re-
covery.

STOMACH^ Chrtmic Injtammation ef. — This
U known by a pain in the stomach, increased hy
the presence of food, by belching np gas, by
vomiting, fickle appetite, seasons of thirst, tongue
white in the center and red at the tip, or some^
times red and smooth, is a disca«iC which some-
times ends by ulceration of the stomach, and
death.

Treatment. — Counter-irritants over the stom-
ach, as in aCnte inflammation, frequent warm or
cold Imths, according to the patient s constitutioD;
A cold compress worn nn the stomach at night;
and the most careful diet, consisting mostly of
gum-water, rice-water, arrow-rool gruel, toast
without butter, etc In two or three weeks the
disease will yield, under this persistent starving
and cooling system.

STK/CTUJ(ES. — K diflUculty hi passing
water, which, instead of flowing in a full strenn,
cilher dribbles away, twists like a corkscrew, or
splits and forks in two or three directions. They
are occasioned by strong injections, long-con-
tinued or ill-treated clap. The cause, however,
is not always to be satisfactorily ascertained. —
7'rratmrnt. — Procure several l>ougies of dilfomt
sizes. Take the largest one, dtp it in svrpet oil,
and pass it into the urethra till it meets with the
stricture, then make a mark on the bougjle, so
that when it is withdrawn you can lell how f«r
down the passage the obstruction exists, and
having ascertained this, txike the smallest one,
well oiled, and endeavor to oa^s it on inch or
two beyond the stricture. If this can be accom-
plished, let it remain so a few minutes. This
must be repeated every day, letting the instru-
ment remain somewhat longer each time tl is
passed, and after a few days using one a Rtlle
larger, and so on progressively until the largtsi
one can be introduced. If this faiU. apply to it
surgeon, who may destroy it with caustic or the
knife.

ST. VITUS' DA A- CE.— i:\i\s disea.sc aftectj
mostly the muscles and the hmbs, and runsisb
of un involuntary motion of both. AjerVirjrrf
the limbs prevents their obeying the v i
the patient in vain essays to do what 1r
at the first attempt. The disease Is litrh. ■ ,
be a partial palsy of the muscles. It is ' ;
by whatever excites and weakens the nr:-.- l*
svstem. — Treatment. — Remove, in the first place,
all causes c*" excitement, and substitute octrte
out-door exercise. Be careful not lo excite feoTi
an^er, or any strong emotion. If the food htf
been too stimulating, replace it by cooling, simple
diet ; or if too low, give ranre nourishing artidet.
Regulate the bowels, and build up the nervovt
system by giving tonicj, and nerve medicinri.
1 his is a good medicine : extract of scuUcap, two
drams; extract of chamomile, two drams; extract
of boncset, one dram; quinine, one dram;
Cayenne, one scruple; oil of valerian, holla
dram. Beat well together, and moke ninety

Jiills. For an adult, one pill every two or three
lOurs. A tepid shower-bath is excellent, nnlcsi
it frichtcns the patient, when it should be changed
for the spongc-uath,

SUNS 77^0 A'K, to AtHHd. —There i$ somelbitig
to be remembered by those most liable to scm-
stroke. Sobriety is a great preventative. The
man who abstains from all spirituous drinks dur-
ing excessively hot weather is vastly less lia^

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

^9

to sunstroke th:in he who drinks habitually. Re-
gular boors for sleep &nd meals, and ihe avoid-
ance of all irrc^larities and excesses, arc among
the other preventatives. Bathing, washing, or
sponging the skin all over in the muming is a
wbolc&omc precaution. Every one employed out
doors, that can poj&ihly do it, should wear a
light, easy-fitting, broad -brimmed hat. Brick-
^yers, carpenters, laborers, mortar- makers,
hod-carriers, and all others working in the sun,
sbottld have some kind of shed or shade handy,
vboe ihcy can rest for a few minutes at short
intervals of half an hour or so. People oilicrwisc
engaged on llie streets, or who have (o go about
on business, should be careful to keep on the
ihady ^ide, to look well to their head gear, so as
to insure that which is light and porous, and
those who have leisure should carry sun-amt»el-
las. To cure see page 19.

SlVEAlVXGt Profuse. — An old remedy for
excessive sweating is cold sage tex It is made
by Caking a large teaspoonful of chopped sage
leaves, and boiling them in six ounces of water
for two or three minutes. The decoction is then
3efi to stand and cool, and is strained and sweet-
ened to the taste. This remedy has been used
with benefit in the colhqualive sweating, as it is
called, uf pulmonary consumption.

SIVEA TING^ To Produce.— Vomt alcohol in-
to a saucer, lo about half fill it ; place this under
a chair ; strip the person, to be sweated, of .-dl
^tbing, and place him in the chair, putting a
CoaUbrtcr over htm, also ; now light a match and
^ow into the saucer of alcohol, which sets it on
fire, and by the Uime the alcohol is burned out
he will be in a profuse pcripiralion, if not, put
in half as much more of alcohol and fire it again,
which will accomplish the object; then ri&e up
and draw the comforter around you, and get into
bed, foUowing up with hot teas and sweating

drops.
SW

'IVELUNG, WhiU.—Y>x. Kirkland recom-
mends a volatile plaster for this disease, made
after the following manner : Melt together in an
iron ladle, or earuien pipkin, two ounces of soap
BUid half an ounce of litliargc plaster. When
nearly coU, stir in one drachm of sal ammoniac,
in fine powder ; spread upon leather, and apiily
to the joint as above. Iflhe above method ^il,
and ulceration take place, a surgeon should be
applied to ^^athout delay.

TAPE n'OA'A/.—i, A boy, six years old. had
been troubled for about a year with tapeworm,
was directed to take fifteen drops of turpentine,
in the form of an emulsion, three times daily, for
a week, and afterward that two ounces of the
kernels of pumpkin seeds be thoroughly ground
Bp \t"'^ ...-.- >-^ 1 5jjg pulp, and sufTicicnt mint
wat' make an emulsion of twelve fluid

ODn^ .IS taken in the morning, between

six ax»d »cvcn, in divided doses, upon an empty
stomach. At 9 A. M., two tablespoonfiiU of
fWnr oil were given, and at II A. M. the usur-
per rapidly beat a retreat before the advancing
Me« and twenty-one feet, head and shoulders,
were carefully ttottled up; since which lime the
boy has rapi-ily gained m health and spirits. — 2.
I>r. Lurtel has tried with success the following
method : He gives in one dose two-thirds of an

of ether, followed two hours afterwards by
of cj&tor oil. The worm is discharged

or almoit so, and always with the head
Ko pain is caused by this treatment

7'E£T///jVG. ^ V"ung children whilst cut-
ting their fir^t set of teeth often suffer severe con-
stitutional disturbance. At first there is restless-
ness and peevishness, with slight fever, but not
unlrequenlly llicse arc followed by convulsive
fits, ns they arc commonly called, which de|)cnd
on the bratn becoming irritated; and somctmies
under this condition the child is either cut off
suddenly, or the foundation of serious mischief
to the brain is laid. The remedy, or rather the
safeguard, against these frightful consequences
is trifling, safe, and almost certain, and consists
merely m lancing the gum covering the tooth
which is making its way through. When teeth-
ing is about it may be known by the spittle con-
stantly drivelling from the mouth and wetting
the frock, llie child has its fingers oflen in its
mouth, and bites hard any sobfitance it can get
hold of. If the gums be carefully looked at, tn«
part where the tooth is pressing up is swollen
and redder than usual; and iflhe finger be pres-
sed on it the child shrinks and cries showing that
the gum is tender. When these symptoms occur,
the gum should be lanced, and sometimes the
tooth comes through the next day, if near the
surface; but if not so far advanced the cut heals
and a scar forms, which is thought by some ob-
jectionable, as rendering the passage of the tooth
more difficult. This, however, i.«'unlrue, for the
scar will give way much more easily than the
uncut gum. If the tooth does not come through
after two or three days, tlie lancing may be re-
pealed ; and this is mffrc especially needed if the
child be very fractious, and seem is much pain,
lancing the gums is further advantageous, be-
cause it empties the inflamed part of its blood,
and so relieves the pain and inflammation. The
relief children experience in the course uf two or
three hours from the operation is often very
remarkable, as they almost immediately become
Uvcly and cheerful

JETTEH.—A^cT a slight feverish attack,
lasting tno or three days, clusters of small,
transparent pimples, filled sometimes with a
colorless, sometimes with a brovvni:>h lymph, ap*
pear on Oie cheeks or forehead, or on Ine ex-
tremities, and at times on the body, llie pimples
are about the size ofa pea. and break after a few
days, when a brown or yellow crust is formed
over them, which falls off abgut the tenth day,
leaving the skin red and irritable. The eruption
is attended with heat, itching, tingling, fever and
restlessness, especially at night. Ringworm is a
curious form of tetter, in which the inflamed
patches assume the form ofa ring, — TrTotment
should consist of light diet, and gentle laxatives.
If the patient be advanced in lite, and feeble, a
Ionic will be desirable. For a wash, white
vitriol, one dram ; rose-water, three ounces,
mixed; or an ointment made of cldcr-floweroint*
mcnt, one ounce ; oxide of line, one dram.

TETTER, I/UAfW. — ThU is an eruption
of minute, round pimples, about the size of a
pin's head, filled with colorless fluid, and term-
mating in scurf. It is preceded b^ languor*
faintncss. perspiration, and a iwickmg; of the
skin. Another species of this aitease is called
sun-heat, which is an eruption of a white or
brownish color, which generally lerminatca in
yellow scabs. It occurs only m summer, and
affects those parts which are uncovered. In still
another speaes, the eruption is attended vrith
pain, beat, itching, intense uuarting, and aswcUr

4

i

4

J

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS,

ing of the afTeclcd pari. When the blisters break,
tlie u^tcr runs out, irritAtes and inAamcs the
skin, which heconm red, rouch, and thickened —
covered somclimes with a thick cru^t. Trtat-
menL — Low diet, couling thinks, gentle purga-
tives, and warm baths. In old chronic cases,
apply externally either lime-water, or corrosive
sublimate in a ^^^ish proportioned of five grains
to one pint of soft water. In the last two forms
of the aifection apply nitrate of silver in solution,
to the parts.

TETTER, C/?rs TED. —This eruption
consists ai first of slightly elevated pustules or
pimples, closely congregated, with an inBamed
ix>racr. 'Jlicsc break, and the surface becomes
red, excoriated, shining, and full of pores,
through which a thin, unhealthy fluid is poured
out, which gradually hardens into dark, yellow-
ish-green scabs. When this letter int^des the
header scalp, it causes the hair to Jall off, and is
termed a scall. — Treatment. — Vapor-bath and
n-ater-dre&sing. llie crusts should be removed
by a weak lye, made from hard-wood ashes or
potash ; then an ointment should be applied, made
of mild nitrate of mercury ointment, three
drachms ; sugar of lead, sixteen grains ; rose-
water ointment, one ounce.

THROAT, (SORE), Remedies for. ^\, In
many cases of slight sorcne«i.s ol the throat, it is
not deemed netxssary to apply to a physician for
a prcMTiption. In such cases a gargle composed
of hydrochloric add, two drams; water, six
drains; and decoction of PcniYian b&rk, four
OUDCCS. — 3. Pour a pint of boiling watqr upon
twenty-five or thirty leaves of common sage ; let
the infusion stand for half an hour. Add vinegar
sufficient to make it moderately acid, and honey,
according to the taste. Tliis combination of the
astringent and the emolient principle seldom fails
to protluce the desired effect The infusion roust
be used as a gargle several times a-day. It has
this advantage over many gargles — it is pica&ant
to the taste, i\nd may be swallowed occasionally,
not only without danger, but with advantage. —
3. Dissolve a leaspoonful of chlorate of potash in
a tumbler of water and gargle with it. It is
nearly tasteless, and not at all offensive to take,
and well adapted to children. — 4. Make a poul-
tit.ie of wormwood, boiled in sweet milk, and
apply it to the throat.

TIC-DOLOREUX, To Cww.— Take half a
pint of rose-water, add two teaspoonfuli of white
vinegar, to form n lotion. Apply it to the part
aflectcd three or four times a clay. It requires
Ircsh linen and lotion each application ; this will,
in two or three days, gradually take the pain
away. Sec also "Neuralgia".

TOE-NAILS, INCRO^INC— This most
painful of tlic diseases of tlie nails is caused by
the improper manner of cutting the nail (gener-
ally of the great toe), and then wearing a narrow,
badly-made shoe. TTio nail beginning to grow
too long, and rather wide at the corners, is often
trimmed around the comer, which gives tempo-
rary relief. Uut it then begins to grow wider in
the side wheie It was cut off; and, as the shoe
presses llic flesh against the corner, the nail cuts
more and more into the raw flesh, which becomes
excessively tender and irritable. If thii state
continue long, the toe becomes more and more
painful and ulceraleil, and fungus (proud Besh)
sprouts up from the sorest points. Walking
If increases the suffering, till positive rest

becomes indispensable.— 7>^rti*//Tp/, — We omit
all modes of cutting out the nail by the root, and
all other cutting or torturing opcrmtiuns. iicgio
the effort at cure by simple application to ue
tender part of a small quantity of perchlorlde xk
iron. It is found in drug stores in a 6uid form,
though sometimes in powder. There it im-
mediately a moderate sensation of pain, constric-
tion, or burning. In a few minutes the tender
suriace is felt to be dried up, tanned, or mum-
mified, and it ceases to be painfuL The patient,
who before could not put his foot to the floor,
now finds that he can walk upon it without pain.
By permitting the hardened, wood-like flesh to
remain for two or three weeks, it can be eaiilr
removed bv soaking (he foot in wirtn water. A
new and healthy structure is found, firm and
solid, below. U ihcreatier the nails be no norc
cut around the comers or sides, but always curr.
cd in ttfross the front end, they will in fuittre
grow only straight forwards ; and by wearing a
»ioe of reasonably good size and shape) lU
further trouble will be avoided.

Another method is with a knife, or a piece of
glass, scrape the centre of the nail untu it be-
comes almost OS thin as the thinnest paper : then
cut the noil in the form of a crescnt, the convct
side being inward. This will compel the sides
of the nail to grow outward in the natural wn.
TOO TIfA CJiE, Remoiiesfi^.—\. One drwim
of alum reduced to an impalpable powder, three
drachms of nitrous spirit of etner, mix. and i^Jf
them to the tooth on cotton. — 2. Mix a little ssIC
and alum, equal portions, ^rind it fine, wet a
little lock of cotton, fill it with the powder and
put it in yuur tooth. One or two applications
seldom fail to aire. — 3. To one drachm of coflo*
diun add two drachms of Calvert's carbolic add
A gelatinous mass is precipitated, a small portion
of which, inserted in llie cavity of an aching
tooih, invariahlv gives immediate relief.— 4. Sa-
turate a small bit of clean cotton wool with a
strong solution of ammonia, and apjOying it im-
mediately to the affected tooth, ihc plcasir^g
contrast instantaneously produced in some cases
causes a fit of laughter, although a moment pre-
\*ious extreme suffering and anguish prevaikd.—
5. Sometimes a sound tooth aches from sympa-
thy of the nerves of the face with other n<
But when tooth -ache proceeds from a deca|
tooth either have it taken out, or put hot fbc
lations upon the face, and hot driidcs into
mouth, such as tincture of cayenne.

TRICHINA. — Trichina is the term applied
to a minute animal (parasite) known for some
time to ha\T existed in the -muscles of ntan,
which could be bred in the muscles of some'
mammals by feeding them with it. More
it h.is been discovered to occur naturally in
muscles of swine. It is n minute, slender,
transparent worm, scarcely i-30lh of an inch
length. After this animu becomes introduced
into the stomach of man, or other animals sos*
ceptible to its ravages, and which may feed upon
flesh infected with it, the worms l>ecome freed
from their capsules by the action of the digestif
fluid, and range freely in the stomat-h ana intes*
tines of the custodian. Their development pro-
ceeds rapidly, and procreation takes place within
4 or 5 days ; each female gives birth to from (x)
to 100 young, and dies soon after. The young
thread-like worm remains for a short time within
the lining membrane of the intestiness firm

JH^j^MM

MSDICAL AND SURGICAU

oa

irritation, diarrhcta, and somciimcs dealh if pre-

tin sufficKnt numl*crs. AHcr attaining a
ter size and strength, these young trichinx
n to penetrate the walla of the intestines, and
« their wiy towanl their proper homes, the
voluntary muscles. In trn verging the muscles

»' do not seem to penetrate me fibre of the
c&e, bat to wind their way between them.
this time they cause to those afllictcd great
nuscuUr pain and soreness, cramps, and even
tetanic symptoms. After about 4 weeks migra-
tion they commence to encyst themselves in the
■luscular fibre, none havmg ever been found
ited in fat or the other tissues. They per-
Lte the walls of the fibre selected as ineir
le, pass into it, and fasten themselves in the
»o made. The worm then secretes a deli-
membranoas sac, which finally becomes cal-
careous by «liU further secretions. It is only in
maA, however, that these calcareous cysts have
tn observed, hogs being usually killed long be-
tiroe has elapsed for the accumulation nisuf-
;nt lime. The young trichina having now
led its torpid stage, it will so remain during
lifetime of its custodian. It feeds no longer,
:s on slowly in development until it has
ltd the condition of puberty, and then awaits
chances of freedom to "commence its cycle."
They can breed but once in the body of one and
the s^me animal.

There is no cure when once they find a lodge-
ment in the human body, so that prevention is a
aeceisty to all who would avoid dying by
trichina. And prevention is only secured by not
«alia^ pork. Hog's are the scavengers of all
CTcaboBt fit only "to cast out devils in" and no
■un or woman, of fine tastes, unless they are on
tbe verge of starvation will eat porV. Whatever
may be your religion, be a Jew in your regard
lisr pork, and trichina, scrofula and other foul
bamon will never come near you.

URINE^ Sufrfir^jttan of. — In this disease there
if urine in the bladder, but it is retained from
inability to pass it. There are several
of suppression, and the treatment must
vary aocordingly. If inflammation of the neck of
the bladder has caused it, warm fomentations
■hmiH be applied, and warm hipbath.s. Three
or ibar drops of Croton oil may be rubbed on,
tfrbrio^ out an eruption. Coohng diuretics, as
ijl^bfsoos of marshmallow, bucha, or pumpldn-
^Mds, should be used.

^gURINE, Inability to ApAA— This is quite com-
MOO among children, but is not common in adult
bfe except among the old. It is caused by irrita-
tioa of toe roots of the spinal nerves which go to
th< bladder, mechanical injuries of the bladder,
palsy of the bladder, debility of the neck of the
oladder, general weakness of the nervous system,
worms in the bowels, whites, and graveL —
Tre^tmtnt. — Pains Should be taken to create a
healthy action of the skin by bathing and rub-
bing, and, if in children, not much drink should
be allowed them. When it proceeds from de«
bJUty, the compound infusion of the trailing
arbulus, and ■ custard made of isinglass, may be
••cd freely. Sometimes cold water douched upon
the black, or a stimulating plaster, will do good
w^ea Ibe disease is from weak nerves.
^^yOM/T/NC.~-Vi\izrt vomiting is not a part
^MO«ne particular disease and treated along with
^Bor wbere it persists very obstinately, it may
^Babc tbe sum or quarter of a grain of morphia

to check it But generally some aromatic, as
ginger, spearmint, peppermint, or spice-tca will
put an end to it. A cordial or stimulant, a^
brandy, champagne, tincture of ginger, paregoric;
or strong coffee without milk or .sugar, will an-
swer as well. If caused by irritability of the
stomach, a pill of extract of belladonna and
ipecac, will answer to quiet the disturbance. Tbci
patient should lie still in bed, and in Wd cases a
mustard-poultice on the stomach maybe needed.
The vomiting of children may be quieted by wet*
ting a cloth in laudanumi and laying it on the
stomach.

In cases of sea-sickness, the patient should lie
upon deck, in the open air if possible. A wine-
cl.iss of brandy, or from ten to forty drops of
laudanum, will relieve the sickness very much.
Ten drops of hartshorn, in a half-tumbler of
water, is very good. But the best-known remedy
is chloroform, taken in doses of from forty to
eighty drops, suspended in water by means of a
little gum-arahic.

iVATEH B/kAS//.~This consists in a dis-
charge from the stomach, generally in the morn-
ing, of a thin, glairy fluid, sometimes insipid,
often sweetish, and at other times, sour. A.
burning heat or pain of the stomach attends \u
and seems to ciiise the discharge. The amount
thrown up v.iries from a spoonful to a pint or
more. The complaint is caused by a |>oor, in.
nutritious diet, or by whatever causes tne blood
to become thin and watery. — Trratmmt. — Ten
or fifteen drops of ammonia-water, in half a
tumblerful of cold water, will quiet the distress,
and stop the discharge. The best remedy for
this dischnrge, is the trisnitrate of bismuth, taken
at meal times, three times a day, in thirtr-gnun
doses. The tincture of nux vomica is gooo. The
blood should be restored by tonics ofsome pre-
paration of iron, and the food should be nourish-
mg and digestible.

tVARTS, To Cure. — Warts are formed by
(he small arteries, veins, and nerves uniteil to*
gether, taking on a disposition to grow by extend-
ing themselves upward, carrying the scarf-skin
along with them, which thickening forms a wart.
Corns are a simibr growth, brought about by
the friction of tight boots and shoes. — I. T^e a
piece of diachylon plaster, cut a hole in the centre
the size of the wart, and stick it on, the wart
protruding through, llieo touch it daily with
aquafortis, or nitrate of silver. They may be
removed by tying a string lightly around them.—
a. Take a bLocksmith's punch, heat it red hot
and bum the warts with the end of it. When the
bum gets well the «-.-\rts will be gone forever. —
3. Scrape down enough dry cobwebs to make a
ball large enough to a little more than cover the
wart and not touch the flesh around the same g
lay it on top of the wart, ignite it, and let it be
until it is all burnt up. The wart will turn white^
and in a few days come out. — 4. Pass a pia
through the wart ; apply one end of the pin to
the flame of a lamp ; nold it there until the wart
fries under the action of the heaL A wart so
treated will leave. — 5. Dissolve as much common
washing soda as the water will take up; wash.<
the warts with this for a minute or two, and let'
them dry without wiping. Keep the water ii
bottle and repeat the washing often, and it n
take away the largest warts. — 6, They may
cured surely by paring them down until the bio
comes slightly and then rubbing them with looar

16

«4»

DICTIONARY OF EVERY^DA Y WANTS,

caustic. It is needless tn say this hurts a tittle,
;lrut is a sure cure. Tlie hydrochlorale of lime
jplied in tlie same wny will cure after several
■p^lications and some patience; so will strong
woo<l vinegar, and so it is said will milk weed.
The cures founded upon superstitious practices
such as muttering some phrases over the excres-
cence, stealing a piece oibecf, rubbing the wart
therewith and t}icn burying it under the leaves
to await its decay, etc, etc., are all the remnants
of a past state of ignorance and are of no use
whatever. Warts are generally only temporary
and disappear as their possessors grow up.

WENS^ To Cure, — Dissolve copperas in
water (o make it very strong; now take a pin,
needle, or sharp knife, and prick, or cut the wen
in about a dozen plnccs, iuAt sufficient to cause it
to bleed; then wet it thoroughly with tl»c cop-
peras water, once daily.

WHITLOW.— There arc very few affections
that commence so simply but afterwards become
in painful and seriousin their results as whitlow.
It IS most frequently found in people in a low
itate of health, and in nervous and delicate fe-
males. The commencement of an attack is gene-
rally marked 1>y pain and redness in the &nger,
or palm of the hand, as the case may be. The
pain, slight at 6rst, becomes gradually more in-
tense and throbbing, and entirely prevents sleep.
The patient suffers from loss of ap^wtitc, and falls
into an irritable slate from the constant pain and
want of slcq), and in some severe cases, unless
relief is obtained, delirium may come on. Whit-
low is somlimes found as a consequence of cer-
tain constitutional diseases, and may also be
caused by wounds from a thornt a splinter of
wood, a rusty nail, or the sting of a rish. The
latter is a commoncauseamongstftshermen. For
a cure sec "Felon**.

WORMS, — In grown persons the symptoms
of worms arc quite obscure, except an intolerable
itching within the onus, which generally indicates
pin-worms, which live in the rectum. In chil-
dren, worms, are indicated by paleness, itching
of the nose, grinding of the teeth, and starting
in sleep; irregular appetite, bad breath, swelled
upper lip, picking of the nose, and hard, swelled
belly, and one cheek constantly flushed. — i.
Spirits of turpentine, hMf an ounce; oil of anise,
half an ounce; castor oil ; one ounce ; wormseed
oil, one ounce. Mix. The dose is, for a child
of one or two years, ten to twenty drops, every
two or three hours. In three day's a brisk phy-
sic should be given. — 2.CaroUna pink-root, sen-
na leaf, manna, and American worm-seed, of
each % ounce; bruise and pour on boiling water
I pt.; and steep without boiling. Sweeten well,
add half as much milk. Dose — A child of five
years, may take I gill 3 times daily, before meals,
or sufficient to move the bowels j^ther freely. —

3. Steep or b<wl in a pewter vessel, over a mo-
derate fire, very strong, the bark of spotted alder
or wttch'hazel. For a year old, a tablespocmful ;
increase the dose according to age. Give four
or five times a day, for several liays. It is sure
and safe. Or fine powdered sage, mixed with
honey ; a teaspoonfiil for a dose. Sweetroed
milk, with the addition of a little alum, will torn
the worms. Flour and sulphur, mixed with honey,
is very good. Heat very hot, in a smith's fur-
nace, a piece of steel ; lay on it a roll of brint-
stone, melt the steel, let it isXX into water, and it
will be in round lumps. Pound them venr fise,
mix the dust with molasses. Give half a tea-
spoonful night and morning, fasting. Or, give
a-i much as will lie on a sixpence, uf dried man*
drake roots, powdered and nuxed with honey, in
the morning, three or four times successively.
If a child have fits, proceeding from worms, give
as much paregoric as it can bear; it Mill turn the
worms, and ease the child. To prevent worms,
let children cat onions, raw or cooked. Raw
are the best Salt and water will turn worms,
and a dose or two of flour and sulphur after.
will bring them away, without any other medidne.
WOUNDS, Treatment by IVw/jAi/wx/.— This
consists, in fact, of leaving small wounds exposed
to the air, and in acting on large ones by means
of the domestic bellows for a period varying from
five to twenty minutes, every two, thicc or four
hours, according to the discharge and moisture
that may be present. The object is to bccure
the formation of a crust over the "^e

wounds uuder which healing takes \-'. . le

rapidly than when the surface is not so protected;
and hence the application of the air must be suf-
ficiently frequent and prolonged to keep up this
crust of a certain thickness. When the crust is
hard, however, it must t>c displaced and another
formal, and when the discharge is very abund-
ant, the alcoholic dressings, now so much m
vogue, in the Paris hoipitak. should, fur a while»
precede the ventilation. The influence of thtJ
last in improving the condition of the wound is
almost immedi.ite, a disposition to cicatrite and
A diminution of the discharge soon being apparent.
In bums of the second and third degree, which
assume the appearance of a simple dcnndcd
wound, ventilation may advantageou.^ly supersede
cotton and other impermeable appliaitions. This
treatment is not suited to deep or pcnetratinc
wounds. Among the secondary uUanta^s of
the treatment by ventilation, originntinq wiih M.
Boisson, may l>c mentioned its ^^ i^

easy applicability by the patient t.i i*,

its economy and its cleanliness. It subsmaica*
dry for a moist surface, diminishing the dtfAO
of putrid decomposition and of inwction oflV
surrounding atmosphere.

ORNAMENTAL WORK.

ANGLO.yAPANFSE WORK'.—ThS^ is an
elegant and easy domestic art. Take yellow,
withered leaves, dissolve gum, get mixed black
point and some copal vamisb, etc. Any articles

may be ornamented with these simple tutervU
— on old work-box, tea caddy, hrc screen, flovcr
pots, etc. Select perfect leaves, dty and press
them between the leaves of books, nib the sv<

i

ORNAMSm'AL WORK.

»43

I

£ice of the article (o be ornamented with fine
sand paper ; ihcn give it a coal of fine black
punc« wnich should be procured mixed at a color
shop. When dry, rub smooth with pumice
stone ; then apply two other coats. Dry ; or-
range leaves in any order, according to taste.
Gum the leaves on the under side, and press
them upon their phices. Then dissolve some
ismglius in hut water, and brush it over the work
while the solution iji warm; when dry, give three
ooaU of copal varnish, allowing ample lime for
each coat to dry. Articles thus ornamented hut
lot years, and arc very pleasing.

ANTlQaE PA/NT/.VG. — KyiAy with a
stiff bru:»h a very thin coat of Antique varnish,
which will he thoroughlv dry in six hours ; then
apply another coat of the same, thin and very
equal nnd smooth: allow this lo dry one hour or
until nearly dry. strongly adhering to the finger
when touched, but not sticky. Then put on the
engraving, (having dampened it thoroughly vnih
warm water, not too wet. absorbing; the extra
moisture with a cloth or blotter,) with the face
to the varnished side of the glass ; press it gently
until every part adheres to ilie surface, rub carc-
AUly with your finger a part of the figure, being
sore not to rub througti the engraving; after it
bas dried twelve hours, wet again and rub off all
the paper leaving only the engraving; when
again dry moisten carefully with fine bleached
diving oil. It is then fit for painting. The
colors will strike through very freely, as there is
no paper left, and will not spot as tne Grecian is
liable to do. Do not use any Turpentine in this
ityle. The Directions are the same as for Gre-
cian Painting, except more pains should be taken
lo shade and blend in the colors, lo help the
shading in the en^ving, particularly the flcsh-
oolor with the hair.

BO TAJVICA L SPECIMENS, T0 Dry for
Prtieri'dtion. — The plants you wish lo preserve
should be gathered when the weather it dry;
ami after placing the ends in water, let them
remain in a cool place till the next day. When
about to be submitted to the process of drying,
place each plant between several sheets ofblot-
ting piper, and iron it with a large smooth heater
pntty strongly warmed, till all the moisture is
disMp.ilcil. Colors may thus be fixed which
otherwise become pale or nearly white.

Some plants require more moderate heat than
others, and herein consists the nicety of the ex-
periment; but I have generally foun(l, that if the
iron be not too hot, and is passed rapidly, yet
carefully, over the surface of the blotting paper,
it answers the purpose equally well with plants
of Rlmo^t every variety of hue and thickness. In
compound flowers, with those also of a stubborn
and solid form, some little care and skill arc rc-
qoired in cutting away the under nart, by which
means the profile and forms of the flowers will
be more distinctly exhibited. This is especially
necessary when the method emptoyd by Major
Velley is adopted, vU., to fix the flowers and
fruit down securely with gum upon the paper.
preTHnis to ironing, by which means they bc-
Ci»mc almost incorporated with the surface.
When this very delicate process is attempted,
p^'"-- '^'' ■ 'Id be laid under every part
oms, in order to prevent
raper. Great care must Ik
takim to kccL" j>r^-crvr<lspcdinensiaadry place,
aad alflo to nandlc them gently; and thus they

can be kept a long time, affording a source of
great pleasure.

BOUQUETS of Cohrtd (;m/T.— The grasses
should be gathered while the seeds are green, so
that aAer having been hung in a dry, dark place
a week or two, or until thorougly dried, the seed
will not rattle off when shaken. The finer seeded
the grasses the handsomer the bouquets; and yet
sjjriijs of green oats work up tastily.

The ingredients required arc simple and cheap,
viz.: Common starch and dry chrome points of as
many colors as you wish; an ounce of each is
sufficient for roakmg a good sized bouquet. Dis-
solve in cold water three tablespoon fuls of starch;
then pour on boiling water until cooked; let
cool ; arrange upon the table your paints, glasses
and starch. Into the starch dip the sprays re-
quired for the several colors, shake, and then
brush into the paint of whatever color you wish ;
shake again and lay them one side ui>on a lioard
or convenient place to let remain undisturbed
until dry. Serve the sprays for each diffcrcnl
color in the same way. V'Ticn dry, lightly shake
off the the surplus paint, if any, and then form
into bouquets. These, particularly when used ia
connection with crvstalizcd grasses and put into
n nicely made walf-baskct, of shield form, and
hung upon the wall, or even into a vase, ore well
worth tne **carc and trouble" of making.

CONE frc^A'A'— .Select good clear cones, and
dissect some which have handsome, large scales,
and brush them clean; lay nice white putty, or
a similar adhesive sut^tance, smoothly on your
frame; set into this putty whole cones, large and
small, in such figures as suit your taste, and fill
up the entire groundwork with the scales, lapping
one neatly over the other.

Cut oval and round frames for light pictures,
from bookbinder's pasteboard, ana cover with
the scales in layers or rows. Scallop the edges
with small whole cones, .\ct in large cones sur-
roun<lcd by little ones equidUtanr, if itte frame
be broad, and fill in with the scales. When dry,
take out those which are not firm, and replace.
Add aconis ad libitum. Vamish the whole once
or twice. If you wish something nice, go over
every part with a fine brush, and leave no mr-
nish standing in dro{».

Cones can !« found by almost anv one in an
hour's walk through pine woods. Indeed, if one
has a taste for the ucauliful, and is quick in per-
ception, it is impossible to ramble throu^
wood and fiekls without finding many curiosities
in the shape of mosses, grasses, cones, etc.

FUNG It To Frrseric — Take two ounces of
sulpliate of copper, or blue vitriol, and reduce it
to powder, ana pour upon it a pint of boiling
water, and when c6ld, odd half a pint of spirits
of wine; cork it well, and call it "the pickle."
To eight pints of water add one pint and a half
of spirits of wine, and call it "the liauor." Be
provided with a number of wfde-moutlied bottles
of different sizes, all well fitted with corks. The
fungi should be left on the table as long as pos-
sible, to allow the moisture to evaporate: thry
should then be placed in the pickle (or three
hours, or longer, if necessary; then place them
in the bottles intended for their rrLfption, and
fill with the liquor, llicy should then be well
corked and sealed, and arranged in order with
their names in front of the Iwililes.

DECALCOMANtA — Ox ihc Art of Omar
mcnting China, Gtas&, E»x^ia)Cla.x€Mt, '*^ •;i^:AiiAf-

4

»44

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

wore. Fancy Boxes, Ivory, and Paper Mnche
Goods* Japuincdwarc, Bindtn^ of Books, Fans,
Leather Work, etc., etc. — Directions. — Cover
ihc picture entirely (taking care not to go beyond
the outlines) with a slight coat of fixing varnish;
then put the picture on t)ic object to be orna-
mented* being careful to place it properly at once,
in order not to spoil it by moving. The varnish
.Dewlv applied being too liquid, the picture should
left to dry eight or ten minuter, and placed on
fhe object to be ornamented, when just damp
enough to be still adherent: thj* done, cover the
back of the picture with a piece of cloth steeped
in water, then, by means of a knife or pen-holner,
rub it all over, so as to fix every part of it ; then
remove the piece of cloth anii rinse the paper
with a paint-brush steeped in water; at the end
of a few minutes the paper will come off, leai-ing
the painting transferred.

Care must be taken tbal the piece of cloth,
without being too wet, should be sufficiently so
for the paper to be entirely saturated. The pic-
ture roust now be washed with a wet paint-brush,
and dried very lightly with some blotting paper.
The ornamented article should, after this, dc put
near the stove or any olher warm place, to make
it dry well and (o improve tlie adhesiveness of
Ihe pictures. The polishing varnish should not
be applied until the next day, keeping the piclu^f^s
in tne meantime carefully out of the dust. The
latter varnish should be put on as lightly as
possible.

If dark-colored objects are to be ornamented,
such as binding:^ of books, Russian leather, leather
bags, etc., the picture must first be covered with
a Riixture of white lead and turpentine, following
the outlines of the design and covering it entirely.
When this coat is perfectly dry, proceed accord-
ing to the above instructions.

To print on silk, paper, or materials that can-
not bear washing alter the process, proceed as
follows : Cover the picture entirely with a light
coat of fixing varnisn and let it dry for an hour
or two ; then pass a sponge, lightly damped, over
tlie whole surface of the {>apcr, in order tu take
away the composition whicn is on it in the blank
parts, and which often cleans the material.

When the j>aper is dry, re-varnish the picture,
and transfer it on to the material by means of a
paper cutter, avoiding to employ the piece of
cloth or anything damp; then, with a paint-brush
slightly steeped in water, wet the paper lightly,
and leave it a full quarter of an hour on the ob-
ject before removing it.

To remove a spoiled print, rub it with a soft
rag imbibed in turpentine.

Our readers will at once appreciate the merits.
of this invention; the facility with which it can
be applied, also its numerous applications.

DIAPIiANJE. — This is a process by means
of which colored designs may be transferred
from the paper on which they are originally
printed, for the decoration in colors of glass
which is intended to admit light. It is, in fact,
a method of glass-staining which costs only a
fraction orf" the expense of the ancient process,
produces quite as l>old and brilliant effects, is
sufficiently durable for all ordinary purposes, and
can be practised by amateurs of either sex at their
own homes. Thai diaphanie fully answers the
purpose for which it is mainly intended — the
\Btuining of glass — is abundantly proved by the
(ftcf that tnaay church windows arc colored by

means of it» and that they are esteemed quite ^_
telling and beautiful specimens of decomtiod
those that owe their ongin to the old and exj
sivc art. For ordinary purposes the pre
may be described in a few words. In the fit

Elace, designs must be obtained, and these
e got in every variety, and suitable for any stl
of window or pane. First wet the hack, or
uncolorcd side, with a sponge and cold watt
and apply a coating of prepared transferring
nish to the colored sur£ice with a wide cani
hair brush. Then at once apply the cements
side to the glass in the proper position, and pr
down with a roller. To insure success, two
three sheets of paper should be laid upon
back of the design before the using of the roi
is commenced ; then Ixrgin rolling from the cent
outward to the circumference. The work
now to be left until the \-amish hu become
fectly dry, which it will do in two days,
design has bv this time become printed upon
glass, and the next step is to remove the pa[
from which the design has been transf
This is done by wetting and gently rubbing wH
a cloth or sponge. When the paper has "
wholly removed, a thin coatingof "clearing liqi
is applied to the design, and when this has
come perfectly dry, one or two coatings of tl
"wash.ible varnish are laid on, and the work^
finished.

No sjiecial knowledge of art is required for
practise of diaphanie. The work is es^
suitable for hall and lobby do<jrs and wuidoi
for school and church windows, staircase, studi
and olher windows In houses where it may
desirable to shut out the prospect of a sac
dried back yard, or a range of mews. The si
cial advantage of diaphanie is that while im|
Ing a graceful and artistic character where
used, it does not exclude the light, audit
blinds unnecessary.

It should be specially kept in view that ll
designs must be transferred before the glass
ntted to the window, and that the colored si^
is kepi inwards. The glass may l)c cleaned
the usual manner, if ordinary care be taken, <
the coatings of "washable varnish" are quUc a
sufficient protection to tlie picture.

GASLIGHT PICTURES. — Cut rH
white paper dose up to the engraving, and
the engraving on the glass, like tna Anliqi
Painting, then paint a wreath around the cnt
ving, on the class, oval shape or round. M
a back-ground by painting the back board wit
white paint, and before it dries take white
blue frosting, a pinch at a time, with Ihe fingel
and scatter thickly alt over the painted l>oar<D
When the board is dry, shake off what frosti
there is that does not adhere, and save it for tl
next time. A sufficient quantity will adhere
present the appearance of myriads of diamonc
and is very effective, especially by gas-light. II
putting the back board on the picture in thl
style, put paste-board strips or thin wood fa«i>^^
twcen the glass and the rack to keep the gUsu
from mashing down the frosting.

GRASSES, To Cw/tf/irf.— rulverite a p<wi
of the best white nfum, and dissolve it over;
slow fire in a quart of pure, soft water. Do m
let it boil, ancf be careful to keep everything oilil
of the solution that would possibly sijjn it, for]
the beauty of the grasses depends on the pur»
whiteness of the crystals. A new earthen bowl

^L^

ORNAMENTAL WORK,

I

M th« bcit di&h for Ihe purpote; when the alum
is disK^ved, let ihe solution cool down to blood
heat; mea-nwhile arrange your erusci in the
bowi and pour the solution over them ; cover up
and set away for lucnty-(cmr houn. Then take
them out carefully, dry them in the sun four or
five hours, and put them in the vase prepared
' for them.

If you form the grasses, etc., into a bouquet
befbre crystalizing them, procure a glazed earthen
jar, suspend the bouquet from a slick laid across
the top of the jar, take care that the tops of the
grasses are not bent or doubled over, and then
poor on the solution, proceeding as above direct-
ed. What remains of the alum water may be
reheated, tinged blue, or purple, or scarlet, by a
few drops of dye, and used as before.

Of course the same preparation is suitable for
all kinds of plants.

GRECIAN PA/NT/NG.^VTXioxn a light
ptoc frame, a trifle larger than the Engraving:
(this need not be of the nicest workmanshi)>;
simply 4 pieces of wood nailed together, to act
as a support to ihc picture while painting) then
moisten your Hngraving with water, and while
wet, paste it to the frame, dry slowly, not over a
fire, and it will become quite smooth and tight;
now, moisten again on the wrong side with pure
Spirits of Turpentine, and while wet, with a coat
ol Grecian Varnish on the same side, which con-
tinue to apply (keeping damp only, not too wet,
OS it will hlier through w spots,) tintil it is wholly
Iranspareot and without spots. If it is found
difficult to remove the spots, Apply the second
COU of Spirits and afterwards the Grecian Var-
nish- WTicn ready to paint, the back will have
an even gloss all over it. When perfectly tlcar
it should remain two or three days before paint-
itig, which is done on the side that you have var-
nished, the shading of the Engraving serving the
same purpose in painting; this process is so
simple that a child able to read this can under-
stand iL Varnish the picture but once, on the
face tfter it is framed, (not before,) with outside
varnish; this must be put on evenly, and with
care that it docs not run ; have but little in the
brush at a time.

LEAF IN COPPER, n maAe a Fat-Similii
^ — This beautiful experiment can be performed
Djrony person in possession of a common galvanic
bitlery. The process is as follows : — Soften a
ptcoe of gucta percha over a candle, or before a
fire ; knead it with the moist fingers upon a table,
until the surface is large enoagh to cover the leaf
lO be cnpicd ; lay the leaf flat upon the surface,
■wi press every part well into the gum. In
■bom five minutes the leaf may be removed,
wfaco, if the operation has been carefully per-
ftmned a perfect impression of the leaf will be
made on the gutla-percho. This must now be
attached to the wire in connection with the jinc
end of the battery (which can easily be done by
kcatmg the end of the wire, and pressing it into
the pitta-percha), dusted well over with the best
bla^ lead, with a camel's hair brush— the object
of which i% to render it a conductor of cleclriciry,
and then completely immersed in a saturated
r sulphate of copper. A piece of copper
'' the wire in connection wth the cop-
p^-i <-nu uf the batterv, must also be inserted into
Ibc CX>pper solution, tacing the guttn-ftercha, but
ttot tovoiijig it ; this not only acts a.s a conductor
>4o the electricity, but also maintains the solution

of copper of a permanent strength. In a short
time the copper will be found to creep over the
whole surface uf the gutta-percha, and in about
twenty-four hours, a thick deposit of copper will
be obtained, which may then be detacned from
the mould. The accuracy with which a leaf may
thus be cast is truly surprising.

Casts taken in this wajr delineate cver^ fiber
and nerve, in fact, the minutest arts, with (he
greatest fklelity.

LEASES, PLANTS, ETC., To Take Jm-
pressicn ef. — Take half a sheet of fine wove paper
and oil it well with sweet oil ; after it lias stood
a minute or two, to let it soak through, rub off
the superfluous oil with a piece of paper, and let
it banc in the air to dry; after the oil is pretty
well dried in, take a lighted candle, and move
the paper over it, in a horizontal direction, so as
to touch the flame, till it is perfectly black.—
When you wish to take oA* impressions of plants,
lay your plant carefully on the oiled paper, lay a
piece of clean paper over it, and rub it with your
linger equally m all parts for half a minute ; then
take up your plant and be careful not to disturb
the order of the leaves, and place it on the paper
on which you wish to have the impression ; then
cover it with a piece of blotting paper, and rub
it with your finger for a short lime, and you will
have an impression superior to the finest engrav-
ing. The same piece of black paper will serve
to take off a great number of impressions. The
principal excellence of this method is, that the
paper receives the impression of the most minute
veins and hairs, so that you obtain the general
character of most flowers. The impression may
afterwards be colored.

IMAVES, Ji^'iSTZi^raV.— Skeleton leaves
arc among the most beautiful objects in nature,
and OS they can be arranged cither in groups un-
der glass shades, made into pictures, as it were,
and hung against the wall, or placed in either
blank-books or albums, they come within the
means of all, and can be used to decorate the
palace or the cottage. The most suitable leaves
for the purpose are those from what botanists
call exogenous plants, and may be known by the
veins of the leaf branching from a central
vein or midrib ; those from endogenous plants
rising from the base and curving towards the
apex of the leaC The object in view is to de-
stroy what may be called the tleshy-part of the leaf,
as well as the skin, leaving only ine ribs or veins.
The most successful, and prot>ably the simplest,
way to do this is to macerate the leaves in rain-
water till they are decomposed. For this pur-
pose, when the leaves are collected they should
be placed in an earthen-ware pan or a wooden
tub, kept covered with rain-water, .and allowed
to stand in the sun. In about a fortnight's time
they should be examined, and if found pulpy and
decBving, will be ready for skcletoniring, for
which process some cards, a camel's-hair brush,
as well as one rather stiff (a tooth-brush, for in-
stance), will be required. When all is prepared,
gently float a leaf on to a card, and with the soft
brush carefully remove the skin. Have ready a
basin of clean water, and when the skin of one
side is completely removed, reverse the card in
the water, and slip it under the leaf, so that the
other side is uppermost Brush tliis to remove
the skin, when the fleshy {lart will most likely
come with it : but if not, it will readily wuh oot
in the faasio of water.

*

■

a#«

DICTIONARY OP EVERY^DA Y WANTS.

fringe of yellow p»)er for sUmens. Make j^ur
^leaves and caJlyx ofgreen tissue pafwr, well siicd
vrUh gum. Cover fine wcllanncaled wire wiih

Keen paper for stalkst and fasten the parts of the
•wer together with gum.

For a oal^y, chryfanthemum, or aster, double
the paper two or three times ; cut down two
thirds; roll the uncut side firmly round and
round the bent end of a piece of wire suitable for
[the stalk.

Buds, pericarps, etc, arc made either by stuff-
ing with a bit of cotton, or winding up paper.

Varicgnled pinks look well. Paint strips of

paper in plashes here and there, as you see on

^■ftc i>etal of the carnation — *ome very dark car-

line. some merely light touches. Cut off suit-

Ic width for petals, .ind wind around a paper
center. Take natural flowers for model.-;.

PEARL IVORIC {Imitation), for Em bfvUery.
— We do not think that a preparation of fish
, scales has ever been used in tnis country instead
of the so much admired pearl ; and so we give it
to our readers, knowing that they will like some*
thing entirely new.

Take the shining scales from a carp, or any
other fish — the larger the scales, the belter; put
them in strong salt water over night ; lay them
on a linen cloth or smooth boara; wipe them
carefully on both sides, and lay them between
dean, strong paper, under a board, on which
place a weight ; let them remain a day or two,
until the scales are pressed dry and become hard.
Draw something, say an ivy leaf, on strong draw-
ing paper ; cut it out, and lay it on each Fcale as a
pattern, by which to cut the scales with very fine
lacissors. Such a pattern however, is superfluous to
|»er&ons acquainted with drawing, who can cut
leaves of that kind without one. Vein your scale
leaves with a fine steel needle ; do it slowly, bearing
on hard to give clearness; theleavcs are now ready.

Stretch a rich, dark-colored silk velvet lightly
in an embroidory frame; place the pattern, which
yon intend to copy, before you, and imitate it by
sewing the scale leaves, one at a time, oo the
velvet, with fine gold thread, and the leafstalks
and tendrils embroidered with the same. Ic is
well to draw the thread through water before
using it, to render it flexible.

The i>cautiful effect produced by this *>Tnr)le
process fully repays one for the trouble. That
manifold changes may be moile according to the
taste and ingenuity of the copyist, is evident to
the reader.

EOTCI/I^f0^rI.—T»ke plain glass jars or
vases, in any shape, and clean them thoroughly ;
then obtain two or three sheets of figures, flowers,
or views, in imitation of Chinese, Egyptian, or
Swiss painting. Thcie goods, as well as the
jars, can be, obtained in any of the principal
cities. Now, in whatever style you determine to
ornament your vase or jar in, cut out the figures
from your sheet and secure them in difTcrcnl
parts inside the jar. with the figures looliing out-
wards. Tlie best matcri.il for making them ad-
here is to boil a piece of p.vchmcnt ; this makes
a good size. Having secured the prints, make a
varnish of balsam of nr and turpentine, and apply
all over inside with a fine brush. When the first
COftt is dry, give another coat; now take any
color you choose— black, blue, green, yellow,
white, pink, brown or red — and grind the paint
fine with the best white varnish, and apply a coat
^ thi$ ptunt over the whole inside; let it dry,

and then repeat coat upon

sufficiently strong to snow even and bright

side. Jars and vases roar be decorated in

less v.vicly by this method. Some use cuUingr'

of prints, silks, etc

SHELL WORA'—Thii is vcrr pretty for
Tftses, frames, boxes, etc. Many shell flowers
animals, birds, and the like, are brought here
from the Mediterranean. We have seen some
that we would like to own; but in geoeral they
have a stiff appearance. However, we will teU
you how they are made.

Assort your shells according to size and color
— the more rice and other small shells you have,
the better. Melt white wax and glue together,
two parts of the former and one of the latter-
Ha\x a clear idea of what you intend to do; or.
what h belter, make a pattern before you begin
to set your shells. If you will ornament a bo«,
a rose in the center looks well. Take thin round
shells, those roost resembling rose leaves, of the
smaller size, and dipping the lower ends in the
hot wax mixture, set them dose together for the
center of a rose ; place other similar shaped shells
around in circles, the largest outward. Care must
be taken to form the shells into perfect circles,
and to take up wax enough to make them adhere
to the cover. Shells of oiflfcrent form, say more
oblong, can be used for leaves. After arranging
such figures as you like with the shells you have,
fill up the spaces with the very small ones. Rice
shells arc the prettiest, but they arc costly. Some
prefer sticking the shells into a puttied surface.
which does very well. Varnish with a very litUc
copal varnish, using great care.

SMELLS, Etching* — It is done simply by
means of acids. The parts not to be acted upon
must be protected by a so-called etching-eround,
which is nothing hut a thin layer of \-amisa black-
ened in a flame so as to see plainly the figorcs
afterward drawn on it. Be careful when doing
this to make a clear drawing or writing in which
the shell is exposed at the bottom of e^-rry line,
as any remaining varnish would protect those
partF, and the writing would not he bronght oub
The add, cither strong .icetic, diluted nitric, or
hydro-chloric, is then applied, and when its action
is sufficient it is washed off with water, the
varnish is rubl>ed off with turpentine or alcohol;
when the drawing or lettering will appear, and
look as if cut in with an engraver's tool. You
may also make your design with varnish on the
shell by means of a fine brush, then the acid will
dissolve the surlace around the lines drawn,
when the writing will appear in relief, the letters
being elevated in phice of being sunk in as by the
former process. The latter is the more common
way in which these shells are treated. Thi«
method is applied to manv other objects; all
that is wanted being a liquid dissolving the ma-
terial to be acted upon, and a varnish to protect
some parts from its action.

THEOREM EAI.VTINC.—This style of
painting has been called Oriental Fainting, and
several other names. It is best adapted to fruits,
birds, etc It enables ^ou to paint on paper,
silk, velvet, crape, and bght-colored wood.

7(» Make Itom T>\f>er. — Take eqoal parts
ma.<itic and fapan varnish ; add to it half as much
balsam of fir as there is of either of the vnrnis-hcs,
and a piece of white wax the size of a thimble;
simmer together till the wax is melterl. If it is
too thick, add a little spirits of turpentine. — Put

MMh

ORNAMENTAL WORK.

M9

I

it OD one side of the paper while it is warm, the
paper having previously been prepared with
painters* oil, to nuke it transparent. The oil
most be put upon both sides rather warm, and
the whole of the paper lie together one night;
then wiped with a cloth to absorb the oil on the
surface, and dried one week in the sun before
Tuoishing. Each side of the paper must be var*
nished twice, and the greatest care taken to dry
it well

Trace the picture to be copied on white paper
with a soft lead pencil, and nuirk those parts
which do not touch each other with a figure i.
Mark another piece of horn paper for theorem 3,
and cut again. Thus continue till yon have
enough theorems for your whole picture. It
taket more time to cut a set of theorems nicety
than to draw one picture; but a good set of
tthcorems is cqu^il to twenty or thirty sketches,
aad the durability depends upon the care with
wliidi you treat them. You need a brush for
erery color used; of coarse, you must have
plenty of stiflf brushes. Put a few drops of water
oa your palette with the end of the brush, to
arnid dipping the bristles in water.

Lav tne theorem on the paper to be painted.
GoocT drawing paper is best lor the first attempt.
Press the theorem firmly down at each comer
with weights, and then proceed to paint. Com-
rocnoc with a leaf; take plenty of^oaint, a very
little moist, on your brush, and paint in the cut
leaf of the theorem ; hold the brush upright, and
wofk quickly with a circular motion. Commence
a little disunce from, and work towards, the
cdgea. If you take enough paint, it goes on
smoothly; if too much, it looks daaby; if too
Uule, spotted. In shading leaves, cut bits of
bom paper on the edge, in the form of large
veins, and laying on the leaf already painted,
point from this edge into the leaf. Shp the pa-
per and paint other vained parts the same
way. If successful with leaf, try a grape, which
paint first purple, then blue, and fimsh with car-
mine. On removing the last of your theorem, if
you see any irregularity in the painted parts, lay
the ttieorem on again, and correct; if any spaces,
ligt in with a fine brush. All fibers, stalks, dots,
etc, must be put in with camel's hair pencils.
To htghlen the effect, paint may be stuck on here
and there with a stiff brush, and the edges blend-
ed together to produce softness.

7*» Paint on Wood. — Choose hard wood of
li^t color ; paint as above, and varnish when
done.

Ta Paint on VthtU — Use firm white cotton
rdvct. Use paint a little more moistened.

To Paint on Si/Jt, Satin, and Cra^, — Size
the ports to be painted with gum anibic or isiq-
rlass, and proceed as with drawing pnj-Kr. In
uus way ball dresses may be paintcit with belt
aad neck ribbon to match ; also while crape dres-
ses, with vines of gold and silver.
. TRANSFERRING, To tJ/a/f.— Colored or
plain cngravines, photographs, lithographs, water
colon* oil coLorSy crayons, steel plates, news*

paper cuts, meuotints, pendl, writing, show
cvds, labels— or, in fact, anything.
'l^iftertiorts. — Take glass that is perfectly clear
■^-window glass will answer; clean it thoroughly;
then vornisn it, taking care to have it per^ctly
smooth ; place it where it will be entirely firce
from dust ; let it stand over night ; then take
your engraving, lay it in clear water until it ii
wet through, (say tenor fifteen minutes) then lay
it upon a newspaper, that the moisture may dry
from the surface .ind still keep the other side
damp. Immediately varnish your ^Uss the
second time ; then place your engraving on it,
pressing it down firmly, so as to eiclude every
particle of air; next rub the paper from the back
until It is of uniform thickness — so thin that you
can see through it ; then varnish it the third time
and let it dry.

Materials uitd far the above Art. — ^Take two
ounces IxUsam of fir to one ounce of spirits of
turpentine; apply with a camel's hair bruslu

TRANSEERR/NG, To Wvc/.— Dissolve salt
in soft water; float your engraving on the sur-
face, picture side up: let it remain about one
hour. Your screen box or table should be of
bird*5-eye maple, or other light-colored hard
wood; varnish with best copal or transfer varnish.

Take the picture from tne water ; dry a little
between linen rags ; then put the engraving,
picture side down, on the varnished wood, and
smooth it nicely. If the picture entirely covers
the wood after the margin is cat off, so that no
varnish be exposed, lay over it a thin hoard and
heavy weicht ; leave it thus in press over night.
If you wisn bat a small picture in the centre ol
your wood, apply the varnish only to a space
the size of your picture. Dip your lore-finger in
salt and water, and commence with rubbing off
the paper ; the nearer you come to the engrav-
ing, the more careful you must be, as a hole
would spoil your work.— Rub slowly and pa-
tiently till you have taken off every bit of the
paper and left only the black lines and touches
of your picture on the wood, in an inverted
direction. Finish up with two or three coats of
copal varnish.

TRANSPARENC/ES, T^Jfoir.— Take some
prettily colored landscape and cut a slit into the
broad lights of it with a penknife ; put a white

f)aper ofmedium thickness behind it, and inter*
ine with orange or rose<colored paper ; bind the
three — that is, the landscape, the colored paper,
and the paper which forms the hock — togetlter
with some suitable color for a frame ; now se-
parate the cut edges of your landscape by pres-
sing them apart. Hang up in the wmdow, and
when the sun shines through, the effect is beauli-
fttl. Try it ; we arc sure you will be pleased.

An engraving prepared as for Grecian painting
is very pretty for a screen, or to hang in the
window. Lamp shades may be made in this
way, and many pretty designs will sng^t them-
selves ; bouquets, wreaths, vines, running round
the sliade. etc Also still more beautifuj is the
antique style, before painting.

a5o

DICTIONARY OF EVERY^DAY WAITTS.

PAINTING AND PAPERING.

INCLUDING. VARNISHING, POUSHING, STAINING AND GILDING.

BLACKS, — tamp Black,, is merely the smnlte i
'Jrom various substances. The Iwst is from coal I
[.|w. This is the best black for all commnn
painting. — Ivvry Blacky or bone black, i^ onl^
charred bone. It has not the body, nor does it
work as freely as lamp black. — Asfhaltum, al-
though so very transparent, is, when several
.Eoats are laid on, n mo^t inlcn&c black, but not
o1 much service when exposed to the weather.
It is best used dissolved in turpentine, slightly
vronn, with or without a little boiled oil. With-
out the oil, it dries very quick; with it, much
slower. It makes the black varnish used for
[apnnning tin and other metals. Gum asphaltum
^tlicred from the surfiicc of the Dead Sea, or
fthc Lake Asphollites, in Judro.
' BLUES, — Copper is the base of mo?rt blues,
though some are formed from iron t>nd cobalt. —
Pwussian Bine is properly a fierrocyanurct
of iron, produced by various processes. As a
▼chicle, dried or calcined blood and horns and
tfs are used. — There arc other methods, where
Viimal matter '\9, not used, in which pearlash,
coke, and iron-filings form the compound. It is
also chemically prcparc«l with sulphate of iron

id prussiate of potash; but^ all these prcpara-
Etions the composition is iron and prvtsic acid.
The prussic acid, however, is not in sufRcicnt
[quantity to make the color in the least degree
poisonous. — Ultramarine, This beautiful
olue was formerly made from lazulite, the Iwau-
tiful variegated blue mineral, and was once worth,
in Italy, twenty-five dollars an ounce. That used
in the arts now is composed of carboiutcofsocta,
sulphur, and kaolin, colored with cobalt. This
color has but little body as an oil color, but is of
% most liriUiant hue, and wears about as well as
the Prussian blue. In oil it is a transparent color,
but is more dense in distemper, and covers better.

BLUE, PRUSSIAN, — ToUish. or pcarlash,
10 parts; coke, cinders, or coal, lO parts; iron
totnings, 5 parts. Grind into a coarse powder

id expose for half an hour to a full red heat,
In an open crucible, stirring the mixture occasion-
ally. When the small jets of purple flame cease.
which will be in about the lime named, allow the
mass to cool; then add water to di«olvc the
soluble matter, and set aside the black foot that
crmains for a future opcratioff. Next filter the
solution, and add sulphate of iron (copperas),
.five parts (dissolved), and brighten the color of
•the precipitate by the addition of muriatic acid.
Tills process yields twenty-five percent, of Prus-
sian dIuc (ferrocymnidc of iron) on the quantity
of pure potash in the salt employed. The larger
the quantity operatod on, the greater the relauvc
product

BLUE for CEILINGS, — BoU slowlv for 3
hours I lb. blue vitriol and ^ lb. of the best
whiting in about 3 pts. water ; stir it freouently
.while boiling, and also on Liking it off the fire.
jyVTien it has stood till quite cold, pour off the

lue liquid, then mix the cake of color with good
and use it with a plasterer's brush in the
manner as whitcwuhj cither lor walls or

3^

BROWN FREESTONE, T0 Imifaie.—T\u§

paint is not made by mixing the ground stone nor
anv thing in it. First, make a pretty thick oQ
pamt of the same color as the stone to be imi-
tated, which may be done in different ways. The
basis is white-lead or zinc white, colored with
umber and Mars red, or any other pigments
which suit you ; put it on as u^ual, and while yet
sticky throw common fine sand against it; tbis
will not affect the color, and make a rough, sandy
coat imitating the surface of the stone.

BRUSHES, Care of, — Brushes used for
applying finishing varnishes should be cared for
with the utmost pains, as good work depends
much upon the good condition of the brushes.
A good way to keep them is to suspend them by
the handles in a covered can, keeping the points
at least half an inch from the bottom, and apart
from each other. The can should be filled with
slow drying varnish up to a line about a sixteenth
of an inch above the bristles or hair. The
should then be kept in a close cupboard, or ia!
box fitted for the purpose.

As wiping a brush on a sharp edge of tin wul
grndually split the bristles, cause tnem to curl
backward, and eventually ruin the brush, the top
of the can should have a wire soldered along the
edge, or the edge of tin turned over, in order to
prevent injury. Finishing brushes should noC
be cleansed in turpentine, except in extreme
cases. When taken from the can prepare ibesa
for use by working them out in varnish, and be-
fore replacing them cleanse the handles and bind-
ing with turpentine.

CARAflA'E. — ^Take cochincd, 1 pound; car>
bonate ot potass, 3,^ drachms; water, 7 gallons.
Simmer for a little lime, Ihc-n remove the copper
from the fire, and scatter powdered alun, 8
drachms, over the surface; let it stand fifteen
minutes, until dear, then decant and put the
solution into a clean copiier, heat it, and add
isinglass, 3^^ drachms, previously dissolved in 3
quarts of water and slrnineiJ. 'Ilien bring it l<i
aboil, and when a coagulum is fnriri.*.! i^'-cit
from the fire and stir it with a dean t

it rest for Wrenly minutes, and the nl

be found at the liottom of the liquid. Dctaui, and
drain the carmine upon a piece of fine lineiu

I'he remaining solution will make fine car-
minated lake.

CAA'M/NE, GERMAN.— Take coduneal,
I pound; water, 7 gallons. Boil for five minutes,
then add alum, t ounce. Boil fr*r fivr- minutes
more, filter and set aside the- ■ in gloss

or porcelain vessels for thnx '. ilecanC

the liq'f""' "'■ ' •'•"' *^'~ ' '■' sbtdf.

The rr color of

an infer i

CARMlNi: {Cimimitm) lo^/mfnAt.—TAa
carmine. one part; waterof smmontato dtssolvib
Digest in the sun until the ammonij is saturated
witn the coloring part of the carmine, then prv-
cipitate the color with alcohol and acsctic 1
[Wash the precipitate canfaUy irith ■kobol
dry it,
I CHESTNCTT-COLOR, T»wmkt.^^Xbta

nth

M

PAWrmC AND PAPERING,

aS'

h

is composed of red, yellow and black. The eng-
lUh red« or red ochre of Auvcrgnc, ochre de rue
aiid a little black, form a dark chcslnut colur. It
is proper for painting of every kind. If English
red, which is dr}-er than tlut of Auvergne, be
employed, it will be proper, when the color ii
intcodcd for varnish, to grind it with drying nut-
oil. The ochre of Auvcrgnc moy be eround
with the mastic gaUipot, and mixed up wi^ galli-
pot varniith.

The most exiKricnccd artists ^ind dark colors
with Unseed oil, when the situation will admit of
its being used, because it is more drying. For
articles without doors nut-oil is preferable. The
colors of oak-wood, walnut-tree, chestnut, olive,
and yellow, require the addition of a little
litharge ground on porphyry : it hastens the des-
iccation of the color, and gives it body.

But if it is intended to cover these colors with
varnish, as i<> generally done in wainscoting, they
must be mixed up wiui essence, to which a little
oil has been added. The color is then much
better disposed to receive the varnish, under
which it exhibits ail the splendor it can derive
from the reflection of the light.

COLORS, To Mix and Us/. — Priming.
Quite too little attention is paid to this depart-
ment. The color is usually mixed up too thin
and put on lou heavy- The reverse is much llie
best. Let the primmg be as thick as will spread
c40ilv, and then be well rubbed out under the
brush. Litharge Is the only drying necessary
in priming. All V^ork, inside or out, may be
primed the some. — Puttying. After the priming;
all work should have the nail- heads and cracks
pattied Dp. It should be done with a putly-knifc;
puttying up with the fingers is a barbarous prac-
tice, and aoes not fill the holes well. — Sam/-
Papering and dusting should be done before the
puttying; being done afterwards, is apt to dish
out the puttied places. — .Sfrf^i«</{.«/— {Outside).
Mix with raw oil and use it as thick as it will
spread easily. After the work is all covered, it
abonld be cross -smoothed till it has an even sur-
face, and then finished lengthwise, with long
sweeps of the brush, pressing lightly. — Thi^
Coat. — Made a little thinner than for the second
coat, and rubbed out as much as possible, cross-
smoothed, and finished with the tip of the brush
▼cry lightly, so as not to .^how the brush marks.
Sci9mi Coat — (Inside). Mixed as thick as it will
work, with equal parts of raw oil and turpentine.
Particular care should be taken to rub this out
well, cross-smoolhinc and finishing with the tip
of the brush; else tnc color will Tie in ridges,
which the next coat will not hide. — Third Coat.,
Mixed with three ports turpentine and one of
raw oil, rubbed out thoroughly and smoothed
carefully, so as to show no bru^h marks.— /vi/rM
CotU — rlattiog. Mixed with all turpentine thin
enough so th;it ■ .[irerid betore it sets.

Spread over <j . at cross<smoothing ;

^^ ' mKu, , ..^;it sweeps of the tip of

•ur strokes will be as much
I : sets. Square up and finish
Mix£ o( work before beginning another. —
Platting, Mix, Up the ground lead with
:1vaslhia as for flatting. Let it
I'l settles and the oil and turpcn-
... ..,w top. Pour it off and mix again,
md repoit the operation till that which rises to
the bop fft clear turpentine. By this process the
oil ia wbicfa the lead is grouna is eatird/ drawn

out, and (he lead is mixed with turpentine. This
color, however, is quite dilTerent from what it
would 1>e if the lead harl been ground in turpen-
tine. It is more tenacious, and flows belter.

Much care must be taken to spread this oa
thickly and evenly. The room roust be kept close,
and free from any draught of air, as the color sets as
Ust as put on. This is used only as m fourth
coat. — /V/ijA SVhite. This chaste and durable
finish requires the zinc white to do it properly.
It is made by mixing the zinc white with white
varnish. — Common Method. After priming and
secund-coating in the usual way with lead, nntsh
with the pohsh white. — Beit Method. Put on
two coats, as above, and then spread on sevrrtd
coats of yellow ochre» turpentine, and japan, with
a little litharge. When drv, rub smooth and
level with pumice stone. Tnen put on one coat
of inside second coating, and fuutea as usual;
rub down with pumice stone, then a coat of pol*
ish white, and finish with a flowing coat o( white
varnish, in which is mixed some of the zinc
white. — (Remarks.) When work is to bc fin-
ished with a gloss, the previous coat should be a
dead surface; when it is to be flattened, the pre-
vious coat should have a dtgree of gloss.

Lead is the white referred to in the above de-
scriptions, yet the rules given for mixing may be
applied to all other colors, except that the darker
colors are generally finished with a gloss, inside
or out. They require no turpentine only when
they are to be varnished.

OU dries with a glossy, turpentine, with a flat
sur£ice.

It is a wrong idea to put on heavy coats of
paint; the more it is rubbed out, the better will
the wOrk look and wear. Each coat should
stand two or three days before receiving another
coat.

Color needs more drying in winter thon in sum-
mer. Outside work lasts longer if painted bx
cold weather, as not so much of the liquid is era-
ix>rated, and a heavier body is thus dried upoa
the surface.

Litharge or japan is a good drrer for outside
work, and for priiuing in the inside, or Ux dark
colors ; but sulphate of zinc is only fit fur the last
coats on the inside, though sugar of lead is used.
Either of them may 1*0 dissolved in water, and
stirred into the color.

Transparent colors wnll work more freely, and
spread on with an evener flow, by being mixed
with raw oil and japan, with a Ulde water stirr-
ed in.

In mixing thick colors, the liquid should be
added gradually, else the lumps will not be thor-
oughly broken.

COPAL. 7o Dusohe in AleokcU — Cop^
which is called gum copal, but which is not, strictly,
either a gum or a resin, is the hardest and least
change^^lile of all substances adapted to form var-
nishes, by their dissolution In spirit, or essential,
or fat oils. It, therefore forms the most valuable
varnishes ; though wc shall give several receipts
where it is not employed, which form cheaper
varnishes, iufficicntly good for many purposes,,
adding only the general rule, that no varnish
must be expected to be border than the substance
from which it is made.

To dissolve copal in alcohol, dissolve holfaa
ounce ofcamphor in a ^4nt •■folcohol ; put it into a
circulating gloss, and odd four ounces of copd in
small pieces; sat it in a sand-heat, so regulated

m

LmM

as»

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

that the bubbles maybe countetl as they rise from
the bottom, and continue the same heat till the
solution is completed.

The process above mentioned will dissolve
more copal than the menstnim will retain when
cold. The most economical method will there-
fore be, to set the vessel which contains the solu-
tion by for a few days, and, when it is perfectly
settled, pour ofT the clear vu^isb, and leave the
residue lor future operation.

The solution of copal thus obtained is very
bright. It is an excellent varnish for pictures,
ana would, doubtless, be an improvement in
jnpanninp. where the stoves used for drying the
varnished articles would drive off" the camplior,
and leave the copal clear and colorless in the
work.

COPAL, TaDutoht mSpirtU tf Turprntint.
Reduce two ounces of copal to small pieces, and put
them into a proper vessel. Mix a pint of the best
spiritsofturpcntincwith one-eighth ofspiritsofsal
ammoniac ; shake them well together, put them to
the cop&I, cork the glass, and tic it over with a
String or wire, making a small hole through the
cork. Set the glass in a sand-heat so regulated
as to make the contents boil as quickly as possible,
but so gently that the bubbles may be counted
as they rise from the bottom. The tame heat
must be kept up exactly till the solution is com-
plete.

It requires the most accurate attention to suc-
ceed in this operation. After the spirits arc
mixed, Ihcy should be put to the copal, and the
necessary Qcgrce of heat be given as soon as pos-
sible, and maintained with the utmost regularity.
If the heat abates, or the spirits boil quicker than
is directed, the solution will immediately stop,
and it will afterwards be in vain to proceed with
the same materials : but if properly managed, the
spirit of sal ammoniac will be seen gradually to
descend from the mixture, and attack the copal,
which swells and dissolves, excepting a very
small quantity which remains undissolved.

It is of much cunseouencc that the vessel
should not be opened till some time after it has
been perfectly cold ; for if it contain the least
warmtn when opened, the whole contents will be
blown out of the vessch

Whatever quantity is to be dissolved should be
put into a glass vessel capable at least of con-
taining four times as much, and it should be hiqh
in proportion to the width.

This varnish is of a deep rich color, when
viewed in the bottle, but seems to give no color
to the picture upon which it is laid. If it be left
in the damp, it remains racky, as it is called, a
long time; out if kept in a warm room, or placed
in the sun, it dries as well as any other tuqwn-
tinc varnish, and when dry it appears to fc>c as
durable as any other solution of copaL

Copal may also be dissolved in spirits ol tur>
penttnc by thr assistance of camphor.

Turpentine varnishes dry more slowly than
those made with alcohol, and are less hard ; but
they arc not so liable to crack.

COPAL-LACKER^ Imtrovtd Process far the
Preparation of. — Copal-lackcr is generally pre-
pared by carefully melting copal, adding linseed
oil varnish, and aftcrwarJs oil of turpentine. By
Iloedfield's process (patented in France) twice
the amount of oil of turpentine that generally is
taken is used to procure a more complete solution
*ofthe copal, ana to obtain the lacker dearer and

more colorless. Air is then passed into the mia^
turc for some time, when the oxygen uxuler the
influence of the oil of turpentine becomes oaoni^.
ed, and acting upon the oil hastens its drying;
As soon as the oxidation is thought suflkJent.
half of the oil of turpentine is distilled off; the
remaining lacker contains therefore not more of
the oil than ordinarily prepared lacker, but it
dries quicker and is more colorless. The distill-
ed oil of turpentine is greatly superior for the
preparation of fresh portions of the locker, on ac-
count of the azone it still contains, and is used
solely for this purpose.

DRYER, JAPAN,— I. Take linseed otl, i
gallon ; put into it gum shellac, ^ lb.; litharge
and burned Turkey umber, each % lb.; red lead,
^ lb.; sugar of lead, 6 or. Boil in the oil till aU
are dissolved, which will require about four
hours ; remove from the fire, and stir in spirits
turpentine, I gallon, and it is done. — 2. Ua-
lions

seed oil, 5 gall

add red lead and liihar^

each 3,S lbs.; raw umber, i*l lbs.; sugar of Ictd
and sulphate of line, each 4 lb.; pulverixc all the
articles together, and boil in the oil dissolTcd;
when a little cool, thin with turpentine, 5 ^d-
lons.

DR YER, for P^inHng. — Vitreotu oaid» of
lead (litharge), is of no other use in painting
than to free oils from their greasy particle*, for
the purpose of coa|taiuni eating to them a dryiog
quaUty. Red Utha^e, however, ought to be

fircferred to the greenish yellow ; it is not s*
lard, and answersbetter for the purpose to which
it is destined.

WTien painters wish to obtain a r-- |.jr

of the oclirey kind, and have no [y

them, they may paint with lin&ced <_„, -cU

from its greasy particles, by mixing with the color
about 2 or 3 parts of litharge, ground un a piece
of porphyry with water, dried, and reduced to
fine pHiwdcr, for 16 parts of oil. llie color has
a ^eat deal of body, uid dries as speedily as if
mixed with drying oil.

DRYING OIL, (Cf/ifriejsy—hoil linseed ofl
for two hours with three per cent, of red lead»
filter it, and then expose it to sunlight in Urge
shallow vessels, frequently renewing the air
above.

DR YING OIL far ZINC PA INT. — In or-
der to avoid the use of oxide of lead in making
drying oil for rinc point, oxide of manganese has
been proposed as a substitute. The process to
be adopted is as follo«-s :

The manganese is broken into pieces about the
sixe of peas, dried, and the powdrr separated by
means of a sieve. The fragments arc then lobe
introduced into a bag made of iron-wire gauie.
This is hung in the oil contained in an iron or
copper vessel, and the whole heated gently for24
or 36 hours. The oil must not be allowed to
boil, in which case there is great danger of its
running over. When the oil has acquired a red-
dish color, it is to be poured into an appropriate
vessel to clear.

For 100 parti of oil 10 of oxide of manganeve
mny be employed, which will serve for several
ojKrations when freshly broken and the dust sep-
arated. Experience has shown, that when fresh
oxide of roaogdnese is used it is better I" intro-
duce it into the oil upon the secop' ■*'• The
process likewise occupies a longer ' e

iresh oxide. Very great care is re. , -.is

operation to prevent accident, and oue ol ihe

Ofii^AMENTAL WORK.

253

I principal puinli (o be observed is that the oil is
B not overheated. If the boiling should render
^B the oil tOQ thicks this may be remedied by an
^^ addition of turpcntiDC after it has thoroughly

" DRYr^'GiQuUk) PAINT. — Twelve part*
of shctUc and four parts of bonx are added to
one hundred parts ot water ; heat is carefully ap-

» plied, white the nuxturc is continually stirred,
and soon a complete solution is obtained which is
colorless or brown according to the color of the
shellac employed. This solution, as we have
aaid, forms a varnish perfectly impermeable to
waXer, and not acte<l on by the atmosphere. It
can be u.%ed with oil painty, to make them dry
qakkly. by adding an equal part of the vamisn
with A tittle tiirpentioe to the oil color, and rub-
bing them together until a homogeneous fluid
mixture i« obtained. This mixture dries in from
' ten to fifteen minutes, and hence only a small
^v quantity must be prepared at a time.
B DARK WOODS, 7".? /ffiiAi/^.— The appear-
ance of walnut may be given to white woods, by
painting or sponging them with a concentrated
wwtn solution of permanganate of potassa. 'llie
effect is different on dincrent kinds of timber,
Kome becoming stained very rapidly, others re-
quiring more time for this resulL The pcr-
maoganate t« decomposed by the woody fibre;

»tnx>wn peroxyd of manganese is precipitated.
trhich is afterward removed by washmg with wa-
ter. The wood, when dry, may be varnished,
and will he found to resemble very closely the
natural dark woods.

FRESCO PAINTIUC—Thfi ground upon

iriiich fresco is painted is a lime ground ; and,

an order to have a permanent picture, we must

have a firm and stalile ground. First of all, the

^^wall must lie absolutely dry; there must be no

^V|e«kage of moisture from behind. Lime which

H^-lias been run (as it is, I believe, technically called

' Yxj builders) for a year or a year and a naif, is

best to be employed, for in pro^rtion as the

*|iiiie has been carbonated (though tt must not be
so to too great an extent) by the action of the
carbonic acid oj the air, it makes a better and a
harder mortar. With this lime must be mixed
river sand, of even groin ; the sand should be
mixed Mriih water, and allowed to pass along
down a small stream, so that in the centre of the
etream you wouLi have sand the grains of which
would be pretty nearly equal in size. This is a
point of considerable importance. The rcaion
why new lime cannot and oueht not to be used
is because it blisters ^ small blisters appear on
the surface, and that of course would be ruinous
10 a picture. A well plastered wall should not
have a blister or a crack in it, and this is secured
by having your lime run for some time, of good
quality to start with, and mixed with good
aaad. There is no chemical process that I know
I of that takes place in fresco painting other than
^^this, that silicates are formed by the action of the
^Pltmc u|fuu the sand, and carbon.ites by the action
^^of the carlfonic add of the air upon the lime.

In pamting a fresco picture, inasmuch ns there
la no rcMuching the work when it is finished, the
-tist must m^^ his drawing very carefully. The
^cartoon is made upon cvdinary paper; then it is
'txed against the wall, where the picture is to be
lintcd. The part where the artist decides to
his work is uncovered ; that is to say, a
poxtion of the paper is turned down and cut away.

I

but in such a manner that it may be replaced.
Then the plasterer puts fresh plaster, about an
eight of an inch thiat, upon the uncovered por-
tion of the wall; and the plasterer's work is of
the utmost im|.K>rtance in fresco painting. The
workman ought to practice it well before he
attempts to prepare the ground for a large picture,
and I have found it of the greatest importance
to allow the n)an to practice for several wedcs
before he was allowed to prepare an^ portion of
the ground, even for decorative painting. In
this way he becomes accustomed to the suction
of the wall, and upon the suction ol the wall
depends the soundness of the ground and the
success of fresco painting. When the plaster is
first put on, of course it is ver^r sofl; the piece
of the cartoon is replaced upon it, and the lines
of the picture are gone over with a bone point so
that an indentation is made, and then the artist
t>egins his painting. At first lie finds his colors
work greasy; you cannot get the tint lo lie on,
it works streaky; but you must not mind that,
you must paint on, but you must only paint on
for a certain time, for if you go on painting too
long, you will interfere with the satisfaciory suc-
tion of the ground, which is so necessary to pro-
ducc a good fresco painting. Of course, nothing
but practice can tell any one the period at which
he ought to stop. I cannot describe it, because
I should he simplv trying to de>>cribe a sensation,
whith I cannot do. Alter some practice, you
know perfectly well by the feel when you ought
to stop. If you feel your color flowing fn^m your
brush too readily, you ought lo slop at this period.
You must then leave your work for a time, and
go bock to it again. And then you will find, as
the plaster sucks in the color which voii have
first laid on. that tliere will be, — it mav be in the
course of h.-df an hour, it may be an hour; that
depends upon the temperature of the atmosphere,
— a pleasant suction Irom your brush, the color
going from it agreeably, and vou will find that it
will cover belter. Now is tne time to paint ra-
pidly, and complete the work you have in hand.
When the color leaves your bru>>h as though the
wall were thirsty for moisture, you should cease
painting: every touch that is applie<l after (hat
will turn out gray when it dies, and the color will
not be fast upon the wall. *

FIRE-PROOF PAIXT, f-r Rc>nfi: ttt. —
Slack stone lime by putting it mlo a tub, to be
covered, to keep in the steam. \Mien slacken),
pass the powder through a fine sieve; and to
each 6 qts. of it add, 1 qt. of rock-salt, and water
I gal. ; then boil and skim clean. To each 5
gals, of this add. pulverised alum l lb. pulverized
copperas % lb.; and still slowly add powd<rred
potash }i lb.; then fine sand or hickory a»lic«
4 lbs. Now add any desired color, and apply
w i'h a brush — looks better than paint, and is as
durable as slate. It stops small leaks in roofs,
prevenu moss, and makes it incombustible and
renders brick impervious to wet-

FROSTrSG GLASS.— \. Take lugar of lead
well ground in oil, applied as other paint ; then
pounced, while fresh, with a wad of batting held
Dctwcen the thumb ami finger. After which it
is allowed to partially dry; then with a straight-
edge laid upon the sash, you run along bv the
side of it, a stick sharpcneil to the width ot line
you wish lo appear in the diamonds, figures, or
squares, into which you choose to lay it off;
most frequently, however, straight lines ore made

■KM

^H

DICTfONARY OF EVERVDAY WANTS.

an inch or more from the sash, according to the
size of light, then the centre of the light made
into diamonds. — 2. A common preparation for
Irosttnp; glass to prevent the too direct action of
the solar heat in green-houses, elc, is a wash of
whiting and gluc-watcr. It must not contain too
much glue, as it is desired to wash it ofT late in
the sea-son by the action of rain, to compensate
ibr the decrease in temperature.

FURNITURE CREAM.^Uceswax, t lb. ;
soap, 4 01. ; pcarlash, 2 oz. ; soft water» I gal. ;
boil togelhcr until mixed.

FURNITURE 01L.~\. Acetic acid, idrs.;
oil of lavender, % dr. ; rectified spirit, I dr. ;
linseed-oil, 4 or. — 2. Linseed-oil, i pt. ; alkaneC-
root, 2 oz. : heat, strain, and add lac varnish, I
0£. — 3. Linseed-oil, i pL ; rectified spirit^ 3 oz. ;
butter of nntimony, 4 oz.

FURNITURE PASTE.— \. Turpentine, 1
pL ; olkancC-root, % oz. ; digest until sufficiently
colored, then add beeswax, scraped small, 4 oz. :
put the vessel into hot water, and stirr till dis-
solved. If wanted nale, the alkanet-root should
be omiltetl.— 2. (\VhiIc.) White wax, I Ih. ;
Uquor of potassa, ^ gal. ; l>oil to a nrojwr con-
sistence.— 3. Ifeeswax, I lb.; soap, }1 lb.; pearl-
ash, 3 oz. (dissolved in water, }i gal., and
strained); boil as last. — 4. Vellow wax, 16 parts;
resin, i part; olkanet-root, I part; turpentine,
6 ports; linsecd-oil, 6 parts. First steep the
•Ikanct in the oil with neat, and, when well
colored, ]>our off the clear on the other ingre-
dients, and again heat till all arc dissolved.

GILDING, Misturt for^ and Haw tj Use it.
— Gold size may be used as a laying coat. How-
ever, the mixture of the house-gilders is prefer-
able, and consists of an addition of white lead
and chrome yellow, ground very fine with linseed
oO.

This mixture must be used quite dry, that is
to say, often stirred, and the brush or ])cncil
pressed against the sides of the cup to remove nil
excess. A good mixture may receive the gold
twelve hours after it has been laid down, antTthe
same process answers for bronzing. \Vhen ihc
gilder has delivered his work to the painter, the
Mtter must wash it with plenty of water, taking
care not to scratch the cold. It is l>ellcr to wait
three or four days before washing. Tlie gold
striping receives a first fixing with gelatine dis-
solved m water and a second with wnite varnish
diluted with turpentine. When all is dry, the
portions of gold which may have stuck against
the point of tnc groundwork arc covered with the
same color; or, if we desire (o avoid this extra
work, we rub the body and gears with a sponge
dipped into water containing finely levigated clay.

GILDING LIQUID.— Vak'^oiiixxc gold five
ounces (iroy); niira-muriotic acid, fifty-two oun-
ces; dissolve by heat, and continue the heat
nntil red or yellow vapors are evolved ; decant
the clean liquid into a proper vessel ; add of
distilled water, four gallons ; pure bicarbonate
of potash. 20 lbs ; boil for two hoars.

GILDING, Out AitTi.— Take unruled writ-
ing paper, and wax it First put on the sire,
and then lake the book of leaf, and laying it on
any convenient surface, slip the waxed paper into
the gold leaf, pressing it down with the hand so

to bring the waxed surfiice in contact with all
of the leaf, then withdraw the paper and the
will adhere to it. In this way a hurricane
Auij be defied.

GILDING, To ImpriK-^.— Mix a gill af water
with two ounces of purified niter, one ounce c.f
alum, one ounce ot common salt; lay this over
gilt articles with a brush, and the color will be
much improved.

GILDING, Bumiihed.—CoaX tfac wn,»l fir^t
with size, and afterwards with size ar!
mixed until a sufficient thickness is •
Between each coat, class paper must be uwrd ui
smooth the surface, fhe gold size is now applied
thinly, and when nearly dry the leaf is attadierf,
and afterwards burnished.

GILDING (m Glass. — i. Mix powdered grtWl
with thick gumarabtc and powdered borax. With
this trace the design on the glass, and then balce
it in a hot oven. Thus the gum is burnt and the
borax is vitrified, at the same lime the goM is
fixed on the glass. To make powdered gold:
Rub down gold leaf with pure honey on a marble
slab, wash Ine mixture, and the "predpilate" Is
the gold used. — 2. Dissolve in boiled linseed oil
an equal weight either of copal or amber, and
add as much oil of turpentine as will enable raa
to apply the compound or size thus formed ju
thin OS possible to the parts of gLiss intended 10
be gilt, llie glass is to be placed in a stove. tiD
so warm as almost to bum the riiii'cr:^ nhtf.
handled. At this lempcralurc th a

adhesive, and a piece of leaf gold. . he

usual way, will immedi.ilc]y stick. ^u'.Tp ull ibf
suiKrfluous portions of the leaf, and when qailc
cold it may be burnished. Take care to iaterpo*
a piece of Indian paper between the gold Bud
burnisher.

GILDERS CLUE.— K very r
of the so called gilders' glue is ol .
ling rabbit-skins into fine shreds, anti i.<-.ii;nj ii
Walter, then turning the mixture into a bauet*
through which the liquid passes, lea^^ng the xt-
fu« behind. About fifteen hundred gnun* cf
sulphate of zinc and three hundred and '^st.'^^y
five of alum arc then to be separately ^
in pure lioiling water, and poured into ■
mentioned liquid, and the whole vrcU ^:l':r-
logeihcr while hoL The mixture j« then (t- t-c
passed through a sieve into a rcctui'"^'* " ' ■ • ^
which the jcUy remains twcnt)
winter, or about forty-eight in si;
moss now having )>ecome solid, is [
from the box, and cut into slices r>t
ness, and laid upon nets to drv, tuh-.
ofkcn air or by means of some kind oi ^iid^^^\
heaU

GIIJ)ING, suing ffir.—Tixf: be*t siimc t- r
gilding on glass is matlc as follows: Vmx r ' ^-^
of isinglass as large as an old fa&hioncd >:•
a teacup; fill balrfull with boiling water
well mixed, and before cold, fill nearly toi ">-
spirits of wine.

GLA'/JNG. — Sashes are primed before ^-t^*
ing. Glass laid in with the crown or conr-^
side out. The tins driven in with adui''''^'
glazing hammer ; four tins to each glaxs ua the
two long sides, about one fourth of (he disUPtf
from the corners. If tins arc put in thr ^-""'
they are apt to break the glass, espcciidl -.
weather. — Bti<k I*uttyittg, In £00»1 v*.
medium-sized glass, nfler the glazmg is Jv
the putty well set, fill the spacer on the
Use Ihc putty soft, or it will ;
— Btdding^ for superior w- ■
is the best. Glaxe the nil>Uv ".... ^.i (,- ;
and press the glass down into it aa cio«e as it will

ORNAMENTAL WORK.

I

Uy, pressing on the edges and not the middle of
Che glus, then glue 2s usuaI. W here the mould-
ing of the sash is to go outside, the crown side
of the glais should 1» out also. — C/frtnm^ after
the globing is done, vrilh water nnd a bru!>h, or
Krith uhiting and a dry brush. The line of the
pulty should come just even with the line of the
iDouldiDg on the other side of the glass.

COLD LEAF, To Prevent the AJhenon ef.
—Painters and decorators will find the following
plan a rood one to simplify a most troublesome
urt of their work: A small piece of baU liqxioricc,
dissolved in water, applied with a flat camel's
bail brush to the place intended to be left ungilt,
will prevent the Inf adhering. The solution must
be weak. Made thick and gummy, it is very
Dseful to protect omamentxd pait« of work tliatis
to be re -pointed.

CRAIXING. — In order to obtain any degree
of perfection in the imitations of woods and
marulcs, it is necessary to procure panels or bits
of veneer, and copy the color and form of the
grains as near as possible, — Graining in OH,
Mia the grnin color in boiled oil and turpentine,
and add a Uttle soap, or whiting, or even both :
H makes it flow belter. Clean the sponj^e, etc.,
in ml or ttirpcntine. — For Distemper, the grain
c»lcir ii p-ound in ale, beer, vinegar, or whiskey;
the object being to bind the color so that it will
Dot rut> oft. As a general thing, stale ale or beer
is the best. Whiskey, however, in cold weather,
night be preferred, because it do« not creep like
other fluids; but if the ground-work is rubbed
over with whiskey it will be suiTicient. Graining
should be done with a free and careless motion
of the hand» yet having an eye to the character
of the wood. — Distemper Graining requires the
groundwork to be dampened by ruobing all
OTCr with a sponge wrung out of the ale, previous
to putting on the grain color. The ground-work:
as tn other mixtures, take the body color first,
and add the positive colors bv degrees, till the
required lint is produced. The work may be
primed, as for other work, with any light color.
The second coal must approach to the ground-
color, and the third coat must be the tint (o grain
npon, and is t>est mixed with a gloss, cither for
isstde or out. Less than three coats of ground
color will not make a good job. In parliculaiiz-
iag the sperific quantities of proportion of in-
gnedieols, we are governed only by general prin-
ciples. Tlie artist must regulate the tint accurd-
ng to La&le. The brush, cloth, or sponge, or
whatever tools mny be used, must be frequently
washed out in water while doing a job. — Clazing
Co]c<rs are transparent, and are mixed very thin,
whether the vehicle is oil or water. — ^lendtng
Bkiut l-c done by brushing the tit of the blender
bark and forth lightly over the work while it is
weL— A/rtj/oj^ is lione by sliding the blaic stick
Bp> and bearing round to the right or left. The
tame motion is required in packing in the fine
check grain with the side of the blender ; striking
with the flat side of the blender, pushing the
han-' - .— ».

I 6', ^lack IVainut.—Tooh. Same

as 1 i^"T* — Crmtnd, Drab, made of

Icabd, yt-ll.i* ochre, Venetian red, and black. —
Cfmin Ctior, Burnt umber. The grain is ma<le
tlmcxst the lame as for mahogany, only thai the
fata^e «lick Vi uietl more freely ; and by sjiccimens
0>f the real wood, it will be seen Ihnt the blares
no nearly the whole length of the branch, and

more regular than mahoganyi running gradually
from hnilom to top.

CRAININGt Mahogany. — Toelt* A sponge,
or cloth, or a piece of buckskin for wiping out
the lights. A common paint brush, to put on the
color. A blaze stick, to make the bright blazes
in the center of the branch. It is made of a
piece of wood shaved down thin, or a paper card,
three inches long and one inch wide, and rerr
thin. A blender, to soften the work. A top
graincr, to put in the dark grain. — Gnmna,
Chrome yellow and orange red lead. About one
third lead, but sufficient to tint to a bright orange. '
— Grain Cafor, Burnt terra de sienna. Dampen
the work with the fluid you grain with. Spread
on the grain color with a brush ; blend crosswise.
Wipe out, with a sponge or cloth, the light parts.
Hlend again ttl! soft. Put in the blazes up through
the center uith the blaze slick. Ijlend down the
crude roughness of this lengthwise. When dry,
rub off with the hand or a soft cloth, the rouch
particles. Give a coat of thin varnish, — J'or
G/astn^. Add a small c{uantily of aspfaaltum to
the gram color, so that it is a shade darker than
before, and add ale till it is quite thin. Rub it
well out over the whole surface. Blend it cros.<(-
wise. Peck it alt over with the side of tlie blender,
pushing the hand upwaid lo produce the fine
check grain. When dry, put on the dark top
grain. Another method is. instead of making the
check grain, lo wipe the blender through the
glazing, making the top grain in that way. Dark
or light mahogany is made by using correspond-
ing colors in the ground, grain, and glazing.
wTien the graining docs not liut, it may all be
rubt^ed off with the wet sponge, aiid grained over
again.

GRAINING, Maple.— Tools. Brush, to put
on color. Buckskin, to wipe out lights. Blender
and top graincr. — Ground. Cream color, made
with white lead nnd yellow ochre. — GrafH Colctr,
Raw sienna and raw umber, equal parts in all.
Coal the work. Fold the buckskin, and with the
edge wipe out the lights which make the curl.
Blend lengthwise of the curl. Varnish with thin
\'aTnish, and when dry, glaze over the whole
with the grain color made very thin, and lo
which is added a very little asphaltum. Wipe
out, with the sponge, large patches of lights, and
blend crossings. When dry, lop grain with the
glaze color. — Bird^s-eyr is managed the same
way, except that, after the grain color is laid on,
patches of light are wiped out with a wet sponge.
Blend, and then dot over the whole, in patches,
by sticking the ends of the fingers mer it. Then
blend very lightly,

GR.'ilS'ING, Oak, — ^Thc most imnorlantand
best system of graining oak is the oil-color pro-
cess. It must be understood that oak has two
distinct characteristics. The first is the grain
of the wood, which is formed by the pores, and
which always runs the length way of the olank,
and, in fact, of the tree also, ancf this is nne or
coarse, as Ibe case may be; the other is technic-
ally called "the figure' — llic dapple, the vcining,
and the lights of the oak. 'ITtesc morkings, d-
most in every case, run across ihc grain, ond, as
a rule, have a silvery reflection, and Mand out
lighter and brighter than the grain, and some-
time* they have a light silvery erigc and a dark
center. Of course, both the grain nnd the mark-
ings are different in different dcwrriplions of oak.
In the Engliah oak the grain and ihc veinia^^ w

a«6

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS,

tgure, are much £iier and closer than in the
[ibreign oak. The Dantiic oak, for insunce, is
Sacccdingly coarse or open in its gr^n or pores,
and the "hghts," or figure* as a rule in bruador
thick lumps, without much grace or ticnuty of
form; white ihc figure in Kngush oak is arranged
or flows in graduated curves, having a beauty
peculiarly its own. The grain and the markings
require difTerent methods of working, and there
is no method yet invented which does this so
cflcclivcly and so well as the oil process.

New work should be well dusted before being
primed. After the first coat is dry, it should be
rubbed down with sandpaper and stopped wiih
good sound pully. Three coats shouin then be
put on and the work sandpapered between each
coat ; except this be done, no good work can re-
lult. The finishing coat should be mixed with
three parts of oil to one of turps. The color for
light or new oak, commonW called wainscot,
ihould be a light creamy buff, made with Oxford
ochcr and while, and a little vermilion or Venetian
red. Some grainers like a white ground for this
very light oak, but it has a rawness of look whidi
is not at all pleasant to look upon.

For a middle shade of oak the color should be
stained with Oxford ochcr, Venetian red, and a
little burnt umber; and for dark oak, with burnt
umber, Venetian red. and a htlle orange chrome.
These may all be modified by admixture with
black, in a degree according to whctlicr the oak
when finished is to be warm or cool in tone. And
bcre we may note that the color ol the ground is of
rital importance to the effect of the work when
finished. Many persons don't care much about
the ground color so that it is light enough, as
they depend upon the gluinc color to bring it
up to the rcijuircd shade. This we are quite
certain is a mistake, for if two panels be grained,
one on a white or nearly white ground, and the
Other on a rich colored ground, the former can-
not by any amount of clawing be brought to the
same richness of ihe color as the latter ; therefr>re
it is the wi!*c«t plan to work upon ground colors
which are of Ihe same tone of color, or nearly so»
as the work is intended to be finished. The con-
trast also between the graining color and the
ground color should never be violent. When it
IS 6o, the work luu a staring vulgarity .ibuut it
very undcsirabc. The "figure"' or markings
stand out so prominently and so positively that
•11 flatness and repose is destroyed. Thi.s is a
very common fauk with graines, and one which
should l>e avoided. Grainers of this class are
very fond of bright chrome-yellow ground, and
of glazing their work with Dumt sienna* thus
making it "foxy," and, as a matter of course,
ugly and vulgar.

GRAINING, Rose > Wood. — Tools. A f!at
brush* sponge, blender, camel's hair pencil, and
fitches. — Groumd. Drop black. Spread on the
color, and wipe out with the sponge or flat brush.
The grains arc put in with the top grainer rvnd
iwncils. Glaze with rose-pink and asphalium
mixed, and wpe out any Knots or shadows lo
suit the fancy

GREENS. — All mmeral greens have their
bases in copper, and some of them contain ar-
senic.—^rwirwiV-i- or Bremen Green is a com-
pound of carbonate of c(n>per and chalk, and the
best has a portion of lead. This is a fine, lasting
[reen, and is much more neglected than it should
it is Jess poisonous tlum most greens, as

it contains little or no an«nic. When used
alone, it is of loo blue a c&st, but being lightened
up with light chrome, or lemon chrome yellow,
it makes a green almost equal to emerald, both
in brilliancy and durability, and has a softer plea<
santer tone. An equal quantity of emerald mixed
with it increases its brilliancy. — St-httl/s Green
is composed of acetate of copper and orseniate of
potash, it is very poisonous, -withoat being re*
deemed by beauty or durctbihty. — EmtrAli
Green. This intensely brilliant color is a com-
pound of yellow arsenic and verdigris, and con*
scquently the most deadly poison with which
painters have to deal. Some years ago, when
verdigris was in vogue, painters com^ained of
the deleterious efliKt of that miserable color; but
they may now well find fault when (hey are
obliged to stand the ravages of the cocncused
force of that and arsenic nlsck It was first dis.
covered and manufactured in France, and has
only been in use a few years, and it is to be ho^
ed that its future existence will be as brief at its
past ; for its effects upon the people who have
their rooms painted* washed, and papered with
it are almost as bad as upon the painter who uses
It. — Chrome Green was formerly made from lh«
blue oxide of chromium, but that which is now
mostly in U5e is a compound of (wtosh, sulphur,
and chromic acid. Some f:u:tories, however, are
now preparing it fruui thedicmica) Prussian blue
and chrome yellow. This is a very soft, rich,
and durable color, but in the rage for the faring
emerald ; it has been much overlooked.

GREEN PAINT. — Every creen color,
simple or compound, when mixed up vhh a
white grouitd, occomes soli, and gives a sei^
green of greater or less strength, and more or
less delicate, in the ration of the respective quan-
tities of the principal colors. Thus, green oxides
of copper, such as chrome green, verdigris, dry
crystallized acetate of copper, green composed
with blue vcrditcr, and the Dutch pink ofTroyes,
or any other yellow, will form, with a base of a
white color, a sea-green, the intensity of which
may be easily changed or modified. The white
ground for punting in distemper is generally
composed of Boug;ival white (white marl), or
white of Troycs (chalk), or Spanish white {pure
clay); but for varnish or oil painting, it is sought
for in a metallic oxide. In this case* ceruse or
pure white oxide of lead is emploved.

GREEN, SCNEEEE'S.—CMbonaXe of not-
ass, 33 [mrts ; water, 325 parts. Dissolve, wn
add arsenious add, 11 parts. Next, Sulphate o^
copper, 33 part*,; water, 4S0 parts. Dissohv
and filter each solution separately, then addtbe
first to the second, until it ceases to produce a
rich grasS'green precipitate ; collect anci wash the
green powder in clean water.

GREEN, CHROME. — Take Parw-white,
0% lbs.; sugar of lead, and V'*- ■"•-->, of each
5>^ lbs.; alum, 10^ oxs.; be>i :,» blue

and chrome yellow, of each j ^ .; ix thor-

oughly while in fine powder* and uid water. I
gat., stirring well and let stand 3 or 4 hours.

GREEN, /V<je/X— Take unsUcked Jime^^
the best qmdity slack it with hot water; thcs
take the finest part of the powder and sdd ik^B^^J
water, as strong a<> can be made. su(&cioDt^^^|
form n thick paste, then color it with bi chroani^^H
of potash and sulphate of copper until the cotor
suits your fancy, N. B. — The sulphate of copF<i
gives the color a blue tinge— the bi-chrooialc of

PAIirriUG AKD PAPERTStG.

«S7

. poUih a yellow. Observe this and you will never

H GREE^fi^ WALLS.— 1^^ 4 lbs. Roman

^B vitriol, and pour on it a (ca-kcttle full of boiling

^P water. When disiiolvcd, add 3 Ihs. pearlnsh,

^V wtd atir the mixture well with a stick until the

^ eflerve»ccnce ceases; then add % lb. pulvcrixed

. yellow arsenic, and stir the whole together. Lay

^m It on with a paint-bru&h ; and, if the wall lias not

^1 been painted before, two, or even three, coats

^* will l>c requi-sile. If a pea-green i$ required, pnt

ia Icsc, if an apple-green, more of the yellow

arsenic This pami dues not cost the quarter of

oil-paint, and looks better.

ISINGLASS SIZE.—1\af. may also be pre-
pared in the manner above directed for the giue,
Djr increaaing the projxirlion of the water for
dissolviag it, and the same holds good of parch-
nfecnt Mze. A better sort of the common size
may be likewise made by treating cuttings of

I glovers* leather in the same manner.
XALSOMI.VG. — The rough unfinished ap-
pearance of a white or yellow washed wall is not
Its most di&a^rccable peculiarity. It perpetually
fives of( its dirt, and its own fabric in powder, to
any one who brushes it with his garments, or
wbo hangs his clothes against it. The superior
smoothness and glaze ofa good kalsomined wall
is a great improvement to the style of the interior

rfif ft nouse; and if well made, s.uch a surface is
ftWlflble to the best rooms ofa good house, and
Is M> cheap as to be within the means of the
poorest. It requires care and judgment in the
•election of the not expensive materials, and
abnvr all, capability and skill in applying it to the
wsU.

Tbe plaster is mode of Paris white, a fine pow-
der ||tad«ocd by the pulverization and elutriation
cfoOBtmon chalk, mixed with hne, clear white
riMe» dissolveil in water. The Paris white costs
wxnrt three cents a pound, but the wandering
ofiantives who apply for jobs ask a much higher
prk« for it.

The process should be commenced by soaking
loar ounces of glue in a nuart of warm water for
twtnty or twenty-four nours; then a pint of
water should be added ; and the vessel (of tin or
other thin metal) should be placed in a kettle
of hot water over a fire, the glue being agitated
till it is thoroughly dissolved and the solution
quite clear. Put five or sik prjunds of powdered
jnarts white into a large bucket, and add hot
vmer suffidcnt for the mixture to be of the con-
liatcocy of cream. Then mix the glue water
with it, stir it well, and paint the wafls with the
nixtsre with the u&ual whitewash brush.

Il is of the utmost importance that the kal-
^^J|^^ing mixture l>e spread very smoothly, and
^^^Htaare this, a little hot water must be added,
P^j^p atuff be too thick for easy and level appli-
ttMon. The quantities given above are sufficient
for two coats on a large room, say one eighteen
Imi tqnare: and for good work two coats should
olwcyf be applied. A little care in manipulation
will produr^ \,w tiKcmining a neat and hand*
SOBC effc lie hands of the Bost in-

•UMiieiicr-:

JUIMISG GIkLASE.—0\A work is olwavs
tMmorkss greasy and smoky. Wash over the
■■oltTor greasy ports with nitre, or with vcrv
this war whitewash. Soda will do, but lime ts
the faflvt Ufi cheapest.
^ JCILUNG KAOTS. — Glue size and red

m^^

lead. Gum shellac dissolved in alcohol, and
mixed with red lead. Gutta percha dissolved in
ether. But through all or any of these will the
pitch of the knot exude if exposed to tlie sun.
Perhaps the very best method is, to size the knot
with oil siie, and then lay a leaf of gold ur silver
on it. In a very choice piece of work, a hot iron
may be held over the knot till a good portion of
the pitch has come out and been scraped off,
when the two coats of the leaf will be sure to
keep out both the pitch and any discoloration.

LACQL'EKS. — i. D^tp %jMen Lan/uer. —
Sccd-lac, 3 ozs.; turmeric, I at.; dragon's-blood»
V oz. ; alcohol, I pint. Digest lor a week*
snaking frequently; then decant and filler. ^
2. Gjlcfen Lacquer. — Turmeric, I lb,; gam
1 ■'^ ozs.; gum sandarac, 3.1^ ll>s.; shellac, V 1
(all in powder;) rcctil'icd alcohol, % gallons.
Dissolve, strain, and add 1 pint of turpentine
^-amikh. — 3. Ked Lacquer. — Spanish annolto, x
lbs.; dra^onVblood, I lb.; gum sandarac^ %%
lbs.; rectified alcohol, 2 gallons; turpentine var-
nish, I quart. Dissolve and mix, as in No. a.
— 4. Pale Brmen Laequrr. — Gaml)ogc, (cut
small,) I 01.; cape aloes, (do.,) 3 ozs.; pale
shellac, I lb.; rectified alcohol, 3 gallons. Dis-
solve and mix, as in No. 2. — $• Anther Brattn
Laequer. — Secd-loc. dragon's -bloo<l, annotto,
and gamboge, each, 4 oxs.; safTron, I oz.; recti-
fied alcohol, to pints. Dissolve, etc, as in
No. 2.

As these lacquers arc often wanted of diflTereot
shades of color, it is well to keep on hand a con-
centrated solution of each coloring ingredient, so
that it may be added at any time to produce the
desired tint.

LACQUER, COLORLESS.— niisoWc 2^
ounces of shellac in 1 pint of rectified spirits (^
wine; boil for a few minutes with 5 ounces of
well-burned and recendy heated animal charcoal.
.\ small portion of the solution should then be
filtered, and if not colorless, more charcoal must
be added. When all color is removed, press the
liquid through a piece of silk, andaflcrword filter
through fine blotting F«*per.

L.4MPBLA CA\ To make, — Suspend over a
lamp a funnel of tin plate, having above il a pipe
to convey from the apartment the smoke wKidi
escapes from the lamp. Large mushrooms, ofa
very block, carbonaceous matter, and exceedingly
light, will be formed at the summit of the cone.
"Hiis carbonaceous part is carried lo such a sute
of division as cannot be given to any other matter,
by grinding it on a piece of porphyry.

'ihis black goes a great wav in every kind of
painting. It may be rcnderca drier by calcina-
tion in close vessels.

The funnel ought to be united lo the pipe,
which convcvs off the smoke, by means of wue,
because soltfer would be melted by the flaroe of
the lamp.

UME WA 7!ff^.— Equal ports of lime water
and Unseed oil, which will mix if well shaken,
when united with any body matter. p:\rticuUrly
lead, form a solid and almost imperishable ce-
ment, which, for priming and second coaling,
or even the last coat, is far superior to oil point;
and the pointer who supposed he was cheating
his employer, was actually benefiting him. TTic
color, however, works badly, as il i^ thick, liuhl,
and creamy, and harder to spread; oiid if fifty
per cent, is saved in the oil, thirty i»cr cent, ta
lost in time, and ten per ccnL in the extra quan*

a5»

mCTIONARY OF EVER Y-DA Y WANTS.

\

tit]r usnl : so, after all, ibcre is not mach saved
in ilj use.

LJNSF.ED OIL, To blMfk.—To bleach lin-
seed oil expose the oil to the rays of the sun in
glass bottles, and it very soon necomes while
and clear, with a dei^KiHiit of the iaipure matters
at the bottom. Some persons hltcr the oil
throug}! animal charcoaL Another good method
is to heat the oil in a wooden vessel by means
of a steam pipe, haviiie first adilcd to cacn gallon
about one pound of "hltering powder", made by
drying pure clay of fuller** cartii by a pcntlc heat,
and i;rtndinc it to powder. The oil must then
be filtered Uiruugh bags made of Canton flannel
or felt. Bags are now mode from the latter ma-
terial for this purpose, witliout seam, by the
same process as that employed for hat bodies.

MADDER /.^A'£. — Ground madder, I
pound ; water, 8 pounds. BoS for fifteen minu-
tes, then add alum, 2 ounces. r>i*solve and
strain, then precipitate the color, with a strained
solution of pearfash, added gradually; lastly,
collect and well wxsh the powder. The lake
thrown down on the first addition nf the potash
is of the finest quality, and each successive por-
tion decrrascs in value.
' MAJ/OCANY, TV /iwiAi/^.— The surface of
any close grained wood is planed smooth, and
then rubbed with a solution of nitrous acid. Next
apply with a soft brush a mixture of one ounce
of dragon's blood dissolved in a pint of alcohol
and with the addition of a third of an ounce of
carbonate of stxla. When the palish diminishes
in brilliancy, it may be restored by the use of a
little cold drawn linseed oil.

AfA/fOGANY COLOR for lVooJ.—l.o^QQ<i.
two ounces, is boiled down half with a pint of
water, then strained, and the filtrate mixed with
half an ounce of chloride of barium. Most woods
employcti for furniture may t)c stained a clo<»e
imitation nf mahogany, varying in depth with the
length of immersion. An oak color results when
the oath is diluted with rain water.

MARBLES, To Imitatr.—V^ni the ground-
work, and when dry and rubl>cd down, dampen
Ihc whole f^urface with boiled oil, nibbed on with
a clolh. For the light marbles, however, some
prvfer to work the grain In the ground color
while wet.

MARBLES, Gray and WkiU. — This is very
simple, though it requires some skill tu do it
nicely. Paint with white or le.td color, and vein
and mottle with black and slate color, in the wet
paint, and blend it all down softly with a paint
Lrush.

MARBLE^ fiaiian. — Tools. Camel's hair
pencils, blender, and sponge. — Ground. Black.
— Grain CeLrr. Gold tint, for bright veins.
Burnt sienna, while and yellow ochre, fluid, oil,
and turpentine.

Scramble out, in patches, with thin white lead,
with a sponge; blend; then, with the hair j>cncil,
trace in ihc larger dark veins with burnt sienna,
ihcn with yellow ochre, and lastly with the gnUi
lint, runnmg the lines over each other, yet all
having the same general direction. It will be
seen, from the sjwcimens, that these veins are
series of irregular loopholes and patches of light,
crossed and connected by sharp, crinkled, and
angular lines, the whiter Imes Iwing the shariicst.

VVhcn veined and dry, gbuce with very thin
aLsjihalium, in paic-hes, to give it depth. Then
VBroisiij and, il dcfeiredf poluh.

OIL, DRyiXG.~\ good drying linseed oil,
preparctl without the usual process of boding.
Mix with old linseed oil, the older you can get tl
the Iwttcr, 2 per cent, of its weight of manganese
Ixsrate (this salt is readily prepareil by prrdpi-
fating a solution of sulphate of manganese with
a solution of borax, wash the prccipiiate, and dry
it either at the ordinary temperature of the air or
at loo*'), and heat this mixture on a waierhaih,
or, if you have to work with large quantities,
with a steam-bath to loo^, or at most iio^; you
thus obtain a very excellent, Itghl-colorcd, rap-
idly-drying oil ; l^ keeping the mixture stineo,
that is to say, by always exposing frevh portiom
to air, the drying properly of the oil is greaify
promoted. The rapidity of the drying of the nl
aAer it has been mixed with paint, on Aortecs
l>esmeared therewith, docs not siraplr depctfed
upon the drying property of t]ie oil, but, lo a
very great measure, upon the st-ite of the aisioa.
pherc — viz., whether dry or moist, hot or cold
— the direct action of sunlight, and the state nf
the surfaces on which the paint is brou^L
Rcallv genuine boiled Ijn&ecd oil, if well prepa-
red, leaves nothing to be desired as regards im<
pidily of drying, but it is retarded by \-arioas
substances which are added in practice, ftmoa^
which, especially, oil of turix-nt^ - . -wiot.

OIL, burniture. — Take lin' ■ k hilo

a glared pipkin with as much • t as il

will cover. Let it boil gently, and it wiil become
of a strong red color ; when cOol, it will be 6l
fur use.

OIL, {Prepan,/) Epr Carriage cfr.— To 1 gjJ-
Ian linseed oil add 3 lbs. gum shellac : Utluu£*t
}i lb.; red lead, % lb.; u.nbcr, 1 n/. Boil slow}y
as usual until the gnms are dissolved ; giind
your paints in this (any color), and reduce with
turpentine. Yellow ochre is used in floor painting.

PAINTING. — The value of paints prepared
from oxides of iron is very generally overlooked
by architects. These paints some men of ex-
perience pronounce to oe superior to those pre-
pared from the oxides of lead; at any rate, they
answer equally well, and the cost is cvmsidcr:;!)!)'
less. But 1 propose to allude to the yhIuc 'jf
these |>aints. especially for use npon iion. li has
been acknowledged for years that the axiilei; of
lead, or copper, if put upon iron, wil' •■ 'f '--f • f,
and promote corrosion, and yet hr>\> /

do we meet with the requirement lb.
shall have a coat of red-lead before
foundry: aworse provision could bar
unless it be to specify verdigris, a i
from copper; this also U sometimes u

it eats holes into the iron in a very : :.„.c

Very shortly after iron-work is painted, the iron
wil! be observed corroded, and the Trra.ir! be
upon every body's tongue, "This < ^

be going so soon, ought not to waiu
soon." The fact is, lend has been
and nothing else could be expected,
red or white lead causes metal to • ^ ^

quickly is explained thus: directly the air gti»
to the metal, not only does natural corrosion tike

f}lacc, but a chemical action sets in between the
ead and the iron, and increases the corrosion.
No harm can result from painting iron with red
or white lend, so long as the oxygen of the air,
or whaler, docs not get to the metjl ; Imt as it M
almost sure to do so, it is best not to run the
ri-sk. The same quantity of jaint, made from
the oxide of iroo, will cover ft fearface of twin

k

l!ie area, as that of pnint prepared from lead,
thouf^h ihc price is much less. Aqua fortis, one
of the strongest acids, if poured upon red or
white lead, will fuse it instantly, but has no effect
upon point prepared frtim the oxide of iron.
With rega.id to the numerous an li- corrosive paints
in eiistence, I amy say* in one word, it is of no
ase trying to cheat nature; anli- corrosive
paints will not answer the i>urpose their names
imply: all paints must yield eventually to the
actiou of the oxygen, ancl tlic work be rcpaJnted,
&nd for many reasons it is well that all work
should ]te repainted at proper intervals. All that
can be done to attain the ODJects of such paints is
to so pick and form the stuff as to reduce the
rower of the elements to affect it to a minimum.
1H& is found \)Cit secured when the composition
foiming the paint is granular, not so finely pow-
dered as ordmarily. The finer the jjowdcr of the
mixture, the greater the tendency for air-holes lo
lorm, as the paint is being laid on ; paint that is
norc gritty, or granular, affords a better oppor-
tunity for the air to escaj;»e, and therefore rcducci
the luihility of corrosion to the utmost limit. The
costing of oil is the best preservative, and not the
p«in( mixtures; and therefore those mixtures
which, like lamp-hlock, go a long way in mixing
with oil, ansMcr better than those that require
inore of the mixture to form the paint. For cover-
ing urinals or other work exposed to the influence
of »trnng acid, black varnish is the best article to
UAC; it should be frequently applie<I, and is in-
Cjtpensive. WoodworK before painting ought to
be well soaked with good priming, principally
tttipentinc; this keeps damp out of the wood;
tt. eoal of paint has not the some power, as it
Cbmu m skin on the wood, instead of koaking into
iL The priming should pass over all the wood-
work,, irhere exposed; otherwise damp may come
mlo contact with the portion not primed, and it
will find its way down the wood, and cuu^
feilttters in the paint, whtire we have tliought ihein
wnlikely; blistering is often a result of insufficient
priming. Painters, as a rule, neglect lo prime
the tups of outside doors; damp gets down the
wood, and blistering results. Knots will some-
times shew through paint-work, and lend to the
inference that no knotting has been used, where-
as the effect may be merely the result of using
inferior stuff. It is of great importance that knot-
ting of good quality be usetl ; it may be purchas-
ed at half the cost of the well known patent knot-
ting, tint will aniiwcr no purpose. 'Hie best
driers arc prepared from sugar of lead; the
hchtrr the micrs the better their quality. The
i^BAntity of driers required depends upon tlie
tmxt of^the vcnr the paint is used, and tlie cliarac-
ler of the oil. There is a great deal of bad oil in
m»e now, distilled, or by other means prepared
from renin ; this will not drv properly, do what
yon will with it, and it should l>e condemned fur
t-work at once. It docs not cost half so
u linwred oil, and there is, therefore, at all
duigcr of it getting into our work. \Vhen
tnsht ana sometimes when of long standing, it
■H7 be killed by on application ofpetroleum spirit,
orpoteth; but gcncni!Iy, when ihiii oil pro\Ts to

bo in the jioint

the best course is to scrape the

salumnneas, or hoi irons, in the

< oil will answer so well as linseed

1 or raw, when there is not the nc«

Miuch drien; raw oil may be used

.aiher, and should always be Ukcd

for white paints, as tlie boiled oil discolors them;
driers in this latter case mu^t !« added. Often
when we specify the best copal varnish, we get
nothing but common oak, though the difference
in co*>t may be from seven shillings to twenty-
one per ^llon. The best proceeding for the
architect is to price the ^-amisn, and take special
means for obtaining it. For ordinary purposesj
where we usually specify common oak varnish,
copal varnish diluted with oil answers l^etter,
and in practice ib oflen adopted.

PAINTING, A*uU3/cr.—\. Ixt the ground-
work bccarefully prepared and dry. — a. Sec that
the colors are well ground and duly mixed. — 3.
Do not mix mucli more, nor any lest paint than
you think will be necessary fur the present work.
— 4. Keep tlic paint well mixed bcfure Uiiiig. —
5. See that the paint is neither too thick to work
well, nor too thm to cover properly, and apply it
everily. — 6. Do not opply a succeeding coat be-
fore the previous one is dry. — 7. Do not use a
lighter color over a darker. — 8. Do not idd driers
to colors long before using.— 9. Usejust as little
driers as will do the work. — 10. Do not over-
charge the brush with painU — 11. Begin with ihe
highest part of your M*ork and proceed downward.

PAJNTING OuhiJc //owjw.— Repeated ea-
periments prove that paint applied between No-
vember and March, will last twice as long as
that applied in warm weather. The reason is
that in cold weather the component parts of the
paint form a hard substance on the surface ; al-
most as hard as glass ; but in warm weather the
oil penetrates the boards and the point wears off.

rAINTS^ To Mix — In mixing paints, ob-
serve, that for out-door work you must use prin-
cipally, or wholly, boiled oil, unless it is for the
decorative parts of houses, etc, then mix as for
in-door work.

For in-door work use linseed oil, turpentine,
and a little dryers, observing that the less oU,
the less will be the gloss, and that for flailed
while, etc, the color being ground in oil, will
scarcely require any further addition of that ar-
ticle, as the object is to have it dull.

PAINT, PUxiblf. — Yellow soap cut into
slices, l}^ lbs.; boiling water, 1 gall.; dissolve
and mix while hot with oil point, i^ cwt Used
to paint canvass.

PAINT {Cheap), fir Fmeci, et£.^\. Take a
bushel of well burnt lime, white and unstacked ;
20 pounds of Spanish whiting, 17 pounds of mck
salt, and 12 pounds of brown sugar. Slake the
lime and sift out any coarse lumps and mix it
into a good whitcwasn with about 40 gallons of
water, and then add the other ingredients and
stir (he whole together thoroughly, and put 00
two or three coau with a common brush. This
is a cheap point. Five dollars* worth ought to
moke the building look a hundred dollars' worth
ttetter. This makes a coat that docs not wash
off, or easily tub off, and it looks well, while it
will go far to preserve the wood. It is, there-
fore, especially ada]>tcd to the outside of build-
ings that arc exjiosed to the weather. Three
coats are needed on brkJc and \\\ o 00 woo^l. II
vou want to gel a fmc creom color, mW three
pounds of yellow ochre to the aV-ove. If vou pre-
fer a fawn color, add four pounds of umWr. one
Cound of Indian red, and one pound of Imnp-
lack. If you want a gray or stone color, add
four pounds of raw umber and two pounds q£
lamp-black. Tlu& >ftvlX W \x\o\« dMxaJ^ ^^laik

^

26o

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

common whitewash. — 2. Take freshly -bumed
Slis]aked lime and reduce it to powder. To one
jipedc or one bushel of this add the »ainc quantity
l«f fine white sand or fine coal a&hes, and twice as
|.nuch freih wood ashes, all these being sifted
itfirough a fine sieve. Thcv should then be thor-
dughlv mixed together wnile dry. Afterwards
inix (hem with as much common linseed oil as
will make the whole thin enough to work freely
with a painter's brush. This will make a paint of
light gray stone color, nearly white. To make
~ fawn or drab, add yellow ochre and Indian red;
^tf drab is desired, add, burnt umber, Indian red,
and a little black ; if dark stone color, add lamp-
black; or if brown slonc, then add Spanish brown.
All these colors should, of coarse, oe first mixed
in oil and then added. This paint is much cheaper
than common oil paint. It ts e<^ually well suited
to wood, brick, or stone. It is better to apply
it in two coats : the first thin, the second ihicK.

PAINT, SfILK, for Bams^ ttc—^Wn water
lime with skim-milk, to a proper consistence to
apply with a brush, and it is ready to use. It
will adhere well to wood, whether smooth or
rough, to brick, mortar or stone, where oil has
nothccn used, (in which case it cleaves to some
extent,) and forms a very hard substance, as
durable as the best oil paint. It is too cheap to
I'cstimatc, and any one can put it on who can use
ft brush.

PAINT, PttroUum dj.— This can be used to
great advantage on a farm as a preserver of
wood. It is not properly a paint. No coloring
matter should ever be mixed with it. Ordinary lin-
seed-oil paint preserves wood by forming a coat
that excludes the atmosphere from the pores.
Petroleum penetrates the wood and exdudes the
air by filUng up the pores.

Old barns from which the point is worn ofT will
be much improved by a liberal coat of petroleum.
It can be put on with a whitewa^ih brui^h. The
point is to get on as much as the wood will ab>
forb, It is better to go over the work rapidly
ond then the next day go over it again. For
shingle nxpfs, new or old, nothing is better than
petroleum. In making a new roof we would dip
the shingles by the bunch in petroleum, until
they were saturated, before putting them on.
This would save the expense of applying it on
the roof with a brush.

The sills and timbers of bams and other build-
ings, in the parts niobi liable to decay, should be
treated with petroleum. A good way to do this
is to bore a hole with an auger into the stick of
timber, and fill it with the oil, and as it is absorb-
ed, add more. The hole should afterwards he
plugged up. The ends of all the timber should
also be washed over repeatedly with petroleum
before being put into the building. In this way
soft maple, olock ash, and bass wood may be
mode durable timber, and as useful as oak when
strength is not required.

PAINT 5AY.V5.— Dissolve sal-soda, \^ !b.,

rta rain-water, I gal. The skins that dry upon

the top of paint, which has been left standing

[for any length of time, may be made fit for use

py covering them with the sal .soda-water

and soaking them therein for a couple of days; then

;at them, adding oil to reduce the mixture to a

proper consistence for painting, and straining.

liolers who are doing extensive businesi wdl

I many dollars yearly by this simple process.

\UJvr{Oii), T9Rtdm« wUA mzftr.— Gum

Khellac. I lb.; sal -soda* ^ lb.; water. 3
boil all together in a kettle, stirring till dUsolv~
ed. [f it doc!» not all dissolve, add a little more
sal-soda; when cool, bottle for use; mix up a
quarts of oil [loint as usual, any color desired,
using no turpentine, put I pint of the gum
shellac mixture with the oil paint when it be-
comes thick; it con then be reduced with water
to a proper thickness to lay on with a brush.

PAPER JIANGING.—T\ic first thing to be
thought of is the selection of paper hangiugi^
According to the ta>tc or judgment with which
the pattern is chosen, so will Uic appearance ol
the room, when pre^iarcd, be acrccabic or dis-
pleasing. Large patterns should, of course, be
only used in large rooms. Dark-tinted papers ftrc
mo»t suitable for light rooms, and light papers
for dark rooms; many a dingy or gloomy aptirt-
ment may be made to wear a cheerful aspect by
attention to this particular. Strkves, whether on
a lady's dress, or on the walls of a room, always
^ive theeflcct of hight ; consecjucntly a low room
ts improved by being hung with a striped paper.
The cflect is produced by a wavy stripe u veil
as a straight one, and, as curved lines ore the
most graceful, they should generally be prefer-
red. Any pattern with lines crossed so as to
form a souorc, is unsuitable for alow room ; but
with the lines made sloping or diagonal, there is
not the same objection. A diamond trellis pat-
tern, with a small plant creeping over it, looks
well in a small summer parlor. For a commoa
sitting-room, a small geometrical jnttern is very
suitable; being well covered, it docs not show
accidental stains or bruises, and, in the constant
reiwtiiion of the design, there H no one object to
attract the eye more than another. These ore
sometimes called Elizabethan patterns ; they arc
much used fur staircases, halls, and |:assagies,
but they ore not to be chosen at random. Ac-
cording to the hight and dimensions of the pas-
sage or staircase, such should be the pattern.
A large pattern on a narrow staircase, and in a
passage not more than eight feet in hight, has a
very heavy and disagreeable elTcct. A light gray,
or yellow marble, divided into blocks bv thin
lines, and varni5;hed, will be found suitable fbe
most passages, if care be taken to adapt the size
uf the blocks to the place where they arc to ap-
pear. A size that would look well in a hall
twenty feet wide, would be altogether too large
in one of only four or six fecL Many jKrsons
must have noticed, in their visits of businesa or
pleasure, that some houses present a chrerfid
aspect as soon as the door is opened, w hile others
look so dull that tliey make one low-spirited upon
entering them. The difference is caused by the
good or bad taste with which they have Dcen
papered and painted. A safe rule with rcgani
10 paper-hangings, is to choose nothing that
looks extravagant or unnatural. Regard should
be had to the uses of an apartment ; a drawing-
room should be light and cheerful ; a parlor
should look warm and comfortable without beins
gloomy ; bedroom papers should be cool and
quiet, and generally of a small patient, and of
such colors as harmonize with bed-fumiture ood
other httiogs. It is worth while to consider the
sort of pictures to be hung on a wall; gilt frames
show best on adark ground, and dark frames on a
light ground; taking cnre however tu avoid violent
conirasti. Hea^•y ocrders arc seldom used now;
they make a room low, without being onumentaL

PAINTING AND PAPERING,

9«X

h

The paper t>eing purchascdi the walls should
next be looked to, in order to be sure thnt thcv
»re in proper condition to hold the paper. A
new unwhite washed wall will absorb the paste so
rapidlr that, before drying, there will be left too
little Dodv of iJoAe on the surface to hoM the
paper. A coaling of good ghte size, made by
diisol^ng a half a pound of glue in a gallon ol
water, or a coating of good paste, put on and
allowed to dr^ before the paper is Dung, will
provide for this diffrcalty.

If the wall has already been papered it should
DC rcniovctL Many lives have been lost from
the lumens or ignorance of japer- hangers, who
have hud un oiK paper above another, instead of
Icahng off the old one before hanging the new.
"There was a very handsome hou%.e near one of
our provincial towns which could never keep its
tenants, and at last stood empty and became
worthless, Iwciuse a detestable fever seized upon
trvery family that lived in it. A ready-witted ob-
server promised the owner to find out the cause.
Uc traced (he mischief to one room, and present-
ly conjectured what was the matter there. He
let a slip of glass into the wall, and found it the
cext day dimmed with a fonlid condcn<ied vapor.
He tore down a strip of paper, and found abund-
aal cause for any amount of fever. For gencra-
^o<as tlic walls had been papered afresh, without
the removal of anything underneath. And there
IVAS Ujc putrid size of old paper inches deep t A
borough clearance, and scraping, and cleaning,
pat an end to tlie fever, and restored the value
of the hou».

If the wall be whitewashed, it should be
nntcbed with a stiff bru:;h, to remove every par-
tSdc of loose lime from the surface ; after which
it should be thoroughly swept down nnlh a
broom, and coated with the glue size or thin paste.

A long table of thin boards cleated together
And placed on wooden horses, such as arc used
by carpenters, a pair of sharp shears — with long
blades if posvibic — ^ whitewash brush, a pail for
paste, and a yard of cotton cloth, are the imple-
zncnts required. The table or board platform
should be level on its upper surface to fadliiate
the distribution ot tlie paste. Tlie btter should
be free from lumps, and should be laid on as
evenly as possible. It should l^e made of good
ftwect rye or wheat flour, beaten smooth in cold
water before Itoiling, and »hould not be allowed
U> boil more than a minute or two. but should be
raised to the Iwniling point slowly, being con-
tinoally stirred till it is taken from ^e fire.

Inexpert h.-uids nftcn find difficulty in making
the patterns match in the juxtaposed pieces. No

general directions can be given for this, but a
ttle study at the outset will often save cutting
to waste, and other difficulties^. In this matter,
•a in others, it is \visc to "first be sure you are
ri^t, then go ahead." As soon as the projier
war to cut the paper is decided upon, a whole
rdtf, or more, may be cut at once, and the pieces
laid, printed side downwards, upon the table,
weights being pl.iced npon the ends to prevent
ling. The paste should then be applied to
of the uppermost piece, as expeditiously
ktible* as tnc longer the time employed in
of (he operation, the more tender will
get, and the more difficult it will be
it properly.
___r upper end o( the piece should then be
taicea fay the corners, and tne operator, stepjung

npon A bench or step-ladder, should barely stick
the piece at the top, and in such a manner that
the edge shall coincide with the piece previously
hung; this can be done by sighting down the
(rimmed edge of the piece, while it is held in the
hands. The cloLh should now be held in a loose
bunch, and the paper smoothed with it from top
to bottom, care being taken to work out all air
from under the paper, which. If not thoroughly
done, will give it a very unsightly blistered ap-
pearance.

If the wall be uneven or crooked, as is oflcn
the case in old houses, it will be difficult to avoid
wrinkles, but they can be mostly got rid of, by
cutting the pap>er and allowing the cut edges to
lap over eadi other, in places where there would
otherwise be a wrinkle.

By following tliese directions the most inex-
perienced will l>e able to do a reasonably tidy
piece of work, but of course much skill is only
secured by practice.

PAPER HANGING, Tmf^oxitd Paste for. -^
A new form of paste for attaching paper hangings
to walls, and one which, besides possessing the
merit uf cheapness, has the advantage of prevent-
ing the paper from separating or peeling off, is
prepared by first softening iS pounds oT finely
powdered bole in water, and then draining off the
surplus water from the mass. One and a quarter
pounds of glue ore next to be boiled into glue
water, and the bole and two pounds of gypsum
are then stirred in, and the whole mass (orced
through a sieve by means of a brush. This is
afterwards diluted with water to the condition of
a thin paste or dressing, when it is ready for use.
This paste is not only much cheaper than the or-
dinary flour paste, but it lias lite advantage of
adhering better to. whitewashed surfaces, espe-
cially to walls that have been coated over several
*imes, and from which the coctio^ has not been
carefully removed. In some cases it is advisable,
when putting fine paper on old walls, to coat
them by means of this paste witli a ground paper,
and to apply the paper hanging itself to this with
llie ordinary paste.

POLISIf, French* — Gum sandarach, fourteen
ounces and two drachms; gum mastic in drops,
seven otmces and one drachm ; shellac (the yel-
lower the better), fourteen ounces aiul two
drachms; alcohot.ofo.83955p.gr. three quarts
one pinL

Pound the resinous gums, and effect their so-
lution by continued agiution, without the aid of
heat.

If the woods are porous, seven ounces and
one drachm of Venice turpentine.

If also an equal weight of ground class with
the gums be added, die solution wll be more
quickly macje, and otherwise l>enefilcd by it. Be-
fore using, the wood should be made to imbibe a
little Unseed oil, the excess of which should be
removed by on old flannel.

The varnish should be applied by saturating a
piece of old soft coarse linen cloth, folded into a
sort of cushion, rubbing the wood softly at first,
turningthc linen from tnne to lime until nearlj
dry. The linen should be saturated afresh, and
the rubbing continued until the pores of the wood
are completely filled.

Two or three coats are generally sufficient.
Do not rub hard. If the v.irnish become stidy,
apply a very Uttle drop of oUvc oil uniformly
over the surface of ihe cushion.

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

The finishing process consists in pouring a
{ttic pare alcohol upon a clean piece of linen,
which is lightly rubbed over the varnished wood,
and as the linen and varnish drr, the wood is
rubbed more bri!>kly, until il taLes a beautiful
polish like a looktng-glaxs.

The above may be relied upon as the orig-
inal and genuine French polish, it being in the
Dictionaire Tedinologiquc, an accurate French
work.

POUSHJNG WOOD CARl^ING,—T^^ a
piece ot wadding, 40ft and pliable, and drop a few
drops of white or transparent polish, or French
pohsh, according to the color of the wood. Now
wrap the wetted wadding up in a piece of old
linen, forming it Into a pad ; hold the pad by the
surplus linen; touch tne pad with one or two
drops of linseed oil. Now pass the pat) gently
ov«r the parts to be polisheu, working it round
in small circles, occasionally re-wetting the wad-
ding in poli-sb, and the pad with a drop or so of
oil. 1'hc object of the oil is merely to cause the
pad to run over (he wood easily without sticking,
therefore as little as possible should be used, as
it Icndtt to deaden the polish to a certain cxtcnL
Where a car^-ing is to be polished after having
been varnished, the same process is necessary;
but it can only be applied to the plainer portions
of the work. Plain surfaces must be made per-
fectly smooth with sand-paper before polishing,
as ev£ry scratch or mark will show twice as badly
after tlie operation. V^lien the polish is first rub-
bed on the wood, it is called tne "bodying-in;"
it will sink into the wood and not give much
glaze. It must, when dry, have another body
rubbed on, and a third generally finishes it ; but
if not, the operations must be repeated. Ju&l be-
fore the task is completed, greasy smears will
show themselves ; thcic will disappear by con-
tinuing the gentle rubbing without oiling the pad.
You should DOW be able to see your face iu the
wood.

PRUSSIAN BL UE, TumbuH 's. — Ferro-
cyanide of potassium, 10 ounces; solution tcr-
sulphate ofiron, i pint; water, 3 pints. Dissolve
the ferrocyanide of potassium in two parts of
water, and add the solution, gradually, to the
solution of tersulphate of iron previously diluted
with the rcmoinderof the water, stirring the mix*
ture during the addition. Then filter the liquid
and wash the precipitate on the filter with boil-
ing water until the washings pass nearly taste*
less. Lastly, dij it, and ruh it into fine powder,

PUMICE STON£.~'X\Cx% is the lava of the
volcanoes, is found floating iit>on the surface of
the sea It is a very useful article, which should
be used much more than it is for rubbing down
painted work.

PUTTY, To SefUn when Hard. —3TCvik the
puttT in lumps of tne size of a hen's egg. add a
amail portion of linseed oil, and water sufhcient
to cover the putty; boil this in an iron vessel for
ftbout ten minutes, and stir it when hot. The
oil will mix with the putty. Then pour the wa-
ter off, and it will be like fresh made. For re-
moWng hard putty from a window-sash, take a
square piece ofiron, make the same red hot, and
run it along the putty till it gets soft. The putty
will peel off withuul injuring the wood work.
Concentrated lye, made of lime and alkali will
affect the wood and make it rot quicker.

REDS, — Reds have their bases in iron mostly,
' some have supposed that all rcda are depend-

ent upon the presence of iron for their <
Camtitu is kaolin, or China clavi colored
codiineal, and bemg prepared wiin much difhc
ty, it is very expensive. A common article 1
composed 01 alum and cream of tartar, coJ<
with cochineal. This color (ades rapidly
posure to the sun, and is of httle use in uut-dc
work. It is a rich, transparent color. — Ven
ion is composed ofsulphur and quicksilver,
first quality, at present, comes from France,
being diiTicalt to get Chinese vermilion that
free from pulTcrizc^ glass ; in fact, the greater
portion ot the Chinese Tcrmilion now in the
market is almost wr^rthless in conuqucncc of
this adulteration, llie Knglish and American
vermilions arc cheaper, ainl inferior in a4or
rather than quantity. — Chrome Red, or Amerinn
vcrnuhon, as it is sometimes called, though Dot
so fine a color when first used, is much chcapor
than vermilion, being one fifth the prioe; it
stands exposure much better, retaining iuhae
long after the best Chinese has turned broKpi.
For this reason it is much better adapted lo^
oul-door painting. Its composition is taltpolxe
and chrome yellow, produced by a process of
heating and washing. — Rose Pink is notlyi^
more inan whiting, tinctured with Brazil woo£
and is of little service in out-door pointing, «s
it immediately fades on exposure to light. It is
cheap, and being transparent, does very wcU/oi
a glaic for diairs or other furniture. — Red Leedt
or red oxide of lead, is of more use in boiling in
oil to make it dry than anything else. It is not
much used among painters on account of ila Si-
ding quality, though it is used in some componod
mixtures. With chrome yellow, it makes a rich
ground for mahogany. It is a durable valor,
and is therefore preferred by wheelwrights (or
painting wagons.— ATuJi/i^ Lake is the only lake
that docs not fade. A fine, transparent jiiaie
for beautiful and delicate work, but tuo expensive
for common work. Its composition is alom ^nd
soda, or siUcate of potash, or kaolin colored intb
madder. — I'eruttan Red is an earth, foood
m various parts of the world. It is the prioofal
bociy used for all common purposes.

RED LEAD, Ilmu Made. —A quantity of
lead is placed on the bed of a revcrbcratory for*
nace of a peculiar construction, and exposed to a
high temiierature, while the metal is constantly
agitated by striking it upon the sur^cc with «
rake. A combination takes place l^etwcen the
lead and the oxygen of the atmosphere, and the
oxide of lead thus formed is removcvl by the rake
to the back of the furnace. These operations
are continued during a period of twelve hourg^
at the cx]))ration of which time any metallic lead
tvhich may have iailed to become oxidiied
is removed, and the remaining oxide is exposed,
by constant turning, to the aclion of the air, and.
at the termination of a further period of twelve
hours, is withdrawn from the furnace. The sub-
stance thus produced, which is called litharge, is
now PTOund toanimpolpciblc powder with water,
and nows into 1 senes of tubs, where it i» kept
in a state of agitation by a revolving stirrer fur-
nished with arms. I1ic particles of metal which
have escaped oxidation, having a greater spedfic
gravity in them than the oxide, remain ia the
stu-ring tubs, M-hilc the oxide c^ l«u3 passes 00
into another series of tubs, where it sutmdes from
the water. The supernatant water is afterward
removed by a sypaon« and the mout lithajge

- '^ ■'"*

PAINTiNG AND PAPBJtIKG.

to a fcvetberUory furnace, where it i$
cx(K»sr<l tr> thr coniUtnetl action of a low temper*
atvre and i tuircrtt d[ air fur a period of twcnly*
'' : This process, the litharge
\)ii with a further quanlity
-m t»r red lead is produced,
ic i» completed by passing the
vA\ ft icvolvinc cylinder of wire
! may have been
■ r foreign matter
:■, ;.-,^ t-tv^-...*. liiicrroijird during
(.riLtioni.

r;ZJ, To /mitafe.^HoW half a
ood in three pints water, till the nxix-
a %Try dark red ; add half an ounce salt
While boiling hot, stain yourwcx>d
fitlll two or three coats, takine cnrc that it nearly
Am^ t-^'n^.t. rach ; then, wiin a stiff, flat brush,
1 for graining, form streaks with
; I'lack slain : Boil one pound log-
vood la ft'Ui quarts water; add a double hand-
ti of walnut f^el or shells ; boil it up again, take
oti ' ' -I'ld a pint l*est vinejjar, and it will

' pply while hot. All this, if care-
wdl produce very nearly the ap-
1; rosewood.

A' PAJXTEHS.—U Avoid spiU
'.'asanl D£ well as dangerous
eloped in robes of poisonous
r( ^iicmpt to eat or sleep without
Ivst wa&Iiing the hnnds &nd (ace and nn<iing the
malb. — 3. wai-h the whole surface of tlic body
tClcAst once a week, with soft water. — 4. Keep
Ac backets, brushes, etc, clean, so that they
■Uy be handlc<l u ilhout smearing the hands. —
5. bvcrr painter should wear overalls, or chAD^
■ilcloi^ir - •' 'oat once a week at least, m

At nctu 'Jghly airing tho^e he has

Atinrn •>' i' the shops clean and well

vcKtilaied. — 7. Never sleep in a point-shop, nor
iaa newly-p«tntrd room, nor point the walls of
ftvoon^i ";c metallic greens. — 8. Never

ntfer th' Limulate upon the clothing,

*■*€ Qpon >... MM^ci nails. — 9. Never wash the
^jcnds in turr^ulittc. as it relaxes (he muscles
injures the joints. Any animal oil, or even
oil, i* Letter. — lo. Never drink water
has stood any length of time in a point-shop,
a se«ly*painted room. — it. Never use spi-
liquoK, especially when ailing from the
of point, OS it unites with the mineral salts
tcads to harden them, and causes inBamma-
«f the parts where they concrete. — (2. Milk,
od. utd the like, should be used freely, as
llhey tend to soften the accumulated poisons, and
ihcm oil. — 13. Vinegar and add fruits,
CilOStaiitly, untie with the lead tliat may

bcr-
fa'

knag. I -
fsiBt— 2

b»iathc%f

I
I

tAt m viedi
Avoid breathin
ofdrf coton. — ijj.
li a onrvBl of an

cJiemicalty changing it lo the

lead, which is by far the least

_if lead is scafi.<ly recoguiz-

'le, as a poison. — 14.

^ hen emptying papers

.M.i>.t- jour smalts where there

and, while stirring, stand to

llic wrihiNrtf d| that you may not inhale the

S/Z£^ COUX—YtXkm ochre, i put ; copol
^V^bl^ t porta ; linseed c«l, 3 oarts ; turpentine,
4|Wlli lioikd oil* s pons, mtu The ochze
AMI be c- '* — *-*' '*■■* *"^-' "^wder, and

luxmg.

SiZii, 1 pan till it

|ln> mii ft UUtk. MuAc 4 ^t Ale to it azid let it

bum a few roiaute^.
the pAn over. 1'
containing pulvc i

in « •.v--r- - ''
then

Kitiinj^iith it l>r r'-vrHnj
ille

Asphaltum. boiled oil, avtd

turpentine, miJied in proportions lo flow evenly.

S/ZjE, //j/it/f.— Honey, diluictl with water,
vinegar, or any liquor. Olue size, beer or ale,
while of egg, gum arabic, or any glutinous or^-
buminous substance may he v-'

SOLUBLE GLASS, in -.Soluble

glass appears to furnish a mt : ymg cer-

tain colors to fresh wood| or clean iron, in a most
efficient manner, and at a very slight cost coro-
pare<l witli oil. It can also be used advantage^
ously for n.-untiDg houses, basket ware, decora-
tions for inentres, etc., and is esi"* ' ■"'■ ^""^hlt:
in the latter case, as it renders \v> ,1-

ible to a certain extent, instead of 1 ^ the

danger from fire, as with oil paint. Luie uiust,
of course, be taken to use only such mtner&l
colors a.* are not decomrwsed by the gloss, mch
as ultran.arine, chrome green, Nuremburg green,
yellow and red earth ochre, green earth, terra dc
sienna, etc. In coating paper with this paint a
httlc glycerine may be i^deil to prevent its ureak-
ing. Coralline, Ponceau and Vesuvine have also
been used to oidvantage in connection with sol-
uble glass.

STAIA/ {8Ufh),for iKir*^.— Pour 2 qls. boil-
ing water over 1 oz. of powdered extract of log-
wood, and, when the solution is effected, i dr.
of yellow chroDiate of potash is added, and the
whole well stirred. It is then ready for use as
a wood-stain, or for writing-ink. When rubbed
on wood, it produces a pure black. Repeat with
two, three or four applications, till a deep black
is produced, which acquires the highest beauty
when polished or stained.

STAIN^ Biur. — I. Solution of sulphate of in-
digo is used hot, and while hot, a solution of
cream of tartar, ^ 01., in water, I qt. — 3. .A. solu-
tion of vcrdiler is brushed over until llie wood
apficars a dark green, and then a hot suhilion is
applied of pearuish, 2 ozs., in boihng water, i
pint. •

STAIN, C^rtTv.— Take rain water, 3 qts.;
anotta, 4 02s.; boil in a copper kettle until the
anotia is dissoUxd ; then put in a piece of pot&sh
the size of a common walnut, and keep it on the
fire about half an hour longer, and it is ready for
use. Bottle for keeping.

STA/jV, Ebcn^, — l^e a solution of sulphate
of iron, and wash the wood over with it two or
three times: let it dry, and apply two or three
coats of a strong decoction of logwood ; wipe the
wood when dry with a spon^ and water, and
poIUh with oil.

STAIN, /'wr/A-.— Logwood, I lb.; Branl
wood, 4 ozs.; water, I gallon; boil 3 hours,
brush it on while hot, and when dry, use a solu-
tion of peorlash, I drachm, in water, 1 quart. ^
STAJX, A'rJ. — I. water, i gallon. FtruU
wood, I lb.; pearlash, 1 oz.; boil for 3 hours,
brush it hot over the wood, and then, while wet,
brush the wood with a solution of alum, 3 ozs.,
in water, 1 quart. — 2. /rx*A Add ti» rach gallon
of the last 2 02s. more pearlash. — 3. /MtA. Log-
woo? ^ '"^^ .' quarts; butt liU of a deep

color ue of potash, Hw-J brtish

it hot

STAiNf /^m^wmJ. — Take vqoal p^rts of

DTCTIONARY OF E VERY-DA Y, WANTS.

logwood nnd redwood chips, and boil vrelt in ^'lut
ftufiicient wnier to make a strong stain ; apply it lo
the furniture while hot, i or a, or even 3 coats
may l>c put on, one directly after the other, ac-
cording 10 the depth of color desired.

STAiN, YtUffw.—x. Water, I gallon; French
berries, i lb.; alum, ^ oz.; boil for z hours, and
use it hot. •— 2. Logwood decoction without a
xnordoiiU — ^3. Spirit of wine, i pint; turmeric, i
oc.; diecst 14 days, and strain.

57W/A'j Bright YeUtrj>. — u Brush over
with the tincture of turmeric. — 2. Warm the
work, and brush it over with weak aquafortis :
varnish or oil as usual. — 3. A very small bit of
aloes put into the varnish will give a rich yellow
color to the wood.

STAIN f<»r FLOORS.— lo strong lye of
wood-ashes add enough copperas for the required
oak shsdc. Put this on wiUia mop, and varnish
afterwards.

TIMBER, IVky it sfumld Se fainUd.—Vr^^
water is applied to the smooth surface of timber,
a thin layer of the wood will be raised above its
natural jx)^ilion by the expansion or swelling of
the particles near the surface. In colloquial
phrase, workmen say that when water is applievl
to a smuulli board, the grain of the timber will
he raisicii. Every successive wetting will raise
the grain more and more; and the water will
dissolve ami wash a^^-ay the soluble portions with
which it comes in contact. As the surface dries,
the gram of the timber at the surface, having
been reduced in bulk, must necessarily shrink to
such an extent as to produce cracks. Nan% if a
piece of oil-cloili be |>astcd over the surface, the
Umber will be kept quite dry. Consequently,
the grain uf the wood will not be subjected to
the alternale mtlucnces of wet and heat. As it
is not practicable to anply oil-cloth ready mode,
a liquid or scmi-liqiiid material is employed for
covering the surlacc, which will adhere firmly,
and serve the purpose of oil-cloth in excluding
water that would otherwise enter, to the injury
of the woric. Metallic substances ore painted to
prevent oxidation or rusting of the surfaces wliich
may be exposed to moisture.

It is of primary importance to make use ol
such matenah as will form over the surface a
tmootlk snd tenacious pellicle, impervious to
water. Any material that will not exclude water
sufficiently to prevent the expansion of the groin
of the limber, or tlic oxidation o( metalhc sub-
stances, must be comparatively worthless for
paint. Linsccd-oil possesses the property of dry-
•ing when spread on a surface, and forming a te-
nacious covering, impervious to water, iipirits of
turpentine, benzine, benzole, and certain kinds
of lubricating oil, oil of which arc frequently
used in preparing paint, will not form a covering
sufTicicntly louph and hard to resist the action of
water; for which reason, the jxiint that is made
by employing these volatile materials will he
found comparatively worthless for outride work.
A pigment is mingled with the oil to prevent the
timber to which the paint is applied from absorb-
ing the oiL The design is not to saturate the
wood with oil, but simply to cover the surface
with a coating resembling a thin oil-cloih.

TINTS, Mixing. — The first principle in mix-
ing tints is lo lake the IxKly color, or that ingre-
dient witich predominates, and add to it, gr^u-
"/, the other colors. The princi^ul ingredient

iy be thick^ but the others must invarubly be

thin, or the lumps wiil spread oat under the
brush, leaving a streak of corresponding eolor.

In describing the manner of mixing tints, the
predominant color will be mentioned first, the
second next, and so on, as it would be ia^ios-
siblc to give the exact proportion, of each color
used in any given tint. Thus, for irutance,
violet is mostly red, the next in quantity t>tue,
and the least white, and so on. In iliis manner
the following table exhibits almost every lint
which the painter will be likely to require, leav.
ing to his taste the peculiar tone : —

Taife 9/ Tints, anJ tht Colors metssary to
^rod%ict thaut

White Lead and L.att|obUck.

While and Vellaw OArc; Red.

While. Ulack. Clue.

Yellow. Red

Red. Blue. Whitr.

Cray,

BufT,

Violet,

Punii«

ViJec, widi ihe addiUMt of
Wtute.

Gold. While Srpnc Orhrt; Red.

Olirc Ydi.M. : fc, Whitt

Oirttnut, Red.

Fle^, Whiti:, re, VermililUl.

LimesiDoe, While, 'i cl,-j« ( khie, l:iack» Red.

Sandwoiw, While, YelKi^" V;hrv. Jitacl^. Rod.

FreestODC, Red, Black. Vellnw Dchrt:, White.

Fatm. Wliuc, Yellow Red-

Chocolue, Raw Umber, Red. Black.

Diab, White, Raw,and Itiirnt Umbos; orWlR

VcUow Ochre. Red. Bbclu
Bronte Groen, Chrome Gtecii, Htack, Yellow, or BM
and Yellow, ar BUck and Oi

White And Chrooic Gicaa,

Whiw, Madder Lake.

Red, Vctlow, Rtack.

While, Yellow.

Pea Green

Ro««,

Coi>per,

I.emnn

SaufT,

CIar«l,

Dove,

P>nlc.

Cream,

Salaion,

Straw,

YcUow. Vaodvke Brown.
Red, UmbcT, Black.

xca vmim \

uaoLlilB

White, Vcrniilino, Btue, Ydlow.
White, Vermilinn, t<abe.
White. Yellow.

White, Yellow. Raw Umber, Red.
White, Chrome Velio**.
Peach Blossom, White, Red. Blue, VeUow-
Lilac, While, with Vtole!

Changeable, Red. Green, Ughttaicd with While.

Renuirks. — Any of the positive colors are nwk
to iiny degree of lightness with white or ydltw-

Colors for tints work best when mixed m6
raw oil

AU tints must be graduated by the
the artist, recollecting that practice and ex|
ore great helps.

Tnc finer the quality of the colors tucd,
purer and more beautiful will be the tints.

All colors should be ground before mixing, as
the dry color does not stir in well.

UL TRAMAR/NE.—h viUcousmaUcrcolor-
cd by oxide of colialt, gives a tone of color dif-
ferent from that of the prussiatc of iron anJ ir.-
digo. It is cmployciH for sky-bluc<;. The case
is the same with blue verditer, a preparation
made from oxideof copper and lime, liolh these
blues stand well in distemper, in varnish, and in
oil.

Saxon blue requires lo be ground Aviih dryinc
oil, and to be mixed with gallipot vamisb. U
intended for oil pointing, it is to be miaed up
with resinous drying oil, which gives bodjr to
this vitreous matter.

ULTRAMARINE, Arti/tia/.~~Sa\phuT, i
parts ; dry carbonate of soda, I part, i'ui tbem
into A Hessian cmcible. cover it up, and appl^
heat until the mass fuses ; then spnnLle into it
gradually a mixture of silicate of sthla and ala>
minate of soda (the first contamiog 72 parts of
silica, the second. 70 parts of alumina) ; Lastly*.
caidac for 1 hour, and wash in pure wator^.

PAINTING AND PA PEKING. ^-^

»6S

ULTf^AMARINE, TahumfwAm Adultrr-
aUd. — As the price of ultramarine, which is
alread;f very hi^n, may become more ko on ac-
oounC of ihc (Hthculty of obtaining InpU Luuli, it
is of grcAl importance that painters should be
able to detect adulteration, t liramarinc is pure
if, when brought to a red heat in a crucible, it
standi that trial without changing its color ; as
amftll quantities only arc subjected to this test, a
comparison may be made, at very little expense,
with the uATt which has not been exposed to the
fire. If adulterated, it becomes blackish or paler.
This proof, however, may not alvays be con-
clusive. When ultramarine of the lowest quality
is mixed with asnre, it exhibits no more body
thus sazKl ground on porphyry would do; ultra-
■urine treated with oil assumes a brown tint.

VARNISHING. — AJl work before being
varnished, should be prepared with a dead sur-
£sce, either by mixing with turpentine or by rub-
bing down with pumice stone. In very finely
Ani.shed work, requiring a level surface, rub
down with solid pumice stone and u-atcr ; where
only smoothness is necessary, rub with pulver-
ized pumice stone with water, usin^ for a rubber
any woolen cloth, or felt, or huckskm. — The first
Coats should be spread un evenly, and well rub-
^ ' ouL Two, or four, or six coats may be
ren without rubbing; then, previous to the
coal, rub till the gloss is destroyed, after
llhicb give it a heavy flowing coat. — The I'lovjing
* lA Where work is to be nnished on a cheaper
the rubbing need not be done. In this
give two or three coats, well rubbed ont,
while the last coat is quite sticky, to as to
the brush drag through a little toughly.
It «D a heavy flownn^ coat of thick vamish —
pot en so Itcavily tlut it will flow evenly of it-
^|riC This, after thoroughly dry, may be polish-
fid. — Poiiihing. Rub down with finely pulverized
ftnmicc stone till smooth and even; wa^h on*,
Theii rub with rotten stone and sweet oil. Clean
ofl the oil, and polish with chamois leather.
Some use only the hand to fini^h with, which
is qoite as good after being rublvcd with rutten
lone and sweet oil. If the under coats of paint
not thoroughly dry, the varnish will be apt
cmck.
ft VAKNISIIING, Cleaning Paint Prevkw
Provide a plate, with some of the best whit-
kg to be Ibund in the market, and have ready
le clean warm water and a piece of flannel,
rhich dip into the water and squeeze nearly dry;
I'D take as much whiting as will adhere to it;
>p1y it to the painted surlace, when a little rub>
_ will instantly remove any dirt or grease;
after which wash the part well with clean water,
'»iB£ it dry with a soft cloth or chamois.
int thus cleaned looks as well as when first
Id on. without any injury to the most delicate
' Its. It is Car Ixttcr nion cleaning it with
tp, and does not require more than half the
le usvaily employed in cleaning with that
article.

I'APNISII, Manufaeture 0/.— The varnish

shall more jiarlictilarly dcscril}e is that made

ictimatrly mixing gum cojial with linseed oil

' dilating the mixture with turpentine — the

of which requires no small amount

and Allenlion, and was formerly attended

Irtilc danger from fire. Copal is a rc^in

tudtng from the Rhus copollinum, a tree

ripg in several ports of America, iLod frum

the Elceocarpus copallifera, a tree fouml in the
East Indies; it is also imported from the coasts
of Guinea. The two latter kinds are generally
allowed lo be the best, and are common^ known
as African.

The object to be obtained in the preparation of
simishis toimpartto it a qoick drying property,
retaining at the same lime transparency and
elasticity. To secure these characteristics great
care is necessary, in melting the gum, m boiling
that and the oil together for the reouisite time
and at the proper degree of heat, and m the com-
plete solution of the resinous matter employed.
To achieve these results a pure and limpid sample
of oil is generally chosen, which is placed in a
copper pan holding from So to 100 gallons, and
heat gradually appt)c<l till the scnm rises, after
removing which the oil is allowed to boil for
about two hours, when il is dosed with calcined
magnesia in the proportion of an ounce to every
four gallons of oil, but added by degrees and
with occasional stirrings. This bemg completed,
the oil is again boiled briskly for about an hour^
and then, the furnace being drawn, allowed to
coul. When the temperature is sufTidently re-
duced, it is removed lo leaden cisterns, where it
is stored till Bt for use.

Under the old system of making varnish, the
gum pot and oil pot were open to the atmo<>phere
of the shop in which the operation is Mrformed;
but the vapors arising during the procoGare now
eithtr taken into the furnace shaft, or condensed
into liquid by suitable refrigerators. Tlie modus
operandi is somewhat as follows. The oil l>eing
placed in its boiler and approaching the requiutc
degree of temperature — namely, thatat which the
gum melts, tne co^ial is placed in its copper,
about 10 lb. being the usual quantity fusctl .tt a
time. In a few minutes it begins to melt, and
gives off unpleasant vapors. When thoroughly
melted and clear a portion of the oil is addea,
and the mixture boiled and stirred till oi the pro-
per consistency ; it is then taken and emptied into
the boiling pot, from which the requisite quantity
of oil for iJic following charges of gum has l>em
previously withdrawn. The gum pot being
thoroughly cleansed, anollier portion of Oie gum
il plac«i in il and melted in a similar manner to
the first, and so on, till sufficient gum has been
fused for the quantity of oil prepored. The whole
is then placed on the furnace and boiled till a
scum rises and spreads gradually over the whole
surface, which then froths up rapidly in the same
way as boiling milk, and must be instantly re*
moved, when the scum being stirred down, the
dryers are added, a little at a time, and the boil-
ing continued till the mixture feels stringy to the
fingers. The boiling pot is then removed from
the fire, and when sufiKiently cool, turpentine is
added till the desired consistency is attained,
when the varnish may be placed in the storing
tanks. Formerly a great waste of turpentine
took place by evaporation through mixing it
whHe the varnish was still too hot; but otTate
years a vast improvement has been adopted
m this respect, and it has been practically de.
monstrated that not only is there r.o necessity
for"boiline" the oil and gum after incorporation,
but that the prodoce is erjually good if the tur-
pentine be adtied just before the mixture becomes
too cold to permit of n j->erfcct amalgamation.
In fivt, it is now acknowledged that the oil need
D0( be raised to a higher temperature than that

s66

DICTIONARY OF EVBRY-DAY WANTS.

at which the gum employed fuses, and that when
the iwo arc mixed the lowest possible degree of
beat which will insure their incorporation, is suf-
ficient (o secure all (he results desired. Bjr this
method a large quantity of the turpentine form-
erly lust in evaporation is saved, and there is,
moreover, less risk of tire, ll is indeed a moot
point whether it is absolutely necessary to add
turpentine in quantity at all, as even when the
loss during the preparation of the varnish is re-
duced to a minimum, a still further reduction oc-
curs whil&t the varnish is ageing and clearing in
the storing tanks, and it is sometimes found ne-
cessary to thin it before it can be used.

To prevent the workmen Iwing distressed by
the pungent odors of the melting gum, in mo-
dem vaxnish factories the boiling and gum pots
arc pbccd close together, nnd by mean;, of caps
and ncads (provided with openings to facilitate
stirring,) the pots are connected with chimneys
which carry on all vapors into the smoke shaft,
or to the condensing tanks. A close tittinc cover
is also provided for the boiling pot to extinguish
the llames in case the oil should take fire — a
great improvement on the old fashioned carpet,
which on assistant stood ready to throw over in
cose of accident ; while tramways are laid down
so that the boiling mixtures can be rapidly con-
veyed into the open air in the event of firing,
and for the purpose of cooling before the addition
of the turpentine.

VARNISHES, Cart e/.—Ai a rule all var-
nishes should he kept in a dry place (there may
be few exceptions), otherwise they are liable to
become tacky. It should also he observed that
they should be applied in a dry place. Much,
indeed, depends upon the state of the weather
when they are employed — more than is easily
credited — and the work should be kept in a warm
place until thoroughly dry.

All varnishes in which spirits of wine is the
menstruum should be used in a warm place.

VARX/S/fJiRCS/rES, Care ty'.— Brushes
used for applying fiui^liing varnishes should be
cared for with the utmost pains, as good work
depends much upon the good condition of the
brushes. A good way to keep them is to sus-
pend them by the handles in a covered can, kee]>-
ing the points at IcxHt half an inch from the bot-
tom, and apart from each other. The can should
be 6Ucd with slow-drj'ing varnish up to a line
about a sixteenth uf an inch above the bristles or
hair. The con should then he kept in a close
cupboard, or in a box fitted for the purpose. As
wiping a brush on a sharp edge of tin will gra-
dually split the bristles, cause them to curl back-
ward, and eventually ruin the brusli, the top of
the can should have a wire soldered along the
edge of the tin turned over, in order to prevent
injury. Finishing brushes should not be cleans-
ed in turpentine, except in extreme cases. When
token from the can, prepare them for use by
working them out in varni-sh, and before replac-
ing them cleanse the handles and bin^Ung with
turpentine.

VARNISH, Anther.— u Amber. I lb.; pale
boiled oil, to oz.; turpentine, 1 pint. Render
the amber, placed iu an iron \>o\, semi-liquid by
heat; tlicn add the oil ; mix, remove it from the
fire, and when cooled a little, stir in the turpen-
tine.— 2. To the cimbcr, melted as above, add 2

(« of shellac, and proceed as before. This vam>

is rather dork, but remarkably toagh« The

first form is the best. It is used for the some
purposes as copal varnish, and forms an eaceUeiK
article for covering wood, or any other subsLanoe
not of a white or very pale color. It dries wdl,
and is very hard and durable.

VARNISH, {Blaa) Anther,— Amht^, i Uk:
boiled oil, % pint ; powdered asphaltum, 6 ots,;
oil of turpentine, l pint. Melt the amber, as
before described, then add the osphaltom, pi*^
viouslv mixed with the cold oil, and afterward
heated Tcry hot, mix well, remove the vesdd
from the fire, and when cooled a little add tb*
turpentine, also made warm.

Each of the al>ove varnishes should be zeduced
to a proper consi.'slcncc with laore turpcntiaeif
it be renuired. The last form prodoocs the
beautiful black varnish nsedby the mafhmatfm
Some manufacturers omit tb« whole or pulfll
the asphaltum, and use the same <]uantity «C
clear black rosin instead, in which case the tnks
is brought up by lampblack reduced to an ionn^
pablc powder, or j>reviousIy ground very iM
with a little boiled oil. The varnish made in This
way, lacks, however, that richness, brilliancy*
and deiiih of blackness imparted by asphaltum.

VARNISH, Black.- Ihii is quick drying,
and cheap for common purposes, such as ins
fences and other rough work. Block Pitch. s8
pounds, Asphaltum, from Tar, 28 pounds. B(d
eight or ten hours, then add 8 gallons boUed oil
and gradually ID pounds red lead, and lopounds
litharge. Boil for 3 hours longer, and add, vhcp
lukewarm, enough turpentine to thin for woiknc
freely.

This varnish will dry In a few minutes*

VARNISH, EliKk f^j/.— LampWadcB^
of burnt vine-twigs, or black of peach-cunaet*
The lampblack must be carefully washed and
aflerwaras dried. Washing carncs off a gnat
many of its impurities.

VARNISH, fila.-k 7dr>Vi«. — Burnt umber*
oz.; true asphaltum 3 or 4 02.; boile<l linseed ml
I gallon; grind the umber with a little of the oil;
add it to the asphaltum, previously tli^sulved in&
small quantity of the oil by heat; mix, add thf
remainder of the oil, boil, cool, and thin with a
sufficient quantity of oil of turpentine. Kleiihie.

P'ARN/SII, Camphor, — Gum Copal, 4 ounces
oil lavender, 12 ounces ; gum camphor, ^ ounce.
Heat the oil and camphor in a pan, stimng ; tht^
add (he cojmI in smalt cpiantities. — When dissolv-
ed* stir and add turpentine almost in a boiling
sUte.

This is transparent, pliable, and durable
For vTimishing wire gauze, muslin, etc-

VARNIS/7, CaauUhauf. — Digest 2 parts of
caoutchouc, cut in shreds or small pieces m 6(
parts of rectified oil of turpentine; strain throa{;!i
a linen cloth.

VARNISH, Cabinti^maktr^.— yjcTj pule
shellac 5 lbs.; mastich 7 oz.; alcohol, 0190 P^
cent., 5 or 6 pints; dissolve in the cold widi tit-

Juent stirring. Used for French polishingr etc,
t is always opaque. A similar varnish, taaAt
with weaker spirit, is used by bookfaindcn to
varnish morocco leather book covers.

VARNISH, fA«/. — The beautiful ramish
applied to Connecticut clockcascs, wooden pictart*
frames, and other cheap objects, is in appearloCi
equal to the elaborate finish of the finest furat(ar««
such as pianos, etc It is made by mixing two
pounds of copal varnish with half an ouzice of
linseed-oil varnish* The mixture is shaken ofiea

PAINTim; AND FAPBRING.

•67

» mix it well, and is then placed on a warm sjiot.
rhe wood 10 be varnished is prepared with a
kin coot of elue-wnter, dried slowly, and rulilxjd
pwn with fme pumice-stone or something equiv-
lent. In lirfit-colored wood, a light pigment,
Dch as chalk, is added to the gluc-waicr : in
tftric wood, an equnlly dark pigment is added.
PVhen ready, the articles are varnished with the
flbovt mixture, and, after drying, rulibed with a
oluiion nf wax in cihcr, thereby acquiring a
igh polish.

VARNISH, Coachmaktrs'. — The fine bbck
lamish of the coachmakcrs is said to be prepared
by melting |6 ounces of amber in an iron pot,
lading to It half a pint of dr)*ing linsecd-oil, bod-
Bg hot, of powtlercd resin and asphaltuni, 3
iMnoes each. When the materials arc well uni-
tod, Inr stirring over the fire, they arc to be re-
taoven, and af^er cooling for some lime, a pint of
warm oil of turpentine is to be introduced.
ii VARNISH, ColorUss. — Dissolve two ounces
Ind a half of shellac in a pint of rectified spirits
l^winc; boil for a few minutes with five ounces
bf well-bttrned and recently -heated animal char-
fiooL A small portion o'( the solution should
then I»e filtered, and if not colorless, more char-
coal must be added. When all color is removed,
pre«s the liquor through a piece of silk, and af-
terward filter through fine blotting-paper. This
Jund of varnibh should be used in a room of at
least sixty degrees Fahn, perfectly free from
Itost. It dries in a few minutes, and is not lia-
ble afterward to chill or bloom. It is panicu-
Iftrly applicable to drawings and prints that have
\ccTi sized, and may be used for gilding.

VARNISH, Copal. — i . Gum copal, S pounds ;
flnseed oil, z gallons; sugar of lead, ^ pound;
hurpentine, 3 ^ gallons. Boil till slriiigy. —
t. Gum copal, S pounds; oil, ai^ gallons; sul-
ihatc of iron, % pound; turpentine, 5,f^ gallons.
rhis is a gooa varnish for house and sign paint-
ng. In making the above varnishes, the cum
ihonld be melted in a small quantity of boUing
loO, and pouced gradually into the kettle contain-
big the other oil, while lx)iling. When it is all
ttone^ and cool enough so as not to ignite the
turpentine, the turpentine should be added.

VARNISH, Cifpai {Neiv Preparation 0/.) —
'I>iS9olve one part of camphor in twelve parts of
ether. When the camphor is completely dissolv-
ed, add four parts of colorless and finely-pow-
xlered copal. Fhe copal to be carefully sclected-
;Flac« this mixture in a bottle and shake until the
copal is swollen and partly dissolved, then arid
Jbnr parts of proof alcohol and one quarter of a

Kart of rectified spirits of turpentine ; shake again
liffidenlly, and the varnish is ready for use.
After the ooltle has stootl several days, however,
the varnish divides into two distinct strata; the
lower richer in copal, but the upper finer and
perfectly colorless. Professor lloettger, the
author of the fonnula, claims the superiority in
_ transparency, elasticitv, hardness, ana durability
lor inis varnish. The lower stratum may be
again treated with camphor, etc.

VARNISH^ Crystal, — Genuine pale Canada
balsam and rectified oil of turpentine, equal parts;
tnix, place the bottle in warm water, agitate well,
»et it Mide, in a moderately warm place, and in
■ week pour off the clear. Used for maps, prints,
tirawtogs, and other articles of paper, and also
lo prepare tracing paper, and to transfer engra-

VARNISH, Fal OtfiaJ.—Takc picked copal,
16 ox.; prepared linseed oil, or oil uf poppies,
801.; essence of turpentine, 1601.

Liquefy the copal in a matrass over a common
fire, and then add the linseed oil, or oil of poppies,
in a state of ebullition; when these matters are
incorporated, take the matrass from the fire, slir
the matter till the greatest heat is subsided, and
then add the essence of turpentine warm. Strain
the whole, while still warm, through a piece of
linen, and put the varnish into a wide- mouthed
bottle. Time contributes towanls iu clarifi-
cation, and in this manner it acquires a better
quality.

VARNISH, Flfxihlf.~u India rublw in
shavnngs 1 oz.; mineral naphtha 3 lbs.; digest
at a gentle heat in a close vessel till dissolved,
and strain. — 3. India rubber l uz.; drjring oil I
quart; dissolve by as little heat as possible, em-
ploying constant stirring, then strain. — 3. Lin-
seed ou I gallon; dried while copperas and sugar
of lead, of each yoi.\ litharge 001.; Ixjil with
constant agitation till it strings well, then cool
slowly and decant the clear. If too thick, thin
it win quKk-drying linseed oil. The above arc
used fur balloons, gas bags, etc

VARNISH for (7/«/.— Pulverized gum trag-
acanth, white of egg, equal quantity. Sland lUl
dissolved. Spread on the glass carefully with a
brush.

VARNISH, Ciatf.— Powdered scaling wax,
U ounce ; alcohol, 95 per cent., 2 ounces. Keep
m a bottle in a warm place till the wax is dis-
solved.

This varnish g^vcs a beautiful gUucd polish to
paper, straw, leather, and the like.

VARNISH, Gold. — Pulverized gum copal,
1 ounce; oil lavender, 3 ounces; turpentine, 6
ounces. Put the oil in a pan on hot sand* When
warm, add the turpenUne and copal as In the
camphor varnish.

VARNISH, Gold^clorcd Copnl.—I^c copal
;n powder, l 0£.; essential oil of lavender, z oz.;
essence of turpentine, 6 oz.

Put the essential oil of lavender into a matrass
of a proper size, placed on a sand-batli healed
gently. Add to the oil while very warm, and at
several times, the copal [>owder, and stir the
mixture with a stick of white wood rounded at
the end. When the copal has entirely disappear-
ed, add at three different times the essence al-
most in a state of ebullition, and keep continually
stirring the mixture. When the solution is com-
pleted, the result will be a vamis>h of a gold color*
exceedingly durable ond brtltianL

VARNISH, Gurn lilastU. — India rubber,
cut fine, % pound; linseed oil, y^ pound; ttir-
pentine, % pound. Add the gum lo the oil
while boiling. When dissolved, add the turpcn*
tine. Itoil the whole tilt clear, and strain.
Dries slow; if desired lo dry ouicker, use boiled
oiL This varnish is brilliant, aurable, and makes
the cloth pliable.

VARaMSH, Im^erm fa Mr, — }ioi\td oil, lOO
parts; finely powdered litharge, 6 parts; genuine
bees'-wax, 5 parts. Boil until siUficientTy thick |
and stringy, tnen pour off the clear.

VARNISH, India Rubber. — Digest India-
rubber, cut into small pieces, in K'nziiie for sev-
eral days, frequently snaking the botde contain-
ing the materials. A jelly will be formed, which
will sc^iaratc from the benzine; this dissolved in
the fixed and volatile oils, dries last, does not

I

■
■

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

or shine, unless mixed villi some resinous
tufasiincc.

VARXIS/f, Itaiutn. — I. BoU Scio turpcn-
linc lin briltle, powder, and dissolve in oil of
turpentine. — 2. Canada balsam and clear white
rosiDt of each 6 oe,; oil of lurpcotine I quart; dis-
fi<rfve. Used for prints, etc.

VARNISIf, 77Af«.— Cum shellac, 2 pounds;
oil, I gallon; red lead, i pound; litharge, i
pound ; uihber, % pound. Melt the gum in a
small quantity ofotl, and then add it, grndually,
Boil the

it is

boiling.

to the other oil while
whole till stringy.

This is a Cf^od, strong drver, which gives to
ttie paint a high gloss.

VARNISHj Imc. ~ r. Secdlac 3 oil; tur-
meric I 0£.; dragon's blood ^ oi.\ alcuhol i
pint ; digest for a week, frequently shaking, de-
cant and filter. Deep gold colored.

2. (iround turmeric I lb,; gamlmge \% or.;
eum Kand.irach 3}^ lbs.; shellac 3i^ lb.; all m pow-
der; rectified spirit of wine 2 gallons ; dissolve,
strain, and add turocntine varnish I pint. Gold
colored.

3. Spanish annotto 3 lbs.; dragon's blood I
lb.; gum sandarach 3?/ lbs.; rectified spirit 2
gallons; turpentine varnish i quart; di:>solve and
mix as the last. Red colored.

4. Gamboge cut small I or.; Cape aloes cut
small 3 Qt.; pale shellac i lb.; rectified spirit 2
gallons; as the last. Pale brass colored.

5. Seedlac, dmgon^s blood, annotto, and gam-
boge, of each ]4 "^* ^i^ron l oz.; recti&ed spirit
of wine 5 quarts; as last.

Lacquers are used upon polished metals and
wood to impart the appearance of gold. As they
arc wanted of diflfercnt depths and sliades of color,
it is best to keep a concentrated solution of each
coloring ingredient ready, so that it may at any
time be adtfed to produce any desired lint.

VARNISH^ Masiic. — Very pale and picked

Km mastic, 5 lbs.; glass pounded as small as
rlcy, and well waslird and dried, 1% lbs,;
rectified turpentine 2 g.illons ; put them into a
clean 4 gallon stone or tin bottle, bung down
securely, and keep rolling it backwards and for-
wards pretty smartly on a counter or any other
solid place for at least 4 hours; when, if the gum
is all dissolved, the \*amish may be decanted,
strained through muslin into anotncr bottle, and
allowed to settle. It should be kept for C or 9
months before use, as it thereby gets both tougher
and clearer.

VARNISH^ Mahogany. — Sorted gum anime
8 lbs.; clarified oil 3 gallons; litliarge and pow-
dered dried sugar of lead, of each )i lb.; boil
till it strings well, then cool a little, tlun with oil
of turpentine ^^ gallons, and strain.

VARNISH, Oak. — U Clear pale rosin, %%
lbs.; oil of turpentine 1 gallon; dissoU-c. — 2.
Clear Venice turpentine 4 lbs.; oU of turpentine 5
lbs.; mix. Both ore good common varnishes for
wood or metal.

VARNISH, 0;7. — Rosin 3 lbs.; melt, add
Venice turpentine 2 lbs.; pale drj-ing oil i gallon;
cool a little and thin with oil of turpentine i quart.
— 2. Kosin 3 lbs,; drying oil ^ gallon; melt
and thin with oil of lurjMrntine 2 qnarts. Both
the above arc goocl varnishes for common work.

VARNISH, 5'^^JAi*-.— Wash three ounces of
seedlac in several waters, dry it, and nowder it
coarsely. Dissolve it in one pint o( rectified
^riis of wine, put it in a gentle heat, sh^ung

as often as convenient, until it oppears
pour off the clear, and strain the rcmaii

VARNISH, Shcilac.—GMm shcUac, % pnand;
alcohol, I pint. Keep in a warm place LiU the
gum is dissolved.

This makes a splendid polish for any fine ii<
tide of furniture, guns, etc It is best rubbed
on with a cloth ; moisten the cloth with the pot-
ish, and rub over the work briskly. Il dries m
a moment, and twenty coats may \tc put on iaai
many minutes. It is also a g<x>d iirrK^ms the
best) thing for killing gnats, and ^ 3

very usefiu article, ami no paint-^' 4

without it. Rough and weather ' ^

cloth, and such like may be coated v Jx

will make the work hold up thecolui i><ru^i. i>ry
paints may also be ground in it, for pabtiof
signs on cloth or paper. It holds the oolorafiroB
flying, and will stand the weather.

VARNISH, Stone.— Tilt method bfconting
wood with a varnish as hard as stone has ben
introduced into Germany. The ingredients irc
furty parts of chalk, forty of rosin, four <rfIiB'
seea oil, to be melted together in an iron pel
One part of native oxide of cooper and one o(
sulphuric acid are then to be adcinl, after yibaA.
the composition is ready for use. It is Vffbti
hot to (he wood with a brush, iit the samewtf
as paint, and as before obseiA'ed becomes cacce^
ingly hard on drying.

VARNISH. Tar. {IW IVtwi pr Iftm.)^
One gallon otcoal tar, half a pint of spirits «<
turpentine, two ounces of oil of vitriol, stimd,
ana laid on like paint Mix, with a piece d
wood or stick, the tar and vitriol, and tnen wM
the turpentine, and apply with a brush. Mia aft
more than you can use at once, and then ■pf'7
it as it becomes thick.

VARNISH, I'urpentime. -~~^ty%\t\, 5 pODndii
turpentine, I gallon. Boil till the rosin il £l-
solved.

VARNISH, ;f'b/-/r/w:~.\n noellentn-
ter proof varnish, withuut alcohol, for variouv"
tides, is prepared by taking three parts, tor
weight, or pale shellac, one port of spints of nK
ammoniac, and six or eight of water, and afatk-
ing them together in a bottle, and to bcthcD
corked up for twelve hours. This is then aland
in an earthen vessel over a fire, and boilen, wid
constant stirring, till the shellnc is dissolved
ITiis solution replaces to great advantof^e iIjp :i^
coholic solutions of shellac; and whri
with about twelve parts of water, with ::
tion of terra de sienna or ochre, can be uvcd ia
the preparation of oil cloths. AAcr a little (v
posure to the air, the ammonia evaporates, dk^
leaves a layer entirely impervious to, and und»
tercd by water. The same solutions may alao ht
used in various combinations for staining wood
of a brown color, and rendering it at the same
lime water proof.

VARNISH, WMitf C^^/. — \M»ite Dxide rf
lead, ceruse, Spanish white, white clay. Sorik
of these substances as are preferred ought tobt
carefully dried. Ceruse and ciny obstinatclf
retain a great deal of humidity, which would op-
pose their adhesion to drying oil or x-amish. Tk
cement then crumbles tmdcr the fingers a^
does not assume a body.

VARNISH, IVhitf China, —T- n-i

kinds of varnish used to produce 1'

one a solution of colorless rcstn '

the other in alcohoL For the first, puxe sxi^

iM

PAINTING AND PAPERING.

2O9

luh is taken; for the second, 16 parts of
icUnic arc dissolved in sufficient strong alcohol,
^whichare added 3 parts of camphor ; and lastly,
?hen oil dissolved by shaking, 5 parts of Vene-
tian turpentine flic added. Set for sorne days in
the lun till clear. However, in order to cause
the color to remain a )iure white, care must be
taken not to mix oil with the while paint put on
previously. Best French rinc white is the best,
mixed with turpentine; when dry, rub down
with 6ne sand-paper, and put on another coat,
and reiA!.at Ihi:* if required, and lastly put on the
varnish described.

VARNISH, ir>irV^//rtn/. — Gum maslic, I
pound; gum anima, 4 ounces; gum sandarac, 5
ounces; alcohol, 95 per cent., 2 ounces. Add
all together, put in a warm place, and shake of-
ten, when the gunis are dissolved, strain through
a Uwn sieve.

VARNISH, To PoHih,~'X^t 2 ounces of
li powdered, put it in an earthen put, with
rter to cover it: then take a piece of white
lay it over a piece of cork or rubber, and
;ed to polish the varnish, always welling it
ith the tniwli and water. It will be known
when the process is finished by wiping a port of
the work with a sp<^nge, and observing whether
lh«re is a £>lr even gloss. %Vhen this iii the cose,
take a bit of mutton suet and fine flour, and dean
work.

VIOLE T. COLOR, To ilAa^/.— Violet is made
liffcrenlly with red and black, or red and blue;
to render it more splendid, with red, white
blue. To compose violet, therefore, appli-
to varnish, lake minium, or what i.^ «till
tter, vermilion, and grind it with the camphur
moslic varnish to which a fourth part of
iled od and a little ceruse have been added •■,
add a httle Prussian blue ground in oil.
proportions requisite fur the degree ofin-
iity (o be given to the color will soon be found
experience. The white brightens the tint.
vermilion and Pru^^iian blue, separated
mixed, give hard tunes, which mu&t be
kened by an intermediate substance ihat
i&es, to their advantage, the reflections of the

^iVAIJ^UT, ToP^isA.—x, Take aspHaltum,

Ixerize it, place it in a jar or bottle, pour in

twice iti bulk of turpentine or benzole,

it in a warm place, and shake it from lime

rtime. When dissolved, strain it, and apply to

wood with a clothes or stiflf brush. If it

make too dark a stain, thin it with tur-

or benzole. Tliis will dry in a (ew hours.

l^desircd to brine oyt the grain still more,

'': mixture of boiled oil and turpentine ; this

than oil alone. Put no oil with the as-

mixturc, as. it will dry very slowly.

the oil is dry the wood can be |X>lished

vhe fk>llowing : — Shellac varnish, of the

consistency, two parts ; boiled oil, one parL

..c it well before using. Apply itlu the wood

>utling a few drops on a cloth and rubbing

ly on the wood fur a few moments. This

kith works well on old varnished furniture. —

,Mtx, with good whiting, such colors as will

luce as near aspossil>Ic the color of the wood

Riled. This mixture to be dry. Then give

a good coat of oil. and sprinkle the

over the work untU it is pretty well

_l; then with a soft rag or other soft sub-

i, rob Uiii in weiL Wipe off all superfluous

material. Let dry thoroughly and >'arTU5h. Thi»
mode is far superior lo string.

;FW T£RPR0OPP^tIN7\~OQhie, 96 Mrti;
lamp-black, 16 parts; boiled oil to mix. Thea!
add yellow soap, 2 parts, dissolved in water,
partii. Well mix, and apply two coats oi ihii
mixture witli a paint-brush, at intervals of two
or three days; lastly, give a finishing coal of
varnish formed of lamp-black and boiled oil, wel"
ground together. Sufficient boiled oil must btl
used to reduce the mixture to the consistence of
a thick varnish.

WHITE PAINTS.'~iienT\y nU whiles hare
their base in the oxides and carbonates of dif-,
ferent metals. — IVhite Lead is a carbonate
lead, prepared by submitting common lead XOi
the actiun of acetic acid, ur vinegar, at a high,-!
temperature. It is poisonous, cs|-K:ci.'Uly whco
combined with oils or fatty matter. The chief
adulterations are barytes, whiting, and silicate of'
potash. — Cttrb(maU 0/ Barytes xi, less poisonous
thin lead; it is certainly not as ^-aluable, and
has very little body, though it is whiter, and
when combined with lead in proper proportion<p]|
makes a very good white, ana docs not injure Lhtt'r
lead for ordinary purposes. The sulphate
barytes is often used in the cheaper Icids, but i*'
nn inferior article. — Zine White is an oxide of
zinc. It is a durable and beautiful white, besides
being harmless. AW the very best and flncst
work in the cities is now finished with linc It
has less bo<.ly than lead, but is vastly whiter and
more durable, and docs not, Uke lend, turn yel-
low when excluded from the light and air. —
China White is lead that has iKcn elutriated, or
washed, thereby freeing tt from all impurities. —
H'hititt^ is well known to all. It i^ a carbonate
of lime. It is of no utility as a point, as it will
become spotted, and rubs off after the oil is eva-
|Hjrated. It is properly 6t for pulty, and various
room washes. — Peari White is generally used
for the finer and more delicate branches of paint-
ing. It is a submuriate of bismuth. — NrrmiiH.
White is a superior quality of lead. There is
little in the market at present, as the cxteiisi\-e
manufaciories at Krems have Iwen aLuuiduned.
All German leads are considered the best, as
their ores contain less iron. — Si/z'er it''/iite'is also<
a lead prepared by elutriating. It is the best o(
the tube colors for general use.

WHITE LEAD, Clark's pn>cesi of Makimg,
— A chamber of 12 to 15 feet square is furnished 1
with a vinegar trough, through which a pipe of<i
about one-inch calibre passes; it connects at right
ancles with a large main of steam-pipe atone
end, and is there commanded by a cock; the
other end passes entirely ihioughthe trough and
chamber, and theic ilischarges the condoled
steam. They are also each supplied with a gas
distrihutin^-box or trunk, which is about four
inches ^uare in the clear and about thirteen feet.,
long. Irhese are placed an inch or so above and,
over the vinegar troughs, having small holes at
short intervals through their sides, and at one
end arc connected by meanii of a short pipe, to
which a cock is also adapted, to a main gas*pipe
which is furnished by means of a bluwing appa-
ratus with the requisite snpplr of atmospheric
air and carbonic acid gas. The side* of the:
chambers have cleats secured to them for sup-
porting the rod over which the iheets of lead arc
suspended for conversion to white lead.

A boiler of iron or copper i& healed wiUl ai^

ajo

DICTION A R YOFE VER YD A Y WANTS,

thracitc coal, from which the steam and carbonic
add gas are obtained for heating and supplyii^
the chambers. 'I*hc doors of the chambers fit
dose, so that some pressure t% produced in them
during the process of conversion.

The vinegar ID chc troughs, the sheet-lead on
the rods, and the cisterns being closed, fire is
applied to the furnace of the boiTer, the blowing
Apparatus is put in motion, and the process o7
making white lead has commenced. Moderate
quantities of coal and vinegar, and the constant
attention of one man, are necessary to continue
it; and one thousand tons of lead may be ope-
rated on by this altention as well as one hundred.
The largest sized chamlier will contain about ten
tons of the metallic sheets, and require supplies
of vinegar twice each twcnty-four hours. If the
lead appear moist and pasty, the vinegar is with*
held ; and to these points, namely, the sunply of
the gases, and attention to the hres, the duty of
the operative is confined. At first the vinegar
was placed on the floor of the chambers and
covered with a false floor, which was perforated
at short inlervoli, so as to distribute the gases
and add vap^r equally through ihem. In this
way the sheets of lead became much more ex-
petlitiously converted to white lead, but its spe-
cific gravity was lessened, and it was less esteem*
ed by the pointers.

WniTE PAINT, Ckmf.—K very ^ood
while paint may be made without leail or oil by
the mii;tuie of skimmed milk, lime and whiting.
The casein of the milk unites with the lime, mak-
ing a cement which holds the whiting in place,
and a very durable coaling is thus formed. The
method of preparing it is very simple, as follows :
Take five pounds of whiiing, two quarts of skim-
med milk and two ounces of fresh slacked lime;
put the whiting in a stoneware vessel, and add a
small portion of the milk with constant stirring.
When a smooth thin laste is formed, add the re-
mainder of the milk, then sprinkle the lime upon
the surface and stir in. The paint is then ready
for use unless the whiting ana lime be not t^uilc
fine, when it niay be necessary to grind ihc
whole together. This paint possesses the ad-
vantage of bein^ economical and durable, and will
doubtless come into extensive use for many kinds
of cheap work. Paris while may be used instead
of whitmg for superior work.

WIIITEWASIL—x. A fine brilliant wash is
obtained by mixing "Paris white" with glue, iu
the proportion of sixteen pounds to half a pound
of gtue. The glue shouKl 1>e the white, transpa>
rent kind. It should be covered with cold water
at nighi, and in llie morning carefully heated
until dissolved. The Paris white should be
stirred into hot water until it is of the proper
milky consistency for applying to the walU, and
the uissulved glue added and thoroughly mixed.
This recipe is considered one of the best, and has
the merit of being inexpensive. — 2. The follow-
ing is sent out by the Lighl-house Board of the
Treasury Department: "The following recipe
for whitewashing has been found by experience
to answer on wood, brick* and stone, nearly as
well as oil patnt, and is much cheaper ; Slack
halfa bushel of un^lacked lime with boiling water,
keeping it covered during the process, ijtrain it
and add a |>eck of salt, dissalved in warm water;
three pouiws ofgrnund rice put in boiling water,
and boiled to a thin paste; halfa pound of pow-
dered S;vanish whiting, and a pound of clear glue,

dissolved in warm water : mix this well logecl
and let the mixture stand for several days,
(he wash thus prepared in a kettle or
furnace, and when used put it on as hot ok
siblc, with painters' or whitewash brushes..'' — J.
Take a clean, water tight cask and put info it
halfa bushel oflime. Slack it by pouring waierowr
it boiling hot, and in sufTident ouatitJty to co«f
it five inches deep, and stir it briskly till thor*
oughly slackened. When the lime has been
slackened, dissolve it in water, and add tM
pounds of sulphate of zinc and one of comaMB
salt. These will cause the wash to harden ud
prevent its cracking, which pvcs an unseeolj
appearance to the work. A b«w«tifti1 cream oilar
may be given to the wash by -^ - DO«rfl

of yellow ochre ; or a goocl j I Qolor*

by the addition of lamp or iroti 1 'i.u. k. l-w f»»n
color add four pounds of umlier. onepooaddf
Indian red, and one pound of common black
For stone color add four pounds raw umber Vik
two pounds lamp black. When applied to Iht
outside of houses and to fences, it is rcodered
more durable by adding about a pint of swfCt
milk to a gallon of wash.

WHITEWASH, Stutco.^'X^t: half ahusM
of nice unslackcd lime; slack it with btnliof
water, covering it during the process to kcepii
the steam. Strain the tlcjuor throogti a fine ncvt
or strainer, and ndd to it one jkck of clean saRi
previously dissolved in warm water, three Us.
of ground rice, ground to a thin paste, and slir>
reef and boiled hot; half a pound ofpowderrf
Spanish whiting, and one pound of clean gla^
wnich has been previously dissolved by ftnt
soaking it well, and then hanging it oveTa«nill
fire, in a small kettle within alarge one fiflol
with water. Add five gnllonsofhot wnter to the
whole mixture ; stir it well and let it stand a It*
days, covered from dirt. It should be pat on
quite hoti for this purpose it can be kept hit
kettle on a portable furnace. It is said, thit
about one pint of the mixture will cover ■ sqmn
ynrd upon the outside of a house, if properly ap-
plied. Brushes more or less small may be ose^
according to the neatness of the job required
Coloring may be used to impart any de&iraMc
tinge to the preparation, which retains its bril-
liancy for a long time.

WHITEWASH, Improv((i.—Thc sulphate oi

baryta is said to possess nr:— —^ ■■ -^ *^

over lime as a material for \' -^

Four ounces of glue are soak-
in tepid water, and then placed until it butl
a tin vessel, with a quart of water — the
ing placed in the water, as in the usi
of melting glue; the whole is then *ti|
dissolved. Six or eight pounds "f
baryta, reduced to an impalpable ]
into another vessel ; hot water is a ;^

whole stirred until it has the appear.i£)cc of uiilk
of lime. The sizing is then addc<l. ood tM
whole stirred well together, and applietl fc lie
ordinary way while still warm.

WHITEWASHED WAIIS, n
If the cracks be in the plastering, and the
be sound around the cracks, plaster of "
the best thing to fill them with, a? it In
quickly, does not shrink, and Icavi
un a plane with the wall. If the p'
set before it can be worked, wet ii "■

'ITie stronger the acid, the slowci t 'f

cracks be fUled with putty, and the wail be i>aintc<l

-f I^ri*

PAINTING AND PAPERING,

gloss coJor, the streaks of patty are very apt
be tlat (no glus»), and if painted in flat color,
&trcak& aic quite sure to have a gloss. These
strcakiL, of courMT, will spoil the beauty of the
work, but do not aficct its dunbility. When
^ed with plaster of Paris the reversion of glo&s
never appears, if done as directed. If the cracks
only in the wash, the latter is loosening from
wall ; and if it has not begun to scale, it soon
U, and all atempts to fasten it on and point it,
" be total loss. If it be loose enough to scrape
r, scrape the wall, taking care not to gouge into
originAl wall. If not loose enough, let it
ine until it is. If the wash be thin, solid, and
ren, it can be pointed to look and wear well.
When the surface is lumpy, rub the lumps n(T
with a sandstone, or a bnck. After a wall has
been prepared, os in either of above coses, or if
a wall that has never been washed is to be paint-
ed, size it wtlh two coats of gUic size (3 ounces
glue to one gallon %valer.) Be sure the glue is
^ dissolved before using any of it. Let the first
dry before the second coat is put on. When
second coat is dry, paint as follows: Mix the
coat of [Niint in the proportion of l gallon
linseed oil to 15 poiinas white lead, ground
oil. and I gill of dryer. Second coat: I gallon
"r linseed oil, 25 pounds white lead ground in
and J^ gill dryer. (The lead should be the
>L) Then finish cither in gloss or flat color,
same as if it were woodwork, with one good
of priming on. Shade nil the coats of paint,
as ocar as you can, to ihc color you wish lo fin-
in. Mix the third and fourth coats the same
tbc first, that is, alnut the same thickness for
i|^lo&5 finish, arul a little thinner for aflat finish.
WOOD^ Ct}mpositwn fijr Coating. — A method
'.coatii^j wood with a varnish as hard as stone
been recently introduced. The ingredients
forty |iart& of chalk, forty of resin, four of
" oil, to b« melted togelner in an iron poL
port of nati^ oxide of copper, and one of
Iphuric add, are then to be added, afler which
composition is ready for use. It is applied
10 the wood, with a brush, in the same way
pgunt. and, as before observed, becomes ex-

ingly hard on drying.
WOOD, To Dy< A*// — Take chopped Brazil
I, and l>oil it wcU in water, strain it through
cloth. Then give your wood two or three
, till it is the shade wanted. If wantert a
red, boil the wood in water impregnated
alum, and t^uick-Umc. When the last coal.
dry, burntJkh il with the burnisher and then

^00 D^ Tc Poliik. — Take a pieceof pomicc-

and water, and pass regularly over the

••"' ' the rising 01 the grain is ctit down ;

vdercd iripoU and boiled linseed oil,

ic work to a bnght surface.

y%LLon' PAINTS. -\^^^iy>i^ have their

in tfon, lead, quicksilver, and arsenic. —

n^ Ytilo^tf. 'Fhe best is made from chro-

and acetate, or the nitrate ot lead, and is

riy a chiomate of lead. An interior article

rpuetl with whiting. The best now in use

!ral painting has its base iii silicate of pot-

tnrytes- — Gamb^t^t is the concrete juice

trees in Ceylon. It is a transparent

mtuX conMOucntly useful as a glazing

— Yiltmf Cknrt is an earth- The best

iKrancc. — Stai^* Ochre is also an

in nuny^ puti of Europe,— 'A^a^j

Yelhut is an earth found near Naples* but moa
of that now in the market is composed of lead^;
alum, sal-ammonia, and antimony. It is a vA$\
bright, and durable color, — Turners Ytihw,
muriate of lead. This is a beautiful tint,
has formerly been much used among coad-
painters.

ZINC PAINT, Prepcration of.^K usefo^,
hint in regard to the preparation of mint widtj
oxide of zmc instead of^ white lead will be found
in the following instructions, published in a Gcr*
man journal: The ordinary boiled lin$ced-oil
should be replaced in the mixing operation by
one prepareu by gently boiling two hundred
pounds of the raw oil for five or six hours, then
adding about twenty-four pounds of coarsely
broken lumps of binoxidc of manganese, and con-
tinuing the ooiling operation for about ten hours
longer. In this manner a very quickly dryin| '
linsecd-oil is obtained, which is cmincnUy fit foi
the purpose of being used with zinc-white at '
other line colors. According to the writer of tbtti*
article, much depends upon the use of old lin-
seed-oil, and also upon the pains taken with tho
boiled oil, which, unless carefully kept from the
contact of the air, becomes thick in a very short
lime. The boiled oil so prcjmred is not to be
used alone in painting with zinc- white, but must
be mixed with from three lo five per cent, of raw
linsccd-oil while the pain: is being mixed to-
gether.

ZmC-WA TER PAINT. —The unpleasant-^
ness oC occupying a newly paintetl liouse may, it
is said, be avoided by the use of zinc- water point.
Powdered oxide of line (which may Ijc heated
with a little potato starch if more "body" be
wanted) is combined with the desired mineral,
or vegetable color, and with this an aqueous 5<
luUon of chloride of zinc, to which some t.irtrate
of potassa has been added, is then mixe<l ; the
water paint thus formed being applied with a
brush on the surface to be coated. In half an
hour this paint wUl be perfecllydry; and the ob-
ject of the alkaline tartrate is to make the dry-
ing process less rapid. The advantages of usini
the water paints are very numerous: they
more durable than oil paints, do not blacken by'
exposure to sulphurous vapors, arc devoid c$)
odor, dry quickly, resist dampness and the actic
of water, can be cleansed with boiling water and)
soap like oil pamts, and preser^-e the wood to
which tliey are applied from decay and render it '
less combustible. This latter property may bo'
increased by the addition of borax. Both tbc
oxide and the chlondc of zinc can be manufactured
without danger lo the health of the workman,
sold at a low price, and kept for any length of
time in any climate.

ZJNC, Painting. — A difficulty is often expe-
rienced in causing oil colors to adhere to sheet
zinc Boeltger recommends the employment of
a mordant, so to speak, of the following compo-
sition: One part of chloride of copper, one of
nitrate of copper, and one of sal ammoniac, ore
lo be dissolved in sixty-four parts of water, la
which solution is lo be added one part of com-
mercial hydrochloric acid. The sheets of line
are to be brushed mcr with this li()uid, whidk]
gives them a deep black color; in Ihc courM
from twelve to twenty-lour hours they bccoott^
dry, and to their now dirty-gray surface a coat *"
any oil color will firmly adhere. Some sheets
zinc prepared in this way, and aitcrward paintfid«

VICTtONARY OF EVERY DA Y iVAJ/TS,

have been found to eoturely withstand all the
almoftphcric changes of winter and summer.

Z/NC WHITEWASH. — M.x uxidc of ;inc
with comxDoo sisCj and appljr it with a white*

wash brush Co <he cefling. ARer this, appl^ in
the same manner a wash of the chloride of xinc,
which will combine with the t-ixiiJIc to fom A
smooth rrmrnt with a shininj; surlace

PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE FINE ARTS.

ALBERT'S NEW PROCESS 0f Pk6toHth0^
grapky. — In 300 parts of pure water, 150 parts
of white of egg and 15 itarts of gelatine are di%-
5olved, with 5 parts of bichromate of potash.
The solution is accelerated by gentle heat, then
filtered, and carefully kept in the dark. With
this solution one side of a heavy piece of plate-
glass, or some other transparent material, is
coated, and dried in a dark, warm room. This
coat of albuminous material must be made very
carefully, so that no irregularities present them-
selves either in the smooihing of surface or in
the color. Then the dry sur£u:c is carefully cov-
ered with a heavy block cloth, and the free side
of the gUiss is submitted to the action of day-
light. \\\K eflccl of exposure of from one and a
h^f to two hours is to make the side of the coat-
ing toward the glass more insoluble than the
other. A second coating, made without albu-
men, of30O^arts water, 50 parts cclatinc, and
i 7 parts bi<^romatc of polassa. is then applied;
$sA this is again dried in a warm, dark room.
This second coat is now exposed to daylight,
under any negative, in the usual frame, for a
suiBcicnt length of time, which varies greatly for
different negatives and the stale of the atmos*
phere, as every photographer knows. Then the
glass plate is removed from the frame, soaked
vx about hfteen minutes in water, and exposed
to the air to become dry to a certain degree ; it
is then ready to be printed like a lithographic
stone. The parts of the coating which have bc<
come insoluble by exposure to light ba\x not
attracted water. These are dry, and will take
Uic printing-ink; while thotc parts which were
protected by the details of the negative have re-
mained soluble to a greater or less degree, have
absorbed water, are therefore moist, and will not
lake tlic oily printing-ink. 'I'hc pUtc is treated
like a lithographic stone, alternately with water,
or nioi>ture applied in the usual manner, and
[.irith printing-inK applied by the printer's roller.
, From every plate thus prepared 500 to 1,000 im*
(pressions may be made. In order to prevent the
itireaking of the plate by pressure during printing,
H is placed on an elastic l>cd, ur strengtlicncd be-
low with a thick layer of plaster, cement, or other
Suitable material. lo keep the paper clean
around the plate, a thin metallic frame» with a |
bole equal to the size of the picture, is laid every f
time on the plate, the same after inking, as is
often done in .all other styles of printing.

ALBERTYTE PROCES:^, Edwards' Im-
frtnemfnt ctt. — An English artist, Mr. lirnest
lulwards, h.is been improving upon the Albert
process until he has socceeded in obtaining what
he and others call the perfection of the art. This
method, in its present manipulation, consists in
coating evenly with wajc the plate of glass, the

surface of which has been ground hut not polish-
ed, and then pouring over it a sufhcient quanRty
ol a mixture of getatine, bichronialc of potash,
and chrome alum, sn as to form, when spresd
out and subsequently dried, a film of the thidi:*
ness of a very thin card. The chrome ilum it
of great importance in preventing the sabseqnenl
solubility of the tilm. as it has the property ol

fireventing the gelatine from again beconiDC
[quid after it is set; and without uie use of some
such process it woidd be entirety impossible to
carry on the work successfully. TTie usual pro-
portion of bichromate of potash to the getatiue is
about five per cent., although this varies for dif-
ferent applications.

After ine glass has been coated it is maintauud
in a level {XKiiion for a few minutes, unlit the
film has set sufficiently to permit its being placed
edgewise, and stored away in a suitable tlr^g-
room to dry — an operation wliich usuaUv ottn-
pies about twenty-four hours. After tlhis the
film is removed from the glass, the ojwration
being facilitated by the use of the substratuni of
wax. This constitutes one of the most impor-
tant advances of the Edwards process over the
Albert, for various reasons that it is not ne-
cessary here to adduce. The film is then to be
subjected to the action of the negative, and ticai-
ed as in the Albert process ; alter which it is to
be attached to a plate of line, which is accom-
pushed by a special manipulation and it is then
ready to iurnisn impressions. Tliesc are obtJUiKd
by treating as on hthograiJiic stone, namely by
sjHMiging with water, removing the surplus, and
then pressing over the surface of the plate a
sheet of blottmg-paper. The ink rollers are nest
passed over it, the ink adhering according to tht
action of the light. The advantage of nung the
line plates in printing instead of glass, as is
found in the ongimd Albert process, lies in the
greater durabiUty of the former, and the irnmu*
nity from the danger of cracking. A very gi«J
pressure is necessary in this class of printing ti>
bring out certain tints, and the glass plate, how-
ever thick, is apt to be fractured. It is sUtcd
that fifteen hundred unifomdy good piiuls oa
be obtained from a single fibn; and if a l«fgcf
edition than this be reciuircd it is a very cair
matter to prepare a number of lilrns ai the same
time, so as to have a suffident supply for any
purpose.

Album EN y SuhsHhtte /ot.—K new subsli-
tute for albumen, under the nnmeof laclarine hai
been announced. It is a white or slightly yel-
low powder, with the odor of casein. Wnen
subjected to ether, a small amount of saponaceous
fat may be extracted from iJie mixture. The
powder resists water, but b acccsi»ible to tJie in-
fluence of the alkalies, either caustic urcsrboDAl-

"*■*'■ '"

PHOTOGRAPHY ANn THE FIKE ARTS.

273

I

»

ed- Trcite-i with the proper proportion of
cither acetic or hy<irochloric aci<I, a curd is pre-
cijMtalctl, H'hich is fuund to be ioluble in excrs*
of the ad<.1. In uw. it is dissolved in ammonia,
and can be colored to any required shade.

BA Tii, TON/NC—To % gallon water add
l^ ounce solution of common w.ishin? soda &a>
toralcd, or enough to make it feel slippery
to the fini^crs. then add a suitable quantity of
chloride of uriltl.

BATH, /VA*/.V(7.— Water, >i gal., hyposul-
phite of soda. I3 ots.

BATH, NEGATIVE.— VaxKy CTainsofsil-
ver to the ounce of water, iodize slightly with
iodide of silver t slightly acidulate with nitric
add.

BATH, To Rfst^rc,—\AA fresh silver it re-
quired. Boil down one half. Add as much
inter as necessary, filler, and it is ready for use.

BATHS, Semititinf^. — For positives: Pure
re-crysialli/ed nitrate of silver (437 gr.), I otr,
pure nitric acid, 3 minimi; alcoboi, 3 drs.; dis*
tilled water, 10 ozs.; iodide ofpoinssiuro, i gr.
Dissolve the nitrate of silver in 3 oz5. of the dis'
liUed water, add the iodide of potassium, shake
■od allow to settle ; test for acidity with blue lit<
mas paper, and. if present, neutralize carefully
with a solution of carlionate of soda. When
neutral, add the remaining 7 ozs. of distilled
wmter. 51ter and add the alcohol and nitric acid,
and the bath is ready lor use.

For negative"* : Pure re -crystallized nitrate of
silver, t oz.; glacial acetic acid. 5 minims ; alco-
hol, 3 drs.; ii>lidc of potassium, i gr.; distilled
wmter, lo ozs. Dissolve the silver in 3 ozs,,
and (real precisely as for bath for positives, ob-
scTTtng that it is to be acidified with glacial acetic
ackl in place of nitric acid.

These baths should be kept in a dark place.
tavSk always show an acid test. When out of
order, bod for a few minutes, add one-tenth vo*
luroe of distilled water and restore to the or-
iginal strength by adding strong solution of crys-
tallized nitrate of silver in distilled water, and
acidifying with the proper acids.

BiCifROMA T/SM.~rWi% is an easy and
cheap proce<^. carried out as follows : Fasten a
piece of stout transparent tracing paper by gum-
miog the four corners lo a piece of strong card-
board, or a piece of thick, flat, level gloss on
which the design on thin paper has been pasted.
If you cannot draw or get a friend to draw for
vou, many good and cnective subjects may be
foaad among^ld print* and woodcuts and by
tlking a careful traang of the necessary parts, a
VCjy good design and skillful bit of drawing ol>
Uiiacu. \Vhen the design is satisfactorily jiencil-
«d out on the traang paper it must be gone over
with a quill pen and ttiick ticket writer's ink ;
when tUy. turn it, fasten down, and go over the
other side. About one pennyworth of bichromate
of poUi-ia i-i to he coarsely pnunde>l and put into
about two ounces of hot water; strain this when
ooU, athd then brush over one side oi any pieces
of piocf or silk that it tnar l>c desired to print
I " '11 they are dry. The printing is done

jol photo paper printing frame* substi-
i-«.i^ i..i: design on tracing paper for the glacs
neeuiTC. They print quick an^l deep if esposed
todirect sunliglu; one or more trial? will easily
gtve the right amount of time, and fixing is done
hf wathing and soaking for a short time in clean
next the drymg and pressing with a

warm flat iron. Pure white centers may be left
in any kind of border by stopping out in the
printing with a piece of thin card or blackened

Cnper. Ornamental devices or ornaments can
e printed on pieces of white silk or ribbon
by marking out a pattern and laying on the bi-
chromate solution with a camel hair brush inside
the pattern ; when dry* iron slighllv. in order
that the ribbon may lie flat on the traang pattern.
Some highly elTcctive ornamentation may be pro-
duced in this way. White centers may be Icfk
on ribbon and paper, and mottoes, verses, etc,
printed with type. Pleasing and artistic blend-
ings of type pnniing and ornament may be pro-
duced by sucti means with a very small outlay ol
time or money.

CAMK/kA^ T>f Adjust for Chemical Focus. —
Take a photograph of a printed sheet willi the
full aperture ol the portrait lens, the central
letters being carefully focused as before. Then
examine at what part of the pbte the greatest
amount of distinctness of outline is lo l>e found.
It will, sometimes, happen that whereas the
exact center was focused visually, the letters on
a »pot midway between the center and edge are
the sharpest in the photograph. In that ca<»e the
chemical focus is longer than the other, wid by
a distance cqiiiv.ilent to, but in the opposite di-
rection of, the space through which the leii<> has
to be moved in order to dcline those particulars
shsriily to the eve.

CAMEOMkDALLIOH CARTEDE-Vl-
SITE, To Mate. — ^The apparatus necessary lor
the production of camed-medaUlon cartes is very
simple, and comprised in the following articles:

A four-footed metal water bath, capable of be-
ing heated by means of a spirit-Ump, into which
a iquare porcelain dish ts placed, whose over-
lapping sides lit over those of the water bath.
Tnis dish, which is furnished with a lip, is em-
ployed to maintain the gelatin fluid at a high
icmwrature.

The stamp, consisting of two st^uare wood
blocks connected together with hinges; between
the blocks is fixed a brass plate also upon hinges,
ha^nng ia the middle an oval ojicning large
enough to contain a bust portraiL The wood
blocks open in tlic manner of an album, in which
the brass plate, as it were, takes the place of the
carte, and arc, on the outside, perfectly smooth.
On the inside of one of the blocks is an oval, in
relief, of the exact dimensions of the opening in
the metal plate; and on the other block is a cor-
responding hollow of oval form.

A press which can be tightly closed by means
of screws. A linen or bookbinders' presi will
answer the purpose well, if such can be obtained*
but I haN-e myself constructed a small wooden
press expressly for tlie process, which answers
exceedingly well.

'I*he above is all the apparatus necessary for
the production of these portraits. In the first
place, some pattern ovals are cut out of tliick
black paper, asing the oval opening in the brass
plate ana a sharp penknife for the purpose, the
cutting operation being effected at one sweep.
In this way aic obtaint^ masks and small oval
mats, which fit precisely into one another, and
are. moreover, identical in size with the oiwning
in the metal plate, and *.he relief and iniii^lio in
the wood blocks. A print from a portrait ucrga-
live, with gradiiAtc<l Imckgrnund, is then taken
out of the pressure- frame, and over it is placed
It

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DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

one of the ina&ks, in a jiosition most favorable to
the picture; and when the same has thus been
centered, the oval mat corresponding to the nia&k
is placed upon the print, and the ma.sk with-
drawn. The print is then exposed to the sun
under a |;lass plate, the middle being still cov-
ered with the black mat, which must not he allow-
ed to shift from its plnce, and thus a darkly-
tinted, or even black, margin is printed around
the oval picture. The print, in this condition, is
then toned, fixed and washed, and finally sited
in gelatin. The latter opcmtion is performed by
the aid of some glass plates of the required size,
which are carefully cleaned, as if to serve for
negatives, and then rubbed over with finely-
powdered stone alum (luff stone) by means of a
luft of cfjtton wool, the superfluous powder being
afterwards removed with a sofl dusting brush.
These plates are coate<l with a four per cent, nor-
mal collodion, and placed to dry in a spot free
from dust. When perfectly <lrv, a quantity o(
gelatin is dissolved in hot water m a beaker, the
solution being of the consistence of the collodion
previously employed. Ttiis is filtered ihruuch a

£'ecc of linen into the porcelain bath, which has,
llie interim, l>cen warmed by means of the
Water b.ith, and should be maintained at an even
».tenuicrature during the whole period of working,

Tne prints required to be gelatined are, in the
first instance, trimmed to the right size by means
of a cutting glass, and ore tfien immersed bodily
into the gclaiin solution, so as to be fully im-
pregnated with the same. The glass plates coated
with coll^xlion arc now taken in hand; the prints
laid face downwards thereon, care being taken
that all air bubbles between tlic paper and gloss
arc carefully pressed out and removed; ^er-
ds a sheet of stout white jiaper, somewhat
rer than the print, is ccmentea to the back of
photo^jraph, a precaution for protecting tlie
pictures in the event of their spontaneously Teav-
Ingthc glass on drying.

The plates are allowed to remain for ten or
twelve iiours (say over night) in a dry locality,
and, at the end of that time, ine portraits may be
separated from the glass by makmg an incision
of the film all round the paper. The superfluous
pajier should be trimmed ofl* previously to the
pictures being mounted upon cardlMLord.

After drying, the carte is put through a steel
press, and is ^en placed in the embossing stomp

ad<

weat

to Five it the desired relief.
Ma

[any of the manipulations may be sliglitly
modified if desired. For instance, instead of ce-
menting a piece uf paper to the b&ck of the prints,
the card itself, if not very thick, may be at once
attached, and the margins thereof thus gelatined,
the process of rolling being in this way obviated.
Some photographers add a small quantity of
sugar candy to the gelatin, in order to prevent
the sizing solution orying too rapidly, and to
render (he finished cara more plastic and impres-
sionable.

CANVAS, To Pnparefcr OIL PAINTING,
—Stretch your canvas on a board with lacks and
paint it simply with white lead and raw linseed-
oil; put it on thin, evenly, and smoothly; if you
do nut want a white ground to paint on. you
may mix in very little ochre, which makes it yeU
lowish. or a irace of lamp-black, which gives a
bluish gray. When dry and not smooth enough,
you may nib it down with pumice-slonc and
water, and |^'ve it a second ver^ fine and thin

coat, 'I*his, however, is seldom necessary,
stretch on your frame. Wc warn you
other recipes, and above all against the
of using glue first to fill the pores of the cam
your painting will, in ihw ca^e, be id
danger lo eventually peel ofl" in patches 1
posure tn dampness, or even by damp
onlv. The poreu of the canvas must be
witn oil, which is water-proof, and not with
The Utter is only good for economy, to sai

little oil. We have always followed tliis " ^

advice given here, and have never had any caow
to abandon it.

CRA YONS, Te Make. —Take three quai
of a pound of blue clay, three quarter*
pound of the coloringrequired, such asvcrmi'
chrome, Prussian blue, orpiment, etc., i
uf turpentine, 4 ounces of spirits of wtne,
ounces of fine shelbic Toe clay must be
mixed with water* passed through a fine 1
sieve, and allowed to subside ; the water i.s il
i»oured o/T and the da;^ dried. The shclbc
be dissolved in the mixed turpentine and
with a little warmth. The dry day and th
loring. must be blended in a mortar, and
the shellac mixture added and well incorpor
till the whole is a doughy ma!is; it is then
rolled out into a pencil form and dried with st<
hett. To make the crayons of uniform si
stance, the paste may be placed in a cylinder,
a hole at one end and a piston at the other (
a bny's popgun), the "wormy" pieces that
through are then cut into proper lengths
dried.

COLLODION PROCESS.— This prtscess
one that generally gives more pleasure lo
amateur and his friends than any other,
first thing requisite is gun cotton: lomake whr
proceed as follows :-— Take half an ounce of*
nitrate of potass (saltpetre), and three q
ait ounce of strong sulphuric acid (oil 0
mix in a glass or [xircelain cup; then adi
grains of dry cotton wool, and stir the w]
with a glass rod for about five minutes ; 1
the cotton, and wash it well in four or
waters, (common water will do); when
washed, dry it carefully, Vou thus
cotton. About ten grains of this is
about three ounces of sulphuric ctheri to'
is added about sixty drops of alcohol,
lution is called collodion.
When collodion is poured on a clean

TWfi

glass, it almost instantly hardens into a
ml transparent and very tcnacio'iS

plate

film

taking advantage of this property, wcincoi
with it a certain amount of a sensitis-c ult
silver, which, on being exposed in the camera'
the same manner as paper, produces a 1
beautiful picture in a space of lime varying I
the fraction of a second up to ten or fificct
conds; and this is gencmlly accompanied wit
the most perfect detail of all the parts.
There are so-eral formulas for the pi
of this useful substance; but we shall only
one. as more would confuse the amateur, and
have always found the following very certain :-
Dissolve twenty grains of gan cotton in s
ounces of ether, to which add three quarters
an ounce of alcohol. If the cotton does not «
tirely dissolve, allow it to remain for a she
time, and pour the clean part off for use. Keep
this solution in a bottle, and call it I. To one
ounce of alcohol ^spirits of wine), add a$ much

PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE FINE ARTS,

*75

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{odidc of ammonium as it will dissolve ; then add
as much iodide of silver (made from the oitnle
of silver and iodide of potassium), as the solution
will take up; keep this in another bottle, >nd
call it z. Procure another bottle with a wide
inoulh, and pour into it one ounce of collodion
out of I ; to which add 15 ur 20 drops from 3.
The collodion thus formed is called coilodio-iodidc
of silver.

Having well washed and cleaned a pbte of
gla&S of the same size as the frame in your
camera, coat it on one side evenly^ and without
hurry, by passing the collodion on the center
from the battle; jiour back any excess of liauid
from one comer, and llicn draw the muutfi of
the bottle along the under edge of the ginss, un<
til you come to the other corner of llic plate. In
tliis way you cause the collodion to cover the
plate in an even manner.

To cxate the plate thus loaded with collodion
for the camera, proceed as follows: — In a
trough or baih made of gulta pcrcha, glass, or
porcelain, large enough to hold the plate, make
a mixture in the following proportions : distilled
-water, 1 oz.; nitrate of silver, 20 grains; alcohol,
jodrops; ttis,solvc and filter, (if the bath contain
^six or eight ounces you of course increase the
quantity of each six or eight times;) yon then
carefully and quickly plunge the coated plate of
class into thenath, and aiter lifting it up and
down two or three times, allow it to remain
covrrrd by the solution for about two minutes.

To do this nc.iily. get a ilrip of glass two or
three inches longer than the plate, and about two
inches wide ; cut off about a quarter of an inch
from one end and cement it on the front of the
end from which you took it; you thus obtain a
dipper on which the plate rests, and by holding
ihe other end of the plate, it can l>c easily plunged
in the bath. Vou then place the pute in the
frame, and the frame in the camera, (having
prcviouO V obtained a good focus ; ) and by pulling
out the *ilide in front of the plate, you expose for
a space of time varying from one to fifteen se-
conds. We cannot give any rule for the exact
le-ngth of lime, as it JeiMrnds on the color of the
object, the amount of light shining on it, the
quality of tliat light, and the amount of light
which the object rcflecu, etc., a knowledge of
all which must l)C obtained by practice.

Having closed your slide, you carry the frame
into the (lark room, and, takingout theplate.devcl-
op the picture in the following manner : — Make
a solution consisting of distilled water, 4 ozs.;
pTrogaUic add, 5 grains ; strongest acetic acid,
60 mmims; dissolve and filter. In applying this
solution, hold the plate perfectly level, the col-
kkdion hide upward<t. and pour enough of it on
the plate to cover it; in a very short time the
lecture will be developed. Wash it with water,
and pour over it some of the solution of hypo-
■ sulphate of soda» made thus: water, I pint, hypo-
sulphate ol vxla, 4 oxs. Allow it to remain one
or two minutes ; and after thoroughly washing tt
alt off again, your '•negative'* collodion picture
is finishcfi.

COLLODION, Photogmpku.^VMXc alcohol,
10 Ola.; pure ether, 20 ws.; pre|Mred cutlon,
300 grs. Pour the alcohol into a 40 ot. glass
bottle, add the cotton, and shake until the cotton
is thoroughly wctlcfl ; then add the ether, shake
well and set away in a cool, dark place for sev-
eral weeks to settle. In very warm weather in-

crease the proportion of alcohol byaddition a day
before use or at time of iodizing.

COLLODION, n /a//*^.— Plain collodion,
3 ozs.; iodiung solution, 1 o£. Mix and set
away in a dark, cool place 12 hours before
using.

Any of the ordinary iodides or bromides can
be suDStituted in the above formula.

COLLODIOALBUMEN PROCESS, Tan-
penots. — Cleaning the Glasses. This part of the
process must be conducted with care. — SrHsi-
tiztnx and IVaskin^^. Kmploy 2 nitrate baths In
thi.^ process, one for the collodion and the other
for ine second film, viz., the albumen. The fll>
bumen nitrate bath must contain free acetic acid,
and therefore if one solution be employed for both
films it should be a bath of accto-nitrate. Sens-
iticc the collodion in the ordinary way, hold-
ing it rather longer than usual before dipping.
Having ftrrangcd 2 dishes of common water,
side by side, by the plate face uppermost in the
first dish, and wave the water Ijackwards and
forwards for about 30 seconds. Then put the
plale into the second dish and leave it whdst an-
other glass is being coated and immersed in the
.sensiliiing bath. Now drain plate Xo. l closely
on blotting-paper, and it will be ready for the
iodized albumen. Plate N'o. 2 remains in the
sensitizing bath until the first glass has t>ecn
coated with albumen and placed to dry. — Pre'
paration of the Iniited Alhumm. Take of al-
bumen, 3 ozs,; distilled water, I 01.; strong am-
monia, 10 minims ; iodide of potassium, lO gr^.;
bromide of ammonium, 10 grs. First mix the
ammonia and the water, then add the other in-
gredients and shake together in a bottle. Iodide
of ammonium may be atlvanlageously used. — 7*
Apply the Albumen. For a stereoscopic sixc,
measure out I dr. of the albumen and pour it on
and off twice to disphice the surface water of (he
washeti collodion film. Tlien apply a second quan-
tity. Stand the albuminized plates verlicaJly on
bloltingpapertodrainanddrv. — The Aeetc^-nitrntt
Bath, Take an ordinary collodion negative haih
and add to each fluid ounce 30 minims of glacial
acetic acid, keep it in glass or gutta percha and
continue to use it until it has become blackened
by the action of the albumen. The film (»f al-
bumen must be rendered quite dry by holding it
to the fire before it is dipped in the aceto-nitrate
bath. Leavx them in the balh any time bel^vcen
30 seconds and 3 minutes, and then remove the
wash with water. Use two dishes f^,r washing
and allow 30 or 30 seconds in each dish; tlicn
rear up again to drv, and the plates will l>e ready
for exposure. .Artificial heat may be used with
advantage. The luosi successful operators in Tau-
penot*s process give a very long exposure. —
Omelopment. Prepare a satnrateil solution of
gallit. acid in distilled water, adding 4 grs. to
each oz. Filter ihi* developer ihrougli pajier.
The solution of nitrate of silver for use with
the gallic acid may be made of the strength of
20 grs. to the onnce. .\dd 15 minims to I 02. of
gallic acid solution. Previous to the application
of the developer the surface of the film musll>c
moislcnctl with waler. From half an hour to an
hour must be allowed for the full develo|»ment
with gallic Acit). Fix with a satnrate<l solution of
hypos id philr.

D ErE LOPE RS,— Far iKtiAtt'm : I. Puresul-
phate of iron, 150 grs.; glncial acetic acid, 6 fl.
drs.; water. 10 ois.; nitric acid, 2 minims. Ui^

lii

376

DICTIONARY OF EVERYDA Y WANTS,

solve Uic sulphate of iron in the water, and odd
the acetic and nitric acid and cork liehtjy.

2. Sulphate of iron, 480^1^.; nitrate of baryta,
320 grs.; alcohol. 1 oz.; nitric acid> w nunims;
walcr« 10 0£S. Powder the nitrate of b.'xryta and
dissolve in the water warmed; when dissolved,
ttdd the powdered sulphate of iron, stirring for a
few minutes ; filter, and when the liouid becomes
cold, add the nitric nctd and alcohol separately.
Bottle and cork liglilly.

For negatives; I. Pyrognllic acid, ID grs.; gla-
cial acetic acid, 3 drs.; distilled water, 10 ort.
Dissolve the pyrogallicacid in the water, odd the
glacial acetic acid, cork lightly.

2. Sulphate of iron and ammonium, S oxs., or
sulphate of iron, i'^ 02.; glacial acetic acid, %
oz., or acetic acid No. S, \% oz.; alcohol, y^ oz.;
dihiillcd water, 10 ozs. Add to the disiillcil
water in the order indicated, the iron-salt to be
first dissolved. In wann weather this developer
requires dilution, and mnst be washed from the
plate the instant the details appear.

DEVELOPER, Fyro^aliic Acid,— Y<iT\y^s.
of pyrogallic acid t>cing dissolved in i oz. of gla-
cial acetic add, and 20 minims added to l oz. of
water when required for use. TTie strong solu-
tion becomes black from decomposition m the
coarse of a few weeks, but when diluted it ha^
only a faint yellow tint, and is tolerably cfTectivc
in bringing out the image. In place of acetic
acid strong alcohol may be used as a solvent, %
a dr. of pyrogallic acid being dissolved in 1 or. of
spirit, and 20 minims of the resulting liquid
added to each oz. of acidified water. No attempt
must be made, however, to combine acetic aad
and spirit in one solution, since abundance of
acetic ether would be generated by so doing.
These plans of preparingaconcentratcii developer
ftre useful for a few weeks* keeping, but are not
recommended for an unlimited time.

DEVELOPER, CmtentraUd /rtw. — Mr.
Edwards has found that the addition of a small
quantity of copper to the iron developer hastens
action, secures immunity from fngging, and
brings out the finest details without impairing
the contrast of shadows. He prepares a stock
solution as follows : Protosulphate of iron, i
pound; double salt of iron and xtmmonia, i
pound; sulphate of copper, I ounce; water. 40
ounces, or enough to make a saturated solution.
When required for use, take one ounce of the
stock solution, dilute with 16 ounces of water,
and add an ounce each of acetic acid and alcohol,
but their proportions may be varied to suit the
requirements of temperature and the special
class ot work.

There arc advantages in having a stock bottle
ready to be diluted and mixed when about to be
u^ed, and for the tourist who employs the
wet process, it is an invaluable method of work-
ing, as it is very portable, and can be modified
by the addition of one or another solution, lo
suit the character of llie work. A little nitrate
of silver solution can be used as an intcnsificr, if
required.

DRAIVIXG, Oii>v«.— Drawing in crayon
will be found much more convenient than in oil
or u-alcr colors, as yoj arc spared the dclny of
waiting for them to dry. Crayon materials or
pastels arc put up in boxes of necessary tints for
portraits or landscapes, and, by blending, every
shade and color can be obtained as in oil palnt-
ing. The pupil qu purchase prepared paper or

shades

board. A good pftoer for portraiture is pc
paper. Your skelen should be made as m jxi
ciltng, and then proceed to the shading. For
head, we consider the drapery and groundwc
— and here allow me toaavi<«c all to study
cilmg before attempting crayons : also, to
by painting easy things.

tne (ucture being arnwn. proceed to ^ in tl
background. Let the tints be \-aricd, if in %\
colored crayon, according to the ideal or originals'
from which you arc designing it. fox ex.TmiiIc«
if the lights m your picture are on the right sid^
the darkest shade in the groundwork must
placed on the right, and vice versa. Sec
the background be smooth, the dark
rich brown or green, and the light of gnyfj
French blue, etc. Then — f

I. Paint the dark shades with bhidc crayoiv
and rub it in with a soft cork, lliecork penalt
ready prepared are best for that purpose, or rub-
bers of soft leather will answer.

3. Put in the tight clear shades as thry beloD|^|
with the soft and medium crayons, usiag carftj
in blending to avoid a dingy and dirty appear-
ance.

^. Lay on the brown and other colors.
it IS necessary to put bro**n over blade, do
rub the two together ; use your finger, as well
the cork.

4. In finishing the oicture use hard craj
laying on in lines, and blend with cork.

Having a variety of colors for other stvl<
painting, you can use your judgment in seiec
from your boxes. You must nave a box of:
and a box of hard crayons to obtain what
need. Try your colors first on a piece <4
paper.

Do not expect it will be right by laying c
colors, once. You must work line over "
many times and carefully. Do not soil your
lure in the delicate parts. In addition to
colors in boxes, furnish yoursell with black
white crayons of differeni tones, and a supply
dry cnrminc. We prefer the lump to the pin»Lil*(
French blue is much used to produce dear lighls*.
The paper must be some avaihiblc tint, at it«'
color appears through almost all portions of the
work. A low-toned olive tint has been fou '
very desirable. Have your paper an inch
two longer than the proposed picture; si
the design lightly wth olock crayon No, i. mafc-l
ing sky and brood tints with the flat surface
broken pieces of crayon ( I and 3) rubbed in witli '
the finger. The br«ulths of the nearer and T^;-
motc distances are put in with broken pieces
blended together. Mountains, trcesy etc, artfi
drawn in with black crajron, then tinted ani||
glazed with colored crayon.

DRAWING {Cray<m% Mfitlr vf Firing k
hv steam, — Get a tin vessel with a tight-fitling^
lid, and a pipe projecting from the side, havintf)
a head periorated with holes. Into this vcs.*elJ

Sut two ounces of the strongest alcohol and IwOi
rachms of powdered sugar -candy. Boil it ovrtj
a spirit lamp. Direct the steam to the back of'
vour picture, until the papers and colors are per-
fectly saturated.

DRA IV/NGS, (Pfttat) Tq Prf$erv^.—%. Best
alcohol, two ounces ; crimphor, four grains ; after
dissolved, to be applied, if on ordinary drawing
paper, to the back ; if on Bristol boards, coal it
rapidly on the drawing side ; then hang aj> lu dry.
— 2> Wash over the penciled surface very

yoi

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PffOTOGRAPHY AKD TNE FINE ARTS.

■77

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foll> with milk, from which the entire fatty parts
or cream hax been removed* and dry in the opcii
air on blotting- nape r. Water in which has been
dtssolred a little isinglass will answer the SAinc
pnrpoM. — 3. Prepare a solution in moderate
atrcnglh of bleached shellac in alcohol, waiih
orer the back of the sheet of p>P^ with this,
and the drawing on the front will become fixed.
In this way, as will be understood, there is no
risk of smearing ihc lines of the drawing.

DRAii^'JA'GS, SttnfU method of Cofying.—
Silverctl albumen pa]«rr, after being wasncd, may
be conveniently u^ed for copying negatives as
VfvXi as positives. It keeps for weeks, and be-
comes sensitive to light only after exposure to
tbc raijors of aqita ammonia, technically termcil
•'smoking; with ammonia." Dr. H. Vogel has
greatly simplified the latter process by substitu-
ting far the liquid ammonia the ixiwcler of car-
bonate of ammonia. He ilitiroughly impregnates
a piece of felt or cloth with this powder, and lay$
U under the silvered sheet, separateit from it by
a piece of blotting-paper. The negative is plac-
ed on the top, and the l>ack covered, and the
whole is ready for the copying frame. One im-
pregnntion with the carbonate of ammonia serves
fat several copies. So very simple is the opera-
lion that Dr. Vogel h.is made use of it in public
libraries for copying complicated drawings. He
places the silvered iKipcr, with the suli<«tratum of
carbonate of ammonia and the drawing on top,
between two nUtes of gln^K, and, exposing it In
the Ught of tne window, obtains a copy quite
distinct in all its det.iils, while he himself may lie
occupied with reading or otheru-ise. The copy
obtAined is, of course, in white lines upon black
ground. Such photographs merely require to be
treated with so<ia when intended for Inngprcscr-
Tolion. They are generally, however, not de-
signed to lie kept a great while.

EXORAl'/XG hy PHOTOGRAPHY.—
The photographic picture is taken upon sensitized
class just OS m the ordinary carte-de-visite, pro-
ducing a negative from which any number of po>
sitivcs may be taken. The picture may be a
pOTtrait, a landscape, a group of sculpture, an
architcaural facade, or what not — anything, pro-
1-ided it assumes the form of a glass negative.
The positives obtained from this are not upon
sensiri/cd paper, but upon a thin film of gelatine,
combined with bichromate of ammonia. When
light has been allowed to pass for a sufficient
length of time through the negative to the posi-
tive, it shows its action in a peculiar way on the
film: wherever the light is the strongest (as in
the high lights of the picture), the film is render-
ed insoUiblc; wherever it is tlic weakest (as in
the shadows), the film remtiins easily soluble;
wherever il is intermediate (as in the naif tints),
the gelatine becomes partially soluble. It is the
bichromate of ammonia that renders the gelatine
susceptible to these peculiar varieties of effect.
Vc may add that the electric light now furnish-
es a wonderful aid in taking the positive, render-
ing the photographer independent of times and

A ' - ***

days.

Wc have. then, a positive picture, taken upon
a film of gelatine containing bichromate of nm-
ncmia. Inis film V>cing next placed in warm
water, the suli^iitoce dissolves away in the un-
Cfoal degree just imimalcd; it l>e«tmes thinner
^ Ibe |«ns least acted on b]r the light ; the parts

day and night, uright days and dtill

most acted on are scarcely dissolved at all : while

the medium degrees of action produce medium
degrees of dissolving or thinning. What is tlic
total result ? The film h.is become a sort of bas-
relief ; there is a picture of raised parts and de-
pressed parts, owing to variations in the thick-
ness of the film; and these variations are so
beautifully graduated as to produce all the tints
and half tints from high lignls to deep shadotvs.
The pressure, which next ensues, is not the
least curious part of the operation. It seems
scarcely concen-able that a thin film of gelatine
Hill act as a mold to iroprei,s its inerjualities upon
a plate of metal ; yet such it certainly does. A
btNiutifully smooth metal sheet is pre^iared, con-
sisting of lend alloyed with a liirle antimony; the
alloy LS nearly (but not quite) the same as stereo-
ly]>c metal; it has a nicely dclermincd degree of
hardness (or softness, whichever we like to call
il), settled after a number of experimental trials.
The gelatine film is placed upon the lead plate,
and the two between two steel plates, the group
is placed in a hydraulic press, where an intense
pressure is brought to l>car upon it. This pres-
sure amounts to as much as forty tons, even for
a small picture, and rises to two hundred Ions
(nearly naif a million pounds) when the dimen-
sions arc large. We might suppose that this
overwhelming force would crush the delicate
fdm into undistinguishablc fragments. Nothing
of the kind. The protuberances or raised ports

f)res$ themselves bodily into the surface of the
ead, producing a sunken or intaglio effect in all
the places where the film presents a raised or
cameo eflect, and vice versa. It is wonderful to
see how perfect is this action upon the plate, the
picture appearing almost as if the graver had pro-
duced it, •\nd it is scarcely less wonderful that
the thin film of gelatine will l)car twenty or thirty
of these pressures, transferring its picture to
twenty or thirty plates before being worn
out.

lastly comes the printing. If the lead plate
were inked in the ordinary way with inking-
rollers, and passed through an ordinary printing-
press, the print obtained would consist simply of
masses of black and white, without any grada-
tions or half tints whatever; this would result
naturally from the peculiar mode in which the
plate is prepared. An ink or color, however, is
got reatfy, consisting of water and gelatine mix-
ed with some kind of pigment or jiaint. This
ink, instead of being lightly applied by means of
a roller, is poured as a liquid all over the plate;
a sheet of paper is placed upon it ; a light pres-
sure is applied, suntcient to squeeze out nil the
superfluous ink; and the pa{>er is allowed thus
to remain until the gelatine in the ink h.ns "iet,"
or slightly solidified. The print, when removed,
is dipped in a fixing bath, which renders the ink
permanent

ENGRA VTNGS, CffaniMg anj Prrifrtvfum
of. —-In commencing to restore an engraving,
some attention must be given to the kind of in-
jury it has suffered. A general brown color more
or less deep, resulting from atmospheric action
only, is the least possible change. Spots and
stains, caused by ink. colored fluids, oil or insects,
must he first treated, and all {wncil marks removed
liy India-rubber or bread crumbs. A fluid acid,
obtained by dissolving I or. of ciy^lals of oxalic
acid in i^pt. of warm water, may be used for ap-
plication to all slams, and the paper sfaoiild be

■bl

878

DICTION AR\ OF E VERY-DA Y IVA NTS.

wet witli it thoroughly where spots of any kind
exist

Kxccpting in a few cases, thi* acid will not
ciusc tnc removal of stains immediately. Imt
generally it combines with the bases of them,
and Ihev are removed by subsequent steps; the
Ihoruugii wetting should be done a few hours
before proceeding to clean the engraving. The
engraving should l>e ])laced in a sliallow tub or
other ves5c1, and allowed to rest upon a piece of
open cotton stuff, or millinet. lliis nulcrial of
suitable dimensions, should have 2 rods or sticks
sewn to opposite edges. These sticks will hang
over the siaes of the vessel, and permit the prints
to be withdrawn or moved without any risk o(
injury, and they should remain in soak with
warm or cold water for 13 or 24 hours. When
the prints no longer discolor the water on being
ngiutcd, the fluid should be withdrawn, and
enough clean water added to cover them. Half
a pound of chloride of lime should be made into
a paste with cold water, and stirred up with 2
qls. of water, and alloweti to settle for 6 hours.
Part of the clear solution should be added to the
bath till the smell of chlorine is perceived, and
the prints should be moved to ucllitate the ac-
tion. In very bad cases, t ox. of muriatic acid
mixed with a pint of water may be added, and
when the bleaching is cflcctoil the prints should
be well washed with fresh water and slowly dried.

ETCHING. — A method of engraving on
plaies with acids, which are poured into lines
ilrawn on the plnle, covered with a wax ground.
The pUte is warmed, the ground isappUcd, and
distributed evenly by heat, and when cool, a
bodkin, etc., is used to engrave, by removing the
wax, so as to expose the plate in ^ine5 suite<l to
the skctclu The acid is then applied to bite away
the exposed portion of the plate ; it is prevented
from acting elsewhere by the untouched wax, and
when it has acted sufficicnlly the wax is rcmove<l
and the sketch prinlc<l {uin\. -^Etching CrounJ,

— Melt in a glazed cartlicn vessel 2 01. of jiow-
dered asphaltum, then add 1 uz. of ISurgundy
pitch; melt, and add i*^ oz. of virgin wax; mix
well, pour into warm water and incorporate the
whole with the hands.— Transparent Etching
CrvunJ. — Resin, I 02., virgin wax, 2 02.; melt
in an earthen pipkin. Or turpentine varnish
mixed with a small quantity of oxide of bismutli.

— Berdcring Wax, — Burgundy pilch, X Ibs.^
bees'- wax, I lb. ; melt, and add )% pint of sweet
oil. Pour it into water and work it with the
hands. — Etching Fluid fat Copper, — I. Nitrous
acid, I part, water, 5 parts ; mix gradually, and
add the size of a hazel nut of sal ammoniac to
each pint. — 2. Verdigris, aluni, sea salt, and sa!
ajnniouiac, of each i part, vinegar, 2 parts; di<>-
solvc, add water, 4 parts, boil a minute, and
cool. — 3. Iodine, 2 parts, iodide of ^tassium,
5 pans, water, 8 parts. — Etching Flmd for Suel.

— I. Pyroligncous acid and nitric acid, each 1
part, water, 6 parts. — 2. Iodine, i 02., iron filings,
% drachm, water, 40Z.; digest until (UssolvecL
— 3. Hydrochloric acid, 10 parts, distilled water,
70 parts, chlorate of jratash, 2 parts. Dissolve
the chlorate in the water, and add the acid. Di-
luted with water for use to the strength required.

FADED PHOTOGRAPHS, 'Jo Rfproduce.
— The pictures are, in the first place, thoroughly
impregnated with wax, care being taken to re-
move all excess by hot ironing, suliseijucntly
rubbing the surface with a tuft of cotton. This

operation itself deepens the contrasts of the
ture, and brings out many minnr details prei
ously invisible, the yellowish-whites Inring rci
dercd more transparent, white the half tones
shadows retain tlicir brown, oj^taque charactt
lliis picture, thus prepared, is then used
negative, aqd employed for printing ia tbc usi
way.

GLASS, Clfaning for a Pkatfigmpk. — tm^l
merse for several hours in a strong solutioQ
common washing soda, rinse, and rub with aIoa*j]
hoi and Joseph paper. Kurz varies from this
little. After tlie soda bath, he puU the el
into a nitric acid and water, equal ports, toe
hours. Then wa*^h under tap, and rub with
sponge, rinse, and coat with fillered
(white of one egg to 24 ounces of water, w^'j
beaten).

GLASS, T0 Euh upon. — Procure scv«
thick, clear pieces of crown glass, and immcrMli
them in melted wax, so that euch may receive:
complete coating, or pour over them a soluti
of wax in benzine. When iwrfectly cold
on them, with a fine steel point, flowers, ti
houses, portraits, etc Whatever parts of
drauing are intended to be corroacd with tht^

acid should be perfectly free firom Oie least ,

tide of wax. When all these drawings are fini.slki1
ed the pieces of glass must be immersed one byj
one in a square leaden box or receiver, w*
they are to oc submitted to the action of hj
fluoric add gas, made by acting on noi
fluor-spar l>y concentrated sulphuric acid.

When the glasses are sufliciently corroded ihi
are to be taken out, .ind the wax is to be rcmoi
by first dipping them in warm and Uien in
water, or by washing with turpentine orlienzi
Various colors may l)c applied to the
parts of the glass, whereby a very fine pointii
may be executed. In the same manner sent
ana initials of names may l>e ctdied ixx
glasses, tumblers, etc.

LEAF, To taif Impreisittm of. — Hold <»!(
|Ki]>cr in the smoke of a lamp or of pitch, ux
It Itecomes coated with the smoke ; to this yj\
apply the leaf of which you wish an imprcssi
having prewously warmed it between your
that it may be pliable. Place the lower sui
of the leal upon the blackened surface of the
paper, that the numerous veins that are so
minent on this sirlc may receive from the paj
a (tortton of the smoke. Lay a paper over
leaf, and then press it gendy upon the um
pai>er, with the fingers or with a small re
(covcrctl with woolen cloth, or some like
material), so that every part of the leaf may
in contact with the sooted oil-paper. A
of the smoke will adhere to the leaf. Then
move the leaf carefully, and place the blackcne
surface on a sheet of white paper, not ruled,
in a book prepared for the purpose, covering
leaf with a clean slip of pai>er, aiid pressing
it with the fingers, or roller, as before,
may be obtained the impression of a leaf, show-
ing the perfect outlines, together with an accurate
exhibition of the veins which extend in cvcrv di>
rection through it, more correctly than the finest
drawing. And this process is so simple, and the
materials so ea^ily obtained, that any prrsoa,
with a little pr.ictice to enable him to' apply
right quantity of smoke to the oil-paper, and g
the leal a proper pressure, can prepare bcauii
leaf impressions, such as a naturalist wouldbe"

PHOTOGFAPUY AND THE FISE ARTS.

I

I

proud, to possess. There is Another, and we
tlunk a tK:ttcr method of taking )cnl imnrc&Ktons,
than the preceding one. The only dinercnce in
the ]>rocc!i9i consi:.u in the use of printing ink,
instcmd of smuked otl-juper.

L,EAF, 'Jo make a Fac-simiU in C0pptr.—
This hcftutiful experiment can l>c performed by
any )>ersan in possession of a common grUvonic
battery. The process is as follows : — Soften a
piece of gutta pcrcha over a candle, or l>cfore a
nrc : knead it with the moist fingers upon a table,
until ll\c surface is perfectly smooth, and large
enough to cover the leaf to be copied; lay the
leaf fut upon the surface, and press every part
well into the gutta percho. In about five min-
utei the leaf maybe remove*!, when if the opera-
tion has been carefully performed a perfect im-
pression of the leaf will be maJc on the gutta
percha. This must now be attached to the wire
in connection with the zinc end of the battery
(which can easily be dune by healing the end of
the wire, and pressing it into the gutta percha),
dustefl well over with the best black lead, with a
camel's hair brush — the object of which is to render
it a conductor of electricity— <ind then completely
immersed in asaturatcej dilution of sulphate ofcop-
per. A piece oi copper attached to the wire m con-
nection with the copper end of the battery, must
also be inserted into the copper solution, facing
the gutla percha but not touching it; this not
only acts as a conductor to the electricity, but
also maintains the solution of copper of a per.
manent strength. In a short time, the copper
will be found to creep over the whole surface of
the gutta percha, and in about twenty-four hours
a thick deposit nf copper will 1)c obtaincil, which
may then be detached from the mould. The ac<
curacy with which a leaf may thus be cast is
tmly surprising. [ have in my possession a cost
of a hazci-lcaf made by the process, which no-
body would take to be a production of art; every
fibre and nerve, in fact, Ine minutest part, is de-
lineated with the utmost fidelity.

LF.AF I'/C/.VnXG.—\h^T warming the
leaf l>etwecn the hands, apply printing ink, by
means of a small leather hall afntnining cation^
or some soft substance, or with the end of the
finger. The leather hall (and the finger when
vscd for that purpose), after the ink is applied to
it, should be pressed several times on a piece of
iMthcr or some smooth surface, before each ap-
plication tothe leaf, that the ink may l>e smoothly
and evenly applied. After the unHer surface of
tile leaf has been sufficiently inked, apply it to
the paper, where you wish tae impression ; and,
titer covering it with a slip of paper, use the
hand or roller to press upon it, as described in
the former process,

UntOGRAPHlC PAPER. — t. Starch 6
or.; ^m arabic 2 or..; alom 1 ox.; make a strong
solution of each separately, in hot water, mix,
and apply it while still warm to one side of
leave* of^ paper, with a dean painting- brush.
When dry, a second and a third coat may lie
pvcn ; lastly, press it, to make it smooth. — a.
Give the paper three coats of (hin si/e, one coat
of good white starch, and one coat of a solution
of gamboge in water ; the whole to be applictl
wiln a sponge, and each coal to be allowed to
dry before the other is applied. The whole of
the solutions should l>e fre»h made.

Lithographic paper is used to write on with
lithographic ink. The writing may be trxos*

ferred by simply moistening the hack of the
paper, and eveidy pressing it on the stone, when
a reversed copy is obLiinc^l, which may l>e used
to print from, and will yield corrected copies,
resembling the ori[;ina1 writing or drawing.

J.IT/fOGR.iPky.—TYK^c arc two modes of
lithography in general use. For the one a draw-
ing is ^ade on the lithographic stone, with a
lithographic crayon, or with lithographic ink.
and when the design is dry, avcr^ weak solution
of oil of vitriol, or muriatic acid, i<; poured upon
the stone, which acts by removing the alkali from
the chalk or ink used to draw the design, and
thus leaves them in a permanent and insoluble
form. The acid also removes a very small por-
tion of the surface of the stone occupied by tlie
lights of the drawing, and renders it more ab-
sorbent. In the other method, (he ilcsign is
made onllthographic paper, (see the last article,)
whidi paper, on being moistened, laid on the
stone, and passed through the press, leaves its
design on tne stone, which is then acted on by
acid as before described. To print from stones
so pre|)ared, water is thrown on them, and the
roller, charged with ])rinting ink, passed over
them, when the paper is anpTied, and a copy is
obtained by the action of tne press, llie same
process must be had recourse to for e.och copy.
fhe nature of the stone is such that it retains
with great tenacity the resinous and oily sul>-
stances contained in the ink or crayon employed
to form (he design, and also absorbs water
freely ; this, combine<l with the ]>eculiar affin-
ity between resinous and oily substances, and
their mutual power of repelling water, occasions
the ink on the printing roller to adhere to the
design, or resinous portion, and to leave untouch-
ed the lights or watered parts of the stnnc. The
stones arc prepared by jiolishing in the ordinary
way; the style of work for which they are in-
tended determining the degree of labor bestowed
upon them. For crayon drawings, the surface
should have a fine grain, but the finish of the
stone must depend upon the desired softness of
the intendttl drawing ; for writing or drawing on
in ink, (he surface must receive a higher polish,
and must be finished off with pumice stone and
w.-vter. The best lithographic stones are obtain-
ed from Sotenhofcn, near Munich, and from
I'appenheim, on the banks of the Danul>e. The
white lias which lies immediately under the blue,
near Hath, also yields good lithographic stones.

AfACJC PHOTOGRAPHS, To Makt.-^
Take, in the first place, an ordinary print— a
card-picture, for instance — on albumen l^apcr,
beneath the negative in the usual way, and, when
sufficiently printed, let it Iw carefully waahftl in
the dark room, so as to remove all the free ni-
trate of silver, etc Now immerse it in the fol-
lowing solution, also in the dark room : saturated
solution bichloride of mercury (corrosive subli-
mate), one ounce ; hytlrochlonc acid, one drachm.
The saturated solution is previously prepared by
putting into water more bichloride of mercury
than it will dissolve by shaking in about twelve
hours.

The print will gradually be bleached in this
liquid, in the ordinary meaning of the word-
that is, it will disappear; but the fact is the pnnt
is still there — \\\ color alone ischangeil. a double
salt having lieen formed of mercury and sdver,
which is white, as many of our readers, who
have been in the habit of intcnsifjing with a

mercurial salt, are aware. As won ai the print
bas quite diuppearcd. the paper is thoroughly
hashed and (uried in the dark room ; it is alto
1 prrnerved between folds o( oran^-colored paper,
in order to keep il from the action of light, for
the surface is still in some measure sensitive Co
light.

The bleaching; of the print — that is, its con-
version into a while salt — 1& effected more quick-
ly by keeping it in motion in the mercurial solu-
tion.

As we said before, the print has not been
bleached in reality — the substance which origin-
allv formcil it h still there, together with a new
'^Substancc, a salt of mercury, liut the two salts
of silver and mercury may be easily brought out
and matic visible liy several solutions, such as
sulphide of ammonium, solution of hydrosul-
phuric acid ; in fact, any of the soluble sulphides,
ammonia an«1 hyi>osulphite of soda. The latter
ialt is used in preference to tlte others. Snull
pieces of blutting-|Miper, therefore, of the sanxe
fii/e as tlic prints, arc cut out and stee^ied in a
saturated solution of hyposulphite of soda, and
then dried.

The magic photographs are packed, as before
stated, between foUU of orange -colored paper ;
the pa[ier5 dipped inhynosulplute of soda arc the
developers, and may be packed between two
sheets of common wriling-papcr. The develop-
ment of the image is effected in the following
manner: jilaoe tlie albumen }>apcr whicli contains
the whitened print on a i>nne of glass, print side
upward; on tnis lay the dry piece of olotting-
papcr that has been previously dipped in hypo-
sulphite of soda. Moi.sten the latter thoroughly,
then place over it a pane of glairs A"^ upon this
a weight, to bring the two pieces of paper into
intimate contact. In a very slKwt time the pic-
ture will appear in all its original detail, and of a
sepia tcine.

MICKOSCOP/C PHOTOGRAPHY. —
There are two kinds of so*callcd microscopic
photographs. The first arc small photographs of
large objects, to be examined wiln a magnifying
floss, or even with a microscope, Tlicse arc
chiefly made as a curiosity and for amusement,
but occasionally for a u&cful pLir(x»&e. In pre-
paring micromctric scales, for instance, a very
small photograph of a large measure is mode to
be used with either the microscope, spectroscope,
solar or hydro-oxygen microscope, or magic-
lanlern. It is one of ihr most indispensable tools
of the invesligator. Such microscopic photo-
graphs may be either made by a common photo-
graphic camera by providiiig the tube between
the lenses with a ciaphragm with very small
l^)e^ture, in order to have a i>crfcctly sharp im-
age, and plaaag the object to be photographed
at a very great distance; <»r the photograph may
be made with a common microscope, l>y inclos-
ing the stage (which carries the object to be
examined) m a box which excludes all bcht ex-
cept that which falls through the tube. If, then,
in front of the tul)c, which may be cither in ver-
tical or horizontal position, a wcll-illurainat^
object is place<l. the microscope lenses will throw
a very small image of it on the stage, in the same
way as the lenses of a photographer's earner
throw a large image on tne ^ound glass. The
oi>eration olproducing the picture is exactly the
same as in common photographs, except that ex*
traordinary care is required for the perfect pro-

duction of such small images, in which a aiagle
groin of dust is suffiaent to ruin the whole.

Use ha.4 been made of this incan«, in time of
war, to carry microscopic maps of forlificatioiu,
etc, inclosed in a watchcasc, or even in a rice,
which by their minuteness escaped dctectioa un-
der.lite most scrutinmng scarcli.

The second and much more imprjrtant kind of
microscopic photographs, whicV - - > -t -^escribe
in greater detail, are tlic eolai - ^pbs of

microscopic objects. 'ITicy c . ^ -hI

by a common photographer's camera, ojid
quire eillker a microscope or a )ihotograj»luc
mera especially mode for the purpose.

First there is rcquirc<l a conunon compound
microscope placed in a horizon'^' .....i..^^ -jijg
end of the tube which comroo; heeyc-

ftiece is inserted in a photogra, -fa-box,

rom which the tube and lenses ha%'c been re-
moved. The tube of the micro&cojx: i.^ provided
with a diaphragm, which exclude?, all lii;ht from
the lx)x, except that which enters through the
microscofic lenses. The object to be photo-
graphed is held in place on the stage wiui pro-
perly applied small springs.

Kor the illumination, an independent mirror,
diaphragm, lens, and blue plate gla>s, may be uud,
the latter for the purpose of excluding, duriBg
the adjustment of tne boxes, all led. ora[^,ana
yellow rays which do not coniribmr li. rTrming
the image. The focus found w ii

willbetter coincide with the chc • ^

alone makes the picture) than Liiat fuujid with
the full light. During the exposure for makiog
the picture the blue glass is rc-n - - ' - the tm^
orange, and yellow rayii iiitet. LdoBOt

interfere, even if the raicrosc<v . a.Jiro«»»-

tic, and the blue glass itself cin not possibly in*
crease the chemical action of the light, but on the
contrary absorbs some rays and rclar<U the ope-
ration, the opinion of certain pholugiajihers lo
the contrary notwithstanding.

The whulc system for illumination miry be
turned around an axis below, causing the light
not 10 fall through the microscope but obliquely
on the object, to tliat less li^it from the minur,
but roost from the small object near passes
through the microscope into the camera-box,
where the focusing is done by means of the
ground gbuss, and mis subsequently replaced by
tlic prepared sensitised surface in the usual man-
ner. The use of this oblique light is of the ut-
most importance, as well in common obscmi'
tions of very delicate structures by high power*
with the eye, as in the microscopic photography
of the same. Some objects are so exceedingly
thin, and the details arc so delicate, ibat thcv are
drowned in the flood of light, when the i!mmi-
nation throws the light directly thr <-s

of the whole microscope. The eye s :3

light; much more of the light, in *.i».t, iii^n uf
the object intci\ded to be seen. But when the
light is thrown obliquely on the object, so thai,
not the direct ray from tne reflecting mirrur, but
that coming from the illuminated W'jpct rra':hci
the eye, details arc seen, impossible i *i

in any other way. Also in photo; i

such oblique light, details may Ix- , '

which with direct light never cuul
at all. More th.in that even; \.\' \ i
ments details have been p!i
never have been seen by di
markings oo one of the so-caiicii oiuiumv, uk:

PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE F/.VE ARTS.

a8i

leurosigfna angtilalum, of which a common
licroscopt: sliuws no tr»ce, and which with a
raicroscope can only be seen by oblique
llamination as lines, or by stronger power as a
!>t of triple lines crossing one snolhcr at angles
sixty dcgrcis, with the highest powers of the
!st microscope appear to be hexagons, arranged
ms in a honejxomb, thu?. revealing that the hnes
*cen by lowcf magnifying [towers are but illusions,
produced by the regular arrangement of the hex-
gons. Tnese now are shown, bv means of
licroscopic pliologiaphy, to b« no hexagons at
II, but circular depressions, which give the illu-
ion of liexaroiis by their arrangement, in which
fcry circle la surrounded by .six others.
NA TURE FRlNTIiSG, Dresser's Process of.
-Tlic process is one by which images of foliage
r^uiy be taken by any who have leisure and choose
'.to devote an hour or two to ihc registration of
(the lieautiful forms of our leaves. Ihc process,
its simplicttv, commends il^elf ; and the results
ined arc of tKe most ch.irming character. 'l"he
rjenaa process of nature printing has achieved
iBucfa,and produced results of the most admirable
loracter; nut the process necessitates the use of
icd vegetable specimens, in order to the pro-
of the image. While this is at least no
;k in the case of ferns, and is perhaps
_ sn advantage, yet it strongly militates
WTttt the process in the case of many other
Its. In order to meet thisdifficuUy, Dr. Dres-
Iggestcd an "Impro\xd Nature Printing"
which he patented, in canjunciion with
.yon riayfair, in which impressions are la-
in from the living phntp ana which may be
ibstantinlly d«5cnl)ca as follows: A sheet of
Iscap writing-paper should be provided, a
indful of fine cotton-wool, a piece of muslin,
Of ranrelubesof common oil paint (according
to the color required), a little swecl-oil, and a
ity of smooth, soft, cartridge-paper, or bct-
" lie-paper. Having placed the sheet of
■paper while doubleo (the two thickness-
malcing it a little softer), on a smooth ublc,
e ffom the tube about as much oil-color
would cnver a shilling, and place this on one
)rncr of the sheet of foolscap; now form a "dab-
:r" by inclosing a quantity of the cotton-wool
two thicknesses of muUin, and tying it up so
to give it roundness of form. Talce up a por-
>n of the oil-p.T.int from the corner of the paper,
ilh the dflbber, and by dabbing give the central
irlion of the sheet of foolscap a coal of color,
ti^ dabbing may be continuctl for half an hour
more with advantage, laking a small quantity
lore color when the paper becomes dry; two or
t drops of sweet.od may now l>e abided to the
>r and distributed by the aid of the dabber,
le color is tluck, wbcu the paper will be fully
for use.

»per may be left for an hour or two after
^t ooatea with color without injuryj and,
I, this delay is favorable, for until the paper
)mes impregnated with oil, the results desired
not so favorable as ihcy become after ihc pa-
is more fully enriched with this matenal.
die the color is soaking into the paper, a num-
of leaves should be gathered which are per-
in form and free from dust ; and these can
fresh by placing them in an earthenware
bottom of which is covered with a damn
but it will be well to place a damp clotn
the ctfihce of the pan aUo. iielccting a

■y

woolly, hairy leaf, place it on ihc painted portion
of tlie i^hect of foolu:a)>, and dab il with liic dab-
ber till il acquires the color of the paint used;
this being done turn the leaf over and dab the
other side; now lift it from the }>aint paper by
the stalk, and place it with care between a folded
portion of the "plate" or "cartridge" paper, and
if the stalk of tnc leaf appears to lie in the way,
cut it ofi* with a pair of scissors ; now bring down
the upper portion of the folded piece of {uper
upon ilie leaf, and rub ilic paper externally with
the finger, or a soft rag, bringing the paper thus
in contact wilh every |>ortion oi me leaf. If the
pajwr is now opened, and the Icif removed, a
beautiful impression of both sides of the leaf will
be found remaining. In hkc manner, impres*
sions of any tolcral)ly flat leaves can be taken ;
but harsh leaves will i>e found most difficult, and
should hence be avoided by ihe beginner. While
the paper is yet rich in color, downy leaves should
be chosen ; but color may at any moment Ijc ad-
de<l, care being always taken to distribute the
paint evenly over the paper with the dabber be-
fore the latter is applied to the leaf, and the dab-
ber is always removed from the painted paper
till the color is exhausted, when the paper is
again replenished from the reserve in the corner.

A* the color on the pa|»cr becomes less and
kss in quantityp smoother leaves may be employ-
ed ; and when the paper seems to be. almost
wholly without paint, the smoothest leaves will
prove successful, for these require extremely
little color. Should the natural color of the leaf
l>e desired, it can be got by using j^iaint of the
color required ; but, in many cases, purely arti-
ficial lints produce the most pleasing and artistic
results ; thus, burnt sienna gives a very pleasing
red tint ; and of all colors this will be found to
work with the greatest ease.

Ily the process now descril»cd, the most beauti-
ful results can be gained; but the effect will he
better, if, when the impression is being rubbed
off, the leaf, together with the paper in which it
is inclosed, is jilaced on something soft, as half a
quire of blotting paper. Should the first attempt
not prove very satisfactory, a little experience
will be foun<l tu be all that is retjuired, and now
the most common leaf will be seen to have a
form of the most lovely character.

Collections of leaves of forest -trees will prove
of the deepest interest, or of all the species which
we have of any kind of plant ; thus, if the leaves
of the black, red, American, and gulden curranC
be printed together wilh that of the gooseberry,
oil of which Txrloiig to one botaiucal genus or
group, the variation or modification of the form
will oe seen to be of the deepest interest.

NEGATIVE, Fixing M<-.— Use a saturated
solution of hyposulpliate of soda. In some of
the galleries tney add i ounce of cyanide of potas-
sium to 4 quarts of the hypo solution.

NEGATIVE, An Auxi/iary.—Onc of the
nfhrcltics intrcxluced at a late con^xntion, was a
negative for producing a watered or grained cficct
over such parts of the print as may l>e desired.
The result is obtained by printing ior a few mo-
ments under a fixed position, anu then cliangio^
ever so little the position of the auxiliary negative*
Imitations of watered silk, also of grains ufuuod
can be readily obtained, and serve to give a oev
character to tne picture.

NEGA TIVEBA THS (0AO. Pttterunti^m tf,
—Worn out negative baths are tuually got rid of

I

I
I

«

SBI

DICTIONARY OF EVE RY-DAY~ WANTS,

by precipitating the silvcr» reducing to metAllic
state, fusing, and ngnin dissolving. This is a
process so long and complicated that most photo-
graphers shun to make it, and pour their old
baths into the gcncrni receptacle for slops, to be
sold or got rid of in the easiest way possible.

Mr. Brooks in the "Year Book" proposes the
reduction of the negative bath to carbonate of
silver to purify it. Dilute the bath to about
three times its oulk with distilled water, neutral-
iJie with carbonate of soda until a slight turbid-
ity is produced, and sun for several hours; then
decant, if necessary, and add sufficient carbonate
of soda, free from chloride, to precipitate all of
the silver as carbonate. After wcU washing this
precipitate in water, it is in condition to be dis-
solved in nitric acid of a proper strength to yield
a new nepitivc bath.

NEGA FIVE Presn^itrs.~W\ sorts of conlriv.
anccs have been suggested for preserving nega-
tives, but most of them are cumncrsome and ex-
[wnsive. It is now proposed to put them into
fwper envelopes, ana set them a<iide in boxes,
alter they have been properly designated. The
paper protects Ihem from rubbing, and (he ex-
pcnse of grooves, partitions, slides, and other
contrivances is avoided. TTiey occupy the least
possible bulk when put up in tins way, and if
laid on edge in boxes, like shelves, can tte rearljly
removed in case of fire. Envelopes are now
tnndc of the sizes to fit the glasses usually cm-
ployed by photographers.

PAlJvT/Nii, (71/.— First, the general outline
should be familiar, and as correct a sketch of the
desired picture obtained as possible. The re-
<juisttc$ for a "fitting out," consist of colors, ,
brushes, palette, palette-knife, canvas, easel,
hand-rest, oils and varnish. Brushes are round
and flat, the latter is used for the sky, the badger
brush is used to soften and blend together sky
and other parts. Clean your brushes by first
wiping with dry cloth, and afterwards wash in
turpentine, rinsing in cold water. To prepare
canvas, coat the material with strong warm
isinglass size, when dry coat with oil paint. To
facilitate drving, litharge, sugar of lead, etc.,
may be mined. Ma^lp is an indispensable ar.
licle in oil painting, it temi^ers tlie colors, and
hastens the drying; it is made of equal parts of
strong mastic and clarified oil ; copal varnish is
of^cn used instead of mastic. The diflcrent oils
used, are, linseed, poppy, drying, and nut-oil;
linseed is rccommendea m preference to others.
When smooth surface is desired, it is ref]uisi(e to
rub the surface with pumice, sand, and water.
Light while painting should fall over tlie lefl
shoulder; a North light is preferable, because
more uniform.

First make your sketch ; you can first trace it
with charpoal or white crayon ; then mark cor-
rectly with pencil, dusting oflF the crayon as you
proceed. Begin by preparing tints for the sky,
get sufficient white from the tube at once and
tliin with oil. Mix the following colors as near
the tints as the subject demands, viz., whitCt
French or permanent blue, vermilion, Naples
yellow, ancl yellow ochre. The same tmts
strengthened with more color will do for
the mountains, more yellow ochre for mid
distance, and work gradually to the foreground,
for which mix a set of requisite tints, ul sepa-
rate, and place the color at once where it shall
ranain. This complcics the first painting, and

we proceed with the second, third, and finishiii||^
and observations, — Seconii Paintinr. Thefiok
painting should be perfectly dry before 0001^
mencing the second. The less drying oils niol
the better, for when paints are used in their i»
turol stale they don*t sink as much, and give bel-
ter satisfaction. Prepare the palette with ti^K
required tints for the clouds, and paint thea b
with a little more attention to the shape, and
light, and shade. When done, soften with i
blender. Next in order come the mountains;
attend more particolarly to their shapes and dif-
ferent shades. Let the early poinung be of a
light style of color, for, in finisning, the colflO
arc made much cooler by the process of glaainf
and scumbling. You find thai the colors, while
drying, sink, and partake a little of the color be-
neath them. Therefore this second paintiii(
should give a good idea of the cflVct of-what the
picture should be. — Third Painting. It maybe
requisite to aid the effect of the distance by a fe«
touches of scumbling and glazing, and also ia
bringing out desirable effects in the Tiud4k-
ground. Such tints con be used for these pv*
poses as i»ccasion requires, either b'-' *— -
darker than the p.irts to which they arc
When advanced thus in your painlinj:.
attempt too much at one sitting, as the
glazings may interfere with each other,
mg the transparent effect. It is belter to :L1'.'«
the colors to dry gradually, and repeat the gUi-
ing another time, — Obsfrz>atiQns. i. The sky, ia
some pictures, is very important, havug an ift>
5uence over the entire painting. The tints ue
more or less gradually mixed with white. They
are kept lighter as they approach the sun. The
colors vary, but the lints should l>e prr^I ■ ■ ' '
few. The most useful sky colors are
French or permanent blue, \-cnnilion. ii.-««-
bke, Naples yellow, and yellow ochre.

2. The Iwunding sky line, or extreme distance
varies very much in tone — sometimes seen plaio*
ly, and at others scarcely distinguished froro the
horitontal tones. You need suita^ ! Is
these effects. Sometimes distant m ■«
their summits quite visible, and :' '•
though much nearer, not seen. 1 J
bv mists and vapors. Scumbling >> . - --)
obtain this effect.

3. If possible, paint in the distance, when 6c
sky Is moist with the same tints, only »tronger»
as the case may be. Otlierwisc, scumble o»tf
the lower part of the sky at the neat potntii^
This produces a good effect.

4. Nearer the foregrotmd, as objects advaitcft
a Utile more distinctness may be given. Aca*
dental touches of light arc imix>rtaQt in icpinl*
ing the foILage and other objects througn tlie
picture from distance to foregrouncL Indiuirei
tctre verte, Venetian red, Antwerp blue, eme-
rald green, and raw sienna, add to the colore
enumerated. Grays produced by vermilion uw
emerald green can be varied by a little Vandyte
brown or Naples yellow.

c. The color and shape of trees and the dififx^
sition of the branches should be carefully stadifldl
Pencil in the foliage against the sky, and alt the
extreme parts, with a small brush neatly.

6. In foregrounds the landscape is no* iBt«K^
ed to be pointed with Iwtanical accuracy. N^
should you be loo broad, coanse, and careless,
but fmish with a general harmony of the «b^

7. Let the distance and horixon meet togdber

PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE FINE ARTS.

aSi

I

ia a certain degree, so as to know where each
finishes and begins. Mid distance should be
made out more clearlv, uid attention paid to de-
toils of the foreground.

8. When you have colors in powder, as is often
rcquiMte, a gloss slab, in addition to nalette, is
neccsvary, on which to mix and grind them when
required.

Figure drawing is indispensable in landscape
poinung. Their introduction into landscapes
serve to enliven and break the monotony, and
alio serve as mcasurcmenl, whereby we form
ideas o( the real siic of objects. Xfie hight of
&n aver.ige figure is eight times that o( its nead.
U a perpendicular line is drawn, allow half of it
for Ine lower portion of the body, and half for
the upper, from shoulder to shoulder two heads
Wide.

PAINTINGS, To Preserve and Restore.^
Many valuable paintings suffer premature decay,
from the attacks of a microscopic insect of the
mite class. The beat method ol preventing this
species of decay, is to add a few drops of creo-
sote to ihe pa-ste and glue use<l to hne tlie pic*
ture, as welt as to make a similar addition to the
varnish. If it has already conimcncctl, the paint-
ing should be at once carefully cleaned and re-
lined, observing to employ a little creosote in the
way just mentioned. Paintings should be kept
in as pure an atmosphere as possible, and in a
moderately dry situation; as it is the presence of
salphurctcd hydrogen in the air that blackens
the "lights,** and causes most of the middle lints
and shades to fade ; and it is exposure to damp
r that produces mouldiness and decay of the can-
) Tas, For this reason valuable paintings should
not be kept in churches, nor suspcfnded against
hca^-)' walls of masonry, especially in badly-ven-
tilated buildings. Excess of Ughl, particularly
the direct rays of the sun, a\\Q actik injuriouslyon
pointings. The blackened lights of old pictures
may be instantly restored to their original hue,
by touching them with deutoxiile of hydrogen,
dilated with 6 or 8 times its weight of water. The
part mu^l be afterwards washed wjlli a clean
sponge and water.

PAINT/NG, IVatfT Cchr.—ThU is one of
the most beautiful, as well as most difficult, of
the fine art^. It will require, in addition to a
natural taste, much industry, which is indispens-
able to success. There are two kinds of water
colors in general use. We prefer using the moist
colors for landscape minting, and the dry cake
colors for flowers. Moist colors are put in little
earthen cups, and fitted into a box, all complete
for painting out of doors. The materials for
water color painting are : — Colors, sable brushes,
pu>er, a drawing board, an eraser and a piece of
litlc for wiping out the lights, a bottle of gum-
water, a soft sponge, a one ami a half inch flat
oamePs hair brush, a china palette, or set of
sutcers.

The most deiirable paper for landscapes
should l)c rather rough on the surface. If too
amonth, your painting loses much of the bold.
nrss characteristic of fine work. Whatman's
pftAer is thought the best

In selecting brushes, get those which come to
m point when charged with water, and, when
bent a little to one side, spring back again with-
OlM splitting.

Colors for landscapes are; — Gamboge, French
blocp raw and burnt sienna, yellow odorci Vene-

tian red, Vandyke brown, Prussian blue, olive
green, brown madder, crimson kike. Indian yel-
low, and 3 twttlc of Chinese white.

To stretch and prepare the paper. The jKUnt-
ing side of Wliatman s pajwr is known by hold-
ing up the paper between your eye and the light,
and reading the name in proper position from
left to right. This must be the right side. Flan
the paper on a table, and moistcui the back well
with a soft sponge and clean water. If the paper
is thick, let it remain a short time, so that it may
become saturated ; then place il in ihc frame of
your drawing board, confining it with the cross-
bars. Sometimes the paper is put on a plaiu
clamped drawing board, fastened with glueaoouk
the ed^s.

Wiping out lights. The parts of the picture
(after the color is on) that require lights should
be treated as follows:— Markout with your brush
and clean water the juris you wish lighter, and
then apply blotting paper to absorb the moisture;
then wipe it hard with a silk handkerchief, and,
if not sufhcient, repeat it. If you desire it still
lighter, use tlie rubber.

Before using the eraser for extra high lights,
the ^xiinting must be perfectly dry.

Using the brush, .\fter making suitable out*
lines with sepia or Indian ink, it is well to oom-
mencc brush work. As a rule, the brush for
broad shades should be pretty full of color ; but,
for linishing, all colors are wocked much drier
w^ith the point of the brush chiefly.

Outline. When the paper is properly stretch-
ed on the drawing boara, and is sufficiently dry,
commence the outline. For landscape, sketcli
lightly at first, so that the marks may be remor>
cd, if required, as hard rubbing is liable to disturb
the surface of the i»apcr. Sparc no pains in the
sketch, and bring out all the minute details. A
godl sketch should be lightness in the extreme
distance, working stronger towards the fore-
ground. In the ^rcground, boldness, with fine-
ness of line on the light side, and depth on the
shade side.

In beginning to color, the drawing should be
raised at the oack, to allow the color to flow
downward. Moisten all your drawing with a
large flat brush. Use blotting paper to absorb
the moisture. In your sketching-box should be
little cups. In one of these maxc a pale tint of
Indian yellow and crimson lake; in another,
French blue, with some of the other with it, so
as to make it pearlv. Then work in the crimson
tint, adding a little more Indian yellow as you
approach the horizon. Carry the tints to the
edge, and vary with burnt sienna, yellow, or the
pearly tint, according to your subject. When
dry, if the colors are not blended well toecthcr,
or are too dark, {mss the flat brush with clean
water back and forth to subdue and soften them.
The whiteness of the poper will thus be removed,
and form an undertone for colors that come over
them. The sky may now be tinted with French
blue, and clouds formed. The distant hills can
be carefully painted with pearly gray, and in-.
creased as you proceed toward mhidle distance, I
adiling more or less nuulder brown ond yellow

ochre, as the case requires. The distant hills
can be strengthened, if required, with French
blue, or warmed with crimson lake. ^^^ the
foreground paler than the general tone. Finish
the sVy and bills before the trees arc commenced.
Leave a little opening now and then ibr the li^

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

to strike through, beginning at the top and work-
ing downward with the brush well charged, vary>
ing the greens as you wish, making them of
gaml>oge, raw and burnt «.icnna. Increase the
tone of shadows with another brush , but the
same color, adding a trlHc more blue and M)me
cirinuon lake for neutral tint. All foliage that
caldies the sunlight should incline to a yellow
tint. Paint the trunks ond stems with Vandyke
brown. Repeat the lints on foliage wh<rn dry,
until the required form and depth are olitaincd.
Gum will enrich and bring out tne dark shadows.
Never use it in sky or distance, as it washes ofT
eai^ily and disturbs aii colors near it. For winter
trceSt cobalt blue and Vandyke brown, mixed.
make good color for network and branches ol
pine trees. Opaque white is serviceable in
finishing or introducing figures in the foreground.
Ports can be ]>enciled in white, and stained with
requisite colors.

PAINTING {FLOWEir, In WaUr Colors.
— The colors and materials requisite arc carmine,
crimson lake, cobalt blue, Prussian blue, vcrmi-
licm, gnmlxige, row sienna, burnt sienna, burnt
umber, Chinese white, yellow ochre, and Indian
ink— a set of saucers, dissolved gum arabic, and
a icw sable brushes Rose pink, myol bcaricl, In-
dian yellow Indian retl, indigo, sepia, Vandyke
brown, and emerald green, may also be added
for flowers of superior 5oish.

^VhaUnan's hot-pressed imper^ stretched on a
board, as in landscape painting, is used to ^ood
advantage. Bush flawers are generdly painted
OD London board, the ivory surface sometimes
preferred. Make an accurate and clean sketch
with fine pointed pencil, drawing the marks faint,
so as not to use rubber often. When sketched,
moisten all parts intended for painting with a
brush motlcrately filled with water. Never use
hard water, unless it has been boiled. This '
prepares the paper to receive the colors. Some
UH a slight snade of neutral tint or Indian ink to
coat over the shaded parts, blending the shades '
50 that they are imperceptibly lost. Flowers and i
leaves are trealcfl the same. Two brushes are
used, one charged with color, the other nearly
dry. After this process, cast with local color,
finish with soft washes or small touches, which is
called stippling, and, when done nicely, is tteau<
tiful; but as it takes time, washes arc more gene-
rally adopted. Practice will accustom the eye to
notice variety of shades, which bcfuxe could not
be discriminated.

Green leaves, when a yellowish pale green and
bright, are painted with gamboge and a little
Prussian blue, penciled over until the effect is
obtained. Use more Prussian blue for darker
green leaves, finishing with stronger color. For
the deepest shades, add a little cnmson lake, nr
Vandyke brown, or burnt sienna, as the shade
requires. For decayed leaves, use burnt sienna,
Indian yellow, and crimson lake.

Yellow Flowers. First examine whclher the
shades are warm or cool : if the latter, fMunt them
with Indian ink ; if the former, use a little burnt
umber. When dry, coat evenly with gamboge —
the general tint of the flower. Where the nigh
lights should be, wash out a little with another
brush while it is moist. Repeat the color in the
stronger parts, finishing, if rcq^uisitc, witb a
little carmine or burnt sienna imxed with gam-
boge.

Blue Flowers. Coat them evenly with cobalt.

according to tint, A little rose madder added
to colait may t>c used, as the lints s\t\: '
Shade the deeper ports with a little Pnt-

added to it ; and if a very deep tint x% j~ , ,

add a little indigo.

Purple Mowers. Make the desired lint villi
carmine and Prussian bine, incrcRsing the shidc
to the depth required, using more color and k«
water.

Scarlet Flowers. Paint the shades in with
cobalt blue and a little Indian rrd ; then case
smoothly with royal »carlet, or carmine and {■»•
boge auxe<l, finishing up with caiininc od ibe
shades. If coated with royal scarlet, add cv>
mine in finishing.

White Flowers. Some are first shaded will
Indian ink, and others with neutral tint, maie
of colwlt, rose madder, i»nd Indian yeUow.—
When dry. slightly tint some of the petUs w<tii
a weak shade of yellow cxrhre, some parts sntb
cobalt, others with a greenish neutraL The la-
thers, if not left white, should be done with per-
manent while added to Indian yellow, andcB^
fully dotted with weak burnt sienna.

The Deep Crimson Rose. Shade oil the pe-
tals more or less with Indian ink, until it wouU
pass fnr a finished drawing in Indian ink, snl
then coat twice with strong carmine, fiuithiaf;
deep shades with a little Prussian bine added Ui
carmine.

Pink Rose. Paint in the shades wiOi cnhilt
blue, and coat overwith a pale shade of canwoe,
with a little verraiUon aoiled. Repeat this m
some of the petals, until the requisite depth ii
obtained. Some of the outside )^>etals may need
a-second coat of cobalt to give them a thjn, tra»-
parent appearance.

Arranging and Grouping. With those wbo
possess a good eye for color, the most ]ilea.«ing
arrangements easily suggest themselves. Souk-
times the roost pleasing effects are (jbtained Iqf
placing the light flowers in the center, sndi as
pink, while, and pale yellows, placing the ridi
d.irk colors outside, such as onrk roses, etc^
thereby making a substitute for light and shsde.
The most pleasing groups ore pointed with s pre-
dominance of warm coloring.

PAPER, TRACING.~t. Open a qoirecf
double crown tissue paper, nnd brush the finl
sheet with a mixture of mastic varnish and nil
of turpentine, equal parts; proceed with t*A
sheet similarly, and dry them on lines by hang-
ing them up singly. As the proce&s goes «n.
the under sheets sibsorb a jxirtion of the van»h.
and require less than if single sheets were br«fh-
ed seftarately. It leaves the paper quite b*^
and transparent, it may readily be written oflk
and drawings traced with a pen ore permanenllf
vbiblc. Used by learners to draw outlines. The
paper is placed on the drawing, which is deadr
seen, and .on outline is made, taking care tc
hold the tracing paper steady. In this W7
elalwrate drawings arc easily copied.

Tissue paper may also be made lran^f>arcntbf
using — 2. Nut oil and oil of turpentine, cqw
ports, dry the paper with wheat flour immediatof*
— 3. Canada baham, and turpentine to tbin it*

PAPER, TRANSFER.—Makc a modUge
with Ji ot. of gimi tragacanlh, strain, odd I o^
of clue, and H ^^- "f gamlwge. Mix Frciwi
chaTk, 4 ozs. ; old Paris plaster, ^ o*.; stanA.
I oz.; run them through a sieve, grind with i"^^
mixed mucilage^ add water to reduce to the ca^

PHOTOGRAPHY Al^D THE FINE ARTS.

^5

I

sKten(.« of oil, and itppljr it wtdi a brush to thin
lizcH pii}Kr. The drawing made on this prepar-
ed side uf the paper it wetted at the back and
t laced on the stone, which is ^I'armed to 12c''
'., the whole i* then strongly pressed in the
lithographic pre^s, and the sione reccirei the
impression, which maybe prinled from as usual.
When two impressions are required, a red com-
position is made of wax, 2 parts, soap, X part,
and vermilion to color, all melted in n saucepan,
and ground with water to the consistence oif
cream. This is spread thinly on the second
&tone, an impre^ston from the first stone is next
applied, and the second drawing i^ thus made to
fiorrcspond with the first exactly. If, in printing.
the drawing becomet smutty, mix equal parts of
water, olive oil, and oil of turpentine, shake
(ill they froth, wet the stone, throw this
froth on it, and rub it with a suft sponge. The
printing ink will be dissolved, and the drawing
will almost disappear, but, on rolling it, it re-
ftppe.vs as clear as at first. When the stone is
laid by for future use, a preserving ink is ap-
plir<l, lo prevent the sur&ce printing ink becom-
'i ird. Thick varniih of Iiniecil oil, 2
w, 4 parts, wax and Venice turpcn-
.;..^. ,. — — U 1 part; melt; ad-^l, by degrees, lamp-
black, 4 parts, mix thoroughly, and preserve m
a tin case. This must be rolled on the stone
each time before laying it asiilc for future use.
When the whole of the impressions are complet-
ed, and the stones required for other drawings,
Iwo of the stones arc hiid face lo face and grotnid
with sand and water until the surfaces are clear.
Th«y*re finally, more or less, j>oliiihe<l with pu-
mice stone, according to the required fineness
ind are then prepared to receive other drnwina*.
PAP/iR, T9 prepare for PHOTOGRAPHS.
• ' - ' -c 20 ports of citric acid in 300 parts of
iier. Pour the solution into an earthen
._. ^ \'A\ dish (the baih should he abund.int,

so that the paper may swim freely in it — the ac-
tion is hastened by the opplicaiinn of a centle
heat ;) allow several sheets to rem.ain in it for an
hour or two, then remove thcn», and place them
on another dish, containing water rendered al-
kaline by S |K:r cent, of ammonia, washing final-
ly in pure water. Removed from this, susj^cnd
the paper* by one comer, ami allow them to dry
Ihoroitghly. proteacd from dust.

PAPER, SeMjiiiiims;. — Frwlcricks uses 35
|>ratns silver to the ounce of water; to each %
..-.n.,n -.,!.( 1^ ounce muriatic acid; neutralize
: ammonia; filter lo remove chloride,
. .' _ ..onds, fume 10 minutes. Gnmeyuscs
(y> grams silver, slightly alkaline, or with 1 drop
UOtaonia added; float 40 secunds, fume 10 min-
iiteft. Sarony uses 50 lo 55 grains silver, slight-
ly acitlulated with nitric acid ; Hoat I minute,
iumc 15 minutes, Kuri uses 60 grains silver,
Itiehtly addulaled with nitric acid; float I lo 2
Smmitcs. fume 15 to 3o minutes.

PAPER {PHOTOGRAPHfC), Durxthle
itivf. — At a recent meeting of the Berlin
phic Society, the Presidenl exhibited m
n of silvered albumenizcd paper, the ad-
of which arc here explaincil.
n six ounces of distilled water is dissolvetl
nc ounce of nitrate of silver (free from acid), and
\imitar quantity of water one ounce of
5 , [wrc citric acid. When both com-

SrjuiiM- arc completely dissolved in their rexpec-
vc Uquids. the latter is poured into the former,

the comlMned solution beioe well slukeni and
subsequently Altered. FinAUy one ounce of al-
cohol 1ft added.

It is quite sufficient if the paper is allowed to
float upon Ihc liquid for the space of a minute,
or, At any rale, until it swims evenly U|ran the
surface in all jwrlv. Coagulated paper prcseatj
more briUiancy, when printed and finished, than
that which is not coagulated.

Upon the purity of the citric add depends the
clearness of the iKiih, for if the acid is at all im-
pure, a grayish precipitate is formeil — probably
citrate of stiver. At the same lime, if this pre-
cipitate is filtered off, the results obiainrd arc still
of a favorable character. The bath will remain
perfectly clear and transparent, even aflcr a>n-
siderable use.

The durability of the sensitive albumeni/ed
paper producetl in this manner appe.irs lo be
quite unlimited, for some sheets of the material
which were prepared some riiiie months back are
as white and fresh now as when first sensitized.

The advanUges enuilcd by the employment of
the citrate silver bath arc not to be despised, for
besides the convenience of always It.iving sensi-
tive paper ready at hand, there is obviously lest
chance of loss from the pa|>er l»ccoming yellow
and useless during a lengthened period o? unfa-
vorable weather.

PICTURE^ lo Print from the Print itself.—
The page or print is soaked in a solution first of
pota';.^, and then of tartaric acid. This pnxluces
a perfect diffusion of crystals of bitartrate of
jwlass through the texture of the unprinled pari
of the paper. As this soil resists oil, the ink
roller mav now be passed over the surface, with-
out transferring any of its contents, except to the
printed paper.

PLATES, Hot Cast Cry:>liU. —These are
now ma<le in this country perfectly Hat. from
three sixteenlhs to onequarter inch in thickne<.9,
and are ground on one side and polished on the
other. I'hey are a great improvement on the
milk glass and |)orcelain, formerly used by pho-
tographers. IVing of a pure wnite color, rich
tones and beautiful results are easily obtainable.
Their flatness and thickness render them secure
from breakage,

PORCELA/Pr, Pictures «.— The plales for
these pictures are sold as porcelain, but ore reallv
an opaque white glass. The pl.ile is coated with
collodion, rendered sensitive in the usual w.tv,
and the image received from a negative adju&iod
as follows :

The negative is placed at one end of a box, the
other end of which joins the front end of acamera
having a quarter lul»e. The object of this bon \%
lo cut off extraneous lighL The negative 11
placed toward tlic win, or a piece of white paper
placed in ihc sim. The image formed by the ne-
gative is focused on the ground glass of the
camera, in the usual manner. Tlie oox in front
should admit of being varied in length, in onJcr
to alter the sixe of ihe picture, by changing the
distance of the negative from the lens.

The white sensitive pl.ile is then exposes! and
developed with the ordinary iron nevcloper.
After washing off with the developer, fut with ■
weak solution of cyanide of potassium.

The picture renuires to be darkene<l wi lit a weak
solution of btchionde of mercury, chloride n|
gold, or chloride of platinum. As smm as the
picture appears of the proper shade arrest Ihe ac-

DICTIOl^ARY OF EVERY^DA Y WANTS.

tion of the strengthening agent, by vrashing the
plate umler a copious stream of water.

PORCEl^ilX PROCESS and CctleJwn.
—Coat a porcelain plate with collodion, sensi-
tize in the negative bath, the same as prcxreeding
wilh an ordinary* oegative, place it, when coaled,
in the plate holder, then take any negative you
wish to make a picture from (one not loo intense
is best). Curtain a window with dark paper or
cloth, and cut a small opening the right hight
for the camera. Put your negative in the open-
ing cut from the curtain, and make a picture on
vonr porcelain plate, as the case may require,
large or small, Inc same as if copying a picture ;
develop, then wash, fix with cyanide, and tone
wilh gold, mercury, or sulphurct. Wash, dry,
color, and varnish. Exposure from fi\'e to thirty
seconds.

POSITJ VES {Dintf) on Glass. —In develop-
ing a glass positive, the solution of sulphate of
iron should be flowed cvvnly over the film, and
in some uiiantity. so as to wash off a portion of
nitrate of silver into the sink.

PR/ATS, To Tnins/et to C^j/.— Take of
gum sandarac, 4 oz.; mastic, 1 oz.; Venice tur-

{lentine, I oz.; alcohol, 15 or. Digest in a bottle,
rer]uently shaking, and it is ready for use. Di-
rections : use, if possible, good plate glass of the
Kize of the picture to be transferred, go over it
\vith the above varnish, beginning at one side,
press down the picture ilrmry and evenly as j-ou
{proceed, so that no air can possibly lodge be-
tween; put aside, and let it dry perfectly, then
moisten the |iaper cautiously with water, and
remo^*c it piece-meal by rubbing carefully wilh
the fingers; if managed nicely, a complete trans-
fer of the picture to ihe glass will be effected.

PHOTOGRAPH COLORlXC—ScitcX a
light photograph for coloring, and let the penc-
ral hue be gray, inclining to black in the shadows.

Albumcnitcd ]-«apcr seldom retjuires any pre-
paration, but need only be carefully washed with
cold water and a soft sponge.

A preparation of gum is generaUy usc<l in the
colors for albumen jjaper. It should be dissolved
in water, or allowed to boil up; after which,
bottle to keep from dust.

A little white sugar is added by some artists;
and the preparation should be used as thin as
possible ana allow the colors to adhere readily
to the paper.

The following colors are necessary in cakes,
Windsor antl Newton's being coniidcrcd Ihc
best: — Carmine, vermilion, rose madder, light
red, crimson lake, Roman ochre, Indian vellow,
gamboge, cobalt blue, emerald green, indigo,
rruisiaii blue, burnt sienna, burnt umber, sepia.
Van Dyke brown, madder brown, ivory black,
Chinese white, (half cakes at half price).

Sable brushes aic best, and should not be used
too small, except for delicate work, such as moj-k-
ing in the eyes, nostrils etc A middling size is
preferable, but sec that there are no straggling
nairs about them and that they do not spui or
divide.

Coloring the Face. — Commence, with large
brush, to wash in the flesh tint: go over tne
whole flesh a."! smoothly as possible; light red is
the most desirable, being a fast color ; for very
fair complexions orange vermilion is used.

Put pale wash of cobalt blue in the half tint.^,
Indian yellow in dark shadows, wilh vermilion
ami carmine (mixed) over it.

After the washes in the face, put in the hair,
drajwiirs, liackgronnd, etc,

Siipplc the whole flesh with tints of light ret^
or Indian yellow and pink madder mixed.

Stipple rose madder on cheeks, lips, tip of t)ie
chin, tip of ears and over the nose where Ibe
eyes meet; cobalt blue in temples and abost
the shadows of the eyes and mouth.

Stipple light tint of Indian yellow over Ubit
cheek bones ; in faces of old jwrsons more Indiaa
yellow is used ; also in faces of brunettes.

A pale green, made of Indian yellow and co1«lt
blue, is sometimes used in sludows about the
mouth.

Sepia or Van Dyke brown for brown hair.

Shade with sepia and carmine, and u»e cohill
blue mixed wilh 1>urnt sienna for high lights.

Pale wash of col>alt blue on high limits of Uadi
hair, and shade yf\\h black and carmine.

Roman ochre for golden hair, with burnt
sienna and cobalt blue in lights ; shade wtlh
sepi.i and Roman ochre.

Vor gray hair mix a wash of cobolt blaetnd
sepia; fhadow with sepia; and sAnic>timc< tt>e
white mixed with local color for high lights.

backgrounds. — For fair complexions c<r t3&
dren should be bine, inclining to purple. CoWl
blue and burnt umber make very clc^iraHe bat^
grounds.

Olive grounds are used for dark or old complet-
ions. Where the flesh tint is sallow, use m-
mer colors— green approaching to olive.

Grays produce a pleasing effect on fait com-
plexions.

Never paint a bright blue ground and crioi-
son curtains, but keep everything quiet wi.
subdued.

Opaque backgrounds are far from artistic, nd,
but seldom used.

Stippling. — ^Towards the end of your v
will observe many inequalities in tV.
The« require to lie fillea up wilh the i
brush with an assimilating color; and ti.
up is termed stippling,

DrajKries. — tor black draperies, fintowa
local wash of ivory black ; wash in the ilrefi
shadows with a mixture of crimson lake xmt
sepia; then add another wash of black otrr be
whole, touching in the shadows as before. Pn>«
cccd in this way for two or three washcv ind
then touch in the high lights with light rediad
white.

PNO TOGRAPHS, To Drrst ^. — la dfl*
sine for photographs it is useful to know that
dark-brown, dark-green, maroon, and plain ltl«ck
goods, without gloss, will take a rich drab color.
Silks of the same color will lake conjidirraKjr
lighter. Snuff-brown, dnrk-Icviher, dark-drahi
scarlet, cherry, dark-orance, crinuon, and »l«tc
will lake a very rich dran color. Violet, bh«i
purple, pink, and magenta will take very ligtrt,
and should l>c avoided.

rnOTOGRAPfilC CO!JODJON\ /ViW^i
^r.— Iodide of ammonium, 90 grs.; iodide of
cadmium, 90 grs.; bromide of ammOniilm, ^
grs.; alcohol (-Sio). 10 oiu

Or, iodide of magnesium, Joo grs.; broaudt
of cadmium, 50 grs.; alcohol (*8lo). 1001.

Pulverize the salts, and add gradually to the

alcohol, commencing with the bromide; sduk'

untd completely dissolved, and set away is t

dark place.

PHOTOGRAPHS^ Enamf/iftg.^Tfte bem-

PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE FINE ARTS,

187

I

UAiI gloss called cn2incling is produced as fol>
lows: "Aftrr ihc prints have been toned and
washed in the u^uol way, trim to the right siic
by means of a culling shape; then immerse in a
varm solution of gctaiinc (which must be kept,
-whilst operating, nearly as possible of an equal
teoipcnitare) of about the same consistency as
collodion. Care should be taken ftlwavs to niter
the solution before U!»ing. When thoroughly
impregTi:itcd wiih the same, the prints arc taken
out and kuLl. face down, on culludionizcd glass
plates (preparation of which is given below),
care being Uken that all air bubbles between the
paper and glass are carefully pressed out and
removed. Afterwards, a sheet of stout while
paper, somewhat larger than the prints, is ce-
mented ttj> the back, of each photograph — a prc-
caadoa for protecting the pictures in the event of
Ihcir spontaneously leaving the glass on drying.
Hie plates arc allowed 10 remain for ten or
twelve hours (say over night) in a dr^ locality,
and, at the end of that lime, the portraits may be
separated from the glass by mAing an incision
of the film all round the paper. The superfluous
paper should be trimmed off previously to the
pictures being mounted upon the cords.

"Many of the manipulations may be slightly
modified if desired; for instance, instead of ce-
menting a piece of paper to the liack of the prints,
the card itself, if not very thick, may be at once
altachcil, the margin of which will ht gt-lalinired
in the ^ame way as the picture. Some photo-
graphers add a small qiuwtity of su^r candy to
the gelatine in order to prevent the siting solution
drying too rapidly, and to render the finished
card Diore plastic and impressionable to the cameo
embossing press, which apparatus gives to these
mctures a most beautiful and plca.sing effect. —
Ttf Prepare the Caltoiitoutted Plate. — Glass plates
of a suitable size, &ay, %% by 6>^ or 10 by 8,
and which have been carefully cleaned, as if to
serve for taking negatives upon, are rubbed over
^th finely powdered pumice stone or Tripoli
powder, which is afterwards thoroughly removed
by mcan-i of a soft dusting brush. The plates
axe then coated with a four per cent, normal so-
Intion of collodion, and nlaceti to dry in a spot
free from du&t; ihey are tnen readv for use."

PHOTO -GALVA.WOCRAPilY, PreU<h's
Prtxeii of. — Take a pble of glass, and spread on
U ordinnry glue, to which bichromate of potash
snd a small quantity of nitrate of silver have been
adtled. I'or instance, take 2 or 3 solutions of
glue, into one of which put a little nitrate of sil-
ver, into another bichromate ofpotash, and into
another iodide of potassium. Tlie silver and the
iodide arc for the purpose of prwlucing a little
iodide of silver on the sensitive film, so as to
produce on the picture that grain which is neces-
SAiy for holding the ink in the process of print-
ing. Take the photographic picture obtained by
any of the customary processes, and place it on
the sensitive plate thus prepared and exposed to
the action of the light, 1 n the course of a short
time (all those parts which are dark in the pholo-
emph, pruiecting the plate from change, and all
tboftc which ore white, allowing the sunlight
freely tu ia>>s through and the change to take
filacr), we have a combination of bichromate of
p^3,i. ...t ..-latinc in two different states, one
solui other insoluble. Consequenlly,

wbrn IS then put into water all the parts

vhkb fcinatn soluble axe dissolved outf whilst

the other parts remain as they were, and we have
the picture produced not only in different lights
and shades, out also in different depths, the so-
lution being eaten into by the process. "N^'hen
the plate is prc|uired to this point, there is poured
upon it a preparation of gulta percha, which, being
kept under pressure for a sliort time, receives
the rever!*e image of the photographic picture.
This is now prepared for the voltaic battery by
being simply rubbed over with fine black lead,
and iL being placed in connection witli the trough,
copper is precipitated on the plate, which receives
an image the reverse of the mould. Then by**
the ordinary electrotype process another plate
may be obtained, frOm which copies may be
printed.

PHOTOGRAPHIC LIGHT.— -Xy^^ lights in-
tense enough to moke photographs are: I. sun
and daylight; I. the electric light; 3. the magne>
sium light; 4. the lime light, produced by the
hydro-oxygen hlow-pipe ; 5. the light produced
by the burning of a cylinder of carbonate of mag-
nesia, mixed with titanic aci<l.

PHO TOGRAPHEKS, Ntw Lig^t for.— VYio-
locraphcrs have long been seeking f<."r an artifi-
cim light, so readily a^-ailable ihat the success of
their manipulations may not be wholly depen-
dent on the sun, and i^ubject to the caprice ot the
clouds. Tlic last attempt to find the much need-
ed substitute is by digesting zinc in the iodide
of clhyl, a process which yields a liquid substance
in6ammable by the mere contact of tlie oxygen
in the air. By possmg pure hydrogen (or per-
haps ordinary illuminating gas) through the fluid,
the compound of zinc ana ethyl will volatilize
into the gas, and will yield, on combustion, a
flame of extraordinary brillancy and vivid white-
ness of color.

It is said that the actinic effects of this light
are inferior lo those of combusted magnesium ;
but the steadiness of t flame from n gas will so
far surpass any tliat can Ue obtained from a burn-
ing metal, even when the latter is of the highest
purity chemically obtainable, that most photo-
graphers will doubtless give it the preference.

PHOTOCRAPHICPRIjVTIjVa.—Scn&i\ive
papers ought not to he exposed in the frame
until they are quite dry. The shutter at the
back of the frame is removcil, and the negative
laid flat upon the glass, cullo<]ion-side upfier-
most. A sheet of sensitive paper is then placed
upon the negative, sensitive-side downwards;
next comes a layer of thick felt ; and the whole
is then lightly compressed by repbcing and bolt-
ing down the shutter. The amount of pressure
required is not very considerable, bui if the
springs of the frame become too weak after a
lime, a few pieces of mill-board m.iy l>e placed
beneath them. The time of exposure lo light
varies much wiih the density of the negative and
the power of the actinic rays, as influenced by
the season of the year and wcatlicr. If the ex-
l>0-<;ure to light has l>een correct the prim appears
slightly darker than it is iniendeil lo reiiiam, llie
toning bath dissolves away the lighter shades,
and reduces the intensity, for which allowance is
made in the exposure to light, A Utile experi-
ence soon tcacnes the proper p«~niit ; hut mucli
wilt depend upon the state of the toning halh,
and alhumcnized pajKr will require lot* printed
somewhat more deeply ihon plain paper. If, on
removal from the printing-friime, a pecubar
spotted appearance is seen, produced by unequal

DiCTtOKARY OF EVERYDAY WAlfTS,

darkening of the cliloride of silver, either the
nitrate bath is loo weak, the sheet rcmovetl from
its surface too speedily, or the paper is of inferior
quality. If. in the exposure to ordinary diffused
aaylight, the f^hadows of the proof become very
decideilly coppery tielore the lights arc sufficiently
printed* the negative is in fault. Ammonio-
nitratc paper highly salted is pnrliailarly liable
to this excess of reduction, and especially so
if the light is jiowcrful. — Toning. The print
should he tir^t u'a&hed in common water until
the sciluMc nitrate of Mlvcr is removed. This is
known to be the case when the liquid flows away
dear; the firfcl milkiiics» being caused by the
soluble carlfonalcs and chlorides in the water
prcctpilaling the nitrate of silver. Ten min-
utes in water ruiming slowly from a tap will
be sufiicient to cleanK n print from nitrate of
silver ; or three or four changes in a dish, pour-
ing off quite dry iKtwccn each change. It is an
aovaiitagc to finish off with a solution of salt (3
grs. to the oz.) Hour the tonic bath out into a
nat disli, and mit the prints into it 2 or 3 at a
time, waving llie dish meanwhile bnckwardii and
forwards to secure a constant movement. Con-
tinue to keep the ])rints moving, nnd watch the
changes in color. If the prints are removed as
soon as the l>liic color of the gold is seen, they
will usually cliange in the fixing bath to a warm
shade of brown ; but when left mr t or 3 minutes
longer in the toning bath, tlic darker tint becomes
permonenl. — Fixing, One or. of hyposulphite of
soda dissolved in 6 ozs. of water would fix two
batches of stereoscopic prints, 30 in each batch.
Allow the prints to rcniam in the 6.Ting baths for
20 minute^ wilh occasional movement, after
which they may be transferred to a <li»h of clean
water. — iVashimF, It is essential to wash out
• every trace of hyposulphite of soda from the
print, if it U to be preserved from failing, and to
do Uiis pio[»crIy requires care. Always wash
with running water W'nen it can be obtained, an<l
choose a large shallow vessel exposing a consid-
erable surface in preference to one of lesser dia-
meter. A constant dribbling of water must be
maintained for 4 or 5 hours, and the prints
should n^»t lie together too closely, or the water
will not find its way between them. When the
prints have been thoroughly washed, blot them
ofTbetween sheets of porous paper and hang them
up to dry. — Mounttttg, Mount the proofs with a
solution of gelatine in hot wnter, freshly made;
gum-water, pre|iareii from the finest commercial

Egum, and free from acidity, may also be used,
but it should be made very thick, so as not to
sink into the paper, or produce "cockling up"
of the cardJKiard on d\'y\x\g.-~Positivf Printing
!
I

l>y DfveiopmeHt, Negative printing processes
will be found useful during the dull winter
months, and at other times when the light is
feeble, or where it is renuircd to produce a large
nurolicr of impressions irom a nrgativc in a short
space of lime. The proofs, however, as thus ob-
tain«td, .ore not equal to direct sun-prints in beauty
and gnidat'on of^ tone. Take of lodiiJe of potas-
sium, 120 grs.; bromide of animunium, 30 grs.;
water, 20 ozs. Float the p.ij»er on the iodizing
bath until It cvases to curl up, and lies flat upon
ihe liquid : then pin up to dry in the usual w.iy.
Render sensitive ui)on a batli of acelo-nitralc of
iSUver, containing 30 grs. of nitrate of silver with
nO minLms of glacial acetic aci<l to each oz. of
Wter. i'loce the dried sheets in contact with

the negative in a pressure Iramc, and expose to
a feeble light. Aoout 30 seconds will be an
average lime upon a dull winter's dav, when it
would be impossible to print in the ordinary war.
Devekip by immersion m a saturated solution of
gnllic add. After the picture is fully lirought
out, wash in cold and subsequently in warm wa-
ter, to remove the gnllic add, which, if allowel
to remain, would discolor the hyposulphire lath.
Fix the print in a solution of hj-j»>iiilj^<hitc ol
soda, one part to two of watt-r. t>:iilni.ifi » ihe
action until the yellow color •-

penrs. Wash thoroughly in |

PUOTOGRAPHTc PfiOCI.:>.S, Jmps0vt4.
— The collodio bromide emulsion must contsii
an excess of nitrale of silver. All the soliihle
bromide in the collodion must be converted, ami
there must remain as brge an excels of nJtnM
of silver as the collodion vrill contain. Alxnit
six grains of bromide of cadmium and elcvet
grains of nitrate of silver to the ounce of emtd*
sion will not be found bad proportion.

When all the materials usca in the f-"^';--
arc of the best quality, so that Ihe em
neutral or nearly so, one or two miniru
cial acetic acid to Ihe ounce may be od i
advanUTge ; otherwise no addition of ac
ccssary. There need not be more aci<l in !tie
sensitive film than there is iu an ordiuuywti
collodion film.

The plate is to l»e coated with Ihe ctni
the usual way, and then put into the d -.
or plate box until required for the exposute.

Under the l>est conditions of the film — thai ii
to say. when it contains the minimum of frrf
acid and the maximum of free nitrale — ihc sensi-
liveness will be about the same as that ol good
wet collodion.

The image is to be dereloped with a tWiiuiuB
acid iron developer, rather strong, and tuiilaiu*
ing as much alcohol as is found necessary I©
enable it to flow properly over the dry film. TWi
quantity will, of course. Iw greater than tilt
which IS commonly added to the developer in the
wet process.

The image comes out very quickly and tBr«*
now be treated in the usual way as repir'
sifying and fixing. The negative is r
guishablc, when nnishcd, from a commuu m.i
collodion one.

This process offers great advantages to ll*
tourist, uccause it requires no nitrate bath, no
troublesome washiug of the plate, no preservi-
live, no subsequent dr)'ing, and no wetttcg ^
the plate before development. The emubios
may be kept in two separate parts — one coosut*
ing of the collodion wlln the bromide of cadniium,
the olher being an alcoholic solution of nitrale of
silver ; these may be mixed as rctiuiretl for itsc.
The film adheres well to the glass without anr
preliminary coating, nnd there are no troublo
with blisters, or wrinkling, or tearing of the
film.

PUOTOGRAPmC PAPER PROCESS.
— \ good sheet of Turner's paper Is selected
and washed with the following solution : — nitrale
of silver, 17 grains; distilled water, I oe.; diy
the paper, and wash with iodide of potassiinn,
400 grains; common salt, 100 graini; pare vi>
tcr, I pint: when panially drinl. the pr«ptT«J
side must be cleared of the potash by floating H
on water for five to ten minutes, then dry it.
Now prepare a solution of nitrale of silvef, 3$

PHOTOCnAPHY AND THE FIXE ARTS,

3S9

glacial ftcdic acid, l drachm ; dUulled
ter, I oz.; add to some of thiA an c(\\xaX (juan-
cf a solution of crysUllizeii jpiUic aad in
dLslUlcd water, and the gnllo-nitraic of sU-
ihus formed is applied to the pancr, which
^ea ready for use, after nnsing in clean water,
gallic add solution and the gallo-niCrate of
wr ynW not keep long, and should only be
when required. After exposure in the
the gallo-nitrate U again applied to dc-
p the piclure, wliich is then washed, and f\x*
f^d with the sululion of hypoiiulphale of so<la.
■ PHOTO • UTIiOGKAFHiC PROCESS,
[^j&»i>rV patent. — Let us suppose that a map
been compiled and drawn with ^reat care,
that it \*, dcAtrcd to multiply copies of thii
inal in the lithographic process. The first
rp in the process is to obtain a negative ; for
vbich purpose the map is placed upright ujxin a
pUnc-boaxd, and the camera opftosiie to it at
ich a distance as to give the desired ratio he-
rn original and copy. A negative is now
\ ^ass coated with collodion in tlic usual
ly, observing the greatest care to avoid distor-
of »U kinds, and to produce a negative of
le highest excellence, success in which de(>end&
itircfy upon the knowledge, judgment and ex-
ricncc of t^e operator. A sheet of plain, posi-
_lvc phutngraphic paper is now coated on one
side with a mixture, consisting of gelatine, soften-
ed and dissolved in water, to which a <:|iiAnti(y of
. bichromate of potash and albumen has l^ecn add-
The fKipcr, evenly covered with this fluid,
dried in the dark, when it will be found pos-
' of a smooth g;las&y surface, and a bright
iw color. This surface is still further iinprov-
by pOMing it through the press in contact with
« ponsaed puite.

A suitable piece of positive photo-lithographic
pApcf thus manufactured is now to becxpused to
tiw action of the light under the negative of the
IMlp already described. This is accomplished in
•n ordinary pressure frame, the time required
varying fr^m 10 to 15 seconds, or several min-
ute, .itcor.ling to the brightness of the weather.
The ptisiiive thus obtained presents itself to the
eye as » brown drawing upon the clear yellow
oTihc sheet.

The exposed photographic copy of the original
is oovcrc*! all over, while dry, with transfer -ink,
which is accofuplished by running it thruugh the
press witli its face in contact with a stune which
ms already received a coaling of such ink. After
is separated from the blackened stone it will be
id to have brought away with it an evenly dis-
ribuied film of inky matter, forced by the pres-
inU> inljrruite contact with the unexposed, as
as the expO!>ed j>ortion of the surface. This
ion is known as "blacking'* the positive
that now to be described is called **CDaett-
** its object 1>cing to effect a change of that
re apon the albumen contained in Llie coating
,e organic matter. For this purpose moisture
beat ftce necessary, and l>utn ore applied very
ly« ^y k''^*')E ^^ blackened photographic
im upon the surGice of boiling water with
side upwards, for it is important not to
with hot water. After the lap^ of a ccr-
cl, determined by the experience of the
he proceeds (o the next step in the pro-
of "washing oIL" For thi> purpose ihc
IS laid upon a smooth surface, such as a
of glass or porcelain^ and friction with « wet

sponge, or other suitable material, is applied tA
the black inky coating, under which the pliotogra*
phic image siill exists, and to develop which is
now the object in view. The operator soon be-
cumcs aware that the moisture which percolated
through the paper from the b-ick, has exerted a
softened or gdaiiniung influence upon the gela-
tine in the sensitive coating; it has caused U to
swell, and to let go its hold upon the ink. But
this change does not extend to tho!te parts of the
coating which were acted un by Ughl; in other
words, to tliose places which were unprotccied hy
the opacity uf the negative; they remain intact,
uninnucnccd by the solvent or moistening cfTcct
of the water. Accordingly the operator finds a
Cic-simile of the original map graduallv develop
under his hand as he cuiuinucs the friction, lliis
process is proceeded with until all traces of ink
are removed, save ihoic rc<iuired to form the pic-
ture, which must be clear and distinct in all ita
details. Abundance of hot water is then poured
over it, so as to remove every particle of soluble
iTiatler, and it is then finally dried, which com-
pletes its preparation.

A stone to which a fine smooth surface has been
imparted, is now slightly warmed, and put in the
Jilhographic press; upon this is placed (inverted)
the positive print, alter it has been damped by
lying between moist paper, and the whole is then
passed repeatedly through the press. On cxami*
nation the paper will now be found to have at-
tached itself hrnily to the stone, so that some
force is required to separate the two. When the
former ts removed it bringis with it its albuminous
coating, which gives to it whiledampaparchment-
like appearance; but the ink is gone: ii has left
the paper for the stone, and on the latter we find
a reversed drawing of the map, one which, after
it has been properly "prepared," wjU print as
well as if it had l)cen drawn by hand.

PHOTOGKAPHILREUEP PRINTING.
— There arc now in use two princi{>al methods of
printing pictures from .a negative, called the silver
print ana the carbon print. The former produ-
ces the common photograph, and is founded on
the some principle as the daguerreotype, namely,
the decomposition by light of a silver compound.
In the photograph this is usually the chloride,
while in the daguerreotype the iodide and brc^
mide ore decomposed. Ttie carbon print is based
on an entirely different principle, lu invention
arose from the incidental discovery that when a
solution of bichromate of potash is mixed with a
solution of glue, and the mixture dried, it lic-
contes insolut>le in water when exposed to light,
but remains soluble if kept in the dark. This
effect of light to make the so-called bichromate of
gelatine insoluble depends on the strength of the
tight and the time of exposure; and penetrates
more or less into the gelatinous layer according
to these conditions, licncc, if sudi a solution ts
mixed with fine lampblack and an appropriate
kind of paper coated with it, it may be washed
off ag:iin if^ the paper is kept in the <lark. but coa
not l>c washed off^ after the paper has been ex-
posed to strong light; and it con be only par-
tially washcil on after exposure to weak light. It
is evident that when paper thus preparrdit ex-
posed under a negative for a proper length of
time, (which, by the way, is very short, as the
subsLince is highly Mrn'tiiivc,) the porU protected
from light bv the details of the negative will be-
come iiuoluoie to various depths, according to
»9

^^^Hi

■90

DiCTlOt^ARY OF EVERY-DAY WASTS.

the degree of protection ; and by washing away
the soluble portions the picture wilt be brought
out.

At the same time such a oicture will have a
relief. The dark portions will be elevated ; the
lighter parts, being more or less washed away,
Will lie deeper. Ifwc wish simplv a relief, and
not a picture, we may lc.ivc the bl.ick pigment
out; lake only a dry, thick coat of bichromate of
gelatine, expose under the negative, and wash
with warm water. Now, gelatine or glue, when
thoroughly dry, is exceedingly hard, almost like
glass, resisting pressure even belter than class.
t»uch a gelatine -relief may, therefore, be |naced
on the steel pbte of a hyclraulic press, a sheet of
clean lead laid on it, and the two brought together
under from ten to twenty thousand pounds of
pressure for every square inch of the surface of
the picture. In this way a reverse or mould is
obtamed impressed in the lead plate, in which
the parts to ue darkest are the deepest, and vice
versa. From such a gclatinc-rclicf, handled
with proper care, as many ns twenty metallic
lead plates may be oblaincd, each capable of
producing about a thousand impressions, so that
one negative may produce twenty thousand prints,
all perfect and ail alike. The prints are obtained
by laying the lead mould on the warm, flat sur-
face of a peculiar pMss made for the purpose,
then taking a warm, semi 'trans pa rent mixture of
color and gelatine, and pouring it in a Hltle pool
near the miildlc of the plate, laying the paper on
this, and then applying the proper pressure. The
mixture oozes out in all directions, after having
filled all the hollows of the mould. After a few
seconds, the pressure is removed and the paper
taken ut>, when it is found that the mixture leaves
the hollows in the lead mould entirely and ad-
beres to the paper in exactly the same way as
printing-ink adheres to the pa|)er when the laller ,
IS rcraovctl from an engraved plate. The paper
tlicn has the picture adncring to il. This, how-
ever, is still soluble in w.iter, and could be
washed off; but by immersing it in a solution of
alum, the gelatine or glue l>ecome5 utterly in-
soluble, even in boiling water, and we have a
permanent finished print.

It is evident that any color can be used. Black
with a brown tone is always the finest, and is
preferred by artists ; blue toned blacks arc fine
for certain styles of Buhjects, as are also violet
blacks. Of other colors, dark red, or brown
and dark blue, are the only ones which give satis-
faction; their effect, hwvcvcr, is always inferior
la that of the warm brown black, uhtch gives the
very tone obtained in the best silver prints,
treated with a gold solution.

PHOTOGRAPHIC SEALS.— K photo-
grapher in Freiberg has made seals and stamps
with the portraits of his customers. A thin
layer of gelatine sensitized vith bichromate of
potash is exposed to the action of light under a
photographic positive, by which the parts acted
Dpon are rendered insoluble in water. The gela-
tine film is immersed in water, and the parts not
acted upon by light swell up, and we obtain a
picture in relief, of which a plaster cast can be
taken. An electrotype copy being taken of ihc
cast, we have a mel.^IIic fac-simile of the photo-
graph, which can Ik' employed as a seal. This
IS essentially an application of tlie photographic
:ess, and suggests an excellent method for
}Uduing perfect hkeuesscs of persons in metalUc

casta for the use of the printer, as well as an
ndniirable way of illustrating - . — •■*^- V''>oks.

PHOrOlSA'APJ/IA'C u:
after the invention of photogr. _ ri-

made to transfer photographs lo blocks of wodd^
and to engrave them afterwards like ordinary
cuts. The advantage of this process is two-foM:
first, it is not necessary to make the drawing;
and secondly, the phnlagraphic image is a much
better copy than any hand-drawing, cspeciallr if
the €X)py is to l>e retluced in size. In regardto
the process of transferring, it has not as y«t iDet
with any great difficulties,^ although images canl4
not be very wdl fixed, and were liable to be-
come too dark. A further and mnrc serious in-
convenience made itself apparent in the old prO'
cess of preparation. The block became so much
softeneu and im]>regnaled with salts that the
artist was unable to execute his work with ordi-
nary facility; in a word, the wood became fi-
brous and not capable of being well cut. At a
more recent date, the attempt was nuide to paste
ft skin of collodion wth the photor^rrinh nn ibe
block, and then to cut il. It happci-
that the skin would become pari;.i
which marie this method completely u^clci*.

The difficult problem has finally been
by Mr. Leth, in Leipzig, whose method is'
dcuil as follows: In order to preserve the wc
from the penetration of water, during the kuI
quent operations, the wood block is coaled tm\
reverse and on its four edges with varnish
wax. After this, the perfectly pA
surface is grounded in the ordi:
Wood-cutters generally use for hua |_.i,ij^
white lead, zinc white, or blonc fixe, with gnn
water; but for the purpose under considenlioB
glue water is sufficient. The grounding is ac-
coniplishetl by means of rubbing with thi* finger
and the hall of the hand until the s, ; I.

formly white and dry. This surfav i

immersed in a somewhat conccTiti..i..- ^. .uu- a
of alum, which will coagidate the glue, Ibe su-
perfluous liquid being thrown off by <^wiiiging
the block arout. The block is then allowed lo
dry. Tlic photographic image is not produced
on the wowl block, but on a glass plale which is
coaled with a solution of bichromate of potash
mixed with gum and honey.

By laying upon the latter a p-
graphic copy of an image, and sul
the action of light, an indLstiuct ptctui--
taincd, but by spreading burned soot or .
dust color upon il, it appears perfect; ani i ■>
proper shade has been selected, can scaKely be
distinguished from an ordinary' photograph. Hie
parts of the chrome salt solution which li^vs
been affected by the light fail lo take the dual-
colors, white they adhere on the
have been protected against the aclion*'
light, and tnus the image is brought
httcr is now lo be transferred upon the'
block. This is done by coaling the picti
collodion, arul after that patting it into diliite
nitric acid. Thereby llie chrome salt is decom-
posed and ihe still soluble gum washed off, while
the dust colors remain un the collodion. The
cohesion between the collotlinn skin and Ihe
glass is at the same time rcnio>-ed. If the gbis
I?; immersed in a large vessel with sugar water,
the skin may be easily removed by the fingers.
The skin now floats in the sugar water. It is
made to cover the wood block by immersiag the

PROTOGRAPffY AND THE Fff/B ARTS,

Tcr in fhe water, so thut its prepared surface
mes just below the floating collodion skin.
ben the latter lies without folds or bubbles in
proper position on the prepared wood sur-
thc block is withdrawn from the water and
on edge for drying. In order to dissolve
,d separate the collodion skin, the surface of the
icturc is now sprinkled with ether. The dust
ilors, which represent the image, however, re*
"n upon the ground surface, and after the
her has evaporated, the block is ready for cut-
g. In regard to the shade, it does not depend
n the chemical process, but upon the dust
wder itself, which may be taken of any tint.
ny picture taken from nature may be transfer-
in thi* manner, and if engrnvccf, will show a
limilantv to the original not easilv attainable.

PHOTOGRAPHII^G O.V 'l^OOD, Sear.
Wig's Proctss &/. — TTie block on which the pic-
re is to be made in first dampened with water,
en whitened with enamel rubbed from the sur-
of good cnameletl \'isit)ng cards. Rub
nlly, removing onl^ the enamel, after which it
brushed smortth with a motlcratcly stiff brush,
>m right to left and up and down, making a
looth, even, and very thin surface. Allow this
dry, after which it is flowed with a solution of
Ibumcn, made with the while of one egg and
ixtecn ounces of water, dried by heal or allowed
dry spontaneously. Now coat it with another
llbumen Milulion made as follows : — i. White of
• *££! water, 4 ounces ; chloride of ammonia,
grains. Bent the whole to a thick froth. Al-
^^i» subside, then <lccant or filler through a
^^^Bpon^ placed in a glass funnel. Pour a
HMpent quantity on one corner of the block to
DYPT it. when spread around with the aid of a
t-9or 1-6 glass (using the edge). Allow the
nrplus sofuiiun tn drain back into the bottle.
>ry this by a gentle hcaL — 2. Klhcr, loz.; alcohol,
01.; gun-cuiton, 8grs.; nitrileof silver, 30 grs.;
lUsolvc in as small a qtianlity of water as pos-
ible, and allow to settle for a few days, protected
^om the light. Flow the salted block with for-
Rula No. 3, in the dark room, and dry by gentle
teat. It is now ready for exposure under the
legative. A porcelain printing frame, or any
Rher suitable method, may be used to print it.
Uier- printing, formula 3 is removed from the
nrface of the block bv dissolving in ether anrl
Icobol, assisted by robbing gently with a soft
ponge. The picture can now be toned and fixed
II the ordinary way, or fixed and tuned at one
iperation, by the hypo and gold bath. After
King alU>wcil to dry, it '\s. ready for tlie engraver.
S//A'£R (ttatU)^ To j^i-rOTrr.— Dr. Griper
|As prapoieda new method for the regeneration
^waslc nitrate of silver solutions used in photo.
hy. Aficr first referring to the generally
and well known means now in use for
rpnsc, the author states that tlie l>ci.t jdan
,t these solution!) is the following : They arc
either in a porcelain ba-sin or a glass tlask,
d whil- ^>ojling. there is- added to them reccnt-
• cll washeti, and moist oxide of
'. being conttnueH for some lime.
LH'i i-v ii'.-^i filtered, aiul then cvaporatcil
es4, the heal l*eing incrca>;cd to fusion,
o destroy animrmiaail sails; the residue
nitrate of silver. The sediment on the
s some oxide of silver, which must
excess ; and, therefore, in nrder not
the filter is preserved, and the con-

tents worked tip at a subsequent operation. The
nitrate of silver thus olitatncil is, by practical
photographers, pronounced tu be of excellent
quality.

SILVER STAINS, 7> ^<'«tfp^— Put half a
pound of GUubcr salts, quarter of a pound of
the chloride of lime, and eight ounces of water,
into a little wide mouthed c>ottIe, and when re-
quired for use pour some of the thick sediment into
a saucer, ana rub it well over the hands with
pumice stone or a nail brush, and it will clean
the fingers quite equal to cyanide, but without
any danger. This will do to use over again until
exhausted and should be kept corked up. The
disagrealile smell may be entirely avoided by the
liberal use of lemon juice, which not only entirely
removes the smell, but whitens the hands.

SOLUTIONS, FIXING.— Yox positives:
Cyanide of potassium, t2o grs.; nitrate of silver,
6 grs.; water, 10 ojs. \\^en this solution re-
quires more than a minute or two to clear the
picture, add a small amount of cyanide of potas-
sium.

This solution is highly poisonous, and should
not be allowed totoucn unsound skin, nor should
the fumes be breathed.

For negatives : The above solution of cyanide
of potassium answers very well, or hyposulphite
of Kodft. 10 ozs.; water, loozs.; ether, 30 minims.

SOLUTION OF SILK in Phatogruphy.—
Pure silk is soluble in hydrochloric acid, and if
the solution be neutralized bv ammonia, and
evaporated, an organic chloride of ammonium
results, which is capable of use in photography,
particularly for malting paper. Paper thus pre-
pared is said to be more sensitive than that sailed
in the usual way, and in printing, gives a warmer
tone. It is thought that this salt could also be
used in the preparation of collodio-chloride of
silver, if it were lufTiciently soluble in alcohoL

STERFOSCOP/C PIC ITRFS. — Vhvlo-
graphs for the refracting stereoscope arc taken
with small lenses of about 4^ inches focus. For
portraits a camera may advantageously be fitted
with two double combination lenses, of i^
inches diameter, exactlv equal in focal length and
in rapidity of action. The caps are removed .".i-
muUaneously, and the pictures impressed at the
same instant. The centers of the lenses may be
separitc<i by 3 inches, when the camerais placed
at about 6 or 8 feet from the sitter. Pictures
token witii bJmtcular camera of this kind rcouire
to be mounted in a revciscd jjosiiion to that which
they occupy on the glass, or a pseudoscopic effect
will be protluccil. The nepativcs may be cut in
half, the right half being printed on the left side,
or the finiihcd prints may be removed Ijeforc
mounting.

STEREOSCOPIC TRANSPARENCIES.
— Sensitive films prepared by Russcl's Tannin
Process. Place the negative and the prepared
plate in contact, and squeeze them together in an
ordinary [iressurc frame ; not too strongly, how-
ever, or it will probably be found, after throwing
off a few impressions, that the negative ha< been
scratched. iJiy a strip of black velvet behind the
sensitive fdm to absorb stray light.

TA r/OCA P. 1 PER in I%?it^;:Tv/-Ay^ — A
substance called tapioca o.ipcr— rccommciidcrl a*
very useftd in taking pnotographs by artificial
light — is prepared by soaking 300 grains of la-
pioca. fiw two days in an equal "eight of water,
then adding a quart of water ; and aCtervc-ari ^«

•^

DICTIONARY OF EVEKV-DA V WAXTS.

tvtry tenth of a quart of the liquid fittrcn grains
of io<liileof polas&ium. forly-five grains of chlor-
ide of potassium, and one and a half grains of
bromide of potassium are to l>e iniroduced, and,
when dissolved, the whole boiled for ten min-
utes, allowed tostand for a day, and then decant-
ed und filtered through linen. Twelve to twenty
s>hect& of the paper are immersed in this liquid
at a tiroc, or can be floated npon it for fifteen or
twenty minutes, and then hung up to dry in a
dark room. Should the paper assume n dark
tolor it will be of no consequence, since this tint
will disappear in the siWer hath. This bath is
to be prepared in the proportion of i to 15, and
for every ounce of nitrate of silver fifty or sixty
grains of citric acid are to be added. The de-
veloper is made of fifty grains of pyrogallic acid
and eighty grains of citric acid in thirty ounces
of M'atcr. The lime of exposure varies from ten
(seconds to twenty-five minutes, according to the

f>icturc to be copied and the actinic force of the
ight.

TINTING Photographs //if^/Zj',— Having
prepared the pholograph in the usual way, take
a little pink madder or carmine, and lay it on the
cheek with a dean pencil. Soften it carefully all
round the edges, blending the tint into the face.
Repeat the process once and again, until you
have obtained nearly as much color as necessary ;
I say nearly as much, because you have to ])ass
the general flesh wash over it, which has the ef-
fect of darkening it considerably. For the pur-
pose of softening, it will be as well to have two
pencils on one nolder. It might appear that
putting on the color of the check at once, and
softening it, would suffice ; but you will get it hir
softer by doing it with a very pale tint two or
three times, than you possibly can by making it
. at once as powerful as necessary ; besides, it is
impossible to soften a strong color so well as a
pale lint. When the color is quite dry, go over
the whole of the face with a flesh tint, then put
in the hair, eyes, eyebrows, and lips; round off
the forehead with gray, and apply the same to
those parts of the face whore you observe it to be
in nature. If your i)holograph be a very dark
one, you will not require so much gray in it as
if it were a light impression. Next wash in the
background and proceed with the draperies, etc.
Return now to the fnce: strengthen the carna-
tions, grays, and shadows, by hatching delicate
tints over them; put the light in the eyes, and
the spirited touches about it, and the eyebrows,
moutti, etc., and finish off the hair. In dark
photographs, you will reauire to lay the lights
on the hair with body color, as it is generally
much darker than it appears in nature. Make
out the linen with a gray, deepening it in the
darkest parts, and lay on the high bghts with
constant or Chinese white. Proceed next to
shadow the drapery, and when you have obtain-
ed the required depth, scumble in the high lights,
using a bare penal and a very gentle nana, as
before directed. Give the background anotlicr
wash, if requisite, and your photograph is finish-
ed; or make up a tint of orange vermilion and
white, according to the complexion, and lay it
smoothly over lace and h.iinds; then put on the
carnations with rose madder, and shadow up the
face with orange lint, and proceed as above to
finiih. If the backgrounds and draperies appear
dead, you m.iy take a piece of very soft washing
snd rub Iliem up a littk, which will have the

same efleci as if they had been hot pressed.

Whenever l>ocly color has been used, the robbing
will l>e incflectivc. Neither rubbing nor hot
pressing uill give a shine to any but transparent
tints. If there be metal buttons, chains, orema*
lettes, they roust be laid over the dre&s with body
colors; a very good ground few them is rw
chrome and gamboge, shadowed with bonit
umber, and hightencd on the lights with lemoo
chrome and Chinese white. By the foregnbg
mclhtxls, it will be unnecessary to batch or
stipple a great deal ; for you wQ] find that the
face will come out very soft and round without it,
but the effect is far inferior to that produced '^
the other process.

TKA \S of Papifr Maihf. — There is no re**
son why dishes, irrtvs, pails, t»ottltrs and other
utensils for pliotographers' use iihtjuld nd be
made of papier machc. This material is not liable
to shrink or break. It is very Light, unacted
U[>on by *cids, impervious to water, unafliectcd
by silver, mnd is in every way prcfer^Ie to ordi-
nary porcelain. The difference in castas com-
pared with porcelain is now quite trifling.

VARNISH fxir CahrcJ Drau>tngs.-^A\x of
Canada balsam, l oc; spirit of turpentine. 2 ozi.
Mix them together. Before this compovition is
applied, the drawing or print &houlcf be sUed
with a solution of isinglass in water; and wbeii
dry apply the varnish with a came!'' '-- ' h.

I'A kXISIf ( CampAora Ud Ma .:.

ings, — Take of nustlc cleaned aji< I \i

or.; pure lurpenline, \% or.; camphor, >i ox.;
wliite glass pounded, 5 oz.; essence of turpentixie,
36 oz. Malte the varnish according to the me*
thod indicated for Compound Mastic Varai^
The camphor is employed in pieces, and the tur-
pentine is oddeil when the solution of the reiio is
completed. But if the varnish is to l>e applied to
old pointings, or paintings which have been al-
ready varnished, the turpentine may be suppress*
cd; OS this ingredient is here reconimcodea only
in cases of a first application to new painting,
andjust freed from white-of-egg varnisn.

The question by able masters respecting ibc
kind of varnish proper to he employed for paint-
ings, has never yet been determined. Some artists
who have paid particular attention to this subject,
make a mystery of the means they employ to ob-
tain the desired eflecL The real end may be ac-
complished by giving to the vnniish -v-t,„...f ff^^
painting, pliability and sofbieu, v ^

too solicitous in regard to what m.. ,;>

consistence or its solidity. The latter qu^UiLy is
particularly requisite in varnishes which are to be
applied to articles much exposed (u friction ; such
OS boxes, furniture, etc.

VAKNISII^ Euking, — 1. Take of virgin wax
and ospholtam, each 3 02.'; of black pitch and
Burgundy pitch, each ^ ca.; melt the wax and
pitch in a new earthenware glazed pot, and atkl
to them, by degrees, Uie asphallum, finely pow-
dered. Let the whole boil, simmering gradually,
till ^uch time as that, taking a ilrup upon a |4r1C
it will break when it is cold, on bending it double
two or three limes^twixt the fingers. The var-
nish, l>c)ng then Ixiilcd enough, must be taken
off the fire, and, after it dxiU a little, mu^t tjc
poured into worm water that it may work the
more easily with the luinds, so as to l*e formed
into balls, which must be kneaded, and put iaio
a piece of taffcty Jor use. — 2. Wlutc w.ix, a ot.;
black and Burgundy pitchj of each }% oc; melt

■■Mi^

PRESBRVrNG A^D STOnWG,

393

I

together, add by degrees powdered asphaltum,
% o£., and boil till a drop taken out on a plate
trill break when cold by being; bent double 3 or
3 times between the fingers; it must then be
poured into warm water and mode into small
balls Tor use.

WASlflNG SODA, Impnr.tii tnbstituU fcr.
-It bu bcca found that the nyposulphitc of soda.

I

f
I

I

which is now mAnufactured very cheaply, for the
use of photocrnphers, i« much belter than, the
common washing 50<^ to wash delicate ol>jects.
It attacks neither the skin of the hands nor the
objects to be washed* as docs the commoo soda;
and at the same time it is an ciTectivc bleaching
agent, and takes out many spots better thaa any
other substance.

PRESERVING AND STORING.

ANCffOVlES, Englisk.^SmXi, I bushel;
salt, 7 pounds; saltpetre, 3 pounds; prunella, %
pound; cochineal to color slightly. Pound in a
mortar, then put into a st^ne pan or empty an-
chovy barrel, first a layer of sprats, then one of
the composition, then a layer of sprats, and so
on, until it is filled. Press down tight, and keep
them for six months.

APPLE BCrrE/f.— Select two bushels of
sour apples, and [)ecl, core and quarter tliem.
Take a liarrtfl of goo<l sweet apple cider, and boil
it in a copper kettle until all the impurilies have
risen ;<5 the surface. After this is done, and the
impurities skimmed ofT, take out two thirds of
the dder. Then put in the apples, and as the
qaantilT boils down put in the rest of the cider.
After putting in the applts the butter must he
stirred without interruption until it is t:ikcn off.
It mil t.\ke al>out five hours boiling after the
apples are put into the dder. It should be Imilcd
until the wnole mass becomes smooth and of the
same consistency, and of a dark brown color.
Spice with ground cloves and dnnsmon, to taste.
llie butler can then be taken off and put into
ve?scU for use. Karlhen crocks are best for thi.?
purpose. Tie the vessels over with heavy paper
and set them away in a dry place. The butter
will keep a year if wanted.

APPLE BUTTER^ {PmHsyhaMta. metA*xi.)
— Boil new dder down to one half. Pare, cut,
and core equal quantities of sweet and sour ap-
ples. Ptil the sweet apples m a large kettle to
soften a Utile first, as they are the harilest. Add
enoogh boOcd cider to c>Jok them. After bailing
half an hoar, stirring often, put in the sour ap-
ples, and aiid more boiled ctdcr with molasses
enough to sweeten moderately. Boil unril ten-
der, stirring to prevent burning. Pack in firkins
or stone pots for winter use.

APPLES^ To Dry.— The most general me-

ibod adopted m drying apples is, after ihey are

pared, to cut them in slices, ami spread them on

epochs, tables, or boards, and dry them out-doors.

In dear and dry weather this is, perhaps, the

r-" - • ;>r^ditious and best way; but in cloudy

iiy weather this w.iy is attended wild

■nvenieiicc, and sometimes lots, incon-

scqucficc of the apples rotting before (hey dry.

To some extent iney may be dried in this way in

the house, ihouijh thii is aurndcd with much in-

tonvcniencc. 1 lie !>esi inci.li->l that I have ever

"■■-! ' ■ '■ . ^"I'tci is la use frames. These com-

iilvantagcs with the least incon-

. way, and can be uicd with equal

ttlvaiitu^ eilUci in drTtng in the bouse or oat in

the sun. In pleasant weather the fnimec aui be
set out-dooTs against the side of the building, or
any other support, and nights, or cloudy and
stormy days, they can be brought into the houset
and set against the side of the room near the
stove or fireplace. Frames are made in the fol-
lowing manner : Two stri{>s of board, 7 feel long,
2 or 2}^ inches wide — two strips 3 feet long, l%
inches wide, the whole ^ of an inch thick — noil
the short strips across the en<ls of the long ones,
and it makes a frame 7 by 3 feet, which is a con>
venient size for all purposes. On one of the lung
strips nails are driven 3 inches apart, extending

from the top to the bottom. After the npnles are
pared, they are quartered and cored, and 1
needle and twine, or slont thread strung into

lengths long enough to reach twice across the
frame; the ends of the twine arc then lied together,
and the strings hung nn the nails across the
frame. Tlie apples will soon dry so that the
strings can he doubled on the nails, and fresh
ones put on or the whole of them removed, ami
others put in their place. As fast as the ajniles
become suffidcntly dry they can \k taken from
the strings, and the sante strings used lo dry
more on. If large apples are used to dry, they
can be cut in smaller pieces. Pears and quinces,
and other fruits that can be strung, may be dried
in this way.

APPLEJAM.—'VYie apples, whichshould be
ripe, and oflhe Iwst eating sort, being pare<I and
quartered, are put into a pan with just water to
cover them, and boiled until they can l>e reduced
to a mash. 'I'hen for each pound of the pared
apples, a pound of sifted sugar is added, t>eing
sprinkled over the boiling mixture. Boil and stir
it well, until reduced to a jam. Then put it into pots.

The alxjvc is the most simple way of mucing
it; but to have it of the best possible clearness,
make a thick s^Tup with three pounds of sugar to
each pint of water, and clarify it with an egg, as
before directed. Tlien add one pint of this srrap
for every three pounds of apples, and boil the
jam to a proper thickness.

APPLE JELLY. —Take any quantity of
sound common apples, those with red skins make
the brightest colored jelly ; wash carefully, but
do not peel them ; fill a prescrvmg-pan with the
apples, and just cover them with water; boil tUl
they arc all in a pulp, then strain it through a
hair sieve. To every pint of juice add one (>ound
of while sugar, and a little essence of lemon;
boil the whole till it is perfectly clear, and jellies
when cold ; it ought to turn out of a shape quite
stiff and dear.

d_a

«94

DICTION A R Y OF B VER Y-DA Y WANTS,

APPLE MARMALADE. — VttX and core

two pounds sub-acid apples and put them in an
enameled saucepan witA one pint of sweet cider,
or half a pint of pure wine, and one pound of
crushed sugar, and cook ihein by a gentle heat
three hours, or longer, until the fruit is very
soft, and then st^aeeze it first through a colander
and then through a sieve. If ni>t sufficiently
sweet, add powdered sugar to suit your taste,
and put away in jars made air<tight by a piece of
wet bladder.

APPLES, Prfsetvitiff. — \, By selecting the
best of fruit* and carefully en^Tloping each
specimen separately in paper so that tnc air can-
not pass thn^ugh, liie lime uf keeping in a sound
and eatable condiUon can be greatly prolonged.
After cuvering each apple with paper, select a
light wooden dox and cover it on the inside^ or
outside, with paper either before, or after put-
ting in the fruit, as the case may be. Those
persons who are desirous of preserving a small
quantity of apples Vi\)\ be amply repaid for their
trouble by trying the al>ove experiment, llic
fruit should not l^ disturbed after packing until
the box is opened at the time the fruit is to be
eaten. — z. A layer of dry sawdu.st was sprinkled
at the bottom of the box, and tlicn a layer of
apples placed in it so that they did not touch each
other. Upon these were placed a little layer of
MLwdust, and so on until the box was filled. The
boxes, after being packed in this way, were plac-
ed on the wall in tiie cellar, up from the ground,
where they kept, perfectly retaining their fresh-
ness and flavor, until brought out. — 3. Apples
for keeping should be laid out on a dry floor ior
three weeks. They then may be packed away
in layers, wilh dry straw between them. Each
apple should be rubbed with a dry doth as it is
put away. They should l>e kept in a cool place,
but should be suflidently covered with straw to
protect them from frost. They should be pluck-
ed on a dry day. They also keep if packed in
dry sand.— 4. An excellent nietluid for preserv

ingwples through the winter is to put them in
barrels or boxes, surrounding cich apple with
some dry mould or gyjisum (pbster of Paris )^

not the calcined used for casts, models, elc. —
and kept in a dry, cool outhouse.

APPLES {Crab), Prrurzin^. — The fruit is
prepared by first cutting out all decayed por-
tions ; then wash clean, and place in a kettle wilh
sufficient water to cover the fruit entirely. Have
a tight-fitting lid to the kettle and boil, over a
moderate fire, until the fruit ii soft enough to
pierce with a straw ; drain off the water, and
strain through a coarse cloth or jelly bag, and set
it aside for jelly. Ihe apples, in boning, will
have burst their skins, which are easily removed;
the cores arc taken out by pushing them through
from the blossom end, with a guosc quill or a
stick of equal thickness, being careful to press
the stem end against the fingers to prevent break*
ing the apple. Tlie fruit is now ready to pre-
serve whole or to make into marmalade ; for
cither, the proportions are: 4 lbs. of frmt, 3 lbs.
of sugar, and 1 pint of water. Put the sugar
and water into tnc preserving kettle, set it over
tlie five until it boils, then drop in the fruit, (If it
is to be done whole), boil until clear, and remove
inloaj.ir. If there is more syrup th.in will be
needed, boil down to the desired quantity ; pour
it over the fruit wliile hot, and cover with a
dothj cut of sufficient size to cover and tie down.

This cloth dip into a cement made of 1
of bces-wajL to one bf rosin, adding cnougK
low or lard to keep it from cr.icking. While]
whole is warm, draw the cloth lightly over
top of the jar and tie down. To make fnarmalade,
the boiled fruit mu^tt be mashed to a pulp before
being added to the syrup, and then boiled, ami
stirred until it becomes dear, which is usually io
half an hour.

APPLE {Cra6) %«.— Pare the crab apples
when quite ripe. Put them into a stone }U,
cover it well, and put it in a pan of boiling water
for an hour and a naif. Then prepare the iynp
with two pounds of sugar in half ■ pint of water,
for every pound of the apples. Oanfy the synip.
Then put the apples into it, and boil the whole to
a jam.

APPLES {Pitt/), To /Vrjfrw.— Cut the f^ne.
apples into slices about half an i'l ii

them into a jar, make a syrup, : 1

pound of sugar to a pint of water, anu ici u >iia«
mer quietly till dissolved. I^t it stand 1 dtf.
and then (>our it cold owr the fruit ; after a ihon
lime take it away, and let it simmer ag.
ing added a little more sugar. Repeat 1 .
cess three or four times, and the lait time pcur
the syrup boiling over tlic fruit.

APRICOTS, /)w*/.— Thrust out the sIotm
wilh a wooden skewer, then pare ihcm and mil
them in dry powdered lump sugar ; afterwardi

fiut them into a cold syrup, made with 3 lbs. ol
ump sugar to %i' of a pint of water, and heat
them gradually nearly to the boiling udIh-
ing them freouently. Then pour then
deep dish, ana next day scald themagau;. - ...... ^

as much sugar as will dissolve ; again let them
rest TintU the next day, when they muit be placed
on a hair sieve to drain and dry.

Tlic fruit should not be quite ripe. Some-
times the apricots are cut into halves or qoartcrs
bfforc preserving, and at other times piddcd
with the skins on; in the latter case tney art
gathered sooner, and infused in cold water witJi
some vine leaves; next taken out and g<rntly iic
mcrscd in fresh water until they turn ^ "
and then rubbed with a flannel and sohk
remove the down ; they are then again s.»Kikc-j^ .n
the pan with the vine leaves, until they latn
greenish. Tlie l>est are selected, rubljcd dry,
tne stones extracted, and boiled in syrup as above
described,

APRICOT ytAM.—Let the fruit be just to
maturity, but not over ripe, f-lemove the skins,
then cut the apricots in halves. Crack the
stones, take out the kernels, bleach them in
boiling water, and then pound ihem in a mortar.
Boil tlie broken stones, skins, and parings i"
double the quantity of water required for tie
jam. Reduce it in the Iwiling to One lialf of in
original quantity. Then strain it through a jelly
bag. To each pound of prepared apricots piil »
quarter of a pint of this juice, a pound of silVd
loaf sugar, and the pounded kernels. Put it oa
the fire, which should be brisk, and stir the
whole with a wooden spoon until it is of a nice
consistence, but without being very slifl, or it
would have a bad flavor. I\it it immediately
into pots, and let these stand uncovered dyrinc
twenty-lour hours. Then strew a little sifttd
sugar over tlie upper surface of the jam in each
pot. and tie egged paper over cadi pot.

APRICOT^yELly. — V;u^ ihc fruit tWn.
and stone it ; weigh an cqna] quantity of sogar

PRMSERVmC AND STORING,

xfx fine powder, and strew over it. Stand one
day, then boil very gently till they are dear^
move Ihem into a bowl, and pour t)ie liquor
over. The next day pour the Uquor to a quart
of codling liquor; let it boil quickly till it will
jelly; put the fruit into it, and boil; skim well,
ana put into small pots.

BACON.— '\\\c reputation of the Hampshire
bacon is owing entirely to the care with which it
is cured. Tlie hogs, which are lalted on peas
and barley meal, arc kept fasting for twenty-four
hours at least before they arc killed; they are
used as gently as possible in the act of killing,
which is done by inserting a long-pointed knife
into the main artery which comes from the heart.
The hair is burnt off with lighted straw, and the
dirty surfaceof the skin scrnped off. The cnrciss
is hung up after the entrails have been removed,
and the next day, when the meat has become
quite cold, it is cut. up into flitches. The spare*
nbs are taken out, and the bloody veins care-
foDy removed ; the whole is then covered with
salt, with a small quantity of sahpetre mixed
wilh it. Siimetimcs a little brown sugar is added,
which gives a pleasant sweetness to the bacon.
The flitches are laid on a low wooden table,
which has a small raised border at the lower end.
The tabic slants a little, so as to let the brine
run off into a vessel placed under it, by a small
opening in the border at the lower end.

The flitches are turned up and salted every
day; tho^c which were uppermost are put under,
and in three weeks they arc ready (o be hung up
to dry. Smoking the bacon is no longer as com-
mon as it used to be, as simply drying in the
salt is found sufficient to make it keep, lliose
who from early association like the flavor given
by the smoke of wood burn sawdu>t and shav-
ings in a smothered fire for some time under the
flitches.

When they are qaile dry ihcy are placed on a
board rock fur the use of the family, or arc pack-
ed with wheat chaff into chests till ihcy are sold.
Tbc practice of cutting the hogs into pieces and
pickling them in a vat, being .-ittended with less
trouble, is very generally preferred when there is
Only a sufficient number of hogs killed to serve
the humor's family; but flitches of bacon well
cared are more profitable for sate. Corn-fetl
bacon is at least eqoal if not superior to the t>ar-
ley-fed, which is considered the prime article in
England.

BEEF^ Ta Cwnr.— Cut tip the beef, and weigh
and bulk it up, sprinkling a little salt over it,
and let it by ten or twelve hours, then pack it
down in the barrel. To one hundred pounds of
beef take one quart of salt, three and one half
mats of molasses, one tablcspoonful of saU^telre.
Fut all this into suflidenl water to cover the
beef; boil the pickle, and skim off all the scum,
and when cold pour it o\rer the beef, and weigh
it down. Keep the beel covered with the
pickle.

BEEF, DRY.—'V\\c gow! qualities of dried
beef as an article of food for tlie family are not
fully appreciated. In point of excellence it is
one of the nicest articles, when properly prepa-
red, tluit we have in our store-room. U is also
one of the most economical articles of food ; quite
a small quanlitv of dried beef, shaved very fine,
and cooke<i wiili a nice grav7, will serve for meat
for B family at very small expense. Then it is
ao convenienl to luvc; always ready; always

acceptable. To people who live couvcnient to
market, it is not of so much importance ; but to
us, who live at a distance from towns, drictl beef
is one of the necessary articles in our bill of fare.
V\'c frequently entertain guests nt our l.ible who
never have seen dried beef ser^-cd other than as
a relish for bread and butler, shaved and eaten
without cooking. There are several methods of
cooking it. Some prefer it cooked with a gravy
of water, seasoned with butter, thickened witn
flour, and perhaps eggs broken in while cooking.
Others cook it with crumbs of sausage, frying
the sausage first, then adding the beef with wa-
ter, and thickening with flour. It is also very
good cooked with a little sweet milk and sweet
cream, the gravy being thickened wilh flour;
allow it to boil once; that is all the cooking it
requires. A dish of dried beef, properly cooked,
served with toast, haketl potatoes, and boiled
eggs, is a very nice provision for breakfast or a
dinner prepared in baste. When too salt, it can
be remedied by soaking, after cutting and berorei
and adding a little white sugar white cooking,
lo restore the sweetness lost by soaking. Sugar
cured beef is much nicer than that cured with
salt alone. I put mine into a sweet brine, such
as is used for pork hams.

BEEF, y/CA'ZA/).— Rub each piece of beef
very lightly with salt; let them lie singly on a
tray or board for 34 hours, then wipe them very
dry. Pack them closely in a tub, taking care
that it is perfectly sm eel and clean. Have the
pickle ready, made thus: Hoil four gallons of
soft water with ten pounds of coarse salt, four
ounces of saltpetre, and two pounds of coarse
brown sugar; let it boil 15 minutes, and skim it
while boiling very clean. When perfectly cold
pour il on the beef, laying a weight on the lop to
keep the meat under ihe pickle. This quantity
is sufficient for 100 lbs. of beef if closely packed,

BEANS, To kefp Frtsk for /r/wA-r.— Procure
a wide mouthed stone jar, lay on the bottom of it
some freshly pulled French t>eans, and over them
put a layer 01 salt ; fill the jar op in this manner
with altemaie layers of Leans and s.iU, The
beans need not all be put in at the same time,
but they are better if the salt l>e put on while they
are quite fresh. They will keep good all throuca
the winter. VXTien going to use them, sleep for
some hours in fresh cold water.

BlACJCBERRyyAAL—i:,ii\\\eT the fruit in
dry weather; allow Imlf a pound of good brown
sugar to every pound ol fruit; boil llie whole to-
gether gently for an hour, or till the blackberries
are soft, stirring and mashing them well. Pre-
5er%*e it like any other jam, and it will be found
very useful in families, }iarticularly for children
— regulating their bowels, and cn.ibling you to
dispense wiui cathartics. It may be spread on
bread, or un puddings, instead of butter ; and
even when the blackberries are bought, it is
cheaper than butter. In the country, every fam-
ily should preserve, at least, half a pweck of black-
berries.

BLACKBERRY SYRUP.—Takt a. ^yxf^<Acnt
quantity of ripe blackberries. Put them into a
sieve placed over a large brood pan, and with a
clean potato masher, or someihmg of the sort,
press out all the juice. Or having brui:>ed them first,
put the blackberries into a linen bag, and squeeze
out all the juice into a vessel placed l^neath. Meas-
ure il, and to every quart of the strained juice
aDow half a pound of powdered loaf Bugar»

4
4

«
4

I

DICTIONAR YOFE VER Y^DA Y WANTS.

cheapened teaspoonful of powdered cinnamon,
the same of powdered cluvcs, and a powdered
nutmeg Mix the apices with (he juice and sugar,
and bott aJl together in a ix>rcclain kclllc, skim-
ming it well. Wlien cold, stir into the above
quantity half a pint of fourth proof brandy. 'ITien
bottle it for use. 1liis is a ^ood family medicine,
and i« beneficial in coropUunts inodcnt to warm
weather.

It should be administered at proper tiroes (at
proper intervals), from a teaspoonml Co a wine-
gla^sfiil, according to the age of the patient.

BOl'QUET, To k^f Bfight and Fresh.—
Sprinlilc it lighily with fresh water, and put it in
a vase containing soap-snds. Each mnming take
tlie 1>oti(]uet out of the suds, and lay it sideways
in clean wnter; keep it there a minute or two,
Xhep take it out and sprinkle the flowers hghUy
by the hand with water. Replace it in the suds,
and it will bloom as when first gathered. Change
the suds every three or four days.

BUTTER, To keep Auw/,— Simply put it in
clean jars and cover with a strong bnne. This
will keep pure butter a year fresh and sweet, as
ve know by experience. It is almost equally
gooc! to put in oak casks headed tight. Tnls is
c<}uivalent to canning fruit. The brine in the
case of the jar acts as a heading, keeping the air
out. But butter should be made well. Work
out (he buttermilk till you have only pure l>cflds
dear as water ; but do not work &o much as to
break the grain.

BUTTER, To ketp in Sumiu/r. — A^mpie
mode of keeping butter in warm weather, where
ice is not handy, is to invert a common flower
pot over the butter, with some water in the dish
In which the butter is laid. The orifice in the
1)ottom may be corkct! nr not. The porousness
of the earthenware will keep the butler cool. It
will be still cooler if the pot be wrapped with a
wet cloth. Not the porosity of the earthenware,
but the riipid abstraction of heat by external
evaporation causes the butler to bccf>me hard.

CABBAGES, To Brcstrt'cin /fmA-r.— Sink
a barrel in the ground to within an inch or two
of the top, cut off the heads and fill the barrel
full, put on a iKKird to keep out watcr^ and that
is all the covering that is needed.
CABBAGE, YhPtck/f.Sclct.'i firm, ripe heads,

.alioe fine, place in jars, and cover with boiling
water. When cold, drain and scasun with sliced

^liorsc- radish, salt, equal {urts of black and red

.pepper, cinnamon and cloves. Pack in jar*, cover
with cold, strong vinegar, and in two days it is

iVeady for use. This pickle will keep a year.

CABBAGE {R^d) To PickU.—CMX. the reil
cabbage in tliin slices, spread it on a s)e\*e and
sprinlOe with salt. Let it drain for twenty-four
hours, dry il, pack it in pickle jars, fill them with
cold vinegar, put in spice to taste, and tic (he

jars up firmly with bladder. Opeu the jars in a
few days, and if the cabbage has shrunk, fill up
with vinegar.

CALVES' FEET yElLY.—^Q\\ t calves'
feet in one gallon of water till it comes to a quart,
then strain it, and when it is cold, skim the fat
entirely off, and take the jelly up clean; if there
be any settling at the bottom, leave it. Put the

iellv into a sauceiian, with a pint of mountain

half a pound of loaf sugar, the juice of four

lemons, and the white of six eggs, I>ea1 up

twhlsk; mix all well together, set the saucc-

Upoa a clear fire, and stir the jelly till it

boils. When it has boiled a few minutes,
it through a Aannd bag till it nms clear,
have in reodioess a lar^ china basin. With
lemon-peel in it, col as thin as po&si
clear jelly run upon them while warm,
these it will acquire botli an amber cole
agreeable flavor. Afterwardi it may be
into glasses.

CANA7XG FRCVT. -The principle At
be understood, in order to work intclligeol
The fruit is preserved by pUcin,' it
from which the external air i
This is efTiccted by surroundini^*
and by the use of heat to rarify utd
that may be entangled in the fruit or U
pores. The preservation does not
sugar, though enough of this is used
which covers the fruit to moke it uoLi
heat answers another purpose; M d
ferment which fruits naturally contain*
long OS they are kept from contact with
ternol air they do not decompose.

The vessels in which fruiu arepKacmd,
tin, glass, and earthenware. Tin is used at i
factories where large quantities are put u\
commerce, but is seldom used in families, as
skill in soldering is required than most
jiossess. Besides, the tins are not gvn<
use more than once. Glass is the
terial, as it is readily cleaned and allows
tenor to be frequently inspectctt Aay
bottle or jar thai has a mouth wide end
admit the miit and that can be securely st
positively air-tight — whicli in much aot^cj'
water-tight — will answer. Jars of various
terns nn<l patents arc mode for the purpose,

are sold at (he crockery and gr'^ • — wT

have wide months, and a gl
which is made to fit very u ^n]

rubber ring between thc'raciiii and the
The devices for these caps are nunirro««t'
much ingenuity is displayed in in^'
Wc have used several jjatlcrns witi.
fcrcncc in success, but have found 1;;^.,^
difference in the facilitv with which tbe^_

be opened and closed. The best are ihosej

atmospheric pressure helps the seaifBg.
where the sc^e dc^^-ndence is not open
or clamps. To lest ajar, lighlasfipof
and hold it withm it. 1 he heat of the ~
expand the air and drive out a |>ortioo of j
put on the cap; when the jar becomes :
air within will contract, and the prcsst
external air should hold the cover on so
that it cannot be pulled off without first letti
air by pressing aside the rubber or by such^
means as is provided in the constnicUon c
jar. When regular fruit jars arc not uscdt
corks and cement must be provided.

Cement is made by melting i^ ok. oftaUow
with I lb. rosin, l^he stiAhcss of the

may be novemed by the use of more or Icsa bi)*
low. Alter the jar is corked, lie a piece ofHoGl
drilling over the mouth. I^ip the doth on tlie
mouth of the jar into the melted cement, nib die
cement on the cloth with a stick to break vtp tfK
bubbles, and leave a close covering.

The process. Everything should be in rcodi*
ness, the jars clean, the covers well fitted, the
fruit pickeu over or other- ■ :— y.-rcd, and ce-
ment and corks, if these hand. The
liottles or jars arc to n ty hat liquid,
and they must be gradually warmed bdbrehaodt

FPESERV/A'G AKD STORIXG,

<f pUctng warm water in them, to which boiling
Urr is gradually added. Comnurncc by making
syrup iu the proportion of a pound of white
ftngxr to a pint ol water, using les« sugar if tliis
oantity will make the fruit too sweet, ^^'hco
lyrup boils, add as much fruit as it will cover,
tike fruit heat in the syrup (gradually, and when
oomes lo a boil ladle it into the jars or bottles
hich have been warmed as above directed. Put
in as much fruit as possible, and then add the
p to fill up all tlie interstices among the fruit ;
put on the ooxzr or insert the stopper as
I possible. Have a cloth at hand dampen-
hot water to wipe the necks of the jars.
one lot has been bottled, proceed with
l&ofe, adding more sugar and water if more syrup
%k required. Juicy fruits will diminish the syrup
^^uch less than uthers. Wlicn the bottles arc
Id, put them away in a cool, dry, and dark
Do not tamper with the covers in any
y. The bottles should be inspected every
y for a week or so, in order to discover if any
imperfect. If fermentation has commencecf,
trobbles will be seen in the syrup, and the covers
'U be loosened. If taken at once, the contents
y be saved by thoroughly reheating. — Another
U to prepare a syrup and allow it to cool.
the fruit in the bottles, cover with the synip
' en set the bottles nearly up lo their rims
a boiler of cold water. Some wooden slats
•hould be pUocd at the bottom of the boiler to
eep the bottles from contact with it. 'Y\\c water
I tne bc^er is then heated and kept boiling until
^e fruit in the bottles is thoroughly heated
fbroagh. when the covers are put on. and the
ttlcf allowed to cool. It is cLtimed that the
Bavor of the fruit is better preserved in this way
than by the other.

What may be Preserved.— All the fruits that
^re used in their fresh state or for pies, etc., and
Khubarb, or Pic-plant, and Tomatoes. Green
Pests, and Corn, cannot be readily preserved in
(amiKes, as they require special apparatus. Straw-
fries. Hard-Aeshcd sour varieties, such as the
tlson, are better than the more delicate kinds,
rcctions for these, as well as for Raspberries,
II t>c found in a lta<;kct item.
Currants need more sugar than the foregoing.
Lvrkberries and Huckleberries are both very
isfactorily preserved, and make capital pies.
Cherries and Plums nee<l only picking over.
Peaches need peeling and quartering. 1 nc skin
may be removed from ripe peaches by scalding
them in n-aler or weak lye for a few seconds, and
Ihen transferring them to cold water. Some ob-
n a strong peach flavor by boiling a fi;w peach
in the syrup. We have had peaches keep
years, and were then better than those sold
the stores. Pears arc pared and halved, or
oorlered, and the core removed. The Ijcst, high-
vorrd and melting varieties only should be
Coarse baking pears are unsatisfactory.
Apples. Very few put up these. Try some
hqpft^Tored ones, and you will be pleased with
them. Quinces. There is a great contrast be-
tween quinces preserved in this way and those
* «p in the old way of prjund for pound.
do not become hard, and they remain of a
ght color. Tomatoes require cooking
than the fruits proper. .Sec directions for
ong Basket items. Any intelligent ner-
' understands the principle upon wTiich
t ii preserved in this way, will soon find the

mechanical part easy of execution and the results
satisfactory.

CAUUFLOWER, ToKeep.—r\icy can be
kept in a cellar by oovering the roots and stalks
wiih earth, till February. Or they may be placed
in a trench in the garden, roots down, and cov-
ered with earth, up dose to the hcad^i; and then
cover with hay, or straw, four or five inches thick,
pbcing just enough soil on the straw to keep it
m its position. This method does well in the
latitude of New York; but in colder climates a
thicker covering would be required.

CELERY,, To Keep. — This may be kept in
good condition thrutigh the winter in a cool, dry
cellar, by having it set out in earth. When a.
small quantity only is wanted, take a box and
stand the celery up in it, placing a little earth
about the roots. The farmer* wno raise quynti-
ticB of it often keep it in their old hot-beds, stand-
ing it up, and protecting it from frost. There is
no vegetable more relished than this, and evcT7
person who has a garden should raise enough for
his own use, if no more.

CHERR y C/ZEESE.^Take twelve pounds
of juicy cherries, stone them, and boil them for
two hours, till they become a little cloggy, but
lake care thai they do not burn. Then add to
Ihern four pounds of fine sugar, and boil another
hi.>ur.

C/IERRY T^.V.— Weigh the fruit before it
is stoned, and to each pound of fruit allow three
quarters of a pound of sugary stone the cherries
and set tliem with the sugar and a few spoonfuls
of water in the preserving-pan, to simmer gently
twsidethe fire for half an hour. Then boil quickly,
skimming all the time, for another half-hour. It
is recommended to crack the cherry stones and
put tlie kernels into the jam, but as this is both
tedious and troublesome, a few drops of ratolla
or almond essence will be found quite as good.

C//ERRy AMRMAlADE.—'iake out the
stones and stalks from some fine cherries, and
pulp them through a coarse sieve ; to every three
pounds of pulp add half a pint of currant-juice,
and three-quarters of a pound of sugar to each
pound of fruit; mix together, and boil until it will
jelly. Put it into pots or glasses.

C //ERR/ESf fo Prcsert'e. — To a pound of
cherries, allow three quarters of a pound of fine
loaf sugar: carefully stone thera« and as they ore
done throw part of the sugar over them: boil them
fast with the remainder of the sugar, till the fruit
is dear and the syrup thidc Take off the scum
as it rises.

CHUTNEY, BengaL—Ov^ pound of tama-
rind pulp, one pound of sultana raisins, the grated
rind and had the juice of twelve lemons one
pound of tomato pulp, one pound of minced ap-
ples, a quarter of a pound of peeled garUc, six
chopped onions, half a pound of red chillies, one

pound of ginger in powder, one pound of moist

d four quan
the whole lliorougnly together, and keep it fur a

sugar, ond four quarts of strong vinegar. Mix

month in a warm place to ferment ; stir it occa-
sionally. and then put it into small jars.

CITRON, CandifJ. — C:nt the peels in half,
then soak them in water for two hours ; change
the water, and suak for two hours more; repeat
the operation until the water ceases to be bitter ;
drain them, and put them into saturated (hot)
syrup, until they become soft and partly trans-
parent, then take them out and dry them.

CITRON^ 7> iVrjow.— Pare and cut open

4

i

4
I

998

DICTIONARY OF EVERY~DAY WANTS,

the citron, clcnn all out except the rindj boil it
till sofc To a pound of citron, add a pound of
SUffur and a lemon to each pound : put tne sugar
&nn lemon together and boil it till it becomes a
syrup, skimmmg it welt; then put the syrup and
airon together nnd boil it an honr.

COFFEE^ Essence of. — Coffee, i part; wa-
ter* 5 parts. Keep them at a heat of 309° Fahr.,
in a close vessel for ten minutes, then strain and
evaporate at a low temperature in a vacuum, un-
til rcduceil to one part.

CORN {Green), To ZVy.— I. Clean the silk
carefully from the com. Put it in a steamer,
over a kettle of hot water. Steam ten minutes.
Then draw a knife throueh each row of kernels,
and scrape out the pulp, leaving the hulls on the
-cob. Spread on plntcs and dry carefully without
icorching. — 2. Husk the corn and silk it. Then
shave it off with a sharp knife. To six quarts of
the shaved com add a teacup of sugar and stir it
all up together. Put it onaj>ie platter and plates
and set in the oven. Let it scald ten minutes ;
then take it out and put it on a dean table cloth,
and spread in the sun and let it dry. When dry,
put in ajar or box to keep.

CORN{Crten\ Pickling.— V^tn the corn is
a little past the tenderest roasting ear slate, pull
it; take off one thickness of the husk, tic the rest
of the husk down at the silk end in a close and
tight manner ; ]>lacc them in a dean cask or bar-
ret compactly together, and put on brine to cover
the same of about two-thirds the strength of
neat ]nckle. When ready to use in winter, soak
in cold water over night, and if this does not ap-
pear fiuffident, change the water and freshen stdl
more.

CORN^ To have Green the year round. —
Gather it with the husks on, put in the bottom
of a dean barrel some sail, proceed and fill the
barrel as with pork, a layer of com, then a layer
of salt; when full, nut on a large stone for pres-
sure, add a little pickle of salt and water. Set
the barrel in a cool place in the cellar, do not let
it freeze, and it will keep perfect a year or more.
Wlicn you wish to use it, take ofTthe hti&ks, soak
it twenty hours in cold water, boil it and eat.
Some days in February you can eat succotash and
laugh at the storm. For this purpose, Stowell's
Evergreen is best, but any good sweet corn will
do. Used in this way, it can be enjoyed, as it is
never hurtful.

CUCUMBERS (Green), To PiiA/e.—Makc
a brine by putting one pint of rock-salt into a
pail of boiling water, and pour it over the
cucumbers ; cover tight to keep in the steam,
and let them remain all night and part of a day ;
make a second brine as above, and let them re-
inain in it the same length of time ; then scald
and skim the brine, as it will answer for the third
•^'brine, and let them remain in it as al>ove ; then
rinse and wipe them dry, and add boiling hot
vinegar; throw in a lump of alum as large as a
nut to every pail of pickles, and you will have a
fine, hard, and green pickle. Add spices, if you
like, and keep the pickles under the vinegar. A
brick on the top of the cover, whidi keeps the
pickles under, has a tendency to collect the scum
which may arise.

CUCUMBERS, To (?/r«r.— There is no way

impart a ^recn color to cucumbers, that would

»t be injurious to health, except by the use of

recn leaves, like those from tlie grape vine.

'ossibiy sap greenf which is a prcparaUon from

the juice of buck-thora berries, wot M answer
the purpose if it could be obtained here. YcT'
digris can tie detected in nearly aU the ptckles of
commerce ; but its use is highly ot^cUo&able« as
it is a poisonous acetate of copper. Pickles may
be colored with it if the people place a hi^er
regard on the color of the condiment ther eat
than on their health. Nearly all the shuies of
green are produced from »ome combination of
arsenic, but this Cad does not prevent the use of
them for coloring confectionery.

CURRANT CATCHUP.— THitx fully ripe
currants, 4 lbs.; sugar, 1^ lbs.; donamoo,
ground, i table-spoon ; salt, with ground doves
and pepper, of each I lea-spoon ; vin^ar, 1 pt
Stew tne currants and sugar until auite thick;
then add the other ingredients, ana bottle for
use.

CURRANT {Red), 7^//y.— With three parts
ofBne, ripe, red currants, mix one of white car-
rants ; put them into a dean preserving pan, and
stir them gently over a dear fire until the juce
flows from them freely; then turn them into a
fine hair sieve, and let them drain well, but with-
out pressure. Pass the juice through a folded
musbn, or a jelly bag; wdgh it, and then boil
it fast for a quarter of an hour; add for eidi
pound, eight ounces of sugar, coarsely powdered;
stir this to it, off the fire, until it is dissolved;
give the jelly eight minutes more of quick boil-
mg, and pour it out. It will he firm, and of ex-
cellent color .ind flavor. Be sure to deax off the
scum as it rises, both before and after the sugar
is put in, or the preserve will not be dear. Jukc
of red currants, inree pounds ; juice of white cur-
rants, one pound: fifteen minutes. Sugar, two
pounds: d^ht minutes. An excellent jelly may
be m.ade with equal parts of Ibc juice of red and
of white cuiTants and of raspberries, with the
same proportion of sugar and degree of boiliAg
as mentioned in the foregoing receipt.

CURRANTS, To dry with .Sw^ar.— Take
fuU)^ ripe currants, stemmed, 5 lbs.; sugar, 1 lb.;
put into a brass kettle, stirring at first, then as
the currants boil up to the top, skim them cff :
boil down the juicy syrup milil quite thick and
pour it over the currants, mixing well ; then
place on suitable dishes, and dry them by plac-
mg in a low box over which you ctn place rous-
kelo-bar, to keep away fliet.. When jxroperly
dried, put in jars and tie paper over them. Put
cold water upon them and stew as other fruit for
eating or pie-making, adding more sugar if
desired.

CURRANT SYRUP—Tukc one pint of Ae
expressed juice of currants and two pounds of
the best refined sugar; dissolve the sugar in the
juice bv the aid of heat, not exceeding 212°, and
set asiue for twenty-four hours. Then remove
the scum, and strain through very fine muslin,
if any sediment be present To preserve fbc use,
add one gill of alconol at 60 per cent.

CURRANT iBiack) Jel/y.— To each pound
of picked fruit, allow one gill of water; set them
on the fire In the preserving pan to scald, but do
not let them boil ; bruise them well with a silver
fork, or wooden beater, — take them off and
squeeze them through a hair sieve; oihI to every
pint of juice allow a pound of loaf or raw sugar;
Iwil it ten minutes.

CURRANTS, To Prejme.—G&ihcT the cur-
rants upon a dry day ; to every pound allow half
a pint of red currant Juice and a pound and a half

«■

r/i£SEfiy/XG AND STORING.

299

»

of 6nety poundcil loaf sugar. Wllh/scissors dip
off the heads and stalks ; put the juice, curranU,
and sugar in a preserving pan ; shake it frequent-
ly tiU ti boils ; carefully remove the fruit irom
la£ sides of the pAn, and take off the scum 05 it
rises; let it boil for ten or fifteen minutes. This
preserve is excellent, eaten with cream.

JKGlrS, To Preseivt, — i. For each patent pail
full of water put in one pint of fresh <ilaked lime,
and I pint 01 common sail, mix well, fill your
barrel about half full of this fluid, then with a
dish| let your fresh eggs down into tliis, and they
will sellle down right side up with care every
time« and we can assure any one who will try it,
that they will keep any reasonable length of lime
witliout any further care than to keen them cov-
ered with the fluid, t^gcs may be laid down in
this way any time after June. — 2. Eggs may be
preserved by kcc|>ing them burieu in salt, or
dipping ihcm dunng two or three minutes in
bouing water. The white of the egg then forms
a kind of membrane, which cnvclopa the inte-
rior, and defends it from the air. — 3. The week
before going to sea, on a four months* voyage,
I gathcte<l iQ sixty dozen eggi fur cabin sea-
stores, taking especial pains to prove every egg of
tlie lot a good one ; besides, I got them from my
£imcr friends, and know they were alt frcrih.
Then I fixed them for keening, by taking five or
six dofen at a time in a basket, and clipping them
about five seconds in the cook's **copi>cr" of
boiling water. AAer scilding, I passed the eggs
throuch a bath, made by dissolving about hvc
poundk of the cheapest brown sugar in a gallon
of water, and hud them out on the galley floor to
dry. There I had my sixty dozen eggs sugar-
coated. 1 packed them in charcoal dust instead
of salt; I tried salt ten years, and I dont believe
it preserves eggs a mile. 'l"he steward had strict
oroers to report every bad egg he should find.
During the voyage he brought three, not abso-
lutely spoiled, but a little old like. All the others,
or what was left of them, were as fresh when we
came in as they were when I packed them away.
— 4. A Parisian jiapcr recommends the following
method for the preservation of eggs: Dissolve four
ounces of beeswax in eight ounces of warm olive
oil* in this put the tip of the finger and anoint the
egg all round. The oil will immediately he absorb-
eoTand the shell and pores tilled up by the wax. If
Iccpt in a cool place the egg%, after two years, will
be as good as if fresh laid. — 5. Take of quick lime
onepound; salt,onc pound; sallpctrc,thrcc ounces;
iraler.one gallon. It is necessary that the solution be
boiled ten or fifteen minutes, and when cold put
in the eggs, small end downward, using a vessel
lined nnth lead, and pbcing in a cold but dry eel*
Bar. — 6. Dip them into a solution of gxm-cotton,
(collodion), so as to exclude the air from the
pores of the shell; or the collodion may be applied
with a brush. — 7. A writer recommends the dis-
solving of gum shellac in alcohol, when the mix-
ture may be applied with a common paint-brush.
\VTieii dry, pack itt bran, points downward.
~E6^ 50 preserved will keep a very long time.
When about to be used, the varnish may be
.washed off. — 8. Get a good swoct wooden box,
|)tll about an Inch of salt on the bottom ; take
awect grease of anjr kind, lard or drippings, rub
the ecgs nil over with it and put them, the little
«nd down, in the salt ; then spread a Kiycr of salt
i^nd then add more eggs. — 9. Pack the eggs in a
rcask with the smaller end dovmward ; and iill up

the cask with melteil Udlow. This method is
practiced very extensively in Russia and in other
parts of Europe, and is generally successfuL —
10. Keep them at the temperature of 40° or less
in a refrigerator. Specimens had been exhibited,
which were fourteen months old, and still per-
fectly fresh and sweet. — ii. Apply with a brush
a solution of gum arabtc to the shells, or immerse
the eges therein ; let them dry, and afterwords
pack them in dry charcoal dust. This prevents
their being affected by any alterations or tempe-
rature.— 12. Of all the materials Ihat have been
recommended for this purpose, water gloss, or
silicate of soda, is the most effectual and least
objectionable.

EGGS^ To Dry. — ^The eggs are beaten to uni-
form consistency, and spread out in thin cakes on
baiter plates. Tliis dries them into a paste, which
is to be packed In close cans and sealed. When
required for use, the paste con be dissolved in
water, and beaten to a foam like fre»h eggs. It
is said that eggs can be preserved for years in
this way. and retain their flavor.

EGGS, PICKUNG.—Kt the season of the
year when the stock of eggs is plentiful, cause
some four or six dozen to be boiled in a capacious
saucepan until they become quite hard. Then,
after removing the shells, lay them carefully In
large mouthedjars, and pour over them scalding
vinegar, well seasoned with whole pepjier, all-
spice, a few races of ginger, and a few cloves of
garlic When cold they are bunged down close,
and in a month are fit for use. Where eggs ore
plentiful, the above pickle is by no means expen-
sive, and as an acetic accompaniment to cold
meat, it can not be outrivaled.

EGGS, POKTABLE.—Takz fresh laid eggs,
any quantity, break them into on evaporating Ui-
sin, and expose them to a heat of izc*^ i-'alu-. in
a water-bath, until hard, then pack them in air-
tight vessels. For use, take cold water, 3 parts;
dried egg, I part. Beat them well together.

FLOll'ERS, To Prfjtnr am/ A'fsti>rr.—y\ovr.
ers may be preserved in a fresh suie for a con-
siderable time, by keeping tliera in a moi^tatmo-
sphere. A flat dish of porcelain had water
poured into it In the w.iler a vase of flowers
was set ; over the whole a bell-glass was placed,
with its rim in the water. The air that surround-
ed the flowers being confined beneath the bell-
glafs, was kept constantly moist with the water
that rose into it in the form of vapor. As fut as
the water was condensed it ran down the sides
of the bell-glass back into the dish; and if means
had been taken to inclose the water on the out-
side of the bell-glass, so as to prevent iiK evapor-
ating into the air of the sitting room, the atmos-
phere around the flowers wouM have remained
continually damp. We recommend those who
love to sec plenty of fresh flowers in their sitting-
rooms in dry weather to adopt this method. Tlie
experiment can be tried by inverting a tumbler
over a rose-bud in a saucer of walcr.

Anotlicr method by which some flowers may
be preserved for many months, is to carefully dip
them, as soon as gathered, in perfectly limpid
gum water, and after allowing ihem to drain 2 or
^ minutes, tn set them upright, or arrance them
m the usual manner in an empty vase. The gum
cr.iduallv forms a transparent coating on llic sur-
lace of tne peuls and stems, and preserves their
figure and color long after they have become dry
aod crisp.

4
I

3«»

DICTIOI^AKY OF EVRRY-DAY WANTS.

Faded flowers may be gencrolly more or less
reslored try immrr^ing Ihcm half-way up their
Stems in very hot waler, and nllowing incm lo
remain in it until it cools, or ihey have recovered.
The coddled portion of the slems must then be
cut off, and the flowers placed in clean cold wa-
ler. In this way a great numlwr uf faded flowers
may be restoredi but there are some ol the more
fugacious kinds on which it proves U!>clei^5.

f LOWERS, Ta Preiert't in S,irtJ.—Gct the
finest and whitest of rivrr or lake sand, wash it
so clean that the waler in flowing from it will be
pure as if from the well. Heat it very hot and
while hot mix it thoroughly with stearic acid in
the proportion of one pound of the latter to one
hundred fxiaiids of sand. Let it cool. Take a
small common sieve and nail boards under the
bottom to prevent the sand from running through;
place enough &aiid in the sieve to hold the
flowers in position — not covering them; then
with a sheet of paper twisted in the form uf a
cone or funnel, carefully let the snnd pass
through it, between, around and over the flow-
ers— cover about half an inch. Set by the stove
or in some warm place where the sand will be
kept at a temperature of seventy degrees Fah-
renheit. When they have remained sufficiently
long, remove tlie boards carefully from the bot-
tom and let the sand run out, leaving your flow-
ers preserved in perfection. The only diflicuUv
h to know when the process is complete, dif-
ferent plants differing in the lime required, those
with thick leaves and petali needing more than
light ones. No exact rule can be given on this
point. Seven hours are sufficient for some,
while others retjuire twelve ami even more. Ex-
perience fllone can determine this. It is be*l al-
ways for a beginner to experiment with a single
plant at a time at first. \Vhen he lias succeeded
witli a certain variety and noted the time requir-
ed, he can proceed lo others, and in a short time
become versed in this nrt. It should be men-
tioned llut the flowers fur tliis purpose should
be picked dry — say midday, after the dew is eva-
porated.

FLOiVE/fS (Cni), Ta Preserve,— KM lo the
water a liltle of a solution of carbonate of am-
monia anil a few drops uf phosphate of soda.
The effect of this in giving tnc flower a deeper
oolor and a stronger appearance is quite wonder-
ful, and by cutting oflf every other day about one
half inch of the stems of the flowers with a sharp
knife, ihcy may be kept as long as their natural
life would last.

FfiUIT, KEEPlNG.^M^s^ your cellar or
fruit-room neither too dry nor too moist. This
is indispensable. If moist, your fruit will rot ;
if dry, it will shrink. If you are incredulous
about this, set your fruit in your dwelling- room,
or where there is a high, dry temperature. This
will satisfy you as to the shrinking. Dampen a
bin or barrel, and keep so for awhile, (with the
fruit in it), and you will need no more urging.
The "course between," as the old adage hai it,
is the right way. 1 know we are apt to have our
hobbies and go to extremes. The coarse be-
tween is not always relished. But facts are facts,
and they arc not only stubborn, but Ihey will al*
wavs remain so.

f'ruil must l>e put where there is not sufficient
moisture to rot it, as an excess will surely do.
On the other hand, the dry must be avoided, or
trill be shrinking and a dry fruit, lliisis

as common an experience as life itself. Opca
bins, unless the cellar or fruit-room be verydaroc,
will dry the fruit- This is generally so. Ojct
barrels are less affected in this way, but ^"" ''
fectcd. The best way is to close yen
after the fruit has passed through its >^'
which it will do in a few days, and leave a saiak
open space, say a couple of apertures across Ike
head of the barrel, uf half an indi or less in dj**
meter. Or, you are pretty sofe (in the case cf
apples, whicli are more particularly rcfp'^i'->l t>M
lo head up tight, alter the swealmg
has gone through with, and the fruit \>, at
This we have u)und eminently successful %t
have found some mold where the barrel was dol-
ed as soon as filled, the fruit getting ntout,
(sweating) and the moisture instead of possiof
off by the vent, had to be absorbed by the wood
of the barrel. But before this is done misdiicf
will be wrought. Still we have known cases of
clear exceptions. But this will not do; we woDl
cases without exceptions, without dottU: ae
want tosaveour fruit beyond peradventmc. And
we can in the way we have described.

As to temperature, this cannot be Too lew,
pn^vidinpit does not freeie the fruit. ,\:
lormity is almost as imi:iorlant as deprc-
heat. These two are the vital and imporitoi
|xunts. Kept at the freezing point, or yaX ool
of its range, there will be little change ia the
fruit, either to rot or to mature. An apple c»a
thus Iw kept "green" the winter through— for
aught we know any ajtple, hut certainly the win-
ter fruit. We have it, therefore, in our power,
to ripen or not as we like, and this ii quite an
advant:igc; to avail ourselves of it any winter
with the greatest of interest, and a most deeded
advantage. We could not well do without it-
We keep cold the one part of our ccUar, that
conUining the spring fruit. Frost socuetiuei
steals upon us, but we permit it to steal giodoally
out again ; for the world we would not huri)' it,
for that would spoil our fruit. When once frt)st>
ed we permit it to remain so as long as we <
for that is a safe keeping so long as it lastL

A httle fresh air seems to be a benefit,
hardly our experience, however, as
iruil, where the air is not damp or mold icfe
where it is pure, some from the slight ev
tion of the fruit, particularly apples, have >
kept well with us so far as we have exprrinK
ed. Still we see no harm from a changt
mospherc of our room. We therefore, wncn
air is not damp, occasionally r^iise our windmrSJ
little, or when the tcmjKrrature i* the
that of the cellar, ur a liltle lower. Rasl
is fatal. If the air without should be
a south wind blow, with the wim
there will be such a chan^ as will
feet the fruiL Tlie cold air will be driven \ki of
the cellar or fruit room. Rather let the coU ^
in severely.

But uniformity, with a httle fresh airocctiklB-
qUv, is what is wanted.

liie following method of preserring tpplei u
from an English agricultural periodicarpubli*>b(*l
more than tnirly years ago. As the method pn>
posed is easily .'W'ail.iUe at a form house ami i>
simple, we think it worthy of trial; It seems not
to be generally known that apples may be!
the whole year round, by being iramenc
com, which receives no injury uom their
CacL If the American apples were

P/?£S£^r/yG AS'D STORING,

joi

ilphi

'C C^^* ^^y would arrive here in much

lui' ^ inan Ihcy do nl prwcnL The

^_j; above nscd, means any ccrcnl

-.licii .\3 oaL« or borle)*, and nut simpJjr

^ifVrrS, Prtsennns h^ SuipkiU ff ii**.
— ^Thc great agents in causing the decay of frait,
rcficLiinc5» wine, etc., arc heat and air. If, how-
«vcf, die buer he excluded, some fruits and
1xiceL»''lc», and most winesi will bear a pretty
temperature. Further, it is only one cle-
of the air — the oxygen — lha,t proves so
ruclive, and if this be removed, putrefaction
&nd fcrrncnlalion arc either stopped or greatly
reurded. Some substances have a powerful af-
bnlity for oxygen, and remove it entirely from
die atmosphere, under &omc drcumttances.
Th-i- -^ ■-'• »- ir be burnt in the air, it combines
«rr. . a, forms sulphurous acid, which

div ..jtcr or wine, and Icavci the re-

Daimn^ aii free from oxygen. Hence the use
of burning sulphur in wiac ca&ks before hlltng
wilU w:ne. Tae oxTgen is all removed, and the
■gcnl which turns alcohol to vinegar not being
present, there is no danger of the urine turning
»our. <\s a convcoicnt substitute for burning
tur. (sulphurous aciil), sulphite of lime (a
>ination of sulphurous acid and lime) has
used. It has a strong tendency to aosorb
fgen and become converted into sulphate
imc (gypsum). It therefore removes the fide
Oxygen irum the wiae and from the cask, and
entirely su!>[.Mmds the process of aoetihcation, as
it is cillcd— (hat is the conversion of the alcohol
of the wine into vinegar. For this purpose sul-

filuie of lime has been extensively xiscd, rtpodol*
y for the orcscrvation of cider.

It hai also been used for the preservntion of
6uU. If dif;<^olved in the syrup or water in
wtiidi the fruit is placed, it will soon absorb all
the oxygen present, and the fruit will not dc>
compose. In the case of wine or cider, however,
the resulting gypsum, which ii lusoluhle, will
'^ "to the Dottom 'jf the vessel, and pro-

effect on the wme unless too much is
in the case of fruit, the sediment is
to settle on the fruit, though not to such an
cVtent as to do much harm. ITtc proper quan-
liis" ' 1 19 noted on the bottles in which

Uu: \ald; and in the ca)>e of fniit, an

ex|- I ■■ air for a few hours before use

ir, : i remove all unplco.'vant taste or

».o,c >iiust a<ld, however, that although

llbc yiy^^^ u simple and cheaper than the or-
itinxry tticthotl of canning fruits, we prefer the
laner.

'. — Various fruits may be

putting them for a few

up, made with three

^c \ugar, boiled for a

r orange flower or rose

Itc ivteeped in the hoi

■tr-n strained, and

j)en. Thii will

. 1 the sugar will

min"*
wiUf.

tynip fof !"•> "( >'.
Ml urto an oyvn wi

OfV tJv r«'rr.»ininL*

-n Tnnch fruit is dried,
'■■'• purpose.
<\ as to he

ll is Dccuury
SbhU (|ttaaiiti<

ph»d a«tf ih

•iflhitorditrini

lNC-b*dauh,ca

taM vllkSi wtU cUy rapuU/ ^*^ '^t tlic utac uiuc

keep off insects. A hoi-bed frame with a bot-
tom to it, and raised above the ground, makes
a capital drying box. The xash should he elevat-
ed at " ' iL^rc to paiS <jff,
COTi

It is xaid :y with a little

bark si?^-. t i the bushel)

will ^ '!>ie.

sorn' id-

reds \'\ in.i>iir.-(- wi J Mii^ii; :>[.ii'Pii. 1 »c [(.-iijcdy

is cheap and simple, but we veatuze lo say a good
one.

GRAPES, To Kecp.^x. Tliey must not ba
too ripe. Take off any imperfect grapes from
the bunches. On the )x>ttom of a krg pul a
layer of bran that has been well tiried in an oven,

or in the sun. On the I -^ ■■ '■••■• - ' ■ nf giapcf,

with bran between tlv- hey may

not be in contact. Pro, >%3ywith

•vUematc layers of grapei aiid bran, uil toe keg
is full ; then close the keg so that do air can
enter. — 2, In abox first lay apapc-r, then a layer
of grapes selecting the best bundles and remov.
ing all imj»erfcct grapes, then another paper,
then more grapes, and so until the Uix is full ;
then cover aHl with several fold^ of lujKirordoth.
Nail on the lid, and sec io a cool room where it
will not freeze. I use small boxes, so as not to
dbturb more than I want to use in a week or so.
Give eadi bunch plenty of room so they will not
crowd, and don't use newspapers. Some seal
the stems with scaling wxx and wrap each bunch
by itself, but I get :uong without that trouble.
TTie grAf>es should be looked to several times
during the winter. Should any mould or decay*
they should he removed and the gooil onc^ again
repacked. By this means I have liad. with, my
pitcher of cider and basket of apples, my plate of
grapes daily, besides distributing s<jmc among
my friends and the sick of the ncighU'>rhood.'—
3. {^Chinese AlHk^.) It consists in cutting a cir-
cular piece out of a ripe pumpkin or coiir'l, mak-
ing an aperture large enough to admit ttie hand.
The interior is then completely cleaned out, the
ripe grapes are placed inside, and the cover re-
placed and pressed in firmly. The pumpkins
are then kept in a cool place — and the grapes will
be found to retain their freshness fur a very long
time. We are told that a ven,- careful selection
must be made of the pumpkin, the common field
pumpkin. hoM-ever. being well adapted for the
puriKJic in ipirstion.

iiRAPES{Gr€fm)t T^ Prtsffve. — Thegrajies
must not 1>e too old : the beit time is just rtefore
the seed begins to harden. They arc, after 1>e'mg
pickcil and freed from stems, put int.. tvttiles
(strong wine or champagne bottles are best) 10
as nearly to till the latter. These arc then Ailed
with fre>h and clean water, ^ter this they are
all placed in a large kettle, partialljr filled with
cold water, and the temperature raised nearly to
ihc boiling point The water in the Iwttlc* ex-
pmds by tne lwat» and part is dri ven out. As
soon as <iuflFiciently heated, they .if.- til.noff,
enough water poured out of each 1 ;ly

allow a well-fittiog cork lo be pre Jy.

AHcr being o:)rkn they are sealed up wiili >cal-
ing wax or commnn beeswax. As the l»ttles
- ! down a partial vacuum i- ' '■ ' 1. of

Grapei that preurvr irs

' >u dimale, wlieie caruiL_i _ ira-

nahly spoils during the hot tummen, Tbey

I

3P*

DICTIONARY OF EVERY'DAY WANTS,

can at any lime he opened and prepared li):e
fresh Brapes, no difference will be fonnd in ihc
taste. It IS better to use the water, also, in wliich
Uiey were kcpl,a« it contains a Urge percentage
of tartaric acid, which gives them the pleasant
sour taste.

CRAPES, Canned. — Squeeze the pulp from
the skin, as the seeds are objectionable; h<ii! the
pulp until the seeds begin to loosen, having the
skins boiling in a little water, hard, as they ^re
tough. When the pulp seems lender, put it
through the ucve ; then add the skins, if tender,
witli the water they Iwil in, if not too much. Use
a large coffee cup of sugar for a quart can; boil
until thick, and can in the usual way.

GRAPE CATSUP. —Tike i\MC pounds of
grapes, boiled and cullrndered, two and a hall
pounds of sugar, one pint ol vinegar, one tabic

spoonful each of cinnamon, cloves, allspice and
pepper, and half a tablespoonful of salL Boil
until the caLsup is a little tnick.

DLLS up n

C^APE ykllY.—Takt some of the best
black grapes, strip them from the stalks, stir
them with A wooden snoon over a gentle fire till
they burst; strain off ihc juice (without pressing)
through a jolly-bag or i^ick muslin ; weigh tlie
juice and boil it rapidly for twenty minutes ; then
take it from the fire, and to each pound of juice
add fourteen ounces of gootl sugar roughly
powdered, and boil quickly for a quarter of nn
nour, stirring it constantly, and skimming il
carefully. It will be quite clcar^ and of a {xdc
rose color.

C/IERA'INS.PirkUJ.— Steep them in strong
brine for a week, then pour it w, heal it to the
boilinc; point, and again pour it on the gherkins;
in 24 hours drain the fruit on a sieve, put it into
vidc-mouthcd bottles or jars, hll them up with
strong pickling vinegar, boiling hot, buug down
immediately, and tie over with bladder. When
cold, dip the corks into melted bottle wax. Spice
is usually added to the bottles, or else steeped in
the vinegar.

In a similar way arc pickled, onions, mush-
rooms, cucumbers, walnuts, samphires, green
gooseberries, cauliflowers, melons, bari»crries,
peaches, lemons, tomatoes, beans, radish i>ads,
codlins, red cabbage, (without salt, and with cold
▼"•eg**"!) bcct-rool, (without salting,) garlic,
peas, etc., etc., observing that the softer and
more delicate articles do not require so long
soaking in brine as the harder and coarser kinds,
and may Ijc often advantageously pickled by
simply pouring very strong pickling vinegar over
them, without applying heat.

HAMS^ To €ure. — For each ham of twelve
pounds weight: Two pounds of common salt;
3 ounces of saltpetre ; % pound of bay salt; %
pound of coarse sugar.

This should be reduced to the finest powder.
Kub the hams well with it; female hands are not
often heavy enough to do this thoroughly. Then
place them in a deep pan, and add a wincglaisful
of good vinegar. Turn the hams every d.-\y; for
the first three or four days rub them well with
the brine; after thot time il will suffice to ladle it
over the meat with a wooden or iron spoon.
They should remain three weeks in the pickle.
When taken from it wipe them well, put inem in
bags of brown paper ond then smoke them with
d smoke for three weeks. Most grocers,
ers in hams, and others, who are particular

tiieir meat, usually take the precaution to case

each one, after it is smoked, in dn\-a5:, f>r tht

fmrpose of defending it from the -
title insect, the dermestcs lardarn
laying its egg^ in it, so«m fills it wmi :;■> 1-
or maggots. Thin troublesome and cjcpc
process may be altogether superseded by the
of pyroUgneous add. With a painter's
dipped in the liquid, one man, in the course
day, may effectuaUv secure two hundred
from all danger. C!are should be taken to
uate the liquid into all the cracks, etc., of
under surface. This method is especially adapted
to the prcser^'ation of hams in hot clmialcs.

HAMS, Tc curr.'~t. Take 2}^ pounda sngar, ;
lbs. coarse salt, 3 oz. aallpetrc and 4 galkns
water, boil together and put on cool 10 too
pounds of meat. Let the meat lie in the pickle
ei^t weeks. — 2. To a cask of hams, say from 23 Co
30, after Iiaving packed them closely and sprin-
kled them slightly with sal(« 1 let them he thus
for 3 days ; then make a brine sufhcienl to cover
them, by putting salt into clear water, making it
strong enough to bear up a sound egg or potato^
Then add ,!^ lb. of salti-^ire. and a guIoQ oC
molasses; let them lie in ibc brine for 6 weeks
— they are then exactly right. Tlien take ihcm
up and let them drain; then while damp, rub the
flesh side andthecndof the leg with finely pulver-
ized blade, red, or cayenne i>cppcr ; let il be as
fine as dust, and dust every part of the flesh side,
then Iiaiig Ihem up and smoke. Vou may lea^'e
them hanging in the smokehouse or other cool
place where Vac rats cannot reach them, as they
are perfectly safe from all insects.

II A MS {Smoked), To /•*-//. — Make sa^ U
coarse cotton cloth, large enough to hold one
ham, and fill in with chopped hay all aroami
about two inches thick. The hay prevents the
grease from coming in contact with ii>e doth aad
keeps all Insects from the meat. Hang in the
smokehouse, or other dry, cool place, and they
will keep a long time.

I/AMS {Mutton), To Pickte for Dtymg.^
First lake weak brme and pot the hams into it
for 2 days, then pour off and apply the following,
and let it remain on from £ to 3 wcckfi according,
to size: For each too lbs., take salt 6 %
saltpetre I ot,\ saleratus 7 ozs.; molas.ses
water 6 gals., will cover these if closely

HERBS, Ttf /?rv'.— They should be ga
in a dry season, cleansed from di-- ■
rotten leaves, screened from earth oi
on handles covered with bloitin^'
exposed to the sun or the heat of a £>;uvc in
dry, airy place. The quicker they are i^ried
better, as they have less time t- '
mouldy; hence they should 1
frequently turned; when dric.i ;i.-^ . .iwuld
shaken in a Urge meshed sieve (o get rid of the
eggs of any in.sects. Aromatic herbs ought to
be drie<l quickly with a moderate heat, that
their odor may not be lost. Cruciferous plants
shoald not be dried, as in that ca«.c they lose
much of their antiscorbutic qualities. Some

fjcrsons ha%-e proposed to dry Iwrlis in a
laih, but this occasions them, as it wctr, to
half boiled in their own water.

HONEY, Prfsfti'iUwn c/.^K^ex the honey
is passed from the comb, strain it through a sietc,
so as to get out all the wax; gently bc<il it, and
skim off tne whitish foam which rises to ths sur-

DtS

me

«. I

face, and then the honey wil
dear. The vessel for boding

I'll! Ixrcumc [wrlectlj J

PRESERVING AND STORING,

303

bnus, or tin. l*he honey should be put in jars
when cool, and tightly covered.

To keep honey in the comb, select combs free
firom poUen, pack them edgewise in jars or cans,
and pour in a sufi5cicnt quantity of the builcd and
strained honey (a$ above) to cover the combs.
The jars or cans should be lightly tied over with
thick doth or leather. These processes have
been in use for twenty years with unvarying suc-
cess.

HORSE-RADISiT^ To have in Kfeping. —
Grate a sufKcient quantity during the season,
while it is green, put it in Imltlcs, fill up with
strong vinegar, cork them tight, and set them in
* coofpUce.

ICE, To ^rfs(n<e, — i. Put the ice into a deep
dish^ cover It with a plate, and place the dish on
m piUow stuiTed with feathers, and cover the top
with another pillow carefully, by this means ex-
cluding the external air. — 2. Make two trags of
stoat woolen fabric; the outer bag should be
made at least two inches wider each way than
the inner one. After placing one hag inside the
other, stuHf fcathcr<i between the two, and sew
the two bags together at the top. I'ut a block
of ice into a uag of this description, and it will be
preserved from melting for nearly a week ; when
under exposure it will melt in less than an hour.
JAAf, Apricot or Pliun. — After taking away
the stones from the apricots, and culling out any
blemishes they may h.ive, put them over a slow

Jfire, in a clean 4lew-pan, with half a pint of wa-
ter; when scalded, rub them through anair sieve ;
to every pound of pulp put one pound of sifled
loaf sugar^ put it mto a prcscrvmg-pan over a
brisk urc, and when it boils skim it well, and
throw in the kernels of the apricots and half aa
ounce of bitter almonds, blanched; boil it a
quarter of an hour fast, and stirring it all the
tune; remove it from the 6re, fill it into pots,
and cover them. Green gages may be done in
the same way.

JAM, Curmnti^Red^ WhiU or Blaci\S\.n^

^^ the currants from the stalks, and put tnem into

^■' the preserving-pan, with three quarters of a

V pound of su^r to each pound of fruit; add the

sugar after the fruit has boiled a few minuter;

boU logctlier, mashing the fruit with a wooden

spoon, and taking off all the scum ; Iwil all gently

for half an hour, then fill the jars.

JAM, Gooseberry. — ChooiC the red hairy
gooseberry when quite ripe ; cut off the tops
and tails, wei{^h them and put them into a pre-
serving-pan with a quarter of a pint of red cur-
runt juice to every three pounds of gooseberries;
let them Iwil quicklv together for nearly an hour,
stirring carefully all the time. Then aiM the
supr m the proportion of three quarters of a
pound to each pound of fruit, and boil for forty
minutes. Gooseberry jam lakes a long lime to
boil; if not well done it will neither Took nor
keep well.

7AM, Peitrk. — This confection should be

roi^e of the cling-itone peach in preference, it

being more juicy and of a higher flavor tlian the

other kind of peach, tlie stone of which separates

from the pulp. Treat the peaches exactly in the

nw' "^l for apricots, using the same

qni M,

^m •j'rp\ — Take I pound loaf-sugar to

^t eve f fruit; bruise them together in

^V yo«jr ' '^^.pan with a silver sjxion, and let

' then siouucr gently (or an hotir. \Vhcn cold,

put them into glass jars, and lay over llicra a bit
of papier saturated with brandy — then tie them
up so as carefully to eiicludc the air.

JAM, Stmzvbfny. — Put an eonal weight of
good ripe scarlet strawberries ana broken loaf
sugar into a preserving- pan ; let them boil very
slowly till the sugar is all dissolved. The frwt
should be kept as much unbroken as possible,
therefore stir very carefully ; remove tne scum
as it rises; the addition of^half a pint of white
currant juice to every four pounds of fruit is a
great improvement, strawberry jam being rather
a luscious preserve. Boil from forty minutes to
an hour, until the fruit looks clear.

JELL y, Apple. — Pare, core, and cut thirteen
good apples into small bits: as tliey are cut
throw them into two quarts of cold water: boil
them in this, with the peel of a lemon, till the
substance is extracted, and nearly half the liquor
wasted: drain them through a hair sieve. And
to a pint of the liquid, add one pound of loaf
sugar, pounded, the juice of one lemon, and the
Ijcatcn whites of one or two eggs : put it into a
saucepan, stir it till it boils, skim till clear, and
then mould it.

JELLY, Cahcs' Feet,— Take eight calves'
feet and boil them until the water becomes a good
jelly, then add sugar, t pound; Port wine, 3
pints ; while of two eggs and shells. Boil for
nve minutes, and clarify.

JELLY, J/artshifm. — Hartshorn, I pound;
water, I piUon ; peel of two lemons. Bnil over
a gentle nrc until sufficiently thick, strain, and
add loaf-sugar, yi pound; whites of ten c^gs
(beaten to n froth); juice of six lemons. W'ht&k
together well.

JELLYf Stt^v- — Sago, I ^und; water, 5
pints. Wash ifie sagu, then boil it with the wa-
ter until reduced to a transparent jelly; lastly,
flavor it to taste.

KETCHUP^ -Camp.—X. Anchovies, 4015.;
mix with beer, 3 quarts; white wine, 1 quart;
boil a short time, add peeled shallots, 3 ois.;
black pepper, mace, nutmegs, and ginger, of
each, % 01.; macerate lor 14 days, and bottle. —
2. Vinegar, 3 pints ; walnut ketchup, i pint;
mushroom ketchup, 3 ois.; garlic, 4 cloves; Ca-
yenne pods, >^ ox.; soy, 2 ozs.; wine, 4 ozs.; 3
anchovies; I or. salt. Macerate together 3
weeks, and bottle. — 3. Vinegar, 1 pint ; walnut
ketchup, 4 ozs.; soy, 2 ozs.; 12 chopped ancho-
vies; 2 cloves of garlic, and Cayenne pods, I
drachm ; macerate three weeks, and IwJltle.

KETCHUP, Mushroom.— \. Picked mush-
rooms, 4 lbs.; salt, 3 lbs.; sprinkle it on the
mushrooms, and when they liquefy, remove Oie
juice, add pimento, 602s.; cloves, I oz.; boil gent-
ly, and strain. The remaining liquor, if any,
may he treated with pepper, mace, and ginger,
for a second quality. — 2. Express the mushrooms
in the tincture press, and to each gallon add salt,
8025.; shallots, I j^ oz.; pimento, lot.; black
pepper and ginger, of each ^ 01., and cloves, I
drachm.

Mushroom ketchup is apt to lose strength, and
turn bad, in a few weeks after it i> fust made ;
but again bdilinc with a little frcsli spice at the
end oT two months, will make it keep good a year
round.

KETCHUP, Walnut.— \. The juice of ercer*
tender walnuts cxpressc*!, I gallon; boil and
skim till cle.ir, add 2 lbs. of anchovies ; shallots,
3 lbs.; pepper, mace, and cloves, oC each I <&)

:

I.

DICTIOlfARY OF EVERY'DAY WAKTS,

•nd a sliced clove ol garlic Simmer 15 mm-
utcs. add uUt to U&tc* strain, and when ooolf
bottle. I^t ii stJUHl 12 months before using.—
A. Tender walnuts bruised, >] bushel ; add, to
each gallon of juice, red wine. 1 quart ; ancho-
Yies and bay &aft, of each 4 ou.; auspice, i ok.;
black pepper^ 2 ozs.; cloves and mace, of each,
a drachmii \ n. litUe ({[inger, and sliced horseradiih.
Simmer slowly until enough, and when cold,
bottle. — 3. (jreen walnut shclU bruised, 4 parts;
salt, I part ; mix, and in 7 days express the liq-
uor. To each gallon, add olUpice, 4oz».; ginger,
3 oca,; long pepper, z ocs.; cloves and mace, of
each I oc. bimmer for 30) minutes, cool, and
botUc.

LAMB^ To Kefp Fresh in the Summer. —
In a few hours after the lamb is slaughtcml, take
all four quartern and cuok them done. Each
aubbcquent day afterwards, as you prepare your
dinner, place tne remaining cruarters luck in the
stoTe and thoroughly heat itiem ; this seems to
prevent taint from appcarinrr. in this way any
Kind of fresh meat can be Kc/i sweet for a week,
in the hottest weather.

LAKD^ To Keef* from Molding. — It is not
likely to mold if properly tried and kept in a cool,
dry pUoc; earthen crocks or pans welt tinned are
kxkI to put lard in for keeping. Lard made
man intestinal fcit. will not keep so long as leaf
fiit. It should be s(uikc<l two or three days in
•alted water, changed eadi day.

LEMON A CW, Pure CrysfaUixed.— TaVk
lemon juice, any quantity. Put it into a vessel
of china, glass, or wood, and add finely powder*
cd chalk until the whole of the add is saturated,
nniing the exact weight of the dry chalk employ-
ed; then collect the precipitate and well wash it
with water, and for every ten parts of chalk con-
sumed, odd sulphuric acid, 9^ parts; diluted
with water. 60 parts. Mix whdc still warm with
the precipitate, and stir well together ; let them
remain for twelve hours ; then decant the dear,
wuh the white powder with clear water, and mix
the two liquors; lastly, strain, e\*aporate, and
crystalline. To purify it, repeat the operation of
washing the crystals, dissolvmgand crystallizing
two ur three times. Great care must be used in
evaporating the solution, for if too much heat
should be employed, or the process carried too
far, the ncid product will be injured.

MAJxWIALADF, Africot. — i^U off the
peel of some large ripe apricots, cut them in two,
and remove the stones; weigh the fruit and lay
it on dishes : to every pound of apricots put one
pound of finely powderal loaf sugar, strew it
over the fruit, and let it lie for one night; next
day put the fruit and sugar into a jireserving }>an
with a tcospoonful of ratatia to every pound of
surair ; let the whole boil very gently, and as
eacn \>\ect of apricot appears clear take it out and
lay it in a jar ; skim off any scum that may arise
on the syrup, and when all the fruit is done pour
the synip over it in the jars.

MAKMALADE, lied Cwrrdn/. — Squeeze
some ri{>e red currants through a coarse muslin ;
to every pint of juice put a pound of loaf sugar;
boil it very well ; when nearly boiled to a jelly,
have some bunches of large white currants nice-
ly pickcf-l, throw ihcm in, .-vnd boil five minutes;
it should turn out stiff and transparent.

MAh'MALADE, Oooieberry, ^l^e the
gooseberries when luUy grown, but not ripe, boil
tLcm in water five miuutes, then drain them

through a colander, brui§e the fruit, add afl
equal quantity of loaf sugar, and to every three
pooods of sugar put the rind of a lemon mlcd
and half the juice ; it should be boiled until aiiC

MARMALADE, Mixtd,^ Pare, corv, vA
quarter one peck of pears, the s.ime v-;iian»iTy of
orange quinces, simmer in >^ '^

keep them from burning un; ^

them with one quarter ih a ]>ouri.i 01 snce<j j^reca
ginger, the rimt of one orange and one lemon,
one ounce of blanched and shredded sveet A-
monds, a doicn bitter almonds or pcadi piu.
Pare, core and quarter two pecks of all pippins,
aiul add them when the ouinccs are terKter. whoi
the applc<i are tender aad for each pound cyf the
pulp one half pound of good brown sugar^ sim-
mer a few minutes altogether and seal hot

MARMALADE^ Oni»ff.— thoose the larg-
est Seville oranges, as they usually contain tbe
greatest quantity of juice, and choose them with
clear skins, as tne skins form the largest pail of
the marmalade. Weigh the oranges, and weigh
also an equal quantity of loaf sugar. Skin the
oranges, dividing the skins into quarters, sad
pill them into a prescr%mg pan ; cover them well
with woter, and set them en the 6re to IkhI: ta
the meantime prepare your oranges ; divide them
into g*'>rcs, then scrape with a teaspoon all the
pulp from tlie while .*kin; or, instead of sldnning
the oranges, cut a hole in the orange and scoop
out the pulp; remove carefully all the pips, of
which there are innumerable small ones m the
Seville orange, which will escape obserratioa
unless they are very minutely examinfM. Have
a large basin near you with some ^ ' ' In

it to throw the pips and skins int(»— f.

Qcient for a dozen oranges. A gr^- .
tinous matter adheres to them. -
strained through a sieve, should b--
the other parts. When the skins It .1

they arc sufiicientlv tender to a*:. k

being stuck into tiicm, strain Il.t f

which may be Iwiled with the other
clean all tne pith, or inside, fr<,Tii t'
in folds, and cut them into tlii:
inch long. Clarify your sugsi
skins and pulp into it, stir it
about half an hour. If the s:
small pieces, and boiled willi inc iruti. n -jn
answer the pur]x>sc of clarifying, but it must be
well skimmed when it boils,

MARMALADE, Qumee, — H.-ilf fill a pre-
serviug pan with water, slice your nuiitoes uito
it, and stew, stirring occasionally till tliry ore a
pulp ; strain it thruugh a hair sievt, and tn
cvcrypintofpulpadd three quarters of a p'- ■ ' '
loaf sugar pounded; boil together till i;
put it into jars while hot. If well made- :
keep many years in a dry place.

MARMALADE, ^wr^.— Take quinces thrf
are <{uite ripe, pare and cut them in quarters,
take out the cores, put them into a stew pan vHb
nearly enough spring water to cover them, keep
them closely covered, and let them stew gently
till they are quite soft and red, then mBsa and
rub them through a hair sieve. Put them in a
pan over a gentle fire, with as much thick clariAcd
sugar as the weight of the quinces'; boil them an
hour and stir the whole lime with a woodfB
spoon to prevent its slicking ; put it into poCs,
and when cohl tie lliem down.

MARsUAlADE, Trottifiarmt,—C.\xt vcrypalc
Seville oranges into quarters ^ take out the pulpi

gm,

PRESERVING AND STORING.

put it into a basin, and pick out the skioii &nd
sccdi. Put Oic peels inlo a liillc salt and water,
and let them stand all night, then boil them in a
good quantity of -Spring water until they ore
tender ; cut them in very ihtn slices, and put
them lato the pulp. To every pound of marmal>
ade pot one pound and a half of double refinetl
beaten 5ug;ir ; boil them logetlier gently for
tweaty minutes ; if they are not transparent, boil
them a few minutes longer. Stir it eentlr all
the tirnc^ and take care not to break the slices.
When it is cold, put it into jelly and sweetmeat
gla»ies; lie down tight.

MEA7\ To Cure. — To one gallon of water
add one and a half pounds of salt, half a pound of
sugar, half an ounce of saltpetre, half an ounce
of potash. In this ratio the pickle to be increas-
ct! to any quantity desired. Let these be boiled
together until all the dirt from the sugar rises to
the lop and is skimmed ofT. Then throw it into
ft tab to cool, and when cold pour it over your
beef or pork, to remain the usual time, say four
or five weeks. The meat must be well covered
with pickle, and should not be nut down for at
least two days after killing, during which time
it should be slightly sprinkled with [>owdcrc<I
saltpetre, which removes all the surface blood,
etc.. leaving the meat fresh and clean. Some
omit boiUng the pickle, and find it to answer
well; though the operation of Ixiiling purifies
the pickle by throwing off the dirt always to be
found in salt and sugar. If this recipe is pron>
eriy tried it will never be abandoned. There is
none that surpasses it. if so goot!.

MEATiErot^H), 7^ -f/^^.— After the meat is
frozen, lie in papers and pack in a flour barrel
with clean straw, pushing the straw down tightly
with a thin lath. Then put the barrel in a box.
five or six inches larger than the barrel e^'e^y
way, and fill the space with dry sawdust.

MEA T{Frcih), Presnving. — i. Place in large
earthenware pans, putting clean heavy stones on
it, and covering it with skim milk; the milk will
become sour, of course, but may afterward serve
M food for pigs, and the meat ^ill be found to
have kept its natural primitive freshness, even
after eight or ten days. This is a German me-

tthod, and may answer where the ice house or
spring house is wanting, and where the skim
soilk IS plenty. — 2. At &Ionte Video, meat is now
preserved in large quantities for export, by a
prooesA which is thus described: — A pickle is
Made containing eighty-five per ccnL of water,
with hydrochloric acid, glycerme, and bisulphite
of foda. and in thb the meat, cut into lumps of
from Ave to fifty pounds weight, is soaked for
tome days. When taken out, it is dusted over
vritb dry bisulphite of so<la, and is closely packed
in airtiifht boxes, in which it will keep sweet for
years, and can be rendered fit for use at any
time by soaking in a bath of cold water in which
a small quantity of vinegar is mixed. — 3. .\ccord-
ing to a redne recently patented in England.
meal of any kind may be preserved in any tem-
perature after it has been soaked for ten minutes
in a sfilution made of the following ingredients.
^^ well mixed: One pint of common salt dissolved
IKin four gallons of clear cold water and half a
^■gallon of the bisulphite of calcium solution. It
^■<s said that experiments show that meats so
H prepared wilt keep for twelve days in a tem-
■^ peralore of from to (o 1 10 degrees, and preserve
their odor uid flavor uaimpaired. I!y lepeaCiag

the process meats may be indefinitely prcserve<i»
and if it is desired to keep them an unusually
long time, a little solution of^ gelatine or white of
an egg may be added to the wxvh.

MEA 7; Phenyl Pa^r fj Prvsenv. — This
article would be useful for packing meat and
other substances liable to decay. It can be pre-
pared by fusing five parts stearic acid at a gentle
neat, mixing well with two parts carbohc ackl
and five parts melted paraffinc. and stirring until
the whole has become solid, and applying m the
same manner as wax pai>cr is made.

aMEEON MANGOES,— TUc late, small, and
smooth muskroclons are used for this pickle.
Cut out a plug at the stem end. or, as some
prefer it, from uie side ; scrape out the contents,
replace the plug and secure it with a wooden pin,'
and put the melons thu* prepared inlo a strong
brine. When they have been in the brine for
twenty-four hours or more, they are ready for
stuffing. The stuffing is mode of any pickle
material at hand; shredded cablmge, broken
cauliflower, small onions and cucumbers, green
l»eans, peppers, mustard seed, nasturtiums,
scraped liorseradish, and the like. Cabbage and
the other stuffing, except the aromatics, are bet-
ter for being scalded and cooled. Stuff the
melons according to fancy, and then sew each
plug m its place by means of a needle and coarse
thread. Place the stuffed melons in ajar, add
cloves, pepper, and other desired spice, and pour
Imtling vinegar over them. Repeat the scalding
of the vinegar for three days in succession.

Af/LA\ To Present. — I. Milk tiecomes sour
by the formation of lactic add. which is rajndly
developed at a temperature of 70° to 90*. The
l>e5t way to preserve milk sweet for domestic
purposes, is to add to it every day a few grains
of carbonate of soda per pint, to keep the milk
alkaline. — 2. Put the milk inlo t>oitles, then
place them in a saucepan with cold water, and
gradually raise it to tne boiling pi^int; take it
from the fire, and instanUy cork Uie bottles, then
raise the milk once more to the boiling jioint for
half a minute. Finally let the botUcs co«il in ttie
water in which they were boiled. Milk thus
treated will remain perfectly good for six months.
Emigrants, especially those having children, will
find the above hint add much to their comfort
while on their voyage. — 3. Add to every thirty
ounces of unskimmed milk, previously poured in
a wcll-annealcd glass bottle, about six grains of
bicarbonate of soda. Place the bottle containing
the milk, and well corke<l, for about four hours
in a water-bath heated up to 90" C. (194° F.).
On being taken out the l»tjttlc is varnished over
nnth tar; and in that state the milk will keep
sound and sweet for several weeks.

MlLKt Contiemed. — There is no patent for
manufacturing condenseil milk, and tne whole
process amounts to a careful evaporation, ad-
dition of sugar and sealing up of the article. The
evaporation should be conuuctcd in a vacuum,
to prevent the milk from becoming brown and
acquiring a bitter taste. It is best to stir it
constantly, or the skin of coagubted casein at
the top will prevent quick cvaporaUon. When
suPBciently thick or condensed il is mixed with
one-quarter ff ii« weight of granulalcd sugar,
stirrc-i "■ " ' ',' ' ii;>.

^fl \ quart

ofsni-u. ..-i-i ■■".; ... , - .'-iC Stems

dose, aad rub oJl the akiu with a bit of flanticl

DICTIONARY OF EVER Y-DA Y WANTS,

and a little salt ; throw them as they are dnnc
inlo salt and spring water. Drain ana dry them
in a cloth. Put a quart of strong vinegar into
an enameled pan, with an ounce of bruised

finecr, half an ounce of vfhole white jjeppcr,
alfan ounce of mustard seed. Tie up m a bit
of muslin a small nutmeg sliced, and half a salt-
spoonful of cayenne ; put this along with a table-
spoonful of salt into the vincgnr, and let it and
the spices come to a boil. When boiling briskly
throw in the mushrooms, and let Ihem lM>il ten
minutes. Take out the muslin bag, and put the
other spices into the pickle bottles, along with
the musnrooms and vinegar. When quite cold,
cork the l>oUlc«, and cover them with a bladder.
MUSHROOMS, To Prnen>t. — The small

3ien mushrooms suit best. Trim and rub them
can, and put into a stew-pan a qt»rt of the
mushrooms, three ounces of butter, two tca-
ipoonfuls of salt, and half a teaspoonful of Ca-
yenne pepper and mace mixed; slew until the
mushrooms arc tender; take them carefully out
and drain them on a sloping dish. When cold,
press into small pots, and pour clarified butter
over them. Put wrilinjg paper over the butter,
and on that pour melted suet, which will exclude
the air and preserve them for many weeks, if
Jtcpt in a dry, cool place.

ONIONS, To Ntrfi. —Galhcr in fall and re-
move the tops ; then spread upon a born floor or
in any open shed, and allow them to remain
there until thoroughly dry. Put into barrels or
small bins or boxes, and place in a cool place,
and at the approach of cold weather cover with
straw or chaff, if there is danger of very severe
freezing.

Onions arc often injured in winter by keeping
them in too warm a place. They will seldom be
injured by frost if kept in the dark, and in tight
barrels or boxes, where not subjected lo frequent
changes of temperature. It is the alternate (Greet-
ings and thawings th.-it destroy them, and if jjlac-
ed in a position where they will remain frozen all
winter^ and then thawed uut slowly and lu a
dark place, no considerable injury would result
from this apparently harsh treatment. Onions
should altt-ays be stored in the coolest part of the
cellar, or put in chaff and set in the barn or some
out*housc.

ONIONS, To PUkU. — Have the onions
gathered when quite dry and ripe, and with the
nngers take off the thin outi^ide skin, (hen with
a knife remove one more skin, when the onion
will look quite clear. Have rcndy some very
dry bottles or jars, and as fast as the onions are
peeled put them in. Pour over sufHcient 'cold
vinegar to cover them, add two tcaspoonfuls of
allspice and two teaspoonfuls of black pcpjicr,
takmg care that each jar has iLs share of the lat-
ter ingredients. Tie down with bladder, ar»d put
them m a dry place, and in a fortnight they will
be fit for use. This is a most simple receipt,
and vcrv delicious, the onions bein§ nice and
crisp, fhey should be eaten witliin six or eight
months after being done, as the onions are liable
to become soft,

ORANGE-PEEL, CatuH^.—Soak the peels
in water, which must be changed, until they lose
their bilterness, then put them into syrup until
they become sofi and transparent; lastly, take
them out and place them to dry.

Oy.Sy^^C^r^i''/'.— Take fine fresh oysters.
jznsfi Ihem in Iheir own liquor, thea pound them

in a marble mortar, and to a pni of oysters put
a pint of cherry wine; boil them up, add sa
ounce of salt, 2 drachms of cayenne pepper, let
it boil up once again, rub it through a ^ieve;
when cold, put it in boltlas and cork andaol
them.

OYSTERS, PukUd. —ItiVc one hundred
freshly opened oysters and simmer Ihem sdowly
in their own liquor; when the beards begin to
curl, take them out one by one and pal ibca is
a pan containing ice water, (cooling rapidly rov
dcrs them firm). Strain the hquor and return
to the kettle, then add one ounce of whole all-
spice, the same of pepper, a few blades of zaace,
and h.-ilf a (easpoonful of salt. Simmer five min-
utes and add one pint of vinegar (not too strong).
Tlicn boil alwut two minutes longer. When the
liquor becomes cold, pour it over the oystenL
Ready for use in twelve hours.

PARSLE K. To />rv.— Cut a large baskttfsl
of the best looking curled parsley, pick out all
faded or dirty leaves, and dry the remainder care-
fully before a clear fire. At first the leaves will
become quite limp, and they must b« turned be-
fore the fire to expose all parts equally to tV
heat, until the leaves are dry and bnitle, witboat
losing their green color, for if they aic a]lo««d
to get brown they are spoiled. W hen dry, tab
them lo powder between ihc hands ; sift thepcnr-
dcr through a coarse sieve, and bottle it for oset
it will retain both Ihc <»lor and tiavor of gften
parsley. A lar^ basket of fre«;h leaves will
hardly yield a pint of powder. Never dry it ift
the sun, or it will lose much of its flavor.

PARSN^IPS, Prrsertift^.—Thc almost ani-
versal practice among farmers is to allow their
parsnips to remain in the ground through winter,
just where they were grown. We believe (he
quality of this root is improved by being frocen,
or at least kept cool, but it is not necessary to
leave them in the open garden during winier,
where, if the ground remain frozen, they onnot
be got at until it thaws in spring, and then ased
in a very few weeks or not at all. If the roots
are dug up late in the fall, leaving all the top*
on, then carefully heeled in thickly together m
rows, after which cover with a little coarse litter,
Ihey can be reached whenever wanted duriflg
winter.

PEACHES, Te Can. — Par* and halve yow
peaches. Pack them as closely as possible in the
can without any sugar. When the can ts i«H»
pour in sufhcient pure cold water to 111] aU iha
interstices between th« peaches, and reach tbtf
brim of the can. Let stand long cnoa^ faf
the water to soak into all the crevioes — say fix
hours — then pour in water to replace what hu
sunk away. Seal up the can, and all is don^
Canned in this way, peaches retain all thesr fresh.
ncss and flavor.

There will not be enough wafer in them to
render them insipid. If preferred, a cold sjmp
could be used instead oi pure water, but the
peaches taste most natural without any sweet

PEACHES, Tc Z^rv- — ^'cvcr pare pe«hei
to dry. Let them get mellow enough to beta
good eating condition, put them in boding w»*er
for a moment or two, and the skins will come off
like a charm. I.ct them l»e ifi the water long
enough, but no longer. The gniu is at lest sis*
fold — saving of time in remoMng tlie skto, gKi*
saving of the poach, tlic part ot the peach saved
is the best part» less time to stone the perhfi^

^^M

J

I

less rime to dry them, and better when dried.
A whole hu-<.hel can be done in a, boiler at once,
and then the water turned off.

PEACHES^ To Prftfn't. —Itkt moderate-
sizctl peaches before they are quite ripe, cut a
fimall slit in the end and take out the stone, set
tlicm to boil in cold water, and let thenj remain
till about half done, then throw them into an
earthen pan containing cold water. The next
day put tnem into a preserving- pan, with as much
of the syrup (prejwired as above) as will cover
ihera, let them boil for five minutes, then lay
ibem aside till next day in an cnrthen-ware pan ;
boil them three days successively in the same
syrup, which at the end of that time ought to l»e
rather thicker than honey ; if it does not appear
Co be so, lioil it until it is thick enough.

PEAS {Grfen), To Prtsetve. —When full
grown, but not old, pick and shell the peas.
Lay them on dishes or tins in a cool oven, or be-
fore a bright fire; do not heap the peas on the
dishes, but merely cover them wilh peas, stir
them frequently, and let them dry very gradually.
WiTicn hard, let them cool, then pack them
in stone jars, cover close, and keep them in a
rery dry place. When required for use, soak
them for some hours in cold u*ater, till they look
plump before Iwiling: they are excellent for soup.

P/CCALILU (imiuxn J/WArt/).— This con-
lists of all kinds of picklei> mixed and put into
one large jar — sliced cucumbers, button onions,
cauliflowers, broken in pieces. Salt them, or
put them in a large hair sieve in the sun 1o dry
lor three days, then scald them in vinegar a few
minutes ; when cold put ibcm together. Cut a
large white cabbage in quarters, with the outside
leaves taken off and cut fine ; salt it, and put it
ia the sun to dry three ur four days ; then scald
it in vinegar, the same as cauliflower ; carrots,
diree parts, boiled in vinegar and a little bay salt.
French lieans, radish pods, and nasturtiums,
all go through the same process as capsicums,
etc To I gallon of vinegar put 4 ounces of
ginger brui*cd, a ounces of whole while pepper,
2 ounces of allspice, }i ounce chillies bruised, 4
Dances of turmeric, x pound of the best mustard,
y^ pound of shallots, i ounce of garlic, and >^
pound of l>ay salt. The vinegar, spice, and
other ingredients, except the mustard, must boil
half an hour ; then strain it into a pan, put the
mustard into a large basin, with a little vinegar;
mix it quite fine and free from ]um])s, then add
more. When well mixed put it into the vinegar
juit strained oil, and when quite cold put the
pickles into a Urge pan, and the liquor over them;
stir them rcpealectly, so as to mix them all.
Finally, put them into a jar, and tie them over
first with a bladder, and afterwards with leather.
The capsicums wan< no prcpar.-ition.

PICKLES, /finis im. — Some time since it
appcard to be the fashion that all pickles should
have a bright green color, almont brighter than
the pickled vegetable itself pof.se5se<l when quite
froth, or even when growing under the most fa-
vorable rircumstonces. All vegetables, when
suUccted to the influence of heat, lose a consid-
erable portion of their natural coloring matter,
or it undergoes some chemical change, which
Fenders the color faded and sometimes withered
m appcnnnce ; if therefore pickles must be bright
pMn, they must be colured. and the most com-
nma vay m which that was done was by letting
lift ttt a copper vesset The vinegar with

which they were covered obsorbed some portion
of the copper, and gave a green tinge (which,
however, was highly poisonous) to ilie pickle.
So many accidents occurred from the use of these
green pickles that the fashion declined, and
makers who advertise pickles have ceased to
mention their ^een color as one of their recom-
mendations.

The vegetables intended for pickling are in
most cases put either into salt or strong brine for
a few days, to extract some of the fluid wbidi all
vegetables contain, and which would so much
weaken the vinegar that it would have to be re-
newed in a very short lime. Vinegar for pickles
must be the best French white wine vinegar, and
the sniccs, (which shoidd lie the Iwst and fresh-
est tnat can be procured) may be lied up in a
muslin l>ag and boiled in the \incgar until all the
flavor has been extracted by it. ' An enameled
pan is the best and safest thmg to boil any strong
acid in.

PICKLES P/Sweei Citrvn.^Cm the citron
into pieces of desirable shape and siic, then place
them in ajar (stone is best), cover them with a
weak brine and let them stand for twenty-four
hours, then drain or wipe them dry. Take
enough good vinegar to nearly or quite cover
them. To every gallon of vinegar add one and
one fourth pounds of nice brown or white sugar,
one ounce each of whole cloves, allspice, stick
cinnamon and mace. Boil the vinegar, sugar
and spices together a few minutes and then pour
over the dtron. Let the whole stand two or
three days, then rei>eat the scalding. A Aer an-
other day or two noil the whole together until
the citron is done enough to pass a straw
through. Keep in a cool, dry place.

P/CK'LES, Cucumbff. — Cucumbers should
be cut from the vines, a part of the stem left on ;
olMcrve care not to mar them ; if bruised they
will decay. Select such as arc of suitable size
and of good quality, and cover them with boiling
water, let them remain until the water i& cool ;
if for Nnnegnr pickles, add a small quantity of salt
before scalding. When cold, drain thoroughly,
and cover with boiling vinegar with an additioa
of spice if preferred. If for brine, put a layer of
dry salt in the 1>ottom of a barrel, and after thor-
oughly drainmg the pickles, put them in with
dry salt amongst them. Add no water. Put a
weight upon Ihcm, they will furnish moisture for
brine, and will keep belter, besides Iwing more
crisp and brittle for having had the gum soaked
from them by the boiling water.

PfCKLES, Tit DeUet C.yfffr m.— Put a few
leaves of the tea, or some of the pickle cut smalK
into a phial with two or three drachms nf liquid
ammonia, diluted with one half the quantity of
water. Shake the phial, when, if the most min-
ute portion of cop{>er be present, the liquid will
assume a fine blue color.

PICKLE^ /Vr«<>i.— Take one peck of green
tomatoes cut in thin slices. Take a layer of to-
matoes and sprinkle salt upon it, and so on al-
ternately until the whole peck is disposed of.
Let them remain in this condition over nithl,
and in the morning squeeze them out dry. 'Inen
take two heads of slough cabbage cut up 5ne,
one doren large green ~ut fine, one-

ftiurlli of a peck of t.) "ns ; then add

one half of a [y~" . -ne half of a

pound of ytY r^cruml of sugar,

two ounce* ^ '«Va\ft, v«%

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY H'AXTS.

ounces of celrry seed ; mix nil together and cover
with vinegar and boil two hours.

PICKLE^ /n</i(i«.— Pull a white cauliflower
into branches, peel the stalk and t>licc it; slice a
smalt white caboagc, a cucumber, a dozen onions,
antl kix (omatoes; add !tix cloves of garlic, one
dozen shallots, a do2cn capsicums, half a pint of
French beans, some radi>h pods, and a large
Itandful of scraped horseradish. Lay all these
vei^etableii in a pan. and pour over tflcm strong
boding brine. I>ct them lie half an hour, then
drain off the brine, and dry them in the sun, or
jn a cool oven. Boil one gallon of %inegnr with
four ounces of pounded black pepper, four ounces
of pounded white pem>cr, two ouncesof pounded
chillies, two ounces ofpoundcd ginger, one ounce
of pounded cloves, four ounces of mustard flour,
two ounce* of turmeric, and one ounce of mus-
tnrd seed. Liiy the vegetables in a stone jar,
pour the \-inegar and spices while boiling hot
over thetn, and when cold, cover the jar with a
bladder. In a month it will be 6t for use.

PICKF.ES, yl/w,/.— Take half a pint of half-
grown French beans, as nearly of the same size
as possible, a dozen gherkins, each from two to
three inches long, a sm.ill grten cucumber cut
into slices about half an incli thick ; put these
into a pan of brine, strong enough to float an
egg. Let them lie for three days, stirring them
cacn day, then place them in an enameled pre<
serving pan, wnth vine leaves under and over
them, pour in the brine in which they have been
steeped, and cover them closely to prevent the
steam escaping; set them over a slow fire, but
do not allow them to boil; when they become a
green color, drain them through a sieve and let
tnem remain till the other ingredients are ready.
Pull a small whire cauliflower into branches, and
lay it in strong brine, together with half a pint
of onions the size of marbles, peeled, a dozen
fresh chillies (scarlet), or a few scarlet capsicums;
let them remain three or four days, then arrange
Ihera in pickle bottles with the green pickle S-
ready done interspersed in a tasteful manner
through them. Boil as much good vinegar as
ivill be sufficient to fill up the bottles, with some
whole allspice, white pepper, bruised ginger,
mace, mustard seed, and slices of horseradish.
When the vinegar tastes very strong of these
apices, strain it carefully (unless they have been
bed in a bag as already recommendea). Let the
vinegar stand till colcf, then fill the oottlcs and
cork securely.

PLANT SPECT^fENS, Preservation ^.—
The collector of plants requires but little ap-
paratus; a few ouircs or reams of unsized pancr,
of foHo size, will furnish all that will be needed.
TTie specimens as gathered may be placcil in a
tm box, or, still belter, in a portfolio of paper,
until reaching home. About forty or fifty sheets
of the paper should be put into the portfolio on
setting out on an excursion. Put the specimens nf
each species in a separate sheet as hst as gather-
ed from the plant, taking a fresh sheet for each
addilional species. On returning to camp, place
these sheets (without ch-anging ordisturhing the
plants) between the absorbent drying papers in
the press, and draw the straps tight enough to
produce the requisite pressure. The next day
the driers may be changed, and those previously
ttsed laid in the sun to dry ; this lo be continued
until the plants are perfectly dry. If paper and
Opportunities of traasponatlun be limited, several

apedmcns from the same locality may be con-
buied in the same slicet after they are dry.

Place in each sheet a slip oi paper having a
number or name of locality written on it cor.
responding with a list kept in a memoranduTn
book. Record the day of the month, locality
.site, and character of the plant, color of flomr.
fruit, etc.

If the stem is too long, doul>le It or cut it into
lengths. Collect, if iKiss,iblc, h.ilf a dozen *it«i-
mens of each kind. In the s:i " M<rns. c>;3-

Icct the entire plant so as lo s ,»t.

In many instances, old n^ "si.a('T,.i will be
fDun<l to answer a good purpose both in drying
and in keeping plants, although the unprintod
paper is best — the more porous and obsorbenl
the better.

When not traveling, pressure may be most
conveniently applied to plants by placing thfo
between two boards, with a wcignt of about 5^
pounds laid on the top.

While on a march, the following dtrectiMtt fiat
collecting plants, drawn up by Major Ridi, arc
rccommentied :

Have tliick cartridge Or envelope paper, folded
in quarto form, and kept close and cren by bind-
ing with strung cord ; newspapers will answer,
but arc liable to chafe and wear out; a Cew are
very convenient to mix in with the hard papefs
as drycrB. This herbarium may be rolled op (D
the blanket while traveling, and placed on a paid.
animal. The specimens collected alone the road
may be kept in the crown of the hat when with-
out a collecting -box, and placed in paper at nOM
or at night. Great care should be taicen lo keep
the papers dry and free from mold. Wba
there is no time at noon to dry the papers in ihf
sun, they should be dried by night by the fire,
w-hcn, also, the dried specimens arc placed at the
bottom of the bundle, making room on 10{>(brlhe
ntixt day's coUecdon- A tin collecting-box is very
convenient; plants may be preserved for two or
three days in one if kept damp and c*v>l. Itb
also convenient in collecting lant^ ' ich

is generally considered part of a b iv.

A collector should also always be piti*>.i:.i^ nith
plenty of rcadv-tnade seed-papers, not only for
preserving seeds, but mosses and minute plants.
Many seeds and fruits cannot be put in the herb-
arium, particulary if of a succulent nature, caus-
ing moldiness, and others form irregularitici and
inequalities in the papers, thus breaking sped-
mens and causing small ones and seeds lo drop
out. F'ruits of this kind should be numhcTDlo
correspond with the specimen, and kept in the
saddle-bags or some such place It is necessary,
in order to make good specimens, to avoid heavy
pressure and keep the jiapcrs well dried, olfccr*
wise they get moldy, turn black, or decay.

The seeds and truitii of plants should be pro-
cured whenever practicable, and slowly dr>c»1-
These often serve to reproduce a spedu otbcf-
wise not transportable or capable of preservation.

On board ship, it is all-important to keep the
collections from gelling wet with salt water. The
papers can generally lic dried at the galley. The
whole herbarium should be exposed to the jon
as often as possible, and frequently exaiaineA.
and the mold brushed off with a lieathcT or camel-
hair pencil.

In collecting algx, coralmes, or the branched,
homy, or calcareous corals, care should be tikcn
to bring away the entire specimen with its base

I

I

I

or root. The coarser kind* may be Hried in the
air (but not exposed to too [wwerful a sun),
taming Ihcm frtim lime to lime. These sht»uld
not be washed in frc^h waler, if to be sent any
distAiice. The more delicate species should he
brouijht home in salt water, and washed carefully
in fresh, then transfcrretl to a shallow basin of
dean fresh water, and floated out. A piece of
while paper of proper size is then slipped iindcr-
nealli, and raised gently out of the water with
the specimen on iti uppeif surface. After finally
adjusting the branches with a sharp point or
brush, uic different sheets of specimens are to
be arranged between blotters olbibulous paper
and cotton cloth, and subjected to gentle pres-
sure. These blotters must be frequently changed
till the specimens are dry.

PL.tiVTS, 7> Prtsene with ihtir Natural
AppraratuY. — Vine white quartz sand is healed
to about loo^ F. in an iron pot. and by stirring,
some stearic acid and 4pei moceti, each in the
proportion of half a drachm for every five pounds
of sand, incorp9rated with it. Taken from the
fire the whole is thoroughly mixed and used as
follows : A cigar box with a draw lid, with the
bottom knocked, out* is inverted, and a coarse
piece of wire gauze placed inside over the lid,
which now forms the bottom. The bottom and
this sieve arc then covered by a Layer of the pre-
pared sand; the pLints properly trimmed arc
placed on this sanu, and com|)letcly imbctlded in
more of it so as to keep them properly in posi-
tion. The boK, covered with paper, is then
placed in a room in which a temperature of loo**
to no* F. is kept up, in which the plants will
soon be dried. When this point is reached, the
lid of the box is drawn, which causes all the sand
Eo fall out, leaving the dried plants on the gauze.
PLU.yfS, Ta PresfH'^. — Cut your plumsm half
(they rau^t not be quite ripe), and take out the
stones. Weigh the plums, and allow a pound of
loaf-sugar to a pound of fruit. Crack the stones,
take out the kernels, and break them in pieces.
Boil the plums and kernels very slowly fur about
fifteen minutes, in as little water as possible.
Then spread them on a large dish to cool, and
itrain the liquor. Next day make your syrup.
Melt the .sugar in as little water as willsufliciently
dissolve it (about a gill of water to a pound of
Kuear)* and boil it a few minutes, skimming it
tilT quite clear. Then put in your plums with
tile liquori and boil them fifteen minutes. Put
them m iars, pour the juice over them warm,
and tie tnem up when cntd« with brandy paper.
Plums for common use are very go<xl done in
treacle. Put your jilums into an earthen vessel
that holds a gallon, having hrst slit each plum
with a knife. To three quarts of plums put a
pint of treacle. Cover them, and set them on
not coals in the chimney corner. Let them stew
lor twelve hours or more, occasiomilly stirring
them and renewing the coals. The next day put
them up in jars. Done in this manner, they will
keep idl tlie next Spring. Syrups mav be im-
proved in clearness by :^dtng to the dissolved
and water some white of egg very well
bcalen, allowing the white of one egg to two
\^ of sugar. Boil it very hard (adding the
shell), and skim it well, that it may be quite
r before you put in your fruiL

P/Ar\f CffFJ':s/i.—VyiX a quantity of plums
into a jar, and stand the Jar in a saucepan of
water on the fire ; when quite toft palp them

through a sieve, and to every pound of pulp, add
one pound of laif sugar, and one ounce of sweet
almonds, blanched and poundeiJ, wiil\ four bitter
almonds; boil all together till the fruit will form
a stiff jelly. If the plums are very juicy, some
of the juice may be taken off the fruiL

POTATOES, .SfoWwf.— Potatoes should not
be exposed to the sun and light any more than
is necessary to dry them after diggmg them from
the hill. Every ten minutes of such exposure,
especially in the sun, injures their edible quali-
ties. The flesh is thus rendered soft, yellowish
or greenish, and injured in flavor. Dig them
when dry, and put ihem in a dark cellar im-
mediately and keep them there till wanted for
use, and there would not be so much fault found
about ba<l quality- This is idso a hint to those
^ooers and markctmen who keep their potatoes
in barrels in the sun — that is, if they wish to
furnish their customers with a good article.

POTATOES, To keep frmti s/rvufinx^— To
keep potatoes intended for the use of the table
from sprouting until new potatoes grow, take
boiling water, pour into a tub, turn in as many
potatoes as the water will entirely cover, then
pour off all the water, handle the potatoes Cire-
fuUy. laying up in a dry place on boards, only
one layer deep, and see if you do not have good
pxjtatoes the year round, without hard strings
and watery ends caused by growing.

POTATOES (Sjtvft), A'iijriii^. — Farmers
who store sweet potatoes for winter use should
be very careful not to keep them too moist, too
>i'arm or too cold. A very good way is to get a
box large enough for the quantity vou have, and
then select sand and dry it ihorougnly Ijefore us-
ing; when dry, cover the bottom of your box
with the sand to the deoth of three inches, and
then place one layer of sweet potatoes, but not
so close as to lie against each other; then one
layer of sand of the same depth, and so on until
your box is full ; then place it in a ri^om where
the temperature will not fall below 40**, nor rise
above 60*. In this way they may be kept until
new ones are to I>e had.

PUMPKLVS, Dryinr.—Tvkc theripepurap-
kins, pare, cut into smallpieces, stew soft, mash
and strain throufjh a colander, as if for making
pies. Spread this pulp on plates in layers not
quite an mch thick ; dry it down in the stove oven,
kept at so low a temperature as not to scorch it.
In about a day it will become dry and cris|>. The
sheets thus made can be stowed away in a dry
place, and they are always ready for use for pies
or sauce. Soak the pieces over night in a httle
milk, and they will return to a nice pulp, as de-
licious as the fresh pumpkin. The quick drying
after cooking prevents any portion from sliyhlly
souring as is always the case when the uncooked
pieces are dried ; the fbivor is much better pre-
served, and the after cooking is saved.

QU/UCES, To /Va-'w.— I. Wipe the fruit
and remove all defects, then pare, guarter and
core. Boil the parings and core* m water an
hour or more and strain through a colander.
In this liquid, which is very gluUnous, boil the
fruit until easily pierced with a fork. The fruit
should be weighed licfore cooking. To each
pound of fruit add half a jxiund of white cofiiee
sugar and boil only a few moments, when thcv
are ready for canning. If more juice is dcsirec^
add water to the last cooking. K mold may Ibnn
on the top, but it docs not hurt them in the lea&c,

' —

Sio

DICTIONARY OF EVER Y^DA Y WAITTS,

And is eajtily removed when they are u&ed. This
proccis rcauires lime. — 3. Pare nnd core Ihe
quinces and cut them in halves or quarters, ac-
cording to size. To four pounds ut quinces al*
low four pounds of best white crushed sugar, and
A pint of cold water. Put the quinces into a pre-
serving kettle and pour the water over them,
and spread half the sugar over the top ; let them
heat slowly, and boil until you can run a fork
easily throacH them : keep dosely covered, and
do not stir tncm ; when soft take each i»ece out
separately and place on a platter to cool, llien
strain the syrup, put in the rest of the sugar and
1)oii it, closely covered without stirring, ]ial( aa
hour or more, when it is a red color and almost
a jelly ; do not remove the cover until it is token
from the fire. Let the fruit and syrup remain
separate until the next day, then put a layer of
each alternately into your jars and seal them.
In this way they will not grow hard and tough.

RHUBARB, To Z^r^. — The best method of
drying rhubarb is to strip it of its eiiidcrmis.
This IS a long operation, but both time and ex-
pense arc spared in the end by the promptness
and regularity of the drying. Many cultivators
of rhuUirb on a large sciJc have repeated the ex-
periment and have met with the most decisive
results.

RHUBARB I'RESERrE.—VeclandcMlmio
pieces about two inches long, six pounds of
jrhubarb. Put it into a stone jar. with eight
pounds of preserving sugar, the rind of a lemon
cut thin, and shred into Tittle bits, a quarter of a
pound of ginger, and a few cloves ; set the jar
m a pan of lioiling water, or stand it in the oven.
When the rhubarb is quite tender, strain oflT the
iuice ; put the juice into a preserving pan, and
boil quickly for half an hour; }K>ur it over the
rhubarb, and put the whole into pots or shapes;
if well made it will be clear, ami stiff enough to
turn out, and covered in pots, it wilt keep as
well as any other preserves.

ROOTS, To ZJrK.— They should be rubbed in
water to get rid uf"^ the dirt and also some of the
mucous substance that would otherwise render
Ihem moldy ; the Lirger are then to be cut, split,
or peeled, but in most aromatic roots, the odor
residing in the bark, they must not be peeled ;
they are then to be spread on sieves or hurrlles
and dried in a heat of about 120" Fahr. cither
on the top of an oven, in a stove, or a steam
closet, taking care to shake them occasionally to
change the surface exposed to the air. Tnick
and ^uicy roots, as rhuDarb, briony, peony, wa.
ler-hly, elc, are cut in slices, strung upon a
thread and hung in a heat of about 90^ to too"
Fohr. Squills are scaled, threaded and dried
round the tube of a German stove, or in a hot
closet. Rhubarb should be washed to separate
that mucous principle which would otherwise
render it black and soft when powdered. Pota-
toes arc cut in slices and dried.

ROOTS, Tif Pr^sftv^.-^Thtsa arc preserved
in diflerent ways, according to the object in view.
Tuberous roots, as those of the dahlia, paronia,
tuberose, etc., intended to be planted in the suc-
ceeding spring, are preserved through the winter
in dry earth, m a temperature rather under than
above what is natural to them. So may the
bulbous roots of commerce, as hyacinths, tulips,
onions, etc, but for convenience, these are kept
tither loose, in cool dry shelves or lofts, or the
, finer sorts in papers, till the season of planting.

Roots of aU kinds may be preserved in an ice-
house till the return of the natural crop.

After stufhng the vacuities with straw, and
covering the surface of the ice with the
material, place on it case boxes, casks,
etc, and fill them with turnips, carrots,
roots, and in particular potatoes. By the
the ubce vegetation is so much suspeoded
all tncse articles may be thus kept fresh
injured till they give place to another crop in its
natural season.

ROSEBUDS, Tj Prese^ve.—X method
ployed in Germany to keep rosebud* fresh
the winter, consists in first covering the en<
the recently cut stem mth wax, and ihcn plac
each one in a closed paper cap or cone, so L
the leaves do not toucn the paper. The ca]
then coated with glue, to cxdnuc air, dust,
moisture, and when dry it is stood up in a <
place. When wanted for use, the bud is taken]
of the cap and placed in water, after cuttinj
the cml, when the rose will blonni in a few fa<

SAUERKRAUT, To Maki.— .

Elace, let your **stand," holding
arrel to a barrel, be thoroughly :
the cutter, the tub and the stamper
scolded. Take off all the outer leaves
cabbages, halve them, remove the heart and
cccd >sith the cutting. Lay some clean lc:iv(
the bottom of the stand, sprinkle with a
of salt, fill in half a bushel of cut cat
stamp gently until the juice just mokes
pcarance, then add another handful of salt,
so on until tlie stand is fulL Co^er over
cabbage leaves, place on top a clean board]
ting the space prelly well, and on top of l
Stone weighing twelve or fifteen pounds,
away in a cool place, and when hard fr
comes on remove to the cellar. It will be
for uic in from four to six weeks. The aA
should be cut tolerably coarse. The
variety makes the best article, but it is only
as productive as the Drumhead and
Dutch.

SUET^ To Keep. — Suet may be kept a yi
thus : Choot>e the finne&t and most free fr
skin or reins, remove all traces of these, put
suet iti the saucepan at some distance from
fire, and let it melt gradually ; when mehed
it into a pan of cold spring-water ; when
wipe it dry, fold it in white paper, put it
linen bag, and keep it in a co*>l, dry place ; wbcff
used, it must be scraped, and it will nuke on ex-
cellent crust with or without butter.

TOM A TOES, Canntn^,— The most Ihoiottcji
and rcli-iblc mode of canning tomatoes is as Jn-
lows : They arc just sufSciently stearrK-d. not
cooked, to scald or loosen ilic skin, and arc lb»_
poured upon tables and the skin remove^l,
being taken to preserve the tomato in as
state AS possible. After being |>e<lcd.
placnl in large pans, with false bottoms
ed with holes, so as to strain off the Ul
emanates from them. From these pans]
carefully placed by hand into the cnn^,
filled OS solidly as possible — in other w<
are put in that the cans will bold. Tlicy
then put through the usual process
tically senle<l. The cans, wncn openedj
present the tomato not only like the nati
etahle in taste and color, but a.ho in ap{>ci.rai
and moreover, when thus sealed, they are
ranted to keep in any climate, and when apcat

PJtESEKV/.VG AND STORING.

will taste as naturally as when just plucked from
the vine.

TOMATO CATSUP.— TAt perfectly ripe
tomatoes }^ bushel ; wash them clean and breaJc
topieoes; then put over the fire and let them
come to a boil, and remove from the fire ; when
they are sufficiently cool to allow jour hands in
them, rub thruiigh a wire sieve ; and to what
goes through, add salt a tea-cups; allspice and
aoves, of each, ground, I tea-cup; best vinegar
I qt. Put onto the fire a^^ain and cook i hour,
stiiring with great care to avoid burning. Bottle
and seal for use. If too thick when used, put in
■ little vine^r. If ihcy were very juky they
may need bofling over an hour.

TOlfATO F7GS.—1. Collect a lot ofripe to-
matoes about one inch in diameter, skin, and
stew them in the usual manner; when done, by
them on dishes, flatten them slightly, and spread
over them a light layer of pulverized while or
best brown sugar; expose ihcra to a summer's
san, or place incm in a drving house ; when as
dry as fresh Ags, pack in old ng or small boxes,
with sugar between each layer. If properly
managed, the difference cannot be detected from
the veritable article. — 2. Pour boiling water over
the lontatoes, in order to remove the skins ; then
weigh them, and place them in a stone jar, with
u much sugar as you have tomatoes, and let
them stand two days; then pour off the syrup,
and boil and skim it until no scum rises. Then
pour it over the tomatoes, and let them stand
two dan, as before ; then boil and skim again.
After tne third time, they are fit to dry, if the
weather is good ; it not, let them stand in the
syrup until drying weather. Then place on brge
earthen plates or dishes, and put them in the
tun to dry, which will take about a week, after
whidi pock them down in small woo<lcn boxes,
with fine white su^ar between every layer. To-
matoes prepared in this manner will keep for
years.

TOMATO{Grem)PukU.—\, Slice and steam
till they begin to soften, take from the steamer
«nd put in jars, add a liule salt, about a teacup-
ful of sugar, half of a spoonful of pepper, cloves
and dnnamon each, one-fourth of a spoonful of
spice, some whole mustard seed and sltcc one or
two good sized onions with it ; cover the whole
with vinegar and let stand twenty-four hours;
thea scald the liquid and when cold it is ready
for ui.c. Tlie seasoning is for one gallon. —
2. Slice I peck green tomatoes; take I gallon
vinegar, 6 tablespoon sful whole cloves, i of all-
spice, 3 of salt, 1 of mace, l of cayenne pepper;
boil the vinegar and spices lo minutes; put in
the tomatoes and boil all together % hour lon-
ger ; when cold put in jars.

TOM A TOES, Prfsenvd,--Takc of good ripe
tomatoes, such a quantity as you wish topreserve,
pore them, cut them in quarters, (if large ones,)
place them in a stew pan with a little water, so
they will not bum ; being a very juicy fruit, they
require to be cooked until the juice is nearly all
out ; then add white sugar — one pound to each
pound "f fruit; cook slowly one-haUf hour.

TOMATO SAUCE, To AV//.— Take six
pOBfidF of ripe tomatoes, crush them, and sprinkle
wfth salt; let them remain a day or two, then
boU and pass throueh a coarse sieve or colander.
Put into the liquor half a leaspoonful of Cayenne
gMid a Jcs>crtsiX»nful each of cloves, pepper,
ginger, and dnnamon; boil it one-third sway.

and bottle tight. It .should be shaken before
being used.

TRIPE, To Prepare and PiekU,-^TM%\ sew
it up, after it is turned inside out ; be careful to ^^
sew it up light, that no lime gets into it; now ^^k
have a tub orhme-watcr, the consistence ol good ^"
thick white-wash ; let it remain in from lo lo 3o
minutes, or until when you take hold of it, the
dark outside skin will come off; then put it into
clean water, changing three or four times to
weaken the lime, that the hands be not injured
by it; then wtlh a dull knife scra|>e off all of the
dark surface, and continue to soak and scrape
several times, which removes all offensive sut>-
stances and smell. After this, let it soak 30 or
30 minutes in i or 3 hot waters, scraping over
each time ; then pickle in salt and water 12 hours,
and it is ready for cooking; boil from 3 104
hours, cut in strips to suit, and put it into nice
vinegar with the various spices, as desired ;
renew the vinegar at the expiration of 1 week,
is all that will be required further.

VEGETABLES, AV//i«^. — Sink a barrel
two-thirds of its depth into tlie ground (a l>ox or
cask will cnsA'er a better purpose); heap tJie
cirth around the part projecting out of the ground,
with aslope on all sides; place the vegetables
ihat yoii desire to keep in the vessel ; cover the
lop with a water lignt cover; and when winter
seis in, throw an armful of straw, hay, or some*
thing of that sort, on the barrel. If the bottom
is out of the cask or barrel, it will Iw better.
Cabbages, celery, and other Ycgclables. will
keep in this way as fresh as when taken from the
ground. The celery should stand nearly perpen-
dicular, celery and earth alternating. Freedom
from frost, ease of access, and especially fresh-
ness, and freedom from rot, arc the advantages
claimed.

VEGETABLES, y*i>*/f /»/-.— Six quarts of
the very best vinegar, one pound of salt, a quar-
ter of a pound.of ginger, one ounce of mace, half
a pound of shallots, one tablespoonful of cayenne
pepper, two ounces of white peppercorns, and
two ounces of mustard seed. Boil all these in-
gredients well together, and when cold put into
a jar. You may add what green vegetables or
fruit you like, provided they are fresh. They
mav be merely wiped to free them from dust

iVALNUfCA r.V£//*.— Walnut-shcU juice,
3 gallons; salt, 7 pounds; ginger, 8 ounces;
shallots, 8 ounces; garlic, 8 ounces; horse-
radish, 8 ounces; essence of anchovies, i quarU
Mix.

WALNUTS {Whiti), Ttf A>Wa— Paregrren
walnuts very thin till the while appears, then
throw them into spring-water with a handful of
salt; keep them under w.-iier six hours, then put
them into a slewpan to simmer five minutes, but
do not let them boil ; take them out and put them
in cold water and salt ; they must be kept quite
under the water with a board, otherwise they
will not pickle white ; then Lay them on a clotn
and cover them with another lodry; carefully
rub them with a soft doth, and put them into the ^_
jar, with some bla<lcs of mace and nutmeg sliced ^H
thin. Mix the spice between tlie nuts and pour ^|
distilled vinegar over them; when the jar is full
of nuts pour mutton fat over them, and tic them
close down with a bladder and leather, to keep
out the air.

WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE, {Lea amJ
/Vm/fV),— White vinegar, 15 goU.; walnat cat-

L.

313

DICTIONARY OF EVERY^DA Y WANTS.

$ap, lo giU.; Madeira wine, 5 eals.; mushroom
catsup, 10 gals.; table salt, 2C lbs.; Canton sov.
4 gals.; powdcrcil capsicum, 2 lbs.; powdered all-
spice, I lb.; coriander, powdered, 1 lb.; cloves,
mace and cinnamon, of each % lb.; assafcrtida,
^ lb., dissolved in brandy, 1 gal. Twenty
pounds of hogs' liver is boiled for la hours wito
10 gallons of water, renewing the water from
time lo time. Take out the Rvcr, chop it, mix
with water, and work it through a sieve: mix
with the sauce.

YEASTf T» Pmetve. — Common ale veuS
may be kept Tresh and fit for use several montfisbf
the following method: Put a quantity of it into

a close canvas bag, and gently so:- '■ the

moisture in a scrrw-press till tuc r' li-

ter be as firm and stiff as clay. l[, c it

majr be close-packed up in a tight cask* for
ing it from the air, and will keep frcshs
aiw fit for use for a long time

SOAP AND CANDLES.

ADULTERATION OP SOAP.—^axp is

not exempted from the manipulation of fraud.
Its external appearance often prevents the un-
pracliced eye from detecting the impurities it
may contain, without further examination.

China clny is a common addition made to soap
to incrcx"ic its bulk. If a soap containing it he
dissolved in hot M-ater, one port of soap in ten of
water, on allowing the solution to rest, the clay
will be found at the bottom of the vessel, and iti
proportion in the soap a5certaincd.

i^p largely admixtured with soluble glass (a
solution of flmt or silica in an excess olcauslic
soda) is very common in the market. Its weight
is much greater than that of &oap in its unadul-
terated state, and will usually show at once the
probability of such an admixture, although such
a soap may leave no sediment in a solution of it
in hot water ; but it is unsafe to employ it for
washing fine fabrics, as it is apt to we.-iken them
on account of the excess of alkali itimparts to the
toap with which it is mixed.

From 10 to 30 per cent, of the silicate of soda
is generally added. The soap feels somewhat
bard and gritty in use. Tlie soluble gUus is intro.
duced gradually into the pan after lul the grease
is in, and stirred actively until thoroughly
mixed.

Soap is also sometimes contaminated with lime ;
this renders it parti.illy insoluble in water, and
makes it unfit for the laundry or the toilet.

ACID i^Macquer'i) Soap. — Castile soap, 3
pounds; water sufliuent to render it soft ; oil of
vitriol, I ounce. Add the acid gradually, and
keep rubbing them in a mortar, until the whole
becomes of an equal consistence. Detergent.

ALMOND .?«r/.— Take oil of almonds. 7
pound fi ; sfwia, \% pt>unds; water, sufficient
quantity. The aoda must l>e rendered caustic,
before adding it to the oil, and heat must then be
applied. An easy way of preparing the soHa, is
to treat it in solution, with powdered quicklime.

ALAfOND {Bitter) Akx/.— Take fine hard
white soap, 100 pc>unds; essence of bitter al-
monds, I ^i per cent Treat ibem as for Cin*
Damon Soap.

ALMOND MEAL,— GTO}ixi6.a\moT\A%, i lb.;
wheat flour, l lb.; orris root powder, % lb.; otto
of lemon, ^ oz.; otto of almonds, y drachm.

ALMOND PASTE. — Bitter almonds.
Uanche<l and ground, if^lb.; rose-water, iJ4

It ; alcohol (60 o. p.), 16 ozs.; otlo of berga-

mot, 3 ozs. Place the ground almonds tod one
pint of the rose-water into a stewpan ; with a
S.I0W and steady heat, cook the almonds until iheir
granular texture assumes a paity form, constant-
fy stirring the mixture dunng the whole ttnc;
otherwise the almonds quickly burn to the loC-
tnm of the pan, and impart to the wbcdc On cm-
pyreumatic odor.

The large quantity of otto of olmoncb vUab k
volatiliiea during tae process, renders ii
tial that the operator «)OtUd avoid the
much as possiole.

When the almonds ore nearly cookedk the it-
mainin^ water is to be added ; finally the paste
is put into a mortir, and well niblxu with ibe
pestle; then the perfume and spint are ad^ed.
Before potting thii paste, a* well as honey paste.
it should be passed througha me^um fine sieve.
to insure uniformitr of texture, cspcciaUf as al-
monds do not grind kindly.

Other pastes, such as I'atc dc Pistacbc^ ftle
dc Cocos, Pate de Guimauve, arc prepared in a
similar manner to the above.

AMANDINE. — Fine almond oil, 7 Ibw;
simple syrup, 4 oz.; while soft soap, or itpaoA'
ceous cream, i.e., cr^me d'Amandc, lot,; 0(10
of almonds. 1 02.; otto of Ijei^amot. i ox.; otto
of cloves. >i oz. Rub the syrup with thcsfiA
soap until the mixture is homogeneous, then mb
in the oil by degrees ; the poTume having beai
previously mixed with the oil.

In the manufacture of amandine the difficulty
is to get in the quantity of oil indicated, wilhool
which it does not assume that transparent jelly
appearance which good amandine should h*T«.
To attain this end, the oil is put into "a nmner,'*
that is, a tin or glass vessel, at the botton of
which is a small faucet and spigot, or lap. The
oil being put into this vessel is allowed torn
slowly into the mortar ia which the amandine is
being made, just as fast as the maker 5nds tb»l
he can incorporate it with the paste of MopOBil
«>-rup ; and so long as this takes pUce, ihc fCMit
will always have a jelly texture to the haftd. U,
however, the oil be put into the mortar quicker
than the workman can blend it with tlie fastc,
then the paste becomes "oiled," and may he
considered as "done for," unless, indeed, the
whole nroccss be gone through again, stocttsg
off witn fresh syrup and soap, uoiog op die
greasy mass as if it were pure oil. Tliia lufaUtf
to *'go off" increosca as the omoiuiiiie Dean ifae

SOAP AND CANDLES.

W

finish ; hence extra caution and plenty of "clhow
grease" must be used during llie additiun of ihc
uct two pounds of oil. II Ihc oil be not perfect-
ly freshi or if the tcuiperature of the atmo6[^>hcre
be above the average of sumincr heat, it will lie
ftlroost impossible to get the whole of the oil
given in the formula into combination ; when the
mass becomes bright and df a crystalline luster,
it will be well to stop the furtlier additioa of oil

to it.

This and similar compounds should be potted
as auickly as mnde, and the lids of ihc pots
banctcd either with strips of tin-foil or paper, to
CKclude air. When the amandine is nlled into
the jars, the top or face of it is marked or orna-
mented with a tool made to the size of half the
diameter of the interior of the jar, in a similnr
way to a saw ; a piece of lead or tortoise-shell,
beini; 5crrate<l with an angular fde, or jiicceofan
' ••old saw," will do very well; place the marker
ft on the amandine, and turn the jar gently round.
J ARSENICAL Soap. — From carbonate of
potash, 12 oz. ; white arsenic, white soap and
air-slaked lime, of each, 4 oz. ; powdered cam-

Iphor, }i^ uz. ; made into a paste with water, q. s.
L^sed to prescTYC the skins of birds and oilier
small animals,
ASSA y of 51w/. — M. F. Schuhe communi-
cates to the Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie
■ rapid and convenient method uf estimating the
value of soap. The method is the same as that
adopted for estimating the hardness of potable
water, i. e., it is ba5cd on llie fact that lime water
prcdptiates a Koltition of soap, yielding a liquor

»%rhich does not give a persistent froth by agita-
tion. The process Is conducted as follows : A
standard »3mtion of lime is made by dissolving
1.6 grammes m water, with a little caustic soda,
and making up the solution to one litre. Five
crammes oT the soap are weighed and dissolved
in lioiling water ; the solution is allowed to cool,
and is made up to a determinate volume, say loo
c c. for soft soap, 200 c. c. for hard soap.
Three c c of the standard lime solution are now
added to IQ c c of distilled water, and to this
diluted solution the soap liquor is added gradu-
ally from a burette. At lirst, the soap added is
predpilated by the calcareous water, and a per-
u«tent froth is not produced by agitation ; out.
after a time, a point is reached at wnich the froth
becomes persistent. The volume of soap solu-
tion requisite to produce this effect is then noted ;
Ihc quontitr is smaller the better the quality of
the soap. If, moreover, an assny has been made
OQ a sample of soap of standajxl value, a very
exact appreciation of the value of any given
sample of soap may be subsequently obtained by
ooaaparing the results.

BA YBEKk r, or AfyrtU Aw/.— Dissolve z%

pounds of white potash in 5 quarts of water, then

mix it Hnth 10 poands of myrtle wax, or bay*

I berry tallow. Boil the whole over a slow fire

K till it turns to soap, then add a teacup of cold

B water; let it boil ten minutes longer; at the end

H of that lime, tarn it into tin moulds or pans, and

B Jet them remain a week or ten days to dry ; then

^^ tnm them out of the moulds. If you wish to

^Bkove tbe soap scented, stir Into it an essential

^P oil that has an agreeable smell, just before you

^^ lam it into the moulds, litis kind of soap is

CBoellent for shaving, and for chapped bands;

it is also good for eruptions on the lace. It will

be ht (oc use in the coarse of three or (bur weeks

after it is made, but it is better for being kept
ten or twelve months.

BLACK Soap. — This is properly a crude soft
soap made of fresh oil, toUow, and)>oU5h; but
the following mixture is usually sold for it : —
sufl soap 7lbs. ; train oil i lb.; water 1 gallon;
boil to a proper consistence, addiut; ivory black
or powdered charcoal to color. Uswl by mrriers.

Is LEA C If I \G Soap. — This is a soda soap
prepared according to the excellent pre'>criptioQ
of the Prussian pharmocopa'ia, which prescrip-
tion has been copied in almost all other woru
of the kind; the soap is separated by common
salt, and after this one fourth of its weight of
sulphite of soda is added, which has been pre-
viously made into a homogeneous paste by
means of a little water; the soap is next dried in
the usual manner. In order to apply lhj> soap,
chicl^y intended for the bleaching of straw hats,
but perfectly ht for application to silk and wool,
it is dbisolved in its own weight of cold water,
and to every 2 lbs. of soap y^ oz. of liquid am-
monia is added. As soon as the mass haft a
fclattnous os^iect, I part thereof is dissolved in
parts of warm water. The materwls which it
is desired to bleach ore washed and scrubbed by
means of a brush in this soap-suds; while yet
moist, the materials are placed in acidulated
water, (ac ports of water and 1^ of hydrochloric
acid.) leu in this liquid for 3 hours, and then
well washed, and rinsed with pure cold water,
and dried.

C/^iV/^Z.f.S'. —Candles are made of various
materials, but the first opcniiioa, in all cues, is
the preparation of the wicks. The best candle
wicks are mode of cotton rovings, imported from
Turkey in skeins. 4 or more of these, according
to the intended thickness of the wick, are wound
on a reel, from which they are again run otT, and
cat of the proper lengths. They are then dipped
into melted tallow, and after nibbing with the
hands, are placnl straight and allowed to harden.
They are next arranged upon the brooches ready
for aipping. For mould and other candles that
do not undergo the process of dipping, this last
operation is omitted. In some cases the wicks
arc formed by twisting or plaiting the crjtton
together, or winding it round wires, which are
withdrawn after the candles are made, thus
leaving the wicks hollow ; this was the method

falentcd by Gay Lussoc, for his slcarine candles,
n some instances, the cotton is steeped in meiaU
lie solutions. The object in all these processes
is to produce a wick that will consume itself^
and thus prcventthencccssityofsnuffing. Great
care is taken to select a cotton that will >*icld the
least possible quantity of othcs, or non-volatile
matter after burning.

CANDLES^ AJitmaHtim. — Adamantine can-
dles are made of stcorine, and stearineismadein
two ways. One way is to boil common tallow with
one-sixth of its weicht of sbkcd lime until a
lime soap is fonnctL The lime soap is put in>
to another vessel and four rarts of sulphuric
acid for every three parts of tnc hme (previously
used) mixed with ic to get out the Umc. It is
heated and stirred until the fat all runs off and
leaves nothing but sulphate of lime and water.
The iat is now allowed to cool, is then shaved
into thin slices, put into jcanvas bags and into a
hydraulic uress. Here the fluid portion is driven
out and tne stearine remains. This is again
shaved and pressed. The cokes now left are

I

t

3M

DICTIONARY OF EVSHY-DAY IVANTS.

oommerdal stcarine or stearic acid, an inflam-
mable substance without any grcaiyfeeliny. The
Other nicthoii is In blow steam into cocoa-nut oil
or palm oil and thus separate the glyccriQe from
the fat. After the glycerine is taken away, the
fat is allowed to cool and treated as above. No
actd or lime is uiied in this process.

CANDLES, CQmpontion, — These are eener-
aily made of a mixture of spermaceti and hard
vhite tallow, lo which a little bleached rosin is
sometimes atldcd. The origiD of the application
of the term "composilc" or "composition'* to
'Candles, is somewhat laughable. A manufac-
turer who had a large stock of spermaceti candles
nn hand, of a dirty hue, and therefore unsalable,
advertised them under the above name, and ihry
rerc soon disposed of, from the supjiosition that
(hey were composed of some new combination of
material «.

CANDLES from iMfd^^X. For twelve
pounds of lard tfdcc one pound saltpetre and one
pound of alum; mix them atul pulverize them;
oi&solve the saltpetre and alum m a gill of boil-
log water; pour the compound into the lard
before it is quite all melted; stir the whole until
it boils; skim oflfwhat rises; let it simmer until
the water is boiled out. or until it ceases to
throw off steam ; pour off the lard as soon as it

L4s done, and clean the boiler while it is hot. If
tlic candles are lo be run you may commence
immediately; if lo be dippe<I, let the lard cool to
a cake, and then treat it as you would t.dlow. —
3. To every eight pounds of lard, add one ounce
nitric acid, and the manner of making is as
follows : having carefully weighed your lard,
place it over u slow Bre, or at lc<i^t merely melt
It ; then add the acid, and mould (he same as
tallow, and you have a clear, beautiful candle.
In order to make them resemble bona fide tal-
low candles, you have only to add a small pro-
portion of pure beeswax.

CANDLES, MintraL — Ozocerite Isamineral
wax — chemically, a hydrocarbon — and, in in raw
or native state, is of a yellowish color, of slight

> Specific gravity I and somewhat fibrous in its

'Kructurc- It will not burn of itself, but will
readily melt on a light being applied to it. On
being roughly wrapped around a central wick,
even in its native slate, it is easily and regularly
msumcd. In fact, a rude candle can be made
of the raw material and a cotton wick. It is
mnd princip.illy in Austria, Moldavia, the Cau-
casus, and near the Caspian Sea, where it is
obtained in great quantities, being largely used
in those countries for illuminating purposes, and
was discovered by a Russian niilitr.ry officer.

The substance is generally melted down for
convenience of storage m transit, in which condi-
tion it forms a dark-colored mass, and is packed
in barrels, tbenative or tmmclted ozocerite being
sent over in canvas bags.

To prepare it for use, it is first conveyed into
mclting-tajiks, holiiing from two to three tons

|>Cach, and where it is melted down by incniis of
a steam coiL From these tanks the ozocerite is
run off lo a scries of stills, holding from (wo to
three tons each, in which it is distilled over

Sartly by steam and partly by bottom heat. Tlic
irt and bottoms from ihccrudcozoccritcarc run

(N.r ( .i._ u.,. , -anks mlo another set of

I .. here they arc rcmcfied,

// I j^ afterward distilled over.

The 040txrhc comes over from the &liUa in the

form of an oily distillate, which is run from the
condensers into moulds and allovv 1.

This give* a deep yellowish, wax-1' i l-

of a spongy nature, the pore-; ' i

oil, which exudes under a sligl
cakes arc packed between oil
cloths, and nkiced in hydraulic presses, uf which
there are three of large capacity. The pressed
cake, after removal is put into rein Vs

and again melted down, and is ] :i

these tanks hy a steam pump ?•■' ■ i

where it is treated with a sulf i r

acidificrs are steara-jackclcd, ..; 'i

revolving agitators by which the • i i

add are agitated logetner for a ccrl.i t

which the mixture is allowed lo i

^cllling, Ihe purified ozocerite is Hi r,

ihe lower part ol the acidifiers — the -*^... ,. j.i-

ing on the top— and run into vessels which ore
heated by bottom heat. This is Ihc final beat-
iiig, and from these vessels the 6ne •^' -i

off into moulds, the result being •

wax, the mcltinjj-point of which is l.jo-', uu[ of
paraffine wax being only 128". From ihb WM
the candles are made.

In some cases, and under certain conditions
which occasionally present themselves in the
process of manufacture, the < -
pirated from the add. is wash-
The water having been remo\ t
repeatedly filtered through anu: !

the recjuivite degree of white f.

There are also several specialties nb<
Nurture, which requires to be condu
greatest nicety and cxactnesj, or tl, f

results may l>e entirely negatived. '
that of temperature, that att.v- - ' ,

being exceedingly high and v.i; u

varying circumstances and at f

the process. Another point is the :: -r

dunng which the ozocerite is ex]
action of the acid or of the ch.if c. I, ! .:'.i
important whether and when t-iili' 1 tli-- :i ,.: •■:,:>•.
or the charcoal filter should be ' ^"^ 1

mention that there are severa' -i

chief of whicli is a very dear l i-

out smell, and of very high illumio j.

The candles thus made have pT<i. y

way equal to those made of thf "
only the drawliack of smoulder
an offensive smell when blown
ever, is not peculiar to ihcm
a fault in wax candles, arising .
with which the wax cools. Ii w--
obviated by using an old-fashioned •
or by coaling the wi<^ with some matcnai narurr
than ozocerite.

CANDLES, Spermaceti. — Sr^frin:!!-*-!;,
alone or combined with hard %^ f<

very good candles, but they >vj ^.^

ing about in the hand without sptlUii^ the meltn
portioiu

CANDLES, SUitrine. — These are nadff
the stearine or stearic add obtained from tall
in the same way as other mould candles*
furnish a supenor light, and burn « tone

CANDLES, Taffttf {Fty Diffim^J.
broaches bein • Ttra:

in frames re; r.ping

being filled " ci

from the boi plabednytoa

the end of ili ;'rcs«cdil(7««

gently into the mcltnl ^; it ia bMl wilhdnwn,

SOAP AND CAKDLKS.

3»5

the twltoms of the candles jost touched against
% board placed on one side of the cistcm lor (he
purpose, ajid then removed to the mck. Another
IS now taken and treated in the same maimer,
and the process is continued with fresh frames
until those hrst dipped ore sufhcienily cool to
undergo a second immersion. This operation is
repeated until the candJes acquire a sufTicicnt size,
wnea they are finally cooled, sorted, weighed,
and strune in pounds for sole. The dipping
beam is simply a piece of wood hung from the
ccUing by the center, and arranged vfilh weights
at one end. and at the other with supports to
receive the &ames with the wicks. It is so
balanced that a slight pressure with the fingers
u sufficient to depress it so as to immerse the
uricks or partly formed candles into the tallow
of the dipping cistern. On withdrawing the
pressure, the t^m again assumes the horizontal
position, and thus raises the candles out of the
mdted fiit. The dipping-room, or shop, is
usually situated in the coldest part of the pre-
mises, and furnished with a species of Venetian
shutters throughout the entire length of walls, (if
possible.) after the manner of breweries, to pre-
serve a ojnstant current of cool air.

CANDLES, Talhw{By MouUinsy—^\o\x\6.
candles are made of the best kind of tallow; a
nuxturc of 3 parts of sheep with i part of ox
suet, both fresh, makes the most glossy and
consistent candles. The moulds are made of
pewter ; the part answering to the bottom of the
candle Icing left open, and a small hole at the
lop also left for the wick ; eight or more of these
moulds are fitted into a stool, the upper surface
of which forms a kind of trough, the oottom part
of the mould being upwards. The wicks are
then introduced by putting a long wH re, furnished
with an eye or book at one end, down through
the mould, until it pmimdcs at the bottom, (or
raiher top«) when a wick is inserted and the
needle is then immediately drawn back. As soon
%& all the moulds have received their wicks, a
wire is run through the loop of each and then
allowed to rest on the top of the moulds ; the
protruding portion of the wicks is next pulled
tight, and properly arranged in the centers of the
moulds. Melted tallow of a proper temperature
b now poured into the trouch-Iikc part of the
Stool, untd the moulds arc all full. ITie wicks
are again pulled tight, and the whole allowed lo
cool. When cjuite cold, the wire that held the
wicks is withilrawn, and the candles pulled out
00c by one, by inserting a bodkm into the loop
of the wick. The better class of moulds are then
cither bleached by exposing them to the dew
and air for a few <iays, or by keeping them for a
few weeks, until sunfictently whitened.

CANDLES, Tuilinu {For Summrr use).—
Mo^ tallow, in summer, is more or less soft and
often quite yellow. To avoid both, take your
tallow and put a little bees-wax with it, espe-
cially if your bees-wax is dark and not fit to sell;
put into a suitable kettle, adding weak lye and
gently boil an hour or two each day fur Z days,
stirring and skimming well; each morning cut-
ting it out and scraping off the bottom which is
soft, adding fresh lye (be sure it is not too
strong) I or 3, or 3 CaIs., according to the
amount of tallow. The third morning use water
in which alum and saU|>etre is dissolved, at the
rate of 1 lb. each, for 30 lbs. of tallow; then
r, stir, and »kim again; let cool, and yon

can take it off the water for use. They may be
dipped or run in moulds; for dipping, allow two
pounds for each dozen candles.

CANDLES^ l\'ax, — These arc made either
by pouring melied wax over the wicks, or by
applying the wax in a soft state with the hands,
and afterwards rolling it smooth with a roller of
polished box wood, upon a table formed of pol-
ished walnut wood. They are then cut and
trimmed. The first part of this process is usually
conductnl over the cistern of melted wax, and
the u icks are strung upon au iron houp suspend-
ed from the ceiling.

CANDLES, Imitation Wa jr.— Purify melted
tallow by throwing in powdered quick lime, then
add two parts wax to one of tallow, and a most
beautiful article of candle, resembling wax, will
be the result. Dip the wicks in lime water and
saltpetre on making. To a gallon of water add
2 ozs. saltpetre and ^ lb. of lime: it improves
the light, and prevents the taUow from running.

CANDLES, Huks far.^^i Utc years the
best candles are made in such manner that they
do not req^uire snufBng. The simnlest way of
effecting this is to make the wick witn one strand
of loosely twisted cotton, which will become
slightly stretched when the wick is placed in the
candle, but will contract again on its burning,
removing the force that kept it extended. If this
roving be placed at the outside of the wick, it is
evident that when it contracts, it will puU the
latter into a curved shape, and thus expose its
upper part to the outer portion of the flame,
as well as to the atmosphere, by which means
it will be consumed with sufRcient rapidity to
prevent the necessity of using the snuffers. The
same may be effected by placing the candle at an
angle of about 45^, by which means the upiKT
part of the wick will be out of the flame ; but
this plan, besides being unsightly, is liable to the
risk of the lallow dropping beyond the candle-
stick. Platted wicks, so arranged that one por-
tion shall be stretched more than another, have
long been adopted for the same purpose.

CANDLE ll'lCA'S, Pr^e>arrn^.~T\\crc ut
several prescriptions for solutions to improve
wicks, the best of which is the following: Borax,
2 ounces; chloride of calcium, chloriiic of am-
monium, and saltpetre, I ounce each ; then dis-
solved in three quarts of water and filtered; the
wicks are soaked in this solution and then dried.

Another is: first steep the wicks in a solution
of lime-water, in which saltpetre has been dis-
solved. To 1 gallon of water add 2 ounces salt-
petre and y^ pound lime. Dry well the wicks
before u«ing. It improves the light, and prevents
the tallow irom running.

C AMPHORA lED .Saj/.— Sixteen ounces of
white soap, eight ounces of boiling water, six
ounces of olive oil and one drachm of powdered
camphor ; dissolve the soa{> in the water, evapor-
ate slowly to the consistence of a soft paste, add the
camphor incorporated with the ou, mix thor-
oughly and pour into moulds. It is excellent for
chapped hands or lips and excoriations.

CARBOLIC ACID Soap.— -X^Vft freshly pre-
pared cocoa-nut oil soap, 150 parts, and fuse;
then add a solution of alcohol, lo parts ; carbolic
acid, 6 parts; caustic potassa, 3 parts; oil of
lemon, I ]iart, and mix with .^tirring. To be
poured into moulds.

CHEMICAL Swip, {For taking Oil, Gwm,
ttc. frmn tkt r/a/i.>— Take 5 pounds Castile

I

Jt6

DICTTOKARY OF EVERY~DAY WANTS,

noAp, cut fine; I pint alcohol; I pint soft walcr;
anuncct aqua fortis; iX ounce lampblack; 2
ouncrs saltpetre; 3 ounces potash: l ounce
camphor, oiid 4 ounces cinnamon, in pr^wder.
First dissolve the loap, potash, and snltpetre, by
boiling ; then add all the other articles, and con-
tinue to stir until it cools; then pour into n box
and let it stand twenty-four hours and cut into
cakes.

CHEMICAL -90/T.Sw/.— Tnkecreaie.SIbs.;
caustic soda, 8 lbs.; sal-soda, i lb.; melt the gT€^ase
in akcttle, melt the sodas in soft water, 4 gals. , and
pour all into a barrel holding 40 gals, and fill up
with soft water, and the lalrar is done. When
the caustic soda cannot be obtained of soap-
makers, you %'ill make it by taking soda-ash and
fresh slaked lime, of each eight pounds ; dissolv-
ing them in the water wiUi tne sal-soda, and
when ftcttlefl, pouring olf the clear liquid.

CJ/LOR/NATED Saa/^.—Vrom Castile soap
(in powder), II ou.; chloride of lime {dry and
good), I oz.; mix, tical them tu a mass wilh rec-
tified spirit, q. s.; holding in solution oil of ver-
bena or of ginger grass, }^ or.; lastiy form the
mass into flat tablets, and wrap these in thin
sheet ^Ita pcrcha. A most excellent detergent
and stimulant soap in various affections, admir<
ably adapted for hospital use. and for removing
stains from ihc skin and rendering it while. It
is the most ^Hjwerful known agent against infec-
tion from contagious diseases communicated by
contact

C/iVXAAfON Soap.—VaXtii oil soap, 2 parts;
good tallow soap, 3 ]>arts. Reduce to shavings,
then liquefy by adding a little water, and placing
llic mijiturc in a water bath until i>erfec[fv unit-
ed; next cool to about 135° Fahr,, and ada finely
powdered yellow ochre to color, and a sufficiency
of the following perfume : Essence of cinnamon,
7 parts ; essence of bergamot, 2 parts ; essence
of^sassafras, 1 port. Welt mix the whole togeth-
er and mould.

CITRON ^AT/.^-Curd soap, 6 lbs.; otto of
citron, % lb.; otto of verbena (lemon grass), %
oz.; otto of bergamot, 4 ozs.; otto of lemon, 2
ozs. One of the Dcst fancy soaps that is made.

COI.D .Sfw/.— Twenty-tw« pounds of soap,
ao pounds of grease, and V of a pound of rosin.
This quantity will make a barrel of soap. Keep
the grease tried out and strained, so as to be
ready for use when the reri^uisite quantity is gain-
ed. Select the gray looking potash, put it into
the Boap barrel, pour on it hot soft water to faci-
litate dissolving ; when softened put in the grease,
reserving two or three pounds to melt the rosin
in ; keep adding hot water till it stirs readily and
when nearly to the top put in the melted rosin
and fiat. This soap is good and strong, will keep
any length of time and be free from insects.
When wanted for use dtp out a quantity and add
a third of soft water to it. The dark potash is
apt to stain the clothes in washing.

COSMETIC 5c«.i;^.— Take a pound of Castile
soap, or any other nice old soap; scrape it fine;
put it on the fire with a little water; stir it to a
smooth paste ; turn it into a bowl ; when cold,
add some lavender water, or any kind of essence;
beat it with a silver spoon till well mixed ; thicken
it with Indian menl, and keep it in small pots,
closely covered ; expo5.ure to tne air will harden it.
EAfULSIN AU JASMIN. — Saponaceous
cream, i oz.; simple syrup, i^ oz.; almondoU, I
lb.; best jasmine oil, ^ lb.

zn oui .
tc as*

dissc

boaoll

EMULSIN A LA VIOLETTE^^i
ceoos cream. 1 oz.; synip of violets, \y^ «.;
violet oil, \)^ lb,

On account of the high price of the French oili
thciie emulsions ore expensive, but ibcy aic
doubtedly the most exquisite of coftmctiqncs.
ENGUSH BAR SOAP.—^ix gallons
water; 6 lbs. good stone lime ; 30 lb*.. si,\
4 ozs. borax ; 15 lbs. fiit (tallow is be^i); 10
pulverized rosin, and 4 ozs. bees-wax t pot the
water in a kettle on the fire, and when oearlv
boiling add the lime and soda ; when these art dis^
solved, add the borax ; boil gently, and stir noul
all is (h.ssolved ; then add the fat. rosin, and b<ct>
wax; boil all gently until it shows flaky on tbe
stick, then pour into moulds.

ERAS/t'E Soap, — 2 pounds of good
soap ; }4 pound of carbonate of ]iotash ; di
in J>i pint hot water. Cut the soap in
slices, boil the soap with the potash until
thick enough to mould in cakes ; also.
cohol, >4 ounce; camphor, 'a ounce; har
^ ounce; color with }i ounce pulverued
coal.

EA T (Animaf), To Prepttrt/or Scop M*
— Tallow, when exposed at common tern
in the air, gradually acquires an unp
rank smell. This can be prevented by
in slices, and boiling it in water con
every one hundred pounds of fat (wal
five to forty pounds), one quarter of a
ahim. one half pound of salt ; this i%
gethcr and strained ; the cake of strained
taken up and washed in clean water; then
melted at a low heat, and poured into a
contflininc twice as much water (by measnre
of the mcTlcd grease, and to this water add
ten per cent, of good clear sweet soap cam
to the amount of grease, the water not
more then blood-heat, and the trti
the grease about the same. The \
oughly stirred with a broad stick tin c'.-n,
it is allowed to rest and separate from the wat
which is afterward withdrawn, and the fat
maining, in a granular state, completely drained,
and finally dried in a current of dry air. ic tbcs
transferred and packed in firkins, crocks or hm*
rels.

Grained fat thus prepared, is kept sweet, and
it also acted on by tne lye with a far greater cue
and rapidity, in consequence no doubt of its

f;rain-liKe state, which enables the alkali in the
ye to act upon a {^renter sur^c at once without
requiring the boiling of the fat with the Ive, and
producing a soap free of rank smell, while the
grained fnl in suet may be preserved sweet for
Aoap-making purposes for yeariif if ihoroo^y
dried before packing away.

ELOA TING Spop. — Good oil soap % cwt.;
water % gallon; melt by the heat of a steam
or water bath in a pan furnished with an a^bttf*
which must be assiduously worked Idl the soa})
has at least doubled its \x>luxne, when it must be

C\ into the frames, cooled, and cut into piccti.
thcrs well and is vcrjr pleasant. Any soent
may be added.

ERANGIPANNI Aw/— Card soap (prw*
ouOy colored light brown), 7 lbs.; cirtt, }L ol.\
otto of neroli. % oz.; otlo of sanlaj, 1 j^ oz.;
otto of rose, % oz.; otto of vitivcrt, % os. Rnb
Uie dvrt with the variotis ottos, mix, and bciS i&
the u£ual manner.

EULLER'S EARTH Soap,^-QvaA%Q«^ I

to

SOAP AND CAA'D/^.S.

Ibft.; morinesoap, 3^ lbs.; fuller's rarth(l)aked)»
14 lbs.; ottu of French lavender, 2 oz.; otto of
origanum, i oz.

KiALL Soap. — Gall soap, for the wishing of
*iine silken cloths and ribbon-s is prcjiarcd in the
Allowing manner: In a vest>el of cupper one
pound of cocoa-nut oil is healed to do'' Fahr.,
iv-hereupon half a pound of caustic mkU is added
with constant stirnng. In another vessel, half a
pound of white Venetian turpentine is healed,
and when quite hot, stirred into the copper kettle.
Thb kettle is then covered and left for four hours,
being gently heated, nftcr which the Are is increas-
ed untd the contents arc perfectly clear, uhcre-
Vpon one pound of ox-gall is added. After this,
•noagh good, pcricctly dry caslilc soap is stirred
inio the mixture to cause the whole to yield hut
liille under the pressure of iJic finger ; for winch
purfose, from one to two pounds of soap arc re-
quired for the abo%T quantity. After cooling, the
•oap is cut into pieces. It is excellent, ana will
iSot injure the linc^i colors.

GA'EASE, '/'a Preseme. — Boil all the scraps,
vinds, and bones, in a weak lye, and the purer
r^ease in clear water. Let the mixture coc^,
4take olT the cake of grease, and strain it. It is
^ell tu do this occasionally, as you save it; for
nrhen kepi a lotig time, impure grcohc liccomes
>«fieusivc. You mu^t be careful to dry off all
kthe water before laying it away tn your grease
I tub| if you wish it to keep sweet.

GKEASE^ T<f Purify. — If the grease ts verv
ibul in smell, it should be put in a boiler witK
r^ratcr, on the hrc (about three times as much
.-water as of ihc grcise), a small quantity (^iy a
.teatpoonful for hvc to ten pounds ol grease) of
permanganate of pota:ih added, by stirring, to
ribe wbute, and alter the mixture has cooled a
JLittlc, It is strained through a cloth, and allowed
'to ri-bt, when the cake of fat is token out and put
in a cool place, or in the pot in which it is to be
.fcincltetl Tor transformation into soap. The pur-
.pose of the permanganate of potash is to remove
,the raiik odor of ine grease, which otherwise
^ould contaminate the soap also.
,. JIARD Soap. — Fusci-i sulphate of soda has
Ibeen used to harden soaps, which, made from
jofcrior fats, would otherwise be too soft. This
#ub9iancc (Glauber salts, melted on a shovel or
otherwise, ) added to the soap in the proportion
of I lb. of the sail lo 3o lbs. of the soap, is said
4o rcme<ly llic defect, and to make a hard and
riftound soap out of what would otherwise be too
soft for economical use.

HARD ^.«/.— Take 6 pounds of sal-soda, 6
pounds grease, and 3 poumU quick hmc. Thor-
craghly mix the soda and lime in four gallons of
Water, pour off from the sediment, put in the
ipease and boil 20 minutes; ]^Knii off and before
entirely cold cut in bars.

JiARD Soap from .fiy?.— Take 7 lbs. good
isoftscup: 4 lbs. sol soda; 2 ounces borax; l
«uccc hartshorn ; % lb. rosin, to be dissolved in
1^ quarts uf water, and boiled about twenty niin-
«tes.

h HARD S*i»p, with I^rd. — Sal>soda and lard,
^cftchblbs.; stone limejlbs.; soft water 4 gals.;
dissolve il)c Imic and soda in the water, by boll-
lh|^ stirring, settling and pouring ofl*^ then return
ia the kettle (t>rass or cop|)cr) and aild the lard
Usd boil until it becomes soap; then pour into a

Ror mouldi, and wfacn cold, cut it into bars
let it dry.
L

HONE y Soap. — Cut thin two pounds of
yellow soap into a double saucepan, occasionally
stirring it till it is melted, which will be in a few
minutes if ihe water is kept boiling around it,
then add a quarter of a pound of palm oil, quar-
ter of a pound of honey, three pennyworth of
true oil of cinnamon; let all bud l<<gclhcr an*
othrr six or eight minutes; pour uut and ttand
it by tilt next day ; it is then ht for immediate
use. If made as these directions il will be found
to be A very sui>eriur soap.

//ONEV AND AIMOND PASTE, ^
Bitter almonds, blanched and ground, )^ lb.;
honc}', I lb.; yelk of eggs, in number, 8;id-
monu oil, I lb.; otto of bcrganiot, of cloves,
each, !( oz. Rub Lhc eggs and honey together
first, then gradually add the oil, and finally the
ground almonds and the perfume.

IODINE Soap. — From caitilc wan (sliced) 1
lb.; iodide of potassium, I oz.; dissolved in wa-
ter, 3 fl. oz.; melt them together in a glass or
porcelain vessel, over a water bath. Excellent
in various skin diseases; also ai a common soap
for scrofulous subjects,

JUNIPER TAR &«;>,— This so.ip is made
from the tar of the wood of the Junipcrus com-
munis, by di!»solving it in a fixed vegetable oil,
&uch as almond or olive oil, or in fine tallow, and
forming a soap by means of a weak »xla lye,
after the customary manner. This yields a
moderately firm and dear soap, which may be
readily used by application to parts aJTet.lcd with
eruptions, at night, mixed with a little water,
and carefully washed ofT the following morning.
This scip ha.s lately l>een much used fur eruptive
disorders, particularly on the continent, and with
varying degrees of success. It is thought that
the c^cient element in its composition is a rather
less impure hydrocarburct ihaii that known in
faris under the name "huile dc cade." On ac-
count of its ready misdbility with water, it pos-
sesses great advantage over the common tar oint-
ment used for itch, etc.

LABOR-SA VING Socf. —Ta)ie 2 pounds of
sal soda, 2 pounds of yellow bar soap, and lO
quarts of water. Cut the soap in ihin shce'i., and
boil together two hours ; strain, and it will tic
tit for use. Put the clolhcs in sonk the night
before you wash, and to every pail of water in
which you boil them, add a pouml of soap. They
will need no rubbing; merely rinse them out,
and they "Mnll be perfectly dean and white.

LIQUID Soap. — Sweet oil, 7 |atts; caustic
potass I P"t ; rose water sufl'icienl qiiantily to
reduce it to a proper state. Rub the uil, alkali,
and a few spoonfuls of ihe water together in a
hot mortar until united, ihen odd the remainder
of the water as required.

L YE, 7o A/aif. — Have a large tub, or culc,
and bore a liolc in one side, for a tnp, near the
bottom ; place several bricks near the hole, and
cover them with straw. Fill the barrel with
strong wood ashes. Oak ashes are strongest;
and those of ai>ple-tree wood make Ihe whitest
soap. Four on boiling water until it begins to
run, then put in Ihc tup and let it 5oak. ^f the
ashes settle down as they axe wet, fill in until
full.

LVE, Whttf, — This is made by pouring a
paiUul of boiling water oyer 4 or 5 quarts ol
ashes. Let it stand a while to infuse ; iLcn pour
in cold water to settle it, when you can pour it
off dear. This is very good to v*' " clothes

I
I

3>»

DICTIONARY OF EVBRY-DA Y WANTS,

ia. When mftde nice* Is equ&l to «>da« and doe&
not, unless made extremely strong, injure the
dotbes.

MARHLED SOAP BALLS. — Take ten
pounds of white Dil&oap&nd ten pounds of Joppa
soap. Ctit the-m into small square pieces, which
set to dry for three days : the oil soap, particular-
ly, must be thus drie<I. Scrape, very fine, five
pounds of oil soap, which dry /or one day in the
Open air; miic it well in the shaving box, with
five pounds of powder, and add an ounce and a
half of the Ix^st vermilion.

In mixing, pbce pie*xs of soap and colored
powder in layers in the box ; making in all four
alternate layers of each. When a layer of each
has been bid in the box, sprinkle a pint of rose
water over the cut soap; {or ii it be much com
bincd with the jx>wder it will become lumpy and
hard, and conseoucntly spoil the wash balls. Tlie
tame quantity of wntcr is to be used for moisten-
ing each of the other soap larers. Next mix a
pint of thin ilarch, w hich has been well boiled in
Dfllf a pint of rain water, with half a pint of rose
water, and distribute it, equally well mixed,
among the moss, by turning it over repeatedly,
and then press it down close wiih the liands. If
a piece be now cut out from the mass Oie opera-
tor will i>crceivc whether the marbling is suf-
ficiently good : and if so, he may proceed im-
mediately to form his wash balls.

MACQUER'S ACID 5«n>.— Castile soap, 4
02s.; soften by heat and a little water ; add oil of
vitriol q. s., continually triturating the mass in a
mortar. UctergenL Used where alkalis would
be prejudicial.

AfuSA' Sot7f. — Good tallow soap, 30 pounds;
palm soap, 26 pounds. Treat as for cinnamon
■ ftoap, and [lerfume with the following mixture: —
powdered cloves, 5 ounces; powdered pale roses,
5 ounces ; powdered gillyflower, 5 ounces; es-
sence of bcrgamot, 4 ounces ; essence of musk,
3^ ounces. Color with brovrn ochre, 4X
ounces.

ORAA'CI- FLOWER Aw/.— Palm soap, 2
parts; tallow soap, 3 parts. Mix, as for cin-
namon io.-»p, and peruime with the following es-
senccs: Ksscncc of Portugal, 8 parts; essence
of amber, 7 parts. Mix. Color with the fol-
lowing, as required : Red lead, 5 ports ; yellow
green, 33 parts. Mix.

PALM Soap {ju/^ru'r). — Cut thin two pounds
of yellow soap into a double saucepan, occasion-
ally slirring it till it is melted, which will be in a
few minutes, if the water i^ kept boiling around
it; then add quarter of a pound of palm oil,
quarter of a pound of honey, and six cents worth
of true oil of cinnamon ; let all boil together an-
other six or eight minutes ; IMiur out, and stand
it by till next day. It is then nt for immediateuse.

PEARL ACi^?' Aw/.— Take lard, 2 parts;
potass lye (36* B.), I part. Put the laro over
the fire; and, when half melted, stir it with o
spatula until it assumes the appearance of milk,
then add half the lye, stir well, but avoid increas-
ing the temperature. When soapy granulations
commence forming, and fall to the bottom, add
the rest of the lye; continue the stirring unlit the
paste is formed, then transfer the pan to a balh
of warm water, and let them cool together. When
cold, pound it in a marble mortar until it as-
sumes a pearly appearance. .Scent with bitter ol-
londs essence.
PISTACHIO NUT MEAL, — Y\s,\A^o

nuts (decorticated as almonds arc bleached), 1 Ifaw;
orris imwder, i lb.; otto of nen>li« | da^it
otto of lemons, ^ oz.

Other meals, such as perfumed oatmea),
fumed bran, etc, are orrasionslly in dei
and are prc[»ared as the foregoing.

POTASH, Yitld fi/.—M a general rule, Che
ashes of the following woods give :
100 lbs. <rf pine ashes yield 45-100 lb., or lest
than half a pound of potash.
popUr ashes yield X 1^>

1. 45 -
' 2.03 '•

3 9 "

3.9 "

' 4.18"

5 5 "

'ns '•

'55-

100

100 *' tieech •'
too •' oak "

100 " willow •*
100 " sug. maple
100 •' ehn
100 •• wheat straw
100 " vine branches
100 " dry cornstalks
100 " potato stalks

One pound of caustic potash, on an ai
combines with five f>ounds of clean grese,
will make five gallons of good soft soap.

ROSIN Sotip. — Fifteen per cent, of resin can
be saponified with potash or soda lye, and m»cd
w j!h clear, warm tallow suap to a good pcirpuse;
more would deteriorate ii, although for die
cheapest grade of soaps, thirty-three per cent if
often added; but such soaps remain »aft ^d
clammy, and are unsatisfactory to the cooswncr.
Twelve gallons of strong lye (30° to36°Besnaie)
are neecTcd for loo lbs. of rosin. .Some soip-
makcrs melt it with the iifttin thecommenccmral
of the boiling (^f the soap, but rxpeiieacc bis
shown thai it is best lo prepare a pure taSow
soap first, and afterward mix with it the rosin
soap, made in a separate kettle. Both soaps in
the hot state are to be thoroughly incorporated,
by stirring and beating inlimntely lur half on boar,
and the whole passed through a wire sieve bdore
transferring to the frames, and therein also well
stirred with the crutch. Some palm oil, when
saponified along with the tallow, will much ioK
prove the appearance of such a suap,

The rosin, previous to its lieing pat in contact
with the lye, should be ground fine, and while
one workman is occupied in throw ing ii into ihe
boiler containing the not lye, atiuihcr should te
constantly occupied in stirring it in, as the ma-
ture easily rises. The heat must not be too rtp-
idly increased, nor is it necessary that it should
boil all the time, butnf.erclv kept near the boiling
point, but it is indispensable to keep stimng ihc
mixture all the lime, otherwise caking ol the
rosin will interfere with the progress of the ojk-
ration. Saponification will lie completed in
about two hours, and then it may be added 10 the
fat about being converted into soap, as above
described.

SALT" in Soap Makin^,-~~A. very practicil
and a most useful adaptation of common salt
(chloride of sodium) in partial substitution for al-
kali in the manufoclurc of suap, is now being
most economically and advantageously used in
this country. A soap can be produced in the
bar, or molded into pattern, cheaper than by
any other known process ; and plain and hacf
sonps of every odor, color, and desijrn. are banf
freely circulated, at a figure costing the pobiic
no more, when boxed, than $2.88 or $3.36 j^er
cwi. of 112 pounds. This, too, where the man-
ufacturers ha^T to pay 30 cents per cwu for ca^
riage on the salu

SOAP AND CANDLES.

I

SALT WATER Soap.— ^ lbs. caustic soda,
7 nllons of water for the lye ; 25 lbs. cocoa-nut
4111 or lard, as it is somelimes calletl; melt the
otl« and introduce the lye gradually, and stir ac-
tivcly until creamy. A very small proportion of
fosea GLiuber salts helps to make the soap
harden.

SANTA L-WOOD .Sw/.— Cord soap, 7 lbs.;
otto ofsantal, 7 oz.; otto of bergamotf 3 oi.

SAND Soap. — Curd soap, 7 Ids.; marine soap.
7 lbs.; sifted tilvcr sand, 2$ lbs.; otto of thyme,
of cassia, of caraway, of French lavender, each,
a ozs.

SAPONACEOUS CREAM of Almondu—
The preparation sold under this title is a potash
soft soap of lard. It has a beautiful pearly ap-
pearance, and has met with extensive demand as
a shaving soap. Being also used in the nianu-
^turc of Kmulsinc*:, it 1* an article of no incon-
siderable consumption by the perfumer. It is
made thus: Clarilicd lard, 7 lbs.; potash lye
(containing 26 per cent, of catistic ootosh), 3,1^'
fbs.; rectihcd spirit, 3 02$.; otto of almonds, 2
drachms. Melt the lard in a porcelain vessel by
a salt water bath, orbya steam hc.it under 15 lbs.
pressure ; then run in the lye, very slowly, agitat
ing the whole time ; when about half the lye is
in, the mixture begins to curdle ; it will, how-
erer, become so firm th.-it it cannot be stirred.
The cream is then finished, but is not pearly ; it
will, however, assume that appearance by long
trituration in a mortar, gradually adding the al-
cohol, in which h.xs been dissolved the perfume.

SCENTING SOAPS t'<?/-Z).— This method
is excec<lingly convenient and economical for
scenting small batches, involving merely mechan-
idl labor, the tools required being simply an
ordinary carpenter's plane, and a good marble
mortar, and lignum vitx pestle. The woodwork
of the plane must be fashionetl at each end. so
that when placed over the mortar it remains firm
mod not easily moved by the parallel pressure of
the soap against its projecting blade. To com-
mence operation'!, we lake first 7 lbs., 14 lbs., or
21 lbs. of the liars of the soap that it is intended
to perfume. The plane is now laid upside down
across the top of the mortar. Things being thus
arranged, the whole of the soap is to be pushed
across the plane until it is all reduced into fine
sluivings.

Soap as generally received from the maker is
the proper tundilion for thus working; but ifit
has oeen in slock any time it bccomc<i too hard,
and rau5t have from one to three ounces of distil-
led water sprinklctl in the shavings for every
pound of so.ip employed, and must lay for at
U^I twenty-four hours to be absorbed before the
periiime is added to it.

When it is determined what site the cakes of
soap are to be, what they are to sell for, and
what it is intended they should cost, then the
maker can measure out his perfume.

The soip being in a proper physical condition
vrith regir<l to moisture, etc., is now to have the
perfume well stirred into it. The pestle is then
act to work for the process of incorporation.
Afier a couple of hours the soap is generally ex-
pected t'> )>e free from streaks, and to be o?'onc
nniform consiilencv.

SHAVING Soap. — t. Good white soap (in
thin shavings), 3 pounds; palm soap, I pound;
soft water, }i poured; soda, I ounce. Melt care-
fully over a slow fire, in an earthen vessel, then

add oil of lavender. Go drops ; oil of lemon, 40
drops; bcrgamot, 50 drops. Mix well, and make
it into forms. — i. Take 3 lbs. white bar soap, t
lb. castile soap, 1 quart rain water, ^ pt, beefs
gall, I gill spirits turi^cntine. Cut the scap into
thin slices, and boil five minutes after the soap is
dissolved, stir while boiling : scent with oil of
rose or almonds. If wished to color it, use J4
0£. vermilion.

SUA VTNG PASTE.—}. Naples soap (gen-
uine), 40Z.; powdered ca&iUc soap, 2 oz.; honey,
I oz. ; essence of ambergris and oils of cas&ia and
nutmegs, of each, 5 or 6 drop;.. — 2. White waXi •
spermaceti and almond oil, of each, V^^''- nidC,
and while warm, beat in 2 squares of Windsor
soap previously reduced to a paste with a little
rose-water.-^ J. White soft sonp, 4 oz.; sper-
maceti and salad oil, of each, % oz.; melt them
together, and stir until nearly cold. It may be
scented at will. When properly prepared, tncsc
pastes produce a good lather with eitlier hot or
cold water, which does not dry on the (ace.
The proper method of using them is to smear a
minute quantity over the beard, and then to
apply the wetted shaving brush, and not to pour
water on them, as is the common practice.

SOAP-MA KING in 0>h<w/. — Animal fat,
such as tallow, is the substance most at hand of
all other falty matters for soap-making, although
vegetable oils, such as pnlm. cocoa-nut, castor,
sunflower, olive and other oils, and also rosin,
are used in soap- making occasionally, but tallow
toeing more cisily obt,iin.il>le, and generally at a
lower cost than most of the oils above enumerat-
ed, is most exten%ively employed in the manufac-
ture of domestic so:ip. For purpose, after betnc
freed of skin by boiling, straining and rcroelting,
it is heated to the temperature of boiling vater,
and mixed on the fire with a hot solution of
either soda, potash, or both, in water called the
lyc; the whole is gradunlly transferrerl into an
iron pot, larger by at least one-third than the
whole miKlure, about one quart of the meUed
fat being first ladled into it, then as mnch or
more of the hot lye, the mixture constantly stir-
red on the fire till a sort of creamy matter is
formed, the ladling kept on alternately till all the
lye and fat are mixed together ; the stirring to
be kept up on a moderate fire till the mixtnre
boils, and is allowed to boil some ten or fifteen
minutes, according to the strength of the lyc
employed; it is then transferred from the boiler
into a form, a tight box, in which muslin has ^
been placed overhanging the box, so that ihe
soap may he afterwar<l4nore easily drawn out of
it for the purpose of drying it, or else it may be
poured in a common wash-tub, previously soaked
m water to prevent adhc»iun to the tub, and
there allowed to harden for a few days, from
whence it is transferred on boards, or upon a
table, to drv and l>e cut in bars for use, by means
o{ an annealed wire.

SOAP'MAK/NG, Country. —In most par U
of this country it is as convenient, and much
cheaper, to make soap from Ihe lye of leached
ashes than from a soda lye.

To leach the ashes properly for this purpose,
from two to five per cent, of lime should be add-
ed, to give proper causticity to the potash in so-
lution which the lyc o^iitatns. Iltc ordinary
process is to have a receptacle made of boards
and lined with straw, c»-»ne- shaped, the lye run-
ning through at the bottom. Upon the straw.

DICTIONARY OF EVBRY-DA Y WANTS,

frcsU wood ashes mixed with a liltle liiiie> is
placed, and wnlLT putircd thrrcon and allowed
to 6Uer through and trickle out from the point
into a projwr vessel. The Ijre will not be oi
tmiform strength. Hot water poured upon the
aiihcs mnke^ a stronger tyc than cold ; in other
words, It extracts more potash from the ashes.
To get the lye lo a uiUKirm strength, and one
proper for soap-making, boil it until a sound
potato will float upon its surface. This is the
urm wife's speciiic gravity test, and it is as ac-
curate as any sold by the opticians. Then, into
a kettle tw<v'ihinls full of lye, ia with your melt-
ed fat, by latllcfuls at a time, and stir until it is
creamy ; now begin lo adil the salt by small
handfuls, stirring carefully and rapidly until a
ring mode of the Koapy matter on the stirring
stiac, remains visible. Then allow the fire to go
out, and the soap to harden. It usually gathers
on the top of the spent lye, from which it may
be lifted when hard, or the lye can be poured off
by tipping the kettle. Soft soap is made in the
same way, without the salt.

A correspondent of a monthly magazine gives
the following method of making soap for family
u<te in the country: I start the lye to boiling,
and then while boiUnc, if the lye is not strong
enough tu cat the feather off a quill, boil it down
until It is. When it w>U just cat the feather, let
the kettle be a little more than one third full of
lye, and put in grease, skins of the hogs, bacon
rinds, meat frvings, and the like, until the kettle
is about two-tKiriTs full. The kettle must not be
full, for with the least bit too much fire, over the
ftoap gnch. It is better to put in a little less than
the necessary amount of grease. L.ye and grease
combine in certain pro|K>rtiuns, but uass the
limit, and no amount of boiling will take up an
excess of greaKc. It will remain on top, hot or
Cold, and will be very troublesome ; whereas a
little toy much lye will sink lo the bottom when
the soap comes. If the proportions arc good, a
little fire only is rcauired to keep it boiling, and
in a few hours it is done. Then take a bucket
of weak lye, and let it boil up with the soap once.
This will not disturb the already made soap, but
will woaIi the dirt out that was in the grca:!,e, and
with it settle to the bottom. When the soap is
cold it can be cut out in cokes. Exposure to the
air will soften it down until it isofaboutthecon*
slitence of mush, and a little darker, growing
fiirer and fairer. Some, instead of putting in
lye to wash the dirt out of the soap, put in salt
and water. The soap thus made is wniter, but
is apt lo be too stiff to use easily in the wash-tub.
It makes excellent ball soap for washing dirty
hands. I take some weaker lye and the clean
port of that which is left in the bottom of the
soap kettles, and enough to half fill one of the
Iccttles or more, setting it in some convenient
place outdoors. I put a slick of wood on the

, north side of the top of the kettle, lay on some
Ixxirds, making a roof wtiich 14 easily managed
to shed rain, and lay another stick on top to keep
the roof in place. By lifting one of the boards a
little, X can put in from time to time whatever

|Aoap.fat is gathered in the family through the
•ummer. Whenever the sun shines, I remove
the cover and stir the lyc. I facilitate the busi-
aess a little in this way, and 1 have by fall a h,ilf
Itetllp of deci-nt soap, and no trouble with soap*
fiit in hot weniher.

SOAP-MAKING by tJu Ccld /Kiy.— The fat

r colonoff ~

AtJtt__|

4

is melted at a low heat, not waiiner lltan^bLood
heat, and the lye gratlually adJcd — j^
strong lyc (about 36*', Beaume) to So "
and less, even should the lye be slio _
The lye should be perfectly clear, aod not
than tepid in teniperaturc. The fat and the
should be jwTsistcnlly slirre<l with a be
wooden spatula, having sharp edges ol its lower
end, and rounded at its upocr. for cai; * *
ling. I'he paddling should oc kept \
ring drawn with uie spatula remains
short time. It is at that point that lite colonn;
matters and perfumes arc added, if any are
wanted.

The parts should then be run into fhoaei,
previously linctl with muslin so cnrefuUy that
folds be formed at the edges of the box.
frame 5hmdd be entirely filled with the soap,
well closed, with the margin of the muslin,
also fitted with a modern cover. The whole
should be left for about one day to rest in a mild
temperature, the complete chan^ or Eapaiiii&-
cation completing itself in the frames, where tht
temperature riseft spontaneously l'> so
over 17^" F. Under the influence of this
the various constituent principles in the
including the glycerine, Ijecome further owa
bined, and a soap produced almost re
that of boiled soaps. At tlic expiration of
four hours the soap may be token
frames, and cut up in bars to dry.
especially when mutton tallow is m
ployed with soda fur tlic lye, onc-tcnth of
IS added, to diminish the Iiardncss of the
at the same time it Increases its sululiility
quality, the soap resulting from that addition
being brittle when dry, as it would be w
exclusively made of hard tallow antl soda lye.
The yield of such soap is about 150 lbs. to XSf^,
lbs. of fat

SOA P {Ifomr-maiU) from Catuttc SpJa,
sometimes happens that caustic soda is
within reach, and yet sal-soda is to Ih! had.
transform this material into a auitabl
soap making, this is a convenient and ^ttil
process : Dissolve sal-soda, say three pou
two gallons of wami water. Sluke in
three ]x)unds of good quicklime ; add
soda solution ; stir the whole tKoroug'
stick, and add two gallons of boiling w
again, and let it settle. Pour off the
in a clean iron boiler placed on the fire,
into it six pounds of clarified greoic,
ounces of powdered borax. Let it bo:
till it get* tliick and ropy (nl>oul ten
boiling), and pour it into a tub or tight
staled alwvc. Soap thus made is ai%
hard soap for family use ; after drying a
or so in a dry-room, and cut into bor^ it
for use.

SOAP, CAw/.— Soap for r^v^:' - can

made very cheap and of ex^' y

little trouble by the useofao;. ^ie

in all drug stores. Tliis is lye put up in a
cenlratcd form in small iron boxes holdiog
pound. These boxes cost 3$ cents in ordu
limes, now we believe ihcy retail «t 40015^
cents, and will make 35 ]M>unds of pr— n -^^ nrm
soap. The plan of pnxreciling is n. e.

a box of this substance, knock o:t
throw it into a gallon of boiling wnt^ii. *U
standing ten hours, the Ive wul be dear,
must be thrown into a wasn boalcr willi aool

SOAP AND CANDLES,

gallon of boiling water; when the conlents of the
vessel boil, four pounds of aiiy grease must be
added slowly, poured in a thin stream and stir-
red well. When intimately mixed, the boiler
should simmer slowly for four or six hours, and
half on hour befivc taking off, another gallon of
hot water may be added, together with half a
tcacupful ofsait. The latter is not necessary,
however, and if too much is thrown in, the soap
is curdled or made short so that it breaks and
wastes. When the soap is thought to be done,
plunge a case knife in ; if the mass drops dear
and ropy and chills quickly, il is soap and will
be 5rm and hard when cold. Have ready a wash
tub well wet on the bottom and sides ; pour the
soap in and let it set ; in a few hours it will be
hard enough to cut out and as white as snow.
This process makes twenty-five poands of soAp;
or, by the aid of grease, four pounds, lyc, one
poana, twenty-four pounds of water, less two
qoarts drivCT off* in boiling, (one gallon weighs
eight pounds nearly,) are convertec into soap of
excellent detersive properties. Since the grease
is saved from the family waste, the soap has only
cost what the lyc has come to, and as the loss
by drying is only 25 per cent., eighteen pounds
ol soap can be macic for rtfty cents, or a little
less than three cents per pound.

SOAP AU BOUQUET.— GooA tallow soap
(in shavinj^), % cwt. ; essence of hergamoi, 4
ounces ; oil of cloves, 7 drachms ; oil of sassafras,
7 drachms ; oil of thyme, 7 drachms ; neroli, 3,"^
drachms; brown ochre to color. Reduce the
soap to a perfectly even paste by the heat of a
watcr-bsith, adding a little water, then proceed,
9S for Soap a la Rose.

SOAP A LA AOSE,—New olive oil soap 30
lbs. : new tallow soap 20 lbs. ; reduce them to
shavings by sliding the bars along the face of an
inverted plane, melt in an untinned copper pan
by the heat of steam or a waler-bath, add 1 V^ or..
Of finely-ground vermilion, mix well, remove
the heat, and ^vhen the mass has cooled a little,
add essence of roses (otto?) 3 01. ; do. of cloves
and cinnamon, of each I 02. ; bergamot 2*4
0£. ', mix well, run the liquid mass through a
tammy cloth, and put it into the frames, [f the
soaps employed are not new, I or a quarts of
water must be added to make them melt easily.
Very fine.

SOAP frtim Ydk of E^g, — M. Manny, a
pharmacien, of Valence, in Dauphiny, has intro-
duced into commerce, with considerable success,
a soap made from yelk of egg, whkh is spoken
highly of, its price being the only obiection to
Its general use. This soap is of a yellow color
sjkI 5rro consistence, having an odor by no
means disagreeable. It dissolves readily in any
water, and cleans as well as the best Marseilles

T;

SPEPJLACEr/SMfi.— Card soap, 14 lbs. ;
otto of bergamot, 2% lbs. ; otto of lemon, }4 Hj*

.y/VlitA^K'^^*!/.— Spirits of turpentine,
caustic potash, and water, of each a sulHcienl
quantity. The potash may l>e rendered caustic
by passing the lye over quicklime.

SULPHUIiE TED Scap. — From while
soa|», a oz. ; sublimed sulphur, % ot. ; beaten to
a smooth paste in a marble mortar with I or 2 fl.
dr. of rectified spirit strongly colorctl with
olkanct root, and holding in solution otto of
roses, 10 or 12 drops. In itch and various other
cutaacM* diseases.

SO ET Soap, — I. Take i gallon of soft soap*
to which add I gill of common salt, and l>oil an
hour. When cold, separate the lye from the
crude. Add to the crude 1 pounds of sal soda,
and boil in 2 gallons soft water till dissolved. If
you wish it better, slice 2 pounds of common bar
soap, and dissolve in the above. If the soft soap
makes more than 3 pounds of crude, add in pro-
portion to tlie sal soda and water. — 2. For one
liarrel take potash, eight pounds; melted and
clarified fat, eight {KJunOs. Crack the potash in
small lumps, and put it into a i^rge iron pot of
three or four gallons capacity, with hot boiling
water to nearly fill it. Heat the Eat in another
iron pot quite hot. Put three or four gallons of
hot water in the barrel, previously cleaned and
ready for use, and ladle in it alternately the hot
fat and hot lye; stir the whole briskly for a while
before more lye and fat arc ladled in, and gradu-
ally add enough hot water to fill the barrcf; stir
again the whole, after each ladle of hot water,
till the whole becomes a crenmy mass, uniform
in its appearance. Allow it to rest for three
months in a temperate place or cellar. — 3. Dui>
solve a quarter of^a pound of Umc in a gallon of
cold water, then take otTthe clear; dissolve half
a pound of sal-soda in a quart of water, and mix
it with the clear lime-water; one pound of brown
soap, dissolved in a gallon of water, is then to
be added to the clear liquor formed with the sal-
soda and lime-wntcr, and this forms the soip.
This soft soap is excellent for boiling, white
linens. It removes all grease that is in them,
because it contains an excess of caustic lye.
About one quart of it is sufficient for boiling
clothes in a ten gallon copper. A quantity of
this may be made up and kept for constant
use.

TALLO\%\ To Clarify, — Dissolve one pound
of alum in one quart of water, add this to 100
|x>unds of tallow in a jacket kettle (a kettle set
m a larger one, and the intervening space filled
with water. This prevents burning the tallow.)
Boil three quarters of an hour and skim. Then
add one pound of salt dissolved in a quart of
water. Ikiil and skim. When well clariried the
tallow should be nearly the color of water.

TALLOW, To Harden. — \ have used the
fallowing mixture with success: To one pound
tallow tuce one fourth of a pound common rosin;
melt them to^rther, and mold the candles the
usual way. "niis will ^ve a candle of superior
lighting power, and as nard as a wax candle ; a
vast improvement upon the common tallow
candle, m all respects except color.

TEST for Sotit'. — The value of boiled soaps
of course dcpenas greatly on the oualily of the
materials usctl. This accounts for tne difference
in price and quality. The nurcit materials, stuch
as clean tallow or pure oils, thoroughly sajwniAed,
yield the most valuable soaps, costing more per
]x>und, but they are cheaper in the end. A good
soap is a perfectly neutral compound, and will in
no case injure the most delicate fabrics. The
simplest method of testing soap is by lasting. If
it is sharp and biting on the tongue, there is an
excess ot alkali ; but if it leaves no uni4casant
sensation on the tongue, there is not the least
danger that it will rot or otherwise injure clothes
in washing.

TONQULVMUSK 5«j/.— Pale brown color-
ed curd soap, $ lbs.; grain musk. % oz.; otto of
bergamot, I 02. Rub the miiik with the

^-^- -ig

ai

DTCTIOUARY OF E VERY-DAY IVAI^TS,

bergamot, then add it to the soap, and beat

^^TRANSPAREMT Soafij.—Axc usually pre-
pared from good tallow and rosin soap thoroughly
dried and cut into thin shavings. Inese arc stir-
red in strong alcohol (sp. gr., &49.)> heated in a
still to the boiling point in a water-bath or steam
jacket arrangement ; a stirring rod being con-
nected with the still the soap is promptlycUssolv-
ed, and the alcohol condensed in a worm and re-
cipient for future operations, while the soap is
discharged from its boiler through a pipe and
Diucet ftt the bottom into a kettle, where it is ra-
pidly perfumed with essential oits» and from
there into molds of any given form for purposes
of sale. Three and a half to four gallons of al-
cohol are usually employed for dissolving 50 lbs.
of soap in shavings.

TRA NSJ'A RENT Soap.— S\\<x 6 lbs. nice
yellow bar soap into shavings ; put into a brass^
tin, or copper kettle, with alcohol, y^ gallon,
heating gradually over a slow f re, stirring till
all is dissolved ; then add i oz. sassafras essence,
and stir until all is mixed; now pour into pan^
about iK inches deep, and when cold cut into
square bars the length or -width of the pan^ as
desired.

TRANSPARENT SOFT .Saj/.— Solution
caustic |K>tash (Lond. Ph.), 6 lbs.; olive oil, 1
lb. Perfume to taste.

Before commencing to make the soap, reduce
the potash lye to one half its bulk by continued
boihng. Now proceed as for the manuiocture
of saponaceous cream. After standing a few
days, pour off the waste liquor.

iVASf( BALLS, Cmjw.— White curd soap4 7
pounds ; powdered starch. I pound ; water or
rose water suAlctcnt to mix. Beat the whole to-
gether, and form into balls.

IVAS/f BALLS, Ltnu>n.—Q.yxK 6 pounds of
soap into very small pieces ; melt it with a pint
of water in which 6 lemons have l»ecn boiied.
When melted, wilhtlraw the soap from the firc»
and add 3 pounds of powdered starch, and a
little essence of lemon. Knead the whole into a
paste, and form into bolls of the desired size.

WASHiNG FLULDS. —i:\\i% preparation
answers very well (or family washing, and saves
5oap considerably, which last is needful merely
upon the most soiled portions, such as wrist-
bands, collars, etc. Sat-soda. three puund;* ;
best unslaked Umc. three quarters of a pound ;
Iiot water, fuur gallons. Slake the lime in suf-
ficient boiling water ; add to it the sal-soda, pre-
viously dissolved in the four gallons of hot wa-
ter; stir the whole thoroughly, and allow it to
rest and settle; pour off the clear liquid; bottle
in clean bottles, and curk tight for use. To two
pails of water odd one pint of washing fluid, and
boil the clothes in it (it is belter to boil the wa-
ter before .iddlng the Ruid.)

This preparation in the proportions given, docs
not injure the linen, and diminishes the amount
of soap and rubbing considerably. Another ex-
cellent one is as follows:

Take two pounds of the best brown soap ; cut
it up and put it in a clean pot, adding one quart
of clean soft water. Set over the fire, and nielt
thoroughly, stirring it up from the bottom oc-
casionally. 'Jlicn take from the fire, and stir in
one tablespoonful real white wine vinegar; two
large tablespoon fuls of hartshorn, arid seven
large lablespooofuls of spirit of turpentine. Hav-

ing stirred the ingre<lients well together, pat the
mixture immediately into a stone jar; cover
without delay, lest the hnrt^hom evaporste.
Keep it always closely covered. When goiDg la
wash, nearly fill a six or eight gallon tub witb
soft water, as hot as you can bear your hand is,
and stir in two large tablespoon fuls of iherna-
ture. Put in as many while clothes 05 the water
will cover ; let them soak about an hour, mof-
ing them about in the water occasionally. It vill
only be necessary to rub with the hands sndi
parts as are badly soiled ; the ordinary dirt will
toak ouL WVing out and rinse well through two
cold waters.

Next put into the wash kettle sufiicient water
to boil the clothes (it must be cold at brst), aad
add to it two tablespoonfuls of the washing mix-
ture. Put in the clothes after the mixture is vcO
stirred, and boil them half an hour, not tusn.
Then take out and throw into a tub of cold waJe;
rinse well in this, and lastly put into a secoad
tub of rinsing water, slightly blued with the in-
digo bag. The double rinsing is iroportaat, and
by following the above directions the waslnW
mixture will save much lime and labor, UA
render the clothes beautifully white, withont
Injury.

iV//ALEO/L Scaj>.—YoTihcdc%\nz^otiU
insects : Render common lye caustic, by boiliBC
it at full strength on quicklime ; then take Ebe
lye and boil it with as much whale oil foot u re
will saponify (change to soap), pour off bto
molds, and, when cold, it is tolerably hard.
Whale oil foot is the sediment produced in refift>
tng n-halc oiL

H'/flTE /LARD Soaf.—To 15 pounds 0/
lard, or suet, made boiling hot, add slowhr 6
gallons of hot lye, or soiuiion of potash, Ott
will bear up an egg high enough to lea^-e a pMtt
big as a shilling, bare. Take out a little, airi
coo] iu If no grease rise, it is done. Ifaof
grease apnears, odd lye, and boil till no greaie
rises. Add 3 quarts of fine salt, and boil ^
again. If this does not harden well on coolingi
add more salt. If it is to be perfumed, mdcat
next day, add the perfume and run it in mottid^
or cut in cokes.

VYLNDSOR Soaf.—t. Hani soap, 7 pounds;
water (o soflcn, uien add oil of carawMV 1
drachms ; finely powdered cassia, 3 ounoei. rank
into cakes. — 3. Hard white soap, 7 pouiub ; od
of caraway, 3 drachms; essence of bcrgamoti
drachms. Reduce to a paste with water, od
mould.— 3. White hard soap, i cwt; potiffl
starch, 56 pounds ; pipe clay. 16 pounds; pead*
ash, 4 pounds ; oil of cassia and oil of larendcr*
e.ich 8 ounces ; oil of caraway and oil of onena*
um, each 6 ounces ; oil of cloves. I ounce ; Dff>
gamot, 7 ounces. Mix. — 4. White soap, 14
pounds ; «m1 of caraway, 3 ounors ; essence «
musk, f ounce; oil of origanum, ^ ounce; tA
of lavender and essence of bergnmot, eadi %
ounce ; finely powdered cassia, 8 ouncrs. RedttOt
with water, and form into cokes. — 5. WTiilc barf
soap, 56 pounds; white pipe day, 50 poufidi;
white pearlosh. 6 pounds. Reduce them to a
paste with water, then add oil of cassia aod <A
of caraway, each 8 ounces ; oil of lavenderi ^
ounces ; oil of cloves, I ounce; essence of leiDoa
and essence of bergamoi, each $ ounces. Mii#
and form into cakes as before ^-6. ZM***
Drown pearlosh soap and white hard sivap, eadi
^cwt.; pearlash or soda and yellow ochre, ea(&

■1

■I

7 pounds ; powdered ca5sia, _j pounds ; powdered
cloves, I pound ; oil of caraway and oil of bvcn-
der» each S ounces ; essence ot bcrgamot and es-
sence uf lemon, each 12 ounces. Mix. — 7.
{^nntin.) Good brown pearlash soap, fuller's
earth, and while hard soap, each X ^^^'i ^^^
and ochre, each 8 pounds ; powdered cassia, 5
pKtunds; powdered cloves, J4 pound; oil of cara-
way, 8 ounces. Mix. — 8. {JirtKLm.) Good brown
fcoap, 2 cwt.; white hard soap and fuller's earth,
caca J cwt.; yellow ochre, X cwt; pearlash, 35

pounds ; oil of caraway and oil of roicraary, each
1 pound; oil of lavender, 2 pounds; essence of
bcrgomot, 3 pounds ; finely powdered cassia, 18
pounds ; finely powdcretl cloves, }4 pound. Mix.
— 9. ( y^iy Jine. ) licef suet, 9 parts ; olive oil, i
part. Saponify with caustic soda lye, then col-
lect the paste, and add one per cent of the fol-
lowing perfume : Oil of caraway, 16 parts ; oil of
rosemarv and oil of larcnder, each 5 paits. Mix
well, ana mould*

TOILET.

I

BALDN^ESS, Trratmmt for.^K looseninR
of the hair frequently occurs in young persons, as
well as those of the middle period of Ufe ; this,
if neglected, becomes real baldness. But, if
proper treatment be pursued, the hair will grow
afresh, and assume all its pristine strength. A
useful practice in men, and those of the opposite
sex whose hair is short, is to immerse the head
in cold water morning and night; dry the hair
thoroughly, and then brush thescalpuntila warm
jjlow is produced. In women with long hair
ihis plan Ls objectionable, and a better one is to
brush ihc scalp until redness and a warm glow are
produced, then dab among the roots of the hair
the following lotion : Vinegar of cantharides, %
ounce ; cau dc Cologne, I ounce ; rose water, i
ounce. Mix. If the lotion produce smarting,
or tenderness, the brush may be laid aside ; but
if no sensation is occasioned, the brushing should
be resumed, and a second application of the lo-
tion be made, lliis treatment should be practic-
ed once or twice a day. or at intervals of a few
days, according to the state of the scalp; namely,
if tender, less; if insensible, more frequently.
When the baldness happens in patches, the skm
should be well bnishea with a soft tooth brush,
dipped in distilled vinegar, morning and evening,
or aipped in the lotion above mentioned. If the
lotion should have the effect of makinjg the hair
harsh and dry, this inconvenience may w remov-
ed by the use of oil or poniatum after each appli-
cation of the lotion.

SAI.DNESS, CoaiOilfor.— K resident of
Carrollton. Miss., has discovered that petroleum
%nll ni^kc the hair grow. The way that he found
out this new property of coal oil was simply this :
}fe had alor^ boil on the baldpUcc'on his head,
which gave him much pain, and in the absence
of anything else he rubbnl coal oil on it. He
uys It relieved the pain almost instantly, so he
continue^] to rub on the oil until the boil was en-
tirely well, when, to his surprise, be found a thin
cnatingofhair coming outnverthe liald place. He
continucil the use ofthc oil for a month or two,
and now has a heavy coat of hnir on his head.

BALDNESS^ Ertjjmiu iVi/si>n*j latiimfor,
— £au de Cologne, 2 ounces; tincture of can-
thvides, 3 dmchms ; oil of lavender or rosemaiy,
of each ten dropn. Ilicse applications must be
used once or twice n day for a considerable time;
but if the scalp Income sore, they must be dis-
cooliimcd for a time, or used at longer intervals.

BALDNESS, Pomade a^insf.'^MAcente a
drachm of powdered cnnthandes in one ounce of
spirits of wmc. Shake it well during a fortnight,
and then filter. Take ten parts of this tincture,
and rub it with ninety jiarts of cold lard. Add
a little essence of bergnmol, or any other scent.
Rub this pomade well into the head, night and
morning. In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred,
this aprilicalion, if continued, will restore the
hair. Another receipt: Take of extract of yel-
low Peruvian bark, 14 grains; extract of rhatany
root, 8 grains ; extract of burdock root, and oil
of nutmegs (fixed), of each 2 drachms; camphor
(dissolved with spirits of wine), 15 grains; beef
marrow, 2 ounces; best olive oil, I ounce; citron
juice, y^ a drachm; aromatic essential oil, as
much as sufficient to render it fragrant; mix, and
moke into an ointment. Two drachms ofberg-
amot, and a few drops of otto of roses would
suffice. This is considered a valuable prepara-
tion for Ihc hair, and is to be used as the above.
BALDNESS, other Remedies for,— I. Take
water, I pint ; pearlash, K ounce ; onion iuice,
I gill. Mix, and cork in a bottle. Rub the
head hard with a rough linen towel dipped in
the mixture. — 2. Take water one pint, pcarbsb,
one-half ounce, onion juice one gill, mix and
cork in a bottle. Rub the head night and morn-
ing with a rough towel dipped in the mixture. —
3. Salad oil i oz. ; oil of origanum 12 drops; oil
of rosemary 10 drops ; oil uf lavender 6 drops;
oil of cloves 2 drops ; mix and shake welt to-
gether.— 4. Beef suet 1 oz. ; tincture of canthar-
ides I tcaspoonful; oil of origanum and berg-
amot, of each 10 drops. Pmc. Melt the suet,
and when nearly cold, add the rest and stir until
set — 5. The decoction of boxwc»od, successful in
cases of baldness, is thus made: — Take ofthc
common box, which grows in garden borders,
stems and leaves four large handfuls; boil in
three pints of water, in a closely covered vessel,
for a Quarter of an hour, an<j let it stand in a
covered earthenware jar (or ten hours or more;
strain, and add an ounce and a half of Han dc
Cologne, or lavender water, lo make it keep.
The head should be well washed with this solu-
tion every morning.

BE A irr/FVL, /fine to he, — Beauty has its
foundations in physical well being. Health has I
its laws, which must be under5lood and obeyed;
and these Liw* are dearly indic.Ttc«l in our physU
cal and mental constitutions. They demand

DICTIONARY OF SVEXY^DAY WANTS.

I. Proper food and drink in such qaanbUes
fts the system is capable of readily assiimUuing.
a. Air and sunlight in abundance.
5. Sufficient exerdsc, re&t and sleep.
4< An agreeable tempcntarc.
5. Perfect cleanlinei)9.

The whole bccret of a full form and rtwy cheeks
lies in pure blood, manufactured from wholc&ome
^Ibod, by healthy and active vital organs, oxygen*
ted and vitalized in well expanded lungs* and
dsscd by the life giving sunlight on the surface
of the wami cheek. She who will have the color
she cuvet« on any other (ernis niu^t buy it of the
^Apothecary, and renew it every time she makes
■ rr toilet.

BLOTCHED FACE, ?rdjA>r.— Rose-wa-
ter, three ounces; sulphate of zinc, one drachm.
Mix. Wet the liacc with it, gently dry it, and
then touch it over with cold cream, wfiich also
dry gentlv off.

DREA 7'//, Offensive. — From six or ten drops
of the concentrated solution of chloride of soda,
in a wine glassful of pure spring water, taken
immediately ahcr the ablutions of the morning
arc tn^^pIc^cd, will instantly sweeten the brealh
by di^inlectinc the stomach, which far from being
injured, will oe Iwncfited by the medicine. If
tncccssary, thiii may be repeated in the middle of
■ the day. In some cases the odor arising from
iCarious teeth is combined with that of the stom-
ach. If the moutli is well rinsed with a tcaspoon-
&1 of the solution of the chloride in a tumbler of
water, the bad odor of Lbe teeth will be re-
moved.

COLD CREAM, —Take white wax i oz.,
spermaceti 1 oc, oil of almonds }i pint. Melt,
pour the mixture into a Wcdgewood mortar
which has been heated by being immersed in hot
water; add gradually rose water, 4 fl. ounces,
and stir until an emulsion is formed, and after-
ward until the whole is nearly cold. Put in pots.
It may be perfumed with bcrgamot or lavender.
COLD CREAM, J/omt made, — Procure
perfectly fresh lord, which has never t>ccn touch-
Ctlbysalt; wa^h it tliuroughly in spring water,
freshly drawn, and do this m three difTerent wa-
ters; then leave it to softk, in fresh water, nncl m
a cool shade for twenty-four hours. Then wash
it once more, and beat until it t>ecomcs a cream,
in OS much ros^ water of the stronger sort as it
will absorb, during the process of beating. When
finished, the rose-water will have penetrated
, every part, and should also stand in little ]xx>]s
here and there on the soft and porous-Ukc sur-
>:«.

COMPLEXION, To Preservt. — Plenty of
-out-door exercise, a well-regulated appetite, and
% cheerful mind arc the best defence against the
••green and yellow" hue, which gradually creeps
f'4>ver the roses on the cheeks otso many of our
iCiOuntry women.

COMPLEXION, To Impfwe. — Take a
quarter of A pound of Castile soap, slice it down
into a pewter jar, and pour upon it two quarts of
alcohol ; ptncc the jar m a vessel of water at such
a heat xi will cause the spirits to boil, when the
soap will soon dissolve; then put the jar, closely
covered, in a warm phice until the liquor is clan-
ficd; take off any scum that mny apjicar on the
surface, and pour it carefully from the dregs,
>en put it int4> ajar again, and place it in a ves-
J of Iiot water, clistilhng all the spirits that may
liwe; dry the remaining moss in the air for a

few days, when a white transpareat soap wiU ta
obtained, free from all aUulme impurtties, 1 ~~
perfectly void of smell. It is much us«d
softening and beautifying the sLin.

COMPLEXION, ;i ask /v.— Take two
Ions of strong soap-suds, add to this one
of pure alcohol, and a quarter of an oai
rosemary. Mix these well together, and
are 6t foi application. It sliouM be applied
a linen rag.

Another article, applied in the same way,
easily obtained, is horse-radish, gniTed
sweet milk ; which will be fit fur use in
seven or eight hours.

COMPLEXION nnd COZORS.^The ytul
of the complexion is brought out by a green set*
ling in dress or bonnet ; and any lady who has a

(air complexion, that admits of havin| *

tint a little heightened, may make
of the green color ; but it should be
green, since it is of Importance to pre
mony of tone. When there is in iJie face
of orange, mixed with tyown, a brick-rei
will result from the use of green; if any
at all be used in such a case it should be
But for the orange complexion of a bnu
there is no color superior to yellow,
parts violet to a fair skin, and injures its
A :skin more yellow than orange has its
neutralized by the suggestion ot the coto| "
and a dull white elTect imparted,
skin, however, has il^ yellow neutralii
tlte red left, so that the freshness of comi
is increased in darkhaired beauties. BI
parts orange, which enriches while oomi
and light fresh tints ; it also, of course, imi
the yellow hair of blondes. Blue, tbcrel
the standard color for a blonde, ur yellow
brunette, itui the brunetlc who has ab
much orange in her face, must a^'oid act
blue. C'rangc suits nobody. It white
nette, but that is scarcely a desirable
it is ugly. Red, unless when it is of n
to increase the effect of whiteness by
tone, is rarely suitable in any close nci|
hood to a lady's skin. Rose red destro;
freshness of a good complexion; it
green. _

CORN'S. — A homy indumlion of the skij^
with a central nucleus, very sensitive at the base.
The common cause of corn% is continued
sure over the projection of the bones, fron\ "tii
or stifTI>ools and shoes. They are of two kim
hard and soft. The first grow on the e%\
portions of the ioints: the Fast, between tlic I1
Prevention. — ITiis consists in keeping the
clean, by frequent ablution in warm water,
in tlic use of easy, soft, boots and shoes. Wil
out the latter precaution, corns will return e^
after they ^pear to have been perfectly removi
IVeatment. — .^fter soaking the feet in worm «
tcr for a few minutes, pare the corns as dosei
possible with a sharp knife, taking care not
make them bleed. 'Ilicy may now be touc
over with n little lunar caustic, or nitric acid,
a little concentrated acetic add or aromatic vi
egar. The last two do not stain the skin.
first is used by merely rubbing it on liic corr
previously moistcnetl with water ; the others,
moistening the corns with them by means
small strip of wockI, cr, preferably n rod of ^b>fj
due care being taken not to allow the liquUl u
Couch the ndghboring porta, lliis Ucaiuicnt

^^

M

adopted every three or four days for ten davs or
a fortnight, accompanied by the use of soft, loose
shoes, will generally effect a cure. It has been
recommentJed to remove large corns by ligatures
of RilU. applied 05 close to their base as possible,
mnd tightened daily until they f:il] ofl'; but this
plan is tedious and often inconvenient, and is not
always successful. Another mode of extirpation
is the application of a small blister, whicn will
frequently raise them with the skin out of their
beds. In this case the exposed surface must be
dressed with a little simple ointmenL Soft corns
may be removed by applying ivy leaf, previously
soaked in strong vinegar, changing the piece
every morning ; or l>y placing a dressing of soap
cerate* spreatlon a bit ol lint or old rag between
the toes. One of the simplest and best remedies
for hard corns, and which has received the sanc-
tion of high medical authority, is to wear ujwn
the toe or part affected a snuUl circular piece of
soft leather, or still belter, a piece of amadou
spread with diachylon or some emollient plaster,
and having a hole cut in the center correspond-
ing to the size of the corn. By this means the
pressure of the boot or shoe is equalized, and the
apex of the corn protected from injury. Tlie
following are among the most useful of the po.
pular remedies for corns :

CO/i^St Caustic far. — Tincture of iodine and
chloride of aniimnny.of each one drachm; iodide
of iron, three grains; mix. It is applied with a
camel hair brubh after {taring the corn. Two
to four applications arc said to effect a cure.

CORNSt Lotion for. — I. A solution of sal
ammoniac, one part ; in proof spirit, four parts.
2. A concentrated aqueous solution of sulphate
of copper. To be applied night and morning.

CORN PLASTERS.— \. From white dia-
chylon, three parts ; yellow resin, two parts ;
veniigris, one part; melted together and laid on
leather. — 2. From galbanum plaster, one ounce;
verdigris, one drachm; as tJie laat, — 3. From
resin plaster, two ounces; black pitch, one
ounce; verdigris and sal ammoniac, of each, half
dnuihm. — 4. To the last add powdered opium,
one drachm. Recommended to allay pain, etc. —
5. A piece of spread adhesive planter is placed
upon a table, and a piece of caril paper having a
round hole cut in it the size of the central portion
of the corn is laid upon it ; the exposed part is
ihcn softened by holding a piece of heated iron
for a second or two near it ; lite card paper is
then instantly removed and nitrate of silver in
fine powder is sprinkled over the fiart which has
been warmed. As soon as the whole is cold the
loose powder is sluiken off and the plaster is
ready for use. Very dcanlv and convenient.
Two or three applications seldom EaJl to effect a
cure.

COR:^ plaster^ (.V>rJl«mVtf/). — From
commoa adhenve plaster spread on buckskin,
unadoa or vulcanized India rubber cut into
pieces and a circular hole corresponding to the
aixe of the corn punched in iL

CORN^ Pcmadt fcr, — I. Powdered ver-
digris, one drachm ; »avin ointment, seven
drachms. — a. Dried carbonate ol soda, llirce
drachms; lard, five drachms; verdigris or smalts,
enough to give « slight tinge of green or blue.
Applied on a piece of rag.

CORN SOL VEST,—\. Carbonate of pofassa
or pcarlash. contained in an open jar or bottle,
set in a damp place until it dcli(pie»«s into an

oil-like limiid (oil of tartar^. Applied by means
of a feaiher, or a small piece of rag dipped in it
is bound on the com. — 2. Hydrate of potaj^&a,
one dram; rectified spirit, one ounce ; ais,solvc.
As No. I. — 3. Carbonate of potassa, with smalts,
ocher or bole, enough to give it the required
color. It must be kept dry in a well corked
bottle. A pinch is then placefl on the corn and
confined by means of adhesive plaster or rag, —
4. Carbonate of soda, one ounce, fioelv powder-
ed and mixed with lard, half ounce. Applied on
linen rag every night. — 5. Carbonate of potass*,
two pajlii; salt of sorrel, one parti each tn fine
powtier; mix and place a small quantity on the
earn for four or five successive nights, bimlingit
on with a rag. Cire must be taken in all cases
to pare the corn moderately close before apply-
ing the remedy ; but in no case should iu)y of the
above be applied to a raw surface.

CURLS {Ealsf), /Vwa/^ /v.— Melt togeth-
er, in an earthen pipkin, 24 ounces of lUirgundy
pitch and 8 ounces of white wax; add i ounce of
pomatum; remove from the fire, and add 4
ounces of bramly or other spirit; replace it on
the fire till it boiU slightly, then strain through
linen, adding bcrgamot or other j)erfume, iknd
cast in molds.

/)^AY?.fftVr^.— Dandruff may be caused by
wearing dose and heavy hats nr caps, by the
application of oils or dyes to the hair, by confin-
ing the hair too closely to the head, by excessive
brain-labor, by uncleanlineiis, or by all these
causes combined. To effect a cure, wear the
hair short, let (he head-covering be as light and
well ventilated as possible, avoid all applications
of grease or dyes, exercise the brain less and the
body more, and wash the head thoroughly two
or three times a day in cold water, and fallow
each washing by a vigorous rubbing with the
balls of the fingers. The better the general
health is and the stronger the digestion, lite less
tendency there will be to this disease, as well as
to all others.

DANDRUFF, othtr RtmedUs fi>r.^\. Take
carbolic add % drachm: oil of bergamot I
drachm; glycerine 2 oz. Mix; rub thoroughly
into the roots of the hair, and apply h.iv rum
freely afterwards ; one application will cleanse
the hair and scalp as clean a? can be desired. Us
use ottce a week will keep the hair soft and glos-
sy, and will prevent dandrufl* from forming;,
besides keeping the scalp healthy and cool. —
2. Take a thimbleful of powdered' refined borax,
let it dissolve in a teacupful of xt-atcr, first bru&h
the head well, then wet a brush and apply it to
the head. Do this every day for a wcck, and
twice a week for a few times, and you will cffcc-
tually remove the dandruff.

E'RUPTIOXS i)M thi /"rj^^. — Dissolve an
ounce of borax in a quart of water, and apply
this with a fine sponge every evening before
going to bed. This will smooth the skin when
the eruptions do not proceed from an insect
working under the cuticle Many |»crson&' faces
nre disfigured by red eruptions caui>ed by a small
creature working under the skin, A very ex-
cellent remedy is to take the flour <if sulphur and
rub it on the face dry, aflcr washing it in the
morning. Rub it well with the fingers, and then
wipe it off witJi a dry tuwcl. There are many
who are not a little n<thamed of their faces who
can be cured if they follow tliete dircctioti*.

EYELASHES, To UnsthtH. — T^ mode

4

4

Ai

J«

DTCTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WAHTS.

Adopted by the beauties of the East to increase
the length ami strength of thch- eyelashes is
simply to clip the split ends with a pair of scis-
aors about once a month. Mothers jwrform the
Operation on their children, Iwih male and female.
When they are mere infants, walchinp the op-
oortunity whilst they sleep; the pracnce never
sails tojjroduce the acsirca effect.

EYELASHES^ To B/af^fn,— The simplest
{n'cparatioDS for this purpose, are the juice of
eldcr-bcrrics, burnt cork, and cloves burnt at the
candle. Another means is, to take the black of
frankincense, rosin, and mastic. This black will
not come off with |>erspiration.

A stick of India ink is the best of all.

FLESH /KOA'.IM".— These specks, when they
exist in any number, arc a cause of much
unsightliness. They are minute corks, if we may
use the terra, of coagulated lymph, which close
the orifices of some of the pores or exhalent ves-
sels of the skin. On the skin immediately ad*
jacent to them being pressed with the finger
nails, these bits of coagulated lymph will come
from it in a vermicular form. Tncy are vulgarly
called **Aesh worms," many persons fancying
them to be living creatures. These may be cot
rid of and prevented from returning, by washing
vith tepid water, by proper friction with a towel,
snd by the application of a little cold cream.
The longer these Ultle piles are permitted to re-
main in the skin the more finnly they become
fixe<l ; and after a lime, when they lose their
moisture they ore converted into long bony
spines as dense as bristles, and having much of
that character. They are known by the name of
spotted achnc. With regard to local treatment,
the following lotions are calculated to be service-
fthlc: — z. Distilled rose-water, i pint; sulphate
of line, 20 to 60 grains. Mix. — 2. Sulphate of
copper, 20 grains ; rose-water, 4 ounces ; water
12 ounces. Mix. — 3. Oil of sweet almonds, i
ounce; fluid potash, I drachm. Shake well to-
gethcr, and then add rose-water, 1 ounce; pure
water, 6 ounces. Mix. The mode of using these
remedies is to rub the pimples for some minutes
with a rough towel, and then dab them with the
lotion. — 4. Wash the (ace twice a day with worm
Water, and rub dry with a coarse towel. Then

ith a sofl towel rub in a lotion made of two
ounces of white brandy, one ounce of cologne,
»^d one half ounce of liquor potassa.

FRECKLES^ Rem^'aloj. — Freckles, so per.
[sistenlly regular in their annual return, have

moyed the fair sex from lime immemorial; and
VVarious means have been devised to eradicate
them, although thus far with no decidedly satis-
£K:tory results. The innumerable remedies in
jisc for the removal of these vexatious intruders
re either simple and harmless washes, such ^%
parsley or horse-radish water, solutions of borax,
etc, or injurious nostrums, comi&ttogpriucipally
of lead and mercury salts.

If the exact cause of freckles were known, a
remedy for them might be found. A chemist in
'Jrtoravia, observing the bleaching effect of mer-
'curial preparations, inferred that the growth of a
local parasitical fungus was the cause of tlic dis-
coloration of the skin, which extended and ripen-
ed its spores in the warmer season. Knowing
that sulpho-carbolate of zinc is a deadly enemy
to all parasitic vegetation (itself not Ijcing other-
wise injurious), he applied this salt for the pur-
pose of removing the freckles* The compound

consists of two parts of sulpho-cvbdiate of
twenty. five part* of distilled glycerine, lw<
five parts of rose-water, and five pans of scroied
alcohol, and is to be applied twice tlailv for
half an hour to on hour, then washed off'
cold water. Protection against the sun 1
ing and other means is recommended,
addition, for persons of pale coniplcxioOj
mild pre|KLrtion of iron.

FKEtKLES, Other CurtJ for, — I. A
simple and harmless remedy is eqnal*~
pure glycerine and rose water, applic
night, and allowed to dry. The folh>wine
is harmless: — one drachm of sol-ammcmiac,
solved in a pint of spring water, add a qusrtc
an ounce ofcau de Cologne; apply it Diglu
morning. — a. Take tincture of benzoin, I
tincture of tolu, ^ pint; oil of
ounce. Mix. One tea-spoonful of the til
to be put in half a gill ol water, and with a
dippco in this rub well the face, night and
ing. — 3. Take an ounce of lemon juice, a qi
of a drachm of powdered borax and :i drachi
sugar. Mix them and let them stand till
use. Then rub it on the freckles occasic
Or else take half a drachm of munatv
monto, two drachms of lavender water.
this with a sponge two or three times a di
4. Wash the skin frequently with alinimenti
pi:>sed of equal parts of sweet oil, lime-water,
ammonia. Distilled eldcr-flowcr water is
an excellent application for rcTnoving fi
The skin should be bathed Mnth it for hve
minutes, and washed afterward with clear
night and morning. The honeywosh, whic^
simply honey dissolved in lukewarm water,
used when cold, is another good lotion
freckles. — 5. {Baisam cf Honey ?\ Take fine
honey 4 ounces ; glycerine 1 ounce. 3
gentle heat; when cold add alcohol X
essence of ambergris 6 drops; dtric
drachms. Thi< is intended to remove discol>
tions and freckles, as well as to improve
general appearance of the skin. — 6. Fi
lemon juice alone is prolnbly as good sa
thing. And now, after all, if it were imr
we should let cosmetics atone — unless a'
exercise, fresh air, soap and water, and
ing might be considered cosmetics.

GUMS, n\itk for, {Eau ife Boto/),'~T
anise-seed, 80 parts; cloves, 30 {tarts; cin
20 p.arts; oil of peppermint, 10 j^arts; cochini
5 parts; vanilla, ( part; rectified spirits,
parts ; rose w.iter, 200 parts. Digest for al
a week and filter; then add of essence of ai
I part. A few drops in a gloss of water to
the mouth with.

f/A/R, TA^. — If the Udies will trust
science on the subject of hair, in the 6rst
we can assure them, most confidently, ll
fir is it from being true that oils and
increase the lustre of the h.iir, their eflcct
diminish that polish which it naturally poss
while, whatever gloss they may give 1>
which is natumlly dull, is false, and, lik
other falsities, disgusting. Absolute clcanli
by rocan.s of water alone, to commence, (c41o
by brushing in the direction of the h.-itr it>df
dry state, is the true method of giving to the
all tlie polish of which it is susceptible; an-l
the effect of oils of all kinds to disturb or irj
this; to say nothing of the disgiist and necess
dirtiness of greasy hair. It is the effect of

TOILET,

3*7

I

\

also to prevent it from curling ; and this objrcl is
most cfTecCually obtained, if withuul artificiat
means, by curling it when wet, and suffering it
to dry in thar stale. And, as it happens that al-
most all hair has a tendency to curl in one direc-
tion rather than in another, it is useful lo fctud^
that tendency, ^c\ as to conform lo it in the arti-
ficial flexure given. As to artificial applications,
the whole of ihe so-called curling-fluia.s are mere
iroposilions ; while one, wliich is really effectuai,
uid at fhe same time inofTcn&ivc, is a weak solu-
tion of i&inglass, by which a very firm and per-
manent form can be given to the hair. fhe
bair should never be twisted, knotted, or pulled
contrary to its natural direction, if you would
aroid baldness and headache.

Should the scalp be obstinately dry and harsh,
it may be safety washed with a cold weak solu-
tion of ^cn tea, or with spirits of Castile soap
containmg a few grains of tannin. In cases of
this kind the following may be applied : alcohol
«tght parts, water eight parts, spirits of harts-
horn one parL Cologne water may also be
used; but perhaps the best plan under these
circumslaaces, and especially if there be an ac-
cumulation of dandrufl, is to nave the head thor-
oughly shampooed, after the fashion of the bar<
bcfs, repeating the operation at intervals until
the scalp is perfectly dean, and is stimulated
into vigorous, healthful action. Nothing but
.ffood c^^ ^ derived from a due attention to
Somong the hair. Of course, an immoderate
use of water is not beneficial. Once a week is
perhaps desirable, but this will depend upon the
individuaL

I/AJA\ Art of Brushing, — As a general rule,
ihe head cannot be too much brushed, any more
than the horse's coat can be too much groomed.
The groom knows full well that by plenty of
combing and brushing he can not only produce
a fine coat, but add very considerably to the
healthy condition of the animal. And so it is
with man, the more the head be brushed, the
more healthy will be the skin, the mure healthy
its function, namely the production and mainten-
ance uf the hair, and, by a rcHected power, the
more healthy the individual. I find that hair
dressers are divided on the subject of brushing,
one party recommending soft brushes and small
brusning ; the other, Iiaid brushes and abundant
brushing. As u^md, in all these di/ferences,
both arc right as respects a particular theory;
but the brushers have the best of the argument,
One has set the question Jor ever at rest, by the
announcement of the following paradox ; "You
cannot brush the head too mudi, nor the hair
too little.*'

He is right : you cannot brush the head too
much, but as, bv clumsy brushing with hard
brushes, you might over stretch or tear the hair,
and so destroy its beauty, be gentle in your sur-
face brushing; for here you cannot, m combina-
tion with the deep brushing, brush to<i little.
TIm &ct is, there arc two purposes to be alt.^inrd
bv brushing: firstly, to give health to the skin
of the head, and strength and vigor to the hair ;
for which end you cannot brush too much, or use
brushes too penetrating or ti)o hard, so long as
the skin b not injurcft; secondly, to smooth the
hair, or perhaps go the length of freeing it from
dust, for whiai object your brushes may be as
yoa please, and your hand as light as agreeable.
So tnali in truth, each acconhng to the purpose

he has in view, may be perfectly right; bbt,
nevertheless, at perfect variance with his brother.

HAIH /i fee SUES, To Clean. — Vi\\ a pan
wiih warm water, and dissolve in it a quarter of
an ounce of st^a to half a gallon of water. Comb
out the loose hnirs; take one brush at a time by
the handle and dip it several times in the water
without wetting the back ; then rinse in cold wa-
ter, and put near the fire or in the open air to
dry. Never use soap in washing hair brushes,
or allow the water to be more than lukewarm^
as hot water will solten the bristles and melt the
glue in the back, and also turn ivory bocks
yellow.

HAIR, Bandolint for. — 1. Mndlage of clean
picked Irish moss, made by boiling a quarter of
an ounce of the moss in one quart of water until
sufficiently thick, rectified spirit in the proportion
of a teaspoonful to each bottle, to prevent its be*
ing mildewed. Tlie (quantity of spirit varies ac<
cording to the time it requires to be kept. — 2.
Gum tragacanth, one dracnm and a half; water,
half a pint; proof spirit (made by mixing equal
parts of reclined spirit and water), three ounces ;
otto of roses, ten drops; soak for twenty-four
hours and strain. — ^3. This mixture is best made
a little at a time. Four a tablcspoonfut of boil<
ing water on a dozen quince seeds, and repeat
when fresh is required.

HAIR OF CiriLDKEN. — It U a great
mistake lo plait the hair of children imder eleven
or twelve years of age. The process of pLiiting
more or less strains the hairs in their roots by
pulling them tight; tends lo deprive them of their
requisite supply of nulrimenl, and checks their
growth, llic hair of girls should be cut rather
short, and allowed to curl freely. When they
are about eleven or twelve, the hair should be
twisted into a coil, not too tight, nor tied at
the end with thin thread, but with a piece of
ribbon.

IfAJRy CUaning the. — From the too frequent
use of oils in the hair, many ladies destroy the
tone and color of their tresses. Tlie Hindoos
have a way of remedying this. They lake a
hand l>asin filled with culd water, and have ready
a small quantity of pea-flour. The hair is in the
first place submitted to the operation of being
washed in cold water, a handful of the pea-flour
is then applied to the head and rubbed into the
hair for ten minutes at least, the servant adding
fresh water at short intervals, until it becomes a
perfect lather. The whole head is then washed
quite clean with copious supplies of the ooueous
fluid, combc<l, and afterwards rubt>ed dry by
means of coarse towels. The hard and soft
brush is then resorted to, when the hair will be
found to be wholly free from all encumbering
oils and other impurities, and assume a glossy
softness, equal to the most delicate silk. TTiis
process tends to preserve tlic tone and natural
color of the hair, which is so frequently destroyed
by the too constant use of caustic cosmetics.

HAIR CURLING.— \. Curling fluids are
prepared in a variety of ways; the best, however,
we are acquainted with is a miHiurc of nh\T oil
and beeswax. Take a piece of white beeswax,
about the size of the kernel of the common nut,
melt it in about an ounce of obve oil, and then
add a few drops of bergamot. — a. Into a pint
of pure olive oil melt slowly a piece of bees-
wax about the size of a walnut; after which
add a quarter of an ounce of oil of rose-

4

4

4

398

DICTIONARY OP EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

Jpuu-y imd a quarter of an onncc of oil of ori-
ganum.— 3. lake carbonole of potash (dry), 1
flrachm; cochineal, powdered,^ drachm; water
of ammunia, spirit of rose, of each I Huid ounce;
^ivceriac, W ounce; alcohol, \% ounce; distill*
ftd water, 18 ounces. Dige&t with i^tation for
« week, and then decant or fitter. The hair is
ynoistcncdwilh it and then loosely adjusted. The
effect occurs as it dries. — 4. 'lake borax, two
Ouncc& ; c^m arabic, one drachm ; and hot water
(not VKiiliitg), one quart ; stir, and as soon as the
uigrcdicnlv arc di«sol%*cd add lliree tablespoon-
^h of Urong spirits of camphor. On retiring to
Test wet the nair with the above liquid, and roll
it in twists of pnper as usual.— 5, At any time
you may make your hair curl the more easily by
rubbing it with the beaten yolk of an egg, wash-
ed off afterwards with clear water, and then
putting on a little pomatum before you put up
your curls. It is well always to go through this
process when you change to curls, after having
worn your hair plain. |

I/AIA', Dressings for. — I. A cheap and very
good dressing is made by dissolving four ounces
of perfectly pure, dense glycerine in twelve
ounces of rose water. Glycerine evaporates only
at high temperatures; and therefore under its
influence the hair is retained in a moist condition
for a long lime. — 2. Ohvc oil, 2 pints; otto of
roses, I drachm; oil of rosemary, I drachm.
Mix. It may be colored red by steeping a little
slkanct root in tlie oil (with heat) before scent-
ing it. It strengthens and bcauti^es the hair. —
3. Bay rum, 2 pints; alcohol, i pint; caster oil,
1 ounce; carb. ammonia, ^ ounce; tincture of
cantharides, I ounce Mix them well. This
compound will promote the growth of the hair
and prevent it from falling out. — 4. Take almond
oil, 3i ^^ B pound ; white wax, % an ounce ;
clkrilied lard, 3 ounces ; liquid ammonia, a ^
fluid ounce; oito of lavender, and cloves, of
each I drachra. IMbcc the oil, wax, and lard in
ft jar, which set in boiling water ; when the wax
is melted, allow the grease to cool till nearly
ready to set, then stir in the ammonia and the
perfume, and put into sm.-dl j.irs for use. Never
use a hard brush, nor comb the hair too much.
Apply the pomade at night only. — 5. {^Pontaiie.')
Dissolve thoroughly, over a slow fire, 2 ounces
of wliile wax and ^ ounce palm oil, with a flask
of the best olive oil. Stir it till nearly cold ; then
,add I ounce of castor oil, and about three penny-
worth of bergamot, or any other perfume you
please.

UAIR DYES.— I. Tnke3partsoflltharBe
and 2 parts of quicklime, both in nn impalpable
powder and mix ihcm carefully. When used, a
portion of the powder is mixed with hot u-atcr or
milk, and apphed to the hair, the part being after-
wards enveloped in oil-skin for 4 or 5 hours.

2. Litharge, 2 parts ; slaked lime, I part ;
chalk, 2 parts ; nil finely powdered, and accurately
mixed. When required for use, mix the powder
with warm water, and dip a brush in the mix-
ture, and rub the hair well with it. After 2
hours let the hair be washed.

3. Mix 5 drachms of fresh slaked lime with iK
ounces of w.itcr ; strain through silk, and boltfc.
Dissolve 5 drachms of acetate of lead in suincient
water, and add enough slaked lime to saturate
the acetate acid (a drachm), let it settle, pour ofT
the supernatant liquor, wnsh the precipitate with
waler and add it to the milk of lime ia the bottle

4. Sifted lime, 16 ounces ; white teikl, 2 ounces;
litharge, in fine powder, 1 ounce; t"-- •* -■' •-?•
gelher and keep dry. To dj*e blact r

of the powder with water to the u r .:ii'

cream. To dye brown, use milk, instead ol^ wa.
Ccr. Apply with a smaU sponge to every hiir.

c. Litharge, 4)^ ounces ; quicklime, I4 otaice;
reauceto an impalpable powder, ftnd^poss it
through a sieve. Keep it in a close bottle.
When used, wash the hair with soap and water;
then with tepid water; wipe it dry and comb
with a clean comb. Mix the dye in a saucer,
with hot water, to the consistence of cream, and
apply it lo the hair, beginning at the roots. Plact
over it four folds of brown paper, saturated with
hot water, and drained till cool ; and over this as
nil-skin cap and a nightcap. Let it remain 4 to
8 hours, accurdin^ lo shatie desired. When it>
moved, oil the hair, but do not wet it for 3 or 4
days.

6. I^Mgaicd litharge, ii ounces; powdered
quicklime, 75 ounces; liair powder, 37 ounoei.
Mix. When used, a portion of the powder a
mixed with warm water in a saucer, and appfied
to the hair with the fingers, taking care to cover
the hair lo the lOots. Cover the whole with a
sheet of cotton wadding moislened with viicr,
.ind this with a folded cfotii. Let it remain on far
3 hours, or, Ijclier, for the night.

7. Washing the Juur with the iuice of grem
walnuts, diluted with olive oil, wiU dye the btir
black. '

8. {Afor/iCs,) Infuse black tea, twooancn,iti
one ^lon of bciiling water; strain and ^dOute
ounces cf glycerine, half an ounce of tisctu>« ci
cantharidesi, and one quart of bay rum. Digest
this mixture for a couple of dnys, ai>d perfonc
with essence of losc or bergamot, or any other
favorite essence to suit the taste.

The following dyes are composed of solotioiis
of nitrate of silver, and in applying them it shcold
be remembered that ihcy stain the skin, as weS
as the hair. There is, therefore, mort diftculty
in applying Iheni; they are, however, ihoogfeKO
give a belter color to the hair than the ones we
have given above :

1. Nitrate of silver, II drachms; nitric acid, I
drachm ; distilled water, i oint ; sap green, 3
drachms; gum arabic, I drachm. Mix.

2. Nitric acid, i drachm ; nitrate of silva. 10
drachms; sap green, 9 drachms; runcflage, 5
drachms; distilled water, 37|i fluid ounces.

3. Silver, 2 drachms ; iron fding^, 4 drachms;
nitric acid, 1 ounce; distilled water. 8 ouBCts;
digest and decant the clear solution. To Ic cait*
fully applied with a close brush.

4. tSulphurelum of potassn.-, 2 drachms ( caustic
of potassa:, I drachm ; nitrate of siJvrr, crystal*
lizcd, I drachra; tincture ofgalla, i ounce.

I/AIR^ (JoiticH. — Golden liAir fluids have tv-
ccntly been the subject of continued investigatioa
l>y an Knglish chemist, who, aAer a caKfw aoa*
lysis, asserts that they arc composed of dilute
nitric and muriatic adds, with traces, in soidc
instances, of sulphuric acid. Though the fvo-
prictors of these fluids nnnonncc that the prcpi-
rations are harmless, yet instances ha\-e been re-
ported of ladies being injured l>y dro^M of the
nair dye felling on their shoulders. TIic agent to
effect the change in ihu ctilor of the hair is the
nitric add, aided by the chlorine evolved by the
decomjtosition of tlie muriatic add.

IIAIRt Gmjf.—lt has been recently assert-

TOTLEn

3*9

I

ed that an undue proportion of lime in the system
is the cause of premature gray hair, and we are
advised to avoia hard water, either for drinking
pure or when converted into tea, coffee, or soup,
because hard water is strongly in^regnated with
lime. Hard water may be softened by boiling
it: let it become cold, and then use it as a bever-
age. It is also stated that a liquid that will color
the human hair black, and not stain the skin,
may be made by taking one part of bay rum,
three parts of olive oil, and one port of good
brandy, by measure. The hair must be wxshed
with trie mixture every morning, and in a short
time the use of it will make the hair a beautiful
black, without injuring it in the IcasL Tlic
axtides must be of the best quolitr, mixed in a
bottle, and always shaken well beU)re being ap-
plied.

HAIRt To prevent turning Gray. — A good
remedy for the hair turning gray and falling off
is the following; Distill two pounds of honey, a
harulful of rosemary, and twelve handfuls of the
tc&drils of grape vine, infused in a gallon of new
milk ; about two quarts of water will be obtained
from this, which apply to the hair frequently.

I/AIR, Less of. — One of the most unpleasant
consequences of carlv neglect is the constant
iailing off of hair. We do not allude to the loss
of the hair dependent on age ; that is a natural
conseauence of our infirmity, and cannot be re-
garded in the light of a disorder ; but iu<<tAncc&
in which the hair has become thin, even to dis-
figurement, in early life, are far from Lieing un
common, and, if neglectcil, must terminate in
confirmed baldness. This excessive loosening of
the hair, however, is far from being so irrepar-
able as is genendly imagined, and ifproper treat-
ment be adopted, the hair will grow fresh, and
assume all its original vigor and strength.

The head must be bathed daily with cold water,
into which a little cau de cologne has been pour-
ed, Ukd the scalp should then be brushed until
the skin becomes red, and a warm glow is pro-
duced. Cold water is one of the finest cosmet-
ics known, and has this advantage, that while in
aiiQOst every instance it improves the hair, in no
case can it do injury.

IIAIR^ To Restore, — Onions rubbed frccuent-
ly on the iiart requiring it. The stimulating
power? of tnis vegetable are of service in restor-
ing the tone of the skin, and assisting the capil-
Lary vcst^eU in sending forth new liair ; but it is
not infallible. Should it succeed, however, the
growth of these new hairs may be assisted by the
oil of myrtle l>erries, the repute of which, per-
haps, is greater th.in its real eftkacy.

J/A/R H'^ASi/ES.—x. Take glycerine, loi,\
tincture of myirh, I 02. ; cologne, i o£. ; tincture
of canthartdcs, ^ oz. \ distilled water, 24
ounces. Mix. — 3. Red wine, i pound; salt, i
drachm ; sulphate of iron, 2 drachms ; boil for a
lew minutes, and add common verdigris, I
drachm ; leave it on the fire 2 minutes ; withdraw
it, and add 3 drachms of powdered nutgall. Rub
the hair with the liquid ; in a few minutes dry it
with a warm cloth, and afterwards wash with
water. — 3, Take elder water, ^ a pint; sherry
;vtne. K a pint ; tincture of arnica. 5^ an ounce ;
Sloohouc ammonia, 1 drachm — if this last-named
^grcdient is old, and has lost its strength, then
two drachm* instead of one may t>c employed.
The whole of these arc to be mixed in a lotion
nle, and applied to the head every night with

a sponge. Wash the head witli warm water
twice a week. Soft brushes only must be used
during the growtli of the young hair.

tfAlRt Superfiuous. — Any remedy is doubt-
ful ; many of those commonly used are danger-
ous. The safest plan is as follou's: — The hairs
ahould be per^fvcrin^ly plucked up by the roots,
and the skin, having been washed twice a-dny
with warm soft water, without soAp, should be
treated with the following wash, commonly call-
ed milk of roses. Beat four ounces of sweet
almonds in a mortar^ and add half an ounce of
white sugar during the process ; reduce the
whole to a paste by pounding; then add, in
small quantities at a tune, eight ounces of rose
water. The emulsion thus formed, should be
strained through a fine cloth, and the residue
again pounded, while the strained fluid should
be bottled in a Kirge slopped vial. To the pasty
mass in the mortar add half an ounce of sug'-ir,
and eight ounces of rose water, and strain again.
ITiis process must be repeated three times. To
the thirty-two ounces of fluid, add twenty grains
of the bichloride of mercury, dissolved in two
ounces of alcohol, and shake the mixture for five
minutes. The fluid should be applied with a
towel, immediately after washinc, and the skin
gently rubbed with a dry cloth till perfectly dry.
Wilson, in his work on Heallhy Skin, writes as
follows: — Substances are sold by the perfumers
called depilatories, which arc represented as h.iv-
ing the power of removing hair. But the hair Is
not destroyed by these means ; the root and tliat
part of the shaft implanted within tlie skin still
remain, and arc ready to shoot up with increased
vigor as soon as the depilatory is M'ithdrawn.
The eflect of the depilatory is the same, in this
respect, a« that of a razor, and the latter is,
unquestionably, the better remedy. It must not,
however, be imagined that depilatories are nega-
tive remedies, and that, if they do no permanent
good, they are, at least, harmless ; that is not
the fact; they are violent irritants, and require to
be used with the utmost caution. After oil, the
safest depilatory is a pair of tweezers and pa-
tience.

KANDS, — Dirty and coarse hands are no
less the marks of slothfulness and low breeding,
than clean and delicate hands ore those of clean-
liness and gentility. To promote the sofbiess
and whiteness of the skin, mild emollient soaps,
or those abounding in oil, should alone be used,
by which means chaps and chilblains \y\\\ gene-
rally be avoided. Tne coarse, strong kinds of
soap, or those abounding in alkali, should for a
like reason be rejected, as they tend to render
the skin rough, dry, and britde. The immeision
of the hands in alkaline lyea, or aUongly acidu-
lated water, has a like efllect When the hands
are very dirty, a little good soil soap may be
used with warm water, which will rapidly re-
move oily and greasy matter. Fruit ana ink
stains may be taken out by immersing the hands
in water slightly acidulated with oxalic acid, or a
few drops of oil of vitriol, or to which a little
pearlash or chloride of lime has been added.
observing afterwards to well rinse them in clean
water, and not to touch them with soap for some
hours, as any alkaline matter will bring bock the
stains, after their apparent removal by all the
above substances, except the last.

HANDS, BUsUring ^y".— The best remedy
against the blistcniig of tnc hands by cowing or

330

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

fishing, or of the feet by walking, is to light a
tallow candle; let the tallow drop into water (to
purify it from salt), then mix tnc tallow with a
little brAndy. or any other strong spirit, and rub
it well into the hands or feet.

HANDS, to Bfautify,~-i. Rub together in
A mortar four parts by weight of yelk of egg
with five parts of glycerine. No belter ointment
for the hands can De procured. The compound
may be preserved ior years. — 2. Take three
drachms of camphor gum, three do. while bees-
wan, three do. spermaceti, two ounces of olive
oil — put them together \\\ a cup upon the stove
where they will melt slowly and form a white
ointment in a few minutes. If the hands be af-
fected, anoint them on going to bed, and put on
A pair of glove*. — 3. Take two ounces o( Venice
loap, and diisolve it in two ounces of lemon
Juice. Add one ounce of the oil of bitter aU
snonds, and a like quantity of oil of tartar. Mix the
whole, and stir it well untd it has acquired the con-
giitencc of soap ; and use it as such for the hands.

The paste of sweet almonds, which contains an
oil fit for keeping the skin soft and clastic, and
removing indurations* may be beneficially ap*
plied to the hands and arms.

HANDS, Chapfed.— \. Glycerine and rose-
water, of each 4 oz. ; mix, and rub it on the
ImcIc p*rt of the hands night and morning. TTicy
will require very few appucationi l)eforc they are
WclL — 2, {Ghcerine Lctwn.) TTiis useful and
pleasant appircation fur chapped hands is pre-

red by simmering one drachm of quince seed
half a pint of boiling water for ten minutes,
■training tne muclLagc, and mixing one part with
one part of inodorous glycerine and six parts of
orange flower or rose water. A little borax may
be added if desirable. — 3. Melt tallow, and add
A little powdered camphor and glycerine, with a
iitw drops of oil of almonds to scent. Pour in
molds and cool. — 4. Put together equal weights
of fresh, unsaltcd butter, mutton tallow, bees-
wax, and stoned raisins; simmer until the raisins
•re done to a crisp, but not burned. Strain and
.pour into cups to cool. Rub the hands thor-
oughly with It, and though they will smart al
first, they will soon feel comfortable and heal

Xuickly.— 5. The easiest and simplest remetly is
»und in every store-room. Take common
Starch, and grind with a knife until it is reduced
the smoomest powder. Take a clean tin box
'and fill it with starch thus prepared, so as to

kve it continually at hand for use. Then, every
lime that the hands are taken from the suds, or
dishwater, rinse them thoroughly in clear water,
wipe them, and while they are yet damp, rub a
pinch of the starch thoroughly over them, covtr-
mg the whole surface. The effect is magical.
The rough, smarting skin is cooled, soothed and
healed, bringing and insuring the greatest degree
of comfort and freedom from this, by no means
insignificant trial.

I/ANDS, Red%uss anJ Bumm_g'ff/.~'Rednc%i
and burning of the hands is causra by defective
circulation. The best remedy is to protect them
as much as possible from the cold when out of
doors, by using a muff or by wearing two pairs
of gloves, which are much warmer than one pair
lined. To prevent the burning sensation, hold
the hands for a few minute* in very warm water
after coming in, as that generally produces a
feeling of coolness afterwards, whereas cold wa-
ter causes a glow after it has been used.

1 01

//ANDS, To SofUn.^Mi^x cleansing iJie
hands with soap, rub them well with oatmeal
while wet

JiANDS^ Tff Remin-e Stains /rvmt^ — Daaop
the hands first in water, then rub them with
tartaric acid, or salt of lemons, as you would witlh
snap ; rinse them and rub them dry. Ta
acio, or salt of lemons will quickly remove st
from white muiiUn or linens. Put Ie>s than
a teaspoonful of salt or acid into a table-
of water; wet the stain with it, and lay it m'
sun for an hour; wet it once or twice with
water during the time; if this doe& not quitej
move it, repeat the add water, and Uy it in
sun.

I/ANDS, To VykiifH. — i. Stir a %
pound of Castile soap, and place it in a jar
the fire, pour over it k a pint uf alcohol ; 11
the soap is dissolved and mixed with the sj
add I ounce of glycerine, the same of oil
monds, with a few drops of essence of ^ioletsJ
otto of roves, then pour it into molds to cool {
use. — 2. A wine-glassful of cau dc cologne,
one of lemon juice, two cakes of brow n Wine
soap, mixed well together, when bard, wi
an excellent substance.

HEAD, Scurf in. — A simple and
remedy. Into a pint of water drop a l«a
fresh Quick time, the size of a walnut; IclilL.
all niBht, then pour the water off dear from
sediment or deposit, odd a quarter of a pii
the best vinegar, and wash the head wuJ
mixture. Perfectly harmless; only wee tbei
of the hair.

UPS, Ckapptd, — Take two ounces of
wax, one ounce of spermaceti, four ounces
of idmonds, two ounces honey, quarter
ounce of essence of bcrgamoU^r any other vlx
Melt the wax and spermaceti ; tnen add
honey,, and melt all together, and when hot,
the almond oil by degrees, slirriDg it till
2. Take oil of almonds, 3 ounces ; speri
}i ounce J virgin rice, % an ounce, Mell
together, over a slow fire, mixing with thi
little powder of alkanet root, to color IL "
stirring till cold, and then add a few d20ps<
oil of rhodium. — 3. Take oil of almonds,
accti, white wax, and white sugar candy,
parts. These form a good white Up salve

MOTH PA 7'CH£S, n ^^wt-^— Wash .
patches with solution of common bicarbottaKi
soda and water several times during the day
two days, or until the patches are re
which will usually be in forty-eight hooi
the process wash with some nice tniJct
the skin will be left nice, sm(x>th and
patches.

NAILS ( Thr), Cart e/I— The nails shouU W
kept clean by the doily use of the nail brush ud
soap and water. After wiping the hands, hot
while they are still soft Uom the action of the
water, gently push back the skin which U ipt to
grow over the nails, which will not only
them neatly rounded, but will prevent
cracking around their roots, (nail s
becoming sore. The points of the'naiJI
be pared at least onoe a week; biting l^n
should be avoided.

NA/r.S, Biting 6l^.— This is a habit ll»i
should he immediately corrected in children, as
if persistetl in for any length of tira*. it perau-
nentljr deforms the naiU. Dipping the finger-
ends in some bitter tincture will geacntty at-

M

Tcnt children Irom putting them to the mouth ;
but if thi& f(u)s,as it sometimes will, each Anger-
end ought to be encased in a stall until the pro-
pensity is eradicated.

NAILS, 7b Whitfn. —The best wash for
whitening the nails is two drachms of diluted
sulphuric acid, one drachm of tincture of myrrh,
adtied to four ounces of spring water ; first
cleanse the hands, and then apply the wash.

NOSES {Large), To Make Sma/L—Vr. Cid,
an inventive surgeon of Paris, noticed that elder-
ly people, who for a long time have worn eye-
glasses supported on the nose by a spring* are
apt to have this organ lon^ and thin. Tms he
attributes to the compression which the spring
exerts on the arteries by which the nose is nour-
ished. The idea occurred to him tlut the hint
could be made useful. Not long afterward, a
young ladv of Afleen years consulted him, to see
if he could restore to moderate dimensions her
nose, which was large, fleshy, and unsightly.
The trait, he found, was hereditary in her family,
as her mother and sister were similarly afflicted.
This was discouraging, as hercdit.iry peculiarities
are particularly obstinate. But the doctor deter-
mined to try his method ; he took exact measure-
ments, and had constructed for her a "lunette
pince-nei" — a spring and pad for compressing
the artery — which she wore at night and when-
ever she conveniently could in the daytime. In
three wccki aconsolatory diminution was evident,
and in thiec months the young Udy was quite
satisfied with the improvement in her features.

FIMFLES. — Several different forms of erup-
tions are popularly termed pimples, though vary-
ing considerably in their character. As this ar-
ticle is designed for general reading, we shall
adopt the pouular appcllatinn. Dry pimples
consist of filtlc elevations sometimes showing
themselves on the surface, at other limes per-
ceptible only to the touch. They usually itch
considerably, and when scratched to allay the feel-
ing, are liable to be converted into disagreeable
sores. We know of no better remedy lor these
than a solution of borax in warm water, after-
ward allowed to cool. This applied plentifully
as a wash or lotion will soothe tne irritation.

Mattery pimples arc distinguished from the
above bv containing an opaque, yellowish fluid
(pus). iThe little bubbles alt.iin their full size in
tne course of two or three days, and either dry
up without breaking or more frequently burst
aiui then dry, forming a hard cnisL For these
are recommended a lotion composed of alcohol
one part and Ave or six parts of soft water,
to which a very little distilled vinegar is added.
The crusts may be removed bv warm water.

Watery pimples consist of Utile vesicles or
bladders filled with transparent liquid. No local
treatment is usually available.

In the treatment of pimples, attention should
be directed to improving the general health, pro-
moting activity of the skin by eterdse, frequent
bathing of the whole body, and the avoidance of
ry, rich gravies and similar articles of food.
>lcs generally afflict persons of sedentaiy
5, especially those conhned in close, impure
atmospheres. Where the skin becomes torpid,
tiie mat amount of waste usually passing off in
the Kirm of insensible perspiration gathers at the
openings of the pores and clogs them. If bathing
is not frequent this layer of dead matter forms a
coating through which the inseiuible perspintioa

(or wastes usually juissed from the skin) are pre-
vented an egress and collect in pimples. It is ^|
probable that the reason of the face being most ^|
frequently the part di:>f)gured, is because it is
more frequently washed, the waste matter seeks
an outlet wherever the skin can act, and so too
much accumulates here to be thrown off easily.
The use of warm water for daily ablutions pro-
motes this attraction of waste matter to the spoL
By washing the face in very cold water and bath-
ing the bony frequently in warm water the order
is reversed, and the cjtcess of the face is drawti
to other parts and, dilhised over a brge surface, ^-
posscs oir naturally and wilhottt any marked ^|
signs. (

rimoles frequently indicate a debilitated stale
of the Dlood, are common in enervated systems.
Strengtlien the system, promote the purification
of the blood by breathing fresh air, and aid the
throwing offof wa^tc matters by frequent liath-
ing and gentle friction of the bocly. The bowels
should be kept regular by prapcr food, such as
fruits, vegetables, and particularly oat-meal. ^H

TTie lotions, bcautifiers, etc, usually sold con- ^H
si:>t of borax water, glvcerine in water, writh a ^"
little perfume, or the deadly preparations from
poisonous substances. One of the "remedies"
advertised was found to contain corrosive subli-
mate. Camphor is frequently prescribed by news-
papers, and forms an mgredient in some of the
proprietary preparations. It docs not appear to
do any good, and is liable if used to any consider-
erable extent to exert a paralyzing influence — in
some cases even tothcextent of total loss of power
and sensation in the parts to which it is applied.
It is also liable to drive in eruptions, causing in-
ternal trouble. Alum applied to the face occa-
sionally, especially after shaving, has been found
in some coses very useful in checking pimples.

Smashing pimples, or squeezing out "flesh
worms," only tenus to an increase of the trouble.
If a large pimple seems inchncd to form, the best
way is to let it come fullv to a head, then prick
It with a needle and genlly press out the matter,
breaking the skin as little as possible. This will
help to clear the face. Uorax water is a simple,
harml<-ss and often beneficial application to pim-
ples and inflamed or irritateil slcin, and in cases
of chaps, sunburn, or harshness of the skin.

SKIN, Ta IVktUn auJ Sa/ten. — i, Takewfajte
wax (pure), i ounce; spermaceti, 3 ounces; oil
of almondis, o ounces ; melt together hy a mo-
derate heat in a glued earthenware vessel, and
add glycerine (besl^, 5 ounces ; balsam of Teni,
^ ounce. The mixture is to be stirred until
nearly cold. — 2. Take a <^ of a fluid ounce, each,
of tincture of tolu, tincture of bcnr.ola, and tinc-
ture of balsam of Peru, and gradually mix with
them a )^ of a pint of distillnl elder water, when
a milky emulsive fluid will be the result. Then
have, ready melted in a basin, % an ounce of
virgin wax and spermaceti, together with a J^ of
a pound of almond oil — this is best done by pla- ^B
cing the ingredients in a basin set on to a small ^|
saucepan of boiling water, thus to melt the ma- ^^
terials by steam. Finally, the tincture and wa-
ter mixture is to be gradually poured into the
basin of oil, sperm, etc., beating the mixture ra-
pidly with ft fork, so as to insure perfect blend-
ing of all the ingredients. When finished, the
unguent assumes a beautiful snow-white creamy
consistency, which finally sets when quite cold.
To whitai the hands, riib them over with the

m

as*

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

sultana unguent on going to bed, end sleep in an
<ild pair ofkid cloves. To prevent ^tTinklcsand
prcser\'c the skin, apply the unr^cnt at night,
vaslunc it off in the morning with cold cream
soap. Ijicrc i& scarcely a wound, bruise, or skin-
blotch but what it may be applied to witb "safe-
ty and wich succor."

MWBVRN and TAN. — I. Take two
dtoclims of borax, one drachm of Roman alum,
one drachm of camphor, haW an ounce of sugar-
candy, and a pound of ox -gall. Mix, and&tir
well for ten minutes or so, and repeat this slir*
ring three or four times a day for a fortnight, till
it appears clear and transparent. Strain tnrough
blotting iKipcr, and bottle up fur u&c.— 2. Muk
of almonuii made thus : Take of blanched bitter
almonds half an ounce, soR water half a pint;
make an emulsion by beating the almonds and
water together, strain througn a muslin cloth,
and it is mailc. — 3. A preparation composed of
equal parts of olive oil anti lime water is also an
excellent remedy for sunburn.

TAN, To Hemm>e, — Tan may be removed
from the face by mixing magnciia in soft water
to the consistency of paste, K-hich should then be
spread on the face and allowed to remain a min-
ute or two. Then wash off with castile soap
suds, nnd rini^ with sof^ water.

'J'EET/f, Care <^.— The mouth has a tem-
perature of ninety-eight degrees, warmer than is
c^'cr experienced in the shade in the latitude of
New England. It is well known that if beef,
for example, be exposed in the shade during the
warmest of our summer days, it will \*crv soon
begin to decompose. If we cat tjcef fur dinner,
the particles invariably find their way into the
spaces between the teeth. Now if these parti-
cles of beef are not removed, they will frecjuenlly
remain till they ore softened by decomposition.
In most mouths this process of decomposition is
in constant progress. Ought we to be surprised
that the gums and teeth against which these de-
composin|; or putref>'ing mosses lie should be-
come subjects of disease ?

How shall our teeth be preserved? The ans-
wer is very sijnplc — keep ihem clean 1 How shall
i\ity be kept dean? Answer: by a tooth-pick,
rinsing with water, and the doily use of a brush.
The tooth-pick should be a quill, not because
the metallic picks injure the enamel, but because
the quill piclt is so flexible it fits into all the ir-
regularities between the teeth.

Always after using the tooth-pick the moulh
■hould be thoroughly rin.sed. if warm water
be not at hand, cold may be used, although the
warm is much better. Closing the lips, with a
motion familiar to all, cverytmng may be thor-
oughly rinsed from the mouth.

Every morning (on rising) and every evening
(on gomg to bnl) the tooth-brush snould be
used, and the teeth, both outside and inside,
thoroughly brushed.

Much has been said, pro and con. upon the
use of soap with the tootii-brttsh. My own ex-
perience and the experience of memlters of my
nmily is highly favorable to the regular morn-
ing and evening use of soap. Castile or other
l^ood soap will answer this purpose. (Whatever
IS good for the hands and face is good for the
teeth.) The slightly unpleasant taste which soap
has when wc begin to use it will soon be un-
noticed.

TEETJit To Beautify,'— Xf&vAs^ two ounces

lotioa

i

of borax in three pints of boiling water, aud
fore it is cold ada one teaspoonfuJ of
of camphor, and bottle for use. A Lab'
ful of this mixture, with an ctjual quan
tepid water, and applied daily with a soft '
preserves and beautifies the teeth. extirp*i
tartarous adhesion, arrests decay, indui
healthy action of the gums, Mid makes the
pearly white.

TEKTSl {lM>sf), To FasUH.—To fasten
teeth Olid strengthen the gvmis : Dissolve
ounce of myrrh as much as possible in a }ua1
port wine, and the same quantity of oil uf ti-
monds; wash the moutb with this fluid cvcTf
morning.

TEETH and GlWrS, JfrtM /ar— The teeth
should be washed night and morning, a mode-
rately small and sofl brush being used ; after the
morning ablution poiu* on a second tooth-brush,
slightly damped, a little of the following lotioa
Carbolic acid, 20 drops; spirit of wine, 3 drachns;
distilled water, 6 ounces. After using this lotioa
for a short time the pims become firmer
less tender, and impurity of the brcith (v.h
most commonly caused iiy bad teeth) will '
moved. I: is a great mistake to use hard
brushes, or to brush the teeth until the
bleed.

TOOTN T0H'DEKS,—^\9x\y pcnons.whik
laudably attentive to the preservation of '' **
teeth, do them hurt by too much ofhcio
They daily apply 10 them some dentifrice
dcr, whidi they rub so hard as not only to
the enamel by excessive friction, but to hnrt
gums cvra mure than by the abuse of the I
pick. The quality of some of the dent
powders advertised in newspapers is cjitri
suspicious, and there is rcaso^k (o think that \hpj
are not altogether free from a corrosive i
dienl. One of the safest and best co:
for the purpose is a mixture of two
pared chalk, one of Penivtin bark, an
hard soap, all fmcly powdered, which is c
ted not only to clean the teeth without I
them, but to preserve the hrmness of the

Besides the advantage of sound teeth fc
use in mastication, a proper attention t
treatment conduces not a little to the sw
of the breath. Tliis is, indeed, often afied
olher causes existing in the lungs, the stoi
and sometimes e%'en in the Ujwels, but a
state of the teeth, both from the putrid
emitted by carious bones and the impurities
ged in their cavities, never fails of oggrava
an unpleasant breath wherever tlierc is a
dency of thai kind.

TO/J.ET, The,— In the first lequisite,
[hat of dress, wc may say. health and cc
first, ornament next The dress should be
neat, clean, loose, and rather light than
It should be plain and neat, because
the elements of true l)enuty; and
clothed our first parents in simple
showing the great design of dress to be
and not ornament. Dress should be
cause it is demanded by decency and good
it should be loose and light so as to avoid
pression and restraint, so tliat every muscle
nave the most perfect freedom of mouon, \
mind and body are equally at ease.

TOILET flNEGAJC.—Uilt a pint 0/
deaux, or of the best white wine vinegar;
ptntof pale mm ; essence of bcrgamoc, rosemsry^

clean

on.

WARDROBE.

and marjoram, 2. drachm each; and one pint
of rose or elder flower water. Mix the perfumes
with the spirit, ihen add the vinegar, and lastly,
the rose walcr. Knot perfectly bright it may be
strained through bloiting paper.

IVARTS, To Rrmave.—\. Pare the hard and
dried skin from their tops, and then touch them
•with the smallest drop of strong acetic acid, tak-
ing care that theada does not run off the wart
tipoa the neighboring tkin, for if it do, it will
occasion innaromation and much pain. If this
practice be continued once or twice daily, with
regularity, paring the surface of the wart occasion-
ally, when It gets hard and dxy, the wart may be

soon effectually cured. — 3. A mixture of two
parts uf nitric acid lo one of muriatic acid is a
good remedy for warts. It should be applied to
Inc warts with n small brush fruin a broiMii, and
care must be taken not to get acid on the flesh,
as it will make a sore. Salcratus will counteract
the action of the acid,

Hlf/SfiTERS, Ta make Grow. — Shave the
beard at least three times a week, and use the
following as a stimulant : cologne, I ounce ; alco-
hol, I pmt; castor oil. y^ pint; oil of cloves, 30
drops; oil of Iwrgamot, 20 drops; tincture of
canUuirides, 2 ounces.

WARDROBE

BALLS for Scoitrinr Cloths^ fU.—\, Fuller's
2 lbs.; soap, I lb.; turpentine, 2 07..; ox
f<gBll enough to make a paste. — 2. Fuller's earth,
whiting, and pipe clay, ^u^l parts, ox gall
enough to moke a paste. These are used to re-
move greiue from cloth, or stains from clothes

CLOTHING, Hints adou/.—AW our garments
should be soft and pliable, and of such a shape
as (o be comfortable to the wearer. They should
not he warmer than is requisite to preserve tlie
body in a proper temperature. Ine clothing
worn next the skin should be made of substances
easily cleaned. Our dress should be adapted to
the age and constitution of the indiridual. Young
and robust persons require a smaller quantity
than those wno arc delicate or advanced in years.
A variety is requisite to suit the difference of
temperature in summer and winter. The tcm*
perature varies so often and so suddenly during
the first five months of the year, that no great
change in the character of our clothing shoukl be
made till May or June. Light colored clothes
are cooler in summer, because they reflect a por-
tion of the sun's rays : and they are warmer in
winter, because they do not radiate the heat of
the bodv so rapidly as dark colored clothing.
Dark colored clothes arc wannest in summer, be-
cause the darker the cloth, the more perfectly it
Iab&orbs the direct heat of the sun. They arc,
liowevcr, colder in winter than light colored
clothing, provine the rapidity with wtiich they
absorb the heat from the body.
CLOTHES, ro/^rNji.—IIave a wooden horse
10 put the clothes on, and a small cane lo beat
fhc dust oat of them ; also a Iward or table lone
enough for them to be put their whole length
wheii brushing them. Have two brushes, one a
hard brisdc, the other sofl ; use the hardest for
the great coats, and for the others when spotteil
with dirt. Fine cloth coats should never be
brushed with too hard a brush, as they will take
ofl die nap, and make them look bare in a little
lime. Be careful in the clioicc uf the cane, do
rftoc have it too large, and be particular not to
^bit too hard. Be careful also not to hit the but-
for it will MTatch, if not break them ; there-
a small handwhip is the best tu beat with.
If • coat be wet and spotted with dirt, let it be
^oltc dry before brtisbing; then rub out the

spots with the hands, taking care not to nunpl
it in so doing. If it want lieating. do as Iwfore
direcleJ, then put the cuat at its full length on a
board ; let the collar be towards the left hand,
and the lirush in the right. Brush the back of
the collar first, between the two shoulders next,
and then the sleeves, etc., observing to brush the
cloth the same way that the nan goc%, which is
towards the !»kirt of the coat. When both sides
are properly dont, fold ihem together, then
brush the inside, and last of all the callar.

CLOTHES, To Rtmnm/i^ — TQ warm soft
water 4 gals., put in I beefs gall; saleratus, *{
lb. Hissolve. I^y the garment on a bench and
scour every part thoroughly by dipping a stiff
bnish into the mixlvirc; spots of grease and the
collar must tie done more thorough, and longer
continued than other parts, and rinse the gar-
ment in the mixture by raising up and down a
few times, then the same way in a tub of soft
cold water ; press out the water and hang up to
dry ; ailer which it needs brushing the way of
the nap and prcsiing well under a damp clottu

Beef's gall will set the color on ^ilUs, woolen,
or cotton-^ne spoon to a gallon of water is suf-
ficient for this purpose. Spotted bombazine oc
bombazette wa&heu in this v^ill also look nearly
equal lo new.

CLOTH {cr Chthing), TorenJer Walerffoef,
— Several inquiries have been made of us, lately,
respecting the mode of preparinjj cloth to render
it waterproof, and yet manitain its porosity.
Close waterproof clol!i fabrics, such as glited
oil cloth, India rubber, and gutta perchn i'l>>ih
are coniplcicly wRlerpro«jf, but do n^l jjcnnit
perspiration and the exhaled gases from tlie skin
to pass through them, because they are air tight
as well as water tight. Persons who wear air
tight garments soon become faint, if they are
undergoing severe exercise, such as that to which
soldiers are exposed when on march. A |j<>rou!i,
waterproof cloth, therefore, is the best for outer
garments during wet wcadier, for llK>se whose
duties or labor causes them to perspire freely.
The best way for pzcparinig such cloin is by the
process adopted for the tunics of the French sold-
iers during tlie Crimean war. It is as foUows:
Take %% pounds of alum and dissolve this in lo
gallons of boiling water ; then in a separate vo-

4

SH

DICTIONARY OF EVERY DA Y WANTS.

sel dis&olvc the same quantity of sngv of lead in
to gallons of water, and mix the two solutions.
The doth is now well handled in this liquid, un-
til cveiy pATtofit is penetrated; then it is squeez-
ed and dried in the air, or in a warm apartment,
then washed in cold water and dried again, when
it is fit for use. If necessary .the cloth may be dipped
in the liquid and dried twice before being wash-
ed. The liquur appears curdled, when the alum
and lead solutions arc mixed together. This is
the result of double decomposition, the sulphate
of lead, which is an insoluble salt, being formed.
The sulphate of lead is taken up in the pores of
the cloth, and it is unafTccted by rains or moist-
ure, and yet it does not render the cloth air tight.
Sudi cloth is also partially non-inflnmmable. A
solution of alum itself will render cloth, prqiared
as described, partially waterproof, but is not so
good as the sul|)hatc of lead. Such cloth — cot-
ton or woolen — sheds rain like the feathers on
the back of a duck.

CLOTHING, iVaUr-tight. — '^^vxA recom-
inends the api^hc^ti*>n of acetate of alumina for
the purpose of^ rendering clothing impervious to
"Water. The cloth is to be immersed in a mixture
' of solutions of acetate of lead and sulphate of
alumina; bv mutual decomposition of the salts,
acetate of alumina is produced on the cloth, and
when the goods aredried, basic acctateofalumina
adheres to the fiber, and thus protects it from the
action of moL^turc. The process is particularly
xecommended for military goods.

DRESSES, UninJtammahU, — It is much to
be regretted that the process of rendering the
matenat of ladies' musim dresses uninflammable
is not more generally understood and used.
Either of three substances — phosphate of am-
monia, tungsl.itc of soda, and sulphate of am-
monia, can l>e mixed in the st.ircli, and at the cost
of two cents a dretis, deaths from burned gar-
ments can be rendered impossible. Articles of
apparel subjectetl to those agents can, if they
burn at all, only smoulder ; and in no case can
they blaze up in the sudden and terrible manner
in which so many fatal accidents have occurred to
the lair wearers of crinoline.

GARMENTS, To MaJc^ and Cut.^ A Dress,
tthf IVaist). — Measure the lady you ore going to
nt with an inch measure. First, under the arro^
down the seam of shoulder, across the chest
from se.im to seam, I mean the seam under the
arm. Length from throat to waist. Length of
back to waist. Across the back the same way
as front. Cut in common lining the paper pat-
tern nearest your measure. Leave turnings, or
cut your p-iltern larger in any part (if required)
half an inch. In making up your lining to fit,
pin the body together on shoulder and under
tlie arm. Tack the plaits or run them up with
cotton. Take the lady's measure over her gown,
but fit it on williout it. Before you be^n to cut,
have a piece of paper ready written in the fol-
lowing manner, detailing in inches the respective
measurements; for instance, a middle size would
be something near these proportions :
Under the arm . , . • 8

Shoulder 71-2

Chest 19

Length of front • ... 17
Length of hack , , . . 15 I-2
Across the back .... 15
If for yourself, and you have no paiier pattern
ftat fitS| UQpick half an old body that fits well;

lay your new lining on i^our cutting board, vhh
an old body on top of it, and with your picRtf
piick through IxHh, in the old stitches of your
body pattern ; prick them well, as the marks are
apt to rub out; tack all the body wel'^ in the
holes round it, before vou begin,' and be «tt
careful to stitch your body to the tacking thre^
tike care and attend to this. Pivc ont of six per-
sons have their dresses made too tight acrcK
the chest ; it is a sad fault ; I have many tima
seen waists out of reason in length, and the fimt
two inches too narrow; if a penknife were nm
up the middle, it would burst open ; when I had
occasion to do it, I have never found any ose
willing to have the seam sewn up again; and I
feel convinced, that any lady, once wearing aa
easy dress, would ne\er go back to a lichl one;
to say nothing of its being healthy and bexutifoL
Great care must be taken with the arm -boles;
do not make them too large or too smol! ; ihir-
teen inches is a nice size for a person not more
tnan twenty -four inches in the waist ; fourlcca
inches is a large size, only required far «o«t
persons. If vou have to alter the arm-hole
never do it under the arm ; in nine cues oot of
ten, it will spoil the dress, and it takes away the
free use of the arm ; a very small piece c« off
round the armholc, except underneath, wilt be
all that is necessary. \^o not forget your skcve
must be larger than the arm-hole an'inch aada
half; when put in, it never looks the le^ ML
and sets better. The seam of your sleert aniC
not be even with the seam of your body^ bntbdf
an inch in front of it. In cordinc the nccfc, do
not stretch it ; hold the cord light. The miiA
must, on the contrary, be pulled well, whcslfae
cord is put on, or it will never fit; it leqidrq
much stretching. The fit of-lhc bcMly oAen de-
pends on the finishing of the waist. In puttiag
on a waistband, let it be larger than the bodr;
the fashion at the present moment, I am glad to
say, is not carried to the extreme; the waistiire
moderate in length, and I do ho|>e sensiUe ro-
men will cease to think Ught waists are an nxa*
ment. Nothing is so beautiful as nature, if w
only let it alone ; it is presumption to think «t
can improve it ; so much has bt^en said byallovr
clever physicians on this subject, that more than
a passing remark from me will be unnecessary.
It is a common error to make the backs of*
dress of a different size; both halves should be
of the same siEc; as one comes under, and the
other over, they must of course wrap equal. «»d
certainly require to be both alike. Tut the h< "^
not more than one inch apart, and a quarter!
an inch from the edge of the back. If the di
fastens in front, make the listenings the
and I think a hem dow^ the hack a
improvement; it Lakes off the width of the hack,
for narrow backs and wide chests arc wImI ii
considered right. In gathcring^ a body at tie
waist, if it is at all thick material, gauge it w}lb
strong silk or thread and large stitutes, lor it it
a small compass it has to be put in ; all fnl
bodies are made with quite a straight piece cf
material, twenty inches long and eighteen widto;
this is half the front; gather it straight at tk
bottom, and then place it on your tight Iriunf;
fix it firmly, and then gather it at the shoaUer;
hut mind and do the bottom gauging first; to
make a body with folds, stilt have vnur nuOfrsl
twenty inches long, and nioctcea wide; tbesdv-
age must reach from waist to shoulder.

WARDROBE.

33S

\
^

%

Have the piece on a Uble before you, and
make about four folds quite straight ; lay them
on year lining, push them close together at the
waLSt, and pull them wider apart at the shoul-
der. I find it make* the foliis set belter, to
cover over half the body-lining with a plain piece
of the dress, like you would wear a stomacher,
and then place your folds to meet il; so that a
folded body will be in two pieces, the plain part
put on first, and then the folds after. In palling
Kilds on a body, let it be on the straight, or a
good across ; don't let it be neither one nor the
other, which \% loo frequently the ca?ie, and always
wUl, as a matter of course, set badly ; do not put
your folds into the neck — let them come toward
the shoulder ; it winds the chest ; they had bet-
ter be laid a litde on the sleeves, then pushed
all toward the neck. In making your body*
lining ready to put on the part, he careful it is
very exact and smoolh, and mind your body is
neat inside as well as out; don't let raw edges
be seen; turn them, so that the outside fullness
or plaits cover what you can, and make the
sc&m under the arm and on the shoulder neat,
by sewing them over with white cotton ; that is,
if your bixly is lined with white, which it cer-
tainly ought to be. Do not have the lining too
stoat. It will not give easily to the figure. A
rfixA and a quarter is plenty for a mode rale sized
person. U^c little or no whalebone. Let it be
la thin stnp;^ which will give to the form. Be
sore to give ease in tlic arm-hole, and width in
the chest, whether for a dress or jacket. Be
"sure you are right" before you "go ahead;"
thu is, look to sec if y^ou have the Dattern of the
material alt running in the same direction, the
two halves of the front and bock cut for the op-
posite sides, the breadths of the skirt the same
length, etc., etc, else the sci:>sors will do sad
zniichicf. If you arc inexperienced, took twice
and baste carefully. Trust nothing to chance ;
you can not be loo precise. You will save time
and Ul»r in the end. by being very particular
atx>ut the fastening. It is ihe soul of nice work.

In cutting the sleeve, measure the length of
the arm from the shoulder to the wrist, over the
bent clt»w, no matter what the fashion of the
Uecve may be. U a bishop-^Iecve, it should t>e
allowed long over the elbow, allowing at least
four inches for the droop, and shorter on the
inner seani. Remember to slope the tup of the
sleeve for the arm-hole, not botli sides alike, but
with the upper half curving in, say. half an inch;
also to allow one inch and a half to be taken up
in sewing in ihe sleeve — that is, allow the sleeve
to Ije that much larger than the arm-hole ; it will
look plain when &e\vn in.

Open sleeves should lie lineil as Ux back as
they are seen, eiiher with a piece of the dress
material, or with silk. White silk is used as
a lining for black and other colors. If a
rich dress, the lining should be finished off with
a ruck of white ribbon, or black lace, just show-

ing over the edge.
If the caps of
sleeves, at the top, (hey wilt -iet down too close;

[f the cat>s of sleeves arc sloped like the

they should be hollowed in. a little, on the top.

Trimming should be sewn on strong but
li^ly: never dragged in the least; hold it a
Utile full.

In making the skirt, supposing you hive meas-
ured over your material, have your inch measure
ittdy to cut the skirt from it. It is a good plan

to write down in a little book the number of
inches long vour skirt is required. Measure it
at the back of the dress, and then from the seam
under the arm. The slope begins here, and
gradually goes to the point. Lay the skirt on
a table, and have both halves exact, pin them to-
gether at the bottom, and pull them even at the
top. A dressmaker would have a person to hold
Ihe skirt at the bottom, while she made it even
at the top. Put seam to seam. Care should l>e
taken to cut your skirt even, every breadth the
same length; and let your seams be nicely pin-
ned before you begin to run them. Make your-
selves a heavy cushion, to pin your seams to.
A common brick covered makes a very good one.
In cutting oflf the skirt, if the length, we will
suppose, should be forly-two or forty-six inches
long, leave four inches more for the hem and
turnings at the lop. Cut the lining for the skirt
exact to the mateh.il, and mind it fits when
finished. Supposing you have to run the scams
of the skirt anu the scams of your lining, lay the
lining on the table, placing the skirl on t(M), and
then tack the seams of your skirt to the lining.
Begin at the first seam, and gradually go on to
the last seam; stitch up three pieces together,
and fell over the fourth ; having done this, hem
the bottom. Fix your hem all round before you
begin, and do not take the stitches through mi-
less your hem is tacked or pinned: it will be
sure to be on the twist, and set badly.

Having done this, run on your braid, which
must be put on easy or rather full. Attend to
this, or you will spoil the set of the skirl. If the
skirt is to have flounces, they must be pot on be-
fore you gauge the top; and while the skirt is on
the table, put a while tacking-thread round the
skirt where each flounce is to be fixed. Klounces
take the sagie quantity of material if cut either
on the straight or the cross. It is n common
error to snppose tlicy take more on the cross.
For the fullness of a flounce, allow one width oa
the cross to one width on tlic straight of your
skirt; so that if you have six widths in yoar
skirLi, you will have six widths in your flounces
on the cross. If there are three flounces of dif-
ferent mdlhs, let the bottom and widest one Iutc
the most fullness; three inches more fullness
will be sufficient. If the flounces are on the
straight, allow eight widths in the flounce to six
widths in the skirt. A small cord run in at the
lop of the flounce makes it look neat. Before
running the cord in your flounce, join it round
the exact size of the skirt ; join round likewise
your flounces, and full them on the cord as yoa
gu on. lialvc and quarter your flounces and also
your skirt, and you will find them no trouble to
put on.

To cut flounces on a good cross, have the ma-
terial on a table, and turn down one corner in the
exact shape of half a pocket handkerchief, and
then cut it throngh. In turning down your half,
try iwo ways : one way lays flat on the table
when folded, and the other does not look so flat;
cut through Ihe latter. In silk there is no per-
ceptible tliflcrence which way you cut il; but in
crape you will very easily observe iu Take any
piece you have by you, ant! try it while reading
this. Now begin to turn down your material on
the cross, like a gentleman folds hi* neckerchief;
keep folding until you have the number of pieces
you want lor one flounce, and ke*-p each one
pinned to the other as you fold them, so a» to

38«

DICTIONARY OF EVEXY^DAY WANTS.

IcRve thrm all exact in width. Mind the ed^es

.Stedsurf^ exact. Supposing you to keep turning
:h one .li you foUl iL Ii the flounces are tol»e
[sine inches, cut the selvage the same depth,
^fiomc j.iersons are at a loss to know how much
Ihrce or four flounces will take. Supposing yoo
have three flounces, one ten, one eight, and one
six inches deep at the selvage, the flounce of ten
inches wide would lake not quite one yard and
three-quarters; that of eight inches, one yard, a
quarter and three inches; and that of six mchrs,
cxacilj one yard — making in all four yards ftw
three flounces ; this, yoti will understand, \\ for
flounces cut on the cross or straight in any mate-
rial ynu may choose to use. I should advise yon
to have paper and pencil and your inch measure,
and reckon before you purch.isc your material.
Trimmings tlown the front of a dress, when on
the Cfo&s, should be cut the same as flounces.
In trimming tlie front of a skirt, it is a good plan
to cut a paper the length of the skirt, and pm it
on the way you intend to trim, and then tack a
tacking- thread by it. Put tackin^s wherever
you mean to trim, Iwfore you begin trimming.
and lay your skirt on a table to do tt; put on all
trimmmgs with a light hand; do not sew them
as you would a shirt — it gives Ihem a puckered
look. Now mind a good cross, no attempt at
xnaking pieces do, unless they are good corner
pieces tJial will join well ; you are more sure of
making a trimmuig well, if cut all from one piece.
IJcforc cutting a skirt off, that you wish to put
tucks in, have a piece of Uning or calico at hand,
and pin the tucKS in it as you wish to put them
in your skirt. Supposing you to have pinned
your calico exactly like one width of your skirt,
Uke out your pms and measure with an inch
kcasure the exact quantity, and then calculate
ic exact quantity yoa will want for the whole
skirt. As a general rule, a tucked skirt takex
more than a flounced one, and makes less show
the quantity of material used. When run-
ig seams of a silk skirt, notch the seU-age all
le way up the scams of every breadth and pass
moderately warm iron over the seams when
-finished ; seams in a merino skirt require to t>e
run thickly and pressed open ; press every join
you make in every part of a dress. In gauging
a skirt of any kinil. gauge the four back widths
^Sd larger stiicbcs than you gauge the three front
ones: the rule in gauging is to take as much
>on your needle as you leave ; that is, if you took
on your needle a quarter of an inch, you
iild leave a quarter of an inch ; this size
dd do for the back gathers, but the front
fvust be smaller. All scams should be run with
silk the color of the dress. It is a good plan to
ha\*e fine black thread in your work-box, to sew
waists on and gnuge the skirts vf a dark dress.

Pockcls in dresses arc a decided objection, and
are often worn by ladies because they are put
by the dressmaker, and save any furtner
)ub'c. A ]»ocket will bcconw loose in a dress,
dirty, and require washing. It pockct-h&nd-
Ecrchicfi only were put in, the objection would
be quite so great; so few ladies will wear
'O, altliough that is what I could wish. If one
tct must be worn in the dress, wear another
well und<;r the dre&s. WTiat I should recom-
iiBicnd would be to wear two food loose pockets
rititdicd cm a liand, one on the right, and the
Other on the left side, eighteen inches long and
nine iodiea wide, made in jean. In this siic you

can cut two slits, one across thehalf of th«

and the other nearer the top, an:

At the entrance to each pocket -

and button hole. A small pu

safely carried in the top pock*-: ,

mind that the buttonhole fits ;

friction in walking may cause it to unbuUun.

On walking out, if you rcquirr mon^y. pat!
loose in your pocket ; this may = < . ' '"

lo some, but it certainly is tlte Ml

ladies like to carry a rather I.m l w\

not that they know ihey shall <■■
they may. It certainly is no;
look into shop windows, or in ajiy way to
with money in their handst, or a watc-Ii itr jc
insight. There is no occasion .ii|

>vatch, but it should not h^W' i|

street. Ladies will say they like ; ^ ii

so that they may easily see the lime. Tli
and pickpockets quite agree with ladies in
ing every thing handily.

Summer yacketu — I wUl now give some hi
on the advantages of summer fn '
under the dress, madeoflhui \\i

The object of these jackets is v.- , _ _ : , ih
ing of the dress clean, and to protect the
from the warmth of the neck. I was portli
duced to write these hints frotD having ~
discusfiion bet^veen two young ladies u|
importance of turning a silk dress. It
mitled by both, tliat the only bad or ugl|
the gown about lo be turned was the
body. The perspiration and warmth o
had certainly taken out the color of the sU
way across the back, from the shoulders
Now this must be disheartening, lo
spoilt before it is half worn out.
time of wearing a dress, how much inorf
able it is to see the body-lininc nicv jtid'
To those who wear habtt-shin %,

protection; but unless they ari_
they will be of little avail. \\ \\^\ i yx
this : to wear a small, thin, white jackc
marie of Jaconet or cambric muslin.
ncss or tnickness of the material must he
ed by the taste of the wearer. A mii>.Tin
quires little or no starch is best,
can be worn either with short or lor
without any sleeves at all, on ' '
Iwfore or behind, whichever :
Many young persons merely :
or collar on their dress, an I
over their stays, with nothings
In every way this is a dirty anti
for the body must get immer
the skirt is half worn nut. 1 oi ui.-m:
expenvc is no consideration, they can
prettily trimmed with inscrlinm and lace
principal object l>cing cleanliness and pi
to tlie dress, trimming is left rntirfly m
of the wearer. Many 1
petticoat, a thin jacket
shirt. If some persori>
and others none nt all, t:
that requires altering in
dress.

GARMENTS, T0 Rmrw M>km fflrfW

/KTTIt.— To .l' * " i

%\h.\ loaf . I

gently until .

one pint of •

spoons of the !

withacIeanUu«hi wcluiigihcfaUictbi

WARDROBE,

337

let dry; then suds out wel! and dry again to
prevent crocking; brush with the nap to give
the polish. This may be applied to sjlks and
woolen goods having colors; out is most appli-
cable to gentlcm^sjipparcl.

GREASE SFOt^ To Extratt from Linm*
^Takc magnesia in the lump, wet it and rub it
on the spot thorotighly ; let it remain an hour or
so, and brush it on. Another way is to scrape
French chalk upon the spot until it is well cover-
ed. Now hold a hot iron near it for a few min*
utes, and then brush off the chatk. If grease
still remains, do it again. Frrnch chalk CAn be
had of tailors, who use it in marking cloth for
catting,

GLOVES {Ki,{), Ta Cclcr.^x, Put one half
ounce extract of log\rood into a two ounce phial,
and fill up with good brandy. This dye uill
keep for years, if well corked. Put the gloves
on the hand, and with a small swab (a piece of
sponge tictl to a stick is best), apply the dye
evenly all over them. Then rub the one hand
with the other, smoothly and (irmly, until the
gloves arc dry — a few minutes only, as the spirit
moon evaporates. More log^vood gives a nearly
bUck color; lesb produces a dclicAlc lilac — 3. Dis-
solve Indi.-i ink in water* and apply with a
caincrs hair brush. A fine brown may be ob-
tained by rubbing tightly with a strong decoction
o/tea.

NA TS, To take Care of. — If your hot is wel,

shake it out as much as possible ; then brush it

vith a soft brush as smooth as you can. or with

a clean linen cloth or handkerchief; wipe it very

carefully, keep the beaver flit and smooth, in the

same direction as it was first placed ; then, with

a small cane, beat the nap gently up, and hang

it up to dry in a cool place. When it is dry. lay

it on a tabic, and brush it round several times

with a soft brush in the proper direction; and

you will find your hat not tlic least injured by

the rain. If the gloss is not quite &•> high as you

wish* take a flat iron, moderately heated, and

pass the same two or three times gently over the

flat ; brush it aflcr^'ards and it will l>ccome near-

^_ ly as hojidsoiuc as when sent home from the

^v Biaker. 7ir jcoura Aat taken tAe nap is elotud,

^Bi«js</ to take salt \vaUt out. — Get a hard brush, a

^piMsin of hot water (boiling), and some yellow

^^ soap; rub a little of the soap lightly on the brush

^Kftnddip it into the water; bruiih the hat round

^Hwith Ine nap. If you find the n.ip clotted, do

^Vnot scrape it with your fingers, as that tears it

off, but brush it until it is smooth, and the soap

is thoroughly out ; then take a piece of wood, or

the hack of a knife, and scrape it well round;

you will find all the dirt come out; then beat it

gently with a cane.

L.4UXDRy/.VG, With Carbclie Soap.— tioi

a few Ia<licji are so situated that they have neither

conveaicnccs for washing nor time to go through

the usual processes even for the smallest articles,

^■ud yet are not in the neighborhood oi any per-

^Kon to whom ihcy can trust the doing up of

^^fcccs and sheer muslins.

We ha>T accidentally diicovereil how great
liclp in such case is to ht found in carbolic soap.
A cake of the article ai prepared for the toilet
bciftS in our soap dish* we one day put into a

Ks mode from it a handful of laces and linen
ni, some of them quite yellow from long
ting, and being busily absorbeil, thought no
more about llicm until n»t day. when they were

found to be entirely whitened and cleansed, and
only needing to be rinsed to be ready for the
starching.

This knowledge may be made available in the
art of doing up nice laces, which any lady may
learn if she has the time to attend to it. thus
avoiding the necessity of sending them out to be
done by those who make the business a profes-
sion.

Stretch over a wine bottle, or better, i well
cleansed quart slonc ink jug, as it is of more uni-
form diameter, the leg of a soft, firm, fine, white
cotton stocking, and secure it wcU by stitches.
On this, wind the collar or bond of lace to be
cleansed, and then with fine needle and thread
baste it carefully on the stocking, following with
the needle all the scallops of the edge and catch-
ing down all the Ioods so they cannot get out of
place in washing.

Set the bottle in a deep dish or tin pail of car-
bolic soap suds and let it remain twelve or twen-
ty-four hours as the case may be. Rinse out the
suds by holding the bottle under the hydrant or
by moving it in a pail of clean water ; let it part-
ly drain off and then with a clean sponge or rag
or even with the fingers, saiumte the lace with a
very weak solution of while pulverized, gum
Arabic in water.

%Vhen quite dry. rip off the lace, and if it
is not as smooth as is desired, lay it under pres-
sure between the blank leaves of a book, or if
there is haste, it may !« pressed with a warm
fiat iron between muslin hned fiinoch; but the
whole prucos may be ncrformed without any
warm water or irons, and several steps in the or-
dinary mode of washing saved.

The suds may be thrown into tlie wash bowls
to purify the drain piiJCs,

Whether it is safe to use carbolic soap freely tn
washing, if the hands must come a goo<l deal in
conLict with it. is a question.

RIBBON ( rV/iv/), 7* /rt»«.— Dampen the
under side slightly, and draw it backward and
forward over a hot stove pipe until the velvet is
quite dry. A still belter plan — though in winterit
is not always as convenient— is to lay a wet piece
of cotton cloth on a hot flat iron placed upside
down, and while the steam is rising from it. to
draw the under side of the velvet tightly back-
warfl and forward over the wet cloth.

SHIRT BOSOMS AND COLLARS, To
.JAinA.— Pour a pint of boiling water upon two
ounces of gnm arabic, cover it and let it stand
over night ; in the morning poor it carefully from
the dregs into a clean bottle, cork it and keep it
for future use. \ tablespoonful of this gum
arable water, stirxotl into a pint of starch made in
the usual manner, will give to lawns, either white
or printed, a look of newness when nulhing else
can restore them after thcv have been washed.
To every pint of starch add a uieoe of butter,
tard, tallow or spermaceti candle the size of a
chestnut.

SHOE SOLES, To Save.—U consists raerely'
in melting together tallow and common resin, in
the proportion of two parts of the former to one ol
the latter, and applying the preparation hot, to
the soles of the boots or shoes — as much of it as
the leather will absorb.

SILK, To Kerr. — Silk articles should not be
kept folded in white paper, as the cbluride of
lime used in blcacliing llie piper will probably
impair the color of the silk. Brown or Uue

33S

DICTIONARY OF E VERY-DAY IVANTS.

pcper is better; the yellowish, smooth India
pmper is the best of all. Silks intended for dress
shoald not be kept long in the house before they
are made up, as lying in the folds will have a
tendency to impair its durmbilitr by causing it to
cut or split, particulariy if toe silk has been
thickened by gnm. Thread Uce Tails sre very
easily cut. nut dresses of Telvet shoald not be
laid by vith any weight above them ; if the nap
of thin velvet is laid down, it is not possiUe to
raise it up i^ain.

Hard silk shoald never be wrinkled, becanse
the thread is easily bn^en in ttie crease^ and it
never can be rectified. The way to take the
wrinkles out of silk scarfs and handkerdiie& is
to moisten the surfiioe evenly with a sponge and
some weak glue, and then pin the silk with some
toilet pins on a mattress or feather bed, taking
pains to draw out the silk as tight as possibie.
when dry, the wrinkles will have disappeared.
The reason of this is obvious to every person.
Some silk articles should be moistened with weak

ue or gum -water, and the wrinkles ironed out
y a hot flat iron on the wrong side.

SIt/C {BUuk% To CkMse.^yiheti a woman
is about to choose black silk, it is well to pull a
thread out of the "tram", or filling. She most
try the sL^ength of the thread. If it breaks easi-
ly, the examination has gone tax enough ; it is
wisdom to look further. We will suppose the
thread has been tried and indicates some back-
bone; then it is necessary, if the woman is right
brave, and dares to do sndi a thing with a hand-
some pair of clerk's eyes bearing down upon her
like a privateer upon a poor UtUe merchantman,
to seize the silk by the comer and rub it jast as
the washerwoman would do when she intends to
remove a stain. If this awful ordeal can be per-
formed to perfection — remember some muscle
must be brought into play — the silk is honest and
legitimate. If it is heavy with dye, if held up
to the light, slight traces of disaster may be dis-
cerned.

SILK {Biack), To "Do «/".— BoH an old
kid glove (cut into small shreds) in a pint of wa-

t

ter till the water is reduced to half % pint ; iba
spoDge your silk with it; fold it down ti^, nd
ten minutes after inn it on the wrong siae while
wet The silk will reCmn its softness and luslrc^
and, at the same timc^ faave the "body** of mv
silk.

WORKING SUIT Jm' FMfmfn.—Vmnm
and mcdianics need some kind of a substaatisl
working dress-— one that is cheaply made nd
easily put on and comfortably worn. It is ym
expensive working in a good suit of cJoCbes aai
ezjxiBiug them to the various kinds <rf labor ii-
doent to farm life. Put on a pair of sew r*»*«
and get into an apple tree to trim or grvft it, or 00
to repairing fences, and you will be sure to vmt
a rent in tjem before they an a day old. Sack
a thing rarely happens to an old pair. We h-
ventea a dress sevoal years since whidi ««]ia«e
used and reoonunended to other* mudi to thdr
satis&ction. It is a alceve vest doacd in fi«B^
and trowsert in one piece, with only one festcs-
ing with a str^p bdund the neck. The sleeve

may be made sufficiently hrge enough to
over a coat The material should be of hhe
drilling.

Thus at a trilling expense a man can beicedily
fitted to grapple with any kind of work withost
a constant fesr of tearing or soiling his dothci.
white the cost is not one tenth part of a suit of
ordinary clothing. It will often be found coo-
venient to wear in hot weather without any other
clothing than a shirt Any clever honse-kecper
who can make a pair of summer pants, can mske
one of these most useful articles. The only diffi-
culty usually is not buying cloth enough to have
them made suffidently Iwge. The suit should
be large enough to wear over other garments,
if ncoesssry, and when the dav*s work is done k
may be removed, others substituted, and the 6r-
mer is in ccmplete trim to sit down of an evening
dressed in dean clothes and ready to engage ia
conversation, reading, or any other amusement
suited to a rational and intelligent mind. Tbe
cost of such a suit is trifling, and is more thsa
made up by what it saves of other clothes.

WASHING, BLEACHING AND DYEING.

ANNOTTO />Kff.— Cut the onnotto into
small pieces, and boil it in a copper, with an
equal weight of good peariash, then dilute with
water to a jnroper color. Process o/Dyfimr. — Im-
merse thciartides, previously rinsed in clean wa-
ter, in the dye, ana give them a good boil ; then
drain them out and rinse them well in dean
water.

Annotto is chiefly used (or silks, to which it
imparts a fine orange yellow color, the shade of
which may be modified, by using different pro-
portions of peariash, and also by giving the
stuff different mordants before putting it into the
dye-ball».

BLAJVKETS, To aean.~~V\xi two large
tables poonfu Is of l>orax and a pint bowl of soft
aoap into a tub of cold water. When dissolved,
put in a pair of blankets, and let them remain

over night. Next day rub and drain them cot,
and rinse thoroughly in two waters, and haif
them out to dry. Do not wring them.

BLACK DYE,^!, Logwood and dder, with
a little water, boiled together in iron, nuke a
good black dye.

2. To one pound of extract of logwood allow
an ounce of blue vitriol. Dissolve Uie logwood
in an iron vessel containing five gallons of wster,
and let it boil. Add to the logwood a table-
spoonful of pulverized copperas. Pulverize fl«
vitriol and dissolve it in a separate vessel, con-
taining the same quantity of water ; let this slso
boil. Scald the material first in the vitriol water,
and then put it in the logwood ; let it remain two
hours scalding in the logwood. It should be
frec^uently stirred. This is a good and con-
venient dye for silks and muslins. They can be

WASHING, BlEACI/mG AND DYEmC,

339

by washing in a strong lather of honte-mwie
»oap, and afterward dipped in salt and vratcr.
Ink-powder trailed with vmeg&r wH djre btaclc
Copperas is the best thing to set block.

3* Allow a pound of logwood to each pound of
goods that arc to be dyed. Soak, it over nig^t
in soft water, then boil it an hour, and strain the
water in which it is boiled. For each ^und of
logwood, dissolve an ounce of blue vitriol in
luKcnarm water sufficient to wet the goods. Dip
the goo^ls in — when saturated with it, turn the
whole into the logwood dye. If the goods arc
cotton* set the ve^isel on the fire, and let the
goods boil ten or fifteen minutes, stirring them
constjuitly to prevent their spotting. Silk and
woolen goods should not be boded in the dye-
staff, but it should be kept at a scalding heat for
twenty mtnuic*. Drain the goods without wring-
ing, and liang them in a dry. shady place, where
they will have the air. When dry, set the color
by putting thetn into scalding hot water that has
salt in it. in the proportion of a tcacupful to
three i;^lIoiu of the water. Let the goods rcnioin
in till cold ; then ttang them where they will dry
(they should not be wrung). Boiling hot suds
is the best thing to set the color of black sflV —
let it remain in till culd. Saiking black dyed
goods in sour milk, is also good to set the color.

BLACK DYE for CotioH.^Yox 5 lbs. goods
— sumac, wood and hark together, 3 lbs.; boil
yi hour, and let the goods steep 13 hours ; then
dip in lime water )^ hour; then take oat the
goods and let them drip an hour ; now add to
Uie sumac liquor, copperas 8 oe. , and dip an-
other hour ; then run them through the tub of
lime water ogam for 15 minutes; now make a
new dye with logwood. 1% lbs., by boiling i
hour, and dip again 3 hours ; now add bi-chro-
mate of potash. 3 ot., to the logwood dye, and
dip I hour. Wash in dear cold water and dry
in tbc shade. Vou may say this is doing I09
much. You cannot get a permancnl bluk on
cotton with less labor.

BLACK DYE for lV«oi,—\. For 10 Ihr of
wool, bichromate of potash, 4 oz.; ground ai^l,
3 oz.i boil together, and put in the wool; stir
well, and let it remain in, the dye 4 hours. Then
take out the wot^ rinse it slightly in clear wa-
ter ; then make a new dye, into w))ich put log*
wood, 3^ lbs. Boil i hour, and add ciiamber-
lye, I pt., and let the wool lie in all nighL Wash
io dear water.

tt. For 5 lbs. of goods — blue vitriol, 6 oa.; boil
it a few minutes, then dip the goods ^ of an
hour, airing often ; take out the good^, and make
a dye withTngwo6d. 3 lbs.; boil ^ hour ; dip I4
of an hour and air the goods, and dip ^ of an
hour more. Wash in strong suds.

Thi« will not impart any of its color in falling.
nor fade by exposure to the sun.

8 /.A CK DYE for Strmtt ami CAifi Bonnfts.
-~Chip half being composed of tlie v^navings of
wxMtd, are stained black in various ways. First,
by being boiled in strong Ic^wood liquor 3 or 4
hours; they must be often taken out to cool in
the air. and now and then a small quantity of
green copperas must he added 10 the liquor, and
mis continued for several hours. The saucepan
or kciilc thai they are dyctl in may remain with

■ the bonnets tn it all nighl; ihe next mormng they
must be taken out and dned in the air, ami
brushed wiih a vrift tyush. ].a$tl)r, a snonge is
difjped in oil, and squeezed almost to dryness;

with this the bonnets are rubl>ed all over, both
inside and out, and then sent to the blockers to
be blocked. Others boil ihem in logwood; and
instead of green c<^tp|>enu, u^e steel filings
steeped in vin^ar ; after which ihey are finished
as above.

BLUE DYE. — Dip in a strong solution of
sulphate of indigo, or chemical blue ; set with
alum. The liest way is to boil the arlides in
strong alum water before dipping them. To
color wool blue, boil it in adecoctioa of logwood,
and sulphate or acetate of copper.

BLUE D Ye for n'MJ {Qituii Prweis). ^
For 2 lbs, of goods — olum 5 01.; cream of tar-
tar, 3 oz.; boil the goods in this for l hour ; then
throw the goo^ into warm water, which has
more or less of the extract of indigo m it, ac-
cording to the dq>(h of color desired, and boil
again ontil it suit^, adding more of tlie blue if

needed. It is quick and permanent.
BLUE DYE, AML/NE.—lo

100 pounds

of fabric dissolve 1 '4 pounds of aniline blue m \
quarts of hot alcohol : strain through a hiter, ana
add it to a bath of 130° Fah.; also 10 paawis of
Glauber's salts, and 5 }N3unds of acetk odit En-
ter the goods, and handle them welt for twenty
minutes; then heat it slowly to 3O0° Fah.; then
add 5 pounds of sulphuric acid diluted with wa^ '
ter. Let ;thc whole boil twenty minutes longer,
then rinse and dry. If the aniline be added in
two or three prt>portions during the process of
coloring, it will facilitate the evenness of the
color. The blue, or red shade of blue, is govern-
ed by the kind of aniline used, as there is a varie-
ty in the market. Hard and close wove fabrics,
such as braid, ought to be prepared in a boiling
solution of 10 pounds of sulphuric acid and 2
pounds of tartaric acid l>ernre coloring with ttic
aniline, ai; thi!^ will make the fabric more sus-
ceptible to the color. Blues soluble in water
color more easily than Iho^c which have to be
dissolved in aloobol.

BLUE, cnHQ.\fE. — \<Xi pounds of wool
are boiled for I hour in a solution of 3 pounds of
bichromate of potash, 6 pounds of alum, 1 pound
of half-refined tartar : then it is taken out. cool-
ed, and rinsed. Boil 6 pounds of good logwood
in a bag for half an hour in fresh water, add 3
pounds of cudbear, u-ell moistened and dissoIvetC
Cool Ibe dve to 180** Fah. Enter the prepared
wool, and handle it for three quarters of an nour;
bring it to a boil in this time. This color ought
to be always left a shade lighter when hnished,
as all chrome colors darken in drying.

BLUE DYE, DARK{SmlHhi4 f^ TkiheU
and Lmstimgi). — Boil 100 pounds of tbc IU>ric
for one hour and a half in 1 solution of 35 poonds
of alum, 4 pounds of tartar, 6 pounds of mor-
dant, 6 pounds of common eatrad of indigo;
cool them as usual. Boil in fresh water from 8
to 10 pounds of logwood, in a bag or olherwise,
then cool the dye to 170" Fah. Reel tbc faliric
quickly at first, then let it boil strongly for one
hour. This is a very good imHaimn uf indigo
blue. Chemic can be used in the preiioratiun ;
but should the shade reqnire more of ilic indigo
while finishing in the logwood, cxiraci of indigo
oaghl to be use<l.

The old English way of' coloring a bhtc lilark
on Insttngs, i«T>y lioiling loouounua of the faliric \
for one and a half hours in a soluiiun of 10
pounds of alum, i pound of copjierari, and |
pound of bloc vitriol ; take the goods out, oool

I

Wf>

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

them, and boil them for one hoar in a dye con-
taining 10 pounds of logwood. This colw would
not look well on soft goods, snch as thibeU, as
in &ct it is only a danc slate, bat it looks better
on lactings, on aoconnt of its glcM.

N. B.— To all these colors the logwood can be
boiled in large quantitiet, say a barrelfnl in a
hogshead of water at a timet s poands of log-
wood being r«Jconed to ajMil of liquid. This
will save boiling the' diips m a bag. FItc pails
will be equal to lo pounds of diips. It has this
advantage, too: more can be easily added if the
shade require tlarkening. Extract of logwood
should never be used for blues, as it will produce
dull colors on account of its being disoxidised by
time.

BLUE DYE, DARK {T^pptd with Lof
Vfood). — Give it a dip first in the blue vat, then
rinse ; then boil the wool fas one hour in a kettle
containing lo pounds of alum, a pounds of half-
refined UrUr, and \% pounds of blue vitriol;
after which take it out, cool, and make fresh wa-
ter. Add from 5 to lo pounds of logwood, ac-
cordiBg to die smide required, and tfie qualitf of
the logwood ; let it boil in a bag or otherwise,
cool the kettle to 170® Fah., enter the wool and
handle slowly; in one hoar it can be cooled,
rinsed, and switched for dr^riag. This does not
require any alkali in shadmg die wwA, as the
soap will do this in fulling. If doth be colored
this blue, some pearlash or nrine may be nscd
to accomplish it; but then the kettle ou^t to be
oooled to 136® Fah. The goods require good
scouring, otherwise ther will erode

SIME DYE, DARK {Far SnaJchtk in ike
Wool). — This is colored in a healthy woad vat;
the first dip is handled well and slow Ux cme
hour in the net, then taken out, aired, and the
vat stirred asiin ; in two hours it can be dipped
again for haR' an hour, and so often taken through
until it has acquired the right shade. The vat
ought to be strong enough in indigo to color it
dark enou^ in three dips. About xo pounds of
good indigo is reckoned to lOO pounds of wool ;
clear indigo blue does not require anything more,
but if taken through a warm bath containing two
pounds of blue vitriol, the color stands better in
billing, and is faster; after which it is rinsed,
switched, and dried. The dark blue generally
found in the market is topped with 15 poands of
camwood or 20 pounds of red sanders ; the latter
are boiled on tne colored wool, as the indigo
required for such dark colors would make it very
expensive.

BLUE DYE, INDIGO, fir cloth (PART
LOG fVOOD).~'too pounds of cloth. Color the
cloth first by one or more dips in the vat of in-
digo blue, and rinse it well ; then boil it in a
solution of 20 pounds of alum, 2 pounds of half-
refined tartar, and 5 pounds of mordant for two
hours ; then take it out and cool. In fresh water
boil 10 pounds of good l<^wood for half an hour
in a bag or otherwise; cool off the kettle to 170°
Fah. before entering ; handle well over a reel ;
let it boil for half an hour, dien take it out, cool,
and rinse. This is a very fine blue, but not so
permanent for wear.

BLUE DYE, INDIGO (F^ Hosiery),^
100 pounds of wool are colored with 4 pounds of
Guatemala or 3 pounds of Bengal indigp, in the
woad or soda vat; then b(^ in a kettle a few
minutes 5 pounds of cudbear or 8 pounds of

xfail paste; add one pound of soda, or, better,

one pail of nrine; then cool the dye to aboa^
170^ Fah., and enter the wool. Handle well for
about twenty minutes; take it out, and coc4,
rinse, and dry. It is all the same if the cudbear
be put in before or after the indi^ Three
oonces of aniline purple dissoWed in cme half
pint of akc^l can be used instead of the cudbear.
It produces a very pretty shade, bat it ought
never to be used for mixea goods, whidi hare to
be bleached, as it runs into the white ; also the
cudbear disappears in the sulphur.

BLUE, LIQUID, — 1. Take x ounce of soft
Prussian blue, powder it and pat in a bottle with
I quart of dear rain water, and add a quarter
ounce of oxatic add. A taaspoonliil is sid&dent
fw a large washing.

2. Tidce half a pound of best douUe oil of
vitriol, mix one ounce of Spanish indigo^ pounded
very fine, and scrape in a little duuk ; nave an
iron pot half full of sand, set this on ^ fire;
when the sand is hot, pat the bottle in, and let
the vitriol, eto., boil gently for a quarter of an
hour, take the wht^ oa the fire, and let it stand
for twent^r-four hours, and then bottle it fin* use.

3. Put into a small matrass or common vial z
OS. of pure Prussian Mac reduced to powdera
and pour over it from iM oz. to 2 ca. ofconcen-
trated muriatic add. The mixture produces an
effervescence and the {Hussiate soon assumes the
consistence of thin paste. l«ave it in this state
for 24 hours, then dilute it with 8 or 9 ox. of
water, and preserve the color thus diluted in a
bottle w^ stopped.

The intmsi^ of this color may be lessened, if
necessary, by new doses of water. If theu^iolo
of this mixture be poured into i gnart of waXtr,
it will still exhibit a color suffiaently dark for
washing prints.

BLUE DYE, LOGWOOD,— To too pounds
of doth or wool dissolve 15 pounds of alum, 3
pounds of half-refined tartar, and 3 pounds of blue
vitriol ; enter the fabric, and let it boil fbr one
hour ; take it out, cool as usual. Hien boil in
fresh water for twenty minutes 10 pounds of
good lo^nrood in a bag or otherwise, cool the dye
to 170^ Fah., and enter the &bric. Handle it
well for half an hour, during which time raise
the heat nearly to boiling, then take it out and
cool ; cool the dye to 136^ Fah. ; add 5 pounds of
pearlash, or 4 pails of urine. Enter the goods
again, and handle for half an hour, when they
will be a fine blue. Soda ought never to be used,
as it makes a dull color. Rmse and dry. This
color is suitable for blue-mixed hosiery.

BLUE, PRUSSIAN—VrxaxisLie of potash
was formerly only used on cotton, with a pre-
paration of iron first ; and, about Uie year 1828^
was first used on woolens, and, of course, no
one then thought that they could be colw^
without giving the fiibric a preparation of iron,
before entering into the prussiate of potash solu-
tion. Every oyer had his preference to one or
the other solutions of iron; they were nitro-muri-
ate of iron, acetate, and tartrate of iron. Some
used iron oxide (burnt copperas) dissolved in
sulphuric acid, etc ; but later, the yellow wus*
state was only used until the introduction of the
red prussiate of potash. The latter has the pre-
ference, as it can be added, for darkening the
shade, while in the process of coloring, which is
not the case with the yellow prussiate of potuh;
but this would rot the cloth, as this color requires
a hvge quantity of add. To 100 poands or wool

WASffTl^G, BLEACrriNG AKD DYEING.

or flannel (1is<;oU-e 8 podrnts of red jinissiatc of
potish, 2 fvountls of tartaric add. 2 pounds of
oxalic acKl, 5 pounds sulphuric acid. Handle the
fithrics in this for half an hour at iao° Kah. ; then
reel (he goods out, and heat to about 165^ Fah.;
add 5 pounds of sulphuric acid, and 1)^ pounds
of tin crystal'* ; stif all well ; enter the goods, and
handle for half an hour longer; then heat it to
308° Kah., when it will be a good blue. The
shade can be varied to any extent by the addition
of logwood liquor and a few pounds of scarlet
spirit; but the liquid ought to be cooled firvt, and
the goo-ls handled quickly to secure evenness
while in the logwood. This color ought never
to boil. evpcciaJly when coloring with steam, as
more than Ixjiling heat (212') destroys the color
ftnd makct it Ughier ; but letting the fabrics lay
a few hour» cxpoi^ed to the oxygen before rins-
ing is an improvement to the color. This color
must be wetl w.i\hed or else it will smut. Tliis
blue will be brighter if aniline purple be used for
darkening, invitead of logwood \ but this ought to
be ^ne after the goods nave been washed, and
in fresh water. If a mordant of 10 pounds nitric
acid, 36* R.. 10 pounds muriatic aad, 22** B., to
pounds sulphuric add, 66" B., diluted with wa-
ter, and I pound feathered tin added, be used,
instead of sulphuric acid, the color will be fast.

BLUE DYE, PRUSSIAN' (For Cotton). ~=-
t. Clean the doth or goods by steeping in soap-
sods, then finse in several diffcrcnl messes of
dean water, and lay aside moist.

2. Into a clean iron, stoneware, or wooden
vessel put the amount of clean warm water
deemed necessary to work the cloth or goods in
easily, and add tnc solution ofpcmitrate of iron,
and mix well by stirring with a wooden rod ;
after which put in the still moist cloth or goods,
and work them forty-five miniiiei or longer, and
let them lie in till the next Ixith is ready.

3. Into another clean stoneware, iron or wood-
en vessd put the amount of clean warm water
deemed necessary to work the goods in easily,
and add the prusttate of potash (previously dis-
solved in a little hot water in a basin or kettle),
and also the oil of vitriol, and mix welt by stir-
ring with a clean, wnotlen rod; then wring out
the goods evenly from the pcmitratc of iron
bath, and work tlhem in this prussiate of potash
bath twenty minutes ; after which wring out and
work again a few minutes in the pernitrate of
iron bath; then Miing out, rinse in several Hif-
lermt messes of cl«ui water, and dry in the
shade.

I f the color of the goods should not be dark
enough after one round of dippings, repeat in the
CMtier above described, till the shade suits. The
whole of the goods need not he dried after e.ich
round of dippings for the nurpoftc of examining
the color. Dry one end 01 ihc goods, or a smau
piece. A handsomer shade o( blue can be ob-
tained, if the expense can be afforded, by adding
lo the pernitrate of iron bath two ounces by
weight of solution of protochloride of tin for eacli
poand of goods to l>e dyed. Strong vinegar can
lie used in the prussiate of potash bath in place
of oil ol vitriol, but the blue color will not be so
handsome. If vinegar is used, three or four
pints should he added to the prussiate ol potash
riath for each pound of goods, and n portion nf
the water equal to the vinegar should be omitted.

A ainele pound of cotton goods requires about
foor gallons of water in cadi bath Co work it in

easily. Larger quantities of these goods do not ^h
need quite so much water in pro|Mrlion. ^H

The utensils used with this dye should be ^H
cleaned first with potash lye, then with M-ater,
afterwards with hot vinegar, and lastly with clean
water. ^M

The use of Ihuss or copper vessels in this dye ^|
is to be avoided. ^B

BLUE, PUkPLE. — A cnrioas purple was
very fashionable about twenty-five yeirs ago.
100 pounds of woo] were first dipped a light blue
in the vat, and welt rinsed. Then take a stone
jwt, pat in 3 pounds of half-rclined tartar, 3
pounds of feathered tin, 5 pounds of blue vitriol,
and 20 |x»unds of muriatic add ; heat all 10 a sand
bath until dissolved.

From this mordant take to pounds in a suit-
able kettle ; add < pounds half-refined tartar to
it, stir it well, ancf enter the wool at 170* Kah. ;
let it boil for one hour; take it out, cool, and let
it lay fur twentv-four hours. Then boil out 20
pounds of good l<»gwi>o«l for three quarters of an
hour in fresh water; cool ofT the kettle to 150"
Fob., enter the wool, and handle it well for half
an hour, then heat it up to 185" Fah., but let it
not boil ; let it go for one boor more, when it
will be a dork purple. This color stands the sun
remarkably wcil, perhaps owing lo the fact that
there is not any alum or sulphuric acid u:^ed, ex-
cept that contained in the blue vitriol.

BLUE, PURPLFAFtLst Color).— XOQ pounds
of wool are first dipped in the blue vat to a light
shade, then boiled in a solution of 15 pounds of
alum and 3 pounds of half-rehncd tartar, for one
hour and a hall ; the wool taken out. cooled, and
let stand twenty-four hours. Then b(>il in fresh
water 8 pounds of powdered cochineal for a few
minutes ; cool the kettle to 1 70*' Fah. ; handle
the prepared wf<tl in this for one hour, in which
time let it boil for three quarters of nn hour,
when it is ready to cool, rinse, and dry. By
coloring first with cochineal, as aforesaid, and!
finishing in the blue vat, the fast purole or dahlia,
so much admired in German broadcloths, will be
produced. Tin adds must not be used in this
color.

BLUE, SAXO.V.— 100 pounds of ihibet or
comb yarn, 20 jwunds of alum. 3 pounds of
cream of tartar, a pounds of mordant. 3 pounds
of extract of indigo, or 1 jKiund of carmine in-
stead; the latter makes a better color. When
all is dissolved, cool the kettle to 180° Kah.;
enter and handle quickly at first, then let it boil
half an hour, or until even. If the fabric lie not
scoured clean, it will look shady; and about 5
pounds of common salt added will remedy this.
Remember, long boiling dims the color, ^nhyr
worsted yarn ought to l>e jirciarcd first by boiU
ing it in a solution of alum and sulphuric add*
then the indigo added altrrwards. tor common
coarse carpet yam. it is only necessary to handle
it through a hiH dye of 1 75'' Fah., containing 15
pounds of alum. 10 pounds of sulphuric add. 4
pounds of chemic paste, lo 100 pounds of yam,
or through its equivalent of extract of indigo. If
chemic be used, the dye ought not lo come lo a
boil, otherwise the impurities of the indigo wilt
color the yarn and dull its hrdliancy. Rinse well
in water before drying. The tin add fastens the
color somewhat. It will not fade so easily, nor
run into the white, if wove into flannels, which
have lo be scoured in sojip, and bleachciL The
color duiigca in the sulphur house into a stone

i

DICTIONARY OF EVERY^DA Y WANTS.

I

I

I

green shade, but the original color comes back
ttfam when the fabric in nnscd again in irater.

BLUE {SK'^) DYE for Cotton.— "P^x 3 lbs.
goods — ^bluc vilriul 4 oz,; boil a fevr minutes;
then dip (he goods 3 hours after which pass
them through strong hmc water. You can make
thi« color a beautiful brown by putting the goods
through a solution of nrussiale uf potash.

^Zi?y*CjVAVC".— The operation by which the
natural colors of substances, are disctiargeH. and
they become white or colorle&s. Bleaching may
be performed either by natural means, as expos-
ure (0 light, air, and moi-<«ture, or by chemkal
Agents, as chlorine, chloride of lime, sulphurous
acid, etc In many of the processes adopted for
this purpose, belli methods are combined-

BLKACHING COTTOuV.—CoXtQn, ffem its
original whiteness, and little attraction for color-
ing matter, is more easily bleached than mo*l
other substances. On the old plan, it is fust well
washed in warm water to remove the weaver's
paste or dressing, then *'bucked" (boiled) in a
weak alkaline lye, and after being well washed
is spread out upon the gross, or bleaching ground,
and freely exposed to the joint action of Tight, air,
and moisture. The operation of "bucking" and
exposure is repented as olien as necessary, when
the good« a.re "soured" or Immersed in wnler
acidulated with sulphuric acid, after which they
receive a thorough \«-a>hine in clean water, and
arc dried. From the length of the exposure upon
the bleaching ground, this method has l»een found
10 injure the texture of the cloth, and from the
number of operations required, necessarily be-
comes expensive, and produces considerable de-
lay ; it hx* therefore very generally given place tn
the improved svsicm of chemical Wcaching, by
means of chlorine of lime. In this method, after
the first operation of washing and bucking, a.s in
the common process, the cotton is submillcd to
the action of weak solutions of chloride of lime,
and afterwards passed through soured water,
when it has only to be thoroughly washed and
dried.

^ZZ"^C///A'C Z/>V£jV.— Linen is bleached
in a similar way to cotton, but the operation is
more troublesome from its greater affinity for
coloring matter.

BLE ACHING WOOL. — yiooi is first ex-
posed to the joint action of fuller's earth and soap,
in the fulling mill, to remove adherent grease
and dirt, and is then well wa<>hcd and drieti. when
it is usually found sufficiently white for the pur-
poses of the dyer ; but should the slight yellow
tint it retains prove objectionable, it is run through
water tinged blue with indigo, or it is expo^e^l
to the fumes of burning kulphur ; the latter
method gives it a harsh feci, which is best re-
moved by a bath of soap and water, but this will
reproduce its pre^nons yellowishness.

BLEACHING .V/ZA'.— Silk is bleached by
boiling it in white soap and water, to remove the
natural yellow varni*«h that covers it, after which
it is subjected to repeated rinsings. Articles th.it
are required to be very white, as gloves, %tf>ck-
ingB, etc., are also submitted to the action of \u|.
phurous acid, or the fumes of burning sulphur.

BLUE and PURPLE DYE frr .UvJtins^

Yam. — For 5 lbs. of wool, bichromate of potnih

I or,; alum 3 oz.; dissolve them and bring the

water to a boil, putting in the wool ami boiling t

hour; then thraw awav the dye and make an-

othrr dye with logwooa chips 1 lb. » or cxlncx tA

gmcml

There

logwood tj.4 ox., and boil 1 hour. This also
works very prettily on silk.

Whenever yo»t make a dye with logwood c1np«,
either boil the chips J4 hour and : ' ' ' o,

or tie up the chtm in a bag «

wool or other gooifs, or take 3^ . ^. -t

in place of l lb. of the chips is less t <:|

generally the better plan. In the si i-o

ine more logwood that is used the darker will he
the shade.

BORAX, Snrtui^s o/l—lt may not be
known how very valuable bnrax i« in

Curposes of houwrhold use. We find it the
est cockroach exterminator yet discov
One hiJf pound costing but fifty cents, has
plctely cleared a brge house formerly swarmi
with them, so thai the appearance of one
month is quite a no^tlly. jTic >-nrious ext
nating powders puffed and adverli-^etl have
found not fully eflcciive, tending laiher to
the roaches cnzy than to kill them. ~
something f>eculiar, either in the smell ur
of borax, which is certain death to them,
will flee in terror from it, and never appcftr
where it has once been placed. It is also a p
advantage that borax is perfectly harmless
human heings, hence no danger from pcMsonf
It is also valuable for laundry purposes.

The washerwometi of Holland nnd Belgi
so proverbially clean, and whn !
beautifully while, use refined t ;-

powder, instead of soda, in il.'. ,- ; i

large handful of borax powder to ii i"

water. They save soap nearly one 1
large washing establishments
mwle. For laces, cambrics, etc , y

of the powder is used : and i
quiring to be made stiff)* s'f
necessary. Borax, being a nen .i

in the slightest degree injure V- 1.

Its effect IS to soften (be h..r d

therefore it should be kept on ilic 1 •,

As a way of cleansing the hair, notJiu -r

than a solution rjf borax in water. It ii-a»cv -he
scalp in a most cleanly condition, and the hmr is
just sufficiently slifTened to retain its place. This
stiffness, however, can be readily removed. (
objectionable, by washing with water. !lfjr.i\ a
also an excellent dentifrice; dissolved in water,
it is one of the best loolh-waAhes. In hot coa
tries it is used, in combir-^: " - -'*
and bicarbonate of soda. .

BROADCLOTH, /.. '
Take an ounce of pipe-clay, that ha^ l d

fine, and mix it with twelve drop*. <^f J

the same quantity of spirits oftm ..

ever you wish to remove an> i,

moisten a little of this mixture . d

rub it on the spots. Ixt it rcn n

rub it off with a woolen cloth, -v . [il

disappear.

BROWN /JK^.— The Hiffrrwt •h«dm of tins
dye vary from
to very dark I
which, bowe^
the workman
and yellows v
dyes, w] ;
walnut I

DROh :^
in a mordan'
ed in wafer, th

wd, vp
adeof

-.•ic nf

!iiij»ift a bftmn, — a&<
dc of mnnijonr»e.

Ic^woodL

^ ^^uch a litU< green cop{>eras iuu

WASHING, BLEACHmC AND DYEING.

4

4

Hie proporuon of alum should be 2 o£., mntl of
mIc, I oz., to everv fK)und of dolh.

3. Boil the goods in a mordant uf alum and
sulphate of iron, Ihen wince them throui^b a bath
of madder. Remarks. The lint depends on the
relalivc proportions of the alum and copperas ;
the mure uf ibe latter, the darker will Iw the dye.
The joint weight of the two .should not exceed ^
of the weight uf the wool. The best proportiona
are 2 parts of alum and 3 of copperas.

3. Give the wool a mordant uf alum and tartar,
then pass it through a madder hath, which will
dye il red. It must now be run through a bUck.
bath of galls and sumach, or logwood, lo which
a little acetate or sulphate of iron has been
added.

4. Proceed to mordant the cloth as last, and
dye in a madder bath, then remove it and add a
little acetate or sulphate of iron, and again pass
it through the bath, until the required tint is pro-
duced.

5. Give the cloth a light blue ground with in-
digo, then give it a mordant with alum, wash in
water, and run it through a bath of madder.

6. Give the cloth a mordant of alum and tartar,
then pass it through a madder bath, and after-
wards through a bath of weld or fustic, to which
« little iron liquor has been previously added.
In this %rav every shade from mordord and cm-

to oark chestnut may be dyed.

7. Boil I lb. of fustic chins for 2 hours, and
|ius the doth through the batli for 1 hour, take
U out and drain, then add 1 % oz. of green cop-
peras, and )i lb. of good madder, and pass the
cloth again through the bath, until the proper
tint is prof^uced. This makes bronze browns,
but by varying the proportion of tlie mordant,
other shades may l>e produced.

BROWN DYE, for Si/i.—i, Give the silk
a mordant as before described, then dye in a bath
made bv mixing the equal parts of decoction of
logwooa, fustic, and Brazil wood. The shade
may be varied by mixing the decoctions in dif-
iierent proportions. Brazil wood reddening, log-
wood du^kciung, and fustic yellowing, the
tint.

a. Dissolve 4 oz, of annotto and l lb. of pearl-
ash in boiling water, and pass the silk through it
for a hours, then take it out, S(|uceze it well and
dry : next give it a mordant of alum, and pass it
first through a bath of Brazil wood, and aAcr-
wards throagh a bath of I<^wood, to which a
little green copperas has been added ; wring it
out and dry ; afterwards rinse welL

BROli'N DYE, for CotOm and Lintn.-^X.
Gire the pieces a mixed mordant of acetate of
alumina and acetate oi iron, and then dye them
Jn a both of madder, or madder and fustic When
the acetate of alamina predominate v, the dye has
an amaranth tint. The \mn darkens ii.

a. First gall the goods, then turn them Cor a
ihort time taroueh a ulack bath, next give them a
mocdant of sulphate of mpper, ajid pass them
through a decoction of fustic, aAcrwards through
a bath of madder, and again through the solution
of iulphate of copper; drain. dry, and rinse well,
then hnish with a Ixiil in soap and water. This
pves a chestnut brown.

J. First give a mordant of alum, then pass the
foods through a madder bath, and next through a
bath of fustic, to which a httle green copperas
has been added. This gives a cinnamon brown.

BROWN DYES, DIR£CT,~Bxown% may

l>e also dyed at once, by what are called substan-
live or direct dyes ; thus —

1. DetoctioH 0/ oak bark d^ei wool a fiut
brown of various shades, nccordmg to the quan.
tily employed. If the cloth be hrst passed
ilvrough a mordant of alum, the color is bright-
ened.

2. Infusiofi pr decoction of ivat nut peels dyes
wool and silk a brown, whicli, like the preceding,
is brightened by alum. Ilie older the liquor the
belter.

3. If orse<kestnut peeb 9\%o ^fc thrown, A
mordant of muriate of tin turns it on the bronze,
and sugar of lead the reddish brown.

4. Catechu, or terra JQponica^ gives cotton a
brown dye ; blue vitriol turns it on the bronze,
green ooppcras darkens it, when aiiplied as a
mordant, and the stuff dyed in the haih Uiiling
hot. Acetate uf alumina as a mordant lirij^htens
it. The French color, called "carnichie," is
given with i lb. ol catechu, 4 oi. of verdigrit»
and 5 ox. of sal ammoniac

5. Sufphate or muriate o/mang^nese^ dissolved
in water with a little tartaric acid, gives the
bronze tint called *'!iolitaJre." The stuff after
being passed through the solution, mui^t be turn*
cd through a weak lye of potash, and afterwards
through another of chloride of lime, to brighten
and fix it.

6. Prussiate of eopper gives a bronze or yel-
lowish-brnwn to silk. The piece well mordanted
with blue vitriol, may be pcused through a solu-
tion o( pntssiate ofpJtash.

BROWN DYE, CHEAP.— T)\t following
is a good dye for coloring brown, com[K>sed of
materials cosily procurable in the woods : Take
the bark of the common alder, boil it an hour ;
having sufficient water to cover the goods ; add a
very little copperas; dip in the articles to be
colored ; let tnem remain about ten minutes ;
wring them out, and then dip them into a very
weak Ive— previously prepared — wring them out
immediately, and waih them in soap and soft
water.

BUEF DYE, tm Cotton.— JaiM as much hot
fustic liquor and water, as will half fill a tub,
enter three pieces, give ihcm five ends, hedge
out. take another tub of cold Ume water, enter
the same pieces, and give them five end^ in this,
take out, and in a short time tbry will be buif.
Renew your first and second tub. and proceed as
at first, This is all required for bulC

CALICOES, To M'aj>S.— Black calicrtcs should
be washed in water in which potatoes have been
boiled, or starch water made by having two or
three potatoes scraped in it ; or pour boding wa-
ter on wheat bran, strain it, and when lukewarm
wash them in it« using no soap. Before welting
any calico, rub soap on the crease spolsr— hard
soap, or soft soap a year old. Alum is good to
set the color of green ; salt put in the rins-
ing water of blue, black or jgrem calico, will
prevent the colors running into each other.
Some washemomen infuse eight gills of salt in
four quarts of boiUng water, and put the calicoes
in while hot, leaving ihcm until cold, which pro-
cess is to render the colors permanent, so they
will not fade by subsequent washing. Cotinn
goods (except pure whiter) should never rcnuiin
in water a moment longer than necessary, and
should be dried in the iihaHe.

CARPET WARP, Coloring /i»r. — Extract
of hemlock bark is the substance required. Wet

4

i

im

mCTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

the warp thoroughly vith lime water, then boil I
in a strong liquor made by dissolving extract of
hemlock bark in water. Use a brass, copper,
or porcelain kettle (not iron or tin); this gives a
tan color. For a blade color use strong copperas
water in place of lime water. Iron or tin vessels
will answer when copperas is used. A slate
color can be made by using a small quantity of
the copperas water and extract liquor to a large
quantity of the warp. A brown color can be
made by using only a small pOTtion of copperas
with the extract The shaaes of coIot can be
dtanged bv varying the amount and prop<»1ion
of the coloring materials. A little care will
enable anyone to make desirable colors with
these materials, and to modify the colors by using
other substances with them. . The extract of
hemlock bark is very extensively used by tanners
for making leather, and is made at large establish-
ments for the purpose located in or near the hem-
lock forests.

CHINTZ, n WM>i.— Take 3 lbs. of rice,
boil it in 3 galls, of water till soft ; then pour the
whole into a tub; let it stand till about the
warmth in general used for colored linens ; then
put the chmtz in, and use the rice instead of
soap ; wash it in this till the dirt appears to be
out, then boil the same quantity as above, but
strain the rice from the water, and mix it in
.warm clear water. Wash in this till ouite dean;
Kfterwards rinse it in the water whicn the rice
has been boiled in, and this will answer the end
of starch, and no dew will affect it. If a gown
it must be taken to pieus, and when dried be
careful to hang it as smooth as possible ; after it
is dry rub it with a sleek stone, out use no iron.

CHROME ORANGE DYE, for WkiU Cot-
ion Goods, — I. Clean the doth or goods by
steeping in soap-suds, then rinse in several dif-
ferent messes of clean water, and lay aside moist.

2. Put the litharge and acetate of lead into a
brass or copper ketile, with only one fourth part
of the water that will afterwards be requirea to
dye the cloth or goods in, and boil together
thirtv minutes or longer, stirring often with a
wooden rod; then add hot water tUl the amount
is reached that is needed to work the cloth or
goods in easily, and stir till thoroughly mixed,
after which put in the still moist cloui or goods,
and let them remain at a blood-heat thirty min-
utes or longer, stirring often.

3. Put the bichromate of potash and sal soda
into a brass, copper, or iron kettle, with only
one-fourth part of the water that will afterwards
be needed to dye the cloth or goods in, and boil
together at a full wallop thirty minutes or longer;
then odd hot water tUl the amount is reached
that is required to work the goods in easily, after
which wring out the goo<U evenly from the
acetate of lead bath, and work them m this chro-
mate of potash and soda bath, at a blood-heat,
from fifteen to thirtv minutes, or until the goods
take on an even and full orange color ; then re-
move from the bath, rinse in several different
messes of dean water, and dry, in the shade or
in sunshine.

If the color on the goods is not even, or not
dark enough, after they have been steeped once
in each bath, repeat the steepings or workings in
both baths in the order above described. In
every repetition of these stee[»ngs, should any
repetition be necessarvf a little fresh sal soda
•hottkl be procured and added to the diromate of

potash and soda bath, and the whole should
be well boiled before introducing the cloth or
goods.

A single pound of cotton doth or goods r^
quires about four ^kms of water in each kettle
or bath to work it in cauly when dyeing. Larger
quantities of these goods do not neea quite so
much watw in proportion.

Kettles or- utensils that have been used with
this dye may be deaned, 6rst with water, tluea
with warm or hot polash-lye, and lastly wiUi
dean water.

DYE . STUFFS nttded for one pmtnd ^
Goods, — ^Two ounces of litharge in a paper by it-
self, S. : Litharce for chrome orange. One and
a half ounces ofacetate of lead in a paper hy it-
self, S. : Acetate of lead for chrome orange One
and a luilf ounces of sal soda in a paper by itself,
S. : Sal soda for dirome orange. One uid a
quarter ounces of Inchromate of potash in a pa-
per by itself, S.: Bichromate of potash for
chrome orange. All of these articles should be
very accurately weighed. As customers rarely
or never possess scales and weights with whica
they can accurately divide parcels of dye-stu£b»
nor kettles in which they can dye more than
three pounds of goods at one time with this color,
it will be best to put up the«e dye-stu& in sets
for three pounds itf goods, or less. For instance^
should a custcHner wish chrome orange dyes Ux
6ve pounds of ^oods, it would be advisable to
put up one set of dyes for three pounds of goods,
and another set for two pounds. Each set, in
such a case, should be put in a wrapper by itself
and labded, respectively, '*Chrome orange dyes
for three pounds of goo<u,"and "Chrome orange
dyes for two pounds of goods."

To save time, the litharge and acetate c^ lead
can sometimes be both put into one padca«,
with the name of each arlide written upon it ;
but the bichromate of potash and sal soda must
each be put into a paper by itself. Bichromate
of potash and sal soda react ujwn one another
when mixed if either salt is damp, and produce
a deliquescent salt that soon destroys the paper
wrapper.

CINNAMON BROIVN AND COFFEE
BROWN DYESt for Cotton, — !, Qcan the
doth or goods by steeping in soap-suds, then
rinse in several diHcrent messes of dean water,
and lay aside moist. The preliminary washing
just described witl be suffident for old or worn
goods; but new cloth or yam, or carpet- warp,
which almost always contain more or less oil
from the spinning, must be deaned in a bath
made by dissolving a half ounce ofhard soap and
a half ounce of sal soda in each ^[allon of water
needed for the steeping or washing. After the
goods have been thus deaned, they are to be
well rinsed in dean water, and laki aside moist.

2. Steep the catechu and blue vitriol, from one
to two hours, in a brass or copper kettle, with
the amount of clean water deemed necessary to
work the doth or goods in easily, stirring oflen
with a wooden rod; then put in the still moist
doth or goods, and steep at a scalding heat from
five to ten hours, or untd the j^pds take on sn
even, dnnamon brown color. The goods are to
be stirred frequently during this steeping, and
hot water is to be aaded to the kettle urom time
to time, to compensate for loss by steam. After
the goods have taken on a dnnamon brown odor,
remove them firom the bath, tinse in screni

WASHING, BLEACmNG AND DYEING,

\

diflcrent messes of clean water, and lay aside
moisL

3. Dissolve the bichromate of potash* by heat,
in a brass, copper, or iron kettle, with the
amount of clean water deemed necessary to work
the cloth or goods in easily ; then put in the still
moist cloth or goods, and steep at a scalding heat
one hour or longer, or until the goods take on a
coflce brown color ; after which remove from the
both, rinse in several different messes of clean
water, and dry in the shade.

If the color on the goods should not be dark
enough, after they hnvc been steeped once in
eachlnth, repeat the stccpin^s in both baths, in
the order above directed, till the shade suits;
then rinse in several different messes of dean
water, and dry in the shade.

If the goods should not take on any color after
steeped from one to two hours in the catechu
bath, it may be concluded that ihcy still contain
grease or oil. In such a case tlic ^oods must be
ufted from Uie bath, drained well, rinsed in clean
water, and then steeped in a fresh bath tA soap
and sal soda; after which they arc to be rinsed
in clean water, and then returned to the catechu
bath, and steeped again.

When ouiy a cinnamon brown color is desired,
the steeping in the bichromate of potash, bath
may be omitted, and the goods may be rinsed
and dried from the catechu bath. If a coffee
brown color is desired, druggists must be re-
qncsted to put up the appropriate quantity of
bi^romate of potash, as without this request^ in
each case, drug^sts do not put up that article.

A single pound of cotton goods requires about
foar galFons of water in each bath to work it in
easily, when dyeing; larger quantities of these
gocxu do not need qmte so much water in pro-
portion.

Dye Stuffs ftcfdfd for pne Pound of Gcodt. —
Two ounces of dark-colored catechu (or catch) in
a paper by itself, S. Catechu for ircum en ctf/.
tffH. One-fourth ounce of blue vitriol in a paper
by itself, S. Biu^ vitriol for hrmin% on rotten.
When a coffee brown dye is desired, put up.
in a paper by itself, a half ounce of bichromate
of potash, S. Bichromate of potash for innvn on
cotton. For three pounds of goods, coffee brown
shade, put up only one ounce of bichromate of
potash, and for all quantities of goods above
three pounds, put up only a thirrl ot an ounce of
that «lt for each pound. Time can be saved
when dyeing these browns by making the cat-
echu bath stronger than here directed, and if cus-
tomers wish to shorten th^ processes, put up
three or even four ounces of dark catechu for
each pound of grxxi^. One>eighth of on ounce
of blue vitriol must be put up for each ounce of
catechu tliat is taken.

CLOTH, CUanine and Scouring p/. — The
common method of c&aning cloth is by bcatmg
and brushing, unless when very dirty, when it
undergoes the operation of scouring. 7*his is
best done on the small scale, as for articles of
wearing apparel, etc, by dissolving a Uttle curd
soap in water, and, after mixing it with a little
OJ[{^l. to touch over all the spots of grease, dirt,
etc., with \u and to rub them well with a stiff
beush until they are removed, after which the
article may be well rubbed all over with a brush
or aponge dipped into some warm water, to
whicn the previous mixture and a little more ox-
gall has been added. When this has been pro-

perly done, it only remains to thoroughly rinse
the article in clean water until the latter passes
ofl* uncolorcd, when it must be hung up to dry.
For dark-colored cloths the common practice u
to add some fuller's earth to the mixture of soap
and gall. When nearly dry, the nap .should b«
laid right, and the article carclully pressed, after
which a brush, moistened with a drop or two of
olive oil, should be several times passed over it,
which will give it a superior finish. Cloth may
also be cleaned in the dry way as follows: —
First, remove the spots as above, and, when the
parts have dried, slrew clean damp sand over it,
and beat it in with a brush, after which brush the
article with a hofd brush, when the sand will
readily come out, and bring the dirt with it.
Black cloth which is very rusty, should receive a
coat of reviver after drying, and be hung up until
the next day, when it may be pressed and finish-
ed off as Ifcfore. Scarlet cluth require;. coiisi^Icr-
able caution. After being thoroughly rinsed, it
should be repeatedly passed through cold spring
water, to which a tablespoonful or two of solu-
tion of tin has been added. If much faded, it
should be dipped in a scarlet dye-bath. Buff
cloth is gcnertilly cleaned by covering it with a
paste mode with pipe-day and water, which,
when dry, is rubbed and brushed off.

CLOTH, 7 0 Raise the NAP on.Soa^ in
cold water for U an hour, then put on a board,
and rub the thread-bare parts with a half-worn
hatter's card, filled with flocks, or wilh a prickly
thistle, until a nap is raised. Hang up to dry,
and with a hard brush lay the nap tnc right
way.

CLOTHS, FnlUt's Puri/itr for.—Drf, pul-
veriie, and sift the following ingredients :

Six lbs. of fuller's earth, I lb. of pipe clay, and
4 oz. of French chalk.

Make a pante of the above with the following:
One oz. of^ rectified oU of turpentine, 3 oz. of
spirit of wine, and \% lbs. of melted oil soap.

Make up the compound into six penny or shil-
ling cakes for sale. These cakes arc to be kept
in water, or in small wooden boxes.

CLOTHES {Black), To cUau. -^ C\txa the
garments well, then boil four ounces of logwood
m a boiler or copper containing two or three gal-
Ions of water, for half an hour. Dip the cIoJics
in warm water, and squeeze dry; then put Ihcm
into the copi>cr and boil for half an hour. Take
them out, and add three drachms of sulphate of
iron ; boil for half an hour, then take them out,
and hang them up for on hour or two ; take ihcm
down, rinse tliem in three cold waters, dry well
and rub with a soft bru&h which has had a few
drops of olive oil rubbed on its surface. If the
clothes are threadbare about the elbows, cufli,
etc, raise the nap with a teaicl or lialf worn hal-
ter's card, filled with flocks, and when sufBciently
raised, lay the nap the right way wilh a hard brusK.
We have seen our old coats come out with a
wonderful dash of respectability after this c^r>
adoo.

CLOTHS {Bineh\ Ti HrvivewAen Faded.—
Boil three ounces of logwood in a quart of vinegar,
and when the color is extracted, drop in a piece
of carbonate iron the site of a brgc chestnut ;
let it boil five minutes. Have the articles to
be restore<l well sponged wilh soap and hoi wa-
ter, lying them on the tahle, and nru^h the nap
down with a sponge.' Tlien take the dye upon
the tabic aiui sponge them all over with it, tak-

»»

DiCTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WAISTS,

ing aure to ke«p them smooth, and brush down-
ward.

When completely wet with the dye, dissolve a
teaspoonful olsalcratus in a teacup of warm wa-
ter, and sjwingc nvcr again *ith this, which %t\%
tlic colur so cumpletny that nothing rubs ofT.
They must not be wrung or wrinkle*! but care-
fully hung up to drain. The brownest cloth
may be made a perfect black in thi<i simple man-
ner. So many people have fiulccl garments that
this recipe may be of service in restoring them
to a lively color,

CLOTlfS^ A Liquid Ui Extract Create from.
—Take one peck of lime; add thereto as mueh
water as unll dissolve the lime and leave about
two gallons of clear water after it has been well
stirml and settled. Let it «tand about two hours,
and then pour off the clear liquid into another
vessel. Now add to it three ounces of pearlash
for every gallon of the liquid, stir it well, and,
when settled* bfottle it for use. This liquor is to
be diluted with water, to suit the strength or
delicacy of the color of the cloth. It is applied
with a piece of co.ir»e sponge, rubbing out the
grease, and applying clear water aAerwards.

COVNTEkI*AXES {White) ami CALICO
QUI LI'S, To ;K7M.— \V.i5h them in the same
way as blankets, only with hard soap, and rinse
them in cold water. If convenient, it is the best
way to take them to a pump, and pump upon
them and pour off the water again and again, till
It is clear ; then wring them and hang them on
t)ie line. In this way one wringing is sived,
which is well, for it is some of the hardest work
that is done. The heaviest kind of counterpanes,
especially if they arc large, should be rinsed at a
pump, and taken in the tub to the clothes-line,
and put upon it without wringing.

COA 7\ T<f dean. — First clean the coat of
grease and dirt, then take one gallon of a strong
decoction of logwood nude by boiling logwood
chips in water. Strain this liquid, and when
cool, add two onnces of gum Arabic in powder,
which should be kept in well-stoppcd bottles for
use. Then go gently over the coat wiih a sponge
wet in the above liquid diluted to suit the color,
and hang it in the shade to dry. After which
brush the nap smooth, and it linll look at good
as new. T^e liquid will suit all brown or dark
colors if properly diluted, of which it is easy to
judge.

COA T COLLARS, To C/ean.— For cleaning
coat collars and nil woolen goods I recommend
the Soap-tree Bark, which can be procured at the
drug stores. Break a piece about two inches
square, into small bits, and pour over it a half
pint of bulling water ; let it stand an hour ur two,
then sponge the collar well with the liquor; a
Second sponging with clear water will clean it
nicely. Both washing and rinsing water should
be as warm as for fUmnd. We have by using
this bark %vashed black and blue Empress cloths
tQCcessfully and have cleaned IiaJr cloth choirs,
which had been soiled by contact wilh the head.

COTTOA\ To Remm;t Aftidnu from. — For
removing mildew from cotton cloth^ mix soft
soap and salt till stiff, rub on the mildewed
places, and lay in the hot sun, leaving it out
night and day, but taking great care the cloth
thoroughly dries during the day, or it may mil-
dew in other places.

CRAPE {Btack\ To Rermmf U^ater Stains
.—When a drop of water £bUs on a black

Coot

crape veil or collar, it leaves a conspicoous whde
mark. To obliterate this, spread the crape on a
table (laying on it a large book or a paper-wcigitt
to keep It steady), and place undcmeatn the staid
a piece of old hUck silk. Wtlh m large camel'w
hair bru&h dipped in commun ink* go ot<
stain; and then wipe oflfthc ink with a htl
of old soft silk. Il will dry immediately,
the white mark will be seen no more.

CRAPE, To Renf^v wkm O/J.—W
crape smoothly about a round stick a
— tne end of a broom handle will do — SAd
Have ready a lea kettle with water in it.
Pass the stick with the crape on il bock a
in fixtnl of the spoat, until the crape is th<
It steamed, but not until it is wet wilh
Then slip it off the slick, leaving it i
until fully drj'. This process also
color. If the crape is very old and
success is not so gratifying.

CR/AfSOAT nyE.~<)M ounce cream
two of alum, one of cochineal — two drachms I
ammoniac, four of peartash or <ioda, %ix
wheat bran. Take a brass kettle i*-ith fo
Ions of soft water — when scaldcti, put in
cream-tartar and alum — let it boil — put in
cloth, and stir occasionally lor an hour ; U
the cloth, rinse in cool water, and air ic;
the kettle and put in as much water a& k
add the bran tied in a bag, lake off the:
which rises while it heats ; take out the
the cochineal, boil, put in the cloth, stir
hour, rinse in cold water; tlien empty the'
put in as much of clean as before, warm, add i
sal-ammoniac, put in the cloth, stir five mict
then drain; now add thepearla&h and mix it,
put in the cloth, stir for ten minutes, take ov:
rinse — the ct>lor will be permanent and beat

CCRTA/A'S, 71? Chitn. — Never iron
window curtains, and be caieful not to make :
blue with indigo. Stretch them upon a man:
to dry, pinning down carefully the cxtrcnw i
of every point or scallop.

PRESSES, MOURNING, ToRtttvnu
FaJeJ, — Take two pints of water, and boi!
the following ingredients until it is reduced
one pint : two ounces of .\leppo galls, in powi:
twoounces of logwood ; oneounce ofgumj
then add one ounce of sulphate of iron.
evaporate to a powder. Another rtetipi.
eight ounces; logwtKxl. one ounce ; green
one ounce; iron tilings, one ounce; suma
ounce ; vinegar, one quart.

DRESSES, To Prtsrtve the Color y.— 1
colors ol merinos, nousseline de lames,
hams, chintzes, printed lawns, etc, mayb
served by using water tliaL is only milx
making a lather with while soap before you;
the dress, instead of rubbing it on the maiei
and stirring into a 6rst and lecoad tub ol v;
a large tablespoonful of ox gall. The gaA cac
obtained from the butcher, and a boClle o
should always be kept in every hcNise. Na
ored articles should l>e allowea to remaiak)n|
the water. They must be washed fost, and ll
rinsed throueh two cold wntcrs. Into each
ing water, stir a teaspoonful of vinegar, ^
wfll help to brighten the colors ; and one* rir
hong them out immediately. When ironin^-
(OT :*tiH a little damp), bring them in; have ir
ready heated, and iron them at once, as it
jures the colors to allow them to remain di
too long, or to sprinkle and roU them sp

WASfflKG, BLEACHING AND DYEING,

\

covering for ironing next day. If they cannot
be conveniently ironed immediately let tJiem
hang till tliey are nuite dry ; and then damp and
fold them on the following day, a quarter of an
hour before ironing. The best way is not to do
colored dresses on the day of the general wash,
but lo give them a moniingby themselves. They
should only be undertaken in dear bright weath-
er. H allowed to frecxe, the colors will be irre-
parably injured. We need scarcely say that no
colored, articiet should ever he boiled or scalded.
If yoa gel from a shop a slip for testing the du-
rability of colon, give it a fair trial by washing
it as above: aAerwmrds, pinning it to the ed|;e of
a towel, and hanging it to dry. Some colors,
(especially pinks and light greens), though they
may stana perfectly well in washing, will change
as soon as a warm iron is applied to them ; the
pink laming purplish, and the green bluish.
No colored article should be smoothed with a
but iron.

DRAB DYE, DARK, for WifoUn Vam.—
Boil one-eighth of a pound of green tea, in one
quart of water. When the strength is out, ad<l
oae-ruurth of a teaspoonful of copperas. Place
the yarn in while warm.

DRAB DYE, SILVER {Lij^ht).—Tor 5
lbs. goods — alum» I small teaspoon, and log-
wood about the same amount ; boil well together,
then dip the goods l hour ; if not dark enough,
add in equal quantities alum and logwood, until
suited.

D YE[SG. — ^Thc art of fixing coloring matters
uniformly and permanently in the fibres of wool,
silk, linen, cotton, and other substinces. Dyeing
is a chemicil process, and the mode of its per-
{bnnance depends upon the substance operated
on. Thus, It is fband that the process by which
wool \% dyed black, would only impart a rusty
brown to linen. Wool unites with almost all
coloring matters with great facility, silk in the
next degree, cotton less easily than silk, and
linen wiOi even more difficulty. Preparatory lo
the operation of dyeing, each of these substances
undergoes a species of preparation to free the
fibres from adhering foreign m-iiters, as dirt,
grease, etc, which would prevent the absorption
of the aqueous fluid to be afterwards applied, as
wdl as impair the brilliancy of the edge. Wool
^ cleaned or scoured by means of a w^k alkaline
lye, soap and water, or putrid urine; the lairer
being very generally used for this puruose. Silk
is cleaned uom the natural virnisn inal covers
i;, by boiling with white soap and water. Cotton
and linen are cleaned with alkaline lyes of more
or less density. The substances so prepared are
ready to undergo the various operatioiks of dye-
ing.

Among the rarious coloring materials employ-
ed by dyers, some impart their tints to difl^enl
sobstanoes by simple immersion in their infusions
or decoctions, ana have hence been called *'snb-
stanCive colors"; but by far the greater number
only itnpurt a fugitive dye, unless the fibres of
the stun have been previously filled with some
tubfitance, which has a strong affinity for the lat-
ter on the one h-ind, and the coloring material
on the other. The sul>stance« applied with this
intention are called "Mordants", and generally
exercise the double property of "firing" and
"striking" the color. TTtus. if calico l>e dyed
with a decoction of madder, it will only receive
a fugitive and dirty red tinge, but if it be first

run through a solution of acetate of alumina,
dri«l at a high temperature, washed, and then
run through a madder bath, it will come out of
a permanent and lively red. The principal
mordants are the acetates of iron and alumina,
sulphate of iron, alum, and some other chemical
salts. A perfect knowledi*e of the l-ichaviijr of
mordants, with different coloring substances, is
of paramount im[xirt.ince to the dyer.

After having received tb« proper moT'lants,
the goods are dried and rinseo, after which ther
are passed for a shorter or longer time through
an infusion, decoction, or solution of dyeing mate-
rials, which constitute the *Myc-baih"; Jieyare
again dried and rinsed. In many cases, the im-
mersion in the dve-bsth is repeated, either with
the same materials or with others to vary or mo<
dify the color. After the substances have been
properly dyed, they are subjected to .1 thorough
rinsing or washing in soft water, until the latter
runs off uncoloreif.

DYEING with Adds in Bmst A'^//A-/.— The
substance of the vessel in which articles are to
be dyed is of considerable importance, especially
where acid solutions are employed. Ilrass kettles
are most generally used for such operations ; but
scarlet, as well as some other dyes, in which
acids are used, cnn nut well be intrmluced into
such a vessel. Reimann's Journal of Dyeing ad-
vises, in this case, that half an ounce of quick-
silver sublimate for every ten or fifteen pounds of
wocd to be dyed be first added to the solution of
tin, anc^thc whole well stirred up and then al-
lowed to stand until the kettle becomes of a sil-
very white color, afler which the wool is to be
introduced and the dyeing prosecuted in the usual
manner. During the process the mercurial coat-
ing gradually becomes removed, and is subse-
quently to be renewed. The work is thus car-
ried on in what is equivalent to a quicksilver
kettle, since the brass u completely coated with
a layer of this metaL

DYES, F/XfNG.—yir. Kipping of Manch-
ester, England, has a new process of fixing dyes*
He dissolves 30 ounces of gelatine in water and
add* three ounces of IHchromale of potash. This
is done in a dark rrjom. The colormg matter is
then added and the goods submitted thereto;
after which they are exposed to the action of
light, the pigment thus becomes insoluble in wa-
ter and the color is fast

EMBROIDERY and GOLD LACE, T9
CUam. — For this purpose no alkaline liquors are
lo be used ; for while they clean the gold, they
corrode the silk, and change its color. Soap also
alters the shade, and even the species of certain
colors. Hut spirit of wine may be used without
any danger of its injuring either color or quality;
and, in many cases, proves as efTectnal lor restor-
ing the lustre of the gold, as the corrosive de*
tergents. But. though spirit of wine is the roost
innocent material employed for this puqsose, it
is not in all cases proper. The golden covering
may be in some parts worn off', or tlie Lnl&c met-
al, with which it has been alloyed, may be cor-
roded hv the air, so as to leave the particles of
the goli{ diiuniied ; while the tnver underneath,
tarnished to a yellow hue, may continue a toler-
able color, to the whole, so ilis apparent that the
removal of the tarnish would be prejudidal, and
make the Uce or embrDidery lesi like gold than
it was before.

F&A THERS, Tf Z)^— To dye them black.

4

J

34»

DfCTIOMARY OF EVERY-DAV WAffTS,

they should first be dipped in a mordant of
acel.ite of iron, and ihcn in a decoction of madder
and logwood* which should be boiling when
used. To produce blue feathers, indigo should
be used, ror crimson feathers, use a mordant
of acetate of alumina, and then dip them in a
decoction of Bruit wood in a boiling state. The
feathers will now be found to have a deep red
hue; the crim&on tint may be inuyirtcd by dip-
ping them in a hath of cudbear. To obtain roKC-
colorcd feathers use lemon juice and safflower.
Yellow feathers arc prepared by using, first, a
mordant of acetate of alumina, and then dipping
them in a solution of turmeric. The additicm of
a Utile soda to the solution of turmeric will give
an orange tint to the feathers. For green, use a
solution ol indigo and turmeric; and for lilac a
solution of cudbear. These solutions should l>e
used in a Iwiling state, and the fenthers allowed
to simmer in them until they have assumed the
required tint. Before the feathers are immersed
in any of the dyes, they should be dipped into
hot water, and allowca to drain l>cfore tlicy are
plunged into the boiling coloring matter. As
aoon as they arc taken out of the dye. they
should be rinsed two or three times in cold wa-
ter, and then laid before a moderately hot fire to
dry. When they begin to dry, tnc feathers
should be passed gently between the thumb and
finger until they resume their original form. The
featlicrs may l>e curled by passing the vanes or
laminx, on each side of the central shaft over a
blunt jiicce of iron, such as the back of a knife.

FEA r/fERS{Ojtrick), To cA-dw.— Cut some
white curd soap in small pieces, pour boiling wa-
ter on them, and add a little penrlosh. When
the soap is quite dissolved, and the mixture cool
enough for tnc hand to licar, plunge the feathers
into it. draw the feathers through the hand till
the dirt appears squeezed out of them, pass them
through a clean lather with some blue m it, then
rinse in cold water with blue to give them a good
color. Beat them against the hand to shake off

the water, and dry by shaking them near a fire.

perf
with a blunt knife or ivory paper-folder.

%Vhen perfcctl

dry t)
y dry.

curl each fibre separately

FEATHERS i^White); To ./^-jh. — Wash
them well in sofl water, with white soap and
blue; rub them through very clean white paper,
beat them on the paper, shaice them l»eforc the
fire, dry tliem in the air, and afterward curl
them.

FLAKNEL {^'ru>\ To Jf'iiM.— Cut the soap
small and boil it in a little water. Have two tubs
with water as hot as the hands can bear ; pre-
viously blue the water well, to keep the color of
the flannel, and put some of the boiled soap in-
to one tub to m.'uce a lather ; then wash the flan-
nel without squeezing it. I*ut it into the other
tub, and wring it in a large towel. Shake it out
then, and, after drying it smooth with a cool
iron.

The flannels should not be rubbed with soap,
nor should the material itself be rubbed, us m
washing linen, etc. ; the fibres of the wool con-
tain numberless little hooks, which the rubbing
knots together; hence the tliickening of the fabric
and consequent shrinking in its dimensions.

FJMJVK'EL, To IVMUen when iWAni;.— Flan-
ncl which has become yellow with use may be
whitened by putting it for some time in a solu-
tion of hard soap, to which strong ammonia has
been added, liie proportions we give are one

and a half pounds of hard curd soap, fifty ponndr
of soft water and two-thirds of a pound of stroi^
ammonia. The same object may be attained hi
a shorter time by placing the garments for i
quarter of an hour m a weak solution of btsil-
phite of soda to which a little hydrochloric adJ
tias been added. Tliis latter proces^s we dan
say, will be effectual, and probably the oulx
aad solution mentioned above wqqM answer the
purrxise as well.

GLOVES, To />!'/.— Leather rlores, if aol
greasy, may be dyed with any of the onlinary
ayes by brushing the loiter over the glores
stretched out smooth. The surface alooe wmid
be wetted, and a second or third cost nay he
given after the former one has become dry.
When the la«t coat has become thoroughly drjj
the superfluous color should be well rubbed out,
a smooth surface given them by rubbing with s
polished stick or piece of ivory, ami the whole
gone over with a sponge dipped in white of <ȣ

CLOVES{Kid), ToCUan.~^\.^\A tfaegto«cs
on your hand and wash them, as if you wot
washing your hands, in some spirits of tm-
pentine, until quite clean ; then hang them up in
a warm place, or where there is a current of air,
and all smell of the turpentine will be removei

2. To clean kid gloves, have ready a htile nrv
milk in one naucer, a piece of white soap ui as*
other, and a clean clom folded two or three limes.
On the doth spread out the glove smooth ind
neat. Take a piece of flannel, dip it ia the milk,
then rub off a good quantity of soap on the wet-
ted flannel, and commence to rub the glore to-
ward the fingers, holding it firmly with the left
hand. Contmue this process until the glove, if
white, lo^ks of a dmcy yellow, though desn; if
colored, till it looks dry and spoiled. Lay it to
dry, and the operator will soon be gratified to
see that the old glove looks nearly new. It wiD
be soA, glossy, tmo>:>th, and cUsDc

3. Wrap a fine cloth around your finp---
in new milk, and then rub on fine soap

the glove lightly. In all the above oprrju-^ai
the glove must be on the hand.

4. Take fine curd soap, one pound, scrape it
into a powder, put into ajar, and pour npaftil
from time to time, sufficient strong alcohol to
make it into a thick jelly ; add one tcaspoonfiil vT
ether on one half teaspoonful liquor pntisve.
mix and put into bottles well corked. To use,
put the ^ores on the hands, rub on the nrepan
tion with a piece of flannel, when the dirt «i3
disappear.

5. It is well known that common benziiie if
the best substance to take the greasy dirt Oflt 0^
lesther gloves, as it docs not attack the letlbtf
like most of the other substances sometimes sscd
for that purpose. Those who make it a prefer
sion to clean gloves, put them all together ia i
large, wide mouthed jar with glass stopper, ^'^
it is about half full, cover the gloves with fc<3>-
zine, close the stopper, and shake thf wMr
several times, letting it rest alternately. 1^
gloves arc then taken out, one by one, and ex*
amined. If any dirt spots have remained, ihcy
are rubbed out with benzine; the glove is ihefl
wrung out and hung up to dry. If such ^<ms
were, however, to be worn after simply air dtT*
ing, the higher temperature of the hand vMH
C3use the evaporntion with an unpleasant odtf
of the benzine which, at the lower temreratnci
was left behmd. Hence the/ ore djncd ftt s

WASHING, BLEACHING AND DYEING.

349

bemperature of some 200", between plates heate<l

irith boilinc water, which removes all traces of

benzine, and consequent odor.

, The benitne remaining in the bottle after har-

bg been used a few times becomes (Hrtjr; but as

bcoxine is so cheaii as (o make it not worth, while

recover it by reuistillationwhcn thus soiled, all

bve cleaners throw it away.

GLG t'£S{ IVhiU LtatAfi), To C^on.— White

eather cloves may be clean»i to look very well,

ty putting nn one at a time, and going over them

loroughry with a shaving brush and lather.

fhca wipe them off with a clean handkerchief or

qtougc and dry Ibem on the hands by the fire

in the sun.

GLOl'ES {IVaiA-Leathtr), To C/rtiif. — Re-
Biove the grease spots by rubbing with magnesia
: cream of tartar, prepare a lather of lukewarm
ater and white soap; wash the gloves in it,
ring them, and squeeze them through a fresh
ther. Rinse first in lukewarm water, then in
>ld, and stretch them (on wooden hands, ifpos-
klc) to dry in the suo or before a fire.
CREASE SPOTS, To A/ffwrp/. — Dissolve
I ounce of pure pearlash in a pint of spring
atcr, and to the solution add a lemon cut in
bnall Alices. Mix the ingre<licnts well, keep the
lure in a warm slate for a couple of days,
en strain it and bottle the clear liquid for use.
little of this poured on stains of grease, pitch,
' oil, will remove them. As soon as they
Ksappear the cloth should be w'ashed in clear
ater.

GREEN DYE, for AU.-wool Goods.— \.
lean the cloth or goods by steeping in soap
ids, then rinse in several different messes of
dean water, and lay aside moist.
3. Steep the cloth or goods one hoar or longer
a bath made by dissolving the alum in the
kage marked. Alum to mordant grten on
Ati, in a clean brass or copper kettle, with
the amount of clean water deemed necessary to
ivork the goods in easily. After the conclu.tion
of this sleeping or mordanting, lift the goods
from the batn. drain or wring well, and lay aside

E«^oist in a clean place.
3. Inclose the fustic chips in a 1>ag of tow
oth, and steep them from one to two hours in
ft brass or copper kettle with the amount of clean
waCer deemed necessary to work the cloth or
goods in easily ; then take out the bag of fustic,
and let the bath cool to a bluud heat. When the
bath is thus cooled, add the sulphate of indigo
paste in small portions at a time, stirring con-
stantly, till the desired shade of green is obtained
(a pomt lo be ascertained by testing with a piece
of unsizcil }>aper after each addition of the indigo
paste) ; then put in the still moist doth or goods,
and work them thirty minutes at a little more
than blood-heat; after i^luch lift out the goods
from the bath, and add the alum in the package
marked, Almm to raiti foiof in green on-woolnt^
and stir till dissolved; then put in the cloth or
goods, and work again twenty minutes at the
some degree of heat; HA out, cool thoroughly,
rinse in several dincrcnt messes of clean water,
and dry m the shade.

(A single pound of woolen goods requires al>aut
fear gallons of water to work it in easily, cither
whca mordanting or when dyeing. Larger quan-
Ikict of these goods do not ncciTquitc *> much
I water in proportion. Use a clean wooden rod
l|6f stirring tlus dye.

GREEN DYE for Cot/o/i.—i. If the cotton
is new boil in weak lye or strong suds ; then
wash, and dry; give the cotton adip in the home-
made blue dye-tub until blue cnouj^h is obtained
to make the green as dirk as required, take out,
dry, and rinse the goods a little i then make a
dye with fustic, )^ lb., logwood, 3 ox., lo each I
Hk of goods, by boiling the dye 1 hour ; when
cooled so as to bear the haml, put in the cotton,
move briskly a few minutes, and let lie in I houi^
takeout, and let it thoroughly drain; dissolve,
and add to the dye, for each ib. of cotton, blue
vitriol, ^ oz., and dip another hour ; wring out,
and let dry in the shade. By adding or uimin*
ishing the logwood and fustic, any shade of
green may be obtained.

2. For cotton goods: One pound of fustic, two
ounces ol logwood and one ounce of blue vitriol,
will color four or five pounds of goods. Boil the
logwood and fustic until the strength is out, then
add the vitriol, mix well, and put in ihe goods ;
stir ten or fifteen minutes, then wring them oat
and scour in strong soap suds,

3. Fur eight pounds of cotton goods, two
pounds offusttc,two ounces of blue vitriol, one pint
of soft soap, four ounces chips of logwood. Soak
the logwood over night in soft water in a vessel
of brass, place it over the fire in the morning,
adding the other ingredients. When quite hot
it is ready for dyeing ; it makes no cfiflerence
whether you wet the goods or not, provided you
liavc dye sufhcicnt to color well. Vou can ob-
taiodirTercnt shades by letting port of the goods
remain longer in the dye.

GREEN D YE for Silk. — ^Take green ebony,
Itoil it in water, and let it settle; take the clean
liquor OS hot as you can bear your hands in it,
.ind handle your goods in it until of a bright yel-
low; then take water and put in a little sulphate
of indigo ; handle your goods in this till of the
shade wanted. The ebony may previously be
boiled in a bag, to prevent it from sticking to the
silk.

HATS, To /)>v.— The hats should be first
strongly galled by boiling tlicm a lang time in a
decoction of galls with a little logwood, that the
dye mar penetrate the better into their substance;
after wfuch a proper quantity of vitriol and de-
coction of lofifwood, with a little verdigris, are
added, and the hats continued in this mixture
for a considerable time. They arc afterwards
put into fresli liquor of logwood, galls, vitriol,
and verdigris ; and where tnc hats arc of great
]irice, or of a hair which with difficulty takes the
dye, the same process is repeated a third time.
For obtaining the most perfect color, the hair or
wool is dyed blue prcviuusly to its being formed
into hats.

HOSE (lYoo/en), To H'*u)l.— If new, soak
oil night, then wash in hot suds with beef's
i^all, a lablespoonful to half a poil of water.
Rinse till no color comes out. Then stretch on
slocking frames, or iron ihem when damp on
the wrong side.

INDIGO or CHEMIC, Ex/mrt cf — For
good chemic or extract of indigo, tike od of
vitriol, >i lb., and stir into it indigo, finely
ground, 3 oz., continuing the stirring at first (or
>i hour; now cover over, and stir 3 or 4 time*
doily fur 2 or 3 days ; then put in a crumb of
salcratus and stir it up, and if it foams, put in
more and stir, and add as long as it foam« ; the
salenius neulraliccs any excess of acid ; ihco put

»

DICTIONARY OF EVERV^DA V liTAXT^.

into a cIiLSS vessel and cork up tight. It im-
proves uy standing.

JROXIXO. — In ironing a shirt, first do ihc
back, then the sleeves, then the collar and bo-
som* and then the fronL Iron calicoes generally
on the ri^hc side, as they thus keep clean for a
longer time. In ironing a frock, first do the
waist, then the sleeves, then the skirt. Keep the
skirt rolled while ironing the other parts, and set
a chair to hold the sleeves while ironing the
ftkirt, unless a skirt-board be used. Silk Miould
be ironed on the wrong side, when quite damp,
with an iron which is not very hot ; light colors
are apt to change and fade. In ironing velvet,
turn up the face of the iron, and after dampening
the wrong side of the velvet, draw it over the
&ce of the iron, holding it straight ; ahvays iron
lace and needlework on the wrong side, and car-
ry thetn away as soon as they are drv.

I^tC RED DYE.— For 5 lbs. ^s, argtd,
10 oz.; boil a few minutes; then mix hnc ground
be, I lb., with muriate of tin, iV lb.; and let
them stand 2 or 3 hours ; then add half of the I.ic
to the argnl dye, and dip |^ hour; then add the
balance of the lac, and dip again i hour; keep
Uie dye at a boiling heat, until the last half hour,
when the dye may be cooled off.

LACE ami MUSLIN, To Wash and Inm.
— ^[uslin or lace should ne^-cr l>e rubbed in
washing. Take while soap in proportion to the
muslin you have to waih, shave it down, and
boil it with soft water lilt it dissolves. \Vhcn
cold, it should be as thick as jelly; mix a part of
this jelly with soft tepid water, so as to be strong
of the soap ; let the muslins lie in this for a night,
then add boiling water ; move thcra op and
down in the water, repeatedly squeezing them
through the hands, so as to wa^h them, but do
not rub them. Having steeped them well in
ftoap and water before, makes mbbing quite un-
necesj^ary ; tie them loo»ety up in a pillow <ase,
and with' soft water and tne rest ot the boiled
soap, boil them for a couple of hours. If in the
country, they should be laid out on the grass to
bleach (without the snap being washed out), and
watered %\)ien necessary, so as to keep them
moist. If in town, where no bleaching on the
graiis can be procured, put them into a washing
tub, and, having poured boiling water over them,
leave ihcm in tne back court in the air for the
rest of the d.iy, and during the night in the water;
this lias a great efieci in w-hitening them; in either
case, after I>eing bleached, rinse them twice
through cold water, to clear them completely
from the soap, and hang them up to dry before
being starched. A piece of lace, or any small
article, can l»c vrrj- well bleached by being put
outside the window in the sun, m a crvslal
bottle of water, having been previously wasned,
and the soap left in it. It is a frequent practice
not to boil the starch, but to mix it with boiling
water, to hang up the muslins or laces the mo-
ment ihcy have been nut through the starch, and
squeezed out ; and wnen dry, and as hard as a
piece of board, then they water them (as it is
calle<l), leaving one spot dry and the rest wet,
so that to stretch them out for ironing, without
tearing them, is almost impossible. This mode
of proceeding may account for the melancholy
frequency of torn lace, and the dull heavy ap-
pearance nf beautiful worked collars, looking as
if they had been partially rublwrd over with flour
and water. To give them that light transparent

look which adds so much to their beauty, the
treatment must lie very diflerent ; the stanji
should be mixed in a little cold voix water, and
bruised down with the liack of a sixion till qinte
smooth ; more water should be added, tit! it rv.
sembles thin milk, then boiled in a gbLzvd-stooe
pipkin, till it becomes clear and thick, bo as Id
lefly when cold. The muslin and lacv^ fboidd
ije put through the starch while it i .m;

squeczetl out first in the hand, tlv [, %

clean smooth doth, so as to get as ki,^^u ^ ^Mi-
sible of the starch out without fmyiiig tbcn b
any way. Tbe cloth mast no( ht twisted nnmd
in tlie slightest degree, but gently nrrssed be-
tween the nands, putting hut a ft-w oftheariieles
in at one time; ench article should then be taktt
separately, held lightly by the two rnds with Ac
forefinger and thumb of each band, and bcalcn
between the palms of both hands for a few iiua-
utes; next shaken out and drawn, »o thai eadi
thread in the muslin is perfectly straight, and
the shape of the collar is carefully preserved. If
after holding it up between you and the light,
you find that in some pnrts it is not stiffideirtly
clear, then a little drawing up and down on thcwe
spots will be necessary, so as to free c\^ry thread
from the starch. It should then be folded np in
a damp cloth, and each article put beside it, u
soon as it has gone throtigh the same process, 10
that the whole may have a slight degree ofdmp*
ness when ironed. When it is not convauenl
tu do up muslins the moment they are stardied.
it answers well, after they have l>een souccnd in
the cloth, to fold up eadi article, ana lolevrc
them wrapped up together in a cloth for sonik
hour?;, or a night, to clear themselves. VStea
this is done they generally rcanire only to be
drawn a little, and folded up for ironing; bol
where great clearness is to be obtained, the stiff-
er the starch and the more thev are beaten tbc
better. In getting up fine i^ingv well mod)
also depends on the ironing. The irciainf
blanket should be thick, so that the wors
on the collars, etc. , should have a raised
look after being ironed. When the blanket
is thin the hard surface of the table flattens tbe
work, and infures the api^earance. The iromD{
blanket should be covered with a piece of tlii>i
smooth, long cloth kept for the purpose, aad
washed each time it is used. In spreading ool
the collar, or whatever you are about to iron, »«
that it lies perfectly even, and that each thread b
straight up and down ; also that the iron has \:^n
caremlly cleaned, first rubbed on a piece of (Jt!
carpet, and then wijied with a ckak ; and «b»
that it is not too hot. Singeing f« a ooiddkii
fault with the inexperienced, and it is a wry W
one ; for, even when it is not to such a degne n
to hum, which may easily happen vtih a nW
thin muslin, still it leaves a yellow shade. wKitf
not only destroys the ai^pearance at the time, tat
is verv difficult to get na of. A little practice ti
handling the irons will soon accustom one to ibt
degree of heat necessan', and till that is the cis<
an old pi>ckcl hanilVerchicr, or some such ttoiC.
should be at hand to try ench iron upon V-efcf*
you venture to iron any thing of consequence.
t)o not pass your iron frequently over thetiwc
place if you wish the muslin to retain the stiff-
ness, ana also you should hang the article on*
screen before tne fire the moment it J* ironed;
it becomes soft if folded up with the sEghl^
dampness upon iu Lace, whidi to look wot

WASHING, BLEACHING AND DYEING.

shouLd not be stifT, is improved and cleared by
being put through cold water as soon as it has
been starched ; it should then be squeezed out,
held by eiich hand, very slightly beaten between
the palnis of the hands, and gendy drawn out.
In drawing out the edge the nails must never
touch it. It should all be done by the ball of
the thumb and the forclinger, and ironed once or
twice over to take out the litiflenLnK. ^Vhen lace
is sewed to a muslin collar, and washed wilh it,
as the collar requires to be stifllcr than the lace,
it will be iieccitsary, after putting it through the
starch, and clearing it, by heating and drawing
it, to gather the lace together in the hand, and
dip it inlo cold water, so as to take out a good
deal of the starch, taking care not to wet the col-
lar ; but this is only necensary where the lace is
put on with very litilc fullness, or quite plain.
Where it is pul on full enough Co be set up in
small pipes with the French irons, or, rather,
curling tongs (as they may be called), it is not
necessary to extract any portion of tne starch ;
the lace is the better for being stiff, and, if rather
damp when set up in these small pipes they will
retain a regular and tidy appearance as long as.
the colbr can be worn. These small French
irons are to be got of different »izes, and answer
remarkably well for nightcap borders, or frills of
Miy kind. When making use of them you should
be near a stove or 6rc, where they can be fre-
quently heated \ for, as they can not be used
when very hot, for fear of singeing the lace,
they require to be constantly heated, and must
be wiped with a cloth caca time before being
%acd.

LACE {iVhiU Sitk) cr BUnd, To Wash.—
Take a tfbck bottle covered with clean linen or
muslin and wind the hlond round it, (securing the
ends with a necvllc and thread,) not leaving tlte
edge outward, but covering it as you proceed.
Set the lx>ttle upright in a strong cold lather of
white soap and very clear suft water, and place
it in the sun, having gently wilh your hand rub-
bed the suds up and down on the lace. Keep it
in the sun every d.iy for a week, changing the
lather daily, and always rubbing it slightly when
you renew the suds. At the end of the week,
take the blond off the bottle. and(without rinsing)
pia it backward and forward on a large pillow
corered with a clean tight case. Every scallop
mast have a separate pin ; or more, if the scallops
are not very small. The plain edge must oe
pinned dourn al«o, so as to make it straight and
even. The pins should be of ihc smallest size.
When quite dry, take it off, but do not starch,
iron, or press iL Lay it in long loose folds, and
put it away in a pasteboard box.

Thread laoc ntay be washed in the same
manner.

lACE {Biack), To C/am.— Sponge the lace
cmrefnlly with green tea, and n'ind it round and
roiund a l>onIe to dry, for if touched with an iron
it would Iiv*k glossy and flattened. Some people
fill the bottle with warm water, which causes the
lace tn dry more quickly. It muxt not be placed
the nre, as it would give it a rusty appear-

LACE, To Htnifpat^. — Xj^ett we are told,
may be re§tored to its original whiteness by first
ironing it slightly, then folding it up neatly, and
sewing it inta a clean linen bag. This bag is
now kept for twenty-four hours in pure ohve oil,
while in the meantiinc a strong solutioo of soap

is made in water. The twg. on being taken out
of the oil, is put into this boiling solution, and
kept tliere for a quarter of an hour ; after which
it IS taken out, well rinsed in lukewarm water,
and t1\cn dipped into water containing a slight
proportion of starch. AU that rcnmiiu to
be done now is to lake the bee out of the
liag, iron it, and stretch it with pins till perfectly
dry.

LACE{GoU or SUver\ To C^^it.— Lay the
lace smooth on a woolen carpet or piece of wool-
en clolh, and brush it free from du>I, then bum
rock alum and powder it fine, and afterwards
sift it through a lawn sieve; then rub it over the
lace with a 6ne brush, and in so doing it will
take off the tarni.sh and restore it to its bright-
ness, if it be not too much worn on the threads.

LAMA DRESS, To (K^j-S.— Boil one pound
of the best rice in one gallon of water for three
hours. When boiled pour off what will be suffi-
cient to starch the dress; waidi the dress well in
the remainder, rinse it in clecn cold water, wring
it well, then starch it with the rice water tlut
was kept for that purpose, and h.in^ it licfore the
fire to dry. When dry enough iron wilh a cool
iron, as it is liable to scorch. If some parts of
the dress get too dr;)r, they must be damped with
a wet dotn whilst ironing. No soap must be
used. The best way is to boil the rice on the
previous day, and merely warm it up the next
morning, for then you have the day before you
to complete the whole, as the dress mu9t on no
account lie damp, even fur an hour, or the colors
will be sure to run. Thi« receipt will be found
equally well suited to delicate pointed muilins
and piqut's as to lama and alpaca dresses.

LAiVNS, To H'ash. — Delicate lawn and mus*
lin dresses arc so frequently .spoiled by ivad wash-
ing, the colors of the fabric yielding so rc;ulily
to the action of soap, that it is well to adopt a
new method of cleansing the hnest materials, and
imparting to them the appearance of newness.
Take two quarts of wheal bran and boil it for
half an hour in soft water. Let it cool, then
strain it, and pour the strained lli.|uur inlo the
water in which the dress is to be washed. Use
no soap, one rinsing alone is rcquiretl, and no
starch. The bran water not only removes the
dirt, and insures against change of color, but
gives the fabric a pleasantcr stiffness than any
preparation of starch. If the foUU are drawn
from the skirts and sleeves, (he dress will iron
l>etter; and will appear, *vhcn prepared in tliis
way, as fresh as new.

L/.V£X{ TabU\ To Wask.—lX is poor econo-
my to boil or freeie table cloths if orown. It
gives them an old, yellow look. White ones
may be kept clear by spreading for a few hours
in the hot sun, or on the snow when the sun
shines. If there are fruit stains on them pour
boiling water over them before washing. The
boihng and freezing make them soft, and once
hanging on the Une in ihe air and freezing dry
wears linen more than two weeks coiisunt use.
A little starch should be added to the la-st water
and they should be hung up straight on frames
to dry. If they dry in a twist, they cannot be
ironed smooth without extra pains.

LINEN, To Kfwufvt Staint from. — Stains
occasioned by fruit, iron rust, and other similar
causes, may be removed by applying to the parts
injured a weak solution of the chloride of lime
—Che cloth having been previously wcU washed

^

DTCTIONAR Y OF E VER YD A Y WAfTTS,

— or uf s(kIa, oxalic acid, or salts of lemon in
warm water. I'hc parts subjected to this opcra-
liun should U: sub&equenlly well rinsed in soft,
clean, uarm water, Vitthout soapi and be im-
mediately dried m the sun.

LINEN, WHITENING,^ k^nT^\n% loa
French writer, crystallized carbonate of soda,
although so great a favorite with the washer-
wumen, is a declared foe to linen, since, not-
withstanding lU cleansing power, it attacks the
filMC, and after a time makes it so rotten as to
cau*« it to (ear, almost at the touch. An im-
provement on this substance, it is said, consists
in the employment of a solution in the propor-
tion of two pounds of snap to twenty-five quarts
of warm water, to whicn are to be added one
tablespoonful of essence of turpentine and three
spoonfuls of ammonia. The mixture is to be
stirred by the help of a little broom, and (he
linen immersed in it for several hours, the tub
being completely covered. The articles arc then
to be washed in the ordinary way. rinsed in tepid
water, and then blued, if this is necessary. The
tame solution can l>e used twice over by heating
again and ad<Ung half the amntinl given of es-
sence of turpentme and aminonin.

It is claimed that this process is accompanied
by great economy of time, labor, and fuel, and
ihat the Iincn CKpcncncc\ little or no injury. ni>-
pearing finally in a condition of irrepronchabie
whiteness. 1 ne ammonia, it is said, docs not
exert any corroiive effect upon the fibre, since
it evaporates immediately ; and the odor of the
torpcniine entirely disappears in drying.

//A'/:* A', Sitimf^ of. — The peculiar smooth
linen cillcd Holland in the United States, and
used for window-shades, is sized with the fol-
lo^nng prepamtinn : Carbonate of soda, (crystal-
lized,) I part; white wax, 4 to 6 parts; stcarioc,
4 to 6 parts ; pure white soap, 4 to 6 parts ; fine
Paris white or carbonate of magnesia, 20 parts ;
potftto*starch, 40 parts ; fine wheat-starch, 160
ports.

This is boiled with sufficient water to form
1600 parts altogether. If necessary, some ultra-
marine is added to counteract the yellow tint of
the linen. The linen is starched with this pre-
paration, passed between rollers, and dried. It
IS then sprinkled with soap-water and placed in
the stamping-mill, afterward steamed and cal-
endered.

A mixture of the first four or five ingredients
named above is sold by druggists as a pre{Mra-
tion for improving the htarch used for stiffening
shirt-collars, etc.

LILAC DYE,— Vox every pound of silk, take
one and a half pound of archil, mix it well with
the liquor ; make it boil a tjuarter of an hour, dip
the sillc quickly, then let it cool, and wash it in
river water, and a fine half violet, or lilac, more
Or less full, will be obtained.

LIQUID DYE COLORS. — \, (Blue.) a.
Dissolve litmus in water, and add <^ of spirit of
wine. — b. Dilute Saxon blue or sulphate of
indigo with water. If required for delicate work,
neutralize the acid with chalk. — r. To an acjue-
ous infusion of litmus add a few drops o( vine-
gar, till it turns full blue.

2. (I*urple. ) a. Steep htmus in water and
strain. — b. Add a little alum to a strained decoc-
tion of logwood. — c. Add a solution of carmine
' red) to a little blue solution of litmus or Saxon

and

3. (Green.) a. Dissolve crTstallized verdigni
in water. — *. Dissolve sap green in water,
add a httle alum. — c. Add a lilUcr »alt of tart
a blue or purple solution of litmus, till it
green. — </. Dissolve equal parts ofcryslall
verdigris and cream of tartar in watcr^ u»d
little gum arabic. Used as an ink Cor ~

4. (Yellow.) a. Dissolve gamboge
and add a little gum arabic and aliuu.
ink, to stain paper, color maps. etc. — h.
gamboge in equal parts of proof spirit
tcr. Golden colored. — c. Steep French berriei
in hot water, strain, and add a little gum ud
alum. — </. Steep turmeric, round zedooi
bogc, or annotto, in spirits of winr.— «>,
annotto in a weak lye of subcubcmate of
potash. All the above are used by
florists.

5. (Red.)tf. Macerate ground Brazil in vinfr
gar, boil a few minutes, strain, and add ■ Ihtlc
alum and gura.— b. Add viiiegar to an
of litmus tilt it turns red. — c. Boil at
powdered cochineal m water; strain, and
little alum and gura. — d. Dissolve carmii
limior of ammonia, or in weak carbonate of
asn water ; the former is superb.

All the preceding, thickened with a little
are used as inks ioj writing, as colors loi
maps, foils, paper, artificial (lowers, etc.,
pflint on velvet. Some of them ore very
tiful. It must be observed, however, that
made with strong spirit do not mix, w^
gum. unless diluted with water.

MADDER REDDYE/cr H'«/.— To
lb. of goods — alum 5 or. ; red, or cream
tar, I oz. ; put in the goods and bring yotiri
to a boil for )^ hour ; then air them and
hour longer; then empty your kettle and fill
clean water, put in bran i peck ; ni.ikc it
warm and let it stand until the bran rises,
skim off the bran and put in madder % lb. ;
in yuur goods and heat slowly until it boils
is done, ^'ash in strong suos.

MERIXOS, To /f'tfj*.— An old meriito
be made to look as good as new by first n(
to pieces the skirt, and aAcrwnrd washing
breadth separateir in warm suds, being car
to rinse only in clean warm water %m&.
water after warm will shrink any kind of
goods. Iron while quite damp on the
side. Afterward fold one <loublc on the
side; placing over it a clean newspaper, audi
with a very hot flat, in this way nuking tke
fuld in all new double folded goods.

MILDEW^ To Remcve. — 'X^^ two
of chloride of liaic, pour on it a quart of
water, then add three quarts of cold water;
the linen twelve hours, when every spot will
extracted.

MUSLINS, PIQUES, ETC., FPtmk
thod of Washing. — Prepare some rather wi
(not hut) lather, made with soft waiei Uld
best while soap; wash the dresses one at a 1
but do not soak them. As soon as the first
er looks soiled squeete the dress from it,
once wash it again in a fresh lather. Wl
thoroughly clean^ rinse in pure cold water,
in water slighll/^blued; squeeze (not wring)
water cnmpTctcfy from the dress, and hang if
a shaded place to dry; if wet weather* dry it
the fire. The best prints will Bide il hvn|;|
the sunshine. . '

NANKEEN DYE. —Anootlo •U

bod

and

WASHING^ BLEACHING AND DYEING.

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canal parts ; water sufficient ; boil till disiolvcd.
The proportion of potash is varied according to
the stiade required ; the alkali darkens it. IJsed
to dye nankeen color, but chiefly to restore the
color of faded nankeen clothing.

ORANGE /?Kf. — This may be given by
mixing red and yellow dyes in various propor-
tions. A very good fugitive orange may be given
with annouo, by pa«>»ing the goo<Is through a
solution made witn equal parts ofannotloand
pearlash ; or still belter, through a bath made of
t part of annotto dissolved In a lye of I partcach
of lime and pcariash, anil 3 parts of socia. The
shade may oc reddened by passing the dyed
goods through water acidulated with vinegar,
lemonjuicc, or citric add; or through a solution
of alum. The goods are sometimes passetl
through a weak alum mordant beArc immersion
in the bath.

ORANGE DYE far Cotton, — Tot 5 lbs.
goods — sugar of lead 4 oz. ; boil a few minutes,
and when a little cool put in the goods, dip 2
hours, wring out; make a new dye with bichro-
mate of potash 8 oz. ; madder 2 oz. ; dip until it
suits ; if the color should be too red, take off a
small sample and dip it into lime water, when
the choice can be taken of the sample dipped in
the lime or the original color.

ORANGE D YE far tV^o/.— For 5 lbs. goods,
mnriate of tin, 6 tablespoons ; argal, 4 oz. ; boil
and dip 1 hour; tlten add to the dye, fustic, 3*4
lbs. ; boil 10 minutes, and dip 5^ hour; and add
again to the ^ye, madder^ I teacup, dip again
)i hour.

Cochineal in place of madder makes a much
brighter color, which should be added in small
quantities until uleawd. About 3 oz.

ORANGE DYE/jr 5i7*.— Bloodroot. boiled
in brass, and set with alum, will color an orange
color that is not easily faded* Old silk (hat is
not very (air will do very well for this kind of
color.

PINK DYE.-'t, For every three pounds of
goods, take three and a half quarts of water, or
enough to cover the article* you wish to color.
Take two ounces of cochineal, and a half an
ounce of cream tartar, steep the cochineal in warm
water two hours, or until the strength is entirely
extracted, and add the cream tartar ; then wasfi
the cloth in clean water, wring it out and put it
in the dye ; bring U to s scalding heat ; let it re-
main a few moments and it will be finished. If
a light color is wanted use less cochineal — if a
dark, more — the shade depending on the quan-
tity of cochineal used.

a. Balm flowers, steeped in water, color a
pretty rose.

3. Make a solution of the carmine in a carmine
saucer, and set it with alum.

PINK DYE for Cottem,~Two pounds red-
wood ; four ounces of solution of tin ; boil the
wood one hour, turn off into a tub, then add the
tin, and put in the cloth ; let it stand a few mtn- |
utcs (five or ten), and a nice pink will be pro-
duced. This will color four pounds of goods;
IS quite a last color.

PIA'K D YE for IVooi.—Yia 3 Ibt. of goods
^-olum. \ ur., b*}il and dip thd goods 1 hour ;
then adrl, to the dye, cream of tartar, 4 or.;
cochineal, welt pulverized, 1 oz^; boil well and
dip the goods while boiling, until the color
Sttila.

PINK DYE far SilA, — After alaming,

handle the goods to be dyed in peach-wood liquor
till the color desired; then L-ikr out and put in
a Utile alum liquor, handle the goods a little lon-
ger, take out, rinse in water, and hni'^h. In
most cases, where the shade is not dark fbougb*
the oj>eration must be repeated.

FiNK for Lutings, — To loo pounds of
wool lAc 8 pounds of cochineal, 5 pounds of tar-
tnr, 10 pounds of scarlet spirit, ,^ ]X}und of tin
crystals. Boil all together until dissolved; then
cool off the dye to 170° Fah.; enter and handle
well; boil for half an hour. If the wttol shoold
not color even in ten minutes, use a few pounds
of muriatic acid, (See "Scarlet on Wool.") If
this color be used for listings on while flannels,
add about 6 pounds more scarlet spirit to the
wool, ju&t before taking it out. This additional
tin acid will (aiilen the cochineal mure, without
rotting the wool. The color will stand the soap
belter; and to keep the color from running be-
fore bleaching entirely, tlic scourer must add a
solution of I pound of muriatic acid to the last
rinsing of the flannel. If the cochineal should
have stained the white, then rinse in cold water
before fastening the spots, by the sulphur, when
bleaching.

PONCEON. — loo pounds of fabric Color
scarlet first, as given in redpe for scarlet on
wool, in another place, but leave out the flavinc,
or yellow dyestuff. .■Mtcr the goods are well
rinsed, prepare a kettle wiih fresh water; heat it
to 180^ Fan.; strain into it 5 pounds of cochineal
paste; stir all well together, and enter the fabric;
handle it for half an hour without boiling; rinse
and dry. Instead of amnioniatcd cochineal, 3
ounces of magenta crystals may be use^l

PRINTS, To Pment I\uims.—'\hz dress
should be washed in lather, and not by applying
the soap in the usual way direct upon tne muslin.
Make a lather by boiling soap and water together ;
let it stand until it is sufticiently cool for use*
and previously to putting the dress into it, throw
in a handful of salt; rinse the dress without
wringing it in clear, cold water, into which a
little salt has been thrown ; remove it and rinse
it in a fresh sup^jly of clear water and salt. Then
wring the dress in a cloth and hang it lo dry im*
mediately, spreading as open as possible, so as
to prevent one part lying over another. Should
there be any while in the pattern, mix a Utile
blue in the water.

PURPLE DYE for Cotton,— Get up a tub
of hot logwood liquor, enter three pieces, give
them five ends, hedge out ; enter them into A
clean alum tub, give them five ends, hedge out;
get up another lul) of logwood liquor, enter, give
tnf m five ends, hc»lgc out ; renew your alum
tub. give them five ends in that, and finish.

PURPLE D YE for V^'ool.—¥ot $ lbs. goods,
cream of tartar, 40s.; alum. 601.; cocmneal,
well pulverized, 3 or..', muriate of tin, ^ teacup.
Boil the cream of tartar, alum, and tin. I5 min-
utes; then put in the cochineal, and l>oil 5 min-
utes; dip tne goods 3 hours ; then make a new
dye with alum, 401.; Brazilwood. 602.; 1og>
wood, 14 oz.; murine of tin. I tea-cup, with a
Ultle chemic; work again until pleased.

PURPLE DYE for Silk^—YoT I lb. of silk
— having first obtained a light blue by dipping
in the home-made blue dye-tub, and (frie^l, dip
in alum 4 oz., to sufficient water to cover, when
a little warm ; if the color is not fttU enough add
a little chemic.

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DrCTIOKARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

RED D YES, en White WpoUn Goods wUh
Aniline Red. {So//rritu> and Magenta SAadct.)
— I, Ocan the cloth or goods by steeping at a
gentle heat in weak soap-suds, then rinse in
several different messes of dean water, and lay
aside moi*(t.

2. Put the aniline red powder into an earthen
or metallic vessel, and add to it I2S times its
weicht of cold water, and stir with a spoon, or
small, clean wooden rod, until dissolved. When
the powder is dissolved, strain onc-balf of the
strong^ liquor or solution through cotton cloth
into a lar^ bra5s, copper, or iron dye-kettle, and
add cnld water 1i)l the amount is reached that is
needed to work the roods in easily, and then
mix very thoroughly by stimng with a wooden
rod. If any of the aniline red is found on the
strainer undissolved, it must be transferred with
a spoon to the vessel of cold water, and the
whole well stirred. A hltlc more cold water
should also be added to the vesseL

3. The still moist cloth or goods are now to
be shaken by their ends, with Ine hands, to re-
move the plaits or folds, and then put into the
dye bath, winch is to be gradually healed to &
nearly scalding heat, and maintatne<l at that tem-
perature till the color on the goods is even, and
of the desired depth. The goods are lo be
stirred constantly while they are in the dye-
bath.

If the color is not dark enough, after the goods
have been worked firom fifteen to thirty minutes
at a nearly scalding heat, lift them from the bath,
strain in a tittle more of the strong, cold aniline
solution from the earthen vessel and stir till
thoroughly mixed, then return the goods to the
bath, and work them again from fifteen lo thirty
minutes. Repeat the removals of the goods from
the bath, the strainings in of alitlleof ihestrong,
cold aniline solution, and the stecpings of Ihc
p>ods for short periods, (ill the color on the
goods is of the desired shade; then remove from
Ine bath, rinse in several different messes of
clean water, and dry in the shade.

This process is adapted for either a Solferino
or Magenta shade of red. The Solferino shade
requires only about two-thirds as much of the
aniline red as is required for the Magenta shade.

Silk goods, and mixed goods of cotton and
wool, and also cotton goods may he dyed by this
process. The color is not so handsome nor so
durable on cotton as on woolen or silk.

A single pound of woolen goods requires about
four gallons of water to work it in easily, when
dyeing. Larger uuanlilies of thci^e euods do not
need quite so mucn water in proportion.

For the preliminary solution of the aniline-red
powder in the earthen vessel for one pound of
Koods, Magenta shade, use about one quart of
cold water.

If aniline-red powder is heated in a kettle with
water, a large portion o{ it will concrete on to
Ihe kettle, and become almost insoluble. For
this reason it should be dissolved in a little cold
water before added lo the dye-bath.

When convenient or practicable, let the aniline
red powder remain in the vessel of cold water
over a night, before straining and using.

These aniline red colors can be dyed in much
less time, when Ihe expense can be aflbrded. by
first dissolving the aniline red in a bottle with a
little warm alcohol. The alcoholic solution or

"a

d in^^n
mixture
Lh. ^

warm or hot dye-bath, till (he color cm the
is of the desirra shade. The gocxis are to
moved from the d^c-bath before each addit
the alcoholic solution, and the bath is to *
stirred before the goods arc returned,
coholic solution should he first dropped
little water, and well mixed, and the mixture
should then be straincti into the dye bath.

If a particle of aniline red gets into
both before dissolved, it will cause the
be spotted, or dyed unevenly.

Uiensils that have been used with anUise red
may be cleaned first with water, then with a
mixture of water and cKluride of lime, and
with dean water. Alcohol wiU be re
remove any concretions of aniline red.
be found on kettles or utensils.

For one pound of woolen goods^
shade, 96 grains of aniline red will be
S. Antitm red /i^'tme pound p/ wceltm]^
Magenta shode* For a Solferino shadc^
pound of goods, put up 64 grains of aniline
i>. Anilintred f&r 9me pMind of geodit " "
shade.

For 96 grains of aniline red six fluid ounccyj
alcohol will be required. More alcohol t^aa"^
used with advantage, when the expense
afforded. An avoirdupois ounce of cointxi<
aniline red requires from four to eight
alcohol for its complete solution, but tnostj
ally six gills are sufitcieaL Troy or a]
^in weights are to be used in putting

the grain weight is the same in q'l

systems of weights used la

dyes, as
in all the
stores.

RED, /fYPERN/C.—Hywtrmc red
ncralty used for carpets and lephyrs. |oo
of yarn are boiled in a solution of 15 pot
alum, and 3 pounds half-refined tartar, for
hour, or, what i» i"St as well, laid over nigl
the hot liquid. The color is much improved]
this prepared yam can lay a few days in the
mosphere before coloring it red. In fresh
boil 30 pounds of hypemic, or beechwood,
ten minutes. Cool the liquid to 1 70" Fahr.;
add X pounds of whiting, or chalk; handle
this the prepared yam, for ten minutes ; brii
up the heat to 200^, when the yam will be a
red ; in half an hour it will be ready to take
and cool. For carpet yarn, it is not oeoessarj
rinse, but to dry as it is. If hard water is Co
used, as in some localities, the chalk t.
necessary; but the latter surely adds brill
Co the color, equaling cochineal. Use i
preparation no blue vitriol, which dulls
color.

RED DYE /or CotUm, Take muriate of
^ of a tea cup; add sufficient water to covtf 1
goods well, bring it lo a boiling heat, putting
the goods I hour, stirring often; take out'
goods and empty the kettle and put in dean
ter with nic-wood i lb., steeping it for % '
at hand heat ; then put in the goods and i
the heat for l hour, not bringing to a boil
air the goods and dip an hour as before,
without soap.

RED MADDER.—T^xls color « moslW '
for amiy uniforms. To 100 pounds of u1
use 20 pounds of alum, 5 pounds of tartar,
5 pound.i of scarlet spinL After these are
solved, enter the goods, and let (hem boil
two hours ; then take them out, let cool, and

[tincture is to be added from time lo time lo the over night. Into fresh water stir 75 ponodi <

WASHmG, BLEACffmC AiVD DYEING,

focKi Holland madder. Knter the (Eibric al Ilo°
'ah., and brine it up to 2cx>° in the course of an
hour* during which time it must be handled well
to secure evenness ; (hen rinse and dry.

DYEING TURKEY EEO.—llus. is a tedi-
ous, lone process, and onlyproli table when pro-
duced iniargc quantities. The most ex[^)cnsive
works for this purpose are in Elberfeld, Prussia,
and the following is one of the methods there in
use:

Etrst OpenxtioM* — loo pounds of yarn are first
iKuled in a weak soda lye* and aflerwards well
rinsed in the river.

SffonJ Operation. — Soak 2$ pounds of sheep-
dung for a few days in a solution of lo pounds
of soda; then add to it 6 pounds f>f olive oil ;
strain it throuch a sieve ; then handle through
this the yarn, sKcin after &kein ; wring each out
loosely, and lay it on xlatK, but so that no large
lumps accumulate, as it will heat and set it on
fire; the yarn must be turned from time to time
on the silts, to secure an even drying ; then fin-
ish the drying in a moderately warm room of
148'' Fah. Aucr it is dry the same operation is
gone through with as at first ; and the yarn re-
ceives from two to four operations through the
dung and oil, according to the darkne<is of the
shade wanted ; it must be dried each time.

Tkini Operation. — 6 pounds of olive oi) and
10 pounds of soda are mixed in about 6 pails of
water; if the oil should not become mixed and
some swim on the top, more soda is required.
Handle the yam, skein after skein, through this
OS before; wring out loosely, and hang it up
again to dry ; the drying out to be very slow, so
as to give tne oil time to ferment in connection
with the oxygen, as it is considered that the
warm oil can penetrate the fiber better; this op-
eration aJso is repeated two or three times every
time it is dried.

F*turth OpetiitutM. — To the old remaining oil-
bath add a solution of 10 pounds of soda; take
the yam through again as before, and dry.

ri/tk Opfration, — Now lay the yarn into a
warm solution of to pounds of soda for 5 hours.
to free it (rom the superfluous oil not absorbed
by the fiber, then rinse it well in the river.

Sixth Opfnati^m, — ^Take the yarn throu^ a
decoction of so pounds of ground nutgalLs and
10 pounds of sumach, in sufficient water, skein
afler skein; wring it out, and dry in the open
air ; turn it often, so as to secure aa even
color.

Sfvemtk Operntiom. — 30 pounds of good alum,
free from any iron, luch as will not snow a blue
shade if a few drops of yellow prussiale of pot-
ash solution are added; otherwise it will not
make a bright color. Thii alum is neutralised
from its free sulphuric acid by a solution of 3
pounds of soda slowly added, so as not to boil it
over by the too sudden escape of carbonic acid
^u ; pass the yarn through tnis yet warm solu-
tion of alum, wring it out, and dry as before, hut
not too hot, as the add of the alum might injure
the cotton or crystallize the alum.

Eigktk OperatufH, — The yam is now fireed
fraoi the 1^*ose1y superfluous alum adhering to
ibe fiber by soaking it in warm water, and rms-
ing well in the river-

Ninth Opvmtion. — Into a suitable warm bath
stir 100 pounds of good madder; add 50 pounds
of beef blcMxi ; 6tir 11 well and enter the yam ;
handle quick at Erst, so as to get it even, and

bring it to a boil during 1 hour ; then sling the]
skeins together and drop them into theliquor^.
and let Ihcra boil for one hour. It will be surer
even by coloring only 35 pounds of yam at a
time ; then rinse it.

Ttntk Operation, — The yara is again taken
through an oil bath with soda as ocfore and
dried; then boil it in a solution of 5 pounds of
ohve oil, 6 pounds of ca^lilc soap, and (pounds
of soda, from which it will come out bright red ;
then rinse it.

EUventh Operation^ — ^To still more brighten
the color, without drying, put the yam into clcaa
bogs and boil it for two hours in a bath contain-
ing 15 pounds of gixxl white soap, 1% pounds
oftin cryittals, and \-i pound of nitric add.

Then take it out, rinse while yet hot, when it
will be at last done.

This is the only fast*red which is good for
bleached goods ; otners are less durable.

EED DYE for (fiw/.— A good and bright
red color may be obtained on wool by the use of
lac-dye, in the following way : In the first place,
a tolerably stiff paste is made of the lac-dye and
sulphuric acid, and this is allowed to stand for a
day. For dyeing so pounds of wool, one pound
of tartar, two thirds of a pound of sahs of tin,
and three quarters of a pound of the paste just
mentioned ore required. The wool must be
boiled in the bath ior three quarters of an hour,
after which, as a matter of^ course, it must be
carefully rinsed and dried.

E/BBONS, to JfiLrA.— As washing and doing
up ribbons is quite a source of economy, it is not '
every lady that knows that, with the exception
of a few delicate colors, pink, sky-blu&, &c., al-
most any nblwn can l>e washed and ironed, and
made to look nearly if not quite as well as new.
To wash ribbons, make a clear lather of clcAn
white soap, the water as warm as you can bear
your hands; rub the ribbon through this ; soap
may also be applied where there are grease spots
on the wrong side; rinse in cold water. As -
soon as washed, without hanging out to dry,
have ready a hot iron, and press them out while
wet; press on the wrong side; they will wrinkle,
and never look well, if not pressed while wet.
If you wish to stiffen them, dip them before iron-
ing, in a solution of gum arabic; when irorted
smooth, take the scissors and trim o(T the ends.
I have renewed narrow satin ribbons, yellow
and white, in this way, when you would not
know they had ever bttn worn ; also wide col-
ored ribbons, black, etc

SCARES {China Crape), To IPash.—U xhc
£abric be good, these articles of dress can be
washed as frequently as may be required, and
no diminution of their beauty will tw discover-
able, even when the various shades of ^een have
been employed among other colors in the pot-
terus. In cleaning them make a strong laihqr
of boiling water; suffer it to cool; when col^,
or nearly so, wash the scarf quickly and thor-
oughly, dip It immediately in coM haitl water in
which a little salt has been thrown (to preserve
the colors), rinse, squeeze, and hang it out to
dry in the open air; pin it at its extreme eOgc 10
the line, so that it may not in any part be folded
together ; the more rapidly it dries the clearer il ^
will be. ■

SCAELETiCofhintaF) DYE.ioId Modf\— V
In former times, when cochii»c»l was very ex-
pensive, the goods were colur^U la two walcrf»

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wilh nilralc of !in. By this process, ihe coch-
ineal colorft only the outside of the fiibric (the
cut showing white in broadcloth), and about
thirty percent, less of cochineal is nscd than in
scarlet colored with muriate of tin in one opera-
tion ; but it is useful for braided acarlct random.
To 100 pounds of fabric dissolve lo pound* of
nitrate of tin, 5 pounds of cream of Iflrtor, 1
pound of Havine. The nitrate of tin should be
made thu«: 10 pounds nitric acid, 36° B. ; 5
pounds murintic ncid, 32° B.; 5 pounds water;
mix these ingredients, and add l pound feath-
ered tin, small quantities to prevent overheating.
Iktil it for ten minutes; cool off to 170"; enter
the goods, and boil them for one hour; then take
out, cool, and rinse. To fresh water add 7
pounds of cochineal, wdl ground, and 2 munds
of starch in solution, and strain; let all buil for
five minute's; cool the dye to iSo**; add 1 pound
of nitrate of tin; handle the fabric well, and boil
for three quarters ol an hour; then take it out,
c«>ol, and rinse. This is a very bright scarlet,
and is used for scarlet random; only use no
flavine in the preparation of the random, to
secure a good wnitc. This scarlet requires two
waters; the cochineal would not adhere to ihe
wool with nitrate of tin, as it docs wiili the mu-
riate of tin in one operation. In all scarlets, the
yellow sliade is governed by the quantity of
citron bark or flavinc used. I find a very fix^tish
habit, m many dye houses, of letting the liquor
nm half away after every din is colored; the old
liquor, or second kettle, makes not only a better
color, but will save at least twenty per cent, of
dye stuff and heat. Of course common sense
must govern the judgment of the operator, or the
add will be too strong in the dye, after several

SCARLET -ufith LAC DYE.^Yqx 100
pounds of flannel or yam, take 25 ptvunds of

nund lac dye, 15 pounds of iicarlet spirit, (as
>w), 5 pounds 01 tartar, I pound of flavine,
according to shade, I pound of tin crystals. 5
pounds of muriatic ado. Boil all for fifteen
minutes, then cool the dye to 1 70** Fah. ; enter
the goods, and handle them quickly at first ; let
them boil one hour; rinse them while yet hot,
before the gum and impurities harden. This
color stands scouring with soap better than coch-
ineal scarlet, but this, is in consequence of a
l.vgor amount of acid being used than is neces-
sary with cochineal scarlet. To this color, a
small quantity ol sulphuric add nuy be used, as
it dissolves the gum. The quantity of lac dye
should be regulated by its quality.

SCARLET DYE fir WpoL—Yox ctctt 100
pounds of fabric, boil, in a suitable kettle, 1 1
pounds of ground Honduras cochineal, 5 pounds
of half-refined tartar or 3 pounds of tartanc add,
3 pounds of oxalic lund, I pound of tin cryst^^ls,
t '^ pounds of fiavine, 10 pounds of scarlet spirit.
(The latter is prepared as follows: Take 16
pounds muriatic acid, 33** B., I pound feathered
tin, 2 pounds water. The add should be put in
a stoneware pot, and the tin added, and allowed
to dissolve; the mixture should be kept a few
days before using.) After it has Iwilcti for about
fifteen minutes, cool the dye to 180° Kah. ; enter
the good<.. handle tliem quickly at first, and let
Ihem boil slowly for one hoar, when they will
he a eoofJ scarlet. Take them out. cool, and
rinse m cold water. If it should happen that the

wool or Gaaaci iliowa ftutuc wlule Ualc , viliudk u. \ 'uQx^ vW^ u tUl and beveled

generally the case when new wool is used, then
add 5 pounds of raw muriatic ockI to ibe dycv
This powerful agent will work Hondcr* in *cir-
lets, orange<i, and pinks, as it tons the wool,
which is perhaps a lutlc greasy, and prevents the
tin crystals from listening too quickly to il, und
thereby cvcner colors are obtained. This biter
fact is very valuable, and not generally known.

S//A tVLS, SCARES, tk., Tp 67/w«.— If ihc
fabric be good, these articles of drrtt cnn Irr
washed as frequently as may be reqv a

diminution of their beautv will be
even when the various titiadcs of ^ii.v<> iiA>e
been employed among other colors in the pat-
terns, in clcnning them, make a sirong lather
of boiling water ; suffer it to cool; when cold, or
nearly so, wash the scarf quickly and thoroughly,
dip it immcdialely in cold hard water in which a
little salt bos been thrown (to preserve the col-
ors,) rinse, squeeze, and hang it out to dry in
the open air; pin it at its extreme edge to tlic
line, so thai it may not in any part be folded to-
gether; the more rapidly it dnes the clearer it
will be.

SNA H'LS ( WooUft), ScotcJk Mfihcd c/ Ci^an-
ing. — Scrape one pound of soap. KmI it do«D in
sumcient water. When cooling, beat it with the
hand; it will be a sort of jelly. Add thtec
tablespoonfuls of spirit nf turpentine, and one
of spirit of hartshorn. Wash the articles tbof-
oughly in iL Then rinse in cold water until all
the soap is taken off, then in salt and water.
Kold between two sheets, taking core not to
allow two folds of the article washed to lie to-
gether. Mangle, and iron with « very cool ii<m.
Shawls done in this wny look like new. Only
use the salt where there are delicate o^or» Uiat
may strike.

SHAWLS (CatAmerr), To Cifam tki \Vk%
MuiiiU of. — Prepare a mixture of equal
of camphor, W. I. molasses and cV^n m.\\ m
Fold a sheet and Liy upon
used. Single your shawl and . > "r pai

upon the sheet, then with n cle.111 \t ;.
the mixture thoroughly into all the v
first the right side, then mm and rui> .iit
side. Rinse thoroughly in lukewarm watt
taking care not to wet the colors unnccotimlj
Press the water out, and wring in a dry clot
Iron while damp, crease through Uie middle
yoa will be surprised at the newness of your
shawl.

SH/RT-ROSOMS, TffRff/uA.^Vut a lit
common white wax in your starch, say 11
ounces to the pound; then if you u^c any thittl
patent starch, be sure yon use it wan
the wax will get cold and gritty, a;
linen, giving it the appcanmor of;
with grease. It is different wk! <:•■
it can be used quite cold ; hoM-rv
Now, then, about polishing ^'
fronts and wristhancu as stiff as >
starch twice, that is, starch nad dry,
again. Iron your shirt in the tiku^l way,
ing the linen nice and firm, but
tempt at a good finish ; don't lii
shirt is now readv for poli*'^' ^
to have a board tne same
board made of hard wool,
one ply of plain cotton dwth. y^.
into the breast of your shirt, damp th
bghtly with a wet ({toni'e. thei

to).

r

'■■■f .■'.'■I'.Ll— ,

h the

Always

tbcQ St

WASHING, BI^ ACHING AND DYKING,

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— polish gently with the beveled pari, taking care
not to drive the linen up into wave-like blisters;
of course this requires a Ittilc practice, but if you
are careful and persevere, in a short lime you
will be able to ^ivc that cnamcl-likc finish which
seems to be so much wante<l.

SHIRT COLLARS, To /?rm.— For this
purpose use the best starch, say two pounds, and
tour ounces of wax and six. and a half pints of
water ; firxt dii»solve the wax in the boiUng wa-
ter, lake the vessel off the fire and allow it to
stand for 6vc minuter; during this time dissolve
the starch in the smallest pothible quantity of
cold water, then pour it gradually into the vessel
and boil for lwenty<five minutes — keep stirring
all the time; this starch can he used quite cold;
rub it well into the collars, wring as tight as you
can, finish by wringing in a cloth, then iron ;
thus you will Itave them stiff without being hard.
and when well dressed will have that beautiful
clastic 6nikh so much admired in new collars.

SILK, To CUan. — I. Drcsics cleaned by the
following meth'xl have not the appearance of
being cleaned: Ounrler of a pound of honey,
quarter of a pound of soft soap, two wine glasses
of gin, three gills of boiling water ; rain ami lei
stand until blood-warm; spread the silk on a
dean table with a doth under it — there must be
no gathers; dip a nail brush into the mixture,
and rub the silk well, especially where there are
Muns or the most dirt or spots, and wilh a
vpongc wet the whole breaaih generally, and
rub gently; then rinse the silk in cold soft water;
hang it up to drain, and iron it damp. The
qoojitity stated is for a plain dress. — 3. Grate
nw potatoes to %, fine pulp in water, and pass
the hquid matter through a coarse sieve in an-
other vessel of water; let the mixture stand
undi«.turbed till the fine while particles of the
potato ire precipitated; then pour the muciLigin-
ouf liquor from the fecula, and preserve it for
nsc. The article to be cleaned should be spread
upon a linen cloth upon a table, and wa&lied with
a sponge dipped in the potato liquor, until the
dirt is perfectly separated, then rin.sed in clear
water several times without wringing. Two
middle sized potatoes will be sufficient for one
pint of water. Iron whilst damp on the wrong
side. Should the silk be of more than one color,
it is desirable to wet a small piece first, lest the
dress should be s|>oded by moisture, causing tlic
colors to run; but for self-colored silks, the direc-
tion is an excellent one; and satinets, even of
tight colors, if not greased or stained, make up
again nearly equal to new. — 3. Take a quarter of
a pound of soft soap, a teaspoonful of brandy
and a pmt of gin; mix all well tc^ther and strain
through a doth. With a sponge or flannel spread
the mixture on each side of the silk without creas-
ing it; wash it in two or three waters and iron
it on the wrong side. It will loi>k as good as
oew, and the process will not injure silks of even
Use most delicate colots.

SILKS ( Coiored\, To CUan. — Put some white
soap into boding water, and heat it until dissolved
in a strong lather. At a hand heat put in the
artidc. If strong, it may be rubbed as in «-ash-
hu^; rinse it quickly in warm water, and add oil
ofvitriol, sufhcieat to give another water a sour-
ish taste, if for bright yellows, crimsons, mnroon*,
and scarlets; but for oranges, fawns, browns,
or other shades, use no add. For bright scarlet,
use a iolutaoa of tixL. Gently squeeze and then

roll it in a coarse sheet, and wrin^ it. Hang it
in a warm room to dry, and finish it by calender-
ing or mangling.

For pinks, rose colors, and thin shades, etc^
instead of oil of vitriol, or solution of tin, prefer
lemon juice, or while tartar, or vinegar.

For blues, purples, and their shades, add a
small Quantity of American pearlash; it will re-
store Inc colors. Wash the articles like a linen
garment, but, instead of wringing, gently squeeze
and sheet them, and when dry, finish ihera with
fine gum water, or dissolved isinglass, to which
add some pearlash, rubbed on mc wrong side;
then pin them out.

Blues of all shades are dyed with archil, and
afterwards dipped in a vat ; twice cleaning with
pearlash, restores the color. For olive-greens,
a small quantity of verdigris dissolved in water,
or a solution ofVcopper, mixed wilh the water,
will revive the color again.

SILK iWhiU), To ^//ar^.— .\ccording to a
French patent, an improvement upon the ordin*
ary method of bleaching wool and silk by sulphur,
consUls in the use ofa solution, in the propor-
tion of four pounds of oxalic add and four pounds
of salt, in two quarts of water. This is said to
be available for silk in all its forms, as well as
for cruile, carded, spun, or woven wool. The
material is allowed to remain an hour in this
fluid, and then is washed off In warm water and
dried. Or wash the articles clean, rinse in suds,
and smoke with brimstone while wet; the silk
must be brusheil or washed with a sponge; if
rubbed, it will never press smoothly; expose the
goods to the air, and the odor will soon pass oflfi,

SILKi^BUck), To Renovate.— \. BoU an old
blade kid glove till it begins to dissolve, strain
the water, and sponge witli it the right side of
the silk; iron while damp on the wrong iide. —
2. Take two raw potatoes of ordinary size, pore
them, and remove the core if they are hollow.
Slice them into a half pint of cold water, and
leave them over night. The next morning,
sponge the silk with the water, not wetting it
loo Ireely; then iron it, and its appearance will
be greatly improved. — 3. To bullock's gall, add
boiling water suffidcnt to make it warm, and
with a clean sponge rub the silk well on both
sides; squeeze it well out, and proceed again in
like manner. Rinse it in spring water, and
change the water tdl perfectly clean, dry it in the
air, and pin it out on a table; but first dip the
si>ongc in E^uc water, and rub it on the wrong
side ; then dry it before a fire,

SILK {Bituk) Reviver.— hoA logwood in wa-
ter half an hour; then simmer the silk half an
hour; take it out, and put into the Hyc a little
blue vitriol, or green copperas; cool it and sim-
mer the silk for lialf an hour. Or, boil a hand-
ful of fig leaves in two quarts of water until it be
reduced to one pint; squeeze the leaves, and bot-

silk with 'it

tie the liquor for use. When wanted sponge the

SILK {IVAile or very Li^'ht), To CUan,—
Take one quart of lukewarm water, and mix with
it four ounces of soft soap, four ounces of honev.
and a good sized wineglass of gin. The silk
must be unpicked and laid in widths on a kitchen
tabic; then take acommun scrubbing brush quite
new, dip it in the mixture, and rub the silk
firmly up and down on lx>ih sides, so as to sat-
urate iL Rinse it in cold water twice until free
from soapi hong it on a doibes horse to drain

4
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358

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

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until half dry ; tbeti iron it with a piece of thin
musUn betu'cen it and the iron, or it will be
marked on the ironed side. The silk when Uid
on the table must be kept qaite smooth, so that
every part may come under the brush. White
silk requires a little blue in the water.

SILK^ IVASfTINC—^Q person should ever
wring or crush a piece of silk when it is wet,
becau-ie the creases thu^ made wilt remain for-
ever, if the silk is thick And hard. The way to
wash silk is to spread it smoothly upon a clean
board, rub white soap upon it, and brush it with
a clean, hard brush, 'lite silk must be rubbed
until all the grease is extracted, then the soap
should be brushed off w-ith clean, cold water,
applied to both sides. The cleansing of silk is a
very nice operation. Most of the colors arc liable
to be extracietl with washing ii^ hot suds, espe-
cially blue and green colors. ' little alum, dis-
solved in the last water that is brushed on silk,
tends to prevent the colors from running. Al-
cohol and camphcne. mixed together, is used for
removing grease from silk.

S/LJT, WRINKLED.— "Xo make silk, which
has been wrinkled and tumbled, ap^iear like new
— sponge it on the surface with a weak solution
of gum arable or white glue, and iron it on the
wrong side.

S/LfC, To Rfmovr Grease from. — A sure and
safe way to remove grease stains from silks is to
rub the spot quickfy with brown paper ; the
friction will soon draw out the grease ; or lay
the silk ui>on a table, with an ironing blanket
under it, tne right side of the silk downward :
put a piece of brown paper on the top, and apply
a flat iron just hot enough to scorcn the paper.
We have found this recipe more efficacious than
any scouring drops ever compounded.

S/L/Ct To Remciv H'ax Stains from, — Mix
powdered French chalk with lavender water to
the thickness of mustard. Put it on the stain,
and rub it gently with the finger or palm of the
hand. Put a sheet of clean blotting paper and
brown paper over it, and smooth it with a warm
iron. When dry the chalk must be removed,
and the silk gently dusted with a white handker-
chief. If a mint mark still rem.iins, a second
application of French chalk and lavender water
will generally remove it. If the wax stain h.is
fallen thickly on the silk. It should be removed
first carefully with a penknife.

S//^ STOCKINGS {IVhiU), To Wash,—
Heat some rain or sof^ water, and while on the
fire cut into it sUcce of ^ood yellow soap, to make
a lather ; put the stockings in while the lather is
warm, but not scalding, and wash them in two
such waters (a wineglassful of gin in the first
water is an improvement); rinse llicm well in
lukewarm water, having ready a second rinsing
wnter, in which is mixed a little blue (not the
common kind, but such as is used for muslins
and laces), or rose pink, which can be procured
at the chemist's, and is used in the same way as
the blur, by lying it up in a piece of flannel and
squccring it into the water. AAer rinsing, put
the stockings between towels and let them get
almost dry; place them on a small sheet, lay
them out quite flat, as they arc when 6rst pur-
chased, tack them to the sheet with a needle and
thread, turu the sheet over them, and have them
mangled. If it is not convenient to have them
mangled, the next best plan is to put four or six
stockings one upon the other between a piece of

calico, Lit them on a stone t^rstep,
them wita the rolling pin.

and beat
They in
mingled or beaten in towels, as ihc f

the towels would be impressed on ihtu '_ _ .*
stockings have lace fronts they will more par-
ticularly require the lacking mentinnetl above to
make them look nice. No soda nr washini
powder of any kiiul must be put to them, anc
they must be done quickly, and not lefl lyiD|
about.

SLA TE D VE, For Gotten or nw/r^.-^Vol
the hark in an iron kettle, «kim out t\%c t
after it has boiled suftcienlly, and then add
peros to set the dye. If ^ou wLf h it very dailc
add more copperas. This is excellent for atock-
ings.

SLATE DYE, For SiU.—To make a slate^
take a pan of warm water and abont a tcacupfuLj
of logwood liquor, pretty strong, and a piece ol
pearlash, of the size of a nut; take gray-colored
good!i, and handle a little in this liquor, and it is >
nnished. If too much It^^ood is used, the ool*
or will be too dark.

SOAPSUDS, CLEARINC.^U is generally
known that a little dissolved alum is very effect-
ive in clearing muddy water ; bui recent experi«
ments show its further virtues. In a place wiictv
water was scarce, a little alum was dissolved io '
hot water, and thrown into a tab of ihic-k »oa|^
suds. In a short time the soap curdled rn^A -li-.
com[»nied by ihc muddy particles, ^
bottom, leaving the water abovepcil-- . i,
pure, and devoid of smell. This water wa«
found very useful for washing clothing, when
poured off the sediment. A similar result wnc <
attained in a quick manner by filling a boiler
with soapsuds, placing it nn a fire, anil tliMiwir.CT
a bit of alum into it. When the suds : ^

scum went over, and left the water •
and as useful for washing clothes as il had ori-
ginally been.

STARCH, A/itm fH.—¥or sUrh ---: '%\\ns^
ginghams, and calicoes, dissolvr -dliiii,j

the size of a shellbark, for eve? • irtJi,

and add to it. Ity so doing, Ihc <
bright for a long time, which .
when dresses must be often washoJ, and lUc cvst
is but a trifle.

STARCHING, CLEAR.^'nat is practiced
as follows : Rin^ie (he articles in three walen,
dry them, and dtp them in a thick starch, prrvi*
ously strained tlirough muslin ; squeeze thema
shake them gently, and again hang them up to
dry: and when dry, dip them twice or (hiicc iq
clear water, squeeze them, spread them on a
linen cloth, roll them up in it, and lei '* --t:' ■•■•:
an hour before ironing Incrn. Muslin .
well when starched and clapped dry, ■
starch is hot, then folded in a damp cioih ttJt
they become quite damp before ironing them.
If muslins ore sprinkled they are apt to tie spot-
ted. Some ladies clap muslins, then dry (hem,
and nnerward sprinkle them.

STARCH, FLOrR. — Mix flour paduaUy
with cold water, so that it may be Tree from
lamps. Stir in cold water till it will poor easily;
then stir il into a pot of lx>iling water, and let it
boil five or six minutes, stirring it frri|BeallT«
A little spermaceti wilt coakc it smoother* Tns
starch will answer very well fn-- mririTi xnA Unok.

STARCH, GUM

i

ttdi-

of white gum arabic

er, and pour on it a pint or mofc of buUng water

WASHING, BLEACHING AND DYEING.

(according to the degree of stren^h you desire),
and then, having covered it, let it set all night.
In the morning pour it carefully from the dregs
into a clean bottle, cork it, and keep it for use.
A tableiixkonful of gum water stirred into a pint
of starch that has been mode in the usual man-
ner, will give the lawns (cither white, black, or
printed), a look of newness, when nothing else
can restore them aHer washing. It is also good,
much diluted, for thin white muslin and bob-
binet.

STARCH^ GLl/E.^Boll a piece of glue four
inches square, in three quarts of water. Keep
it in a bottle well corked. Use for calicoes.

STAHCHt Ta Im^rove.—To each bowl of
starch add one teaspoonful of epsom salts, and
dissolve in the usual way by botUng; the fabric
thus starched will be considerably stiffcr, besides
being rendered to a certain degree fire-proof.

STA/CCH LUSTEK.—K substance known
by this title is used for washing purposes which,
when added to the starch, cau^^cs the linen to
which it is applied to assume not only a high
polish but a dazzling whiteness. A portion of
the size of an old-Cisnioncd cent addca to half a
pound of starcj}, and boiled with it for two or
three minutes, will produce the best results.
This substance is nottiing more than stearinc,
coloKd by a slight addition of ultra-marine blue.
the essential ingredient being the btearine ; and
with or without the coloring matter, will be
fbund to add very much to the beauty of linen
articles to which it is applied.

STARCH rOLISH.—Takc common dry
potato or wheat starch sufficient to make a pint
of starch when builetL Then add half a drachm
of spermaceti, and half a drachm of white wax,
and then use it as common starch, only using
the iron as hot as possible. In this manner a
brilliant polish is produced.

STEEL DYE {Dark).— BUck wool— it may
be natural or colored, lo lbs. — white wool i^i
lbs. Mix evenly together and it will be beauti-
ful.

STRAW COLOR far 5x?i. — Smartweed,
boiled in brass and set with alum, will color a
fine straw color.

STRAW BONNETS, To BUarA.—Stnw
hais which have turned yellow may be bleached
by the u.se of a soap prepared by taking any
£ood soda soap and preapitating it from its solu-
tion by means of common salt, and adding to it
one-fourth the weight of sulphate of soda, previ-
ously rubbed into a mass with water, then dry-
ing the product. About equal parts, by weight,
of water arc to be poured ut>on this, and for
every two pounds of soap, ball an ounce of spir-
its of sal-ammoniac is to be added ; and aAer the
whole has assumed a gelatinous consistency, one
part of the mass is to be dissolved in eight parts
of warm water; smaller proportions of the
foregoing will, of course, answer for a few arti-
cles. The objects to be bleached are to be wash-
ed by means of a brush in this solution, and
transferred, while still moist, into water acidu-
lated with hydrochloric aad (twcniy-five parts
water to one and a half of acid^, and allowed to
remain a few hours in this liquid. They are then
to be washed with fresh cold water, and dried.
Experiment has proved the results of this method
oi bleaching to be exceedingly satisfactory.

STRAW BONNETS, Ta CUan.—Tht bon-
nets may be washed with soap and water, then

rinseil in clear water, and dried in the air.
must then be wasihed over with while of an egji^;
well beaten. The wire must be removed befo
washing.

STRAW BONNEI'S, To Dye Chfjfnu
Brxntm. — For twenty-five straw hats: i pound
and a half of ground sandcrs, 2 pounds of ground
curcuma, three-quarters of a pound of powdered
gall nuts, or sumac, one-tenth of a pound of
rasped logwood. These ingredients are allowed
to boil in a kettle with the straw hats ; the boil-
er, however, must be Urge enough so that thd
hats are not pressed against each other. After
two hours' boiling the hats ore withdrawn, rins-
ed, and allowed to remain over night in a bath
of nitrate of iron of 4 degrees Baume, when they;
are washed. A darker brown may be obtained
by increasing the quantity of sanders. When
dry, the hats are brushed with a brush of dogs'
(couch) grass, in order to give them the desired
luster.

STRA W BONNETS, 7> Dyf B/acA.— For
twenty-five straw hats : They are put in a boil-
ing bath of four pounds of logwooa, one pound
of gall nuts, or sumac, and one-half pound ol
curcuma, or fustic. The hats are allowed to re-
main therein for two hours. They are hereupon
immersed in a bath of nitrate of iron of four de-
grees Baumc, when they are carefully rinsed in
water, dried, and brushed.

STRAW and CHIP HATS, To Vamhk
Black, — Best alcohol 4 01.; pulverized. bUck
sealing-wax 1 oz. ; put them into a vial, and put
the vial into a warm place, stirring or shaking
occasionally, until the wax is dissolved; apply it
when warm by means of a soft brush, before the
fire or in the sun.

It gives stiffness to old straw hats or bonnets,
makes a beautiful gloss, and resists wet ; if any-
thing else is required, just apply it to small bask*
els ^so, and sec how nicely they will look.

S TRA W BONNE TS, To Dye Sihrr Cray,
— For twenty-five straw hats: In order to pro*
duce this color, the whitest hats must be select-
ed ; they are first softened in a bath of crystal-
lized $00.1, to which some clear lime-water has
been added. As dye-bath, the following decoc-
tion is used, and the hats are kept therein under
constant boiling. The recipe for the bath is four
pounds of pure alum, three-eighths of a pound
of tartaric acid, some ammoniacal cochineal, and
carmine of indigo; a little sulphuric acid may be
added to this decoction according to necessity.
The sulphuric acid is employed in order to neu-
tralize the alkali of the cochineal dye. \Vhen
the last mentioned ingredients arc made use of,
the hats are allowed to remain for an hour longer
in the boiling bath, when they are rinsed in
slightly aciduuted water.

STRA W BONNE TS, Slate Dyefor.—T\r%\
soak the bonnet in rather strong warm sudi for
15 minutes to remove sizing or stiffening; then
rinse in warm water, lo get out the soap ; now
scald cudbear, I ox., in sufficient water to cover
the hat or bonnet; work the bonnet in this dre,
at 180® of heat, until you get a light purple;
now have a bucket of cold water, blued with the
extract of indigo, % 02., and work or stir the
bonnet in this, until the tint pleases; dry, then
rinse out with cold water, ana dry again, in the
shade. If you get the purple too deep ia shade
the final slate will be too dark.

STRAW BONNETS^ ToDyi Vulit.^lA^

I
I

■n

DICTIONARY OF EVBKY^DAY WASTS.

'lour pounds of alum, one pound of tartaric add,
uid one pound of chloride of tin. Dissolve these
ingredients in water, and allow the hats to re<
Buun in the boiling solution two hours: add then
so much of a dccoctmn of logMrood and canninc
of indigo as is reauisite for obtaining the desired
shade, aud rin^ nnally in water in which some
alum has been solved. It is self-evident that for
the alKive mentioned quantities of mordants and
dyes the ret^uisite amount of water has to be
taken.

STRAW HATS, To WkiUn.— ^ni^ stick
sulphur with a knife, mix the powder to a mush
wiiti water, plaster it thickly over the straw, and
place in the not sun for several hours ; brush off
when dry. An easy and efTcctual plan.

SUMMER SUITS, Tc /(uj>i. —Summer
■uits ate nearly all made of white or buff linen,
pique, cambric or tnu&lin, and the art of preserv-
ing the new appearance after washing is a mat-
ter ol the greatest importance.

Common washerwomen spoil everything with
soda, and nothing is more frequent than to sec
tlic delicate lints of lawns ana percales turned
into dark blotches and muddy streaks by the ig-
norance and vandalism of a laundress.

It is worth while for ladies to pay attention to
this, and insist upon having their summer dress-
es washed according to tlic directions which
they should be prepared to give their laundress.

In the first place, the water should be tepid,
the soap should nut be allowed to touch the
fabric ; it should be washed and rinsed quick,
turned upon the wrong side, and hung in the
shade to dry, and when starched (in thin boiled
but not boiling starch) shuuld be folded in sheets
or towels, and ironed upon the wrong side, as
soon as |M>ssiblc.

But linen should be washed in water in which
hay has been boiled, or a quart of bran. This
last will tic found to answer fur starch as wcti,
and is excellent for print drct.ses of all kinds,
but a handful of salt is very useful also to set the
colors of light cambrics anu dotted lawns; and a
little beef's gall will not only set but highten
yellow and purple tints, and has a good effect
upon green.

VEILS {Black Lace), To C^aji.— Pass them
through warm water in which ox-gall has been
dissolved, a tablcspoonful to a quart of water,
and then rinse in cold water. Siiflen by dipping
in water in which a bit of gum arabic or glue has
been dissolved; clap between the hands till
almost dry. then pin out nicely on a frame or
bed till entirely dry, and pre±.s between the folds
of a sheet

VEILS {White Lace), To C/«»«.— Put the
veil into a strong lather of white soap and very
dear water, and let it simmer slowly for a quarter
of an hour. Take it out and squeeze it well, but
be sure not to rub iu Rinse it in two cold wa-
ters, with a drop or two of liquid tilue in the
lost. Have ready some very clear weak gum
Arabic ualer, or sontc thin starch, or ncc water.
Pass the veil through it, and clear it by clipping.
Then stretch it out even, and pin it to dry on a
linen cloth, making the edge as straight as pos-
sible, opening out all the scallops, and fastening
each with pins. When dry, lay a piece of thin
muslin smoothly over it, and iron it on the
wrong side.

VEILS {Black Tusus)^ TV/'iww.— Dip them
i thin glue water; shake them gently until

nearly di^; spread black silk or cambric on the
ironing blanket, and press with a modcnCe
iron.

VELVET, Tp take Greaje cu£ e/i—To tiix
grease out of velvet or cloth, get some turpeo-
tine and pour it over the place ihat is gresn;
rub it till quite dry with a piece of clean flaond;
if the grease be not removed, repeat the ■epQcs-
tion, and when done, brush the place well; and
hang up (he garment in the open air in order to
take away the smeU.

VEL VET, n Rctifire.— Covet a hot smooth-
ing iron with a wet cloth, and hold the velv
firmly over it. The vapor ari&ing will raise
pile of the velvet witn the assistance of a
whisk.

VIOLET pVE. —This, like purple, is
duced by a mixture of red and blue coloring l
tcr, applied either together, or in siicccisiL*.
I^ood violet may be given to silk or \\ •r-\ \ y fOSS'
ing it first through a solution of \r
through a decoction of logwood, and :
alum water. A fast violet may be giv)
ing the go<.Kls a crimsun with cochineaL'
alum or tartar, and, after rinsing, posui
through the indigo vat. — Linens or cottons \
6rst ^led with l8 ^^ of gall nuts, next
through a mixed mordant of alum, iron!
and sulphate of copocr, working them wcl
worked in a madder bath made with an
weight of root, and lastly brightened with
or sodx Another good method is to [uss
dyed Turkey red through the blue vat^l
silk, cotton, or linen, mordanted with alum
dved in a logwood bath, or a mixed bath of -^
chil and Bioxil, also takes a pretty, but false
violet.

WASHIKC, Ilinis om, —The linen for Moo-
day's wash should be collected on Satufdsy,
sorted and put to soak in cold water accontinglo
the various kinds. The body linen should be
put into one tub, the bed and table linen
another, and the fine things separately,
cutlors, cuffs, wristbands, should be $1
through the button holes on a piece of
long enough (o enable the articles to be
divided for nibbing, starching, etc CoJc
musUns, prints, ami flannels must be laid
to be washed in a different manner from wl
cahco or linen. Properly boiled suds arc ha
ter than soap for washing, particularly if a
ing machine be employed. The suds should'
prepared in t)ie folIo\Mng manner ; — Shred
on earthenware jar the best yellow soap cut
very fine shavings, and ix)ur boiling nalerl
the quantity required. One pound of sosp
plenty for one gallon of water. Add to
quantity half a pound of the best soda, and
the jar (covered^ on a stove or at the bide off
kitcnen range till the soap is quite dissolved.
this be done on Saturday evening, the soap
be a smooth jelly fit to use on Monday mor

WASHING FLUIDS.— \. Take one pot
of sal soda and half a [wund of unslaked lit
put them into a gallon of water and boil ti
minutes: let it stand till cool, then drain off
put into a strong jar or Jug; soak your dr
clothes over night, or until they are wet ihi
then wring Ihcm out and rub on plenty of
and in one boiler of clothes, well covered
water, add one tcacupful of washing fluid;
half an hour briskly, and then wash them (b(
oughly through one suds, rissc^ azid yoitrck^thes

■i

d

WASmATG, BLEACHING AND DYEING.

I

I

I

look better than the old way of washing
twice before boiling.

2. Five pounds of sal soda, one ponnd of bo-
rax, one pound of unslaked lime. Dissolve the
soda and borax in one gallon of boiling water;
slake the lime in tlic same quantity of boiling
water; then pour them both into cfchl gallons
of cold watct ; stir a few time!» and let it stand
until morning, when the clear fluid should be
poured off into jars, ready for use. For two
pails full of water nse half a pint of the com-
pound. Soak your clothes over night, putting
soap on the soiled parts. In the morning wring
them out and put ihem on to Ixjil, first putting
some of the fluid and soap into the boiler. After
boiling ten or twelve minutes, take them out into
your machine or tub and the dirt will rub right
ofT; then rinse well in two waters.

J. One and one quarter pound of washing soda,
^ pound borax, and dissolve in 4 quarts water
by Soiling. When the mixture is cold add about
one half a te:icupful of water of ammonia (harts-
horn )p and bottle for use, taking care to keep the
fluid corked from the air. For use take a cup-
ful to a pailful of wa'er.

4. Sal soda and borax, 5^ lb. each; gum
camphor, i oz. ; alcohol. % pint. Dissolve the
soda and borax in one gallon of boiling rain wa-
ter, pour in two gallons of colil rain water, add
the camphor fust dissolved in the alcohol, stir
well and bottle for use. Four tablespoonfuls of
the preparation are to Ik mixed with a pint of
soft soap, and the clothes boiled in a suds made
of this. It is all the )>cttcr if the clothes are soak-
ed over night, before putting them into the
suds.

5. Soak your clothes over night in clear, cold
water ; in tlie morning have over the fire what
water is necessary to boil them in, add one ta-
blespoonful of salcratus, one pint of soft soap,
or one quarter of a bar of hard soap, wring or
drain your clothes from the water in which they
have stood over night, put them in your boiler.
boil three quarters of an hour, when they will
need but little rubbing;, rinse, and your clothes
will be beautifully white. Your suds will be ex-
cellent for washing colored clothing of all kinds,
as It does not injure the nicest prints. One pound
of saleratus will do twenty washings for any
common funily.

WHITE /JK^/jri*!/*.— The silk is treated.
6r«t of all, with soap, taking one quarter of a
pound to one pound of silk, boiled an hour in a
tresh s^Ap solution, contammg one and a h.-ilf
ounces in the pound, taken through cold water,
and next sulphurctl. TTic sulphunng is repealed
three times, and after each lime the silk is steam-
ed at a temperature of SK-ioo"* F. Aflcr the
last sulphuring the silk is steamed several limes
till the sulphurous smell ha.% entirely dis.ippeared.
The silk is now washed twice in pure running or
soft (rain) water, passed into a strong, boiling
soap bath, drawn f^ve times through the same,
wrung out, prepared, and dyed white, according
to patter^* tn a fresh boiling bath of soap, to
which s little reddiih aniline blue, soluble in al-
cohol, has been added. The silk thus dyed white
is washed twice more, and then drawn five times
through a cold vinegar (acetic acid) bath. It is
then nuished.

If the white has tamed out too blue, some
aEnmooiacal cochineal is added to (he vinegar
bath.

By this process every kind M white can be
tained — pure white, milk white, bluish white, or
reddish white.

WINE COLOR DYE /or ffWA— For 5 lbs.
goods — camwood i lbs. ; boil 15 minutes and dip
the goods 5^ hour ; boil .t^in and dip 5^ hour i
then darken with blue vilnol 1)^ oi.; if not dark
enough, add copperas |4 01.

WOOLEN A nriCLES, n afftn^—The
shrinking and discoloring of woolen nrliclcs may
be, in great part, prevented by care in washing
them. Never wash them in hard water, nor wa-
ter softened by soda; nor should they be rubbed
with soap. The fibers of wool are covered with
little points, all directed one way. As the wool-
en is rubbed, these became tangled, and form a
kmd of thick felt, by which means the article is
shrunk and thickened. For the same reason it
is not desirable to wring woolen things. Before
washing, woolen things should I>c well brushed
and shaken to get nd of the dusL Rain» or soft
river water, should have a strong lather made in
it with soap; or, if the things are very greasy,
oxgall should be added, in the proportion of half
a pint to six quarts of water; incn boiling water
should be added to the lather to make it as hot
ns it is possible to bear the hand in; and the
dirty woolen should be put in, and dipped and
raised repeate<lly for several minutes. It should
then be squeeied (not wrung) as dry as possible
from the airty, slimy liquor, and the process, if
necessary, repeated with some clean lather. If
the article is not very dirty, and becomes nuitc
clean in the first washing, the second washing
may be in hot water only, without soap; and. in
cither case, a blue-bag should be used in the last
water. WTien gall has been used, a third water
is necessary (o lake oflT the bad smell. When
the article is finished, it should be squeezed as
dry as can be. and dried as c^uickly as possible
in the open air, if the weather is fine.

WOOL, 7> CAmwj*'.— Make a liquid of water
3 parts and urine I part; heat it as hot as you
can bear the hand in it; then put in the wool, a
little at a time, so Us not to have it crowd; let it
remain in for 15 minutes; lake it out over a
basket to drain; then rinse in running water, and
spread it out to dry: thus proceed in the same
liquor; when it gets reduced fill it op, in the
same proportions, keeping it at hand beat, all the
time not using any soap.

YELLOW DYE for Coftcm.—ut. Qean tbe
cloth or goods \ty steeping in soap-suds, then
rinse in several clinTerent messes of dean water,
and lay aside moist.

3d. Into a dean brass, copper, or wooden
vessel put the amount of clean warm water
deemed necessary to work the goods in easily,
then add the acetate of lead (previously dissolved
in a little hot water in a basin or kettle), and stir
with a wooden rod till well mixed ; after which
put in the cloth or goods, and let them Ue in 30
minutes or longer, stirring often.

3d. Into another clean earthen, wooden, or
metallic vessel put the amount of clean warm
water deeme<l requisite to work the goods in
easily, then add the bichromate of potash (previ-
ously dissolved in a little hot water in a brass or
iron kettle), and stir with a clean wooden rod
till well mixed ; after which wring out the goods
evenly from the acetate of lead both and work
them in this bichromate of potash bath fifteen
minutes or longer, tlien wring oat, rinse in ser-

4

4

A

end diffrrcnt messes of dean water, and dry in
the &hade or in sunshine.

If the colur is not even or fuU after one round
of dippings, repeat the dippingi in both baths,
in the order atiove described, till the color is
even and satisfactory.

A single ])ound of cotton goods requires about
four gallons of water in each bath to work it in
easily. Larger quantities of these goods do not
need quite so much water in proportion.

YELLOW DYES for Cotton.— \, For three
pounds of goods, dissolve in six quarts of soft
water, six ounces of sugar of lead; dissolve three
ounces of the bichromate of potash in another
vessel and dip the goods, one piece at a time,
into the sugar of lead and then into the bichro-
mate ; dry and rinse, and it is done.

2. For 5 lbs. of goods — ^sugar of lead 7 oz. ;
dip the goods two hours ; nuue a new dye with
bichromate of potash 4 oz. ; dip until the color

suits, wring out and dry ; if not yellow enongh,
repeat the operation.

3. The following substances impart a yellow
to goods, cither at once, or after they have been
mordanted with alumina or tin : — annoitm, dyt^» \
AfVoMf /ujtu, fusUt^ Eretuh hrrrits^ qurrtitrm
bark, turmeric, barberry rwt. Goods mordantsi
with acetate of lead, and afterwards passed \
through a bath of cfaroiDate of potash, acq vires
brilliant <hrcme ycllffw color ; solution of swpbati
or acetate of iron, followed by inunersion in pal*
ash or lime-water, gives a yellow, bujf, or vramft^ \
— orpiment dissolved in uamoaia imparts a i
golden yellow.

YELLOW DYE fcr Silk.So^ one poenl
of silk — alum \ oz. ; sugar c»f lead J^ or.
merse the goocU in the solution over night;
out, drain, and make a new dye with itutic
pound; dip until the reciuired color is
tained.

WINES, LIQUORS AND VINEGAR.

*"^C//>, JRayal Strawberry.—'Vtkt 3 pounds of
ripe strawberries, 3 ounces of citric acid, and 1
quart of spring water. Dissolve the acid in the
water, and pour it on the strawberries, and let
them stand in a cool place 24 hours. Then drain
the liquid off, and pour it on 3 mcvc pounds of
fruit ; let it stand 34 hours. Add to the liquid
its own weight of sugar ; boil it 3 or 4 minutes
in a porcetim-lincd preserve kettle, lest metal
may affect the taste, and, when cool, cork it in
bottles lightly for 3 days, then tightly, and seal
them. Keep in a dry and cool place. It is deli-
cious for sick and well.

ADUL TERA TIONof Wine and Liquon.—
Vic have given considerable time to the investi-
gation of this question, and have con^e to the
conclusion that it is next to impossible to obtain
here real Sherry and Port wine, and very diffi-
cult to obtain real Brandy. The cheaper liquors,
vuch as Whisky, Gin, Apple jack. Brandy, and
Others are all made from high wines, and some-
times even low wines arc employed for this pur-
pose. They are mixtures of alcohol, water, and
cttiers, which, according to the process of fer-
mentation, distillation, and the materials employ-
ed, are of different composition and quality,
thereby characterizing; tnc different liquors.
They are colored by either sugar coloring or ex-
tract of logwood. The fusel oil is the most ob-
jectionable, in fact highly poisonous, consiitucnt
of these liquors, and ought to be removed as far
as possible without destroying or removing the
compound ethers of it. This is accomplished by
filtering through charcoal, or by distilling for
very high graded wine. We are aware, how-
ever, that it lies principally with the distiller
himself, in selecting the materials and conduct-
ing the fermentation properly, to avrnd the form-
ation of an undue amount of fusel oil. The
quality of these liquors may be tested in the fol-
lowing way: — A certain volume is subjected to
distillation in a retort, connected with a Licbig's
cooler to condense the alcohoL After three- (

fourths of the liquid are distilled orer,

the flame ; 611 up the alcohol to the volume oct
ginally taken, and note the specific gravity.
M-hich may be calcubted the percientage of i
the residue in the retort is tested for Uste
odor, whereby the nature of the co]onii£B
and the adultctation with pepper or ot&r
lasting spice is detected. The alcohol u
for fusel oil. The percentage of alcoliol
kies and gins is from 45 1050, thatof'L-
from 50 to 6^. The residue Ctxm Imadf
always contain some tannic acid, dermJf
the oaken casks in which it is exported.
easily delected by a salt of iron giving the
Ish bine color of ink. This same plan is foL
in the analysis of wines, where the residnc
will be a criterion of the ouality uf the wine
wines contain tartaric acid in some shape. «1
however, is generally supplied in maou&ct
wine, so that its presence cannot be takes
proof of the genuineness of the wine. We 1
you at present no sure test for cstablishiaf ihe
difference between natural color and vOackit
coloring though many have been pvhiMteJ
from time to time. Tliis is a qnestkc wCodh
must be decided by the experieaoe of Ae
anal>'st.

ALCOHOL.— VToo{i^T\U which is tb« l«d'
ard by which all mixtures of alcohol
are judged, contains 50 per cent, by vdwae
42-53 per ccnU by weight of aJooboL
specific gravity of proof spirit is 0^933;
when a spirit is "above proof," it denOlcs
it contains an excess of alcohol. Thus if loe
umes of a spirit require 30 vuUtmcs of water
reduce it to "proof^slandard," it i« said to be
over proof, while the term "under prwT iw
reference to a less strong spirit thu "
ard. Thus, if 100 volumes of a spirit 1
volumes of spirit of a specific gravity o
riisc it to the "proor' st*n<Urd, \h^
said to be "30 under proof," The ttxtaij^
ascertained by the hydrometer.

WINES, LIQUORS AI/D VINEGAR,

\

Alcohol, when thnrou^hljr rectified and cleans-
ctl, vs. <^ncd pure neulral spirit, and is the buis
of all the dumesiic manuractured tmiutions of
foreign brandies, gins, cordials, etc. The high
wine, or neutral spirit, distilled and rectified,
and sold as Frencn pure sutrit, it free from all
deleterious substances, ana when sweetened,
colored, and properly flavored, will compete fa-
vorably with imported brandy or ein. Good
strong whisky may be used as a substitute for
the above proof spirit, but it is inferior to the
other. The whisky should be of proper strength,
and treated as follows; this process destroys the
fiuel oil, and predpiiates the verdigris to the
bottom: —

To 40 gals, whiskr, add \^ lbs. unslaked
lime; % lb. powdcrea alum ; and % pt. spirits
of ntlre; stir well, and let stand twenty-four
hoars. Then draw off into another cask, avoid-
ing the sediment. It is then fit for use. All oils
used must be cut in 90 per cent, alcohol, uxing
I qt. alcohol to 2 oz. oil, and should stand twenty-
lour hour« before usinjg.

ALE, To Brew. — The rarious operations of
brewing are nearly the same for every species of
malt liquor, the differences in the products aris-
ing from the materials employed, the heal of the
water used for mashing, and the temperature at
which the fermentation '\% conducted. (Sec Brew-
ing.) For ale, pale or lightly dried malt should
be chosen, as well as i)a1e bops, if it be desired
to brew a liquor possessing but little color ; and
the fermentation should be auricd on at a low
temperature. Almost every county m England
h&fi Us variety of ale, but the difference consists
chiefly (the same quantity of malt and hops being
used) in the preparation of the malt. The water
may in some cases vary in quality, the boiling
may be longer or shorter, or the liquor may be
turned on at a different heat ; but lhc?ie circum-
stances being considered, one general process
serves for the whole, as before observed. For
immediate une, the malt may be all pale; but it
brewed for keeping, or m warm weather, one-
fourth should he amber male 6 lbs. of Kent
bops should be used to the quarter, or 8 to 10 lbs.
for keeping ale.

ALB^ Burien, — This is a strong species of
mie, of which only a barrel and a huf is drawn
from a quarter of malt. Temperature for the firs*
mish 170*', and for the second i8o*, followed by
ft mash for uble beer at 165^- It is tunned at
58", and cleansed at ^^^. Tlie finest pale malt,
ground two days before using, together with the
best Kent botu, (6 to 8 lbs. per quarter,) are em-
ployed for thu ale.

ALE f<rr PrhtUe FamilUu — A bushel and
three quarters of ground malt and a pound ol
hop^ are sulBcient to make 18 gallons of good
Cunily ale. That the saccharine matter of the
Mfttt mav be extracted by infusion, without the
Ctfina, the temperature of the water should not
exceed 165* or 170* Fahrenheit's thermometer.
The quantity of water .should \k divided into two
porttons, one of which should be poured upon
the malt as si^cdily as possible, and the whole
being well mixed together by active stirring, the
vessel should be closely covered over for an hour;
if the weather l>e cold, for an hour and a half.
If hard water be employed, it should be boiled.
«nd the temperature allowed, by exposure to the
atmofphere, to fall to about 16$** rahr. ; but if
Pffi water is used, it may be aidded to the malt

as soon as it readies the point. After standing
the proper lime, the wort must be drawn off into
anocner vesiicl, and the second portion of the wa-
ter poured on, which should be allowed to ma&h
an hour. The first wort may then be boiled with
% lb. of hops for one hour, by which time the
second mashing will be ready to be drawn off,
and should be boiled for half an hour, with S^
lb. of fresh hops. The two liquors should now
l>e mixed and cooled down to the temperature of
60*^ or 65*^, when a pint of good thick yeast
should be well stirred in, and as soon as the fer*
mentation is completed, the liquor in.iy be drawn
off into a clean cask previously rinsed with bod-
ing water. When the slow fermentation which
will ensue has ceased, the cask should be loosely
bunged for two days, after which, if the liquor
be left quiet, the bung may be properly fastened.
Pale malt is the best, oecause, when highly dried,
it does not afford so much saccharine matter. If
the malt be new, it should be exposed to the air,
in a dry room, for two days previously to its
being used. A third mashing may be made for
table beer.

ALE, ffome Brfwtd. — For this purpose a
quarter of malt, <8 bus.) is obtained at the malt
house— or, if wished to be extra strong, nine
bushels of malt — are taken, with hops, 12 lbs. ;
yeast, 5 qts.

The malt, being crushed or ground, is mixed
with 72 gals, of water at the temperature of 160**,
and covered up for 3 hours, when 40 gallons are
drawn off, into which the hops arc put, and left
to infuse. Sixty gallons of water at a tempera-
ture of 1 70** are then added to the malt in the
mashtub, and well mixed, and after standing a
hours, sixty gallons are drawn off. The wort
from these two mashes is boiled with the hops
for 2 hours, and after being cooled down to 65^,
is strained through a flannel bag into a ferment-
ing tub, where it is mixed with the yeast and left
to work for 24 or 30 hours. It is then run into
barrels to cleanse, a few gallons being reserved
for filling up the casks as Uie yeast works over.

ARRACK PUNCH SYRUP.— %^ lbs.
sugar; 31^ gah. water. Boil up well; then add
1 ^ gals, lemon j uicc lo the boiling sugar, and stir
till the liquid ik clear; poor it in aclean tub, and,
when nearly cool, ada 5 gals. Balavia arrack ;
then filter.

ARRACK, BATAVIA.-rCts ijgaUonspale
rum, add 3 ounces flowers of benzoin ; % ounce
balsam of Tolu; I ounce sliced pine apple. Di-
gest with occasional agitation for a month; then
add % pint raw millc agitated well for fifteen
minutes, and rack in a week; a fine imitation.

BARRELS, TaSw^UnwA^ E^m/.—t. Set
fire to I lb. or more of broken charcoal, put it
into the cask, and immediately fill up the cask
with iKnling water. After this roll the cask once
or twice a day for a week ; then pour out the
charcoal and water, wash out the cask with clean
cold water, and expose it to the eilemal air for
some days. — 2. A pint of the permanganate
turned into the most musty, filthy cider or beer
ca*k and rinsed al»out a few moments will en.
tirely decompose all fungoid growths and ferment-
ing matter, and remler the cask a.s sweet a* tho>e
that are new. The deodorizmg, disinfecting
power of the permanganate, bolriing, as it does,
nveeouivalents of oxygen, is woncKrful; it will
even <)codorize carbolic acid.

BEAD /fr Z^iirrr.— The best bead is the

1

36«

DICTiONARY OF EVERY~DAY WANTS.

onngeflower walcr bead, (oil ofncroli), l drop
to each gallon of bn.ndy. Another method. —
To every 40 drops of sulphuric acid, add 60 drops
purest sweet cnl in a gl^s vessel; use imineai-
Btcly. This quantity is generally lulBcient for
10 gnllons spirit Anothet. — TjiUc I ounce of
the ^mrcst oil sweet almonds; 1 ounce of sul-

Shunc add; put them in a stone mortar; add, b^
crre«3, s ounces white lump sugar, rnbbing it
%dl with the pestle till it l>ocome« a paste; then
add small quantities of spirits of wine till it comes
Into a. liquid. Thii quantity is sufTiacnt for 100
rallons. The first is strongly recommended as
Uic best.

BEER, To ^e the Appearanct of Agt to. —
Add a few handfuls of piclcled cucumbers and
Seville oranges, both chopped up. Tliis is said
to mike mnlt hquor appear six months older
thiiH it really is.

BEER BOUQUET. —AfXor^iTx^ to Dr.
Boeltger, this liquor consi&ts of a solution of the
Cisenlial oil of lemons in light pefroleumoil, and
a coarse fusel oil, containing spirit colored by
turmeric.

BEER, CI/EAP.—l.WtAtT 15 gals,; Hon half
the water with % lb. horn; then add to the other
half in the tun. and well mix with i gnl molas-
ses and a little yeast. — 2. Fill a boiler with the
£rccn shells of peas, pour on water till it rises
naif an inch above the shells, and simmer for
three hours. Strain off the liquor, and add a
Strang decoction of the wood sage, or (he hop,
*o as to render it pleasantly biUer, then ferment
in the usual manner. The wood sage is the l>est
substitute for hops, and being free from any
anodyne property is entitled lo a preference. By
boiling a fresh quantity of shells in the decoction
before it Incomes cold, it may b»e $0 thoroughly
impregnated with saccharine matter, as to aiford
a hqunr, when fermented, as strong as ale,

BEER CUP.. — Put a quarter of an ounce of
cinnamon, two cloves, one allspice; a little grat-
ed nutmeg, and one gill of sherry into a jug; let
it stand for two hours, (hen add two pints of best
Burton ale and four bottles of good ginger beer ;
with blocks of clear ice.

BEERf To Enliven and Restore when Dead. —
'Boil some water and sugar, or water and treacle,
together, and when cold add some new yeast;
this will restore dead beer, or ripen bottled beer
in 24 hour>i ; and it will also make worts work in
the tun if they are sluggish.

Or, a small texspoonful of carbonate of coda
may be mixed witn a quart of it as it is drawn
for drinking.

Or, lx>il for every gallon of the liquor 3 or, of
kfugar in water; when cold add a little yeast, and
put tlie fermenting mixture into the flat beer,
whether it be a (uU cask or the bottom of the
cask.

Or, beer may often be restored which has be-
come flat or stale, by rolling and shaking the
cask for a considerable time, which will create
such « new fermentation as to render it neces-
sary to open a venl-peg to prevent the cask from
bursting.

BEER, Eimmg and PreiewiMg.—TtCkc a
^handful of the hops l>oiled in the first wort, and
Iricd; "^ lb. of loaf sugar dissolved in the bce-r;
1 lb. of chalk; and S lb. of calcined oyster
shells. Put the whole in at the bung h^lc, stir-
ring them well and then r<bunging. This pre-
ioa will also suit for tacked btct', i&poL-

ting in the hops it may be Advisable
them in a net with a small stone in the
so as to sink them, oiherwise they will swim
the top,
BEER, To Improve the Flavor p/.^^n&at

finger, I oe. ; bruise cloves^ H°'-* afewtcilded
ops and a doc. broken coarse biscuits to every
two barrels. Rummage well.

BEER, C/JVCER.—i. Ten pounds ofn^ar;
9ounces of lemon juice; }^ apoutnl of honeys IC
ounces of bruised ginger root: 9 pnll.m^. n^wi.
tcr; 3 pints of yeast. Boil the , a

hour ma gallon of water; then nil -f

the water and the other ingredicni > it

when cold. Add the while of an n,

and J^ an ounce of essence of Ichmmi i ct it
stand 4 days» then bottle, and it «in keep many
months.

2. Three gallons of cold spring water, one
quart of mouses, tMic tablespoon of crrsm of
tartar, three tablespoons of ginger. ■ >f
veost; mix together in a tub, and e
(lOurs. It may then be bottled, aim wm i^ tU
for use in one day.

3. While sugar $ lbs.; lemon juice 1 gill;
honey !^ lb.; ginper, bruised, 5 Od. ; water 4)$
gals. Boil the ginger thiry minuies in three
qts. of the water ; then add thr ' is,
and strain; when cold, put : ■!}
*^gg. wf'l beaten, with one u^-, ....... w-. ;i....m

essence — let stand four days, nnd i>oitIe. Il will
keep for months — much longer than if yeast was
used ; the honey, however, operates mildly in
place of yeast.

4. Put two ^tons of cold water in a pet upon
the fire; add to it Iwn ounces of good ||fakfer
bruised, and two pounds of white orT^-"--** •» ^'ic-
or, I^t this come to a boil, and < ■ il-
ingfor about half an'hour. 'fhcn sl,i. r
and pour into n jar or tub, along wiili ujtc hiked
lemon and halt an ounce of cream of tartar.
Wlien nearly cold put in a ten.spoonfiiI of yeaktr
to cause the whole to work. The beer w now
made ; and after it has worked for two days,
strain it and bottle it for use. Tic down Ukt
corks firmly.

5. To two (Kiunds of white sugar, two fWMCS
of best Jamaica ginger, well bniim, two ounces
of cream of tartar, and the rind of two lemons,
add two gallons of boiling water; stir all to>
getlier till they become lukewarm. 1 ^^^l a !.lice
of bread, pour on it two tabi: I
fresh ycasl, and place it to flni -c
mixture; cover the who" r
hours, then stnun and 1 t
to fill the bottles; cork ..... Mi^iy,
This quantity will make three ii, and
will l>c ready for use in three . i > ^.

BEER POWDERS, G/sXOJ-Jx.—i'. Take a
drs. of fine loaf sugar, S grs. of ginf»rr, a* jfr*. r*(
carbonate of potasso, oil in fine , ' ' <m

intimately in a Wedgwood** v .
also 27 grs. of citric ur tartaric
plcasantc&t, but the last is il
acid is to he kept separate I .
The beer is prepared from i'
Take two tamblcr f;la«»es <'-'• '<

water; stir '., ' I

them, and III' •!

the two \\<\u .

the beri 1 y i[-.Tic 1. iF.

The Clk-i vr-cr-.u-r \i ■ ].-

charge of the carbonic aod U Uic cwUuuLe of

'MaL

nrrjvES, UQUons and vtksgar.

36s

>

potassa. U the beer is allowed to stand for a few
minates it becomes flat; this is owing to its hav*
ing lost all its carbonic acid. Tlie cost of these
powder* is 20 cts. a dozen sets. — 3. ( With Sotia
PtTwdcri.) Put into blue papers, 30 grains to
each paper, of bicarbonate of soda, 5 grains of
powdered ginger, and 1 drachm of white pow
dered sug:ir. Put into while papers, 25 grains,
to each, of powdered tartaric acid. Put I paper
of a kind to ^ a pint of water. The common
£<xla powders of the shops ore like the above,
with the sugar and ginger omitted.

fiEE^, //OP.— Viim 5 quarU ofwatcron6
ounces of hops ; boil three hours; strain off the
liquor ; turn on 4 quarts more of water, and 12
spoonfuls of ginger, and boil the hops 3 hours
longer; strain and mix it with the otner liquor,
and stir in 2 quarts of molasses. Brown, very
dry. half x pound of bread, and put in — nuked
bread is best. Found it fine, and brown it in a
pot, like coffee. After cooling to be about luke-
warm, add a pint of new jreast that is free from
salt. Keep the beer covered, in a temperate
jntuation, till fermentation has ceased, which is
known by the settling of the froth; then turn it
into a keg or bottles, and keep it in a cool place.

BEE^, LEAfOA'.—To a gallon of water add
a sliced lemon, a spoonful of ginger, }4 > pint
of yeast, and sugar enough to make it quite
sweet.

££EK, MAPLE.— Tq 4 gallons of boiling
water add 1 quart of maple syrup, and half an
ounce of essence of spruce; add one pint of yeast
ood proceed as with ginger pop.

BEER, AfOLASSES,—Ho^9 i 01.; water
I epL ; boil for 10 minutes, strain, add molasses
t ID., and when lukewarm, yeast, 1 spoonful.
Fcrroent.

BEER, To Rtstore when iVw/y.— Run it
through some hops that have been boiled in
strong wort, and afterwords work it with double
the quantity of new malt liquor ; or if the fault
u in the cask, draw it off into a sweet cask, and
baring boiled J^ lb. of brown sugar in I quart
of water, add i or 2 spoonfuls of yeast before it
is quite cold, and when the mixture fcrmcnts,
pour it into the cask.

BEER, PJ/JLADELP//IA,—\\'^icr3,o^'
Ions ; brown sugar 20 lbs. ; ginger, bruised. I )^
lb.; cream of tartar ^ lb.; super carbonate of
soda 3 o£.; oil of lemon, cut in a little alcohol,
K teaspoon; whites of lo eggs, well beaten; hops
S oz. ; yeast I quart.

The ginger root and hops should be boiled 30
or 30 minutes in enough of the water to make
all milk warm, then strained into the rest, and
the yeast added and allowed to work over night;
skimmed and bottled.

BEER, ROOT.— I. Take 3 gals, of molas-
ses; add 10 gals, of water at €0'° Fab. Let
this stand a hours, then pour into a barrel, and
add powdered or bruised sassafras and winter-
green bark, each ^ lb., bruised sarsaparilla
*^*^ )4 1)>M yeast one pint, water enough to till
the barrel, say 2$ gals. Ferment for 13 hours
and botlie.

a. For 10 gals, beer, take 3 lbs. common bur-
dock root, ur I ounce essence of sassafras ; ^
Jb. good hops; I pint corn, roasted brown. Boil
the wh<ilc in 6 gals, pure water until the strength
of the materials 'n obtained; strain while hot into
a keg, adding enough cold water to rnakc lo
gaU« When nearly cold, add dean molasses or

svrup until mUlahlc, — not sickishly sweet. Add
also OS much fresh yeast as will raise a batch of
8 loaves of bread. Place the keg in a cellar or
other cool place, and in 48 hoars you will have a
keg of first-rate sparkling root l)cer,

3. For each gallon of water to be used, take
hops, burdock, yellow d»x:k, sarsapTrilla, dande-
lion, and spikenard roou, bruised, of each f4
ounce; boil about 20 minutes, and strain while
hot, add S or 10 drops of oils of spruce and sas-
safras, mixed in eniul proportions, when cool
enough not lo scald your nond, put in 2 or 3
tablespoons of yeast; molasses, \% of a pint, or
white sugar ^ lb., gives it about the right sweet-
ness.

4. American sar&aparilla, 2 pounds; spice
wood, |;i pound; giiaiac chips, i pound; birch
bark, % pound; ginger, ^ ounce; s.iS!safra5,
4 ounces; prickly ash bark, j.^ ounce; white mus-
tard, t ounce; oops, 1 ounce. Boil for twelve
hours at a moderate heat, with sufficient water,
so that the remainder sliall measure five gallons,
to which add of tincture of ginger, S ounces; oil
of wintergrecn, 1 ounce; alcohol, 1 quart; or
sufhcicnt to prevent fermentation.

To make Root Beer, take of the a1>ove decoc-
tion, t quart; molasses, 8 ounces; water 2^ gal-
lons; yeast, 4 ounces.

The Root Beer, in warm weather, should be
mixed the evening before it is used. It con be
kept for use either bottled or drawn by a com-
mon beer pump. Most people prefer a small ad>
didon of wild cherry bitters or not drops to the
above beer.

BEER, To Curt when Ropy.—VM\ a handful
or two of flour, and the same quantity of hops,
with a little powdered alum, Into the beer, anfi
rummage it well.

BEER, SASSAERAS.—HAVC ready 2 gals.
of soft water; one quart of wheat bran; a large
handful of dried apples ; half a pint of molasses;
a small handful of hups; half a pint of strong
fresh yeast, and a piece of sassafras root the size
of on ceg. Put all the ingredients (save molas-
ses ami ycost) at once in a large kettle. Boil
until (he apples are quite soft. Pour tlic molas>
scs in a snuil, clean tub or a large pan. Set a
liair sieve over the vessel and strain Uic mixture
through it. Let it stand until it becomes only
milk warm, when sUr in the yeasty put the liquor
immediately into the keg or |ugs, and let It
stand, uncorked, to ferment. tilTihc jugs quite
full, that the liquor in fermentation nuy run
over. Set them m a large tub. When the fer-
mentation has subsided, cork, and u^e next day.
2 targe tablespoons of ginger, stirred into the
molas&es, wilT be found to m an improvement.
If the yeoit is stirred in while the liquor U too
warm, it will be apt to turn sour. If the liquor
is not at once put into jugs, it will not ferment
well. Keep in a cool pla^. This beer is only
for present use, as it will hot keep more ttian 2
days in very warm weather.

SEER, SOLID. — By a very simple process,
introduced by Mr. Merlens, the wort, after being
made in the mash-tub of molt and hops, in the
usual manner, is sucked up by a pipe into a large
vacuum (cxh.-iustcd by an air.pumpj, and then
[lersisiently worked round and round, while the
mmsturc U evaporated. The wort emerges from
its tribulations with a pasty consistence, and is
allowed to fall from a considerable height into
oir-tighl buics, ia which il <cpo*cs like hardr

^

DICTIONARY OF EVEKY^DA Y tVANTS.

bake. It soon gets so cxceedin0;ly tough that it
b&s to be broken up with a chisel and mallet,
and in that condition u easily &enl oliroad, or to
any part of the world, for people to brew tiicir
own molt Uquur.

BEEHf Jc Resiert when Sour. — Good Hops
% lb., powdered chalk ^ lbs.; put in the hole of
the cask, and bung close (or a few days ; for
frosted beer, add »onie finings, a few handfuls of
flour, and some scalded hops ; for ropy beer, use
a handful or two of (lour, the same of hops, with
X little powdered alum lo each barrel. Kum-
marc well.

BEER, SPRUCE.— \. Botl a handful of hops,
and 2 of the chips of sassafras root, in lo gallons
of wnlcr; strain it, and turn on, while hoi, a gal-
lon of molasses, 2 spoonfuls of the essence uf
spruce, 3 spoonftils o(^ ginger, and I of pounded
allspice. Put it into a cask ; and when cold
enough, add half a pint of cood yeast; stiritwell;
stop It close ; when clear, bottle and cork it.

3. For 3 gals, water put in I qt. and %_ pt. of
molasses, 3 <^ggs '«<'cll beaten, yeast 1 gill. Into
3 qts. of the water boiling hot put $0 drops of
any oil you wish the flavor of; or raii 1 or. each,
oils sassafras, spruce and wintcrgrccn, then u&c
50 drops of the mixed oils.

3. Boil 8 gaU. o( water, and when in a state
of complete cbulliUun [>our it into a beer barrel
inrhich contains 8 gals, more of cold water; then
Bdd,l6 lbs. of moUsses, with a few taWcspoon-
fuU of the essence of spruce, stirring the whole
well together ; add hall 2 pint of yeast, and keep
it in a lcm))cralc situation, with the bung-hole
open for two days till the fermentation be abated,
wlicn the bung may be put in and the beet bot.
tied off. It is fit tu drink in a day or two. ]f
you can get no essence of spruce make a strong
cecucUon of the small twigs and leaves of the
spruce firs.

4. Take of the essence of spruce half a pint;
bruised pimento and ginger, ofeach four ounces;
water, three gallons. Boil five or ten minutes,
then strain and add 1 1 gallons of warm water, a
pint of yeast, and six pints of molasses. Allow
the mixture to ferment for 24 hours.

5. Tnkc of oil of spruce, sassafras, and winter-
green, each 40 drops: pour 1 gal. of boiling wa-
ter on the oils, then add 4 gals, of cold water, 3

Joints of molasses, 1 pint ofyeast. I^t it stand
or 2 hours and bottle.

BEER POWDERS^ SPRUCE, — "NYixif:
sugar, I drachm ; bicarbonate of soda, I scntple;
essence of spruce, 8 grains ; essence of lemon, 1
grain. Mix and wrap it in blue paper. Tlien
add tartaric acid, % drachm, and wrap it in white
paper. For use: dissolve each paper in separate

& lasses, one third full of water, pour one into
ic other, and drink immedialelv.
BEER, fm/frm f,^ STRONG.— MalU i peck;
coarse bniwn sugar, 6 pounds ; hops, 4 ounces ;
good yeast, l teacup ; if you have not malt, lake
a little over l peck of barley, (twice the amount
of oats will do, but are not as good,} and put it
into an oven after the bread is drawn, or into a
stove oven, and steam the moisture from them.
Cirind coarsely. Now pour upon the ground
malt 3>J gallons of water at 170 or 172^ of heal.
The tub in which you scald the mnit should have
a faJsc bottom, 3 or 3 inches from the real bot-
lom ; (he false bottom should be bored full ol
cimlct hnici, so aa to net as aslrainet, Vo V«\i

einiici nnics, SO as lo nci as a sivainci, \o ikc\y y mixcu wjin giyccJini: ,

b»ck the male mcaL ^'hen Ui« walci u ^wcd^ 'w^ucaWt, Viuvbcconunr

on, stir them well, and let it *tand 3 hours, and
draw off by a faucet; put in 7 gaJJon* n ore of
water at 180 to 182'^; stir it well, and let it stand
2 hours and draw it off. Then ]ml on a gaUon
or two of cold water, stir it well and draw 11 offj
you should have about 5 or 6 gallons. Put the
6 pounds of coarse brown stignr in an ciatuU
amount of water; mix with the wort, and boil
iM to 2 hours with the hops; you should have
eight gallons when boiled i when cooled to 80''
put in the yeast, and let it work 18 to 20 bobrs,
covered with a sack; use sound iron hooped kep
or |xjrter liottles, bung or cork tight, and in two
weeks it will be good sound heer, ant! will kcrp
a long Lime; and for persons of a v-'L * ->«r ctf
body, and especially females, 1 g]-, ,ih

their meals is far bcTlcr than lea r>i ^ , aii

the ardent spirits in the univerxe. If luorc matt
is used ; not exceeding ^ a bushel, the beer, of
course, would have more spirit, but this strcr^tii
is sufficient for the use of families cr invalids.

BEER, TOMATO.— GuthcT the fruit oncv
a week, stem, wash and mash it ; strain through
a coarse linen bag, and 10 every gallon of the
juice add a pound of good, moist brown sucar.
Let it stand nine days, and then pour it off from
the pulp, which will !»ett1e in the 1 ■ ' the

jar. Boltle it closely, and the U'-. . ^p

it the belter it is when you want U- .it

a pitcher tltal wilt hold as much s^ to

use — for my family I use a gallon [ - ..i it

nearly full of fresh sweetened water. Add ktjmc
of the preparation already described, and a Jew
drops of essence of lemon, and you will find it
Mjual to the t^*cst lemonade, costing almost nalh.
inc. To every gallon of sweetened water 1 add
a half tumbler ofbcer.

BITTERS, STOMACH.— EuTor^rtm CmXhn
root, I ;i ounce; orange peel, 2^' th-

namon. V ounce; anbe seed, ^ m n.

dcr seed, % ounce; cardamom set,-.;, ;,i ountc;
unground Peruvian bark, ^'^ ounce; crom Icbv^
<^ ounce ; bruise all these articles, atid put iboa
mto the best alcohol, 1 pint; let it stand a week
and pour off the clear tincture; then boiJ the
dregi a few minutes in 1 <iuarl of -.v .>n,

and press out all the strength ; now zf

sugar, I pound, in the h-' '• ' .1$

cold water, and mix v .n

poured off, or you can a-. .ind

on the dregs if preferred.

BITTERS, BRANDY -br>utfd eentiaa.
8 ounces ; orange \yct], 5 ounces ; carda]iiaBia« 3
ounces; cassia, i ounce; cochineal, ^ '"■"ce;
spirit, I gallon. Digest for ow «.»-v (V-r. ^,
cant the clear, and pour on t: c

pints. Digest for one week ]v ^na

mix the two tinctures together.

BOTTLES, T<> Su^Uh n*km Mmiy,^
Sweeten with sulphuric add and water nrixed in
the proportion of a quart of water to hatf a pint
of acid.

BOTTLES, Wax /./.—Take one ponod ol
resin, one pound ofl>ersw2x, and half a pound
of tallow. Mi* It" I . . .^^

soot, or Spantfih r j^

you require. Mtit tin.- v»jm>ic carn-^i.v, iTiTimr
It all the lime. If It be likrlv tn Uiil over, stir
it with a candle end. ^ )ti<.h %« ill .illav the riotace
of the ebullition, r i

BOTTLES, .\. -^—r^^MJom

mixed with glyccjini: _, ^itd

'JC

ifite

WTNES, ZIQUOJfS AKD VINEGAR.

Tfil

I

ftamc time retaining much of the elasticity. Hot-
lies may be hcrmeiically sealed by dipping their
ncck« into the lintiid mixture, and repeating the
operation until Ine cap attains any thickaett re-
quirctl.

BOTTLING MALT L/QC^O/HS.—Then
can be no doubt tliat all fermented malt liquors,
as well as wine, are imuroved by bottling, when
the work i« performca with sufficient skill and
care ; but there are several considerations rcqui*
ftite to success which we shall now bring under
the notice of our readers.

The state of the linuor at the time of bottlinp.
The fermentation of the linuor should be nearly
completed; if not, there will be the risk of burst-
ing llw bottles in consequence of the generation
of too brge a quantity of gas. On the other
hand, if the fermentation be over and the liquor
he flat, the beer wtU become more or less sour.
The mode of judging as to the fitness of the
1ii|Uor for bolilinc is to ascertain its condition in
the cask. If, on drawing the vent-peg, the liquor
spurts out «'ith violence, it is ccri^n that the
process of fermentation is still going on ; on the
other hand, if it appears to be still, and on being
tasted is in good condition and brisk, it may be
lield to be in a fit state for l>ottling. If, how-
ever, it be too brUk and frothy while bottling,
ihe bottles ought to be left uncorked for a few
hours, and filled out. Thev should only be filled
up as the froth works w^ilhin an inch of the
cork-

BOTTUNG* Corks for, — Tliere is no economy
in bad corks. If they arc not suffidcntlv sound,
and allow the air to escape, the liquor becomes
flat, and consequently sour, and the bottles
might nearly as well be left open. The corks
should be soaked in the liquor before being put
into the bottles, and if the bottles be then laid
on their sides, the corks will swell so as to be
perfectly tight. It need hardly be added that
ffrcat care should Ijc taken that the bottles
have been thoroughly washed and are perfectly
clean.

BKANDV.^'Xo 40 gals, of pure or neutral
spyirits, add I lb. crude Lirtar, dissolved in X gal.
hot water; acetic ether, V vunt; bruised raisins,
C lbs. ; tinct. kino, x ounces ; sugar. 3 lbs.; color
with sugar coloring. Stand 14 days, and draw

oR.

BRANDY, BRITISH.— \. Oean spirit, loo
gal*.; nitric ether, S lbs.; cassia buds (ground),
U lb.; bitter almond meal, % lb.; orns root
(sliced), 6 ounces ; powdcreti cloves. 1 ounce ;
capsicum, I oz. ; good vinegar, a gals. ; brandy
culoring, I quart. Mix well in an empty cognac
cask, and let them macerate for a fortnight, oc-
casionally stirring. The proportion of the in-
gredients may be varied by the skillful brewer,
as much depends on thetr respective strengths.

». Cean y\w\t, loo gals.; strong vinegar, 3
gals.; bitter almonds (ground). % lb.; cassia
buds (ground), % lb.; orris root j ground), 7
ounces; Guinea pepper (ground). 6 0£.; pow-
dcred cloves, 1 ounce; tincture of catechu, 4
ptsts; nitric ether, a pints; brandy coloring, I
quart Put them on the lees into a frcih emp-
tied cognac cask, and macerate as before. In-
stead of tincture of catechu you may use half a
pound of the powder mixed with hot water to a
jautc.

3. Good plain malt spirit (17 up). 100 gals. ;
fiocly powdered catechu, 11 ounces; tincture o(

vanilla, 3 ounces ; -burnt sugar coloring, I quart
or more. Mix well.

BRANDY, i/A^CA'/^/^A'AT.— Essence of
blackberry, I lb.; blackberry juice, I gal.; syrup
of gum arable, t gal.; pure spirits, 4 barrels.

BRANDY, C//EA'A'Y. — t, To every 10
gals, of brandy made by the receipt for French
brandy, add 3 quarts of wild bl.ick cherries
stones and all bruised; crushed sugar. Jibs.;
let it stand for one week, then draw or rack it
olTas it is wanted for use.

a. Good whisky, 10 gals,; wild bUck ber-
ries, 5 quarts well bruised with stones broken ;
common almonds, shelled, t lb.; white sugar,
cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg, well bruised, of
each K 01, Mix, and let them stand 12 days,
and oraw off. This, with the .iddition of 3 ^s.
brandy, makes most superior cherry brandy.

BRANDY, COGNAC— To every lo gala, of
pure spirits add 2 quarts New England rum, or
I quart Jamaica rum, and from 30 to 40 drops
of oil cognac cut in half a pint of alcohol, and
color with burnt sugar to suit.

BRANDY, To Dfcv/0nif. ~\Vhcn stained by
the cask, a nail, or dropping a bit therein, when
boring for a faucet, or any other cause, add about
one quart of new milk to ten gallons; let it settle
or filter.

BRANDY, FR£NC/f. —^urespinis, 1 «Lj
best French brandy, or any kind j-ou wish to
imitate, 1 quart; loaf sugar, 3 ounces; sweet
spirits of mtre, )4 ounce; a few drops of tinct.
of catechu, or oak bark, to roughen the taste if
desired, and color to suit

BRANDY. PALE.^U made tlie same as
by the above receipt, using pale instcid of the
French, and using only 1 ox. lincL of kino for
every 5 gals.

BRETi'KRJES.—rtie size of a brewery is
stated in the number of quarters of malt that can
be used in one brewing; thus, a brewery having
a mash tun in which twenty combs of malt can
be mashed at a brewing, would be a "ten quarter
brewery", and so on, the rest of the plant being
made in proportion.

Until steam came into general use as a motive
power, all the labor was done by hand or horse
power ; sometimes a water wheel was used ; but
It is believed that on no occasion has wind power
been applied. Of late years, steam has not only
been used in breweries as a motive power, but
also as a means of transmitting heat ; so that the
brewer baring a boiler to supply steam lo the
engines, uses it also to supply steam for boiling
both liquor and wort, either by forming the boil-
ing coppers with an outer pan or jacket of iron,
and passing steam through the space between
that and the inner pan of the copper, or by pass-
ing the steam through coils of copper pipe Axed
at the bottoms of vessels made of wood, iron, or
copper, whichever of these be preferred.

In building a brewery every advantage should
be taken of any favorable natural features of the
locality, such as a hill side, where the buildine
may be arranged so that the utensils can be placed
in a position one above another in level, taking
ad\-antage of the natural slope to save labor,
which might othcrwive have to be expended in
pumping the worts or beer about. A good sup-
ply of suitable water, or "liquor**, as it is called
in breweries, is also indisiKnsable. That there
is this should always Xx aitcerlainol before either
building a new brewery or extending an old qdci

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

'Ilic nuiih tun should be made either of ?ood
vcllow dcnls or of oak, and should have a fahi:
iJoMom, generally of iron, made of several plates,
- - r ' - * ■ ' - --'T:"^^vcit for clcr. rr - *', tun.

V closely : -Mth

; Mih of »n mi . tor ;

sainctimcs, huwcver. With ftloU that wiiitii, but
About two inches to three inches lone, coat in
thcin, Thc»e slots and ii1m> the »niall nulcs are
about three eighths of an inch on the bottom side
of the pUlc, being made so much taper to pre-
vent their blocking. The plates wiiti slots are
more ekpcnsivc than the otncrs, but some brew-
ers prefer them. The ma&h tun should contain
from eighteen to nineteen cubic feel for every
quarter of molt. Formerly, when the crushed
malt had been placed in the tun, tlie nearly boil.
ing hot liquor was run in, and the whole was
thoroughly mixed together by men uiih poles,
each having several cross pieccst about the i\zt
of the staves of a ladder, in one end. This opera-
tion is termed mashing* and these oars are still
used by some brewers, more especially where &
"Steele's" or a similar machine is uiieo.

A better and more certain method of mashing
was required; fur it was found that in some parts
of the ma^\h tun a sort of cake or dumpling would
be formed, the outside of which, con&istmg ol a
naisty moss of flour, prevented the liquor reach-
ing the inside, to extract the valuable ingredient
of the malt. 'I'be machine which far many years
has been fitted to mash tuns, to perform this
operation, is made as follows : A circular crank,
with radial teeth, is Irolted to the sides of the
mash tun ; a vertical shaft is erected in bearings
in the center of the tun. This shaft is either
carried some few feet above the top of the tun,
or else passes ihrouch a stuffing box in the bot-
tom, and is worked by bevel wheels from a,hori-
aontal shaft. The vertical shaft supiKirts loosely
a bearing which carries one end of a second hori-
lontat shaft, which is inside the tun, at about
lialf its depth. The other end of this shaft has
a pinion keyed upon iu This pinion gears with
it, and is supported by the circular rack before
mentioned. A revolving motion is given to tliis
horizontal shaft by bevel wheels from the vertical
one, and upon it is hung a sort of rake, which,
AS the shaft revolves, thoroughly mixes up the
mash. Sometimes there are two, and even three
of the-'ie rake shafts. It will be obvious that, as
these shafts revolve, tlie pinion gearing into the
fixed rack causes the whole to revolve somewhat
slowly round the tun.

In large breweries, where there are sometunes
m dozen or more mash tuns, rather than have ft
.large engine, it is better to have a small one to
^purop all the liquor, and another to grind the
malt ; and these may be kept at work all day,
preparing for the morrow. Indeed, a vast
amount of money in first cost, and in labor after*
wards, may be saved by properly planning and
arranging everything l»eforehand,

BkElVJNG, — The process of brewing has
l>een fully dcscrilwd in many excellent treatises,
from which the intelligent reader can obtain alt
the knowledge he requires; but we think it will
be of service to furnish a condensed view, of
what is essential to brewing successfully, on the
scale suitable for a single household, and care -
fully awiding all such details as are not abso-
lutcJy requisite.
T*" MJ^n —The material ol iwbidiilitttt

made requires attention. An iron br^Ier will he
found suitable^ but it is much less ■' 'an

one of copper, A copDer boiler, al : irst

more exiicnsivc, is to V-- ; i ' ' l<

kept cleaner, is more il 'or

a greater length of lime, . .1 \ . 1 be

worth about naif its origmal cost. A boiler which
can contain about for^<fivc gallons.will be found
must convenient for domestic use. It ja Urgt
enough to produce hoU a hogshead of strongale,
and the same quantity of tatlc Irr--. v^f ° for
many families will be found a sitft'i- v."

A pipe of about an inch and thrc In

diameter should project from the botiuui ol the
boiler, and beyond liic brickw(.>rk wiih wliich it
is built up, and this j>i(>e ou^;! '5^0

as completely to dram oflT alt <'ie

boiler; but this it cannot do : J.

orifice of the pipe be on a b it

part of the boiler. Into this j be

fixed without any bend or curve in il, so as the
more readily to allow the hops to pass through.
During the process of brewing a piece of canvas
may be rolled round the end of the tnp so as tu
hang doH-n into the sieve through which the con-
tents of the boiler are to be strained.

T^e Mash'Tuh. — A shern*-cask, ti'iUi one
fourth of its length cut off, willmake an cxLeflcnl
and cheap mash-tub, capable of containing about
eighty gallons. At iheoiitance of a' ' ■ - -Ic
of inches from the bottom of th< a

wooden hoop must be fixed to 511; ^ Uc

bottom of wood, perforated with numerous small
holes, close to each other. Both tlie false l>ot-
tom, and the hoop on which it r* i.e

movable, and the latter must be ;t: <e

sides of the tub with small nails. . b

must be furnished with a straight t. ' el

with the bottom of the vesiel, for ll: ^ . jf

drawing off the worts. The mosh-lub must be
placed on the stand or gawntree, at a height suf- 1
ncicnt to allow the underback to be plant! vjth
facility below the tap in the mash-tub.

The Oar. — This is ft pv'^'- • -'■ ' ....;-. .^ig
of an ash pole about tw^ j^

at its extremity a frame a ^,

and narrower at the lower than ikt t: 1.

Across this frame there are sever : y

which it is rendered a convenl- ■ -r

thoroughly mixing the malt, .i\

in contact with the water. e

business it is to use the m;^ !•>

stir the worts in the boiler, m ri

stand sufficiently high to perfoim ; 1

cflftciently, and for this purpose he
furnished with « set of steps ct a ^uji..rie
height.

itaugi Stickt are of importance tn rn^W^ ihe
brewer accurately to ascertain thr .f

worts in the boiler; to mrxsiirr t^ -f

gallons of water in the m r-iantity

of liquor in the fermcntn vestdA.

These useful implcmenls niiiy W r-i^nv mvde by
putting into the different rcssdi they «re intma-
ed for, a certain number ':f i'iTIoni of watrr_ .mj
marking the stick at the h

the water rises wh»'n . ^.-f

gallons are success

The Vnd<rbc*k he mash<tub

may be made by um . ■ --■ '" -Sc

sherry cask already sp^u il

AS on onderback. and 1 „ ir

Ux^ tubs to »cn« AA Guukta, wili ht «a&cieat

W//^ES, LIQUORS Ai'^D VmBGAX,

I

II

I

for (he brewing of hslf a hogshead of ale, and
ihr iamc quantity of table beer.

Fet-mentin^ Tuns^ etc. — For half a bogshcsul
Oi' ale, and the same quantity of table beer, two
lermcnting tuns will be necessary, each contain-
ing forty-two gallons. Besides these, a wooden
veftset. or "p'^S'"*" holdinc about a gallon, and
having a long upright handle, will be necessary
liH the pur{>o&e of lifting the worts from the
undeibacK, into the coolers, and a couple of pails
will be requisite, each of them l>eing marked so
as to indictfe two gallons and a half.

Thi Thermometer and Sacckarotneier. — The
■rt of brewing requires that the degree of heat,
and the quantity of saccharine or sweet matter in
the liquid be correctly ascertained. For these
purposes the instruments are requisite. Their
moae of action will be explained to those who
purchi«e them by the manufacturer, and their
uses M-iU be illustrated in the iostruciions we are
about to give.

The Bretvhomt and Vetsth. — In makiog the
CompamUvely small quantity of liquor required
in a single household, it is not only difficult, but
often quite impossible, to hare an outhouse set
apart for brewing, and for no other Durpose.
"Vet it is a very desirable thing if this can r»c done.
Washing, for example, onebt never to be carried
on in a brcwhoiise; as nothing is more injurious
than to leave the remnant of dirty soap^^ods in
the tubs u!^ in brewing. In fact, the greatest
cleanliness is indispensable. All the vessels
should be perfectly sweet, and free from must-
incss or anv other smell ; they ought to be strictly
examined trie day before the brewing commences,
and should never be used for nny other puriwjse;
and they ought to be carefully cleansed and kept
quite free from dirt

T0 dean Casks. — ^Thesc should be well clean-
sed with boiling water, and if the bung-hole be
large enough, they should be scrubbed inside
with a handbrush. sand, and fuller's earth, and
afterwards scaldwl. As to the coolers, and in-
deed all the vessels, care should l>e t.iken not to
let the water stand in them any length of time,
as in all water left stagnant a prodigious mul*
titude of animalcules are ^neratcd, which, al-
though too minute lo be visible to the naked eye,
are easily discerned by llie microscope. Water
in which these creatures axe generated emits an
intolerable stench ; and if the vessels containine
them are of wood, they retain the smell, and
hardly any amount of scrubbing will enidicate it.
Zinc-Limed Coders. — So important is it that
the coolers should be free from any bad odor,
that we recommend that the jnterior of the ves-
sels b£ lined with zinc; this secures greater
parity, and expedilcs the cooling of the worts.
Tbe mash-tub should be kept scrupulously clean,
no grains bein^; allowed to remain in it longer
than the day after the brewing. We shill now
make a icw remarks on the ingredients ubcd in
brewing, and then give a description of the pro-
cess.

tVater. — Different opinions are entertained as
lo the relative merits of the water for brewing;
but we may with confidence state that rain water
is oerlaiuly superior to any other for the purpose.
If it, however. difficuK to obtain this in a condi<
tiun of sufficient purity, as the rain water col-
lected from the roofs 01 houses carries particles
of vegetable substances, imparting to the water
a oauseoiu flavor. The purest water is that

produced from melted snow, collected in the
open fields after a heavy fall. This water pos-
sesses the highest degree of purity, and is nil but
identical with distilled water; it oein^ in fact,
the result of distillation. If it is desirable that
rain water should be used, let it be obtained in
as pure a condition, and as free from any i>eculiar
taste and odor as possible. River water is well
suited to the purpose so (iir as its softness is con-
cerned, but it contains, especially in the warmer
and autumnal months, a large quantity of both
animal and vegetable substances. Hard water,
in consequence of its chemical constitution, has
less power than the two other kiuds to ealrad
the virtue* of the malt and the hops; but this in-
convenience mav be obs-iated by raising tlic heat
oftlie water. Skillful hre^ving, no doubt, can do
much towards rendering the liquor made from
hard water as good as any other; bat undoubt-
edly pure rain water is the best,

Afo/t. — The best malt has a sweet smell, a
mellow taste, a round body, and a thin skin;
pole malt is adapted for domestic brewing, and
brown molt for public breweries.

/AjAr. — The Ijest hops arc of a bright green
color, sweet smell, and a feeling of dammmess
when rubbed between the hands.

Breiving, — We shall now describe the process
of brewing, for, say. half a hogshead oc strong
ale, the same quantity of middle ale, and a quar-
ter hogshead of table beer. This will require six
bushels of malt, and care must be taken that It
has not l>een dric^ at too high a temperature,
nor ground more than three days, and that it Is
pole malt, and of the best quality.

J/eat Keqnirei!. — It is of the utmost con-
sequence to obtain such a d^ree of heat as shall
be best adapted 10 extract the essential properties
of the malL Put forty-four gallons of boiling
water, heated to 213 degrees of the thermometer,
into the mash-tub. and add five or six gallona of
cold water, so as to reduce the heat from the
boiling point to i3a degrees. l*ut the malt into
the roasn-tub, and with the oar or nu^hing-stick
stir it so completely that the water shaU have
access to every part. When this is done, let
about a half-peck of the malt be strewed on the
top of the mash in the mash-tub ; this will serve
as a non-conductor, and tend to keep in the heaL
The cover is now to be put on the ma^h-tub, a
blanket placed on the cover, and sacks on the
blanket. Every means must be employed to
kceit in the heat, to prevent the steam from es-
caping. Let it be observed that there are now
fifty gallons of water in the mash-tub, and six
bushels of malt, or about eight and a quarter
gallons of water to each bushel of malt. The
mash mast l»e left covered from two to three
hours, after which some of the worts is to be ran
off into a pail and returne^l again, till at last the
liquor running from the tap appears perfectly
clear, and then let it run into the utiderback.
When the worts have run off for some time, and
the bed of the mash begins to apocar, water at
190 degrees of heat must be added. Tliis mast
be done in such a manner that the water shall fall
in a shower all over the surfice of the ma«h at
the same moment, so as to carry with it the vir-
tues of the n^alt left behind by the liquor alreoily
run off. While this nov supply of water is l>cing
showered on the surface of^tnc mash, the tap is
still running, and the first furty-four gallons most
be set aside for the half-hogshead of strong ale *,

i

^r>

DICTIONARY OF RVERV-DA Y WAJ^TTS,

the next 40 gals, for the half-hogshcad of the
ale of middle strength, when the tap should be
shut, and the worti intended for the table beer
allowed to remain in the mashing, but 34 gals,
of water at 195 deErcc!! of temperature must be
added to the muhfur the table beer, in the tzuii-
ner already described-

Bei/ing the Worts, — In boiling the worts for
the strong ale, the 44 gals, already set aside for
the pur[>ose are now (o be put into the boiler,
and raised to the temperature of 200 degrees.
Put 2 Ibi. of the best hops, w<*II nibbed and
Bcpanited by the hand, into the liquor, and boil
bnikly for thre«-<iuartcrs of on hour; stir well
during the b':)iling. Add 3 pounds more of the
hops, rubbed and separated as before, and let the
boiling be continued for 25 or 30 minute5« longer.
The ouantity of 44 gals., thus boiled, will be re-
ducea by evaporation, and by the liquor absofl>ed
by the hopSf to about 30 gals.; and before draw-
ing it off Its specific E"'^ty should be tested by
the saccharoftieter. This ought to be from I03
to 108, but if greater strength be reouired, a
quarter of a pound of raw sugar for eacR gallon
should be added, which ought to produce a spe-
cific gravity of from 1 12 to Il8, equal to the best
ale. The liquor is now to be run off into the
tubs, the piece of canvas already <pnken of l>eing
fixed on trie tap so as to direct the liquor through
the hair sieve mto the vessel to contain it. It is
then put into the coolers to the depth in summer
of not more than two, and in winter about three
or four inches.

Tht SecoMii IVorts. — \Vhen the liquor for the
strong ale is out of the copper, the second worts
must lie put into it along with two pounds of
fresh hops, and boiled bnsldy for an hour and a
half. Ii, when tested by the s.Tccharometer, the
specific gravity is only 51, and if the quantity of
thirty gals, be in the boiler, 20 pounds of sugar
must be added, which will increase it to 73 or 74.
After boiling a few minutes, draw off the liquor
and place it in the coolers. The worts for the
table beer must now be pat into the boiler, with
the four pounds of hops boiled in the processes
before referred to. It must be boilea for t^ro
houn», and when the Ixriling is nearly completed,
half a pound of sugar per gallon will give the
beer a suitable degree ofspcafic gravity.

FirmentaiioH. — Here it must be suted, that
for each kind of ale or beer it is requisite that
there should be a surplus quantity of a couple of
gallons to supply the loss occasioned by the fer-
mentntion. It u desirable to have three fer-
menting tuns. Wlien the liquor for the strong
ale has cooled down to 8^ dr^es, take oat
al>out I gal. of it, and pour into it three English
pints of brewer's strong ale yeast of the best
quality. Pour Ibis mixture into the tun, into
which put the worts, and let it then be well in-
corporated with the yeast, and cover up the lun
for (he fermentation. The same process is to be
carried out with the ale of the second strength,
but the table beer is to he fermented at 80 de-
grees, and one English pint of yeast wilt be suf-
ncicnt.

The morning after the liquor has been put into
the tuns with the yeast, the surface of the worts
ought to be covered * jth a white cream ; this is
10 DC stirred up with the contents of the tun,
and some of the liriuor subjected to examination.
Some decrease o( specific gravity, and a slight
sddiLion to the heat of the iif^uor ou^lit. to be

^^ saatu

detected. The state of ihc liquor most ag:
ei^aniincd into in the evening, and if (he Icrmennl
laiion be weak sodie yca&t must be added, and
mixed up with the nuus of the liquor. If by the
second morning the work is f^o: 'e

surface of the liuuor will be ■ >.

froth; but on testing the condih^.. .„ ,,,^ n iu^^T,
if there appears no indication of an increo&c of
hett. and no apnarent diminution of M-C'ific
gravity in it, let the head of froth K
and the whole be well stirred. Tlic 1
which aOcnvards appears, of adaik l.r'."*, n (.'ijpr,
on its surface. muM be carefully removed, as it
will fall to the bottom and spcol the llavuv of
the ale. The same remark may be made as to
the yeast which apj^ors at the bunghole durxn|^
the fermentation, which continues for some
after the ale is put into the casks.

After the ale and beer tre raode^ the
process we come to is that of

Finings — There are several meth<-"1'- f^i -V^n
this. Perhaps as ^ood a way as 2:
solve an ounce of i&ingla&s in a (> e

beer, allowing it to remain for sever;^ t

another quart of the stale beer, sir ^

a sieve, and put an English pint to tacn nxxi-
hogshead.

CARBONATED DRINK,^1\yf' nu.-„;i cf
ice water, fourteen lablesuoonfuls ,

two Icispoonfuls of grouna jpnger;
taste, and add one teaspoonful of soda and
of cream tartar.

CHAMPAGNE, AMERICAN.— OooAi
(crab-apple cider is the bcsl), 7 gab. j
fourth-proof brandy, i quart; gvnuine
pngne ¥rine, 5 quarts; milk, ] gal.; \yi\xri
of [wtassa, 3 ounces. Mix, and let stand a a'
time ; bottle while fermenting. An e.
imitation.

CHAMPAGNE, PR/TISH—lovrm
pounds of rhubarb, when sliced and bruised,

1 gal- of cold spring wMer ; Icl it slaihl thr
days, stirring two or three times ever}
press and strain it through a sieve, a:

f;allon uf licjuor, put ' '

oaf suear; &ljr ii Wi

When It has done Ht ^

suspending a mushn bag witlt 1
bung into the barrel. To 15 ^-^

2 oz. ot isinglass. In six moti'
wire the l^uttles; let thcni ston'
month, then lay 4 or 5 'down \vv.\:^\\
week, and if none bunt, all may t>c
Should a large quantity be mode, it in
longer in ca.sk. It mav be coloreil y
ting in a quart of raspberry juice. 1:
for many years.

CHAMPAGNE, Pl^RGCrNDK—LoAti
nr, 56 lbs.; brown sugar (pale), 4SIha.i
(warm), 45 gals.; while tartar. 4 ounces.
and at a proper temperature add ycflSit, t
afterwards odd rweet citler, 5 G^Ls.; Hticr
monds (bruised), 6 or 7 in number; |«lc tfiriti'
I gal.; orris p" nncc.

CHAMPA A'A*.— Good

gals.: spirit, i ^:ii.. nunL-y or sugar, 6]bft.
and let them rest for a foriTiight; thett 6»e
skimmed milk, t quart. This put up in
pagnc l>otilc$, silvered, and ialirled, baa
l>ecn told for champagne. It opens very spoxl

Champagne cx7».— To two cmecea d

powdered loafsugar put the juioe and riodof im%

quant

lemon p»rcd thin ; pour over these a large glass
of dry sherry, and let it stand (or an hour, then
add one bottle of sparkling champagne and one
of soda water, a thin slice of ircah cucuni1>er with
ibe rind on, a spri^ of bora^ or baJiii, ajid ice
with lili>cks of dear ice.

CZ/.tMrACATS, S//AM.^Take I lemon,
sliced; I talilespoonful of tartaric add; I ounce
of race ginger; i*4 pounds of sugar; 2 1^ gallons
of boiling water |>ourc<l on the aliovc. When
blood warm, add i gill of distillery yeast, or 2
gills of home-brewed. Let it stand in the sun
through the day. When cold, in the evening,
bottle, corlc, and wire tU In two days it is ready
lior u».

CHERRY HOUA'CE. — TaXic 10 gallon « of
good whisky ; 4 to 6 quarts of wild black cher-
ries bruised so ^a to break the stones ; common
almonds shelled, 1 lb.; white sugar, i^lbs. ;
cinnamon, ^ or.; doves, ^ot; nutmeg, Wot.;
all bruised. Let stand la to 13 days, and draw
off. lliis, with the addition of 2 gallons of
brandv. makes very nice Cherry Brandy.

ClhER^ Cenetal RuUs for Afakin^. — Always
choose perfectly ripe and sound fruiL

Pick the apples by hand. (An active boy with
the bag slung over his shoulder, will soon dear
a tree. Apples that have lain any time on the
toil, contract an earthy taste, whicn will always
be found in the cider.)

After sweating, and before bein^ ground, wipe
them dry, and if any are found bruwed or rotten,
pat them in a heap by themselves, for an inferior
cider to make vinegar.

Always use haJr doths, instead of straw, to
place tictwccn the layers of pomace. The
straw, when heated, gives a disagreeable taste
to the cider.

Aa the dder runs from the press, let it pass
through a hair sieve into a La^ open vessel,
that will hold as much juice as can be exprei^sed
in one day. In a day, or sometimes lcs<i, the
pomace will rise to the top, and in a short lime
grow very thick : when little white bubbles break
through It, draw off the liquor by a spigot,
placcfT about three inche.% from the bottom, so
that the lees may be left quietly behind.

The dder must be drawn off into very dean,
sweet casks, and duscly watched. Tlie moment
the white bubbles before mentioned lire perceived
rising at tlie bung-hole, rack it again. When
the fermentation is completely at an end, All un
the cask with dder, in all respects like that al-
ready contained in it, and bung it up ti^ht ; pre-
Tious to wlitch a tumbler ot sweet oil may be
poured into the bung-hole.

After l>eing made ami liarreled it should be
allowed to ferment until it acquires the desired
flavor, for perfectly sweet cider is not des^irable.
In the meantime dean barrels for its reception
»hould be preuareU thus: Some clean strips ul
rag are dippea into melted sulphur, lighted and
bung in the bung-hole and the bung laid loosely
00 the end of the rag. This is to allow the iul<
phar vapor to well ml the barrel. Tie up a half
pint of muiilard seed in a coarse musUn rag and
put it into the barrel, then put your dder in.
Now add the isinglass, which *'fmes" the cider
but dues nut help to keep it sweet. This is the
old bshioncd way, and will keep cider in the
same condition as it went into the barret, if kept
in a cool place, (or a year. The sulphur vapor
checks the fermentation, and the sulphur in the

mustard seed keeps it checked. We hear that
professional cider dealers arc now using the bi-
sulphite of lime instead of the mustard seed and
sulphur vapor. This bi-sulphiie of lime is the
same as the '^preserving powder." It is only
another form of U!«ing the sulphur, but is more
convenient and perhaps more effectual. Another
method is to add sugar, one and a half pounds
sugar to a gallon of the dder, and let it ferment.
This mokes a fermented, clear good cider, but
sweet It Usts sweet about six months, if kept
in a cool situation.

Preparatory to bottling dder it should be ex-
amined, to see whether it be clear andsjiarkling.
If not it should be clarified in a similar way to
beer, and left for a fortnighL The night before
it is intended to put it into bottles, the bun^
should be taken ont ot the cask, and lef^ so untH
the next day, when it may be bottled, but not
corked down until the day after, as, if this be
done at once, many of the oottles will burst by
keeping. The best corks, and cham|iagne. bot-
tles should be used, and it is usual to wire and
cover the corks with tinfoil, after the nunner of
champagne. A few botdes may be kept in a
wam\ place to ripen, or a small piece of lump
sugar may be nut into each bottle before cork-
ing, if the cider be wanted for immediate use, or
for consumption during the cooler portion of the
year, but for warm weather and for long keeping
this is inadmissible. The bottled stock sliould
be stored in a cool cellar, when the quality will
be greatly improved by age.

LID^R^ To Cle*\r. — To clear and improve
dder generally take (wo quarts »>f ground horse-
radish and one pound of thick gray filtering pa-
per to the barrel, and either shake dr stir until
the paper has separated into small shreds, and
let it stand for twenty-four hours, when the cider
may l>e drawn off by means of a syphon or a
stop cock. Instead of paper a preparation of
wool may be taken, whicn is to be had in the
market here, and which is preferable to pa|»er,
as it has simply to be washed with water when
it may be used again.

CIDER, A'0/Z/A77.— To prepare cider for
boiling, the first process is to filler il immediately
on coming from the press. This is ea.sicst done
by pladng some slicks crosswise in' the bottom
of a barTcf— a flour-barrel with a single head is
the best — wherein an inch hole has lieen bored,
and covering the.se sticks with say four inches of
clean rye or wheat straw, and then Idling the
barrel to within a foot of the top with clean sand
or coal-dust — sand is the best. Pour the cider
as it comes from the press into the top of this
larrel, drawing it off as soon as it comes out at
the bottom into air-tight casks, and let it stand
in the cellar until March. Then draw it out with
as little exposure to the air as possible, put it
into liottles that can l>e tightly and scaircly cork-
ed, and m two months it will be fit for use,

CJDER, H'ttk^Mt Affiei.^To each gallon of
cold water, put I lb. common sugar, }{ ox. tar-
taric add, I ublespoonful of yeast, shnke well,
make in the evening, and it will b« 6t tor use
next day. Make in a keg a few galbms at a
lime, leaving a few quarts to roaVie into next
time; not using yeast again until the l:eg needs
rinsing. If it gets a little sour make a little more
into it, or put as much water with it as there is
cider, and put it wth the vinepar. H it is desired
to bottle this ci<Icr by manufacturers of small

37a

DICTJONAR V OF EVER Y-DA Y WAITTS.

drinkk, you will proceed as follows : Put in a

barrel S gnlluns hut water. 30 lbs. browD su^a;,
^ lb. taruric ociJ, 35 gallons colJ water, 3 pints
of hop or brewers' yeast ivurkcd iulo po&te with
J^' lb. flour, and 1 pint water will be inquired in
making this P^te, pat all tugcihci in a barrel,
which It will d1I» ^na let it work 24 hours — the
yca-^t running out at a bung all the time, by pul-
ling in a Uule occasionally la keep it fulL 'I hen
botilf. putting in 3 or 3 broken nusins to each
bottle, and it will nearly cnual champagne.

CIDER CI/AM PA u.\ E. —Good pale Wnous
cider, I hogshead; proof spirit (pale], 3 gallons;

main together in a temperate situation for one
month*, then add orange-llower water, i quart;
and finr it down with skimmed milk. /^ ^lon.
TTiis will be very pale; and a iimilar article,
when l>ottled in cnampagne Irattles, silvered and
labeled, has been often sold to the ignorant for
charapftgnc It opens very hrisk, if ixuuiAged
properly.

CIDER, CHAMPAGNE,— 0\xm^a^tc\Aet
is made OS follows: — To 100 g«ls. ofgixxl cider
put 3 gals, of strained honey, or 2^ lbs. of good
white sugar. Stir well and set it aside for a
week. Clarify the cider with half a ^lon of
skimmed milk, or ^ lb. of dissolved isinglass,
and add 4 gals, of pure spirits. After 3 or 3 day&
bottle the dear cider, and it will become spark-
ling.

In order to produce a slow fermentation, the
casks containing the fermenting liquor must be
bunged up tight. It is a great object to retain
much of tDc carbonic gas in the ddcr, so m to
develop itself after being bottled.

CIDER, C//£"A*/*}f— 30 gals, of apple dder,
8 quarts of drieil bl.ick cherries, 3 quarts of dried
blueberries, I quart of cUlcrberrieSi 75 lbs. of
brown sugar. If you desire to make sm.-illcr
qunnlitiest proportion the quantities of the ingre-
Clients accordingly.

CIDER, Ta CAN.—C\6tr, if tdcen when
first made, brought to boiling heat, and canned,
precisely as fruit is canned, will keep from year
to year without any change of taste. Cannea up
in this way in the iall, it may be kept* half dozen
years or longer, as good as when nrst made. It
IS l^etter that the dder be settled and poured off
from the dregs, and when brought to boiling
heat the scum tha: gathers on the surface taken
off; but tlic only precaution necessary to preier-
valiun of the dder is the scaling of it up air tight
when boiling hot. The juice of other fruit can,
no doubt, be preserved in the same way. To all
taJtcs not already corrupted by strong drink,
these unfernienled juices are very delidous. The
juice of the grape is liettcr than wine a century
old, and more healthy. Clmrches believing in
literal eating and dnnVing at the Lord's sup]>cr
could in tliis way avoid the poisonous fermented
spirits and drink the pure unfermented juice of
the grai>e, as was doubtless done by the primi-
tive Christians.

CIDER, DErO.VSIIIRE, — T\ic apples,
after being plucked, are left in heaps in the or-
chard for some time, to complete their ripening,
and render them more saccharine. They arc
then crushed between grooved cylinders, sur-
mounted by a hopper, or in a drcular trough,
hy two vf/ijcal cdgtr-whecK of w(mhI movwl by a
hcrst; after passing through which, they are rc-
arfreii into aigz tubs or dves, and uc Ovca

IT

called pomace. They arc .iftcrwar>i-. la I on
the vat in alternate layers of the i i

clean straw, called reeds. They arc tl
a little water being occasionally v-:u:'\, \ {;c
jnice passes thiough a hnir sieve, or similar
strainer, and is received in alarge ve^ - ' " ' rr.r^
it is run into cuks or open val^, v
thing held \q mechanical soi^pensiun i
The lermentalion is often slow ol '■
oped ; though the juice be set in N
December, the working sometimes h.-r_ii;. -mi-
mrnccs till March. Till this lime the ciiiet is.
sweet; it now becomes pungent and vinous,
and is ready to be racked lor use. II the Icr-
mentation continue, it is usual to rack it ai^tn
into a dean cask that has been well sulpliurc.!
out, and to leave behind the head and sedimtn! :
or two or three ons o( dder are put intc .t , '
cask, and a match ol hnmslone burned m
is then agitated, by which the fermentaiiL?.
that quantity is completely stopped. The cask
is then nearly filled, the fermentation of the whole
is checked, and the dder l>ecomes fine. li, on
the first operation, the fermentation is not
checked, the process of racking is repeated until
it becomes so, and is conlmucd from time to
lime till the dder ts in a quiet state and ht (or
drinking.

CIDER, FREXCN.—AfieT the fhitl U
mashed in a mill, Inrtwecn iron cv!;:
allowed to remain In a large tun or :
15 hours, before prr^^;».' IhejuK^ ., |7.-.^..ii
in casks, whiffh arc lull, and so fJaccil

upon gawntrccs, ci li.it small tubi in..v

be put under them, lt> receive the matt^ 1
works over. At the fsnd of 3 oo- 4 du
sweet dder, and 9 or 10 days for strong cidt i. \\
is racked into sulphured coadts, and then stored
in a cool place.

CIDER, TaPrts€rt>€ and A'erf SwrtL^-l, To
one barrel of cider put in 1 lb. of mnsiarYl secil,
3 lb. of raisins, and % lb. of the stkJcs (bark) of
dnnamon.

2. When the dder in the barrel i ' ' ">
fermentation, add as much while ^

be canal to a V or ji{ of a pound to ^ .^.. ^_
ofciucr (according as the apples are ^^»L•:
sour), let the fermentation proceed nv.iA '
liquid has the taste to suit, then .1
ounce of sulphite (not sulphate^ of 1
gallon of dder, sh.-tke well, and let it
days, and lioltle for use. The su!

first be dissolved in a quart or ao ol •—. -

inirodudng it into the barrel of dder.

3. When fermentation commences in one b«r>
rcl, draw off the liquor into another one— strain
ing through a Aanncl doth. Put into the ode.
14 of an ounce of the oU of sassafras, and Lhc
same of the oil of win tergreen— well shaken up
in a pint of alcohol. Hut one difficulty is said tc
pertain to this prepanlion of dder. It is sc
palatable that people won't Vf!r\> tt long,

4. Much of the exccli let depends
upon the tempcrnture at i .'.rmrntatioD
is conducted, and is 1 y overlooked
by the manufacturers oi ti As soon u
pressed from lhc frntt. if -tiaincd into
sulphurcvl cn_ i^e^l in a c»

where the \tu. .c* not etc.;'

— ^l' ' ' ,.ichof Uic :..:

c* ahsorptIo:i '

*" t --.e,^... _.. . ;;...- i!ie liquor b»..»».c^

k aod vui tongh. On the conirary, if the lennen-

WWES, LIQUORS AND VINEGAR,

taUon bo conductd at a low lemperaturc, nearly
ihe whole of the sugar is converted into alcohol
and remains in the lirjtior inste.&d of undergoing
the process of acelificalion.

The acctou-i fcrftientation of ihe cphversion of
alcohol into vinegar proceeds most mpidly at a
temperature of ninety-five degrees Fanrenheit,
and at a lower temperature the action becomes
slower, until at 46^ Foh. no such chiingc lakes
place. Independently of differences in the quali-
ty of the fruit, this is the principal cause of the
superiority of the cider made by one person over
another, living in the same neighborhood. The
one has a cooler cellar or barn than the other to
store his cider in.

In practice ic has been found that sour and
rough api>Ics produce the best cider. This aris-
es because they contain less sugar and more malic
acid, and the presence of the latter impedes the
Conversion of alcohol into vinegar, but cider
made with such apples can never equal in qualitv
that prepared at a low tcmj.ierature from fruit
abounding in sugar, which, if properly 8train«I
or racked at every indicatiun of Icrmentation, will
keep good twenty years.

CIDER-, To Keep Sweet and Suvetrn itfkrn
Sour. — To keep cider perfect, take a keg and
bore holes in the bottom of it ; spread a piece of
woolen doth at the bottom ; then fill witli dean
sand closely packed; draw your cider from .1
barrel Just as (ast as it will run through the sand;
after this, put it in clem KirrcU which have had
a piece of cotton or linen cloih 2 by 7 inches dip-
pedin melted sulphur and burned inside of thrm,
thereby absorbing the sulphur fumes (this pro-
ens will also sweeten sour cider) ; then keep it
in a cellar or room where there is no fire, and
add 1^ lb. white mustard seed to each barrel. If
dder H long mode, or souring when you get it,
about I qU of hickory ashes (or a little more of
other hard wood ashes^ stirr»l into each barrel
Trtil sweeten and clarify it nearly equal to recti-
fying it OS above; but if it is not rectified, it must
be racked off to get clear of the nomace, a*, wiih
this in it, it will sour. Oil or wnisky barrels arc
best to put cider in, or y^ pint sweet oil to a bar-
rel, or a gallon of whisky toa tiarrel, or both, may
be added with decidedly good effects; isinglass,
4 oi. to each barrel, helps to clarify and settle
ddcr that is not going to be rectified.

C/DER. IVESTERN.—T^ one pound of su-
gar, a/M one half on ounce of tartaric acid, and
two Iftblespoonfuls of good yeast. Dissolve the
sugar in one quart of warm water; put all in a
^iSon jug; shake it well, fill the jug with pure
cold water, let it stand uncorked twelve hours,
and it is fit for use.

CLARET, BRITISH. — I. Gder (rough),
3S gallons ; red Cape, 45 gallons; red tcj-tar, dis-
solved, ly^ pound. Mix well and fine.

X Spirit, 5 gallons; cider, 50 gallons; red
Cape, 35 gallons; gr>od Port, 15 gallons; red
tartar, dissolved, 3 pounds. Mix well aud fine.

y. Cider, 50 gallons; spirit, 7 gallons; red
Cape, 42 gallons ; good Port, 5 gallons; red tartar,
3 pounds. Mix well and fine.

4. Red Cape or Tort, 50 gallons; cider, Segal-
Ions; spirit, 10 gallons; red tartar, aor3pound5.
yHx well and fine.

c. Six gallons of water, two gallons of cider,
and eight pounds of Malaga rais-ius, bruised; put
them idl together, and let them stand closely co-
vered ill ft warm place for a fortnight, stirring

Ihem well every second day; then strain out the
liquor into a clean ca^k. and put to it a quart of
barberries, a pint of the juice of raspberries, and
a pint of the juice of block cherries. Work it up
with a little muslard-secd, and cover the bung
wTlli a piece of dough j let it stand at the fire-^ide
for four days; then bung it up, and let it remain
a week, and bottle it oflT When it becomes fine
and ripe, it will drink like daret.

6. Rough Port, 50 gallons; cider, 50 gallons;
cream of tartar, 3 pounds; powdered catechu»
1^ pound; spirit, 4 gaJtons. Mix. Red Cape may
be used for Port.

CLARET CUP, — A botUc of light claret,
one of soda water, a wineglassful of powdered
sugar, a large glass of sherry, or small one of cu-
racoa, the rind of a lemon cut very thin, a few
slices of cucumber with the rind on, a sprig of
borage or mint, mix all well together, ana ice it
by putting in six or eight lumps of clear ice the
sire of an egg.

COL O RING for LIQ UORS.-T^k^ 3 pounds
crushed or lump sugar, put it into a kettle that
will hold 4 to o quarts, with J4 tumbler of water.
Boil it until it is black, then take it off and cool
with water, stirring it as you put in the water

COLORING for LIQUEURS. — Blue— Sul-
phate of indigo, nearly saturated with chalk.

Yellow — Infusion of safflowers in water.

Green — Equal parts of each of the above.

Red — Cochineal in small quantities.

V io le t — Tu r nsole.

Kawn color — White sugar, and heat it until
of a proper color.

Dark red or brandy color — Burnt sugar or
brandy coloring.

COOUNG DRINK fir Not ire.Ukrr.—K
delicious and slightly aperient cffervevting citrate
of magnesia may be made by thoroughly mixing
3 ounces of powdereil loaf sugar wifli 2 ounces
of powdered citric acid, then add }( ounce of cal-
cined magnesia, I % ounce of bicarltonate of soda,
and \yi ounce of tartaric acid. Pass the whole
thrice through a fine sieve, and then moisten it
with very strong alcohol. Gmnulale it by passing
it through a coorse sieve, and dry on a wooden
tray at a temperature of 50* C. VVhen dry odd
ten drops of essential oil of lemons, and then bot-
tle at once in clean dry bottles.

CORDIAL, ANISETTE ("40 Ga/i.)— Put
in a barrel 13 gals, alcohol. 75 per cent. Dis*
solve 2% or. essence of green ani'^e-seed in I gal.
95 per cent, alcohol, and add '^ ^U orange-
flower water, 8 or ten drops infusion mace, and
C drops essence of cinnamon. Then pat in the
barrel 36 gals, sugar synip, 2^ degrees Baume';
stir fifteen minutes, and let it rest four or five
days; then filter. Add 2 or 3 sheets of filtering

CORDIAL, ffZACA'SERRK—Toonc gal.
of blackberry juice add four pounds of white su-
gar; boil and skim off, then add one ounce of
cloves, one ounce of cinnamon, ten grated nut-
megs, and boil down till quite rich; then let it
cDoIand settle, afterward tirain off, and add one
pint of good bramly or whisky.

CORDIAL, CARAh'A K— Take 8 pU. sp-
rit, 50 per cent. ; I at. oil of caraway which you
dissolve in spirit 9$ per cent.; 8 lln. sugar, 8 lbs.
water. Tlissolve your sugar in the water ; mix,
stir, and filter.

CORDIAL, CINNAMON— T^i^ is seldom
withdnnamon, but with either the essential

A

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374

DlCTlOi^ARY OF E VERY-DAY WANTS,

I

oil, or bark of cassia. It is preferred colored,
ojid therefore may be very well prepared by
tiniulc 'Ji^estiun. If the oil be used, I dr. wSU
be found to be enough for 2 or5gallonsof!>piriL
The additioD of 2 or 3 drops eath of essence of
lemon and orange peel, with about a spoonful of
csftcncc of cardamoms to each callun, wdl improve
it. Some persons add to tne above quantity
I drachm of cardamom seeds and l oz. each of
dried orange and lemon peef. I 02. of oil of cas-
sia \% considered to be equal to 8 lbs, of the buds,
or Imrk. If wanted dark it may be colored with
burnt sugar. The quantity of sugar is Ij^ lb. to
the gallon.

CORDIAL, C/TjPOjV.— Yellow rindofcit-
rons, 3 lbs. ; orange peel. I lb. ; nutmegs bruLsed,
3 or. ; proof spirit, 13 gallons; distill or macerate,
add water sumdcnt, and 3 lbs. of Bnc lump sugar,
for every gallon of the cordiaL

CORDIAl, CZtJKf,— Bruised clores i 01.,
or essential oil i dr., to every 4 gallons of proof

ril. If distilled it should dc drawn over with
• pretty quick fire. It is preferred of a very deep
color, and is therefore strongly colored wiln
poppv-flowcrs or cochineal, or more commonly
with brandy coloring, or red sanders wood. It
should have 3 lbs. of sugar to the gallon, and
thii need not be very fine. The addition of
1 drachm of bruised pimento, or 5 drops of the
oil for every ounce of cloves, improves this
cordial.

CORDIAL, CORIAA'DER,—! lb. of corian-
der seeds ; I oz. of ara^vays, and the peel and
juice of I orange to every 3 gallons of proof
spirit

CORDIAL, CL^RACOA.— Essence of bitter
oranges, 2 or. ; ess. of neroli, a ox. ; ess. of cin-
namon, ^ oz. ; 3 drs. mace, infused in alcohol.
Dissolve the above essences in I gal. alcohol,
95 per cent. ; then put in a cle^n barrel 13 ^U.
alcohol, 85 per cent. ; 26 gaU. sugar syrup, 30
degrees Baume'; and add 1 gal. f>erfumcd spirit
as above. Color with saiTron or turmeric.

CORDIAL, <;A\'{;A'A'.— Pick one pound of
large white currants from their stalks, lay them
in a basin, kiid itrcw over them the rind of an
orange and a lemon cut very tbtn, or half a tea-
spoonful of essence of lemon, and one ounce and
a half of the best ground ginger and a quart of
good whisky. Let all lie for twenty-four hour.s.
If it tastes strong of the ginger, then strain it ;
if not, let it lie for twelve hours longer. To
every quairt of strained juice add one pound of
loaf sugar pounded; when the sugar is ouite dis-
solved an(l the liqueur appears clear, notile it.
This cordial is also extremely good made with
fupbcrries instead of currants.

CORDIAL, AC? >'.4£/. — Blanch and pound
very fine two pounds of the best bitter and half
a pound of sweet almon<U. Add the thinly pared
rinds of two lemons, and three tablcspoonfuls of
boiled milk which has become cold, put all to-
gether into a jar, and add two quarts of old
whisky, cork up the jar, and let it stand for six
weeks, shaking the jar every day. At the end of
that time strain the liquor, and to every quart
add three pints of clariiietl sjrup, antl niter
through blotting-paper. The almonds that are
strained from the liquor make a nice flavoring
for puddings, by putting Ihcm into a wide-
rnoulhed bottle and pjuring whisky over them.
CO^/?/AL, RE RP£ R.MIA' f. —To make
peppermint cordial take thirteca gaUou& of xccti-

fied spirits, one in five uiuier hydrometer proof,

twelve pounds of loaf suprr -- : — "" ■ ,-,f

wine that will ftrc gun

weights of oil of peppeniJi

as will fill up the ca»k, which should be »et

end ; after the whole bas been well mixc3

will make twenty gallons.

CORDIAL, Straxtib^TTy or Raspberry. — Sugar
down the berries overnight, using more sugaj
than you would for the table, about half as mut'"
again. In the morning lay tbem in a hair sic
over the basin ; let them remain until eveninf
so as to thoroughly drain; then put the juice
a thick flannel bag; let it drain all night, l>eii_
careful not to squeeic it, as that lake^ out ih^,
brightness and clearness. AU this &houId bft]
done in a cool cellar, or it will be apt to sour.
Add brandy in proportion of one-third the quan^
tity of juice, and as much more snrar as the tail '
demands. Bottle it tightly. It wul keep si<
eight years, and is betlei :' ' ^ ■

CREAM NECTAR.-

cream of tartar, 1 ounce; \\1.:.. ..£,.-, i , 1-

water, 1 pint ; tlie whites of two cgg«, wet
beaten; one table spcHjnful of wheat flour. Pi
all the above articles in a tin dish, and heat it-
but not to the boiling point — and then odd a dn^l
of good oil of lemon, or any othei '^ u

choose, and then you have the syrup. i

/i>T Usin^. — Take a glass two-thirtU :.

ter» add 1 tablespoon fuls of the syrup, and
much sochi as you can place on a dime. Thi
makes a cool and rcfirc!»hing drink in hot wcather«

CREAM SO DA.~\jo^U\x^^ ten lbs.. wi
ter 1 gals. ; warm gradually so as rr* ' — :
good rich cream, 2 quarts ; extract .

ounce; extract nutmeg, ^ ounce; 1
4 ounces. Just bring to a boiling I Y

you cook it any length o( lime, it wiT ;

u>e 4 or $ spoonfuls of this syni;
as in other syrups; put '^ teas; •

a glass; if used without a founuun. * v* i.ji^^<r«i]
fountains no add is used.

CURRANT ICE /r.4 r£.ff.— Press the juic
from ripe curTanl.<i, strain it> and put a pound
sugar 10 each pint of juice. Put it into bottle*^
cork and seal it, and keep it in a cool, dry placojii
When wanted, mix it with ice water for a Jrinkt*
or put vt'ater with it, make it very sweet, anai
frcete it Freezing takes away inucb rif tl»0-
sweetness. The juices of other acid isnixU vaxf'
be used in the same way.

EFFERVESCING FRUIT DRINKS.
Very fine drinks are prepared h\
berries, raspl)errics, or blackln
vinegar, and then drawing it •y.'., _.
new sunply of fruit, till cnouch t1av*>;
Keep Ine vinegar bottled, and in hot »,
it thus: Dissolve ^i a tca5p«»onfuI. or Icis,
soleratus, or soda, m a tumbler (vci^ little »
ter), till the lumps arc All ouL l1
tumbler two-thirdj fiiU of >tater, :ii
fruit uncgar. If several persojw !■. .
put the fruit vinegar into each !■
solve the soda in a pitcher, su-
tumblers as each person is ready tu djutki Uirlj/J
spoils it

ETHER, P'-'-^^'- -ThisU nuvh vteU
impart a pioer. to rum. DUsdvcJ

8 or 10 pauls - it fcinns ttc iitnrxTTrJ«'

essence. From Ju to 2<;
added to I Ik sugar conU..,.
imparts to the mixture a stion^ uw vl ^ut-41 jiIa.

WINES, LIQUORS AND VINEGAR,

ETHER, A MyLO-ACE TIC, "Thh ii a

preparation nf fruit oil and other ingredients,
and when diluted with alcohol, it is sold as es-
seooe of jargonelle pear, and is used for flaror-
ing dificTcnt linuors. Fifteen parts amylo-acetic
ether, with half a part of acetic ether, dissolved
in 100 parl5 of alcohol, furm whnt may be called
the bcrgaraot pear essence, nvhich, when em-
ployed to flavor sugar, acidulated with a little
citnc acid, imparts the odor of the bergamot

Ipiiar, and a fruity, refreshing taste.
ETHER, PELARGONIC.^'nC\% has the
agreeable odor of the quince, and when dissolved
in alcohol in due proportion, forms the quince

I essence.
ETHER, AMUTIC.—{SAmt as amvlo eth-
cr) mixed with butyric ether, forms in alcoholic
solution the banana essence.
ETHER, AMYUC—An alcoholic solution
of this ctlicr in the proportion of i pari to 6 or 8
of alcohol forms a flavoring liquid under the

tname of apple essence.
FINING EOIVDER,— Take cggv any
quantity ; beat Oicm to a froth, and expose them
to a gentie heat or in the sun to dry, then pow-
der. In some cases a liltte fine wheat flour is
added, the paste made into balls, and dried in
the sun, or a warm room, and then powdered.
Used for all the purposes of fresh eggs by solu-

ttion in cold water.
FREEZING RREPARATION~<:ommoa
sal-ammoniac, well pulverized, i part, saltpetre
2 parts ; mix well together. Then lake common
soda, well pulverized. To use, take equal quanti-
ties of these preparations (which must t>e kept
t sepaurale and well covered previous to using) and
put them in the freezing |>ot ; add of water a

I proper quantity, and put in the article to be
frozen in a proper vessel; cover up, and your
wants will soon oe supplied. For freezing cream
or wines this can't be beat
GIN, — Take lOO gallons of clean, rectified
spirits ; add, after you have killed the oils well,
l}4 oz. of the oil ot English juniper, >i ounce of
angelica essence, j4 **'■ of the oil bitter almonds,
^ oz. of the oil of coriander, and }4 oz* of the
oil of caraway ; put this into the rectified spirit

I and well rummage it up: this is what the recti-
fiers call strong gin.
To moke this up, as it is called by the trade,
•dd 45 lbs. of loaf-sugar, dissolved; then rum-
mage the whole well up together with 4 01. of
rocEe alum. For finings, there may be added 2
oc of salts of tartar.
GIN, CORI)IAL.-Of the oH of hitter al-
monds, vitriol, turpentine, and juniper, )^ a
drachm each, kilt the oils in spirits of wine; 15
gallons of clean, rectified proof-spirits, to which
add I drachm of coriander seeds, 1 drachm of
pulverized orris root, ^1 pint of elder-flower wa-
ter, with 10 lbs. of sugar and 5 gals, of water or
Lqtior.

GIN, ENGLISH— T\MTi malt spirit, 100
eals.; spirits of turpentine, 1 pint ; bay salt, 7
lbs. Mix and distill. The difference in the flavor
of gin is produced by varying the proportion of
turpentine, and by occasionuly adding a small
quantity of iuniper tierries.

GIN, J/OLLAND.—'Vq 40 gals, of neutral
spiriu, add a ounces spiriu nitre; 4 lbs. of loaf
sugar ; 1 01, oil juniper ; }^ ounce oil caraway.
The juniper and caraway lo be first cut in a
quart of alcohol ; suad 34 hoars.

I

i

4

GIN, HOILAND ( T0 RnfMce),— To 35 gnls.

pure Holland gin, add 25 gallons pure French '

spirit; }i gallon of white sugar syrup; mix ihor- ^fl
oughly. ^Hj

GINGEk ROP.^x, Crushed white sugar 2S ^|
lbs., w.iier 30 gals., yeast 1 pint, powdered gin- ^^
ger (best) I lb., essence of lemon % ot., essence
of cloves V 02. To the ginger pour half a gal-
lon of boiling water and let it stand 15 or 20
minutes. Dissolve the sugar in 2 gals. f>f warm 1

water, pour both into a barrel half filled with
cold water, then add the essence and the veast ;
let it stand half an hour, then fill up witH cold I

water. Let it ferment 6 to 13 hours, and bot- ' I
tic. •' • I

3. One and a half ounces of the l>est ground
Jamaica ginger, I or. of cream of tartar, 1 lb. of
sugar, and 3 sliced lemons ; to all of which odd
4 quarts of boiling watrr, and |;i pint of yeast;
let it ferment for 24 hours, strain and bottle it.
In a week or two it will be ready for use.

3. Water 5^ gals.; ginger root, bruised, ^
lb.; tartaric acid % oz.; white sugar s^^ lbs.;
whites of 3 eggs, well beaten; lemon od i tea-
spoon; yeast I gill. Boil the root for 30 minutes
in 1 gal. of the water, strain ofT, and put the ml
in while hot; miit. Make over niyht, and in the
morning skim and bottle, keepmg out sedi-
ments.

HOPS, To CArtWA— Put them between the
fingers or the palnu of the hand, and if eood, a
rich glutinous substance will be felt, with a fra-
grant smell, and a fine yellow dust will appear.
The best color is a fine olive green, but if too

Seen, and the seeds arc small .nnd shriveled,
cy haN-c been picked too soon and will be defi-
cient in flavor. If of a dusty brown color, they
were picked too late, and should not be chosen.
When a year old, they are considered as losing
one-fourth in strength.

A/iJ/CAWZJA.— White sugar I lb.; tarUric
add % uz.; essence of lemon 30 drops; water 3
quarts. Mix.

LEMONADE, ITALIAN.— Tkk and press
3 doz. lemons; pour the juice on the peels, and
let it remain on them all night; in the morning
add 2 lbs. of Iriaf sag.ir, a quart of gootl iherry,
and 3 quarts of boiling water. Mix well, add a
quart uf boiling milk, and strain it through a
jcUy-bag till clear.

Lemonade, jV/ZA'.— The juice of seven
lemons, half a pint of sherry, 3^ of a pound of
white sugar, and a quart of boihng water ; mix,
and when cold add a ptnt of boiling milk ; let it
sUnd for some hours, then strain clear through
a jelly-bag, and ice. This is always better if
made the day before it is required.

LEMONADE, PORTABLE, — i. Mix
strained lemon juice with loaf sugar, in the pro-
portion of 4 large lemons to a pound, or as much
as it will hold in solution ; grate the rind of thir
lemons into this, and preserve the mixture in a
jar. If this is too sweet, add a little citric acid.
Use a tablespoonful to a tumbler of water.

3. Tartaric acid, one-half ounce; loaf sugar,
three ounces; essence of lemon, one-half drachm.
Powder the acid and sugar; mix them and pour
the essence of lemon u]>on them, a few drops at
a time; when all is mixed, divide into twelve
equal parts, and put them \%\ white paper, like
powders. When wanted, dissolve one in a
tumbler of water, and lemonade will be the re-
sulL

I

y
I

37fi

DICTIONARY OF RVERY-DAY WANTS,

^
^

^wWi

LEMONADE, EFFERVESCING.— Take
powdered white sugar, l pound; bicarbonate of
soda, ^ pound; ei&ence of lemon, \yi drachms.
Mix anil divide it into six dorcn papers.

Tarta/ii: or citric odd, 5 ounces. Di\'ided into
the santc numlxrr ofj>apcrs.

The granulated effervescent powders found in
the market are made in tlie foliowing way: — A
dean iron or copper pan is heated over a slow
fire, and the mixture of 5nely pulverized sugar
and citric acid put in ami well stirred, until it
commences to nice, withoat of course changing
its color ; the pan is then taken from the tire ana
the bicarbonate of soda stirred into the mixture,
until it is uniformly distributed through the
ma^ss, when the whole is pressed throughacoarse
sieve, and the granules expo^d to the air for a
little while to harden. They arc then ready for
bottling. A table&poonful of this put in a gl:u^
of water unll (Ussolve almost instantaneouidy,
producing a good lemonade.

MEAL). — The following is a good receipt for
mead : — On twenty pounds of noncy pour five
galloon of boiling water; boil, and remove the
scum as it rises ; add one ounce of best hops, and
boil for ten minutes; then put the liquor into a
tub tu cool ; when all but cold add a tittle yeast
spread upon a slice ot toasted bread \ let it stand
in a warm room. Wlicn fermentation is 5nishcd,
bung it down, leaving a peg-hole which can after-
wards be closed, ami in less than a year it will
be fit to bottle.

MEAD, SARSAPARILLA, — i pound of
Spanish itarsaparilla; boil 5 hours, so as to strain
on 2 galluns; add i& pounds of sugar, and ID of.
of tartaric add. Half a wineglass of syrup to
half pint tumbler of water, and unc half teaspoon*
ful of soda water, is a fair proportion for a arink.

ME7HEaUN—^\x one and a half barrels
of water with as much honey as will cause an egg
to rise a little above the water; then boil l he
mixture to one barrel, skimming off the surface.
It will be a fine red or wine color, and clear; then
remove from the hre, and when cold, put it into
a barrel, leaving the bung-hulc ujjen fi>r several
days, until fermentation be over; then stop it
dose, and pat into a cold cellar.

NECTAR, CREAM. — Part ist; take one
gallon water, 6 lbs. loaf sugar. 6 ox. tartaric add,
gum arable 1 ot. rart2d ; 4 teaspoonfuls of flour,
the whiles of 4 eggs beat finely together; then
add ^ pint water; when the first port is blood
warm put in the 3d, boil 3 minutes, and it is done.
Directions: 3 tablcspoonfuls of the syrup to a
glass half or twu-tliirds full o( water, add ^ lea-
spoonful of c&rb(H\ate o( soda made fine; stir mell
and drink at your leisure.

ORA.VuAA /JE. — Squetfte the juice of seven
good oranges, peel three of them, and pour boil-
ing water over the peel, cover it dose till cold,
bod water and suear t<vet}ier to a tliin syrup,
skim carefully; when alfarc cold* mix the juice,
the infusion, and the syrup well together, with as
much more water as will make a rich drink,
strain through a jelly- bag, add a large glass of
pale brandy, and ice it well with lumps of dear
ice.

ORGEA T, — Boil two <]uarts of milk with a
stick of dnnamon, and let it stand to l»e quite cold,
taking out the dnnomon. Blanch four ounces of
the best sweet almonds ; pound them well (in a
mafbte roortir) with a little rose water ; mix them
wcU with the milk; cweeica to yout u&lc-|kX'U

f^

boil again for a few minutes; sirntn Thnrngh a
fine «ic\-c till «juite smooth and ^
Serve either cold or warm, in h

PORTER. — Pale mail, £ .|.j u . t

malt, 6 quarters; brown malt, 3 qu: >
it twice, with 55 and 48 barrels ol i,..
boil with Kent nops« oae cwt., and set wiiii
10 gallons; salt, 7 pounds; flour, z y
Twcniv barrels of good table beer may be luul
from the grains. Ifde&cicnt Ln culor, add burnt
malt. •

PORTER, K'r BoUling.— TaXc matt, 5 ouar-
ters; amber malt, j quarters; brown mtii. x
quarters ; burnt malt to color if rei)t. '>

with twenty-four, fourteen and clc> . i

water, then Imil with Kent hops, one lwu, jud
set with yeast, 7 gallons; salt, 3 pounds. Slssh
the grains for LibTe beer.

PORTER, nUetiU,^ I. Choose deor weath-
er, if possible.

2. Leave the bvng out of the cask all n

3. Fill your bottles, then throw sheets o
over tbem to keep out the dust, and Ictihca
stand for twenty-four hours, then oo4^k and wire-

4. Tack tbem away in a cool place,

If for c^iporlation to a hot climate, lite bmig
mu!>t be left out of the cask for iwenty-four
hours, and the bottleft xxw corked for at

least three days. If for ' ii>c, we maT

ripen it in two or three d.-iv'<, t'^ ■>• idtng a smaU
puce of sugar to each bottle before corlonr.

/^d^VcV/.— Water. 3 gals.; i.-t^...- ' .'7;4aL
or to taste; lump sugar, to s" ^^f*i

pints; rum, 3 pinu. llie pc<^r irasons

grated, e!>sencc of lemon lo fluvw ; %^\, ^^ ta-
scncc witli a little lunipsiicar in a motiart adding
a little of the stJirit*

PUNCH, AilLK, — Vellow rinds cf J dotca
lemons; steep two days in twn ini.nt^ i.f i<iT>nMv;
add spirits. 3 qis. ; hot water, 1
I qt.; loaf sugar, 4 lba,t boilu ^ . 2

nutmegs grated; mix, and ia luu Uoui> suaia
througlt wool.

RATAFIA.— Ratafh-. -- '- r ' ' %e
juice of any fruiU I'ak- ..-,

and 4 lbs. sugar, which \- ^;

steep in 2!^ gals, br^iu'ly ten •:
mon; aacJioyes; 16 or. pcach-lv. . I

cheriy keriiclA Filter, mJK b<jLU i)4Uid>, aad
filter again.

RLAI, yAMAir ' ~ :. ^^ ~- -" ^ -w.
England rum, add 5 .•«

butyric ether ; yi o.) \

alcohol, 95 per cent. CoU't » n

s. To 36 galloQs pure i)>i>
Jamaica rmn ; 3 ounces ? .
acetic ether; U gallon

ethers and aadwiLb the j»..... .. .......

well in the spirit. Color wilh burnt mi
coloring. •

RUAf, PINE-APPlE.^To 50 BnUcoa
made by the fruit method, add 35 pine-a
sliced, and ^oounvl nj^'ar. Let u

two wedu belorc ih

RVAf, SANTA > <•- gallaas p

proof spirit, add 5 -, ut run

pounds reftued sug.1 i - '>cm^3o

butyTicadd; 3 ounces nhctw,' cthat> Cawrifa^
oessary.

RIM, ST.CRO:^' •"'■:- "
spirits, odd s ^sJl'
acetic add; l,^s t^ -i

WI.VE5, UQUOXS AND VINEGAR,

I

HUM 5A^^f/^.— Tartaric acid, 5 lbs.; pale
sttgar, 100 lbs,; oil lemon, 4 drs. : oil orange,

4 drs. ; put them into a large ca&k (80 gait. )
and add water, 10 gals. Rammage till the acid
and sugar arc dissolved, then add rum (proof),
30 gals.; water to make up 55 gals, in aJl; col-
oring I quart or more. Fine wiin 12 eggs. The
addition of 12 sliced oranges will improve the
flavor.

SALINE DPAUGHT.~i:ake 20 grains of
carbonate of soda, and an equal quantity of white
sugar, 25 grains of either lemon or tartaric acid;
mix thi^f in 2 glasses of water, ai vsnal. If you
substitute halfa loDon for the acid, k will be a
still more deliciotu draught and very refreshing
in hot weather, or when feverish.

SC/f /EDA. ^ SCHNAPPS, To Imitate.—
To 2J gals, good common gin, 5 over proof, add
15 pints strained honey; 2 gals, clear water;

5 pints while-sugar Byrop ; J pints spirit of
nutmegs mixed with the nitnc ether ; 5 pints
orange-flower water ; 7 quarts pure water ; l
ounce acetic ether; 8 drops oil of wintergrecn,
dissolved with the acetic ether. Mix all Uie in-
gredients well ; if necessary, 5ne with alum and
salt of tartar.

SnEf£BET.—Bcn\ in 3 pints of water 6 or 8
stalks of green rhubarb, and 402. of raisins or
figs ; when the water has boiled about half an
hour, strain it, and mix it with a teaspoonful of
rose water, and orange or Icihoa syrup to the
taste. Drink it cold.

SHERBET, LEMON— V>i9so\ve l% lbs.
of loaf fiugar tn I quart of water; add the juice
of 10 lemons ; press the lemons so as to extract
both the juice and the oil of the rind, and let the
peel remain a while in the water and sugar.
Strain through a sieve, and frcete like ice
cream.

SHERBET, ORANGE. —Take the juice of
I dozen oranges, and pour I pint of boilmg wa-
ter on the peel, and let it stand, covere<l, half an
hour. Boil I lb. of loaf sugar in I pint of witer,
»kim, and then add the juice and the water from
Che peel to the sugar. Strain and cool, or freeze
it. The juice of 3, and a little more sugar, im-
proves it.

SHERBET, PERSIAN.— ?u\vcnicdsn^
I lb.; super-carbonate of soda 4 ounces ; tartaric
add 3 oz.; put all the articles into the stove oven
when moderately warm, being separate, upon
paper or plates; let them remain Kunicicntly long
to dry out all dampness absorbed from the air,
then rub about 40 drops of lemon oU, (or if pre-
ferred any other flavored oil,) thoroughlv with
the sugar in a morcar— wedge- wood is the best-
then add the soda and acid, and continue the
rubbing until all are thoroughly mixed.

SCMAfER DA'INArs.—Thc first, theWst,
because the safest for lalx)rers, invalids, the
aedenUrr, for all dasses, at all umes nf the day
and night, is half a glass at a lime, repeated in
10 minutes if desired, of common cold water, at
the temperature of the spring, or well, or reser-
voir. Of cistern. Ice water is more palatable,
but very often kills.

Any drink which contains alcohol, even cider,
root beer, or domestic cordials — all are not only
not harmless, but are positively injunous. be-
cause the atom of alcohol, by using the strength
of the nest minute for the present, leaves the
system that next minute just that much weaker
than it would have been had not that atom of

k

alcohol been taken; this is the ca^e, because that
atom of alcohol has not one particle of nutriment,
hence cannot supply Ike system with one single
atom of strength.

If anything is added to (he summer drink, ft
should contain some nutriment, so as to strength-
en the body, as well as to dilute the blood for
purposes of a more easy flow through the system,
as any one knows that the thinner the fluid is,
the more easily does it flow. Some of the more
nutritious and safe drinks are given below, espc-
dally for those who drink in the sun of summer,
all to be taken at the natural temperature of the
shadiest spot in the locality.

To any of them ice may be added, but it is a
luxurious, not a beneficial ingredient, nor a safe
one.

1. Buttermilk.

2. A pint of molasses to a gallon of water.

3. A lemon to a half a gallon of water, and a
tcacupful of molasses, or as much sugar.

4. Vinegar, sugar and water are substitutes,
but the vinegar is not a natural acid, contains
free alcohol, hence is not as safe or hcoItfafuL

5. \ thin gruel made of com or oats, is
strengthening.

6. A pint of grapes, currants, or garden ber-
ries to a half gaUon uf water is agreeable.

Cold water applied to the head is very refresh-
ing to harvesters. Wading in water abates tbirsL
Persons cast away at sea will suffer less from
thirst, if the clothing is kept wriiifjiag wet with
salt water. A piece of silk fitted m the hat is a
great protection tu the bead against sun he^t ; it
is an absolute protection if one side is well cov-
ered with euld leaf. As lliere h always a space
between the top of the hcofl and cro^vn of the
hat, hatters should practice (his idea.

SYRUP, BLA CEBERR y\ -BUckhcrry
juice, I pint; clarified sugar, 2^i lbs.; brandy ur
whisky, ^ glass. Dissolve the sugar by the aid
of heat in the juice, and when cold add the spirit.

S YRUP, Atvmatic BliikUrry. — The aromatic
blackberry svrup is made by taking aromatic
syrup instead of clarified sugar. 1 ne former
is made in the following way : Refined sugar,
5 pounds ; water, 3 pints ; bruised ringer, I
ounce; doves, % ui.; calamus root, H o».; nut-
megs, I oz.; boil for 3 hours the ginger, cloves,
calamus, and nutmegs in the water, strain, and
dissolve the sugar, and when near cold add oil
of bitter almonds, 4 drops; essence of cinnamon,
15 drops; ^essence of nutmegs, i taUespoonful;
essence of lemon, 30 drops. Stir the whole well
until the oils are perfectly dissolved.

SYRUPS, 7> CtfA^r.-^Powder cochineal 1 01.;
soft water I pint ; boil the cochineal in the wa-
ter for a few minutes, using a copper kettle;
while boiling, add 30 grains of powctercd alum,
and I dr. ol cream of tartar; when the coloring
matter is all out of the cochineal, remove it from
the 5re, and when a Utile cool, strain, bottle,
and set aside for use.

SYRUP, LEMON— QoSee sugar, 3 lbs.;
water, 1^ pints; dissolve by gentle heat, and
add citric add 3 01., and flavor with oil or ex-
tract of lemon. Or take dtric acid in powder %
ot; oil of leinon 4 drops ; simple syrup I quart.
Rub tlie acid and oil in 3 or 4 spoons of the
s)'nip, then add the mixture to the remainder^
and dissolve with gentle heaL

SYRUP, Imtikitwn Lemcn. — Four ounces of
Ittbtfk Add, ppwdend J a drachms of oil of tern-

^

37B

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

on- This con 1)e kept in a vitl for a month, and
Oicn must be renewed. A lablespoonful, put
into waitr (iwceicned with white sngar, mattes
six glasses of lemonade.

SYKC/P, RASPBERRY.— T^t orris root,
bruiscil, any quantity, say */ lb., and just hand,
soinely cover :t with dilute alcohol* (70 per cent,
alcohol, and water, equal quantities^ $0 that it
cannot be made anv stronger of the root,

SYRUP, SARSAPARILLA. —lo sirnplc
s>Tup add 10 drops oil of anise; 30 drops ou of
vinlergrceii; 30 drops oil of sassafras, and 6 oz.
of caramel or coloring to the callon. Before the
oils ore added to the symp, they should be cut
by grindinc thcra in a mortar with as much sugar
as iTiey wiU moisten, or mix with a small quantity
of alcohol.

SYRUPt SODA.— The common or more wa-
tery syrups arc made by using loaf or crushed
sugar, 8 puunds ; pure water, I gallon ; ^m
Krabic, a ounces; mix in a brass or copper kettle;
boil until the gum is dissolved, then skim and
strain through white flannel, after which add
tartaric acid, 5/-^ ounces, dissolved in hot water;
to flavor, use extract of lemon, orange, rose,
pineapple, peach, sarsaparilla, strawberry, etc.,
*i ounce to each bottle, or to your taste.

SYRCP, VANILLA.— Hlq simple syrup add
^ oz. of extract of vanilla to the gallon.

TEARS of the lYiJaw </ Afafabar.— Vh^n
Bpiril at 18" B. 5 quarts ; bruised cloves % 01. ;
bruised mace 48 grs. ; digest in a corked'carboy
{or a week, add burnt sugar to impart a slight
color, filter, and add while supir 4.'4 lbs. ; ais-
«olved in distilled or filtered ram water % gallon;
tome add 2 or 3 01. of orange-flower water. A
picnsant liquor.

riNEGAR, To Make,— \. Make a box about
three and a half by three feel, and seven feet
long, with one side hung on hinges so that it can
be opened and shut. Inside of this box, on
cleats to hold them, fit shelves the size of the in^
side of the box ; the shelves are to be about one
and a half inches apart. On the upper side of
UiL'se shelves gouge out channels with a one and
a half inch chisel or gouge, a half or three^quar*
tcrs of an inch deep, running from one end to
the other (nearly), then turn and come bade to
(nearly) the other end, about six inches from the
last channel made, and so continue until the up-
per side is covered with channels running^ from
iCnd to end. There should be cleats fastened (o
»e under side of the shelf to prevent the shelf
'Irom warping; the cleats are put on with screws.
The channels must be made slightly slanting.
At the end of the last channel made bore a
three-quarter inch hole. In this hole place a
short wooden tube, so that when the cider ar-
rives here it will fall through and into the com-
mencement of the first channel in the next shelf
below. All these shelves are made alike. The
shelves must, of course, slant from side to side,
and about two inches is the right slant; that is
to say. one side of the shelf must be two inches
lower than the other. One shelf roust slant one
way, and the one next below roust slant the other
way. Under the hole in the last dumnel of the
bottom shelf, place a barrel or honhead to ritch
the vinegar as it falls through the tube. Now
bore a one inch hole in the boMom of the box,
»t one end, not into a channel, but so the vine-
far cAnnol run out. Now in ihc other end of
the fir$t or lowest shelf, bote & oi\c\aO;i\ioVe

near one comer, then in the next slielf above in
the opposite end and comer, bore another like
hole, and so continue until each shelf has such a
hole bored through it, and of course you vfill
want a hole in the top of tlic box. Thcic holes
arc for a draft of air lo circulate throtiph thr t«,x,
and as the air in the box is wanner - „tr

in the room there will of course be 1 j^it

through the box. The cider or oihci wixiure
henis Itself in passing through.

To commence making vin^ar, have your box
or maker in some small room where you can
have a fire and keep the lemperature about 90*
or 95* Fah. Have a barrel, or tub, or hogshead
placed a little higher than (he Hot and near tbe
end where the first channel -lie

top shelf; in this tub or ho^:; •-!

so that you can regulate the ail u n ._tn-i or

mixture running. Vour mixtures ought to lie
warmed to about 90 or 95 degrees. A few gal-
lons or a half barrel of good strong vinegar
should be run through 6rst, so that the shelves
will bo well sonred before letting oil r»

run Ihroiigh. It is n good idea to . .]

or one-fourth of good vinegar to ar> jf

cider before allowing it lo run throti
Then open the faucet so th.it a slrcc; ^-t

than a straw shall fall into the cotnnictKetnc&rof
the first channel in the top shelf, and when it
falls through the last hole an'i into the barrel
below the maker, you will find it is good, ttroo^
and pure \inegar. This I lielieve lo be the best
and simplest way to make vinegar quicUy yet
discovered. The side hung on hir.ii^cs 'liould be
kept dosed white making anil -' * tighL

The outside box can be put i*j^ , nails,

being careful to expose none (o iric .-vciion of the
vinegar inside of the Inx. Do not use any nails
or iron in putting in the shelves, etc, as rf you
do, you will have ink instead of vinegar. All
Cutenings must be made of wooci {>cgs in place
of nails, etc., etc. Of course, when once started,
jrou will make vinegar night and day until
through making.

If you do not intend to make any great unomtt
of vinegar it would probably be beit for you to
make it with shavings, which you can get at the
planing mills cheaply or for nothing. If not cear
a mill they can be made quickly by hand.

To make molasses vinegar, take any amount
of water, and for every ten galloni. used add one
of molasses and a little yeast, and let it {rrmenC.
After done working let it run through the makrr.
If you want something axry strong use lv\'>
Ions, instead of one, Kir every teQ gallons ^ I \> ..
ter. Sorghum vinegar is made the same.

2. As my object is to give full practical direc-
tions to manufoclure vinegar from ddcr and oth
alcoholic solutions, in the quickest po>sjiblc ti
I shall do so by using the fewest wi^i.'; I i
and give directions that all may undc
the mst place it is necessary llut the <
have passed through the first fenucni
through working — the longer you 1
after fermentation ;h- ^■''•'"■- f-^- >'
vinegar — then get :
of the heads fi^m t
head that is the least likely to lciik« •■
sticks, one and a half inches in diam'"
about, and one foot ]
frame-work ju^t I-

hogshead, and p1.i<.<. .. •. i.f ;-«.•>£ , <. /•
BCto^^i \!tui frame- work &ticlu or boards^ they

W2NES, LIQUORS AND VINEGAR,

379

I

not be tight together, but perhaps half an inch
apart, so as to let the air ^o up through ; now htl
tBe hogshead with shavings from some hard
wood (birch, or maple, or beech vi be&t), then
take one of the hogsheads that has no head in
and shave off one end so as tu fit into the hogs-
head just hllcd, one or two inchcii ; then place it
OD top of the other hogshead, the same standing
oa one end, and fiW this one to within about eight
inches of the top with shavings. The shavings
ate merely poured into the stands from baskets ;
Ihcy are not to be pressed or pounded down, as
it is very important that they should lay in the
stands loosely, so as to allow the air to circulate
up through all parts o( the stands ; then get a
wooden hoop, one that came ofl* from one of the
hogsheads, and place it inside of the last h(^s-
head filled, about eight inches from the top, and
fasten it with wooden pegs ; then get some good
boards, matched are i>cst, and cut out a head
that will 5t on the hoop just put in, and cork, it
tight with rags or cotton; then bore about fifty
boles in the head not larger than a quarter of an
inch. It is easiest to mark the head o/Tin squares
and bore tlie hole-t in the corner off each square
all over the bead, before the head is fastened in
the hogshead; then cut off three or four boards
to lay on top for a cover, then bore a hole about
two inches from the bottom of the lower hogs*
head for a faucet to draw off the vinegar ; then
m2K>thcr three-quarter inch hole about one foot
from the bottom, this to be left open for a vent
hole, as it is highly important th.it there should
be a current of air through the shavings, as this
is what causes the acetification of the cider or
other mixture poured through the shavinp; also
bore a three-quarter inch hole just below the
perforated head ; then fix the other two hogs-
heads the same as the two just finished, and
place all four in some room in some out-shed
where you can have a fire if necessary, and you
are reaay to go making vinegar.

Now warm the room to about ninety by the
thermometer, and keep it so for two or three
hours; the cider or other mixture should stand
in the vinegar room until it has acquired a tern-
pcratare ofabout eighty or ninety degrees ; then
commence making vinegar by pouring into the
stand marked Na I, cider al the rate of one and
a half to two gallons per hour and continue to do
so until you have aluuc ten gallons in the lower
hogshead of No. i stand, then draw from No. I
stand as much and as often as you put it in No. I,
and pour it into No. 2, and from No. 3 draw
every hour pure made vinegar.

It will be remembered that the stands should
«tand qoite level, so that the dder or mixture in
spreading over the head bored full of holes will
run through each and every hole, so that in
dropping over the sliavings it will be exposed to
the air as much as possible. If on lifting the
top. the air coming out smells strong of vinegar
ail is doing well land the air should be a little
warmer than the air in the vinegar room); U it
is not so, then jou must not jiour the cider so
often, and not quite so much at a lime, and all
win soon be ripht. It is not necessary that you
should be particular to pour it through every
hour, but in (>rder to make the largest amount
per day, you should pour it through as often as
every hour, which u as often as it should be
poured through. It would be advisable to have
your ddcr or other mixture already worked be-

fore you commence making vinegar, as after you
once get your stands in working order they keep
improving, and will make better vinegar at the
end of a week than when you first commenced
with them ; and after you once get them started
you ought not to stop tncm until you get through
making or have made enough to lost six months.
Vou can if you wish let uie stands remain idle
for a week at any lime, but if idle longer, say a
month or two, the shavings are very apt to get
mouldy, then they must be exchanged for new
ones. The shavings last from three to six
months constant use, and may be known to be
spoiled when the liquid coming from the stands
is not clear, and the vinegar will not have the
full stren^h. The shavings can be washed and
used again, but it is about as well to get new
ones. If you wont to make a little cheaper vine-
gar, and yet one that you can warrant to keep
pickles, you can take the cider and put three
times as much water with it, and for every ten
gallons of water odd one gallon of cheap molasses
or cheap whisky (whicn is host) and let it fer-
ment; if molasses, then pour through the same
as if it were cider ; you will find you have a good
strong vinegar, and not more than one in Afty
can tell it from pure ddcr vinegar; if you want
vinegar that is extra strong, then use two gallons
of moUsses in place of one as above, and you
will ^d you have vinegar strong enough for
table or any other use. After you get your
stands making vinegar, it is a gooa plan to put
with your cider or mixture about one gallon of
vinegar to every eight or ten of mixture, as it acts
as akind of vinegar ferment, and the vinegar
makes quicker and better, it is a good plan to slop
the lower vent hole every night after you are done
work for the day, and open it in tlie morning.

Commence work as early in the morning as
you choose, and work as late at night as you
wish. Some makers work all night, and the
standi work as well or better than if idle nights,
should you not have or wish to purchase hogs*
heads, and not be particular about making it very
Cast or in any great quantity, you can take com-
mon dder barrels and fix them the same as di-
rected to fix the hog&hcads, but you must not
pour more than three or four quarts through
these small stands at once. Stands of this size
can be put in some unoccupied room in the house
or in the cellar ; when you are making vinegar it
is not expected you will pay your whole alicnlion
to it, but will attend to your other work, the
same as usual, and pour through your vinegar
every hour, or about as often as this ; in this way
the cost of making is little or nothing. Of course,
the more stands you have the Easter you can
make. Should you have molasses sugar, or re-
fuse molAssrs, mix about one gallon with ten of
water, and ferment it, and pour it through the
same as if it were pure dder. The same mix-
tures as used by the box-making arrangement
can of course be used in making with the shav-
ings. Rain or brook wnter is much better for
making mixtures than well water, which is gen-
erally aanl It takes from two to five days for
molasses and water or other mixtures to ferment,
and may be known to be through fcrmcBting
when it remains quiet and the liissing noise ceases.
If yeast is plenty and cheap, it is well to use two
lo four quarts to the barrel r>f mixture, and should
be well stirred up. If the color u not dark
enough, then take any quantity of cbcap brown

DICTIOI^ARY OF EVBRY-DAY XVAHTS.

sugar and put it ia a kettle over a hot lire with
about one half part water, and let it burn for
about one hour ; then put about one quart of wa-
ter to every Ave pr)iinds of &unr, and mix it
well, and you have a e^od coloring and can
color to suit your self. If there should be any
trouble in the stands not working good, you can
ca-sily apply a remedy, but if you follow direc-
tions, everything will go on all right.

3. To eight gallons of clear rain water, add
three quarts of moUxses; turn the mixture into
a clenn tight cask, shake it w«ll two or three
times, and add three spoonfuls of good yeast or
two yeast cakes. Place the cask in a warm
place ; and in ten or fifteen days add a sheet of
common wrapping-paper, smeared with molas-
ses, and torn into narrow strips, and you will
have good ^Hnegar. The paper is necessary to
form the **mother," or life, oV the liquor.

4. Acetic acid, 4 lbs.; molasses, 1 gallon; yeast,
I quart; put them into a furty-gallon cask, and
fill it up with rain water; stir it up, and let it
stand one to three weeks, letting it nave all the
air possible, and you will have go<^Kl vinegar. If
wanted stronger, add more mokuKs. Should
you at any time have weak vinegar on hand, put
molasses mto it to set it working. This will soon
correct iL

5. Molasses I qt. ; yesst I pC. ; warm rain wa-
ter 3 gals. Put all into a jug or keg, and tie a
piece uf gauze over the bung to keep out flie^
and let in air. In hot weather set it in the sun ;
in cold weather set it by the stove or the chimney
corner, and in three weeks ^u will have good
vinegar. When this is getting low, pour out
some for use, and fill up toc.jug in the same pro-
portion as at first, and you will never have
trouble for want of good vinegar.

6. To I gallon of dear clover blossoms add 1
quart of molasses and a ^^ pound ofsugar; pour
over these one ^Uon of boiling water. When
coM, add % a pmt of good yeast. If more wa^
ter is needed, add as you please. It makes
strong, pure vinegar.

7. Mix 5 qts. of warm rain water with 3 qts.
of Orleans molasses, and 4 qts. of yeast. In a
few weeks you will have the best vinegar you
ever lasted.

8. One pint of strained honey and two gallons
of soft water. Let it stand in a rooderatety-
warm place. In three weeks it will be excellent
vinegar.

VJNEGAR, CAA/P.— Takc sliced garlic. 4
ounces; soy, 1 ounces; walnut catsup, 2 ounces;
cayenne pepper, I ounce ; black pepper, I ounce;
chopped ancnovics, 15; vinegar, I gallon; coch-
ineal, I drachm. Infuse for one month, and strain.

yhVECAR, CIDER. — x. The most profit-
able return from such apples as are made into
cider is the further transformation of the juice
into vinegar. To do this, the barrels should be
completely filled, so that all impurities that
"working" — fermenting — throws off will be eject-
ed through the bung-hole. This process <ihould
l>e completed before the barrel is put in the cel-
lar, and when this is done, the purifie<l juice
should be drawn out of the original cask and put
into others where there is a <imalL amount of old
vinegar, which will amazingly hasten the desired
result. If no vinegar can be obtained to '■start'*
the dder, it must remain in a dry cellar six
montlis, and perh;^is a year (the longer the bet-
ter)! l>dbrc it will be 6t for the Ublc.

a. Save all your apple parings and sHa«
with them all waste apples and otncr fruits; k»
them in a cool place till vou get a pailful, te
tuni a large plate over tbrm, on whicti x U
weight should be placed, and poor on h3S^
water till it comes to the top. After Ihey bne
stood two or three days pour o£f the li^jtud. whid
will be as good cider as much that is olTcred fcr
sale; strain and pour it into a cask orvimeotber
convenient vessel, (anvthing that can be ckMch
covered will do.) and oropin apiec«nf "znodwr,^
or vinegar plant, nrocitrrd of some one that ks
good vinegar. If set in a warm place, the tiae-
gar will be (it for use in tbirc or four vecU
when it can be drawn oATfor use, and tbecuc
filled with cider m.ide from time to time hy (ks
process. Tlie parings should he pressedcsB-
}>«ctly into a tub or pail, and only water esoi^
j>oured over to come to their suriue, othmS
the dder would be so weak as to reqoirc tkeal*
dition of mola&ses. By having two r*TK e«
to contain the vinegar already made and iheete
to fill into from time to time, one nevrr need be
without good A-inegar. The rinsings of proem
kettles, sweetmeat jars, and from honey, sb9
stale beer and old cider, should allbesavedk
the vinegar cask ; only caution should be Kcd
that there be sufficient sweetness or body t»
whatever is poured in, or the vinegar in«v&
from lack of strength.

3. A barrel or a cask of new sweet dder, bcrial
so as to be well covered with fresh enth, aSI
turn to sharp, clear, delicious vinegar in ihivert
four weeks, as good as ever sought affinity wib
cabbage, pickles, or uble sauce, and better Cbt
is possible to make bv any other process.

VIXEGAR, COLD WATER.^To sU^
Ions of rain water, add one gallon of conaMB
molasses, and half a gallon of good hop yessi;
set the cask in a warm place, and shake w«i)
once a week for a few weeks; and you will h««
excellent vinegar. A bit of gauze or veiy tUs
cloth should be tacked over the bung-hoie, to
keep out dust and insccu till the vinegar ts nite
then nut in (he bung and keep it ixK^xn the ak tf
it will lose strength.

VINEGAR, COIVSLIP. — To 4 gaOoatef
water with the chill just taken off, add 6 poaadi
of brown sugar and ^ a peck of cowslips, Bovcs
and stalks together; put all into a cask wilkj
tables poonfuls of yeast ; lay a piece of fbst at
slate over the bung-hole, and set it xa a <
place till the vinegar grows sour, when the
mav be fastened rtown. This is a cheap
celfeat vinegar, keeping pickles nice and
If kept in a warm place the vinegar will be
in six months. A quarter of an ounce of gelatiiic
or isinglass will make it dear sooner.

VIXEGAR, BLACK CtrRRAXT.-Toioa
pounds of fruit, verv ripe, put three [^ts <f
vinegar; let it stand inree days, sdr occasMiuiQy*
fic^ueezc and strain the (mit. After boiling ka
minutes, to every pint of jaice add one pouftd cf
lump sugar. Boil twenty minutes.

VINEGAR, HOXEV.— Mix one poawa rf
honey with a gallon of cider, and expose it totfce
sun, or keep it where it is worm, and in a fe*
months it will be so strong that water wiU U
necessary to dilute it.

P'I.V£GAR,I/ORS£RADrS/r.~PowM(put
of best vinegar on three ounces of scraped horse-
radish, an ounce of minced eschalot, asd one
dradnn of cayenne; let it stand a we«k, asd yoa

terea^ '

WLVES, LIQUORS AXD VINEGAR.

38«

will have an excellent relish for cold beef, salad,
etc.. costing scarcely anything. Horseradish is
in highest perfection about November.

VINEGAR, GOOSEBERRY,— ^Tw^c the
gooseberries, when ripe, and to every auart put

;; quarts of M^atcr ; stir ihera well togetAer, and
et the whole stand for 24 hours, then strain it
through a canvas bag. To every gallon of
liquor add 1 lb. of brown sugar, and stir them
irell together before they are put into the cask.
Proceed in all other respects as before. This
vinegar pos^e^ses a pleasant taste and smelt; but
raspberry vinegar, which may be made on the
same plan, 1$ far superior in these respects. The
raspberries are not required to be of the best
sort, still they should be ripe and well- flavored.
VINEGAR, PERRV.^Put 30 or 40 lbs. of
wild pears into a tub, pour water over them, and
leave them 3 days to fcrmcnt. Repeat this every
<Uy for a month, at the end of which ic will be
eood vinecpir.

VINEGAR, DRV PORTABLE. —Viaih
wcU half a pound of white tartar with warm wa-
ter, then dry it. and pulverize as fine as possible.
Soak that |>owdcr with good sharp vinegar, and
dry it before the fire or in the sun. Re-sook it
ms before with vinegar, and dry it as above, re-
peating this operation a dozen times. By these
means you will have a very good and sharp
powder, which turns water instantly into vine-
gar. It is very convenient to carry in the pocket,
especially when traveling.

VINEGAR, PRIMROSE.— To 15 quarts of
water put 6 lbs. of brown sugar; let it boil ten
minutes, and take off the scum; pour on it half
a peck of primroses ; before it is quite cold, put
in a little fresh yeast, and let it work in a warm
place all night. Put it in a barrel in the kitchen,
and when done working close the barrel, still
keeping it in a warm place.

VINEGAR, RASPBERRV.-^u Take fresh
raspberries picked from their stalks. 1 lbs.; best
white wine vinegar, 2 pints. Steep the nspber-
ric* for a fortnight in a covered gloss vessel in
the vinegar, and then strain without pressing,
adding aUcrw-irds 2 or 3 lbs. of loaf sugar, which
is to tie dissolved with a gentle heat in the water
baih. By this method, which is unfortunately
expensive, the beautiful aroma of the fruit is
entirely preserved.

2. Boil down the juice of i-aspberries with an
equal weight of sugar, and add to the mixture
an equal quantity of the best white wine or
French vinwar.

3, (Very fine.) Fill glass jar», or large wide-
necked Njltles, with very ripe but perfectly
sound, freshly-gathered raspberries, freed from
the sulks, and cover them with pale white wine
vinegar ; they may be left to infuse from a week ,
to ten days without injury, or the vinegar may j
be poared from them in four or five. .\ner it is
drained off, turn the fruit into a hair sieve placed
orer a deep dish or bowl, as the juice will flow
slowly from it for many hours ; put fresh rasp*
berries into the bottles, and pour the vinegar
bade upon them. Two or three days later
change the fruit again, and when it has stood the
%xme space of time drain the whole of the vine-
gar from it; pass it through a jelly-bag or a thick
Uoen doth, and boil it gently for 4 or 5 minutes
with its weight of good sugar, roughly powdered,
or a pound and a quarter to the exact pint, ami
be very careful to remove the scum entirely as it

rises. On the loUowing day bottle the syrup,
observing the directions we have given for the
strawbcrrv vinegar. When the fruit is scarce it
may be changed twice only, and left a few dayt
longer in the vinegar.

4. To each quart of raspberries, allow a pound
ofloafsugnr. Mash the raspberries and strew
the sugar over them, h-iving first crushed it with
the rolling-pin. Let the raspberries and sugar
stand till next day, keeping them well covered*
then put them in a thin linen lug and squeeze
out the iuice with your hands. To every pint of
juice allow a quart of the best vinegar. Bottle
lU cork it tightly, and set it away for use. It
will be ready in a few days.

5, Put a pound of vcrv fine ripe raspberries in
a bowl, bruuc them well, an<I pour U[)on them a
quart of the best white wine vincg.ar ; next day
strain the liquor on a pound of fresh ri}^ rasp-
berries ; bruise them also, and the following day
do the same, but do not squeeze the fruit, or tt
will make it foment; onlv drain the lii]iior as drv
as you can from iL The last time p.xss it thrgugn
a canvas bag, previously wet with the vinegar,
to prevent waste. Put llic juice into a stone jar,
with a pound of sugar to every pint of juice ; the
sugar must be broken iuto lump:^-, »tir it, and
when meltetl, put the jar into a pnn of water;
let it simmer, and skim it ; when coM, bottle it;
it will be fine, and thick, when cold, like strained
honey, newly prepared.

VINEGAR. RHUBARB.— V^xccWcxM vine-
gar may be made from the rhul>arb plant in the
following maaner: For 5 gals, lake 12 ordinary
sized stalks of rhubarb; pound or crush them
with a uiecc of wood in ine bottom of a strong
tub ; add 3 gals, of water ; let this stand twenty-
five hours, strain off the crushed rhubarb, and
odd 9 lbs. of sugar free from molasses, and a
small teacupfut of the best brewers' yeast; raise
the temperature to 60" or So^. and put into a
twelve-^llon cask; place it in a position where
the temperature will not fall Iteiow 60^. In a
month strain off from the grounds, returning it
to the ca^k again, and let it stand till it becomes
vinegar.

lyNEGAR.SrRAWBERRY.—i. Takcthe
stalks from the fruit, which should lie a highly
flavored sort, quite ripe, fresh from the beds,
and gathered in dry weather; weigh and put it
into Urge glass jars, or widc-ncckcd bottles, and
to each pound pour about a pint and a half of
fine pale while wine vinegar, which will answer
the purpose better than the entirely colorless
kind, sold under the name of distilled vinegar,
but which is the pyroligneous add rrcatly diluted.
Tie a thick paper over them, and let the straw-
berries remain from 3 to 4 days; then pour oT
the vinegar ami empty them into a jclty-tiag, or
suspend them in a cloih that all the liquid may
drop from (hem without pressure ; take an equ^
weight of fresh fruit, pour the vinegar upon it,
and 3 days afterwards repeat the s.ime process,
diminishm^ a little the proportion of strawber-
ries, of which the flavor ought ullimalely to over-
power the vinegar. In three days drain oifthe
liquid very closely, and after having >trained it
through a linen or a flannel bag. weigh it, and
mix with it an equal quantity of hijjhly refined
sugar roughly powdered; when this is nearly
dissolved, stir the syrup over a very clear fire
until it has boiled 5 minutes, and sxim it thor-
oughly; pour it into a delicately dean stone

4

a

DICTIONARY OF BVERY-DA V WANTS.

pitcher, or inio large China jugs, throw « folded
cloth over aiid let it remain until the morrovr ;
put it into pint or half pint bottles, ami cork them
lightly with new velvet corks, for if these be
prcsicil in liglilly at first, the bottles would be
liable to burst; in four or five days they may be
closely corked^ and 5tore<l in a dry and cool
place.

Damp destroys the color and injures the fla\'or
of these fine fruit vinegars, of which a spoonful
or two in a glass of waif r afTorils so agreeable a
BUmmer beverage, and one which, in many cases
of illness, is so acceptable to invalids.

Where there is a garden the fruit may be
thrown into the vinegar as it ripens, within an
interval of forty-eight hours, instead of being all
put to infuse at once, and it must then remain a
proportionate time; one or two days in addition
to that specified will make no difference to the
preparation. The enameled stewpans are the
best possible vessels to boil it in, nut it may be
simmered in a stone jar set into a pan of boiling
water, when there is nothing more appropriate
at band; though the syrup does not usually keep
so welt when Ihts last method is adopted.

3. Put 4 pounds of very ripe strawberries,
nicely dressed, into 3 quarts of the best vinegar,
and let them E>tand 3 or 4 days; then drain the
vinegar through a jelly-bag, and pour it on the
same quantily of fruit. Repeat the process in
three diys for a third time. Finally, to each
pound of llie liquor thus obtained, add I poun<l
of fine sugar. Bottle, and let it stand covered,
but not tightly corked, I week; then cork it tight,
and set it in a cool, dry place, where it will not
freeic.

VINEGAR, SUGAR. — Put nine pounds of
brown sugar to every six gallons of water ; boil
it for a quarter of an hour, and then pour it in a
tub in a lukc-warm slate ; put to it a pint of new
bran, let it work four or five days, stir it up three
or four times a day, then turn it into a clean
barrel, iron-hooped, and set full in the sun.

VINEGAR from SORGHUM.— Vox Aogals.
tokc 8 gallons of syrup; put this in first, then fill
with ram water. If you can gel filtered cistern
water it will make tne vinegar clearer. Add a
teacupful of hop yeast, then set the barrel in a
>i'arm place with bung open.

VINEGAR, ll'IUTE /r/A'^.— Mash np
SO lbs. raisins, and add 10 gallons water; let it
stand in a warm place for one month, and you
vill have pure white wine vinegar. The raisins
may be used a second time the same way.

VINEGAR^ To Inntase tfu Sharpness and
Strength ef, — Boil two quarts of good vinegar till
Tedooed to one ; then put it in a vessel and set
it in the sun for a week. Now mix the vinegar
^ith six limes its quantity of bad vinegar in a
small cask: it will not only mend it, but moke it
Strong and agreeable.

VINEGAR /"Z.^.Vr.— What is popularly
know as the vinegar plant is only a form of the
**mothcr of vinegar, ' which is, again, only a
state of common mould. For the manner of
obtaining it, we quote the following from the
Irish Farmers' Gazette: — Leave a little vinegar
in a small bottle to become stale (during hot,
close weather is l)est), till a film appears on the
surface. If a few fragmenis of coarse brown
sugar l>c now added, it will somewhat aid its
growth ; but when the film has attained the lliick-
ness of pardunent, it is ready for transfer to

syrup, where it soon becomes the houscwili^
normal vinegar planL Procure a large jar er
bottle, and to two quarts of boiling water aU
half a pound of treacle and haJf a pound of the
commonest brown sugar ; stir well together, vA
when cool transfer the film from the suriue «f
the vinegar to the surface of the syrup; cover «
to exclude air. and keep in a warm cuplxiird.
This film will rapidly grow, and form a thick,
slippery, gelatinous mass all over the surface of
the syrup, and in course of six weeks or so tlM
lit^uia Will be changed to excellent \inegar. TW
vinegar plant can now be taken and dinded iets
Uvers, or cut up into fragments, each pr«e W
which if placed unon fresh syrup will rsfadly
grow and chance the liquor into vinegar. "Hk
vinegar should be allowed to settle, and be sinis-
ed before it is used.

WAX PUTTY, for Lmky Casks, Bungs^A,
— Spirits turpentine, 2 pounds; tallow, 4poOT(J^
yellow wax, 8 nounds; solid lurpeniiiie, XX
pounds. Melt the wax and solid tnrpentOK
together over a slow fire; lljcn add the laDo».
WTien melted, remove far from the fire; thca
stir in the spirits turpentine, and let it coc*!.

WHISKY, BOURBON — To 100 galteai
pure proof spirit, add 4 ounces pear oil ; j or.
pclargonic ether; 13 drs. oil 0? winlergrtrt,
dissoh'cd in the ether; I gallon wine viac^.
Color with burnt sngar.

WHISKY, Iruk or Scott h. — To 40 gallow
proof spirits, add 60 drops of creosote, dtssolted
m I quart of alcohol; i ounces acetic add; I
pound loaf sugar. Stand 48 hours.

WHISKY, MONONGAIIELA. — To 40
gallons proof spirits, add 2 ounces s-pirits ofiuTit;
4 pounds dried peaches ; 4 pounds N. O, sug«s
1 quart rye (burnt and p-ound like coffee); ^
pound allspice; ^.ji pound cinnamon ; % po«a4
cloves. Put in the mgredients. and after stanf-
ing 5 days, draw it off, and strain the same, if
necessary.

WHISKY, Ta Ntutnaiite U make Varumi
IJqucrt. — To 40 gallons of whisky. ' • - * "-i.
unslaked lime, % lb. alum, and ,xi

of nitre. Stand 34 hours and dra\

WINE MAKING, Prvtesi pJ. ^ J tu MmA
— We suppose that the grapes are fully lipeacd
and ready for use, although still on toe viocs^
Select a clear day ami gather the vintage as toon
ns the dew is off the grapes. Every bundi sboaM
l>e clipped from the vines with a pair of scisson*
and carefully laid in a basket, or other vessel, to
avoid bruising as much as possible. Gather nooe
but the fully ripe prapes. and as many of them
as can l>e pressed in a day to insure uniibra
juality, a very im|x)rtant consideration. Besides,
ine larger llie quanlitv fermented at ooce, iJ*
lietler the wine will l>e. llie grapes bacf
brought to the wioe house should now be cvt-
fully overlooked, and all the imperfect anddcor-
ed ones removed. Tlic next considernfioa B
whether tlie firajics shall l*e prc^ ' ■'

without their stems. Many n > :

latter, as there is an astringent ji^tv ■■ ■'^
stems that gives a peculiar flavor to ih** ^ r-c ;
but no doubt the better way is to sliij' it^e
berries from the stalks. This is sometimes dooe
by hand picking, but a very simple instrumeat
will greatly expedite the process. Take a bos
or trough, and by within it, a few inches
from tlic bottom and from the top, a laricr
work of wooden skts (which nad bcticr

WfJ^ES, LTQUORS AND VINEGAR,

be joined withoct nails); upon (his Uy the
banches.

Lay a similar but smaller lattice, with a handle
to work it, upon the mats, and by rubbing the
grapes between the (wo, the berries will readily
separate from the combs and fall through into the
(rough l>cneath. By the aid of an assistant,
<lrawing the grapes as they bll, through an
opening at the end of the (rough, a great deal
CAD be done in a short lime. The next step ii.
to mash the grapes. The oldest and best method
is to stamp them with naked feet. In some wnie
countries the stampers wear salx)ts, or wooden
shoes ; sometimes wooden pounders or beetles
are used, and sometimes the grapes are passed
between rollers, grooved or fluted diagonally, so
as not to break the grape stones. ( There is a
bitter principle in the stones or pips very much
to be avoidctL)

We now come (o the pressing. The ordinary
wine-press is a platform of solid wood» raised
high enough from the ground to allow the mu»t
to run through a spout on one side into proper
vessels. Two upright beams of heavy timber,
and a cro'is beam at top, support a powerful
screw that is worked by hand levers, like a wind-
lass. The grapes ore placed upon the platform
and heavy timbers laid upon them : then above
these other tiers of timbers are crossed, ami
upon all the great screw comes down, just as (he
President of the United States comes down upon
the postnias(crt» and collec(ors.

Besides the above (here are smaller presses
used, some of which are for sale at the agricub
tural warehouses. For small quantities of grapes
a home-made press will answer. Take an or-
dinary larrel, (»re holes in the bottom and lower
half, with a half inch auger, place a Uyer of
dean straw on the bottom and against ihe sides,
within which place the mashed grapes, and upon
thera a layer of straw and the barrebhcad. Upon
the whole place a short upright of stout timl>er.
Stand this barrel in a tub, about a foot from (he
wall ; nail a cleat to the wall, under which place
the end of a lever tha( rests upon (he upnght ;
by hanging heavy weights upon the long end of
the lever, you have a tolerably powerful wine-
press.

A few hints about pressing. Some exquisite
wines are nude by piling a mass of (ro<hien
grapes in a great upright vessel, and using only
the must ttut runs off wilhoLit the aid of (he
screw. The rest of the must goes to press and
produces an ordinary wine. When the wine press
]s used alone, three qualities con be produced:
first, by reserving the must that flows from the
gentlest pressure ; secondly, by keeping apart
the most of a severer pressure; and, thirdly, by
ex,(raccing the last drop of juice with all the
power of the screw, aided by a lonjf rope attach-
ed to (he lever, and worked by a wmdixss. We
may also add, that a sort of bastard wine can l>e
made, by adding water to the skins left after (he
third pressure, partially fermcniing the mass,
and subjecting it to a fourth pressure. The pro-
duct, however, ts not wine, but only afirst cousin
6k wine, of jioor quality, and known as piquette.

In this country these nice distinctions are not
always observed. The entire product of a vine*
yard often goes to form one wine only, and m
this view we «hnll continue; hinting, that as the
■dect wines of the world bring enormous prices,
oad the common wines (he opposite, that it is

worth the while of every American wine-maker
to do his best, and follow the injunction of St,
Paul: "Try all things."

/•'ermentatufH. — As soon as the must is prea.
sed from the grapes, it is put in casks prepared
for the purpose ; these casks should be as large
as possible, "for the larger the cask the bet(cr
the wine." The casks should be thrce-quar(ers
full only, and it is recommended by some, that a
square liolc, about si.\ inches across, should be
left at the lop, covered by a coarse piece of can*
vas. Tlie following extract from Mulder's
"Chemistry of Wine," will expjain (his process
clearly :

*'SnorUy afker pressing, (he tiodid appears to
be in motion, and little air hubbies rise to the
surface; fermentation has ))egun; (he juice, not
qui(e dear at first, becomes more turbid, the
motion of the liquor increases, and froth is Conn-
ed on the surface; the gas bubbles become
larger, the consistency of the liquor decreases, as
do also iu saccharine contents. In pbce of these,
more and more alcohol is engendered, and the
liquid, originally watery, and now enriched with
alcohol to a greater or less degree, can no longer
retain in a state of jwrfcct solution various mat-
ters which it previously held in that condition.
Fermentation reaches its highest point with great-
er or less rapidity, according to tne temperature;
in a moderate climate it generally occurs in from
ihree to four days.

"When the IcrmentAtiou is diminishing, and
before it is completely finished, the whole mass
of liquid is stirred up, in order to bring its ele-
ments into contact with each other afresh.

".•\fter some days the whole mass reaches its
highest point of effervescence, and at this it re-
mains for three o; four days; it then begins to
diminish, and by forming a precipitate at the
bottom, allows the wine to become gradual]/
dearer.

"The wine is now rackeil ofTinto another tcs-
sel, the snliment being left Ijehind. Fermenta-
tion continues, but more quietly ; and this is call-
efl after- fermentation. Sugar is l>eing constantly
converted into alcohol anu cirbonic acid, and a
fresh precipitate is con«iUntly forming, and de-
positing itself at the Irattom.

"After the wine has undergone this after.fer-
mcntation for several month*, (and the fermenta-
tion generally increases again during the next
^tiring; at the time, it is said, when the vtoes
blos.«om, that is, when the warmth of the air ex-
cites fermentation again,) and has 1>een drawit
oflffrom time to time in other vessels, in order
to free it from (he setlimenl which has been con-
tinually forming, it is transferred into casks in
which it can be exported."

*KAV£, AFPAE.—Takc pure ciiler made
from sound ripe apples as it runs from the press;
put sixty pounds of common brown sugar into
nHeen gallons of the dder. and let it dusolve;
then put the mixture into a clean barrel, and fill
the barrel up to within two gallons of being full,
with clean cider ; put the cask in a cool place,
leaving the bung out for forty-eight hours ; then
put in the bung, with a small vent, until Cermca-
tation wholly ceases, and bung up light ; and in
one year the wine will l>e fit for use. This wioe
requires no racking; the longer it stands upon
the lees, the l»eiler.

ly/NE, W/*A*/C<3r. — Wipe dean and cut
twelve pounds of apricots ; boil them in two gaU

I

4

*

I

k.

DICTIONARY OF E VERY-DAY JTAT^TTS.

Ions of wntcr till the water has imbibed the flavor
of the fruit ; then strain the liquor through ahair
sieve, and to each quart of it put six ounces of
loaf sugar ; then boil it and add 6 lbs. sugar and
one jHJund o(" sliced beetroot. When fermented,
put into the cask a quart or more of brandy
or flavorless whisky.

h^/uVE, BLACXBERRY.—GtAhtt the ber-
ries when perfectly ripe, and in such a manner
as to avoid bruising. Empty them, as fatt a«
gathered, into a tub until you have a quaiilitv
suBicient to hU, i»-ith juice, the cask in whicn
you propose to make the wine.

I lave the utensils, etc., required in the process,
all ready Iwfore you pick — or mt least beiore you
mash your berries. Everything must be scni-
pulously clean. Vou want a keg, a Iwatcr of
seasoned hard wooi), a j^l, a large bowl, tureen
or other vessel into which to strain your juice, a
good thick strainer — two or three folds of fine
while flannel is the best material — a couple of
yards of osnahurg^, a spare tub or a bucket or
two, and a tub of soft spnng water. Everything
must he perfectly dean and free from dirt or odor
of any kind.

Crush the berries thoroughly with the beater,
and then alter straining the lii}uor, which runs
freely from the pulp through the folded flannel,
empty it into the cask, measuring it as you put it
in. \Vlien the juice has been all drained from
the pulp, you proceed tn press the pulp dry. If
the quantity is large, this had best be done by a
regular press, but if only a few gallons are want-
ed, the osnahurg answers very well. Stretch
out the osnaburg, put a gallon or a gallon and a
half of the pulp into the center, fold the cloth
over it on each side, and let a strong hand at
either end twist the cloth with all their strength;
when the juice is well pressed out, remove and
lay aside the cake of pomace, and put in more
pulp. This process is apparently rough, but is
both rapid and eflectual. The juice so extracted
is strained and measured into the cask as before
mentioned. The flannel strainer and the osna-
burg may need rinsing occasionally during the
wonc.

When all the pulp is pressed, put the hard
cakes of pomace taken from the cloth into a tub,
and pour upon them a little more soft spring
water than you have clear juice; break up the
balU and wash them thoroughly in the water, so
as lis obtain all the juice left in the mass, and
then strain it clear: measure out as nuny gallons
of this water aa you have of clear juice, say five
gallons of the water to five gallons of the juice,
dissolve in each gallon of the water six pounds
of sugar (brown or while, as you want a com-
mon or first-rale wine), and when thoroughly
dissolved, add the juice (first passing it again
through the strainer), and mix them. Then
rinse out your cask, put it where it can stand
undisturbed in a cellar; fill it perfccUy full of
the mixture, and lay a cloth loosely over the
bung-hole. In two or three days fermentation
will commence, and the impurities run over at
the bung ; look at it every day, and if it does not
run over, with some of the mixture which you
have reserved in another vessel, fill it up to the
bung. In a[K>ut three weeks fermentation will
have ctased. and the wine be still; fill it again,
drive in the hung light, nail a tin over it, and let
it remain undisturbed until the following !Vovem.
ber, or what is better, March. Then draw it aO^

without shaking the cask« put it into bottles or
demijohns, cork tightly and seal over.

For a teo'gailon casic, vou will need about 4*^C
gallons of juioc, 4U gallons of writer, and Jb
pounds of sugar, and in the same proportian fiv
larger or smaller qoantities. Some persona add
spirit to the wine, bnt iufttead of doing good, it
is only an injury.

Another process is, after pouring in the mix*
lure for .1 ten-gallon cask, to beat up the wluM
of two or three eggs into a froth, put ihem iito
the cask, and with a long stick mU ihan ibor*
oughly with the wine. In five or sii days, diMr
the now clarified wine ofl^ by a spVgoi, and with-
out shaking the cask at all, into a cSean oul^
bung up and tin, lo be drawn off into ^^M ■
November or March.

The more carefoUy your jnice i$ strained, l^
Iwlter the quality 01 your sogar, and l>ke mere
scrupulously clean yvMir ntcnsUs, particniirly
your kegs, are, the purer and better will be jom
wine.

The best qtiality, when vou gather yt»r o«i
fniit, and make it yoursel?*, oo«t& yo<u only tl>
price of the white sugar, and when bottled wfl
cost you in money about twelve and a li^ coll
a bottle.

IV/.VE, BL.4CA'BERRY, {Otker Miti^
0/ Making). — I. Having procured berries ibl
ore fully npe, put them into a tub or pan with I
lap to it, and pour upon them as much b<^B(
water ai will just cover them. As soon as tW
heat will permit the hand to be put into the va*
sel, bruise them well till all the Derrics are bro-
ken. Then let them stand covered till the ber
ries begin lo rise toward the top, whxrh thiy
usually do in three or four days. Then d
off the dear liquor into ancMher vessel, tad
to every 10 quarts od this liqnor 4
sugar; stir it welt, and let it stand to
x^eck or ten days ; then filter it throagfa a
jelly bag into a cask. Take now 4 ounc
isinglass and lay it to steep for twelve
a pint oi blacklwn-rT juice ; the next morning
it over a slow fire for half nn hour with a qi
or 3 pints more juice, and pour it into the
when cool, rouse it about well and leave
settle for a few days, then rack it oflf into
cask, and bung it down.

a. The following is said lo be an cs
recipe for the manufacture of a snperior
from blackberries : — Measure vour berries,
bruise them ; to every gallon adding I
boiling water. Let the mixture stand
four hours, stirring occasionally ; then 1
the liquor into a cask, to every calkMH
]>ounds of sugar; cork tight, and lei
the following October, and you will have^
ready for use, without any further strainiH'
boiling, that will make lips smack, as theyi
smacked under similar influence before.

3 Gather when ripe, on a dry day. Pat
a vessel, with the head out. ana a tap fitted
the bottom; pour on them boiling water toi
them. Mash the berries with yvns hands,
let them stand covered till the pulp rises la
top and forms a crust, in three or fbnr
Then draw ofl* the fluid into another vessd,
to every gallon add one pound of sugtf; nlix
well, and pot into a cask, to work fiM* a week 9
ten days, and throw off any renuiioing l<ef<
keeping the cask wrfl filled, paTticnlxjlr at the
commcDcemcnt. Wlien ihc working has oessedi

m

WmsS, UQUORS AND VINEGAR.

385

bung it down ; after &ix to twelve months it may 1
be Udtlcd. I

\y/NE, CfiERRY,^\. To make 5 pints of
this win r, take 15 lbs. of cherries and 2 of cur-
rants ; bruise them together ; mix with them ^3
of the kernels and nut the whole of the cherries,
currants, and kernels into a barrel, with a quart-
cr of a pound of sugar to every pint of juice.
The barrel must be quite full ; cover the barrel
wttli vine len,ves, and sand above them, and let
U slaml until it has done working, which will be
in about three weeks ; then stop it with a bung,
and in two months lime it may oe bottled.

3. Gather the cherries when quite ripe. Pull
them from their stalks, and press them through
a hair sieve. To every gallon of the liquor add
Z lbs. of lump sugar finely beaten, stir all to-
eetber, and put it into a vessel that will just hold
IL When it has done fermenting, stop it very
close for three months, and then bottle it oflT for
ttse.

WINE, CIDER.—IjA the new cider from
sour apples, (ripe, sound fruit preferred,) fer-
iDcnt from I to 3 weeks, as the weather is warm
Or cool. When it htis attained to a lively fermen-
lation, add to each gallon, according to its acidi-
ty, from ^ a lb. to 2 lbs. of white crushed sugar,
and let the whole ferment until it possesses pre-
cisely the taste which it is desired should be
permanent. In thi« conditton pour out a quart
of the cider and add for each gallon % ounce of
sulphite of lime, not sulphate. Stir the powder
ana cider until intimately mixed, and return the
cmul&ion to the fermenting liquid. Agitate brisk-
ly and thoroughly for a few moments, and then
lei the cider settle. Fermentation will cease at
oocc When after a few days, the cider has be-
come clear, draw oft carefully, to avoid the sedi*
meat, and bottle. U loosely corked, which is
better^ it will become a sparkling ddcr wine,
and may be kept indefinitely long.

WINE, CUHRANT.^T^it currants should
be folly ripe when picked; put them into a large
lob, in which llicy should remain a day or two ;
then crush with the hands, unless vou have a
small patent wine press, in which tney should
not be pressed too much, or the stems will be
bruised, and imjiart a disagreeable taste to the
juice. If the hands are u&cd, put the crushed
fruit, after the juice h.id been poured off, in a
doth or sadc and press out the remaining juice.
Fut the juice back into the tub after cleansing it,
where it should remain about three days, until
the first stages of fermentation are over, and re-
moving once or twice a day the scum copiously
arising to the top. Then put the juice in a ves-
sel— a demijohn, keg, or barrel — of a size to suit
the quantity made, and to each quart of juice odd
3 lbs. of the best yellow sugar, and soft water
aufhcient to make a gallon.

Thus, ten quarts of juice and 30 lbs. of sugar
will give you 10 gals, of wine, and so on in pro-
portion. Those who do not like sweet wine can
reduce the quantity of sugar to two and a half,
or who wish it very sweet, raise to three and a
half pounds per gallon.

The vessel must be full, and the bung or stop-
per left off until fermentation ceases, which will
be in 13 or 1; days. Meanwhile, the cask must
be filled up wd\y with currant juice left over, as
fermentation throws out the impure matter.
When fermentation ceases, r^ck the wine oflT
csrcfidlyi cither from the spiggot or by a syphon.

and keep running all the time. Cleanse the cask
thorougnly with boiling water, then return the
wine, bung up tightlv, and let it stand4€>r5
months, wiien it will be fit to drink, and can be
bottled if desired.

All the vessels, casks, etc, should >>e perfectly
sweet, and the whole operation should be done
with an eye to cleanliness. In such event, every
drop of brnndy or other spirituous liquors added
will detract from the flavor of the wine, and will
not* in the least degree, increase its keeping
qualities. Currant wine made in this way wiU
keep for an age.

WINE, CURRANT, Other Mtthods of Mak-
ing.— I. To every pailful of currants, on the
stem, put one pailful of water ; ma.-sh and strain.
To each gallon of the mixture of juice and water
add 3i^ Ibi. of sugar. Mix well, and put into
your cask, which should be placed in the cellar,
on the tilt, that it may be racked off in October^ '
without stirring up the sediment. Two bushels
of currants will make one liarrel of wine. Four
gallons of the mixture of juice and water will,
after 13 lbs. of sugar arc added, make 5 gals, of
wine. The barrel should be filled within three
inches of the bung, which must be made air
ti^hl, by placing wet cl.iy over it after it is
driven in.

2. Pick your currants when ripe on a fair dav,
crush them well, and to every gallon of juice add
two of water and 3 lbs. of sugar — if you wish il
sweeter, add another half pound of sugar — mix
all together in some large vessel, then dip out
into earthen jars, let it stand to ferment in some
cool place, skimming il every other morning.
In about ten days it will be ready to strain off;
bottle and seal, or put in a cask and cork tight,
the longer you keep it the better it will be.

3. Into a ten gallon keg, put lo quarts of cur-
rant iuice, 30 lbs. of sugar and fill up with water.
I>et It stand in a cool place, untd sufficiently
worked, and then bung up tight You can let it
remain in the cask, and draw out. as you wast
to use il.

WINES, CtA»r/)f^/»r.— While sugar, 1 lb.;
water, I gaL; put into an iron keltic, let boil,
and bum to a red black, and thick; remove from
the fire and a«kl a little hot water to keep it from
hardening as it cools ; then bottle for use.

W/NE, To Catft. — In the absence of ice take
a bottle of wine, surround it with a piece of linen
dipped in water, and place it in a draught. U
will be found that the liquid in the Iwttle will be
reduced to a temperature much below that of the
surrounding air, naving parted with its caloric to
the vapour formetl by the evaporation of the wa-
ter of the cloth.

WINE. DAMSON.— C^lher the fruit dry.
weigh and bruise it, and to every H lbs. of fruit
odd t gal. of water; boil the water, pour it on
the fruit scalding hot; let it stand for two davs;
then draw it off, put it into a clean cask, and to
every gallon of liquor and 2 ^ lbs. of good sugar;
fill the cask. It may be bottled off af^er stand-
ing in the cask a year. On bottling the wine.
put a small lump of loaf sugar into every bottle.

WINE, ELDERffERRK—'Vakc elderberry
juice, 10 gals.; water, 10 gals. ; white sugar, 45
pounds ; red tartor. 8 ounces. Thee are put
into a cask, a little yeast added, and (he whole is
fcrmentetl. When undrrgviing fermentation,
ginger root, 4 ounces; allspice if, and cloves I
ounce, arc put into a ba^ of dean cotton ^dotb.

DICTIONARY OF EVERY^DAY WANTS,

ftnd fiu«pcnded in the cakk. Tliey gire a pleasant
^for to the wine, which will become clear in
alroul two inontlts, and may be drawn ofTaod
boltleu. Some ndd brandy to this wine, but if
the fermentation is properly conducted, this is
not neceiisary.

WIaVE, HLDER, {Fiavoreii xvith flofs.)—
A huJy, disliking the ta&te of spices in nome-
made wine», was induced to try the effect of fla-
voring elder wines with hops. The result is one
of the must grateful, wholesome, and valuable
beverages. Its color equals that of the finest
claret; and it produces no acidity after drinking,
AS many homemade wtnes do. The berries,
which muKt t>e thoroughly ripe, are la be slrippetl
,from the staik, and squeezea to a pulp. Stir and
squeeze this pulp, once every day for four days ;
then separate thc^uice from the pulp br passing
through a cane sieve or basket ; to every gallon
of juice, add half a gallon of cold spring water:
boil nine gallons with six ounces of hops for half
ftn hour ; then strain it, and boil again, with three
pounds of sugar to the gallon, for alK>ut ten
minutes, skimming it all the time; pour it into a
cooler, and, wliile lukewaan, put a piece of
toasted bread with a little barm on it to set it
working ; put it into a cask as soon as cold ; when
it has done working, cork it down, and leave it
six months lieforc it is tapped; it is then drink-
able, but improves with age exceedingly.

WINE, ro Restore whfH Flat. — Add four or
five pounds of sugar, honey, or bruised raisins,
to every liundreiT gallons, and bung close. A
little spirits may also be added

WINE, GRAPE. — Take two quarts of grape
juice, two quarts of water, four pounds of sugar.
£!xlr&ct Ihcjuice of the grape in any simple way;
if only a few quarts are desired, we do it with a
strainer and a pair of squeezers, if a larger quan-
tity is desired, put the grapes into a cheese press
made [mriicubrly clean, putting on suP^cient
weight to extract the juice Ola full hoop of grapes,
being cartful that none but perfect grapes are
used, perfectly ripe and free from blemish. After
the first pressing put a little water with the pulp
and press a second time, using the juice otthe
second pressing with the water to be mixed with
the clear grape juice. If only a few quarts are
made place the wine as soon as mixed mto liot-
tlcs, filling them even full and allow to stand in a
warm place unlill it ferment, which will take
mbout thirty-six hours usually ; then remove all
the scum, cool and put into a dark, cool place.
If a few gallons are desired place in a keg, hut
the keg must be even full, and after fermentation
has token place and the scum removed, draw olT
and bottle, and cork tighL

WINE, GIsVGER.~l. Boil together for half
an hour, 7 tiuarts of water, 6 pounds of sugar,
a ounces of tne best ginger, bruisc<1. and the rind
of three good-sized lemons. Wlicn lukewarm

tmt the wliule into a cask, with the juice uf (he
cmons, and % of a pound of sun raisins; odd
I teaspoonful of new yeast, and stir the wine
every day for ten days.

2, Water, 10 gols. ; tump sugar, 20 lbs.; brui-
sed ginger, 8 oz.; 3 or 4 eggs. Boil well and
skim ; then pour hot on six or seven lemons cut
in slize<1, macerate for two hours ; then rack and
ferment; next add spirits, 3 qts.; and afterwards
finings, S pint; runmage well. To make the
)lor, boil *^ oz. saleratus, and ,Vi <)2* altim, in
pint of watctf .litl you get a brigh red cok>r.

3. Take one quart of 95 per cent, alcohol,
put into it one ounce of best ginger root, (I
ed and not ground.) five grains of capsicum,
one drachm of tartaric acid. Let stand one
and filter. Now add one gallon **i water, ta
which one pound of crushed sugar has Itcen boOed.
Mix when cold. To make the o>lnr, boil }i ot,
of cochineal, }\ ounce of cream lartar. ^ ounce
of saleratus, and y^ ounce alum in apint of water
till you get a bright re<:l color.

WI\E, GOOSEHERR K — Pick and brvse
the gooseberries, and to every pound, pot a quart
of cold spring water, and let it stand three Jjts,
stirring it twice or thrice a dflv. Add to every
gallon of juice three pounds of loaf sucar; fill the
liarrcl, and when it is done working - 1 . . , -,-rT
twenty quarts ofhquor, one qaa.rt ■ ,1

a little isinglass. The goosebetr be

Tiickcd when they are just changing color. The
liquor ought to stand ia the faarret six mon^
Taste it occasionally, and bottle when the sweet-
ness has gone off.

WINES, HOMEMADE. — To sccun (k
best results whatever fruit is chosen, curraa^
gooseberry, clderberrv, etc.. it should be gatb*
ered during iair weainer, and he fully ripr. bet
not over ripe. If not npe enough it will make
a harsh wine and will reouirc loo mtich sugar lo
save it ; if over ripe it will be dull in flavor. Next
it should t>e picked clear of stems and damaged
or green fruit. Then bruise or mash the fririt
with say an instrument like an ordinary mMiIO
masher. This should be done in a vessel coa-
t.'uning a guard, such as a piece ol wire sieve,
over the tap hole, so as to keep luck busks and
seeds w hen drawing oflf the liquor. A fter masbiiV
add water in proporiioos hereafter to be nameiC
and stir up well the mixture of mashed frvit aal
water. Let it stand thirty or forty hours,
every four or five hours. Now draw
liquor through the tap hole, and gather •
due into a coarse bag and squeeze the juke
of it and add to the liquid already drawn
The sugar, tartar, etc., arc now added in

fowder or solution, and the whole well sti
f the weather is moderaiclv warm ferment
soon sets in, which should go on three
days before the new mode wine 13 put i
cask. The bung should be left out, so that
wine can clear ilsetf. In about a week whatt
flavoring extracts are wanted can be put into'
wine and ia about another week the brand^l
clear spirits needed lo gi\ie it keeping qualit"
The cask is now filled up with wme that
arived at a similar stale 01 ripeness and bmi|
tight. After four or five weeks it is tried
boring a hole about a third from the top of I
heading and a ^11 or so drawn off lo sec wl
it is clear. If it is not, bung it up again
it rest, or fine it with isinglass as wc will <
by-ond-by. If already fine, it may be
drawn off by a spigot inserted so as not to
the very bottom ofthe cask. Tlic Ixiltom
kept for vinegar. The mashed mas:!t or Bii
strongly flavored fruits such as mulberries
black currants maybe boded, but the flivon of
the delicate kinds are spoiled by boiling.

The general proportions ore : Frnit. lour to six
pounds; soft water, one gallon; sugar, three to
five pounds, according to the sweetness of <he
juice (the juice should always be of a pns1ii\*e or
cloying sweetness when the sugar is addedV,
cream of tartar, one and a quarter oonces ; brandy

WWES, LIQUORS AND VINEGAR.

I

fourth proof, two-thirds of a gill lo i pillon of
the wine If the fruit \s iwcct^ ur a full propor-
tion of sugar used, no spirit or brandy will be
needed; enough alcoliol will be liberated to pre-
serve the wines. If no brandy « convenient a
quarter of a gill of spirits of wine wilt do in its
place* or a gilfof bourlxjn whisky run through a
handful nf broken charcoal so as to titke out the
whisky flavor.

Kvery «wect fluid will yield a wine. Beets,
parsnips, turnips, sugar, maple jtiice, cherryjuice,
wortleoerry, rasplicrry, etc., etc. Many pleasant
flavors are made by mixing two or tliree different
kinds of fruit.

For 6ning or clearing the wine use a quarter
of a pound of isinglass, dissolved in a portion of
the wine, to a barrel. This must be put in after
fermentation is over, and should be added gently
at the bung hole, and managed so as to spread
sa much as possible over (he upper surface uf the
liquid; the inicniion Ixing that the isinglass
should unite with imparities and carry thcra with
it CO be bottom.

WINE, Z^.VOA^.— Sugar, 60 pounds; rais.
ins (bruised), 15 pounds; water, 30 gallons. Boil,
then add cider, 15 gallons. Ferment, and add
spirit, 3 gallons; white tartar, i2ounces; essence
of lemon, 2 otmccs ; finings, I pint. Observe to
shake the essence, \\\\\\ a pint of the spirit, until
it becomes milky, before adding it to the wine.

WINE, MADEIRA, — 'Xo 40 gallons pre-
pared cider, add, l^ lb. tartaric acid ; 4 gallons
apints; 3 lbs. loaisugar. Let it stand todays.
draw it off carefully; fine it down, and again rack
it into another ca^k.

WIS'E, MOKELLA. — T^t the juice of
Morclla or tame cherries, and to each quart put
three quarts of water and four pounds of coarse
brown sugar; let them ferment and skim until
worked clear; then draw olT, avoiding the sedi-
ment at the bottom. Bung up, or bottle, which
IS best for all wines, letting the bottles lie always
on the side, either fur wines or beers,

WINE, MUIEERkV.—lh^ mulberries
ought to be gathered when they are just turning
fiom red to black, and when they are quite free
from dew or moisture. Wlien gathered, let them
he spread loose on a doth or a clean floor, and
let them lie fur twcnly-four hours. Then, hav-
ing put tliem into a proper vessel, suueeze out
the juice, and drain it off from the seeos. llien
boil a gallon of water for each gallon of juice ;
skim the wntcr, and ndd some cinnamon slightly
bruised. To ench gallon add six ounces of white
sugar-candy finely powdered. Skini and strain
when the liQuor 1$ settled, and add to it more of
the juice. To Kwry gallon of the liquor add a
pint of white or Rhenish wine. IjtX. it stand to
settle in (he cask five or six days, then draw it
off and keep ii in a cool place.

WINE, EAA'SNIP.— Take fifteen pounds of
sliced parsnips, and boU until quite soft in five
gallons of water ; squeete the liquor well out of
Uiem. run it through a sieve, and add three
pounds of coarse lump sugar to every gallon of
liquor. Boil the whole for three-qnarters of an
hour. \Vhen it is nearly cold, add a little yeast
on toasL I^t it remain in a tub for ten days,
stirring it from the bottom every day ; then put
it into a cask for a year. As it works over. All
it up every dav.

WINE, (/Wr,) To /w/trwfv.— Poor wines
may be improved by being racked off, and re-

lumed 10 the cask again ; and then putting iaio
the wine alK>ut l lb. of jar or box raisins, bruised,
and I quart of brandy.

Or, put into the wine 2 lbs. of honey, and a
pint or two of brandy. The honey aud brandy
to be first mixed together.

Or, draw off 3 or 4 quarts of such wine and
fill the cask up with strong wine.

WINE, {ffniiik) POHT.—i. Damson juice,
20 gallons; cider, 20 gallons; sloe juice, i pound;
sugar, 10 pounds; honey, I o pounds. Ferment,
then add spirit, 3 gallons ; red cape, 10 gallons ;
red tartar (dissolved), }{ pound; ])Owder of
catechu, ^' pound; bruised ginger, 1 ounce; cas-
sia, I ounce; cloves, ^ ounce. Mix well with
brandy coloring, I pint^ and fine with bullock's
blood.

2. Bullace, 8 pounds ; damsons, 40 pounds ;
water, 6 gallons. Boil the water, skim it, and
pour it boiling hot on the fruit ; let it stand four
or six days at least During that time brui&e
the fruit or squeeze it with your hands. Then
draw or pour it off into a casK, and to every gal-
lon of Uquor put two poundn and a half of fine
sugar, or rather more: put some yeast on a slice
of brrad (warm) to work it. When done work-
ing, put a little brandy into to the cask and All il
up. hung it un close, and let stand six or twelve
months : then Dotlle it ofL llie quan:ity of bul-
lace should be one pound to every five of damsons.
This wine is nearer in flavour to port than any
other ! if made with cold water, it will be equally
as good, but of a different color.

3. Red cape, loo gallons: sloe juice. ] gallon;
honey, 12 rmunds; rough cider, 21 gallons;
bruised cochineal, 4 ounces; brandy storing,
I pint ; spirit, 6 gallons ; bruised bitter almonds,
}i ounce; cloves, Ji ounce; powered catechu,
I pound; red tartar, i pwund. Mix well, and
Ane down with bullock's blood.

4. Cider, 25 gallons ; elder juice. 5 gallons ;
port wine, 5 gallons ; brandy, i gallon ; red tar-
tar, 6 ounces; catechu, 2 ounces; Anings, i
quart; logwood, I pound. Well mix and bung
close.

WINE, PORT.—t, To 40 gals, prepared
cider add 6 gals, good port wine; 10 quarts wikl
grapes, (clusters); ^ lb. bruiscil rhatany root.
3 OS. tincture of kino ; 3 lbs. lonf sugar ; 2 gals,
spirits. Ixt this stand ten daj's; color it too
light, with tincture of rhatany, then rack it off
and Ane it. l^is should be repeated until the
color is perfect and the liauid clear.

a. Worked cider, 42 gallons ; good port wine,
13 gallons ; good brandy, 3 gallons ; pure spirits,
6 gallons. Mix. Elderberries and sloes, and
the fruit of the black hawcs, make a Ane purple
color for wines, or use burnt sugar.

WINE, (Jf-VAr^:.— Quinces (sliced), is in
number ; boil for a quarter of an hour, in water,
I gallon; then add Itiinp-^ugar, 2 pounds. Fer-
ment, and add lemon wine^ l gailon; spirit* I
pint.

WINE, RASIN. — TtMsiM, S cwt ; water,
too gallons. Put them into a cask. Mash for
a fortnight, frequently stirring, and Iea>-e the
bung loose until the active fermentation ceases,
then add brandy, 5 gallons. Well mix. and lei
it stand till fine. The quantity uf raistns and
brandy may be altered to suit

WiNE, RASEflERU K— Take three pounds
of r.iiftins, wash, clean, and *lone them thor-
oughly; boil two galloos of spring water for half

^

3*8

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

^
^

»

«n hour ; %\ loon as it is lakcn olT the fire pour
it into A deep alone jar, and ]iut in t)ic rat\ink,
with &IX quarU of raspberries and 2 lbs. of loaf
•iigar ; stir it well logelher, and cover them
lu<ieU\ and set it in a cool place ; slir it twice a
day, liicn pa^s it through a. sieve ; put the liquor
into a (lose vessel, adding I lb, more loaf sugary
let it stand for a d.iy and ni^'ht to settle, after
which bottle it. adding a little more »ugar.

IVINE, R/n'BARB.^ro each gal. of juice,
add I ^1. of soft watfr in which 7 lbs. of brown
su(;ar h.-is l>ecn dissolved; hll a k^ or a barrel
with this proportion, leaving the bung out, and
keep it filled with sweetened water as it works
over untd clear ; then bung down or bottle as
)ou desire.

These stalks will furnish about thrcc-fourlhs
tluHr weight in juice, or from sixteen hundred to
two thousand gallons of wine to each acre of
well cultivated plants. Fill the barrels and let
llicm stand until spring, and bottle, as any wise
will lie better in glass or stone.

HV.VE, Tf Attrmvi Ropimiss from. — Add a
little catechu or a small quantity of the bniiscd
berries of the mountain ash.

WINE, To make StttU Jl-V//.— Take a pint
of wheat and boil it in a quart of water till it
bursts and becomes soft ; then squeeze through
a linen cloth, and put a pint of the liquor into a
hogshead ot unsettled white wine ; stir it well
about, and it will become fine.

WINE, S/lERRy.— To 40 gals, prepared
dder, add 3 gals, spirits ; 3 lbs. of raisins ; 6
gals, good sherry, and }4 ^'- <*^' bitter almonds,
(dtssoTved in alcohol.) Let it stand 10 days, and
draw it off carefully; tine it down and again rack
it into another cask.

W/NE, LONDON S/IERRY.^Chopped
raisins, 400 lbs.; soft water, loo gals.; sugar,
45 lbs.; white tartar, i lb.; dder, 10 gaU. Let
them stand together in a dose vessel one month;
stir frequently* Then add of spirits S eds.; wild
cherries, bruised, 8 lbs. Let them stand 1 month
longer, and fine with isinglass.

U^INE, To Reslere, tvhen Sour er Sharp, —
I. Fill a bag with Icek'Secd, or of leaves or
twisters of vine, and put cither of them to infuse
in the cask.

3. Put a small quantity of powdered charcoal
in the wine, aludcc it, and after is has remained
still for 48 hours decant steadily.

WINE, STRA WBERR y\-$-JiTM]&cd straw-
berries, 12 gals.; cider, 10 gals.; water, 7 gals.;
sugar, 2$ lbs. Ferment, then odd of bwiscd
orris root, braised bitter olraonds, and brui&ed
cloves, each J^ oz.; dissolved red tartar, 6 oz.
WINE, TOAfA TO.—jAkc ni>c, fresh toma-
toes, mash very fine, strain through a fine sieve,
sweeten with good sugar to suit the ta^tc, set it
away in an eartnen or glass vessel, nearly full,
cover tight, witli the exception of a small hole
for the refuse to work off through during its fcr-
mcitlation. "When it i-i done fermenting, it will
become pure and clear. Then bottle, and cork
light. A Utile salt izaprovcs its flavor ; age im-
proves it.

W/NE, TCIRNIP.—Toke a large number of
turnips, pare and shce them; then place them in
B cider-press, and obtain all the juice you can.
To every g.\l. of Juice add 3 lbs. of lump sugar,
ttnd half a pint of brandy. Pour into a cask, but
until il has done wotV\w^; Vhea

igit dose (or three months, and dnw o&uAo^ tu\)W^i«\Vbk«.dtY coar^ piece afdidu

another cask; when it is fine, boUle, and cork
well.

ir/NE, l/NEERAfENTED.—C.alhf'T »he

gra[>es when well ripened. C.r ' " ,11

decayed nnd unrirMi berries. > :

any one uf llie uvorilc varici

be used. Press out the juice .. \

any scum rises. Skim carefu. ;>

time. Do not Ixiil to exceed .in 1-,. ._■

while hot, and seal cither in glo&s 1

or air-tight casks. It is fit for

but aftci being opened il muit

ferment. Excepting slrawlteit^ .,--t. ^...-.-il

be found the most uelightful and exhilnralmg of

all unfermented beverages. 1 1 needs no sugary

and nmy be reduced when drank.

WINE, To Renkove tht TaiU «f tJkf CdtJk
/rem. — Finest oil of ohvcs, 1 lb. Put it into the
hogshead, bung close, and roll it al>ou(. or other-
wiic well agiiftte it, for 3 or 4 hours, then gib
and allow it to settle. Tite olive oil will cradu-
olly rise to the top and carry th« ill flaror
with it.

WINE, To E/avoK—Whtn the vinous fer-
mentation is about half o\'Cr, the flavoring ingr«-
dicnts are to l>c put into the vat and wellstined
into the contents. If almonds ftxm a com;Kmmt
part, tliey are first to be beaten tuaroAivand
mixed with a pint or two of the must. Nutmegs,
cinnamon, ginger, scc»U, etc., should, before
tliey are put into the vat, be reduced to powder,
and mixed with some of 1I1 * ""-1

W/NE, TjAhUim.— '
or wood, will ntelJow nn -,■

covered with pieces of Uftdder well *<%.iie.i,
than with corks or bungs. The bUddct ii\<.>\
the watery panicles lo uoipe, but is impcivK>i
to alcohol.

W/NE, Ta Convmt White intd /•- / — r-...
ounces of turnsole rags into on en; l,

and pour upon them a t>int of boi! ;

cover the vessel close, ana leave it to ■ r

oH* the liquor^ which will be of a fin !,

inclining to purple. A small porlioii
ors a large quantity of wine. This I y

cither be made in brandy, or mixc< 1 f

else made into a syrup, with sugar, t

In those countries which do not , ^^

tingcingi grape which aflbrds «
wherewith the wines of France ,

iu defect of this the juice of ^\}i':
and sometimes logwood is useii

WOOD, T» Remffvt iJU TVr. ,
— A new keg, chum, bucket, or other wvuden
vessel, will generally comraunicalc a disagree-
able taste to anything that is put into il. TO;
prevent this inconvenience, first ftcaU the
well with Ixtiling water, letting the mitcr t
in it till culd ; tlien dissolve some pcorlosh
soda in lukewarm water, adding a lillle Ilntc
it, and wash the insije of the vo)' I
this solution. Afterwards scild it well 1

hot water, and rinse it with cold wtocr before
you use it.

WOODEN TAPS AN'^ y^f-rrc t-,
Prtvmf i'mfkmi;. — This
putting the t-ipx nnd faticci
and hc.uiiig ihcm l^forc at a ten
F. until bubbles nf air cra^e f'-
wooil. The v>
about 120° F..
bath and clrancii uoni i.ir adnermg pi^^fene ny

WORA'ERS IN CLASS.

WORKERS IN GLASS.

I

I

AMALGAM for MIRRORS.— "LtsA and tin
of each 2 oz.; bismuth 2 oz.; mercury 4 ounces.
Add the mercury to the rest in a melted stale
and removed from the fire ; mix wcU with an
iron rod.

I This amalnm melts at a low heat, and is em-
ployed for silvering the instdcs of hollow glass
vcssel&t globes, convex mirrors^ etc. The class
bdng well cleaned, is carefully warmed, and the
•malgam. rendered fluid by heat, is ibcn i>ourcd
in, and the vessel turned round and round, so
that the metal may be brought in contact with
every part of the glass, whicli it is desired to
cover. At a certain temperature this amalgam
readily adheres to gloss.

BREAK (To) GLASS in any Reqtthedtvay,
— Dip a piece of worsted thread in spirits of tur-
pentine, wrap it round the glass in the direction
required to be broken, ana then set fire to the
thread* or Apply ^ red hot wire round ihc glosK,
and if it does net immediately crack, throw cold
'vater on it while ihc wire remains hot. By this
means glass that is broken may often l>e fash-
ioned and rendered useful for a variety of pur-
poses.

BOREING HOLES m G/ojt.^Any hard
steel lonl will cut glass with great facility when
kept freely wet wiih camphor dissolved in tur-
pentine. A drill-bow may be used, or even the
Land alone. A hole bored may be readily en-
larged by a round file. The ragged edges of
glass vessels may also be thus easny smoothed
by a flat file. F'lal window gloss can readily be
sawed by a watch spring saw by aid of this volu-
tion. In short, the most brittle glass can be
wrought almost as easily as brass >>y the use of
cutting tools kept constantly moist with oun-
phoriicd oil of turpentine.

COLORS, To Paint with upon Glass,— "^t
several sorts of colors, ground in uil fur this pur-
pose, may be had at all the color-shops, etc
lyhifet. — Flake white, podium.
^/<rf^i. -^Lampblack, ivory 'black.
Bttnvms. — Spanish brown, umbers spruce ochre,
Dutch pink, orpiment.

Blues. — Blue bice, Prussian blue.
Rfiis. — Rose-pink, wrmillon, red-lead, Indian-
red, lake cinnabar.

YtlUnvs, — English pink, masticol, English
ochre. Saunders blue, small.

Cf€€ns, — Verdigris, lerra vert, verditer.
The nllramarine for blue, and the carmine for
red, arc rather to be bought in powders as in
Ihal slate ihcy are less apt to dry ; and as Ihr
least tint of the^e will give the picture a ca&i,
mix up what is wanted for present use with a
drcM) or two of nut-oil upon tnc pallet with the
pallet -knife.

Then lay a sheet of while paper on the table,
And taking the picture in the left hand, with the

I

I

I

I

bottom resting on the white p.i|>er^, and ail out-

>er^,

ill be

turpeniinc side next you, hold it sloping (the

■ all
lines and tints of the pnnts will be seen on the
g;lass ; and nothing remains but to lay on the
colors proper for the different parts, as follows :
As Ine lights and shades of the picture open,
Uy the lighter colors first on the lighter parts of
the print* and the darker over the snadca parts;

I

and having laid on the brighter colors, it is not
material ittlie darker sorts are laid a little over
them; for the first color will hide those laid on
afterwards. For example :

Reds. — Lay on the nrst red-lead, and shade
with lake or carmine.

YiUotvs. — The lightest yellow may be laid on
first, and !>hadcd with Dutch pink.

Blues. — Blue bice, or ultramarine, used for
the lights, may be shaded with indigo.

Greens. — Lay on verdigris first, then a mixture
of that and Dutch pink. This green may be
lightcnc<l by an addition of Dutch pink.

When anv of these are too strong, they may
l>e lighlenccf, by mixing white with them upon
the i»d!ct; or darken ihcm as much as required
by mixing them with a deeper shade of the same
color.

The colors must not be 1ai<l on loo thick ; but
if troublesome, thin ihrm before usmg them,
with a little turpentine oil.

Take care to have a pencil for each color, ond
never use that which has been used for crccn,
with any other color without first washing it weU
with turpentine oil. as that color is apt to appear
predominant when the colors ore dry.

Wash all the pencils, after using, in turpentine
oil.

The glass, when painted, must stand 3 or 4
days free from dust before it is framed.

COLORS for Grounds on Ciais. — Take iron-
filings and Dutch yellow beads, equal parts. If a
little redca&t is wanted, add a tittle copper filings.
With a steel muller grind these together on a
thick and strong copper plate, or on poqihyry.
Then add a litUe gum arable, borax, common
salt, and clear water. Mix these with a titUe
fluid, and put the composition in a phial for us«.

When it is to be used there is nothing to do
but, with a hair pencil, to lay it quite flat on the
design drawn the day before; and Jiaving left
this to dry also for another day, with the quill of
a turkey, the nib unsplit. heighten the hghts in
the same manner as with crayons on blue paper.
Whenever there are more coals of the above
composition put one upon another, the rhade
will naturallv bp stronger; and when this is fin-
ished, lay iKe colors lor garments and complex-
ions^

COLOR, LAKE (For G/au). — Grind the ^
lake with water Impregnated with gum and salt ; ^Hj
then make use of it with the bru^h. llie shad- ^H
ing is operated by laying a double, treble, or ^1
more coats of the color, where it is wanted
darker.

COLOR, BLUE PURPLE.^Mtkt a com-
pound of Lojce and indigo, ground together with
gum and salt water, and use it as directed in the
preceding article.

COLOR, GREEN. — Mix with an propor-
tionable quantity of gamboge ground together as
above.

COLOR, VELLOty^—Criad gamboge with
salt water only.

CROWN f*'IN£>Ofr.GLASS^TMkc ot
white sand. 60 lbs.; of purified pcailash, 30 lbs.;
of saltpetre, 15 lbs. ; of borax, I lb. ; and of
arsenic^ ^ lb.

S90

DTCrrOKARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

This will be very dear and colorless if the in-
gredienls be good, and will not Ik: very dear. It
will run with a moderate heat; but if it be de&ir-
cd to be yet more fusible and soft, ^A a \\x. or a
pound more of arsenic may be added.

If the glass should prove yellow, the mangancfte
must be used as above directed ior the looking*
glass.

CUTT/iVG GLASS.^T\\c cutting of glass,
says the Technologist, is an operation so fre-
quently put in pfACtice in the latioratory, that
any simple method of effecting it is sure to run
the rounds of the press as soon as published.
Almost all the methods in common use are very
old. Of course, for culling flat glass, such as
window pane), tlic diamonds is the bc»t agent.
For cutting rounds, or oviUs, out of flat glass,
the diamond i4 the best tool ; and, if the operator
has no diamond, it vriU always pay tu carry the
job to a glazier, rather than wast« time and moke
a poor jol> by other and inferior means. When,
however, it is required to cut off a very Utile
from a circle or oval, the diamond is not avail-
able, except in very skillful hands. In this case,
a pair of pliers, or very dull scissors, in the best
tool, and the cutting is best performed under
water. A litde practice will enable the operator
to shape a small round, or oval, with great ra-
pidity, ease, and precision. When bottles or
flasks are to be cut, the diamond is still the best
tool in skillful hands : but ordinary operators will
succeed best with pastilc^ or a red hot poker.
We prefer the latter, as being the most easily
obtained, and the most efficient; and we have
never found any difficulty in cutting off broken
flasks so as to make dithes, or to carry a cut
spirally round a long bottle, so as to cut it in the
form of a corkscrew. And. by the way, when
SO cut, glais exhibits considerable elasticity, and
the spiral may be elongated like a ringlet. The
process is very simple. The line of the cut
should be marked by chalk, or by pasting a thin
Strip of paper alongside of it ; then make a hie
mark to commence the cut; apply the hot iron,
and a crock will start; and this crack will follow
the iron wherever we choose to lead it.

For drilling holes in glass, a common steel
drill, well made and tempered, is the best tool.
The steel should be worked at a low temperature,
so as to be sure not to burn it, ami tnen tem-
pered as hard as possible, in either mercury or
a bath of salt water that has been well boiled.
Such a drill will go through glass very rapidly,
'If kept well moistened. A good liquid for mmst-
cning such drills is turi>cntine in which some
camphor has been dissolved. This was the lu-
Inicator recommended by Griffin in his work on
Wiemical manipulation, and it h.is been frequcnt-
^ published since. Dilute sulphuric acid is
^ually good, if not better; and we have found
trlwnc acid singularly efficient.
DRAWING OH GI^ASS.—C»x\nA lampblack
ith gum-water and some common salt. With a
rn or hair-pencil, drnw the design on the glass,
tnd afterwards shade and point as already given
?*Lse where.

ENGRA VINGS, n Tmm/fr on Ctw.^
[etallic colors prepared and mixed with fat oil,

careful to turn the colored side s^in?t thr glass;
it afihcrcs to it, and as ' lite

dry, lake off ihe super ' ^ it

with a sponge; there u.,. j.. ,, ^..,,y >,,,. ^.,lc»r

transferred to the glass ; il is fixed by passing
ihc glass through the ovens.

ETCHING OH Glaa. — DrugHst bottles, bar-
tumblers, signs, and gUsswarc u? every (l<?«cTi|
lion, can be lettered in a beautiful
simply giving the article lo l>c
etched, a thin coat of the '•• ';
and the application of tv
doing so, the glass must )>
ed and healed, so thai it-..
The varnish is then to be .

T

by
or

■r«

held.
o*rr,

".01

r,

.^cl.

and mode smooth by dabbini; n v .
of silk, filled with cotton. \Vhcn
the lines may be traced ou it by - - ,
cutting clear Ihrouph the varui^Ji to the glass^
The varnish must be removed cic.in from each
letter, otherwise it will.be an i: <b.

When all is ready, pour on or aj ; :ic

acid with a feather, filling each Ieti'--t. !.■ i i: re-
mau» until it etches to the ici^uircd depth, then
wash off with water, and remove the varnUlu

/'tINT.G LASS, — Take of white sand, 13Q
lb«.; red-lead, 50 lbs.; the best pearlash, 40lbs.i
nitre. 20 lbs.; manganese, 5 01.

If the composition he fused with a very strong;
fire, and time be given toil, a glass will be pro-
duced that uill have the ulay of the best ninN
glass, and yet be hard and strong. It Is not so
cheap as other compositions, where arsenic
or common salt is mlroduced, or where more
of the pearlash are used; in tii' ".\h

case*, savings may be made by din ..

porlionably the quantitie of nitre. Im.l ..>•_ ju^J-
iiies of this glass will be found to come neajcr to
the standard of perfection, nbich is u> unite the
lustre and hardness together in the greatest de<
gree they are compatible with each other,

ERIT, /^J -V-i*/. — Frit, i * ' :j.

faclurc, is the matter or ingri . .t

is to be made, when they havL . r

baked in a furnace. There are t: if

frit: the first, crystal frit, or tJiat 1
clear glass, is made with salt of [^ \

sand. The second and ordinary In' f

the bare ashes of the pulverine or b.\ri,tA, with-
out extr.icting the s.tlt fr<im ihcin. Tliri makes
the ordinary white or crystaUglasj. 1'he third
is frit for green glasses, made of commim ashc,
without any preparation. Tlxis last frit wil! re-
quire to or I a hours baking. The ' 11
each nre to be finely powdered. 1 '
searced ; then --r-l'-- -nixcd, andficmimny -.ur-
red together 1 ugpot.

GILO, ( /. . -.d r^ttUin.^ DnolLuig

and other gfaiascs are sometimes
eitgcs. TTiis is done, either by nn
nisli, or by bcaL Tlie j '

boiled linseed'oil an efpi •.!

or amber. This is to 1 f

quantity of oil of turpen: I

as thin as possible to t < ^
tendctl to be gilt. When xXtw w doti< :i

be in about 24 hours, the glass is to i

a stove, till it is %q wan;
fingers when handled. ^
varnish will become atli

applied to the stamp on the engraved plate
"^ipc with the hand in the manner of the ytnnlers

colored plates: take a proof on a sheet of | leafgoUl. applied in the
ilvcr paper, which is immediately transferred on atelv stick. Swcen off ih
the tablet of glass destined to be pointed, being I of toe lea/; and wlien quite mUI u uuy be Uuin'

iishedt taking clear to interpose a piece of veiy
itHin paper (Indian paper) between the gold and
^tiie burnisher. If the varnish is very cold, this
f|i tbe be^t inctliod of gilding glass, as the gold
k thus Axed on more evenly than in any outer
■way.

' CLASS for LOOKING' G/^SS PLA TES.
;— I, Take of white sand, cleansed, 60 lbs.; of
purifie<l jiearla&h, 25 lbs.; of saltpetre, 15 Ibft.;
and of borax. 7 lbs.

t This comjiosition should be continued long in
)lhe fire, which should be for some time strong,
;snd afterwards more moderate, that the glass
rBiay be entirely free from bubbles before it is
.working. It will be entirely clear of all color,
rlUiless in case of some accident ; but if any yellow
^'tinge should, nevertheless unfortunately infect it,
there is no remedy except by adding a small
proportion of manganese, which should be mixetl
twitb an e<jual quantity of arsenic, ind after their
being put into the glass, giving it a considerable
%eat again, and then suffenng it to free itself from
Imbbles in a more moderate one, as before. If
the tinge be slight, an ounce of manganese may
tie first tried, and if that prove insufhcicnt, the

Suantiiy must l>e increased, but the glass wilt
[ways be obscure in proportion to the quantity
that IS admitted.

' 2. Take of the white sand. 60 lbs.; of pearlash,
ao lbs.; of common salt, lo lbs.; of nitre. 7 lbs.;
and of borax, i lb.

[ This glass will rnn with a little heat as the
^nner, but it will be more brittle and refract the
mys of the light in a greater degree.
f GREEN BOTrLE'GLASS.— x, Take of
Svood-ashes, 200 lbs.; and of sand, loo lbs. Mix
tritem thoroughly by grinding together.
I This is the due proportion where the sand is
Wood and the wood-ashes are used without any
pther addition.

2. Take of wood>ashcs, 170 lbs.; of sand. 100
and of scoria, or clinkers, 50 lbs. Mix the

rhote well by grinding them together.
Thedinkcrs should be well ground before they
re used, if they admit of it; but frequently they
re too hard, and in that case they should be
>ken into as small hits ai can be done convcni-
itly and mixed with the other matter without
ly grinding. The harder they are, the lets
tatciial will be the powdering of them as they
""[die sooner melt of thcmsclTcs in the furnace,
isequently mix with the other ingredients.
tE EN PHI A L- GLA SS ( dmmcn ). —Take
the cheapest kind of white sand, 120 lbs.; of
-ashes, well burnt and sifted. 80 lbs.; of
rluh, aolbs.; of common salt, 15 lbs.; and of
;nic I lb.
This will be green, but tolerably transparent
will work with a moderate fire, and vitrify
luickly w-ith a strong one.

GREEN WINDOW-GLASS.— i. Take of
rhite sand6olbs.; ofunpurifiedpearlash, 3oll>s.;
'common salt, 10 lbs.; of arsenic, 2lbs.; and of
aaganeie 2 ox. This is a cheap composition and
ill not appear too green nor be very deficient
transparency.

3. Tadce of the cheapest kind of white sand,
Iba.; of unpuri5cd pcartash, ^olbs. ; of wood-
well burnt and sifted, 60 lbs., of common

lbs.; and of arsenic, ^ lbs. This compo-
lis very cheap, and will prodace a good
with a greenish cast.
LUTES, — lAtcs axe oomposiuoas which are

employed to defend glass and other vexseU, from
the action of fire, or to fill up the vacancies which
occur, when separate tubes, for the necks of
diflerent vessels, are inserted into each other
during the process of distillation. 'I hose lutes
which are expof«cd to the action of drc, are usu-
ally called fire-lutes.

For a verv excellent fire-lute, which will enable
glass vessels to sustain an incredible degree of
neat, take fragments of porcelain, pulverise and
sifi them well, and add an equal quantity of fme
clay, previously softened with as much of a
saturated solution of muriate of soda, as is requi-
site to give the whole a proper consistence.
Apply a thin and uniform coat of this composition
to the glass vessels, and allow it to dry slowly
before they are put in on the fire.

Kqual parts of coarse and refractory clay
mixed witn a little hair, form a good lute.

Fat earth, beaten up with fresh horse-dung.
Cbnptal recommend* as an excellent fire .lute,
which he generally used, and the adhesion of
which was such, that after the retort had cracked,
the distillation could be carried on and regularly
finished.

Lutes for the joining of such vessels as retorts
and receivers, are varied according to the nature
of the vapors which will act a^nst them, in
order not to employ a more expensive and trouble-
some composition than the case requires. For
resisting watery vapors, slips of wet bladder, or
slips of nxt paper or linen, covered with stiff
flour paste, may be bound over the juncture.

A doser and neater lute for more penetrating
vapors, is composed of whites of eggs made
into a smooth paste with quick-lime, and applied
upon strips of linen. The quick-lime should be
previously slacked in the atr. ami reduced to a
fine powoer. The cement should be applied the
moment it is made ; it soon dries, becomes very
firm ; and is in chemical experiments one of the
roost useful cements known.

Where saline, acrid vapors are to be resisted,
a lute should be composed of boiled h'nseed oil
intimately mixed with day, which has been pre-
viouitiy dried, finely powdered, and sifted. This
is called fat lute. It is applied to the junctures,
as tbe undermost layers, and is secured in its
place by the white of egg lute last mentioned,
which is tied on with packthread.

MANUFACTURE OF GLASS. — Glass is
a cumbination of sand, flint, spar, or some other
silidous substance, with one or other of the fixed
alkalies, and in some cases with a metatic oxide.
Of the alkalies, soda is commonly prcfered; and
of the silidous substances, while sand is most
in repute, as it requires no prepamtion for coarse
goods, while more washing in water is sufficient
for those of a finer quality. The metallic oxid
usually employed, is liinarge, or some other
preperation of lead. Iron is used in bottle glass.

The silidous matter should be fused in contact
with something called a flux. Tbe substances
proper for this purpose are lead, borax, arsenic,
nitre or any alkaline matter. The lead is used
m the stale of red-lead ; and the alkalies are
soda, pearlash, seasalt, and wocMi-ashcs. Wlien
red-lead is used alone, it gives the glass a yellow
cast, and requires the addition of nitre incorrect
it. Arsenic, in the same manner, if used in
excess, is apt lo render the fjlass milky. For
aperfeclly transparent glass, the pearlash is found
much superior to kadi pcibaps bcucr itua uy

I
1

39*

DICTIONARY OF EVRRY^DAYWASTS.

other flux, except it be borax, which is too ex-
pensive to be used, except for experiments, or
fur the bcM looking- rIosscs.

The materials for making c^» »n«st first be
reduced to nowder, which i« done in mortmrs or
by horse mills. After ufting out the coarse parts,
the proper proportions of sUcx and flux are mix-
ed together, bikI put into the calcining fumaoc,
vhcre they are kept in a moderate heat for 5 or
6 hours, being frequently stirred about during
the process. When taken out the water is called
fcit. Frit is easily converted into glass by only
pounding i(, and vitrifying it in the melting pots
ef the glass furnace ; but in making fine glass, it
wiU sometimes require a small addition of flux to
frit to correct any fault For, as the flux is
most expensive article, the manufacturer will
rather put too little at lirst than otherwise, as he
can remedy this defect in the melting poL The
heat in the furnace must he kept up until the

Slass is brought to a state of perfect fusion ; and
uring this process any scum which arises must
be removefl by ladles. When the gloss is per-
fectly mclledf the glass>blowers commence tncir
operations.

For the best flint-glass, lao lbs. of white sand,
50 lbs. of red-lead. 40 lbs. of the best pearUsh,
30 lbs. uf nitre, and 5 ox. of manganese; if a
pound or two of arsenic be added, the composi-
tion will fuse much quicker, and with a lower
temperature.

For A cheaper flint-glass, take iiolbs. of white
sand, ^5 lbs. of pearlash. 40 lbs. of red-lead, 13
lbs, of nitre, 6 lbs. of arsenic, and 4 oz. of mag-
nesia.

This requires a long heating to make clear
glass, and the heat should be brought on gradu-
ally, or the arsenic is in danger of subliming l>e-
fore the fusion commences, A still cheaper
composition is made by omitting the arsenic in
the foreguing, and substituting common sea-
salt.

For the best German crystal- glass, take 120
lbs. of calcined flints or wnite sand, the best
pearlash, 70 lbs. ; saltpetre, 10 lbs. ; arsenic,
^ lb. ; and 5 oz. of manganese. Or, a cheaper
composition for the some purpose is 120 lbs. of
Sana or flints, 46 lbs. of pearlash, 7 lbs. of nitre,
6 lbs. ol arsenic, and 5 oz. of manganese. This
w^ill require a long continuance 111 the furnace;
as do all others where much of tlie arsenic is
eniployed.

For looking-glass plates, washed white sand,
60 lbs. ; puri»^ pearktuh, 25 lbs. ; nitre, iclbs.;
and 7 lbs. of bonuc If properly managc<f, this
glass will be colorless. But if it should be ting-
ed by accident, a trifling quantity of arsenic, and
an equal quantity of manganese. wtU correct it ;
an ounce of each nuy ht tried first, and the
quantity increased if necessary.

The mgredienls for the best crown-glass must
be prepared in the same manner as for lookinj^.
glas<;es, and mixed in the following proportions:
60 lbs. of while sand, 30 lbs. of pearlash, and 15
lbs. of nitre, 1 lb. of borax, and % lb. of arsenic.

The composition for common green window-
glass is, I30 lbs. of white sand, 30 U>5. ofun-
purified pearlash; wood-ashes, well burnt and
sifled, 6o lb. ; common salt, ao lbs. ; and 5 lbs.
of arsenic

Common green bottle-glass is made from 200
lbs. of wood-ashes, and 100 lbs, of sand; or 1 70
lbs. of a&hes, 100 lbs. of sand, and 50 lbs. of the

slo^ of on iron furnace; these materials must be
well mixed.

The materials employed iu the manufsftnxe <f
g^s, are by chemists reduced to three classa^
namely, alkalies, earths, and metallic oxides.

The fixed alkalies may be employed indiffef'
ently; but soda is preferred in this country. TW
soda of commerce is usually mixed wiib conaoa
salt, and combined with coirbonic acid. It ts pn>
per to purify it from both of thc&c foreign bodio
Before using iL This, however, is seldom done.

The earths are silica (the losis of flints), lin^
an<l sometimes a Uitlc aJumina (the basis of day).
Silica constitutes the basis of glass. Ittsao-
ployed in the state of fine sand or flints ; oad
sometimes for making \ery fine gla:kS, rodLcns*
tnl is employed. When s^nd is used, it onm^
if possible, to be perfectly white, fur when it ii
colored with metallic oxides, the transparency of
the glass is injured. Such sand can only far
empk>ye«l for very coarse glosses. It >« ncct*>
sary to free the sand from oil the louse earthy
particles with which it may be miicd, whichtt
done by wxshing it well with water.

Lime renders gloss less brittle, anil rnalJ^ It
to %»'ithstand better the action of tlu- ic

It ought in no case to exceed the 2> > lue

silica employed, otherwise it corrode* ibc gUtt
pots. This indeed may be prevented by tbrav-
mg a little day into the melted glass; but inElttt
cose a green gloss only is obtained.

The metallic oxides employed nre the ttd oode
of lead or litharge, and the w)iite oxide ^ane«&
llic red oxide (^ lead, when added in suffiont
quantity, enters into fusion with silica, and lofiM
a milky hue like the dial-plate of a watch. Whca
any combustible body is present, it is usuaLi^
some manufactories, to add a little white cndt
of arsenic This supplying oxygen, the ci
tible is burnt, and flics off, whdc the revived 1
senic is at the same time volntired.

There ore several kinds of glass adapted tut
ferent uses. The best and mo'st beautiful
the flint and tlie plate-gloss. These, ^
mode, are perfectly transparent and
heavy and brilliant. They are comj
alkali, pure silicious santl, calcined
litharge, in different proportions. The finlj
contains a large quantity of oxide of lead, ^
by certain processes is easily separated.
plate gUss IS poured in the melted state u\
table covered with copper. The pl&te is
an inch thick or more, and is ground dow
proper degree of thickTiess, and then poli

Crou'n-glass, that usc<l for windows, is
without lead, chiefly of fix:ed alkali fused'
silicious sand, to which is addc<l some blacks
of manganese, which n apt to give the
tinge or purple.

Dot tie-glass is the coarsest and cheapest
in this little or no fixed alkali enters the
|M>sition. It consists of alkalide earth and
of iron combined with alumina and
this country it is composed of sand and tbci
of the soap-boiler, which consists of the lia
pluycd in rendering this alkali caustic. and<
earthy matters with which the alkali was
taniinatcd. The most fusiUe is flint-glass,
the lea.st fusible is botilc-glass.

,AiAfiBLE {7t>) a c;Mr ('•— r-M
cm a stone, minium for red, i
ccritssa citrina, for yellow, sm
igris for green, ceruse, or chalk, forwhila. Worit

WOIiA'ERS JN CLASS.

391'

each in oil &eparate, and with a hog'i hair pencil,
single or mixed, as you think fit, scatter the same
into the eta&s, and roll it, or dispose the colon,
as you like. Then, last of all, fling a little mead
amongst them, which covers all. For the Magic
Ijuithorn, point the glasses with transparent
colors, tcmpeied with oil of spike.

PACKING Class or CAma, — Procure some
soft straw or hay to pack them in, and, if they
are to be sent a long wav and arc heavy, the hay
or straw should be a hltle damp, which will pre-
vent them slipping about. Let the largest and
heaviest things be always put undermost in the
boQC or hamper. Let tnere be plenty of straw,
and pack the articles tight ; but never attempt to
pack up glass or China which is of much conse-
quence, till it has been overlooked by some one
used to the job. The expense will be but trifling
to have a person to doit who understands it, and
the loss may be great, if articles of much value
are packed up in an improper manner.

PA/A'7 {To) and STAIN Class and Por-
ttiain. — I. To paint upon gbss is an art which
has generally appeared difBcuU ; yet there is no
representation more elegant than that of a mezro-
linto painted in this manner, for it gives all the
softness thnt can be desired in a picture, and is
easy to work, as there ire no outlines to draw,
nor any shades to make.

The prints are those done in mezzotinto; for
their shades being rubbed down on the glass, the
several lines, which represent the shady part of
any common print, arc bv this means blended
together, and appear as soft and united as in any
drawing of Indian-ink.

Provide such mezzottntos as are wanted ; cut
the margin ; then get a piece of fine crown-glass,
the size of ihc print, and as flat and free from
knots and scratches as possible ; clean the glass
and lay some Venice turpentine, quite thin and
smooth, on one side, wilh a brush of hf>g*s hair.
lay the print flat in water, and let it remain on
the surface till it sinks, it is then damp enough;
take it carefully out, and dab it between some
papers, that no water may be seen, yet so as to
DC damp.

Next lay the damp print with its face upper-
most upon a flat table ; then hold the gbss over
it, without touching the turpentine, till it is
exactly even with the mint, let it fall gently on
it. IVess the glass down carefully with the
6ngers in several parts, so that the turpentine
may stick to the print; after whkh take it up,
then holding the glass towards you, press the
prints wilh the fincers, from the centre towards
the edges, till no blisters remain.

When this is done, wet the bock of the point
with a sponge, till the paper will rub oflTwiln the
fincers; then rub it gently, and the white paper
will roll off, leaving the impression only upon the
glass; then let it dry, and, with a camel's hair
pencil, dipped in oil of turpentine, wet it all over,
and it will be perfectly transparent, and fit for

pamtmg.
a. Th<

3. llie first thing to be done, in order to pddnt,
or stain glass in the modern way, is to design,
aod even color the whole subject on paper. Then
choose such pieces of glass as arc clean, even,
and smooth, and proper to receive the several
pans. Proceed to distribute the design itselC or
the paper it is drawn on, into pieces suitable to
those of Ihc glass; always taking care that the
glasses may join in the coalours of the figures*

I

and the folds of the draperies ; that the carnations
and other finer parts may not be impaired by the *
lead with which the pieces are to Iw joined to-
gether. The distribution being made, mark all
the glasses, as well as papers, that they may be
known again ; which done, apply every j»rt of
the design upon the glass intended for ii; and
copy or transfer the design upon the glass wilh
the black color diluted in gum-water, by tracing
and following all (he lines and strokes that appear
through the glass, wilh the {>oint of a pencil.

When these strokes are well dried, which will
be in about 3 days ((he work being only in black
and white), give it a slight wash over wilh urine,
gum-arabic, and a little black; and repeat this
several times, according as the shades arc desired
to be heightened, «-ith this precaution, never to
apply a new wash tiU the former is sufficienlly
dried. This done, the lights and risings are
given by rubbing ofl the color in the respective
places with a wooden point, or by the handle of
thepencil.

Tnc colors are used wilh gum-water, the same
as in painting in miniature, taking care to apply
them hghtly, for fear of effacing the outlines of
the design ; or even, for the greater security, to
apply them on the other side; especially yellow,
whidi is very pernicious to die other colors, by
blending therewith. And here too, as in pieces
of black and white, particular regard must olwayB
be had not to lay color on color, till such time
as the former is well dried.

When the juiinting of all the pieces is Bnished,
tliey arc carried to the furnace to anneal, or to
bake the colors.

PHIAL-GLASSiBa(),—1^fi of whitesand,
lao lbs.; of nnpurified pearlash, 50 lbs. ; of com-
mon salt, 10 lbs.; of arsenic, 5 lt». ; and of man-
ganese, 5 o*-

This will be a very goo<l glass for the purpose
and will work with a moderate heat, but requires
time to become dear, on account of the proportion
of arsenic; when, however, it is once m good
condition, it will come very near to the crystal

^ PRINCE RUPERT'S DROPS. — Prince
Rupert's drops arc made by letting drops of melt-
ed glass fall into cold water; the drops assumed
by that means an oval form, with a tail or neck
resembling a retort. They possess this singular
property, that if a small portion of the tail is
Droken of), the whole bursts into powder, with
an explosion, and a considerable shock iscomma-
nicaled to the hand that grasps it.

POLISH iNG a$td GRINDING Glass.— To
grind plate-^ass, lay it horizontally upon a flat
stone table, made of a very fine grmncd free-
stone ; and for its greater security, pfasicr it down
with mortar or stucco. The stone table is sup-
ported by a strong wooden frame, with a ledge
all round its edges, rising about a inches above
the gbss. Upon the plate to be ^und is laid
another rough glass, not above hall as big, and
so loose as to slide upon the former ; but cement-
ed to awooden plank, to guard it from the injury
it must otherwise receive from the scraping ol the
wheel whereto the plank is fastened, and from
the wei^ts laid upon it to jpromote the triturc
or grinding of the glasses. The whole is covered
with a wheel made of hard light wood, about 6
inches in diameter by pulling of which backwards
and forwards altemalcly, and sometimes turning
it round, the workmen, who always slaoa

M

S9i

DICTTONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

opposite to each nther» produce a constant attri-
tion belwecn the two glassies, and bring them to
whatever riceree of &moothne«s thcv please, by
first pouring in water and coarse sand ; after that,
a finer sort of sand» as the work adtiinces, till at
last they pour in the powder of smalu Ai the
upper or imcumhent glass becomes smooth, it
must he removed, and anothert from time to lime,
substituted to it.

The engine just described is called a mill by
Ihe workmen, and is employed only in grinding
the largest-sixcd glosftcs. In grinding lesser

J glasses, they usualy work without a wheel, having
our wooden hanalcs ftutencd to the corners of
Ihe stone that loads the upper plank, by which
ihcy work it about. The gnnder s part done, the
glass is turned over to the polisher, who, with
fine [Kiwder of tripoli stone or emery, brings it to
a perfect evenness and lustre. The instrument
made use off in this branch, is a board funiished
with a felt and small roller, which the workman
moves by mean& of a double handle at both ends.
The artist in working this roller, is assisted by a
wooden hoop or spring, to the end of which it is
fixed; for the spring, by constantly bringing the
roller back to the same points, ticiliutes the
action of the workman's arm.

SrL l^EA'/XaGLASS.—Ther^now methods
invented by Liebig, Bothe, Bccttger, and others
for depositing silver upon glass have been con-
siderabley mmlified and improved by Krippcndorf,
in SwitrerLind, and we give below a condensed
statement of the latest improvements introduced
by him. The following are the labels required
for the materials to be used in silvering glass :

t. Scignette salts ; that is tartrate of sooa and
potash.

3. Solution of seignette salt* in the proportion
of one gramme to fifty grammes ordislillcd water.

3. Caustic ammonia, fifty cubic centimeters,

4. Solution of nitrate of silver, i'8.

5. A fia>k of 1,000 cubic centimeters capacity
for the reducing linuid.

6. A second flosL of same size lor the silvering
solution.

With the help of the above chemicals and
flisk-i, the two normal solutions, viz.: (1) the
reducing liquid; (2) the silvering liquid can be
prepared in the flanks (5 and 6),

I. The normal reducing solution: 900 cubic
centimeters (grammes) distilled water are mixed
with ninety cubic centimeters seignette salts
soludon (2) and the mixture brought to boiling
over a suitable fire. During the boiling of the
liquid, by which considerable steam is evolved,
twenty cubic centimeters of the nitrate of silver
solution are added from No. 4, by which the
whole liquid is bt.ickened. The whole is allowed
to boil for ten minutes until the so called oxytar-
trate of silver is formed, when the reducing
liquid is ready for use. This normal liquid can
be preserved anylengthof time ; in fact, it seems
to improve by age. It can be kept in flasks, and
when required for use must be carefully filtered.
Experience has shown that it is better to prepare
Ihe normal redadng liquid in a flask mlher than
in a capsule.

2. The normal silvering liquid: Nitrate of silver
is dissolved in water, and ammonia gradually
nddeil until the brown precipitate is nearly all
dissolved, then filtered, and diluted until there is
one gramme of nitmte of silver in 100 cubic
ca umcta» of the liquid. For thote who arc pot

chemists, it is as well lo takcqooculnc

meters distilled water, add eighty cubic ocali*
meters of the silver soltilioa mim No. 4 ( t '8)
and afterwards aoo drops caustic ammoiliA (ram
No. 5.

3, The silvering process! Eoiul volumes ti
the liquids(ij and (3) arc carefully II ly

filtered and afterwards pourrd !•.•_; ' «

vessel of the proper size, ami the ■■ ■.[

glass plate introtliued. In about t' a

decomposition of the mixture b<-<>>n
indicated by a blackening of th : re

metallic silver will be depoiu -.

The introduction of the plate arid t.i •<

it take place precisely as in phoioy
lions, otherwise irregular lines nu-i un'-viuoi
deposits of silver rcsuiL Dcntle heat and sunlight
facilitate the operation, while o^ld ntu\ dukiiMS
retard it. Finally the plate is rem- . '.c

vessel, rioted with pure water, au't ^ -t

otherwise protcctco by a background. t-«ood
photographic varnish can be recoaunended fur
coating the film. For hath, after the operation,
contains fifty to sixty per cent of the original
silver, which can bo reclaimed as chloride by the
addition of hydrochloric acid. Hollow ware,
reagent bottles, and test tubes Arc silvered by
simply pouring in the solutions (t) and (2>in the
some way as described above. Thesilvenng the
interior of large flasks, it is well to introduce a
small quantity of the liquid at first, and to tnni
it rapidly around until the surfgicc ts corertd
with a thin deposit. Treated in this way, ibc
operation becomes a very simple one, uk! may
lead to the introduction of silver mirrors as sub-
stitutes for quicksilver glasses for very many
purposes.

S/Z/jVG/^ gold Of C/u//.— Rub up 03j»!
varnish cither with white hole, umber, or -xhrc,
all of which must be perfectly dry, ar ' n

through a cloth. The gloss mu^t il
sed with fine chalk, painted ovci
placed in a warm room, and pr (.

When it is sufficiently dry, i^;- i^-. ., l-, Jc
(^iplied and pressed down with cotton.

SOLUBLE GLASS, To J\epare. —This «r*
tide of commerce, which has come into extrnaive
uxe for a great variety of purposes, is very «uily
prepared when once the i > 1 ' (

I'otash soluble glas!^ 1 -ing IC

parts powdered quartz oc ^ -—. L ■- ■p»iri5

of purified pearblhcs, and I quart oi iti.r ol,
in a Hessian crucible, and exposing \'n<- mi^ditrc
to such a heat as that the mass a/ler six hoan
shall have liecome vitrified. Chared isonplnycd
for assisting, by ilsdecomjtosition, the proqDCtxm
of carbonic acid, as also some sidphuric 9k-vX,
which may have been produced- It \\ si ^trevdlt*
hovrever, omitted; and if the inm&Ml^

turcd on a large scale, the vitrei. '•ynr hi

a reverheratory fismace capable of ii
I300 to 1^00 pounds. Tne ashes an

be well mixed together for somi' •

must be very hotbeforr thruwii

and the heat must be constant!) ; ,

entire mass is in a li<]aid condition, i

is then raked out and thrown upon a '.•■

and left to cool. T'

hard andblistery, 01

the ashes were not p

with foreign salt*.

it to tJie air, it will t.\-

the fbrdgo salla will, aitcr fr«i|uciit i>i.

WOR/r^JiS jy GLASS.

I

I

Stirring, be completely separated, jarticubrly
filler pouring over the mass some cold water.
whidi dissolves them, but not the soluble glass.

The purified mass is now put into an iron cal-
dron, containing five times its quantity of hot
water, in »mall portions, and with constant agi-
tation and rcplacinn; occasionally hot water Tar
that which evaporates during the boiling; aAer
five or six hours the whole U dissolved; the
liquid is then removed and left to settle over
night, in unlcr to be able to separate any unde-
coniposcd silex. The next day it is evaporated
stiU further until it has assumed the consistency
of ^ syrup, and standing 38*^ B., and is com-
posed of 28 per cent. 01 potash, 63 per cenL of
silica, and 12 per cent 01 water. It lias an «!•
kaline taste, is soluble in all proportions of
water, and is precipitated by alcohol; if any
salts should cflervcsce, they may be wiped on.
The color is not quite white, but ba^ a greenish
or yellowish white tinge.

To make soda soluble gUss,to 45 parts of sdica
or white river .sand are added 33 parts of carbon-
ate of soda fully calcined, and 3 parts of char-
coal. Tliis is treated in the same manner as the
other ^lass. Tlie proportions of the mixture are
altered by different manufacturers; some pro-
pose to use 100 parts sUcx. 60 parts anhydrous
Glauber salts, and 15 to so parts of charccal.
By the addition uf some copper scales to the
nuxturc the sulphur will be separated. Another
method is proposed bv dissolving the fine silcx
in caustic soda lye. kuhlman employs the pow-
dered flint, which is dissolved in an iron caldron
under a pressure from 7 to 8 atmospheres.

Liebic has recommended infusorial earth in
pUce of sand, on account of its being readily
soluble in caustic lye; and he proposes to use
130 parts of the earth to 75 parts of caustic soda,
from which 240 parts of sUica-jelly may be ob-
tained. His mode is to calcine the earth so as
to become white, and passing it tlirough a sieve.
The lye he prepares from 75 ounces of calcined
soda, dissolved in five times the Quantity of boil-
ing water, and then treated by 50 ounces of dry
slacked lime ; tliis lye is concentrated by boil-
ing down 1048** B.; in this boiling lye 120
ounces uf the prepared infusorial earth are added
by 6tm^» whica are readily dissolved, leaving
scarcely any sediment. It has then to undergo
several operations for making it suitable for use,
such as treating again with lime-water, boiling it
and sepaiating any precipitate, which by con-
tinued coiling forms into balls, and which can
tbcn be removed &om the Hquid. This clear
liquid is then evaporated to the consistency of
syrup; it forms a jeUy slightly colored* feels di^
and not sticky, and is readily soluble in boiling
water.

'Xhc diOerencc between potash and soda sol-
uble glass is not material; the first may be pre-
ferred in whitewashing with pUster of Pahs,
while the soda glass is more fluidly divisible.

It may be observed that, before applying
cither soluble ghiss, it ought to be exposed to
the air for ten or twelve days, in order to allow
the efflorescence of any excess of alkali which
might act injuriously.

Double soluble glass is compound of potash
and soda, and is prepared from loo parts of
quarU, 28 parts of purified pearlashes. 22 parts
of anhydrous bicarbonate of soda, and 6 parts of
charcoal, which are spread in the manner al-

ready described. If the mass is fully evapor-
ated to dryness, it forms a vitrious solid gusi,
which cannot be scratched by steel, has a con-
choidal fracture, is of a sea-green color, is trans-
lucent and even transparent, has a specific grav.
ity of 1.4J.

Soluble glass for the use of stereo-chromic
painting is obtained by fusing 3 parts of pure
carbonate of soda and 3 parts of powdere<i
quartz, from which a concentrated solution is
pre[>ared, I part of which is then ailded to 4
parts of a concentrated and fully saturated solu-
tion of potash-glass solution, by wliich there is
a more condensed amount of silica with the
alkalies; this solution has been found to work
well for poinL Sicmens's patent lor the manu-
facture of soluble glass consists in the produc*
tion of a Hquid quarix by digesting the sand or
quartz in a steam-boiler tightly closed and at a
temperature corresponding to 4-5 atmospheres,
wrilh the common caustic alkalies, which are in
this way capacitated to dissolve from three to four
times the weight of silica to a thin liquid. Hie
apparatus, which was patented in 1845, is well
known in this countrj*, as some persons, many
years later, obt.iincd a patent fur the some pur-
pose in the United States, which, on inspection,
does not appear to differ irom that of biemens
Brothers.

The latter is the true method of making soluble
glass; in fact, the only process by whidi itou^ht
to be made, and we bcUeve tlie only way in which
at present it' is produced by those who pretend
to manufacture a serviceable article.

When made in the old way, by simply boiU
in^ at about 312" Fahr., or shglitly above that
temperature, the water is unable to dissolve a
glass cuntaining more than a1>out 60 parla silex.
as the remaining 10 parts of pola:sn or 30 of
soda are necessary to render it soluble. \Vnen,
however, a close boiler is used, according to
Kuhlman's method, and a pressure of 7 or 8
atmospheres, which corresponds with a temper-
atute of some I30* above the boiling point of
water, the solvent qualities of the latter are in-
creased to such an extent as to enable it to dis.
solve a gloss containing half and one third the
amount of potash or soda.

Experience has taught that the soluble clus
ntade in the old way, with an excess of aBtali,
can not stand the mBuence of the atmosphere
when used as a paint, 'llie soda washes out,
and leaves the silex in a pulverized condition, so
that it soon disappears. In this way the re-
putation of soluble glass has suffered consider-
ably, l>efore chemistry had taught to produce a
better article. Now, however, that by means of
heat and pressure we are able to dissolve a glass
containing so little soda that the particles
appear protected or enveloped by the silica, the
atmospheric influences do not oHect these, for it
is itself a paint, varnish, or rather glazing, and a
useful addition to common oil point It enters
in the chemical jiaint, already described, and
gives it the glossy appearance.

An object painted with soluble glass which
was prepared by simple boiling is only slightly
affected oy cold water, but strongly by boding
water. When prepared under pressure and a
heat of some 3^0 ®, from a compound containing
the least possible amount of alkali, it is un-
affected by cold vrater, and the object painted or
covered by the same can only be deprived of its

i

4

1

396

DTCTIOKARY OF EVERY-^DAY WAXTS.

coaling by tindcrgoinglhc same heat and pressure
as was requirett lo prepare the original solution.

These remarks will show the great value of
-soluble glokif when prepared after ihe improved
-ncthod, ai compared to the less value, or ratlicr
inutility, of th.^t prciwred alter the old method,
at least in cases wnere it is used for paint or
Tarnish.

The most extensive use which is made at
present of soluble glas«, produced after the old
method, is for tlic adulicration of soap; in fact,
such a prcfKiration is a kind of soap, in which
Ihe expensive fatty acids are replaced by the
cheap silicic add or snnd ; but it is a bod soap,
venr caustic, as the silicic acid but very impcr-
fcclly neutralizes the alkali; conieqiienlly all
soaps adulterated in this way are very injurious
for the skin, and for fine textures.

In several European countries, a penalty of
heavy fines is imposed on its manufacture, being
considered as an injurious adulteration of an
article of prime ncccsMty, of which the purity
ought to be protected, and the universal apph-
caUon cncouragctl as much as |>o*siblc.

SOLUBLE CLASS /(ft FLOORS, — Instead
of the old-fashioned method of using wax for
polishing floors, soluble glass is now employed
to great advantage. For this purpose the floor
is fost well cleaned, and then the cracks filled up
with a cement of water-glass and powdered chalk
or gypsum; afterward a water-glass of sixty to
sixty-five degrees, of the thickness of syrup, is
applied by means of a stiff brush. Any desired
color is to be imparted to (he floor in a second
coat of the water-glass, and additional coats arc
to be given until the requisite polish is obtained.
A still higher finish may be given by pumicating
off the lost layer, and then putting on a coating
of oil.

STAINING GLASS.— Thii beautiful branch
of the art is quite too much neglected. The
gorgeous display that may be made, nnd that has
been so sucessfully done by some artists, is sufli-
dcnt to excite the desire to bring it into more
general use. One can conceive of no more beau-
tiful method of ornamenting the windows of
churches, and public buildings, or, in fact, any-
thing in the way of ornamenting on glass. 'l"he
following method is the one now in general use.
Before engaging in this, it would be tictter if tiie
artist could get some little previous instruction.
"We will endeavor to give the correct principles in
regard to the oven, the baking, the colors, and
the manner of makmg and using them.

TA^ Ovin is made of fire brick, and arched
over like a common bake oven. This is to admit
of an iron chest, or mulfle, as it is called, so close
on the outside that neither fire nor smoke can
penetrate, and about three or four inches less
than the oven, so that there may be an equal
space at the top, bottom, and sides, with legs to
kMP it firom the bottom.

The sheet of glass to be worked upon (the
softer the glass the better) should be spread over
with gum water, and let dry, in order to prevent
the colors from running together, it being also
much better than the slippery gloss to work on.
After it is dry, lay it aown evenly uixin (he
design, which has been previously sketched upon
paper, and trace, with a fine hair pencil, all the
outlines ai:d shades of the picture or ornament
with black, (Sec ihc mode of the preparation of
colors at ^ cad of this ^cle.)

Tkt Lirkts and Shades are prodaccd by doa^
lines, and hatches, very much after the maaoer
of the engraver. SVhen this is finished and diy,
it is ready for the

Floating. Take the prepared colors and float
Ihcm on by dipping the pencil in the color, and
taking it, as full as it will nold, to ihc ^U>«, anJ
just near enough so that the mixture wdl flow ov!
upon the glass, care being taUen that the pencil
docs not touch the gloss, as it leaves a spot. Tliis
refers only to transparent colors.

lakiHgottt thi Ltghti. — The methods of dmnjg
this, after the color is on, are various. Prrhifs
the best way is to lake a goose-quill, miule in toe
sh.ipc of a pen, without the slit. With this the
artists take cut the lights by dots, line^, etc, ts
suit his tasie. It is then ready for the kiln 0
oven.

Over the bottom of the oven, or muffle, mui
be spread, about a half inch thick, a bed rf
slacked lime, perfectly dry, and sifted through s
sieve. Upon this lay a sheet of glass, thrt
another layer of lime, and so on, if desired, fcr
half a dozen sheets, though for very fine woHd
and where uniformity of coloring is requred, <
is better to have a less number. There maybe
ouite a number of iron slides in the muffle, »
that a number of glasses may be burned at one
heat, without havme more than one or two inxNi
each slide. Close the muffle and raise the are;
but gradually, or the heat will break the glus.

Alter it is got up to a red heat, it may remiiii
so for two, three, or four hours, according to the
tests, which are strips of glass, pointed with the
same colors as the sheets ^nd drawn oDt ooc»>
sionally. When the colors arc properly burneS
in, the fire may die away gradually, as it wv
raised. When cold, the glass is taken oot sod
well cleaned.

The chemicals mentioned in the following pfV*
paration of colors, may be had at most of lite
first<la$s drug stores. These preparations »h<>iiH
be combined, so that each shall iVquire abouttbe
same aniount of heating to bring out the color.

STAINING GLASS, Coi»rsfer.—Fletk, Red
lead 1 02.; red enamel 3 or. Grind to a fine
nowder, work it up with alcohol, on a flag stooc;
Requires slight baking. — * Hiack. ]roa scaks
l45i|ox.; white crysul glass soz.; antimony loo.;
manganese K oz. Pound fine and grind in strong
vinegar. — Brilliant Blatk. Made to any decree
of depth by the mixture of cobalt with the axidcs
of iron and manganese. — BfviifH^ While clzM

1 or.; manganese % 01. — Rirk Br^wn. 0«
platinum. — R^d, Red chalk t 01.; white,
enamel 2 ot.; peroxide of oopper I dnchm.'
FiM A'a/. Rust of iron 3 or., gloss of antimmf

2 or,, litharge 2 oz.. sulphuret otsilvcr *<{ drachm.
— Greats Brass dust x oz., red lead a oa.. vhilt
s&nd 3 oz. Calcine the brass to an oxide, >di1
make all into a fine powder. Heat in a cruoble
une hour, in a hot oven. When cold, grind ia 1
br.iss mortar. — Gnfn, Oxide of chr-" '-"■-•.
Blue on one side, yellow on the r; -*
Fine silver, dissolved in nitric aciii, • 'i*
plenty of water. Pour in a strong nolultoa ctf
salt, and the silver, in the form of chloride rf
silver, will fall to the bottom in a \'" *cf.
When settled, pour off the ftui ^
water ; when settled, pour off a;^ a
for five or six times. When dry, ru '"^
with three times its weight in p.; --^l
burned aud pounded. Point oa the back ol t^

WORKERS IN METALS,

Wl

glo&ft. — YtiUrw. Sulphurct of silrcr, gloss of
antimony, and burnt yellow ochcr. — Blue,
Oxide of cobalt, which is coK-ilt ore, after
being well roasted, is dissolved in diluted
nitric acid. Add considerable water, and
pour into it a strong solution of carbonate of
soda. A carbonate of cobalt is thrown to the
bottom in a powder. Wash well, as for chloride
of silver, and let dry. Mix this with three liraes
its weight of saltpeter. Burn the mixture in n
crucible, by puttinga red hot coal to it. Heat,
wash, and dry it. Three pints of this to one of
af]ux made of white sand, borax, saltpeter, and
a very little chalk, melted together for an hour,
and then ground into on enamel powder for use.
Any shape may be had by more or less flux. —
\^%oUt. Black oxide of manganese, I or. ; laffer,
I 02. ; pounded white ^la&s, IQ <u. \ rod lead, i
OS. \ mu« fu&C| axui gnad.

The fluxes are made of flint gloss, borax, pipe
clav. white sand, 6cc.

The principles of glass staining, and making
the colors, therefore, will be found of great ser-
vice to beginners ; yet it must be understood
that the practice will be very diffiaill, without
some practical instructions ; yet, one who has a
taste, and some scientific ability, may be enabled,
by studying these rules closely, and by a fe*
trials in experimenting, to succeed in produdug
the work properly.

;^VA'Z»C?M^(;^-f^^,(C-4rtr/).— Take of white
sand, 60 lbs. ; of unpurihed pearlash, 35 lbs. ; of
common salt, 10 lbs. ; of nitre \ lbs. ; of arsenic
2 lbs, ; and of manganese, \^ oz. This will
be inferior, but may be improved, when de-
sired, by purifying the pearlash. For other
methods of^ making Uicap gU»$, see receipts al-
ready givea.

WORKERS IN METALS.

ALLOY{AntiFriction)t For y^umai Boxes,
— I. Zinc, 17 parts; copper, 1 part; antimony,
I y^ parts. This (assesses unsurpassable antifric-
ion qualities, and does not require the protection
of outer casings of a harder metal, a. The best
aiUoy for journal boxes is composed of copper,
3A lbs. ; tin, 24 lbs. ; and antimony, 8 lbs.
Melt the copper first, then add the tin, and lastly
the anlimonv. It should iirst be run into ingots,
then melted and cast in the form required for
the boxes.

ALLO Y /ncvrrwive. — By preparing an alloy of
97 parts lead to 3 parts tin, a metal is produced
upon which the action of pure water is very
much decreased ; and by using an alloy of 95
parts lead to 5 parts tin, we nave a metal on
which the action of pure water is scarcely per-
ceptible.

ALLOY, f^ Spidering /rvm i» Sietl, or either
&f these ti> Brass. — This alloy consists of 3 parts
of tin, 39,!^ of copper, and 7?4 of zinc VVhen
applied in a molden state, it will himly unite the
metils first named.

ALUMIXLM, To Extraet from CAry.— The
first thing is to extract from the clay alum,
and then from the alum alumina, and then con-
vert the alumina into a chloride of alumina ; and
then frora this, by the aid of sodium, we obtain
aluminum. .\]X these processes require so much
pAlient labor and apparatus, as to account for
the cost of extraction and put it beyond the reach
of roost amateurs. We will give the processes
from the beginning. Clay free from carbonate of
lime or oxide of iron, is dried without burning,
powdered, sifted, and mixed with fortv-five per
cent, of sulphuric acid (oil of vitnol) of the
gravity 1.45. .\11 this in a stone or brick recep-
tacle. Then it is heated in a furnace two or
three days, vnthdrawn, and allowed to rest for a
week in a warm place \ then it is leached as
wood a^es are leached for ley. This is boiled
until it is a thick liquid, when a solution of am-
monia is added, which catises the thicker parts of
the alam water to iidi to the bottom; the upper

thin liauor is drawn ofT, a thin wire of thread
put in tn.; middle, around which the alum (sul-
phate of alumina) in a few days crystalizes, as
we see it in the druggists. Now we have what
is called ammonia luum. Now take any quan-
tity of this, expose it to a white heat in a cruci-
ble to drive ofi the sulphur and ammonia, and
we have a white powdery mass called alumina.

Now supposing your alumina to have come
out pure and clear, mix equal parts of alumina,
oil, and lampblack, and expose to a very strong
heat to thoroughly drive cm every trace of water.
This heat is kept up untU tul the oil and
lampblack is driven ofT Then take what is left,
put into a porcelain tub over a fumacej cfaiough
this tube pass chlorine gas, while the Tube is
heated red hot. Your gas is obtadned by pour-
ing four parts muriatic acid upon one part of
black oxide of nunguiese: the gas rises there-
from and may be conducted by a tube over the
alumina. As soon as the lube is choked — that
is, when no more gas will enter into combina-
tion with the alumina, stop opernlions and allow
the whole to cool. You now have the sesqui-
chloride of alumina in crystals at the cooler end
of the tube. This is taken out and preserved in
naphtha for use. It attracts the water of the at-
mosphere very rapidly. Now lake your sesqui-
chloride — say six ounces — put it into a wide tub ;
heat it to drive off moisture and acid ; then in
the portion of the lube nearest you put some
pieces of sodium, which has a strong affinity for
chlorine, and increase the heat until no more
sodium is visible — or, in other words, you now
have resulting the double chloride of sodium and
aluminum. It is best to have a connection with
a stream of hydrogen gas, in which the last
found compound is (Xioled. Now put the whole
into a cruable, cover with common salt, and ex-
pose to a powerful heat. At the end of an hour
or so the button of aluminum is ibund at tibe
bottom of the crucible.

This is an outline of the principal prooencs
from the clay to the metaL Manufactttrcrs 00

I

398

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

pvt, quicksilver, 3
I part, quicksihtr. 5

the I*rge scale make many variation;!, of course ;
but they generally purchase their alum ready
made. There is no certain methods of obtaining
aluminum from the clny bv any shorter process.
An Italian chemist, Corbelti, sa'yi he has obtained
it by mixing six p^irls pure clay with ten parts of
sulphuric or murutic acid, and then heating the
dried and filtered solution in a porcelain crucible
to 900° Fahrenheit ; then powdering this cal-
cined mass, he mixes it with twenty parts ferro-
cynnidc of potassium and fifteen parts chloride
of sodium powdered and thoroughly dried ; the
whole is then exposed to a while heat in a porce-
lain crucible, until the contents are fused, when
the usual button of aluminum is found at the
bottom. We have, however, never heard of anv
one who has repeated the Italian geatleman's
experiment.

AMALGAM fcnr EUctrical Machines. — I.
Zinc and tin, of each one jurt, quicksilver two
parts. Melt the tin and zmc, add the mercury
made hot, pour the mixture into a wooden box,
and shake until cold.

2. Zinc, 2 parts, tin
parts.

3. Zinc, 2 parts, tin
parts.

4. Quicksilver, 6 oz., bees wax, ji 01., zinc,
s oz., grain tin, 1 oz.

5. Birttgcr recommends an amalgam made of
two parts by weight of zinc, mixcti, while melt-
ed, with one part of mercury. He finds it supe-
rior to the amalgam commonly used.

AMALGAM if ^-f/*/.— Place one part of gold
in a small iron saucepan or ladle, perfectly dean,
then add 8 parts of mercury, and apply a gentle
heal, when the gold will dissolre ; agitate the
mixture fur one minute, and pour it out on a
clean plate or stone slab.

For gilding brass, copper, etc. The metal to
be giloed is first rubbed o%'er with a solution of
nbratc of mercury, and then covered with a very
tbin ffim of the amalgam. On heat being applied
the mercury volatilizes, leaving the gold behind.

A much Ie<ci proportion of gold is often em-
ployed than the above, where a very thin and
cheap gilding is required, as by increasing the
quantity of the mercury, the precious metal may
be extended over a much larger surface. A simi-
lar amalgnm prepared with silver is used for sil-
vering.

AMALGAM /cr Mirrors. — Lead and tin,
eochloz. i bismuth, 2 oz.; mercury 4 oz.; melt
as before, and add the mercury. These arc used
to silver mirrors, glass globes, etc., by warming
the glass, melting the amalgam, and apply-
ing it.

ANNEALING STEEL. — \. For a small

rAtity. Heat the steel to a chcrr)^ red in a
rcoal fire, then bury !n sawdust, in on iron
box. covering the sawdust with ashes. Let stay
Until cold. — 2. For a larger quantity, and when
it is required to be very "soft." Pack the steel
with cast iron (l.ithc or planer^ chips in an iron

(box, as follows : Having at least % ox '% inch
ni depth of chips in the Iwltom of box, put in a
layer of steel, then more chips to fill spaces be-
tween tlie steel, and also the yi^x % inch spce
between the sides of box and steel, then more
steel : and, lastly, at least I inch in depth of
chips, well rammed down on top of steeL Heat

^ and keep at a red heat for from two to four
Do not disturb the box until cold.

Mtav4

i

ANV'ILS^ Im/Ttn.fJ. — The Cicc or tab!
anvils, as at present made, is often defi
having frequently hard and sof% places
hardening, while the face should lie equally
all over its surface; and the steel in some in-
stances not being properly welded to the irca
part or butt which forms the lower ptart, theaovtf
IS thereby rendered unsound and not tit Par
Some imnrovemcnts recently patented by
vcntor of Sheffield, England, nave for their
ject the removal of such defects, and coo:
so making anvib thnt the face may be eqi
hard all over when finished, and iit so castiiw^
welding the butt to the head or upper table uiit
the parts may be thoroughly amaigiznated* tiA
the anvil made more duraolc at a less cxpcsx
than hitherto.

He first prepares £ model of the size and shipl
of the anvil to be produced. He thenpUccsU
in a box, covers it with composition, ana fills «p
the box with sand in the onunary manner. Ajltf
the model is removed, and the sand perfectly
dry, (this being done in the usual way.) be finS
pcmrs in the molten steel to form the face or
table, then, through the same aperture, (after ibe
steel on the t.ible is sufficiently cool,) he poilO
in a very mild molten steel, whicli flows over the
table and gives the requisite toughness and so-
lidity to the steel back. After a proper time bu
elapsed, he pours in through anoiner openiof
the iron or metal, which also runs upon the st^
and forms the lower part or butt of the an^
and a perfect amalgamation takes place betreea
the iron and steel. l"he casijng being complete,
it is then finished in the ordinary manner.

To harden the work^ a large metal box OC
trough, 6 or 8 inches deep, is formed,
IS inserted a number of jpcrforatcd sh
bars of metal, on which the anvil is allowed
rest on its face or upper surface, cither flit or
slanting. A sluice communicating w ilh a reser-
voir of water is then opened, and a force of cold
water is allowed to flow upon the face by an op-
ward cast, and to pass under the anvil and over
the bars to any depth required. By these means
a much harder and more regular surface is ob-
tained than by the present mode of manu£ictvre.
After this, the surface is groozul in the ordinary
way.

ANTIMONOW.—K welding power, nanwd
antimonoid, has been fai use for some time past
in Gcnnany, and found to be of great effidency.
The formula ferits preparation has, until Uti '
been kept a secret ; out we now learn
consists of four parts of iron turnings, three
of borax, two parts of borate of iron^ and one
water.

ASIIBERRIUM.^TUii name has becn^^
plied to a new alloy which «msists c^ 80 parts of
tin, 14 cf antimony, 2 of copper, 3 of nickc^ I
of alimoniura, and i ofxinc.

BA TTER K, Cheap Electrie^l—Tint pcocme
a common wine bottle of a good length sal
thickish glass. I.>rill a hole through its mtl
which is generally done by placing a
worsted, which must be dipped in hi
upon the bottom, and igniting it. Through
hole and the mouth pass a sptadle. Fasten it
well in the bottle; put a crank upon one cod.
Then put the bottle on a frame similar to a
grindstone. Next make a cushion of wash-lcath*
er, stuffed with wool, and fastened to the top ol
a EinaU frame. This frame is to be of such s

J box Qt I

in wbljtaH

llowc<H^^^

csency.

Utel^^,

thol^H

one of ■

nnn ana

k botloDt

I piece 4^J

irpenta^^H

WOJi/CERS IN METALS.

399

I

S

hight that the cushion shall press against the
fiides uf the bottle, imd a piece of buck silk is
fastened to the top of the cushion, and han^n
over the bottle. Tlie cushion should be smcnred
with an amalgam formed by melting together in
the bowl of a tobacco pipe, one part of tin with
two of zinc; to vrhich, while fluid, should be
added nix {Kirts of mercury. Tliesc should be
stirred about till quite cold, and then reduced to
a fine p4)wder in a mortar, and mlxeil with a
sufficient quantity of Urd to form astickish paste.
When this is done the machine is complete. But
before using we must have a conductor. This is
made in the following manner: At right angles to
one end of a cylinder of wood, about two and
one-half inches in diameter, and bix fhchcs long,
fit a small wofxlen cylinder about three-quarters
of an inch in iliameter, and three inches long,
rounded at both ends; the other end of the large
cylinder \s also to be rounded. Cover the whole
with tinfoil, and mount it on a stand od a glass
rod. When used, it is to be placed with the
even piece in a line even with, and about half an
inch (rum the botlle; and it should be uf such a
hight as tocome just below the silk apron. When
it is wished to cliarge a Leyden jar, it is to be
placed at the round end of the conductor. By
these simple means a great variety of pleasing
experiments may l>c performed.

BA rrEKY, Chtap GalvanU. — I. Procure
alK>nt twenty copper pennies, (if worn smooth so
mudi the better) or get some sheet cupoer, cut
circular and of a large diameter, and the same
number similar pieces of zinc The latter jnay
be formed by the constructor himself; being very
easily melted, it may be cast in a mold like lead.
or it may be procured In a sheet* and cut similar
to the copper. Then provide the same number
of pieces of doth, which must be soaked in a
solution of commoo salt and water; or what is
better, a liquid composed of one quart of sul-
phuric acid, two of nitric acid and sixty of water.
After this is done, place one of the pieces of tine
in a tea saucer, and on it pot one of the pennies.
or pieces of sheet'COpper; on this place a piece
of cloth, and so continue making a pile— zinc,
c^spper, cloth — until they are all pilnl on one
another ; taking care to make the some arrange-
ment throughout. The piece on the top, which
"will l*e a penny, should have a cupper wire,
which, far some experiments, should tie tipped
with platinum wire soldered to it, and the lower
fiiece, which will be zinc, should be treated in
the same manner. From the ends of these wires
a stream of the galvanic tluid will constantly issue,
until all the add is absorbed from the pieces of
cloth, and although the apparatus is on a very
small scale, a variety of exceedingly interesting
caperiment^ may be performed wiu» it. — x Take
a cylindrical vessel, and put another of porous
porcelain inside of it ; fill the vessel with diluted

touch it with a little grease; if you want to take
the copper off the artidc you muit doit over with
a slicht varnish. — 3. A Cheap Galvnnte Battfry
has been described by Dr. Golding Bird, which,
it is stated can decompose water and ignite char-
coaL The mode of construction is to break the
stem of six tobacco pipes close to the bowls, and
close the apertures at the bottom of each bowl
with sealing wax ; gel six small toy tumblers,
al>out luilf on inch in hight: put in each a cylinder
of amalgamated zinc, and place in each pipe bowl
a thin slip of platinum foil, half an inch w idc, and
connect it with the zinc of the next cell with
platinum wire ; hll the pipe bowU with the nitric
acid and the tumblers with dilute sulphuric acid,
and the battery is complete. In case the plati-
num cannot be obtained, cooper may be substi-
tuted. This battery is in imitation of the famous
battery made by Faraday out of a 'common
thimble.

BA TTERYiMetcuriat) ofDavy.—'X\\\% gal-
vanic battery, wnich has lately been extensively
and almost exclusively used in France, is not so
universally known as it deserves. It is composed
of zinc and carbon ; but in place of diluted acid,
the zinc is simply immersed in pure water, while
the carbon is immersed in a paste of moistened
sulphate of the oxide of mercury. Tlie chemical
action is similar to the Daniel battery, consisting
of zinc, copper, and sulphate of copper. The
zinc Ls oxidized at the expense of the wntrr, which
is decomposed, its oxygen combining with the
zinc, forming oxide of zinc, while the hydrogen
in its nascent state reduces the oxide of mercury,
combining with the oxygen, forming water, and
leaving tlie mercury in a metallic stale. In this
condition mercury can not remain in combination
with sulphuric acid. Hence, the latter is also set
free and combines wi'h the oxid of zinc, forming
sulphate of zinc; exactly as is the cose in the
Lowe, Daniel, and other batteries, while the
metallic mercury collects at the bottom of the
vessel. Such a battery may remain in operation
for half a year, without cleaning or the addition
of liquid. The current generated by 40 small
elements has the same power as that from 60 of
Daniel's larger ones, which lasted less than half
the time.

As a modification of this battery, instead of the
soluble sulnhate of mercury, the insoluble sub-
sulphate oi the same metal may be used. When
mercury is boiled with sulphuric acid, a portion
of the acid is decomposed in order to furnish
oxygen for the oxidation of the mercury, which
then combines with the remaining acid and forms
a dry, neulfal salt. When this is diluted with
water, it is resolved, like many other salts, into
two compounds; an Ad<l sulphate, which is
dissolved, andatuisic sulph.-ite, whicbis insoluble.
The latter has a lemon. yellow color, and being
supposed to resemble doselyin its me<Ucal effects
aulphuric acid, and the space between the two ' Uie powdered root of a now ob*>nlctc plant, the
witn sulphate of copper (if you require to pbte , turpeth, it was called the mineral turpeth
the article with copijcr); if not a solution of the

I

salt of gold, silver, etc, according to that which
you wi^ih it to be; put a slip of zinc in the sul-
phuric acid, and attacn a copper wire to it, and
the other end to the medal or article you wish to
plate, and immerse that in the other solution.
Your battery is now complete. If you want the
copper to be very ihicK. you must put a few

Ifotid crystals of copper in the solution; where
jrou do not want it to come in contact, you must

fur many years this suhst.ince had no nractical
value in the arts, but now it will probably be
extensively employed in galvanic baneries for
telegraphic and other purposes.

BATTERY, Topiatewith. — If the plate ts
lobegoldusethegold solution for electro-plating;
if silver, use the silver solution. Prepare the
.article to be plated by immersing it for several
minutes in a strong ley made of potash and rain
water, polishing off thoroughly at the end of the

I

1

400

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

time with a soft brush and prepared chalk. Care
fthotild be taken not to let the fingers laid down
in the directions lor plating with a batterv. If
the article being plated has the strin of zinc
touching much of its surface, it may be well to
change the place of contact at every polishing.

You will nnd this mode of plating but little in-
ferior to that of plating witn a lottery. It is
more employed now, perhaps, than anv other.

BA TTER Y{Gaivani<) imfnn-td Li(jHuififr.
—Mr. \'ic1or Rarjon's new battery liquid, is made
by mixing a solution of bichromate of poia-sh with
a little lime, and with sulphuric acid. He puts
2 lbs. of bichromate of potash into a gallon of
boiling water, and lets the solution cool down to
68°, and adds 2 oz. of lime. After stirring, he
adds sulphuric acid until the gravity reaches 35°
Beaum^. Then, having stirred the whole, he
lets it stand for 24 hours, when it u ready for
ute.

BELL METAL.— \, Melt together under
powdered charcoal, lOO parts of pure copper,
with 30 parts of tin. and unite the two melius by
frequently stirring the mats. Product very 5ne.
— 2. CopfKir 3 parts; tin I jKirt; as above. Some
of the finest church bells in the world have this
composition. — 3. Copper 2 parts ; tin I part ; as
above. — 4. Copper 73 parts; tin ^]A pnrts;
iron X% parts. The bells of small clocks or
pendulcs are made of this allo;^ in Paris.

It is absolutely necessary in this process to
keep the metals from contact with the air, for
«hich purpose, the powdered charcoal is cm<
ployed. The union of the two metals in this alloy
IS so complete, that its gravity is considerably
greater than that of the mean of its constituents,
thus evincing chemical union to have taken
place.

The proportions nf the first form arc those of
the Indian gong, so much cclebrntcd for the
richness of its tone. In very small bells, and in
those of repeating watches, a little zinc is gene-
rally added, which makes them give out their
tones the sharper. A less proportion of tin is
now generally used for church bells, than for
house jL>r clock bells, the tones )>eing thought to
be rendered thereby more suitable to their re-
apectivc purposes. The substitution of zinc for
the iron tn the last formula, would (I am told)
improve the tone.

To give this alloy its highest degree of sono-
rousness, it must be subjected to sudden refrige-
ration. M. D'Arcet recommends the pieces to
be ignited aHer they are cast, and tlien to be
suddenly plunged into cold water. They are
next to undergo a well-regulated pressure by
skillful hammering, until they have assumed
their intended form ; tlien to be heated, nnd al-
lowed 10 cool slowly in the air. In a general
way, however, bells are formed bv simple cast-
ing. The addition of lead, and other metals, to
this alloy, greatly lessens its sonorousness. For
common purpose ihe third form is generally
used.

BOILER EXPLOSIONS, To Prrvent. —
Frequent inspection and careful management of
boilers arc the best preventives of explosions,
and the insurance of losses by damage from such
explosions, by companies establishnl especially
for such purposes, secures the desirable inspec-
tion; while if the rules adopted by these com-
panies are faithfully observe*!, goo<l management
as well as safety is obtained. The foUowing

ibiov.

m

rules arc so plain and practical that they tst
calculated to meet almost every conceivable csi-
gency :

Law lYater. — In case of low vratcr, immeiS>
ately bank or cover the fires with ashes, at if ao
ashes are at band, use fresh coaL Do not tun
on (he feed under any clrcumstJLnces, nor tanper
with or open (he safety-valve. Let the stcsB
outlets remain as they arc.

Im Casts ff Foomvckg. — Close throttle, and keep
closed long enough to show true level of yrtass.
If that level i^ sumdcntly high, feeding and blov*
ing will usually suffice to correct tlie evil
cases of violent ftMuuing, causetl by dirty
or change from salt to fresh, or vice vers
addition to the action before stated, check, dc
and cover fires with fresh coal. .

Safety V'ahes. — Raise the safcty-ralres Ott-
tiously and fref^uenlly, as they arc liable to be-
come fast in their seats, and usclcsa for the p«r*
pose intended.

Sa/tty-laht and Pf essun-G^mft, — ShouU
the gauge at any time indicate the limit of pitf-
sure allowed by this company, see that the suc^
valves are Mowing o£ In case of difliere&c^
notify the compan)rs inspector.

Caurf- Catks — Glass-Gauge. — Keep gnC!^
cocks clear, and in constant use. Do not oixa
them too suddenly. Glass gauges should not be
relied on altoectber.

luaks. — When leaks are discorered, ihey
should be repaired as soon as poMible.

BiisUrs. — When a blister appears, there
be no delay in ha\-ing it carefully examined,
trimmed or patched, as the case may reaiure.j

Clfan Shetis. — Particular care should bt U
to keep sheets and parts of boilers exposetf
the hre )>erfectly clean ; also all tubes ; nues ai
connections wdl swept. This is porticnt
necessary where wooa or soft coal is used]
fuel.

Blowing-Off. — Blow down at least once in
weeks — every Saturday night would be better.
In case the feed becomes muddy, h! ■"• *■"' '-t iv
eight inches everyday. Where surf .1 -1

are used, they should be often opci. '•*

moments at a time.

Filling ¥p the Bailer. — After blowing down,
allnw the boiler to become cool before filling
again. Cold water pumped into hot boilers ts
very injurious from sudden contraction.

Exterior 0/ Boiler, — Care should be taken that
no water comes in contact with the eatcrMl
of the boiler, either from leaky joints oc
causes.

Remjs'ing Defcsit and Sedimmt^ — In
boiler?;, the hand-holes should be often
and all collections removed from over
Also, when boilers are fed in front and
off through the same pipe, the coMcctiuns of 1
or sediment in the rear end should be often ;
moved.

General Care of Boilers and Catmectiemi^
Under all circumstances keep the nu^cs,
etc., dean and in good order ; and things
rally, in and about the engine and boilef-rxxia#
in neat condition.

BOILER INCRUSTATIONS, Tr Prevent
— A very simple mode of preventing boiler in-
crustation is in general use at the Dartnslsdt
gas-works. The engine has worked day and
night since 1854 almost without interruption, tod
the formation of calcareous deposits has been

WOniC£RS JK METALS,

entirely preventeU by the use of crude prnlig-
neous aad, combined with tat ; it is either intro-
duced into the boiler or mUed with the feed
water. Since the mixture has been in use they
have never had a stoppage through incrustation,
and have never had to u^e a hammer to remove
scale. Each year, during the summer, when
less gas is required, the boiler is opened, and
perhaps a couple of handfuls of loose sediment
talcen from the bottom. The quantity employed
is very small— just enough to redden litmus
iMper; consequently the iron is not attacked, as
tnaecd is apparent from the fact that the boiler
has been but twice under repair.

BO!LERS, ToPrn'ent Limt Def9siU.~?\^\
into your cistern or tank, from whicn the boiler
is feo. a sufficient amount of oak tan bark, in
the piece^ to color the water rather dark ; run
four weeks and renew, This plan has been
much uscd^ in the lime-stone sections of Ohio,
girinc general salisiaction.

BORAX, To Prepart for the Bicw^pife.—
Take one ounce of oorax, coarsely powdered,

fut it into a clean crucible, and cover it loosely.
ut the whole into a furnace, and watch it till It
ceases to swell, then augment the heal, and
when the whole fuses quietly, take it out, and
pour it into a wed gcwood- ware or metallic mor-
tar, and when colu, reduce it to an impsdable
powder, in which slate it is to be used.

BORAX, Substitute ffr.^Coppcn, 2 oi, ;
saltpetre, i 02. ; common salt, 6 oz. ; black ox-
ide of manganese, i oz. ; prussiale of potash, i
oz. ; all pulverizcii, and mixed with 3 lbs. of
nice welding «and, and use the same as you would
sand. High tempered steel can be welded with
this at a lower heat than is required for borax.

BRASS. — An alloy of copper and zinc.
Brass was formerly manufactured by cementing
granulated copper, or copper clippings, with
caioJied calamine and charccAl, in crudbtes, ex-
posed to a bright heat. 7*he alloy was found in
lumps at the bottom of the crudble on cooling.
These were remeltcd and cast into ingots. At
the present dav, brass is generally made by di-
rect union of tne metals. This process requires
Tnuch care, ouing to the different degrees of
fusibility of copper and zinc The proper quan-
tity of zinc is nrst melted, and slips of copper
plunged into it, which are rapidly dissolved, as
It were, and the addition is continued until an
alloy is formed, somewhat difficult nf fusion,
when the remainder of the copper is added.
The brass thus formed is broken into pieces, and
rcmelted nnder charcoal, and a proper addition
of either zinc or copper made, to bnng it up to
the color and quahty desired. It i& next cast
into plates, or other forms, in moulds of granite.
"When submitted to the rolling-press for rcduc-
tian to tMim plates, it requires to undergo the
operation of annealing several times.

t, {Fiiu J3rajs.)—2 parts of copper to I part
of xioc This is nearly one equivalent eacn of
copper and zinc, if the equivalent of the former
metal be taken at 63-2; or a e<]uivalents of cop-
per to I equivalent of zinc, if it be taken with
Liebt£ and Beraelius, at 31-6.

1. Copper 4 parts, zinc I part An excellent
and very ui^eful brass.

BRASS^ Dipping.— TYit operation of '* dip-
ping "is practised as follows : The shop
tt or should be, a well ventilated, high-
loofed apartment, with abundant provision

for the escape of the fiimes of the acid.
It is built round interiorly with brickwork,
on whidi to place the tubs which contain the
water to kilt the acid, and the '* jowls" or
carthware vessels in which the various strengths
of add are contained. There should also be a
muffle in which to anneal the work, Mid a hori-
zontal plate of iron with provision to heat it. in
order to keep the boxwood receptacle or sheet-
iron pan and its contents at a moderate temper-
ature. This &hop should be in connection u-iLh
a space or yard in which tu place the pickle
troughs, and there should be ample provision for
the supitly of clean cold water ; il soft water so
much the better ; also a set l)oiIer in which to
keep hot a supply of lye or alkaline solution, as
potash or sooa. The materials employed are
aquafortis of various strengths, pure water, and
argol, i. c-. the refuse or sediment of wine casks,
or crude tartar in the form of a powder. After
annealing, the work is immersed in a weak so-
lution of pkkle, to scale it, or remove the ex-
ternal skin. After rinsing it out, it is brushed
with sand, to remove the more firmly adherent
scales. Again pickled, if uniformly clean, it is
then in a condition to receive a nnal finish, if
bright dipped; and, if dead dipped, to be sub-
jected to the ''deadening" process, which is
conducted as follows : The aquafortis is reduced
from its dipping strength by means of water, or
a special variety is used and designated by the
name of ••deadening aqua." A quantity of
either the former or latter is poured into a
•*)owl." or brown earthenware opened. mouthed
vessel. The articles are placed uicrein, and the
jowl agitated till a creamy coating is observ-
able over their entire surface ; they arc then re-
moved and washed out in water. After they arc
cooled and the add "killed," they are passed
through the strong aquafortis, rinsed out in three
severjQ tubs of water, and then dncd out in
warm box.sawdust contained in the sheet-iron
pan already alluded to. Any add which may
have accidently insinuated itself into defects in
the work is neutralized by immersion in the lye
or alkaline solution contained in the botler.
AAer the articles are dried out they are then
planged into a tub containing pure water, on
the Ruriscc of which is strewed a small quantity
of argol, or tartar. In this condition the work-
man nolds them in his vice, or, if round or
globular places them on the chuck in his lathe.

The operation of dipping is considerably de-
pendent on temperature. It is retarde<l by cold,
and accelerated by a moderate heat ; m exceed'
ingly hot weather it is with great difficulty ac-
complished, and is rarely satisfactory, as the
work becomes speckled or irregular in the "dead*
cning,'* The success of the operation of dip-
ping is greatly dependent on the ffiUture of the
metal, and not a little on the aquafortis, its
strength and purity. Up to the present tine
practice has been the only guide to English
"dippers;" the recurrence off a certain phenom-
ena they obviate by experience, by rule of thumb
or experiment; and these experiments are not
on all occasions successful in removing the diffi-
culties which present themselves. Science, (o
be useful, should deal witli the rationale of the
operations and processes employed in manuCftC-
tures; but no scientific work has yet rxplained
the "why and because " which regulates the
diilare or success of **dead dipping."

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DICTIOh'ARY OF EVERY DAY M'AJ^TS,

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To dipping follows bumUhing, the process of
whidi U a* lollovrs :

BRASS, BC/RA'/Sff/A'C, — BurnUhinc

wliich furnishes a contrast lo other portions of
dcml dipped work, is effected by means of iteel
turniiher, or tools of steel, varying in form
according to the nature of the work and surfaces
of the portion to be burnished. For ordinny flat
sWork, or tul>cs and the edges of cast work, the
'furnishers are from twelve to fifteen inches long
■nd oval shape, and tapering to a point. Other
varictiet of burnishers, as for lathe burnishing,
arc made with variously formed terminations;
others are hooked, and of \-arious breadths and
tfiickncssck ; all arc blunt, and after being hard-
ened are polished up to the highest degree of
brilliancv on the portion used for burnishing.
The article to be Durnished is held in a vice, if
cast; if slanvi>ed. it is bid on a "force" or solid
metal convex brass or lead cast of the stamped
article; this furnishes an internal support to the
thin metal, and prevents its sinking under the
pressure of the oumishcr. The surface to be
burnished is operated upon with the steel bum-
Uhcr, dipped in "oxgall." Thii lubricates the
Immishcr, and prevents scratching. The work,
when it gets dry, is dipped into the argol water.
When the article has been burnished on all the
portions intended, it is j-ossed through "sharp
water," i. e., water in which a small quantity of
add has been mixed, thereafter it is rinsed out
in pure water, and finally dried out in warm box-
•awdust; it is then lacquered to protect it from
oxidation or tarnish.

BRASS, To Brxmxe. — For broniing the brass
obiecis are first made warm, and washed in a hot
solution of ammonium chloride, (sal ammoniac,)
and then placed over night in a tolerably diluted
»olulion of two parts cupric acetate, (verdigris.)
and one part ammonium chloride in six parts of
vinegar. The next morning they arc taken out
and washed. A bronie lo be applied with the
brush is made by boiling l6 parts ammonium
carbonate and lo parts cupric sulphate in 2od
parts vinegar till the latter is almost entirely
evaporated ; then adding one part of oxalic acid,
and 4 parts of ammonium chloride dissolved in
aoo parts vinegar; the whole is placed over the
fire till it boils, then cooled, fihcred, and preserv-
ed in well -stoppered bottles. Clean thoroughly
the object to be bronxe<i, heat it, and apply the
liquid with a fine brush. After griving it time
lo act, pour on boiling water, and rub with a drv
oily cotton rag, and then with dry cotton, tlQ
every (race of the vinepir has disappeared.

BRASS, A nrw. — Tlie difiicuUy of uniting
iron to brass is created by the unequal rate of
expansion in the two metals, which destroys the
unity when the temperature is changed. A new
alloy of copper is announced, and the inventor
claims that its expansion b^ heat is so similar to
iron and steel, that the surfaces may be regarded,
when joined, as permanently united, for ul prac-
tical pur|K)sc5. The formula is as follows: Tm,
3 parts; copper, y^% parts; zinc 7. '4 parts.

BRASS, Cca/injr, — I. Brass plates and rods
may be covered with Asupcrfidal coating of brass,
by exposing them in a heated state to the fumes
of melted 7.inc, at a hic;h temperature. Use. For
rolling into thin plates, or drawing into wire. The
celebrated spurious ^old wire of Lyons is thus
made-— a. VesscU of copper may be coated with
brass, internally, by ullng them with water

strongly acidulated with muriatic add, addiu
some amalgam of zinc and cream of lartaf, ua
then boiling for a short time.

BRASS, Tv Coat with Tin, — It is often desir-.^
able to coat brass, copper or lend with a iUb
covering of tin. This can be managed thus:
Half a pint of tabic salt and a auartcr pound of
cream of tartar are dissolved in al>out fivegaUOBS
of water. Some tin scrapings or filings are thea
added lo the water. Tnc articles (<• be coated
are then put into the solution and >i "Vi,

being stirred all the time, unti! ite

coating is given. Boiling in a tin v^-.t. ...,:.dut
the filings will give a very £air coatiDg, but of
course not so good.

BRASS, To Cover witA htnttti/ul Luitrt Oi-
on. — One ounce of cream of tartar is dit>oli«d
in one quart of hot water, to which is added hilf
an ounce of tin salt (protochloridc of tin) disioh^
ed in four ounces of cold water. Thevholeii
then heated to boiling, the clear solution d
from a trifling precipitate, and poured
continual stimng into a solution of three
hyposulphite of soda in one-half a pint of wittr«
whereupon it Is agun heated to Ixtiling, and
filtered from the separated sulphur. This sohitiOB
produces on brass the vnrious luster -colan^
depending on the length of time during vhkh
the articles are allowed lo remain in iL The
colors at first will be light to dark gold yellow,
passing through all the tints of red to an iirr
descent brown. A similar scries of ctJors is
pn^uccd by sulphide of copper an<I lead, which.
However, are not remarkaolc for their stabflily;
whether this defect will be obviated by the use a
the tin solution, experience and lime alone dS
show.

BRASS, CIMANING t>/.— Rub lhe»nr6oe^
of the metal with rotten stone and sweet oil, thea
rub off with a piece of cotton flannel and pcdiA
with soft leather. A solution of oxalic acid nilv
bed over tarnished brass soon removes (be
tarnish, rendering the metal bright. The add
must be washed off with water, and the bns<
rubbed with whitening and soft Icalhcr. A
mixture of muriatic acid and alum disK>lved in
water, imparts a golden color to brass artides
that are steeped in it for a few seconds.

BRASS, CUantiHf Si>iut9im/tn'. — Put tcgrlhef
two ounces sulphuric acid, an ounce and abilf
nitric add, one drum saltpetre and two ouncci
rain water. Let stand lot a few hours, aad
apply by passing the article in and out quickljr,
and then vrashing off thoroughly with clean rata
water. Old discolored brass chains treated in
this way will look equally as well as when new.
Tlie usual method of drying is in sawdust.

BRASS, ToDfp0sitcn /.int and etktr MetaU^
— It is easy enough to eleclropbte brass obiectt
with copper, silver, or gold, by means of the
galvanic battery; but the deuoslhon of brass on
other metals is not so cas^. Brass being an aUo^
of copper and line, there >s a tendency to deposit
the copper in preference, if wc use a solotioa of
sulphate of copper and sulphate of zinc, mixcdf
for our deposition hath. Exj.»eriencc has proved
that weak currents, produced by weak balleries,
have especially a tendency to acposit only one
metal out of the mixture, uf diverse metallk silts.
and it requires a strong current to deposit then
togelher, so as to obtain an alloy. But itr«ig
currents possess the grav-e objection of dcposilifln
thick, irregular, brittu &lms» which do not adhoe

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well and easily peel oft Hence it is dcsimhle to
use a preparation of the metallic salts, whirh
will permit their simultaneous precipitation at the
same time with a weak current.

Such a preparation was given recently by
WalenD, in England. It hod already been found
that by nsing In the bath the cyanides of copper
and zinc, (cyanides, by the way, are always used
in depositing gold and silver,) the alloy may be
much more easily deposited than from the sal-
phidec. The manufacturers of gas fixtures make
their castings of chandeliers and brackets mostly
of zinc, ana then electro-plate them with brass.
This method is followed at present, also, in
making statuary. It is prepared in quantity /or
Ac trade on a large manulacturing scale. The

Sracticc in such establishments, thus far, is to
issolvc cyanide of copper and zinc in a solution
of cyanide of potassium and a salt of ammonium,
so as to obtain a more soluble double or triple
salt of the metal, with potassium and ammo-
niam.

This preparation, notwithstanding it allows
the deposition of the alloy to take place regular-
ly, has the defect of evolving hydroccn gas in
great quantity, which interferes with tne galvanic
current ; and this defect has been removed by
the prescription of Walcnn, which runs as fol-
lows: To a mixed solution of cyanide of potas-
sium and neutral tartrate of ammonia in water,
add the cyanides of copper and zinc till saturated,
then add the oxides of tne same metals ; that is,
black oxide of copper and unadulterated zinc-
white, and let the litjuid dissolve as much of
them xs possible. This prc|>.aration being used
as a bath, causes the evolution of hydrogen to be
made much less. It may even be entirely pre-
vented by the addition ofammonide of copper,
when a y-cry weak galvanic current will suffice.
If the color of the brass is too pale, a little more
copper salt is to be added to the solution ; if loo
deeply cop per -colored, a little more of the linc
salt. A large brass pUtc is use<I for the positive
electrode, tlie object to be coated being attached
lo the negative one. If every thing works right,
the brass plate \% ill lo^e as much in weight as the
object gains by the deposit. As a general hint
for all cleclro-plaling, we must observe that the
objects to be coated must be well cleaned,
scrubbed with fine sand, washed, then scrutibed
again, and then connected with the zinc pole of
the battery before being pl.iced in the trough ;
and that the best way of treatment after the de-
posit is formeil, is to wa^h in clear water and
dry in the sawdust of a non-resinous wood. If
the solution is worked at an elevated temperature,
the contact of the coating will be promoted. Fi-
nally, we may olwcrvc that acid solutions give
**mat" deposits, while alkaline solutions give the
reverse, a bright or bristling coating.

Sf^ASS /FtLA/D IVOKK. To Polisk.~?\\c
the brass very clean with a smooth hie; then
take some tripoU powdered very line, and mix it
with the Itniiced ml. Dip in this a rubber of hat,
with which polish the work until the desired ef-
fect is obtained.

If the work is ebony, or black rose-wood, take
some elder -cool powdered very fine, and apply it
dnr after you have done witn the tripoh, and it
will produce a superior polish.

The Trench mtK.le ornrnamenting with brass
differs widely from ours, theirs l^ing chiefly
wmtCT-gill (or moulu), excepting the flutes of i

columns, etc., which are polished very high with.
rotten stone, and finished with eldcr-cooL

B/^ASS, To Iji4ifurr. — lacquering, or the
covering of finished brass work with transparent
varnish to preserve the surf^tce and finish of the
articles from ordinary and extraordinorv nlraos-
phcric and other influences, may be saia to com-

ftlete the manipulatory operations in the monu-
aclure of objects in brass. The lacquering room,
in the best regulated manufactories, is a lofty,
well-oired apartment, with counters round, on
which to lay the finished articles. In it are erect-
ed, on brick basements, with cast-iron top or
plate placed horizontally like an ordinary hot-
nearlh, one or more stoves. Ordinary cast-iron
frames and doors arc inserted in front to allow
of the introduction of the fuel. A series of flues
running under the surface of the iron plale se-
cures tne diffusion of the heat generally on its
upper surface. On this plate are laid the articles
to DC lacquered. The lacquer or varnish is com-
posed of spirits of wine m which has been dis-
solved seed lac. In appearance it presents that
of pale French brandy, verging, where colored,
into that of the brown variety of the «ipirit already
named. Turmeric, dragon's blood, or sandid
wood, will impart various shades of color if dis.
solved in the mixture of spirits of wine and lac
already named. The bra.<is articles having been
coated over when cold with the lacquer, are laid
on the hot iron plate, and when sufndently heal-
ed are again coated with lacquer applied with
large round camel hair brushes, of sizes varying
from five-eighth inch to one inch diameter.
I>elicate and skillful application, And the perfec-
tion of lacquering consist in a uniform coating.
Careless lacquering is indicated by smearing or
irregular depths oishade, and consequently im-
paired brilliancy of effect. Too much heal friz-
zles the laajuer ; if too cold the articles will Iw
dull. The spirit of wine is simply a solvent for
the gum, and when the lacquer is applied evap-
orates or flies off", leaving the gum on the surface
of the brass, and protects its surface completely
for years from ordinary exhalations or otner in-
fluences. Sea air, the noxious fumes of chemi-
cals or tobacco, the deposits of flics, damp, etc.
however, act upon it, and corrode through the
lacquer, impairing il3 brilliancy and pruteclive
properties. The idea tlut laoiueririg brightens
up brass work, apart from finish, is an error too
frequently entertaine<l; unle» there is previous
finish, lacquer being transparent serves only to
render more apparent the existing defects on the
surface of the object on which it is applied.

.\ttempts have been made to introduce steam-
heated lacquering plates, or a hollow iron box
into which the steam pas^^es. Heal in steam,
however, indicates pressure, and no ordinary en-
gine boiler valve could be so loaded as to stand
the pressure to get up the require! degree of
heat eoufll to that pronucetl by fuel introduced
immediately under a cast-iron plate.

Steam has, however, been suo:e<isfully applied
to the laaiucring of tubes and other hollow ar-
ticles as follows: A steam pipe is conducted fmra
the boiler of the engine connected with the works;
this pipe is led into the lacquering room, and
placed horizontally alniut three feet or three feet
six inches from the floor. In this horizontal tube
is inserted, at regular distances, a number of good
well-made gun-metal lap* ; lht«e ore fitted with
lever keys, easily remi>\-ed after the itcam has

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DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WAI7TS.

l)cen turned on or off. The laps have tapering
ends, which ore inserted into the ends of the

npe or tube to be lacquered
of the tube is supported on a stand, tlie steon; is
turned on, possc-i through the interior of the
lube, and speedily heals il to a sufficient temper-
ature for lacquering. The Ucqucr is then ap-
x^cd as already de&cribed. For the purpose of
lacquering such articles as have been named, the
steam method alluded to has no cquaL The
heat of the tube, oi hollow article to be operated
upon, can \yt increased or diminished at will by
simply turning on more, or checking the admis-
sion of the sieam. Contrast (his with the ted*
ious process of heating atwclve or eighteen feet
tube, or hollow cornice pole, on a cast-iron
pUtc. The utmost length which could be prop-
erly heated at one time would not extenu be-
yond eighteen inches or two feet. Wc have thus
At least twelve separate healings ; removed
from the hot plate the article speemlv cools, and
we have nine or twelve separate joinings of lac-
quer ; the lacqucrer must be careful and skillful
indeed who is able to conceal the junctions of
the several points of contact. If this is con-
trasted with tne tube regularly healed by steam,
(he superiority of the steam process will at once
be recognized.

BRASS ORNAMENTS, To C^mw.— Brass
ornaments, that have not been gilt or lacquered,
may be clean, and a very brilliant color given
(u Uiem, by washing them with alum b<»led in
strong lye, in the pro[^>ortion of an ounce to a
pint, ana oftcrwaras rubbing them with strong
Iripoli.

BRASS ORNAMENTS, T9 Prtsfrvt,—'\hx%
may be done by two simple processes. The
first is to beat sal ammoniac into a fine powder,
then to moisten it with soft water, rubbing it on
the ornaments; which mu£t be heated over
charcoal and rubbed dry with bran and whiting.
The second is to wash the brass work with roche
alum boiled in strong lye, in the proportion of an
ounce to a pint. When dry it must be rubbed
with fine tn]x>lL Either of these processes will
£ive to brass the brilliancy of gold.

BRASS, To Temper, or Draw itf Temper.^
Brass is rendered bard by hammering or rolling,
therefore when you make a thing of brass, neces-
sary to be in temper, you must prepare ihe ma-
terial before shaping the article. Temper may
be drawn from brass by heating it to a cherry
red, and then simply plunging it into water the
ttme as though you were going to temper
steel.

BRASS, For /f/Vr.— Copper, 34 parts ; cala-
ninc, c6 parts. Mix.

BLUING Small SUel ArticUs.—x. Having
a quantity of charcoal ashes on an iron pintc, or
in a box, place over the fire, and he.-it slowly.
Put the arucles to be blued in the ashes, and as
they get heated, take out occasionally to see how
the color is drawing. When the color is a blue,
do not take them out, but leave them until Uicy
have become white again, when they should be
token out and allowed to cool. Now, by return-
ing the articles and reheating you will have the
"second blue." The first blue will rub off
easily, the second blue will wear quite a long
lime, but in order to get a ^od color, the article
should be highly poUshed, and free from grease
of any kind, and in no case should the articles
be dipped in oil or water, before or after bluing.

unless you wish to spoil the color. — 2. Give tW
pieces a bright fine polish, nnd lay ihcm b a
The opposite end \ sheet-iron pan, with some slaked Itnie. Set Um
pan over a forge, or in any plncc where be caa
regulate the heat, and watch them carefully valfl
they have the right color. If ihe stcci be good
they will take on a bnght vivid blue.

BLUE iTratuparen/), For S/^ef F/tm^Ai,—
Take dammar varnish ^ gal. ; finely ground
Prussian-blue ^ oz. ; mix thoroughly. For
ground steel ploughs, or other ground stecU one
or two coats of this will be found sufficient la
give a nice blue Appearance, like highly tcmpend
steel; some nuy wish a little more blue; if «b

add the Prusst«n-bluc to your liking.

BRITANNIA METAL.— t. tm. S3 parts;
lead, iS parts ; brass, 5 ports ; antimony, 5 parts.
Mix.

2. Brass, I part; antimony, 4 parts; ti^ at
ports. Mix.

3. Plate brass, tin. bismuth, and antimony, ol
each equal paru. Add this mixture to neUed
tin until it acquires the proper o^or and hard-
ness.

BRONZE, AlMmmum,~~KcsemUc% gokl
appearance; is said to l>e twice as strong ai
best gun-metal ; as li^ht oa wrought-iroo ; is
easily tarnished. It is easily stamped and en-
graved. It is composed of 10 parts of alumi-
num and 90 of copper. Il ref^uircs to be rfr
melted, as the first melting is l>nltle.

BRONZE, C**A/.— Pure gold bronjt powder
may l>e m.ide OS follows: Grind leaf gold with
pure honey until the leaves are brokeo op ami
minutely divided. Remove this mixture frcm
the stone by a spatula and stir up in a basin of
water ; the water will melt the honey aud set the
gold free. Leave the basin undisturbed until the
gold subsides. Pour off the water i
iresh instead, until the honey is entirely
away, after which collect (he gold on fill
pans and dry for use. A cheaper sort
m.idc thus : Melt one pound of'^tin in a
and pour it on one-ball pound of pure m
when this it solid grind it into powuer with
ounces of flowers of sulphur, and one-half poi
of sal ammoniac

BRONZING Cun-barreh^—Tb^
butter of zinc used for bronxing gun-barreU
made by dissolving tine in hydrochloric
till no more free add is left ; which is secured by
placing zinc in the acid until it ceases to be dis-
solved. The liquid is then evaporated uo
drop taken out and placed on a piece of (;
solidifies in cooling, when it is mixed with
parts of olive-oil for every three parts of the
quid. The barrels must be cleansed and
warmed before applying the so-called butter,
which put on with a piece of linen rag.

BRONZE, Fi)r LuUins iHstrumrnts.—Ca^
per, 100 parts; tin, 14 parts. M. Dussaussy
says that the above alloy, when hardened and
tempered afler the manner of the ancients, witt
yield on edge nearly equal to that of sled. Sev-
eral analyses have been made of ancient catting
instrumcntit, whence itappears that the proporuoa
of tin varies from 4 to 15 per eenl., which tcads
to prove tliat more depends on the exact mode
of tempering the alloy, than on the relative
quantities of the ingredients. Zinc and tin are
admissible in bronze for this purpose. One
two per cent, of iron might nevertheless
added with advantage. The andent bronze used

ird-

leJ 1

WORKERS IN METALS,

♦>5

springs, coQtalncd only J to 4 per cent or

L

tin.

BRONZING FLUID, — For brown : Iron
filin{^, or scales, i lb.; arsenic, i oz.; hydrochloric
add, I lb.; metallic tine, l oi. The article to be
bronzed is 10 be dipped in this solution till the
desired efTecC !« pruduced.

BRONZE^ (yrrf-m.— Acetic add, diluted, 4lbs.;
green vcrd iter, 2 oz.; muriate of ammonia, I oz.;
common salt, 2uz.; alum, ^ oz.; French berries,
% lb.; Ixiil them together till the berries have
Tielded their color, and strain. Olive bronze, fur
Dra» or copper. — Nitric acid, loz.; hydrochloric
acid, 2 oi.\ add titanium or palladium, a.'i much
as will dissolve, and add three pints of distilled
water.

BRONZING far Tron or ;KW.— First.makc
a black point; then put in a little chrome-yellow,
only sumcient tn give it a dark-grcen shade ;
apply a coat of this to the article to be bronzed ;
when dry, give it a coat of varnish ; and when
the varnish is a little dry, dust on bronze by
dipping a piece of velvet into the bronze and
shaking it »|K)n the ramish; then pivc it another
coat ofv^rntsh, and when dry, all is comi>lcIc.

BRONZING of Afedah and Ornaments ef
Copper^ EUctretypti^ tU. — I. Having thoroughly
cleaned and polished the surface of the specimen,
with a brush apply the common crocus powder,
previously made into a paste with vrater. When
dry, place it in an iron ladle, or on a common fire-
shovel, over a clear fire about i minute; and
when su5iciently cool, polish with a plate brush.
By this procesft a bronze similar to that on tea-
urns is produced ; the shade depending upon the
duration of the exposure to the fire.

3. By substituting finely -powdered plumbago
for crocus powder in the above process, a beauti-
fiiU, deep, and pemuuient bronze appearance is
produced.

3. Rub the medal with a solution of liverv of
sulphur, or sulphuret of potassium, then dry.
This produces the appearance of antique bronze
▼ery exactly.

4. Dissolve 2 oz. of verdigris and I or, of sal
ammoniac in 1 pint of vinegar, and dilute the
mixture with water until it tastes but slightly
metallic, when it must be boiled for a few min-
utes, and filtered for use. Copper medaU, etc.,
previously thoroughly cleaned irom grease and
dirt, are to be steeped in the liquor at the boiling
point, until the de&ired effect is produced. Care
must be taken not to keep them in the solution
too long. When taken out, they should be care-
fully washed in hot water, and well dried. Gives
an antique appearance.

5. (Chinese method.) Make a paste with 3 oz.
eaoi of verdigris and vermilion; 5 oz. each of
alum and sal ammoniac, all in fine powder, and
vinegar q. s.; then spread it over ttie surface of
the copper, previously well cleaned and bright-
ened, uniformlv warm the article by the fire, and
afterwards well wash nnd dry it, when, if the tint
be not deep enough, the pntccss may be repeated.
The addition of a little blue vitriol inclines the
color to a chestnut t>rown, and a little borax to a
vcUowish brown. Much employed by the Chinese
for copper tea-urns.

6. Dissolve I oz. of sal ammoniac, 3 oz. cream
of tartar, and 6 oz. of common salt, in [ pint of
hot water; then add 2 oz. of nitrate of copper,
dissolved in ^ a pint of water ; mix well, and
^iply it repeatedly to the article, placed in a damp

situation, by means of a brush moistened there-
with. Very antique.

7. 5>alt of sorrel % oz.; sal ammoniac i oz.;
distilled vinegar 1% pints ; dissolve. As last

BRONZE for Mortars. — Copper 93 parts; lead
5 parts; tin X parts. Tlie rages and lips of
mortars must be tempered by heating them to a
cherry red, and then plunging them into cold
water; as unless so treated^ they arc very apt to
be broken.

BRONZE for Ornamental IVork to he Gilded.
— I. Copper « parts; zinc 18 parts; tin 3 parts;
lead 2 parts.

2. Copper 83 parts; zinc 17 ports; tin I part;
lead U part.

BRONZE POWDER.— \. {Benutiful red.)
Mix together sulphate of copper too parts; car-
bonate of soda 60 parts; apply beat until they
unite into a mass, then cool, powder, and add
copper filings 15 parts ; well mix, and keep them
at a white heat for twenty minutes, then cool,
powder, and wash and dr^.

2. {Gold cohred.) Verdigris 8 oz. ; tutty powder
40Z.; borax and nitre, of each 2 oz.; bichloride of
mercury 5^ oz.; make them into a |>astc with oil,
and fuse them together. Used injapanniDg as a
gold color.

3. Dutch leaf reduced to an impalpable powder
by grinding.

4. {/nm colored.) Plumbago finely powdered.

5. {Silver white.) Melt together I oz. each of
bismuth and tin, then add i oz. of running quick-
silver ; cool and powder.

BRONZE for Statuary.— X. Copper 88 parU ;
tin 9 [Wts ; zinc 2 parts ; lead I part.

3. Copper 82 j^ parts; tin 5 parts; zinc loW
parts ; leaud 2 parts. These arc very nearly tnc
proportions in the celebrated statue of Loui5 XV.

3. Copper 90 parts; tin 9 parts; lead I part.

4. Copper 91 parts ; tin 9 purls.
BRONZING, Surface.— Thxs term is applied

to the process of imparting to the surfaces of
figures of wood, plaster of Paris etc., a metallic
appearance. This is done by first giving them a
coat of oil or size varnish, and when this 13 nearly
dry, applying with a dabber of cotton or a camel-
hoir penal, any of the metallic bronze powders;
or the powder may be placed in a little bag of
muslin, and dusted over the surface, and uter*
wards finished off with a wad of linen. The sur-
face must be afterwards varnished.

Paper is bronzed by mixing the powders up
with a little gum and water, and aflerwards
bunushing.

Iron castings may be bronzed by thorough
cleajiing. and subsequent immersion in a solution
of sulphate of copper, when they acquire a coat of
the latter metaL They must be then urashed in
water.

BRONZE {y/NEGAR),rorBntss.— Wncgu,
10 gals.; blue vitriol, 3 lbs.; muriatic acid, 3 lbs.;
corrosive sublimate, 4 grs.; sal ammonia, 3 lbs.;
alum, 8 oz.

^

BUTCHER KNIVES.— In forging out the
get it near to its proper tni<
be very careful not to heat it too high, and to

knife as you get it near to its proper thickness,

water-hammer as for mill picks ; when about to
temper, heat only to a cherry-red and hold it in
such a way that you can hold it plumb as you
put it into the water, which nrcrents it from
springing — put it pHmb into tne water aod it
will come out straight.
Take it from the water to the fire aad pats H

nil

^

DJCTIONARY OF EVKRY.DAY WANTS.

trough the blozc until a little hot; then nib a

idle over it upon holh sides ;ind back to the
[fire, posting it backward and forward, in the
bliuc, turning it over often to keep the heat even
over the whole surface, until the tallow pa&&e&
off fli though it went into the steel; thai take
out and rub the candle over it again (on both
sides each time) and back to the iue, passiug it
AS before, until it starts into a blaie, witn a snap,
being careful that the heat is even over the whole
'length and width of the tool, then rub the tallow
over it again and back, for 3 times, quickly as it
burns o^ and lastly rub the tallow over it again
■nd push it into the du^t. of the forge, letting it
'Tcmain until cold.

If these directions are followed with dexterity
you will have the temper alike from edge to
back; and the edge will be the best ever made.

CARA T. — The carat is an imaginary weight,
that expre&ses the fineness of gold, or the pro-
portion of pure gold in a mass of metal; thus,
an ounce 01 gold is divided into 34 carats, and
gold of 22 carats fine is gold of which 23 parts
out of 24 are pure, the other two parts being sil-
¥er, copper, or odier metal ; the weight offour
grains, used by jewelers in weighing precious
Moncs and pearls, is sometimes called diamond
weight — the carat consisting of 4 nominal grains,
i\ litilc lighter than 4 grains troy, or 74% carat
grains being cqunl to 72 groins troy. The term
or weight carat derives it^ name from a bean, the
fruit ofan AbysMnian tree, called kuara. This
bean, from the time of its being gathered varies
very little in its weight, and seems to have been,
from a very remote pcri<»d, used as a weight fur
gold in Africa. In India also the bean u used
%& a weight for gnns and pearls.

CASTING Deiicate Ohj«ts m Mttal, as done
in India, — The goldsmiths and silver workers
always prefer the curious clay compound pre-
pared by the white ant->, and taken out of tneir
huge honeycomb abodes, for forming the tiny
crucibles used in llieir arts ; it burns beautifully
without cracking, when taken from a proper lo-
cality, but is more frequently found full of grit,
and too friable aflcr repeated wa&hings, to hold
together. The stomachs of the&e "white ants"
arc evidently supplied with a powerful chemical
secretion, and Oiis, doubtless combining with
certain clays and earths, constitutes the useful
crucible producL It bums to a hard white ves-
sel, on which the borax of the artisan gives a
brilliaut internal glaxe; but this earth is never used
for any but the diminutive melting pots alluded
to. "Wliitc ants, if they "swarm" or "lodge" for
a short lime on sheet glass, corrode the same in
xigzag patterns, as if etched by fluoric add ; oc-
cosionallv these marks resemble Persian charac-
ters or Egyptian hieroglyphics. Hence some
potent chemical acid enters into their building
<»mposition, of which (he tenacity in some coun-
tries, when it has been well kne^ed, pounded,
and sun-dried, renders it a fme cheap flooring
for sciders' houses. It is very generally used in
South Africa,

In casting small articles in brass and the
cheaper raetals, tliey fix lite mold willi iron wire
to the mouth of Uie melting pot. well luting the
connections repeatedly with a mixture of slilT clay
and cow-dung kneaded together till quite strong
and safe, gradually warmmg the tutmg at the
mouth of Che furnace, and repairing all aacks
and fissures as they may appear \ when thorough*

\y dry, the whole moss is put in the riule nalne
furnace of common -i-^"-. -^i ." .v-
the melting mkt \-
"topsy tur>*y " and

verted mouth into the aitachcd moid. k\if arti-
cles of onuiment and elaborate design, of any
size, even to a field piece, the native workman
mokes a composition of two parts "dammai^
resin, and one part beeswax (common retin will
replace the first in America); these are twt
slowly and carefully meltcfl over charcoal, and
stirred together (in the open air, and not mnder
a roof), and when almost nard are molded by the
hands, tlie lathe, or in metallic shapes, lliese
models in their tarn arc then cncascti in suitable
mold clay, and very cnrcfully and i?IowIy dried in
a shady spot until perfectly hard and seasoned.
The workman then, Xi\rt dinrcoal, gently beats
the mold and pours out the composition from the
hole he left as a future "ingnle ;" when every
particle of the mixture has flowed out into a ves-
sel held to catch it for future use, he increases
his fire till smoke rises from the interior of his
mold, and it is gradually brought to a cuoidition
to receive the molten metaL r'rom on earring
to an idol this is the favorite m«/u/ optranJi 3i
casting, and tt can be most thoroughly recom-
mended to the ingeniou' * - * '- - n ^t

already practicing It. \'-. \j

priced in India that '*fu-.i

ployed; (he present mode, Ix

er, gives a sharper casting, c ,

jeweliT. and tiny silver omamcni:-. to tay noih

mg of*^ avoiding the contamination of precious

metals by the lead of the alloy.

There is great reason for supposing that m tSc
days of "human sacrifices." models of the entire
figure were obtained by casts of the victim-- w tio
weie immolated, in substantial clay cove » ; n i;; ;.
which, when red hot, were I ■ a

gold or silver, and gave the ?•

quired by the priesthood. '1 h*. ..
castings of flowers and insects are 1
in the same fashion— "burning out
reptiles, such as snakes and lizards, a.
cast very life-like in tin, and afterwards I

CASTING METALS, A'
Any design, whether in high n
on metaduf any required pattens .
fl.nt as a door-plate or round as a v.^
produced by casting ad infinttuvt.
\ne will show upon it all th-
onginal chasing. Molds ar'-
panition of fine clay. Themnl.
molds lakes from five to len r ii|

then to stand twenty-four h-n.
air. after which they arc baked it;
eight hour?;. Ill ese clay molds, 1: he

metal is afterwards poured, are, 1 I's

and purpfises, encaustic tiles. '1' *«

placed in a box, i'^^- ' **— •■■ • - ^n

them so as to fu. r-e

molten metal is :< n

way in ten minute* a castiug can i

When the c«tii>{t i^ tAken out, tlie

ever ii.' : 1 to be perit.

ed, V. t "freroovin-

face oi VM.,. ;,-_-,., ■ '>■ •■■•" '« ' "

hour, and the am

the bronzer, insti,

ch»^cr's liands. In ilui way .1

of cnM and labor on omaacn: .

is saved.

IVORKEJRS m METALS.

¥>1

^

I

CASTINGS^ Soidering.—TvnX dip the ost-
ings in alcohol, nftcr whicii, sprinkle muriate of
ammonia (sal-ammoniac) over the surface to be
soldered. Then held the cuttng over a charcoal
fire till the sal-ammoniac besios to smoke, tlien
dip into melted lin ^not soMr). This prepares
the metal for soldcnng. whidi can then be done
in the ordinary wav.

CAST-IRdN, To Soften f^r Drilling.— "W^X.
to a cherry red, having it fie level in the fire,
then with a pair of cold tongs put on a piece of
brinutonef a little less in size than you wish the
hole to be when drilled, and it softens entirely
through the piece ; let it lie in the fire until a
little cool, when it is ready to drill.

CAST-IROX, To If'.-//.— Take of good clear
white sand, three parts; refined solton, one part;
fo»terine, one part; rock-salt, one part; mix all
together. Take 2 pieces of cast-iron, heat them
in a moderate charcoal-fire, occasionally taking
them out while heating, and dipping them into
the composition, until they are of a proper heat
to weld; then at once lay them on the anvil, and

;ntly hammer them together, and, if done care

fully b

will have them nicely welded together.; Qpc man

one who understands welding iron, you

prefers healing the metal, then cooling\t in the
water of common beans, and heat it again for
welding.

CAST.STEEL^ Eng-lisk,— The finest of steel,
called English cast-slcel, is prepared by breaking
to pieces blistered steel, ana then melting it in a
crucible with a flux compo&ad of carhonaocous
and vitrifiable ingredients. Tkc vitnfiahtc ingre-
dient is used only inasmud&as it 14 a fusible body,
which flows over the surface of the metal in the
cnicibles. and prevents the access of the oxygen
of the atmosphere. Broken glass is sometmies
used for this purpose.

When thoroughly fused it is cast into ingots,
which, by gentle beating and careful hammering,
are tilled into bars. Bv thU process the steel
becomes moreliighly cannpiicd in proportion to
the quantity of flux, and in consequence is more
brittle and fusible than before. Hence it sur-
passes all other steel in uniformity of texture.
nardnesi. and closeness of grain, and is the ma-
terial employed in all the finest articles of English
cutlery.

CAST-STEEL, To Reitote when Burnt.—
Take 1% pounds borax, ^ pound sai-ammoniac,
V pound prussiate of potash, i ounce rosin.
PouzkI the above fine, add a ^U each of u-ater
And aloohoL Put in an iron kettle, and boil until
it bcoomes a paste. Do not boil too long, or it
Trill become hard on cooling.

CAST-STEEL and /RO.V, T0 MaJu Edgt-
tooU/tvm. — This method con<tists in fixing a
clean piece of wrought iron, brought to a weld*
ing beat, in the center of a mold, uul then inur-
ing in melted steel, so as entirely to envelop the
iron ; and then forging the mass into the shape
required.

CASE'/fARDEmXG.—lhc operation of
giving a surface of steel to pieces of iron, by
which they arc rendered capable of receiving
great external hardness, while the interior portion
retains all the toughness of good wrought iron.
Iron tools, fire-irons, fenders, keys, etc, arc
usually case-hardened.

I, The goods, finished in every respect bub
polishing, are put into an iron box, ana covered
with aniinal or vegetable charcoal, and cemented

at a red heat, for a period varying with the six«
and deiicription of the articles operated on.

2. Cow s horn or hoof is 10 be baked or thor.
oiighly drieil, and pulverized. To this add an
equal quantity of bay salt ; mix them with stale
chamber-lyc, or white wine vinegar; cover the
iron with ibis mixture, and bed it in the same in
loam, or inclose it in an iron box; lay it then on
the hearth of the forge to dry and harden ; then
put it into the fire, and blow till the lump have a
blood-red heat, and no higher, lest the mixture be
burnt too much. Take the iron out, and immerse
it in water to harden.

J. The iron, previously polished and finished,
is to be heated to a bright red and rubbed or
sprinkled over with prussiate of potash. As soon
as the prussiate appears to t>c dccomi>oscd and
dissipated, plunge toe article into culd water.

4. Make a paste with a concentrated solution
of prussiate of potash and loam, and coat the iron
therewith ; then expose it to a strong red heat,
and when it has fallen to a dull red, plunge the
whole into cold water.

CASE SPRINGS, for IVatckes, To Ttm-
^n— Having fitted the spring in the case ac-
cording to your liking, temper it hard by healing
and plunging into water. Next polish the small
end so that you may be able 10 sec when the
color changes ; lay it on a piece of cupper or
brass plate, and hold the plate over your lamp,
with Etie blaze directly under the largest part of
the spring. Watch the polished part of the steel
closely, and when you see it turn blue remove
the plate from the lamp, letting all cool gradual-
Iv together. When cool enough to handle polish
the end of the spring again, place it on the plate
and hold over the lamp as before. The third
bluing of the polished end will leave the spring
in proper temper. Any steel article to which
you desire to give a spring temper may be treat-
ed in the same way.

Another process said to be good is to temper
the spring as in the first instance ; then put it
into a smaJl iron ladle, cover it with linseed oil
and hold over a lamp till the oil takes fire. Re-
move the ladle, but let the oil continue to burn
until nearly aU consumed, when blow out, rt-
covcr with oil and hold over the lamp ns before.
The third burning out of the <nl will leave the
spring in the right temper.

CLOCKS, To Clean and .ff^/r.— Take the
movement of the clock "to pieces." Brush the
wheels and pinions thoroughly with a stifl^
coarse brush; also theplates into which the trains
work. Clean the pivots well by turning in a
piece of cotton cloth held tightly between your
thumb and finger. The pivot holes in the plates
arc generally deanscil by turning a piece of wood
into them, but it will be found that a strip of cloth
igh then
d». the
slightly oiled, and the next dry to clean the oil
out. all the better. Do not use salt or acid lo
clean your clock — it can do no good, but may do
a great deal of liarra. Boding the movement io
water, as some practice, is also fxtlishness.

The holes through which the great arbors, or
winding .ixles work, arc the only one* that usu-
ally require bushing. When they have become
too much worn the great wheel on the axle before
named strikes too deeply into the pinions ab(»ve
it, and stops the clock. 'To remedy this bushing
is necesuu-y, of coarse. The most common way

4

i

or a soft cord drawn tightly through them will act
the best. If you use two cords, the first one

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAV WANTS,

of doing it is to drire s steel point or piradt into
(henl&tcjust flborvc the axle hole, thus forcing

[tiie omss downward until the hole is reduced to

•its original size. Another mode is to solder a
piece of brass upon the plate in such a position
as to hold the axle down to its proper place. If
you simply wish your clock to run, and have no
ambition to produce a bush that will look work-

'Bioolike, about as good ■ way ai any is to fit

^apiece of hard wood between the post which

toomes through the top of the nlatc and the axle.

'Vake it long enouen to hold the axle to its

'proper place and so that the axle will run on the
end of the grain. Cut notches where the pivots

'come through, and secure by wrapping around it
and the plate a piece of stxiall wire, or a thread.
There is no post coming through above the axle
on the striking side, but this will rarely require
bushing.

To remedy worn pinions turn the leaves or
rollers so tne worn places upon them will be
towards the arbor or shafl. and fasten thrm in
that position. If they are **rolling pinions," and
you cannot secure them otherwise, you had better
do it with a little soft solder.

Oil only, and very lightly, the pallets of the

'verge, the steel pin upon which the verge works,
ana the point where the loop of the verge wire
works over the pendulum wire. Use none but
the best watch oil. Many jobs of ^ck cleaning
■re spoiled byoiling all the piv6tsJmd probably
(he pmions. The doing of this caustt their accu*
mulation of dust, and this dust mixing with the
oil, by grinding together increases the friction
of the parts, and sooner or later, the stoppa^ of
ffac clock. We oflen hear persons complaming
<tf their clocks stopping in cold weather — in nine

■oases out of ten tne cause may be attributed to
this very iniudidous use of oiL A eum has

iibrmed on the uivots or pinions, or botn, which
KtifTcns under tnc influence of the cold, and, of

•.course, stops the movement. But this is not the
Only bad result. A clock ^nding along in con-
sequence of having been improperly oned, will

frwear out in less than half the time tnat it would
mder other circumstances. The reason in this

^nust be apparent to all — each pivot or each
jiinion leaf has been converted, as it were, into a
pindstone.

If not very cautious in putUng up your clock

.you will get some of the striking-tratn wheels in

twrong, and thus produce a derangement in the
itriking. If this should happen, prize the plates
kpart on the striking side, slip the pivots of the
Ippef wheels out, and having disconnected them
>m the train, turn them part around and put
em back. If still not rignt, repeat the experi-
ment. A few efforts at most will get them to
working properly.

Always examine the pendulum wire at the
ipoint where the loop of the verge wire works
over it. You will generally find a small notch,
or at least a rough cHace, worn there. Dress it

'out perfectly smootn, or your clock will not be
likely to work well. Small as this defect may

>ieem, it stops a larj^ number of clocks.

CO/NS cU., ToiAkelmpresimts from. — Moke

thick solution of ifiitiglai* in water, and lay it

lot on the metal; let it remain for twelve hours,

len remove it, breathe on it and apply gold or

ilver-leaf on the wrong side. AnyooW may be

i*iven to the isinglass instead of gold or silver,
Vr simple mixture.

COPPER, 7> iVAiltn TMnm^Atmt.~T^e
thin plates of copper, as thin a: - l-'i*^- ^calthem
SIX or seven times, and qun ^ water;

then melt them, and to each ]'• ' ' 4*y«nea

of saltpetre and 4 ouaocs of arsenic, well powder-
ed ana mixed, and tint mdt<d tpnrt in amdier
crucible, by gentle degi^ 1! -
and powder Uiem; then '
while tartar, of each uu ....u
mch these, with the former p'>
and pour them out into soni'
will appear an dear as crystai,
crystailtnum fixum anen^titiN. <
matter, broken into little pir_ .
melted copper {by small picc

A

'^1
. it
-d

ar
■-4U the
staying

h"urj»

five or six. minutes between c
when all is throuii in, increav
well melted together far a 4
then pour it out into an ingot

COPPER SOLUTION fir Snit,^, — Tb
every gallon of xaturated solution of ' of

copper, add 2% ounces of strong J

and ^ drachm white arsenic 1;' --.^.^ .i-U,
place a bag of sulphate in tlie solution )ual beiow
the surface, to k^p up the strength.

COPPER /Vwi//T.— This is prepared by di*.
solving filings or slips of copper with mtioas
acid in a receiver. ^V'hen the add U sarurated,
the slips are to be removed; or, if tilings be em*
ployetl, the solution is to be pnurcd oiT from
what remains undissolved. Small bars are then
put in, which will preci]Mtate the copper -pow^ier
from the saturated add; and, ihr bquid being
poured from the powder, this is to be washed
dean of the crystals by rcpeatr ' --•— -

COPPER, To 7 in pr S.: r otMrr

Purposes. — Wash the surface t.. be

tinned, with sulphuric add; and n at

well, so as to have it smooth and ; k*

ness caused by the odd ; then sprinkle t:zjd..'ied
and finely pulveriied sal-ammoniac upon the
surface, holding it over a fire where it will be-
come sufficiently hot to melt a bar of solder
which is lu be rubl>edover tlic surface; if a stew*
dish put the solder into it and swab t( about
when melted. You will wipe off pny mrplu
solder, and also for the purpose ' ' ' -^

the surface, by means of a tow or '
tied or lacked to a rod. In this way
copper article may be nicely tinncil,

COPPER, To .yiVffl-.— Silver dnst (fine
one ounce; common salt and
each four ounces; corrosive s
of an ounce. Mia. The copjHr r
viously well cleaned by friction, a.. c

warm water to form a paste.

COPPER, To Dcpfiiit ufcn CV/.
pieces of cast-iron arc first ptacetl \r. -

of 50 parts of hydrochlor *

(sp. gr., 1. 105), and I j . r,

in a second bath, comfK^cu • j r

acid, 10 parts of chloride of c< n

So parts of the same hvdn^.. ■■,x

alluded to. Tlie a

woolen rag and a h

water, and a^n miaicr«d 1

thickness of copper is depo'-. ^

desired topi-^ '^^ -
coppered sui
parts of sal •.!
acetic acids dissolved in -,
^ COPPER and PRA Uoil

lbs. of cream of tartofp 4 gaU. oi uoicr, aa<l

m

carattvc um i-r;!::--

'I with a mitirtr

11! 1 riVlh ".d "^tiJi

WORKERS m METALS,

lbs. of grtin^tin. or tin shavinffs. After the ma-
terials have tM>tlcd a sufficient time, the substance
to be tinned is put therein and the boiling con-
tinued, when the tin is precipitated in its metallic
form.

COPPER, BRASS JiVDlROJ^, Ta Tin in
the col J and without Apparatus. — The requisites
for accompHsbing this oK|cct are: 1st. Tne ob-
ject lobe coated with Un must be entirely free
from oxide. It must be carefully cleaned, and
care be taken that no grease spots are left ; it
nukes no difference whether the object be
cleaned mechanically or chemically. 2d. Zinc
powder ; the best is ihat prepared artificially by
melting rinc and pouring It into an iron mortar.
It can be easily pulverized immediately after sol*
idification; it should be about as fine as writing
sand. 3d. A solutioa of protocHIoride of tin.
containing 5 to 10 per cent., to which as much
pulverised cream of tartar must be added as will
eo on the pnint of a knife. The object to be
tmned is moistened with the tin solution, after
which it is rubbed hard with the linc powder.
The tinning appears at once. .The tin salt is de-
composed by the zinc, metallic tin being depos-
ited. When the object tinned is polished brass
or copper, it appears as beautiful as if silvered,
and retains its luster for a long time. The author
uses this method in his laboratory to preserve his
iron, steel and copper apparatus (rem rust. This
method would become of great importance if the
tinning could be made as thick as in the dry way.
but this has not as vet been accomplished.

COPPER anJ 'BRASS, To Coat with Zinc,
— In order to do this, it is simply necessary to
immerse the articles in a boiling bath of sal am*
moniac containing zinc-foil or powdered sine.
The deposit thus made is brilliant and adheres
firmly.

COPPER and BRASS {Polished), To Clean.
— Copper tea-kettles, boilers, and other house-
hold articles having polished surfaces should not
be allowed to get rusty, as rust will destroy more
of the metal than is used up by the ordinary
wear of the utensils. If the surface be rubbed
but a little every day, the labor of keeping them
bright will be very light. In case a rust has
formed on the surface, apply a solution of oxalic
acid, which, well rubbra over tarnished copper
or Inass, will soon remove the tarnish, rendermg
the metal bright. The acid must be washed on
with vmtcr, and the surface rubbed with whiten-
ing and soft leather. \ mixture of muriatic acid
and alum, dissolved in water, imparts a golden
color to brass articles that are steeped in it for a
few seconds. To give a finer polish, go over
the surface of the metal with rotten-stone and
sweet-oil ; then rub off with a piece of cotton
flannel and polish it with soft leatner.

D/AAfOyDS, /mttatton. — Imitation dia-
monds are pientv enough, and in their fabrication
considerable skill is often displayed, and the im-
itation is at times very clever : it appears, how-
ever, that there is a prospect that real diamonds
will eventually be manufactured. Hitherto
though chemists have had no difficulty in dis-
covering of what diamonds were composed, they
have never succeeded in producing them. Dia-
monds arc chemically the same as charcoal, and
they may be readily converted into it. but the
more satisfactory tnnsmutaiion of charcoal into
diaraomU proved a most tantalizing mystery. At
last we hear of the secret being <£scoTered, and

the discoverer, instead of privately profiting bv it,
makes it public It is said to be simply this:
If a current of chlorine be made to pass tnrough
cast-iron, when in a state of fusion, perchlorildc
of iron is formed, which disappears by evapor-
ation, leaving the carbon of tne metal at liberty
in acrysialliied state, forming cither black, color-
less or colored diamonds.

D/N OF S//OPS, n Prevent.— A rubber
cnshion under the teg of work- benches in manu-
factories, is a cheap relief from the deafening din
of noisy shops. Chambers' Journal describes a
factory where the hammering of fifty copper-
smiths was scarcely audible in the room below,
their benches having under each leg a rubber
cushioru We have seen the same effect pro-
duced by standing the legs of the bench in nail-
kegs filled with sand, by which means all vibra-
tion and shock was prevented.

DRILLS and C RAVERS, To Temper.—
When the graver or drill is loo hard, which
may be known by the frequent breaking of the
point, temper as follows : Heat a poker red hot,
and hold the graver to it within an inch of the
point, waving it to and fro till the steel changes to
a light straw color ; then put the point into oil
to cool, or hold the graver close to the flame of a
candle till it be of the same color and cool in
tallow; but be careful cither way not to hold it
too long, lor then it will be too soft, in which
cose the point will be blue, and must be broken
off and wnctted and tempered anew.

DRILLS, (yrwelUf^t), To Tem/er.—Sc\ect
none but the finest and best steel for your drills.
In making them never heat higher than a cherrr
red, and always hammer till nearly cold. Do aU
your hammering in one way, for if, after you have
naltcncd your piece out, you attempt to hammer
it back to a souare or a round yon spoil iL
When your drill is in proper shape heat it to a
cherry red, and thrust it into a piece of resin, or
into quicksilver.

eLa/JVE, Ta fihtain /Wrr.— Olive oil, I part;
alcohol, 9 parts. Mix and hent to the boiling
point, in a close vessel, then allow it to cool, and
place it in a freezing mixture until the whole of
the stearine is deposited, then decant the dear
and distill off the alcohol in a water-bath, the
remainder will be pure elaine. This elaine or
pure oil will not freeie in frosty weather, and
neither thickens nor corrodes when applied to
metals. It is a perfect cure for "lame*' chrono-
meters, watches, &c

ELECTRO-COPPERING.— Make a stroiig
solution of sulphate of copper (boiling water wiu
dissolve the most) and strain it. Connect to the
wire from the rinc pole of the battery, a dean
plate of copper, ana place it in the solution.
Suspend from a rod across the too of the bath,
by means of wire, the articles to be coppered,
care being taken that they do not touch each
other, and connect this rod with the other pole
of the battery. Smee's battery and the elcctro-
poion battery are (he best for this kind of work.
ELECTkOCILDING and SILVERING,
— The Gold Bath.— *.sM\x\^ can be done either
hot or cold ; in each case the composition of the
bath is the same, only the gilding with a warm
bath is generally richer in tone, and may some-
times render coloring unnecessary. With a cold
bath, necessiuted bv the difficulty of healing
large masses of liquid for the production of bulky
artides, cahrmg is always indispensable. Gila-

4

I

i

I

4IO

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

ing by cold baths has nearly disappeared from
work&hops where steam is employeo.

The baths ore formed of double cyanide of
gold and poussium. Dissolve a oz. ot gold in
aqua rtgia; evaporate the solution to a sirupy
consistence; redissolve it in warm water, ajid add,
litUe by little, t% lbs. of cyanide of potassium,
previously dissolved in water. This will make
about thirteen gallons of bath. It is best not to
employ it until it has been boiled several hours.
The most suitable temperature for the bath, when
in operation, is 160** Fahr.

Immerse in the bath a plate of gold put in
communication with the positive pole, and which
serves to feed (be bath continually. In proportion
as the gold is deposited upon the ooject 10 be
gilt placed at the negative pole, a nearly equal
quandly of ^Id is dissolved at the positive pole,
and maintains the bath in the &ame state of
Hturation.

By this arrangement the cold baths acquire great
dnrability ; it is also applied to warm baths, but
Ihey detcriornle very quickly. The cyanide of
potassium is destroyed by a prolongea boiling.
The electric current is furnished by a Bun sen s
battery, the number of cells being regulated by
the nature of the article to be gill.

Before puttinc the articles into the bath, they
are rinsed in alcohol, in order to dusolve the
creasy matters by which they are soiled; next
Into a bath of dilute* nitric acid; then into a bath
of acid nitrate of mercury, strength 4 percent.^
and lastly, rinsed in abundance of water; the
articles are then ready to be immersed in the
gold bath. The time of the immersion varies
according to the thickness to be given to the
coating, and is in direct proportion with the
weight of gold deposited.

lo ascertain tne weight of gold deposited,
two weighings arc necessary; the first, when the
articles are about to I>e put into the bath ; the
second, upon the gilt and drie<l articles.

All the metals gild equally well in the above
bath, but steel requires a more concentrated
solution, or, what is better, a previous coppering
In an alkaline bath. Aluminum can not oe gift
directly; it must be coppered also. In this case,
on acid copper bath is ixst for the purpose.

Rtstrvfs. — By means of reserves we may ob-
tain various artistic effects, for which taste is the
only guide. The most suitable varnish for this
kind of work is composed of copal varnish, oil,
and chromate of lead. This varnish is applied
with a hair-pencil to all those parts of the article
where it is not wished that the metal should be
deposited. When it is allowed to dry properly,
it IS not altacketl by acid or alkaline solsiions.
It is completely dissolved by essence of turpen-
tine or ligtil coal-oil.

Grecfi and Rid Citdmg. — We may obtain
preen gold and red gold directly by the battery,
r'or green cold, a solution of the double cyanide
of silver ana potassium is added to the gold bath
until the desired color is obtained; then we
operate with en anode of gold alloy. In this
process, as in nil those which have for their aim
the deposit of metallic alloys, it is very important
to wefl proportion experimentally the surface of
tlic anode to that of the article to be gilt. To
obtain red gold, a solution of cyanide of potassium
and copper is added to the gold bath. But tlie
result IS obtained more easily with the mixture
fbrmerly employed by the mercury-gilders, which

consisted of 3j parts of acetate of copper, 65 o|
cream of tartar, and 10 of table-salt, applied vra
asoftbrush. The articles are heattrd over cbaiciod
until the salts assume a brownish color ; they CR
then cooled in water acidulated wiih nitric acidL

Upon removal from the gc^d bath, the arlitia
ore generally of a lamis bed color, in which strte
they are unm for sale. They have, thcrefixcir M
undereo several operations with the scratch-bnii^
and coloring and burnisliin^.

Polishing, — This operation is performed ailft
n scr&tch-bnuh of brass wire, tne diameter rf
which varies according to the delicacy of At
article. It is always performed under a Xixaok
— generally licorice • water — the object ofwnidh
is to form a light mudlage, which admits of Ifat
scratch-brush rubbing the pit article less rou^bJy.

For smooth surfaces, the hand-labor is ro>
placed by the wheel. Upon an axle revolvinf
600 times a minute a mandrel of copper is Boost-
ed, furnished with a brass wire brush; a reservoir
above constantly supplies the brush with the
mucilaginous liquid, which flows into a kwcf
receptacle. One workman can accomplish ■
much with the wheel as ten without it.

Colcting is performed by means of a mixtut
called ormolu, and composed of 30 parts of alii%
30 of nitrate of potas&a, 30 of red ocbrCv SW
sulphate of zinc, l of common salt and I of c^
pliatc uf iron. It is appUed with a soft hraih*
The articles arc placed over a clear chaicoai %n
until the salts, melted and dried, assnmeabcovs
aspect; they are then suddenly cooled in vitik
and water containing 3 per ccnL of hydrodiloric
acid; afterwards washed in abundance ofwatet
and dried with sawdusL

Bumukittj; '\% effected by means of hard 1
— agates, hematites — mounted in strong
handles, or with tools of highly-polished steel.

Flat GiidiHg. — Starling with the principle,
"As is the surface so is the gilding," if we qui
obtain a perfectly mat surface before gildiw, il
is evident that we shall have very little to do in
order lo retain this aspect after gilding. "Dc
result has l>een obtained by previously depositing
a mat coaling of a less costly metal than ^^
the deposit of which can be easily regulated.

Silver and copper equally accomplish this oiia
The silvering is performed in baiUs, which will
be described else^vherc; only the silver bath
must not contain more than eight groins of shnr
per 1000, and the deposit must be mode slowly
with a very weak current. 7*he co;iperittf ■
performed in the usual baths of sulphate of copiX^i
after a first coating given in the alkaline cojitxr
bath. The time of immersion and the energy of
the pile aro conditions which a little practice will
soon teacli.

The articles beinr perfecllv mat, are louveiw
to a more dilute gold bath tiian that prescribed
above, which is worked warm. It must DOt
contain more than fiv; grains per looa It <*
important to continually move the articles aboit
in the bath, and to maneu>Te the anode so ai W
render the color uniforif. Gilding upon coppec*
less costly than gilding upon silver, is uswll|
of an inferior tone of color, and more liabk 1^
oxidize; so the latter metal is generally pr^
ferrcfl.

Tlie metals deposited under the inflDencc Q*
the electric battery do not always present tk«
same phy<»icai diameters.

Sometimes the deposit is rough and brittle, ^

^

WORKERS lU METALS.

411

others soft and flcxiblej sometimes it pos&esses

intermediate qualitiest and is as perfect in its
physic>il jiroperiics as the best rolled copper ;
lastly it may be depusiled under the form of a
&on-adbercnt crystalline powder.

Tbcsc di/Tcrent molecular stales depend on the
relations which mu&t exist among the four foU
Jowing conditions : 1st, the proportions of ihe
two electrodes \ 3d, the strength of the solutions;
3d, the temperature at which the operation is
cvried on ; 4th, the intensity of the pile.

In all cases, it is important that the relative
snrfiices of the anode and the articles in com-
manication with the negative pole be nearly
equal. A positive electrode larger thaji the
negative electrode tends to produce a crystalline
deposit, which may extend to the pulverulent
state, if the diflercnce in their dimensions is very
ConsiiicrabM. By working with a too concen-
trated solution, the deposit is rough and brittle ;
increasmg the intensity of the battery will restore
the deposit to its normal state.

If die bath be too weak, or the temperature be
too low, the deposit slackens, and assumes a
crysU-dlinc appearance, which may be easily mode
to disappear iiy raiiiing tiic temperature, or by
diminishing the intensity of the pile. If the
temperature be too high, the deposit will become
pulverulent. This may be remedied by dimin-
ishing tlie power of Uie pile employett The
regulation of llie intensity of the current is, in
most cases, the remedy to apply to the accidenu
that occur.

Therefore, it is on the perfect equilibrium
among these four conditions that the galvanic
prccipitalion of a metal with all ils special quali-
ties of ductility and malleabiUly depends. Tlie
operator soon acquires the means of working
satisfactorily.

Ia those cases in which a simple cell is em-
ployed, the success of tlie operation depends on
the relation between the zinc surfaces and the
number of articles to be coaled.

\Vitli perfecdy saturated solutions and a weak
current, success is certain.

ELECTRO-tLATJNGBrasscrZitwwithout
a Batttry. — Take a cold, saturated solution of
capric sulphate, (blue vitriol.) and pour in a so-
lution of potas&ic cyanide, till the precipitate first
formed is dissolved again. After the liquid has
booomc clear, add one tenth to one fifth of its
Tolomc of hquid ammonia, and dilute with water till
Beaum^'s hydrometer for heavy liquids indicates
8*^, corresponding with a specilic gravity of 1.06.
As during this operation the very poisonous
hydrocyanic (prussic) acid is developed, in the
ibrm of vapor, it is necessary to perform it either
in the open air. or under a Hue with good draught,
and to avoid the fumes.

Then take the zinc objects, and clean them with
diluted vulphuric acid, pumice-stone and sand,
wash them with water, and place them for twenty-
(bur hours in the above-described liquid. After
whtcb» when token out and washed vath water,
they will be found covered with a fdm of

In cndcr to cover with brass, pour into a
saturated solution of equal parts m cupric and
xincic sulphate (blue and white vitriol) the solu*
tion of poiassic cyanide, until the precipitate is
dissolved ^gatn, and add the some quantity of
ammonia as before — one tenth to one nfth. If a
pale brass is desired, take two parts of cindc

sulphate to one of cupric sutulute, (vitriol,) and
proceed as already describccL

In cose zinc objects are to be gilded, it is
necessary to cover them Arst with copper, on
which the gold deposits better tluin on zinc It
is the same with iron obiects. This metal, how-
ever, is much more easily covered with copper
than zinc is, iron requiring only an immersion in
a solution of cupric sulphate.

ELECTRO-PLATiNG Giaxt Mirrors,—
Tl)e platinized mirrors are not electro-plated, the
platinum solution is simply put on the glass and
llie metal precipitated by heaiand purely chemical
action, lo make the solution, take chloride of
platinum, and if you can not obtain it from some
chemist, you may easily make it by dissolving
half an ounce of platinum in aqua regia and
evaporating to dryness in order to remove all
excess of acid, applying only a moderate heat
in order not to reduce the platinum back to its
metallic state. This chloride of pbtinum is then
rubbed up on a glass pbte with oil of lavender,
adding the oil carefully httte hy little v> as not
to cause the mixture to become too hot, which
would result in a failure. After adding nearly
two ounces of oil, the mixture is Ic/l for two
weeks to settle, when the liquid is poured off
from the sediment and fillered. After another
week's rest, I drachm of Uthorge and I drachm
of borate of lead are rubbed up with i scruple of
lavender oil, and this mixture added to the
platinum mixture only as it is to be used. The
mixture is then put un the glass and gradually
dried, when the glass is introduced into a properly
constructed furnace, similar to a muffle furnace;
at the red heat the oil is decomposed, its carbon
and hydrogen reduces the platinum to the metallic
state, and mingling with itie easily fusible lead
and borax glaAs formed on the surface, melts into
the surface of the glass plate and forms the pla-
tinum mirror, so much admired for their property
of reflecting light from both sides, while at the
same time they are transparent enough to nuke
strongly illuminated objects visible through them.
As it tUccs for every square foot scarcely I grain
of platinum, it is seen that the coating is very
thin, showing the great divisibiUty of this metal;
and OS l grain o? platinum cosu less than 2
cents, the process is not expensive, the labor and
other materials used amounting to more than the
expense of the platinum.

ELECTRO-PLA T/NG Silver 4m Irvn.—ThK
common practice among electro-platers is to
immerse the steel or icon, first in a bath of
sulphate of copper, and connect it for a short
time with a not too strong battery, so as lo ob-
tain a thin, even film of metallic copper. On this
the silver may then easily be deposited.

ELECTRO-PLATlS'G Gtrman Silver an
otAcr J/^/fl/j.— Take the chlorides of the tliree
metals which constitute German silver and mix
them in proportion as thev are in that alloy ; that
is, for the basest: I nickel, 4 zinc, and 5 copper;
for the best or imitation sih-er of Frick : 3 nickel,
2 zinc, and 8 copper ; and the Chinese while
copper : 6 nickel, 5 line, and $ copper ; all other
Cnrrman silver alloys arc between these, so it
will be seen that a wide latitude exists. These
chlorides are made hy disv>lving the rcspcclive
metals in hydrochloric add, and driving off the
excess by a moderate heat. When dissolved in
water, a concentrated solution of cyanide of potas-
sium is added, and in this way the cyanides of the

4W

DICTIONARY OF EVERY^DA Y WANTS,

metals mre formccl which prcdpiute, &nd are re*
dissolved ncnin by adding more of the cyanide
solulion. We thus obiiin a iolution of ilic cya-
nides of ihc metals in cyanide of imtoiisium, the
Sjime as wns obtained in the solution for clectro-
ptaling brass. The solution is then m«jderately
heated in a ca&l-iron vessel* and the objects to be
plated suspended in the same after having been
carefully cleaned and connected with the /inc
pole of'^ the battery ; on the other pole of the
oatlery, of course, a plate of German lilvcr is
suspended, uf a similar alloy in order to keep the
tC'lution uniform, as from this plate the same
amount is dissolved as is deposited on the ob-
jects plated.

ELECTRO-PLATING, Geid sMitm for.^
r>i5soIvc five pennyweights gold coin, five grains
pure copper and four grnins pure silver in three
ounces nilromuriatic acid; which is simptjr two
parts miiriAtic acid and one port nitric acid. The
silver will not be taken into solution as are the
other two metals, but will gather at the bottom
of the vessel. Add one ounce pulverized sul-
phatc of iron, half an ounce pulverized borax,
Iwenty-five grains pure table salt, and one quart
Slot rain waler. Upon this the gold and copper
will be thrown to tJie boliom ofthc vessel with
the silver. Let stand till fully settled, then pour
off the liquid carefully, and refill with boiling
rain water as before. Continue to repeat this
operalion until the precipitate is thoroughly
.washed; or, in other words, fill up, let settle,
itnd pour off so long as the accumulation at the
bottom of the vessel is acid to the ta^te.

You now have about an eighteen cant chloride
lof gold. Add to it an ounce and an eighth cyanu-
potas&a, and one quart rain water — the latter
ited to the boiling point. Sh-ike up well, then
stand about twenty-four hours and it will be
l-xeady for use.

Some use platina as an alloy instead of silver,
[ondcr the impression that plating done with it is
liarder. I have used both, but never could see
luch diflfcrencc.

Solution for a darker colored plate to imitate
Guinea gold may be made by adding to the above
|.one ounce of dragon's blood and five grains iodide
on.

you desire an alloyed plate, proceed as first
:d, without the silver or copper, and with
ounce and a half of sulphurct potassa in place
the iron, borax and salL
ELECTRO.PLA TING, Silver soiutitm/cr.
|— Put together into a glass vessel, one ounce good
[silver, made thin and cut into strips; two ounces
[Itest nitric add and half an ounce pure rain water.
ilf solution iioc% nut begin at once, add a UiUe
[more water — continue to add a very little at a
ftimc till it does. In the event it starts off well,
Ltttit stops before the silver is fuUy dissolved, you
jnay generally start it up again all right by add-
i'inc a lillle more water.

\V1icn solution is entirely effected, add one

J[uart of warm rain water and a large lablcspoon-
nl of Uble salt Shake well and ^l settle, then
(iproceed to pour off and wash through other
Iters as in the case of the gold preparation.
l^Tien no longer add to the taste, put in an ounce
and an eighth cyanurct jiotassa and a quart pure
rain water ; after standing about twenty'foor
hours it will be readv for use.

ELECTRO PLA TED GOODS, To rtmave
Tamuh /fffm, — Make a solution of half a pound

jJd, AS

cyanuret potassa in two gallons rain water. Im-
merse the article till the lamish has disappeared,
(hen rinse off carefully in three or four waters,
and dry in sawdust

ELECTROTYPING—Thc 61, i,,

be attained by elcctiotyping is, by . 'i^

action of the clectridty generatca i c

pile or battery, to precij^iate an- 's

solution upon a given subject in a co.; ..

form coating, so that this coating is .1 y

ofall the details on the surface i-'.
This coating may be adherent wheti
to protect an inferior metal by n sup:: -

copper is plated with silver ; < f
be non-adnerent when depofi'
In the reproduction of antique vrnv

The electric current employed in

plied by the "constant battery.' . 1. .^

uanicll's, or by a Bnnsen's battery. The ap-
paratus is either simple or compound. In a
simple apparatuR, the mould, the o)>ject apoa
which the precipitated metal must be depo«Jlcd«

forms an essential portion of thr -^ -- .rurrent.

In a compound Hpparalus, th;: -ntside

the bath to be decomposed, .v ^nould is

connected wixh the zinc pole ; the copper or carboo
pole is connected with the bath. The adTaaUce
derived from employing a coi- <>aratiif

consists in its enabling the or> tach lo

the copper pole a soluble ek-^..-- -.-.■-.

that is, a plate of the same metal n

solution in the bath, which plate !■
solved in nearly the same ratio as Ute metal la
dep^ited upon the mould.

The electrotype apparatus is termed timp!r
when the galvanic current is produced in the same
vessel as that in which the metallic deposit is
effected. It is moM freoaentlv employed to ob-
tain deposits of copper; dui wnen deposits oftlte
predous metals are required, the compound ap-
paratus is preferred.

Into any suitable vessel, which may beofgl
earthenware, stoneware or wood, put the sou
of the metal to be deposited — mlpViiAir ..1 . .mi
(blue vitriol,) for example — u^
the moulds with copper. A <
much smaller diameter, is plnccd lu : I

the first vessel; it must bcofporoi
unglazed porcelain, for instance. Suipiuiric j^io,
diluted with frnm twelve to fifieen times its
weight of water, is pourrd into thr siti-iUpi \ c- .e-1.
and a plate or cylinder of aroa!
pended in it The moulds arc
cation with the einc by means uf .1
TTic solution becomes exhausteil f>{ 1

proportion as it is deposited on the tifwiii, mi\\
must be renewed by suspending a bag of crystals
of sulphate of copper in the bain.

When operations are carnc'
scale, the apparatus may be ■
following manner: aboxofa/r
lions constructed of elm, oak. •
is coated inside with !•''•'• 'm"
pcrcha. The box -
ments by a porous j
may be made of plaster of i'ai 1
If of plaster, it must not be >
inch in thickness, so thai tin
current may be diminished as

The fir ^' r.-.iittiirltrt^-nf i'. ii.

cold sail

of any t* .

pose. Into iIua tioiutuut iLc iUvsUJU ar< ta^

mm

WORKERS IN METALS,

^n

pcndcd Dear the diaphragm. The second com-
partment ts tilled with water 5lighll)r acidul.iied,
m which a pUle of zinc, presenting a surface
nearly equal to that of the mould, is suspended,
ftbout half an inch from the diaphragm. When
matters arc thus arranged, connection is estab-
lished by means of a copper wire between the
moulds and the zinc. As soon as the circuit is
closed, an electric current results, in consequence
of which the line becomes the positive pole, and
the mould the negative pole; the sulphate of
copper is decomposed, the sulphuric add and the
oxygen go to the zinc, which is dissolved; the
hydrogen of the decomposed water then reduces

I the copper, which is deposited at the negative
pole. The solution is Kept in a state of salu.
ndon, as in the preceding cose. The tem-
perature should be maintained between 104^
•nd 107° Fahr., to avoid crysulliiaiion ; and as
•ataration is always more complete at the bottom
of the vessel than at the top, the mould must be
turned from time to time quickly, to prevent
oxidation. '

• Another inconvenience is the unequal thick-
ness of the deposit, always more abundant at
the extreme opposite to the point of connection
than at the point itself. This inconvenience is
remedied by placing several conducting-wires
alone both ends ofthe mould, taking care to
tarn nock those which are fixed to the lower edge.
The apparatus is compound when the galvanic
cairent is produced outside the bath containing
the solution to be decomposed. In this arrange-
ment a current of any degree of strength maybe
employed, according to the sise and number of
cells lormin^; the battery.

ELEClkOTVP/SG, DanitWs Battery for.
— ^Thc batteries gcnerallyemployed are those of
I>anieU and Bunsen. The Dauiell battery, as
improved, consists of a copper vessel, about 7
in. in height, %% in. in wiatti, and ^ of on in.
in thickness, furnished with two appendages,
forming a beveled pocket, communicating with
the interior of the vessel by numerous apertures,
and hUed with crystals of sulphate of copper. A
saturated solution of sulphate of copper is poured
into the vessel, into which a linen iMg is im-
mersed, containing a plate of line, 4.^ inches
wide. By means of two screws, the conducting
wires may be adjusted to the poles, or the sine
element may be attached to the succeeding cop-
per element.

Bunsen^ t Battery. — ^This, like Daniell's, is a
constant battery. It is composed of a cylinder
of amalgamated zinc, placed in an earthenware
<n- ^Uss vessel, containing diluted sulphuric acid.
This cylinder surrounds a porous vessel, which
contains a cylinder of carbon, dipping into nitric
add. To the upper portion of the zinc a strip
of copper is soldered, the conical extremity of
which fits tightly into an aperture pierced in the
upper portion of the carbon of the adjoining
clement. By these means communication be-
tween the elements is established.

The negative pole is always at the extremity
of the pile terminated by the zinc; the positive
pole at the other eittremity.

The best proportions of water and sulphuric
acid to employ to form the aciduUted water in
which the unc is immersed are one port add to
nine part* water. The nitric acid surrounding
the airbon must be concentrated, but not fuming,
Smtt't Battery, — This kam, of constant bat-

tery is mostly employed in the production and
duplicating of copper plates. The voltaic ouple
consists of a plate of platinized silver pbced
between two surfaces of amalgamated zinc The
silver communicates by a nire with the positive
pole of the decomposing apparatus, or the anode,
which must be of equalsurface with the mould.
The zinc is connected by a wire, fxstcned by a
screw to the mould placed at the negative pole
of the decomposing apparatus. The voltaic ap-
paratus must be charged with sulphuric acid
diluted with fifteen or sixteen limes its weight
of water.

The decomposing apparatna may be cither
vertical or horizontal. If the latter, the mould
must be placed at the bottom, else the deposit
of copper will not be of uniform h-irdness. The
vertical form is considered best for slow deposit;
the horizontal is more appropriate for a rapid
deposit of copper.

When the apparatus is filled with liquid, take
a piece of copper of the same dimensions as the
plate to be moulded or copied, and put it in
communication with the silver of the battery.
The battery being charged, the vessel filled with
the solution, and the piece of copper to be dis-
solved (anode) being immersed m the solution
and connected with the silver of the battery, the
wire which is soldered to the plate or mould on
which the deposit is to be made is put into com-
munication with the zinc o^ the battery, and the
operator must take especial care not to immerse
this plate or mould in the solution until the Inst
thing, in order to complete the circuit with it.
These arrangements being properly made, we
see a deposit of purr copper formed, which does
not adhere to the original plate, on account of
the film of air which separates them, or the very
thin coaling of wax with which the plate has
been previously rubbed.

DeJinitWH 0/ the Electric Current. — When the
opposite poles of an electric pile are connected
by a good conductor — is a copper wire, for ex-
ample, Che electricities are set in matii>n in the
wire. The positive electrjrily passes from tlie
positive to the negative pole, the negative elec-
tricity travels in the opposite direction. It will
be perceived that there are two currents of elec-
irialy. To designate the direction in which they
travel, it is only necessary simply to indicate the
path the positive electricity t.iLc>; it being un*
dcrsiood that the negative electricity takes the
opposite direction.

ChemUal Effect ofthe Battery,— M we attach
a metallic wire to one of the pole*, and a second
wire to the other pole, and tncn immerse these
two conductors (clcclr«-Hlc>) in a saline solution
— sulphate of copper, for ex.imple — taking cire
that tnc wires do not touch, we perceive that the
metal of ihc salt in solution becomes deposited
upon the negative electrode : the other elements
of the salt go to the positive electrode.

The same experiment performed upon an al-
kaline or earthy salt, placed in solution in a U
lube, gives the alkali at the negative pole and the
acid at the positive pole.

From this it appears that the salts do not all
behave in the same manner under the influence
of the electric current ; hut the Hiffcrence in the
results observed ii not due to a difference in the
action of the current; \t. M^stv Vt^x-o. Vt^t, crcA-o.'fc^
bilily ot l\\e iWAVme *ft^ twCtv^ TCK,vi\s,'«>Kv<36.,

4H

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS,

the water and become oxidized, with a disengage-
ment of hydrogen.

ELECTROTYPING, Baths for.—Thit^y^'
ratus by the aid of which we may decompase the
various metalliccombinations employed in electro-
typing having been described, we proceed to give
some details upon the combinations themselves.
Copper Baths. — ^The sulphate, chlorate, nitrate,
and acetate are the combinations employed,
cspedallvthe sulphate, on accountof its cheap-
ness. Tnis salt presents a considerable resktance
to the passage of the electric cumnt, and the
conducting power of the solution may be increas-
ed b^ adding to it a small quantity of sulphuric
or nitric add. A solution containing one pound
of sulphate of copper in three and ahalf pints of
water, and one tnird to one half of its volume of
sulphuric add, diluted with eight parts of water,
forms a good working bath, especially when
operating with non-conducting substances coated
with plumbago.

The soluble electrode is always in copper; the
mould may be formed of plumbago, carbon, gold,
silver, platina, nickel, as well as of copper.

The discoverers of electrotyping are of opinion

that it is always objectionable to employ an odd

bath, yet many persons prefer it. The nitrate,

' chloride, and other soluble salts of copper present

no adnuitages over the sulphate.

Silver Baths. — ^The chou% of the silver salt to
be employed depends upon the nature of the
mould, which may be gold, platinum, silver,
copper, carbon, or a plastic substance covered
with one of these substances. Sulphate of silver
answers very well for metals which have more
affinity for oxygen than silver. Of all the salts
that can be employed, the nitrate of silver is the
least suitable. The following is the composition
of the silver bath now generally adoptea: Dis-
solve 2 lbs. of silver in 6 lbs. of nitric acid, and
gently evaporate the solution over a spirit-lamp
until the resulting nitrate is fused. By this
means we drive off not only the excess of acid,
but also reduce the copper that may be present
Then dissolve the nitrate in a gallon of water.
Then, in another vessel, dissolve 4 lbs. of cyanide
of potassium, and add the solution gradually to
the silver solution ; cyanide of silver is predpi-
tated, and the nitrate of potassa formed remains
in solution.

This operation, conducted with care, up to the
moment when the addition of a small quantity of
cyanide no longer causes a precipitate, admits of
the removal of tlie nitrate of potassa in solution
by decantation. The precipitate remaining in
the vessel is washed in pure water, and imme-
diately dissolved in 4 lbs. of cyanide of potassium.
Then sufficient water is added to make up ten
gallons. This bath is not immediately reaay for
use. Before it will yield a good deposit, it must
be mixed with an equal quantity of an old bath;
or, to impart to it the qualities of an old bath, it
must be boiled for several hours ; or, which is
more to be depended upon, 2 lbs. of yellow
prussiate of potash is added to every 4 lbs. of
silver. But this last composition of the Ixith,
althoug^h most generally employed, is not adapted
for brilliant silvering.

Goid Baths. — Gilding may be done either hot
or cold ; the composition of the bath is the same
in each case; only warm gilding is generally
lidier in color, and is usually adopted where the
haihM can be heated by steam.

The bath is formed of the double cyanide (rf
gold and potassium, dissolved in an excess of
potassium. To prepare it, dissolve 3 os. of g(^
in aqua regia; evaporate it to a sjrrupy consisteooQ
re-dissolve it in warm water, and add, UtUe by
little, 2 lbs. of cyanide of potassium, prevtoasly
dissolved in water, and thus form li gallons of
bath. It is best to boil it several hours before
employing it The most suitable temperature
for operatmg is 160" Fahr.

ELECTROTYPING, Moulds far, ^'B.^ery
substance which is a conductor of electridt^ may
be employed to form a mould suitable lor the
electrotyping process, provided that it is not
liable to oe acted upon hy the solution, or to be
reacted upon by the metal precipitated. A noib-
conducting mould fulfilling these conditions may
also be employed, by talung the precaution of
imparting a conducting £iciuty to its sur&cc hf
means <n a very thin coating of a condoctioF
body, like plumbago, in a state of powder.

Metallic Moulds. — The conducting bocUesca*
pable of serving as moulds are-— &e nwtals,
well-caldned carbon, and iJumbago. The so-
lution most commonly employed in electrotype
operations is sulphate of copper, upcm whid
zinc, tin and iron act These thiiee metals can
not, therefore, be employed to make monldsa
unless previously coppered in alkaline baths.
Platina and gold perfectly unite all the required
conditions; but their high price does not adnut
of their beipg employed on a large scale. These
exceptions stated, there remain among the abun-
dant metals only silver, copper, and lofed, and
the alloys of the latter metal, to form moaUs.
Silver, which can be predpitated only hj gold
and platinum, must be employed to reduce the
metfUs when we wish the deposit predpitated to
be of great purity. We obtain very excellent
moulds of copper by means of an electro-cheimcal
deposit of tnis metal upon the original subject*
or upon a cast suitably metallized. Sheet-lead,
when carefully deaned nf its oxide, is first flatten-
ed in a press between two iron plates. The
object to be moulded is placed on ttie lead and
covered with a steel plate, and passed through a
rolling-press; the lead receives a perfect im-
pression of even the most delicate parts. This
IS the method adopted in "nature printing."
The alloys of lead employed are plumber's solder,
type-metal, and fusible metal. Moulds in fusible
metal are employed onlyin copying medals. The
alloy most frequently employed consists of live

forts lead, three parts tin, and three parts bismuth,
t melts at 176* Fahr. With this alloy moulds
are taken by percussion. Moulds are taken in
plumber's solaer by pouring the metal on a
piece ofpaper, ana laying this on a piece of
cloth. The medal to tc copied is laid upon the
alloy, covered with a piece of wood, and strudk
a sharp Iriow. The mould must not be separated
from the metal until the btter is quite cold.
Success in this kind of moulding depends on the
skill of the operator.

Noft'conducting Moulds. — Th'e plastic materuls
most commonly used are plaster of Paris, wax,
stearine, paranine, gelatine, sealing-wax, and
gutta-percha.

Wax. — Plaster models are put into warm
water until they are thorou^^y saturated, hut
not so as to appear wet on the surfiice; the
plaster is then pat into a paper bag, and melted
wax poured upon it Left m a cool plncc^ the

wjix easily scpcirates from the plaster ; but u wax
And similar substances contract materially upon
cooling, it is necessary to employ a mixture of
equal parts of yellow wax and resin. When
melted and stirred together, the mixture is left
to repose until all the oubbles have disappeured,
and It has acquired the consistency of treacle. It
is then poured over the model like wax.

SUartne. — Stcarine nuy be employed in hcu
of wax — or, still better, a mixture of thirty-two
parts of s|}crmaceti, seven of wax, and seven of
mutton-fat, melted and strained. It is well to
add a little plumbago to the mixture, to mipart
conductibility. Plaster moulds should be satu-
rated with stcarine. Sulphur moulds yield very
line impressions.

Guiia-prrcha, — This substance is admirably
adapted for electrotype operations. Sufficiently
elastic to admit of the copying of undercut ob^
iecls, and wholly unchangeable in acid and alka-
line bathi, it lasts almost indefinitely, if it be
Vept from the air. To prevent the spontaneous
change of mitta-percha, it must be kept under
water. When old, it becomes brittle. Its ori-
ginal projKrrtics may be restored by boiling it
with a third of iis weight of new gultn-pcrchtv.

There arc two methods of obtaining a mould —
by melting and by pressure.

The first method consists in putting inlo a stove,
heated to 230 or 250° Fahr., the model and the
sheet of cuHa-pcrcna, mixed wiih one third its
weight of linsced-otl, so as to form a kind of
fusion on the surface of the model ; then, on re-
moval from the stove, the gutta-percha is pressed
down upon the model by the nand, moistened
with cold water to prevent adherence, until a
perfect mould may be supposed to be taken.
When the gutta-percha is cold, it is scparatcrl
from the model, .ind presents a perfect copy of
all the details of the on^nal. The principal ob-
jectton to this method is that the gutto-pcrcha
undergoes great change, in consequence oi^ which
it will serve for only a small number of opera-
tions, and reouire a long time for each.

The second process, much preferable to the
fint, is by mecnanical pressure. It requires a
lar^ quantity of material, but is a better and

Saicker process than that described above. On
ic platform of a screw-press a frame is placed,
H in which the M upon which the model to be
^k copied is Uiil. A lump of gutta percha, softened
V in boiling water, and well kneaded in the hands,
then a countcr^Kirt representing the principal
aianosities of the model, and horizontal on its
opper sorfacc, are laid upon the bed. In order
\o avoid the adherence of the model, it is gone
o^-cr with a soft brush dipped in weak soap-
water, and the lump of gutta-percha is dusted
with plumbago. The gutta- [wrcha, in yielding
under the pressure, drives out the air and water
before it, and impresses itself perfectly on the

» model. When cold, the mould is removed.
Moulding irt gutta-percha requires models in
metal, which may l>e pressed or heated without
leor of injury. If the model be of plaster or wax,
we have recourse to modeling in

GfJattHf. — Till* substance is more elastic than
^tlo-f^rcha, and admits of objects more under-
H cut being executed. It has the inconvenience of
H^ Spoiling in acid baths, and of fumishmg a very
^■brittle metal, in consequence of the necesuty
^Bthat exists for making a very rapid deposit to 1
^■ftvokl alteration in the turhtce of the mould. 1

Gelatine becomes nearly impermeable if we add
to its solution in warm water 3 per cent, of tan>
nlc acid dissolved in alcohol, and 10 per cent, of
treacle. But it still spoils in the baths if care be
not token to protect the external surfece by a
thin coating of euHa-percha or by a thick var-
nish. Dipping the gelatine mould into a strong
solution 01 alum render* it of a homy texture,
and less subject to be acted upon by the bath,
but the mould contracts a little in consequence of
this treatment,

A-j/m^-fKur.— Only the best quality of this
material can be employed as moulds. Ii is usu-
ally applied to copv seals, by holding a card over
the Hame of a candle, and rubbing (he surface in
a circular direction with n slick of sealing-wax
until sufficient thickness is obtained. Care must
l>e taken that no air-buhblcs exist. The seal or
other object to be copied is then applied with
strong pressure, and left till cold.

ELECTROTYPING, AfrtniihaHom cf Iht
Moulds for. — Non-conductors of electricity re-
quire to be metallized in order to render them
conductors. Tins is accomplished by two methods
—the dry way and the wet way.

Ptumha^.—Oi all metallic or metallizing
powders applied by the dry way, plumbago is
the best. Its unctuous nature renders its appli-
cation easy; by means of a soft bruKh, the plum-
bago may be applied to the most undercut por-
tions of the mould. All kindii of plumbajgo are
not equally good for metallization, and it is use-
ful to moke trial of their conductibility before
adopting them.

Tlie moist way consisl^c in coating the surface
of the mould with a metallic solution, and in re-
ducing the meial it contains by the action of a
gas, of a lit^uid, or of light- The most con-
venient solution is tbnt of nitrate of silver in al-
cohol. It it applied to the mould with a fine
pencil, and left to dry. Two or three successive
applications are necessary; then the article is
submitted to the action of nascent Mtlphureted
hydrogen gas. Immetliaiely the surface of the
mould turns black the mould is rcndy for the
bath, for the sulphoreted silver has rendered the
surface conducting. We may arrive at the same
result by replacing the action of sulphurcted
hydrogen by that of phosphorus dissolved in sul-
phide of carbon, or by the direct action of solar
light, or by gallic and pyrogallic nciiU, or by
sulphate of iron in its minimum state of oxida-
tion; but the first mcihod is prefcmble. It is
employctl to metallize vegetable and animal mat'
ters, such as flowers, fruit, insects and o^ierand
reed articles, so as to produce very curious re-
sults. The reduction of nitrate of silver by hy-
drogen permits, also, of ihe metallizing of silk
thrcadic. and consequently, of coppering, gilding,
and silvering them. So, also, by meiallizaiion
by the moist way, gla*s may be covered with
metalUc deposits, producing very remarkable
artistic effects.

When the moulds are rendered conductois, a
copper wire is attached to them, and ihey ore put
into the baih.

If the article l>e undercut^ it is well to multi-
ply the p-tints of contact, so as to cause the de-
posits to fall upon several parts at once. The
physical qualiiics of the cooper obtained dcQeckd
u|>on A perfect cf\mlftiiv'&wv\ieVw«:tv'Chfc.VKswK«ai^-
dition!i wVk\v we \\iwe VwXod^i ^^vxCfiscA^

The IhkitneM ol \^c w^^^ ^cvawXK^-^V*-'

■

DICTIONARY OF EVERY~DAY WANTS,

giv«n surface can not be perfectly uniformf in
^consequence of ihe gdvanic current acting in an
{nvcr» raiio to the distance. The result is that
the p^r(i of the mould DCflreit to the anode
receive most deposit, while the distant portions
,jeccive much ie^s. There exist, therefore, very
ttensible difTerenccs in Ihe thickness of the ilcp<>-
siu, and, consequently, the electrotype deposit
does not present all the solidity detiraole.

To remedy this inconvenience, it ha£ been pro-
|K>sed to solidify the interior ot the galvanic shell,
«nd tAke tidv&ntage of the dtfierent fusion points
^'«f copper and brass.

I By mains of the gas blow-pipe, wire or pieces
'of brus arc melted into the copper shelf, and
perfectly unite with it, giving to the electro
oeposit the malleability and other qualities of an
arlicte that has been cast.

Mttallic Powders. — Copper and silrer arc
sometimes employed as metallic powders.

To obtain an extremely fine cojipcrposvder, the
copper is precipitated from a boiling solution of
its sulphate by metallic xinc ; Ihe copper is after>
ward separated from the Ei'nc in excess by diluted
lulphunc acid. The powder obtained is dried at
a gentle heat.

silver powder is prepared by boiling recently,
prepared chloride of silver in water acidulated
with sulphuric acid, and a piece of pure rinc.

Tlie mcLillic powders are applied to the
snotdds — pUster impregnated with unctuous
natters, etc. — ^after slightly wanning them. A
earners or hadger's-hflir pencil is preferred for
this purpose. The parts uf the mould on which
the metal is not to be deposited are coated with
varnish.

Metals can be applied to glass without the
interposition of a varnish. The object is sub-
mitted to the fumes of hydrofluoric acid, until the
stu£ti£cassumesafn<3/or ground-glass appearance.
Plumbago is then applied with a cork or leather
stump. An exceedingly thin coating of plumbago
adheres to the rough surface with great force.

Cleaning. — The plastic moulds, when covered
with a conducting coating by the preceding
processes, arc ready 1o be immersed in the baths.
The metallic surfaces require to be first scoured
Vid cleaned, either by chemical or mcchanicaJ
means, which will be described hereafter,

ELECTHOTYPING, Solders for. — To
establish communication between the moald and
the negative pole of the galvanic battery, a con-
ductor is formed of a band of copper or of lead,
'Which, if the mould is metallic, u soldered to the
edges in the following manner:

Sotdtring with Chforide of Zinc and Tin.—
The two surfaces to be united are scraped clean,
and slighdy moistened with a pencil dipjtcd in
hytlrochloratc of zinc, and then ore easily soldered
with the sohlchng-iron and a little tin solder.
After putting them closely in contact, the
soldering is completed with the iron or the
Spirit •lamp.

SoUfring wifA Stearim. — This process is
simpler than the other. S:earine, generally at
hand, is the only substance required lo deoxidize
the mcLilk, and determine tiieir adherence by the
aid of tin solder.

The pieces to be cleaned are first scraped, and
rubbed with sand-paper. The articles are then
warmed at the flame of a tpirit-lamp, and rubbed
Iwhlly with a piece of stearinc. \ very thin
'^icct of solder is then applied to the heated part.

which immediately spreads, and combiner in-
timalely with the copper. The same operation
is repeated upon the other piece to !>< ^^Okrc^L
The two articles are now held in ■.' t

by a pair of pincers, and heated l< ' J

they are left in the pincers until tbev .~r.

kLECTROTYPE PLATES, A- < j.' iv.ih
/mn.— The following has been suci:e:>:>fuliy cm*
ployed in coatingclectrotypedepositswitb a coaling
of pure iron, thereby rendering them little uiferior
to steel-plate engravings as regaids durability :

Dissolve I lb. of s^ ammoniac in i gal, of
rain.water, then add 3 lbs. of neutral acetate of
iron ; boil tlie solution in an ironkettie for l
hour*, replacing the water lost by evaporati'jn ;
when cold, filler the solution, and keep it in
close-covered vats (when not in u»c) to prevent
oxidation.

The iron plate osed in the decomposition-cell
must be of tne same snriace as the pUte lo be
coated with iron ; a Smee's batterv, uf at least 3
cclUp charged with i part sulphuric ari.i. ^nd 6a
parts water, being used for the d'.

To insure success the following ri, e

observed: 1st. The plate must be iJiuiuu^lily
freed from any greasy matter by immersing: in a
solution of caustic soda, then ri'-- ' -- - '- !

rain-water, after which dip it v
and immediately transfer it to i^ :

this will insure perfect adhesion 1 .^

metals. 2d- The solution must bt :-

vioos to use to remove the oxide of uou luftned
by exposure lo the nimospherc. After the platea
have been coated with iron they must be well
rinsed in clear warm rain-water, then in a weak
alkaline solution, well dried with a piece of
clean soft cotton, and slightly oiled to prevent
oxidation.

The coating of iron is very hard and brittle^
rescmbline the white iron used by nianuiactiiRn
of malleawe iron. Should anv "< t*^" "Mrface be
damaged, the whole coating \ be re-
moved by immersion in dUutc ^ .>.id« and

re-coated again by the above pro«M.

ELECTROTYPING pLstfr Ca*(t. "To
prepare a plaster cast (or electrotyping* fint dry
the pLisler cast in the oven thoroughly, then gk
equal p.iris of beeswax and co^imim T*,.n melt
them together, and boil the c i

absorb any more; when col<i, 1

black lead and cover the cast eniui. , -.

but a bright surface, tlien you can c 1

your battcrv as usual.

EMEA'i' lV//E£LS.—T9kci ■,

made of pine, or any other soft woikI. :

size required for his purpose. Turn the wheel
true, and then turn rounds or hollowi in it« Uttt
to suit the tools he wishes to gii -,

rounds, etc,. mentioned by him. 1 .«

prepare some l>cst f'" ^" '. ■>. n.J

ihin, put it on the : . Uuih.

The first coat ot gl.. . ""t wid

when it is dry a secund oike &hottUi b« ajiplmL
and as quickfv as nos«>tb]e, m much rmerr uiouUl
be siftc; .le wul

hold. i glua

and efiKLi r >>>vrui.i >.<. nb-i-'ivu ,„ ;..>. wM„i-£. wiy*
This will moke a wheel thst wdJlsat formoathi*
and grind fiister than anrthuxg eUe.

ENAMEES.—Thc beautr of ' »

is altogether dependent on the tK r

component parts, and great latre u LDtrui.r,^ re-
quired in the scLectioa.

■ii^^HBI

irORA'ERS I.V METALS.

I

The presence of iron in the white ground mais
is cspcciaUy obnoMouii, and for Uii» reason crude
soda i* never used in its cnrnpoKilion ; but always
a purified arlicle. White enamel, prepared
similarly to those given in our former article,
is always the rround mass of enamels, and a
coloring is produced by the a<ldition of various
oxides of metals. To afiix enamels to metals, a
ground mass of white is burned in under a mufHe
furnace first, and the colored enamel i$ afterward
put on with a brush, and burned in at a second
and less intense heating. The ground mass it
required to t>c less fu&ible, and contains, there-
fore, less fluxing material than the colored
enamels afterward added. Besides carbonate of
soda, borax, and saltpetre, the silicate of lea<l is
the principal flux used ; but the latter must never
be employed when a purple color i* to be
produced ny oxide or chloride of gold, as the
color would be destroyed during the heating.

The following composition, given by Dr. F.
Stohmann, answers excellently for the ground
mass, when purple, blue, and other tender colors
■re to be added subsequently: j parts of sand,
S part of chalk, 3 ports of calcmed Ijorax; or 3
parts of glass free from lead, l part of calcined
borax. ,^part of nitrate of soda, and i part of
antimoniate of potash. The latter composition
K especially adapted for blue colors. The quan-
tity of metal oxides depends entirely on the
depth of the color which it is intended to
prodtice.

TT»e quantity of the above component parts
can be varied within certain limits ; but the
principal quality requisite in a ^ood enamel most
never l)c lost sight of; that is, it must, when cx«
posed to a low temperature, become suf5ciently
soft to show a glassy surface after cooling, and,
at the same time, it must not become thinly fluid
when smelted. *l"his shows that it is by no
neans easy lo hit always the exact proportions,
and that great care is required in tne business.

When a white opaque enamel is to he produced,
it id especially important to use very pure ma-
terials. But if the mass, after smelting, shows
a slight Hnge only, the clear white can, in most
cases, be restored by the addition of a little py-
rotustte, which, however, must contain at least

?0 to 95 per cent, of black oxide of manganese.
f the common kinds, which often contain from
30 to 40 per cent, of peroxide of iron are used,
they would spoil the color siill more, .^n excess
of pure blacK oxide of manganese is also in-
jurious, as it would produce a violet color. The
action of pyrolusite in producing a clear white
is simply imscd on the Inct that it fii^'^s off oxy-
gen in tne heat 10 organic matter wnich may be
ifl the jiaste, and destroys it ; and if small quan-
tities of protoxide of iron are present they are
oxidized to peroxide. Bein^ ilsdf reduced to
the colorless suboxide, it is mcorporated in the
mass without Imparling (he violet color, so char-
acteristic to its higher oxides. If a bluish white
is desired, it can be easily imparted to the paste
by adding a small excess of pyrolusite. A yellow-
isn tinge may thus be completely coverc«l.

To the original basis of white enamels, which
has Mcty nearly or entirely the composition of
dear ciystol gloss, a certain proportion of. a
mixture of oxide of lead and tin. and often also
sand, is added. Tlie metal oxides are prepared
by calcining the melals in the air. This is easily
doae, as at a certain temperature a proper mixture

of lead and tin burns like tinder. It is then only
necessary to continually lake off the skin of the
oxides in onler to exjiose new metal surface to
the air. l*he whole mass is thus finally changed
into a yellowish powder, which is best heated a
second time until no more sparks issue /ran: it.
The second heating is performed in order la
oxidize the small globules of metal which may
have Iwen scraped off the surface of the metal to-
gether with the oxides. The proportion of lead
and lin taken varies greatly, from 15 lo 40 parts
1>eing used to ICO parts of lead. Oxidation takes
place the more readily, ihe more lead there is in
the alloy.

A very fine white enamel is obtained by smel-
ting one part of the oxides (mode by calcining 2
parts of lead and I of tin) with 2 parts of finely
pulverized cr>'stal gloss, and a small quantity of
pyrolusite. When the mass has become entirely
fluid, it is poured into cold water, and sub-
sequently powdered to repeat the operation of
smelting. This is often done three or four times,
in order to produce on entirely homogeneous
mass.

The purity of the white is principally dependent
on the proportion of tin in the compKisition, a
larger adaition producing a more prominent
white. The less sand there is used, the more
fusible is the enamel, and i'icf vtrsa.

Sometimes the onlimonialenf potash or soda is
used in the comiK>sition, but it must never be
brought topelher with a gUss containing lead,
as a very inferior enamel would result. The
usual composition of enamels, in which the
antimoniaie Is present, is 3 pans of crystal glass
to I part of antimoniatc. It is mixed and smelted
in the usual way.

For fine white enamels pure sand is usually not
taken. A mixture of i part of sand, and ^part
salt, which has l>ccn calcined, is melted with U
part oxide of lead; this mass is powdered aim
used instead of sand.

According to Clouet, a mixtvre of 60 parts of
sand, 30 parts alum, 35 parts salt, and loo parts
of litharge produces a good white enamel, which
resists a high temperature. It is desirable that
the sand contain a small proportion of talc.

The most important manufacture in which
enameling is used is that of the di.ils for clocks
and watches. The proceeding is cs follows: If
the dials arc large, both sides arc covered with a
coarsely pulverized mass of enamel, which has
been previously prepared, and is only made into
a pasty mass witn a little water. This is .illowed
lo dry gradually nt a tow beat, and then the
whole IS expusn) to the heat of a muffle-furnace,
until the enamel has become soft and glassy, ll is
taken out, and the small blisters which are usually
found on the surface are ground down with tine
sand. The dials are then brought Kick into the
furnace, and once more healed until the enantel
just commences to smelt on the surface. On taking
them out and cooling them, it is found that the
surfaces have the iicculiar l»ea«tiful lustre which
we see on dials. The circles are then drawn and
divided into hours and minutes, bv means of a
machine; lhemark.s are made with black enamel,
which is mixed with a little Livendcr oil; and to
bum in the black mark*^ the dials arc cxpoa.eil to
another slight heal. Small dials are enameled
on one side only.

When jewclnf ox txVVvM 5«TaTftM\\% «t*.\s>'V«.
enameled otx ywv^ ol ^«\\ wix^vk.';* ««^n» '^*'
^1 -^^^^^^^^^^^^

4t8

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

respective spots are first roughened, and an in-
denture is made either with a chisel or a stamp.
These places are then filled with enamel, which
is burned in.

Colored enamels are mostly spread on a white
ground mass, which has been previously burned
m, but sometimes they are put directly on the
metat In the latter case a comparatively low
heat is employed in burning in the enamel.

The colors in enamels are produced by oxides
of metals, as mentioned above. Their stability
in the heat depends on the degree of the affinity
which the metal has for the oxygen.

According to Dr. F. Stohmann, the different
colors are prepared as follows :

Purple. — Oxide or chloride of gold is used to
produce this color. Very little gold is sufficient
to color a Ui^ quantity of enameL As before
mentioned, a paste must not be used for this
enamel which contains lead or tin ; it is custom-
ary to use one consisting of crystal glass, borax,
and saltpetre, or of 3 parts quartz-sand, i part
chalk, and 3 parts calcined borax. The purple
color can not stand high temperatures.

Red. — We have no metal the oxide of which
gives us directly a red color. It is therefore
produced by adding to the paste of the enamel a
mixture of peroxide of iron and clay, which is
hard to fuse. But even in burning this in too
high a heat must be avoided, in order to prevent
the formation of silicate of peroxide of iron,
which would destroy the color. The mixture is
made by heating 2 to 2 U parts of copperas and
I part of sulphate of alumina, first slowly, to
drive out the water, then stronger, until the
whole has assumed a red color. The right
moment is seen by samples, which are from time
to time taken out of the furnace, and allowed to
cool, when the true color appears. The depth
of the red color can be widely varied by altenng
the proportion of copperas and sulphate of alum-
ina. Thus the proportion above given would
produce a deep red, while 3 parts o? sulphate of
alumina and I part of copperas would make a
flesh- color.

Yf/low. — A good yellow color is made by
mixing I part of oxide of antimony, i part of
white-lead, i part of alum, and I of sal-ammonia.
These substances are heated over a fire until the
sal-ammonia has sublimated, and the whole has
assumed a yellow color. AVith a small quantity
of peroxide of iron, a yellow color can also be
produced, if a high heat is used in burning the
paste. This may consist of sand, oxide of lead,
and borax for the antimony yellow, and of alum,
oxide of lead, salt, and tolcose sand, for the oxide
of iron.

A good yellow may also be produced with the
salts of silver. For tms purpose a small quantity
of oxide of silver, for instance, is put on the
surface of the enamel, which has already been
burned l>cfore, and a low heat is given. After
cooling, metallic silver will be found coating the
spot. On scraping this off, the enamel below will
Ik found yellow.

Crtcn, — This is produced by burning 2 ounces
of oxide of copper or chrome with 4 ounces of
paste. A small quantity of peroxide of iron is
sometimes added.

Blue is always produced by oxide of cobalt.
It is mixed with a paste which contains little or
no lead, as this would deteriorate the color.
Jflaek is produced by adding large quantities

of metal oxides with the paste, so that their color
becomes so dark as to appear black. It can bof
done, for instance, by mixing pyr<dusite, oxide
of copper, and oxide of cobalt, or, according to
Clouet, by mixing an easily fusible clay wita a
third of its weight of protoxide of iron.

Vioiet — It has already been memi<Mied that
this color is produced by black oxide of mangan-
ese. Care must be taxen that no oi^anic sab-
stances — as, for instance, coal-dust, smoke, etc
— come in contact with it in burning, as thete
destroy the color.

According to Armengaud's G^nie Indnstrida
an enamel which is appHcable to fine stone-wtxl^
metals, and fancy wood-work, is produced with*
out the employment of heat, in the fdlowing
manner:

1. By mixiii|; mineral salts or oxides, vhidi
zrt capable of^forming silicates with silica, in a
solution of soda water-glass of syrup consistenqry
with a certain amount of silica.

2. By precipitating these silicates by means of
a fixing medium, wmch consists of a salt, acting
by double decomposition.

The artificially produce dsilicate of soda is dis*
solved in water, and the solotion concentrated to
the consistency of syrup ; then the finely-pulver-
ized mineral, mixed with finely-groand qnartx,
is added to the solution of water-elass, and by
careful mixing and rubbing the whole, it is made
into a homogeneous paste or thin dou^h.

This is spread on the object which it is to
adorn, or to guard against the Influence of the
atmosphere. As soon as the mass has faecooie
dry, the fixing*medium, or reagent, whidi is a
more or less c^ar solution of a sut by which the
silicates are to be precipitated, is spi^ad over it
with a fine brush.

The precipitation takes place after some time:
and when tne covering substances have become
entirely hard, the covered object attains a mncb
greater durability. This is the cose, because it
has received an entirely new structure for a ihidc-
ncss of several millimeters from its surface, whidi
now is much more perfectly coherent.

The coherence and different appearance of the
surface can be varied in ttenslty, by — i. Giving
a larger addition of silica, from M to ^ of the
mass, if an enamel is desired which can resist a
high temperature. 2. By augmenting the quan-
tity of soda, or potash water-glass. This must
be done to the higher a degree the easier fusible
tlic product is intended to be.

ENAMELED IVriting Surfaces.— A useful
substance for making glass labels, sign boards,
etc., is made as follows : 30 parts, by weight, of
pure saltpetre, 90 puts of fine sand (silicic add),
and 250 parts of Htnargc, to be thoroughly blend-
ed, and tnen mcUed. llie enamel made Ly these
means can be written or drawn on with the same
facility as the best paper; and has the novel, and,
we may say, the unprecedented, capability, of
perfect permanency, if the ink be properly pre-
pared, as the writing can be burnt in, by means
of a muffle, in less than a minute. Another
advantage will help to recommend it to ingenious
inventors : it can be treated, for photographic
purposes, with a substitute for collodion. This
substitute can be prepared as follows : to parts
of gum, I part of honey, and ^ parts of bichro*
mate of potash; filterea and dned on the sur&oe
of the above described preparation. The plate
is exposed in the nsual way. The derckpoicsc

I

is mode by duslint^, the powder being ooroposed
of lo parts, by weight, o( cobalt oxiac, 90 parts
of icon scales, 100 parts uf red lead, and 30 parts
of sand. When these components are mtxc<I,
the chromate should be decompo!>ed b^immer-
^on in a bith of water, acidulated with 5 per
cent of muriatic acid- After washing and dry-
ing, the eiuunel should be melted on a piece of
iron plate, coaled with chalk; a minute's sub-
jection to heat is enough, and the photograph
on the enamel, perfectly glazed on, will t^ ap-
parent.

£ TCH/XG, — A species of engraving, in
which the design is formed on the plate by the
action of an acid, or some other fluid, instead of
the graver.

The plate is covered with a ground or vnrnish
capable of resisting the action of the etching
fluicl, the design is next scratched on the metd
by means of a spedes of needle or pointed tool
01 sieeL A border of wax is then placed round
the plate, and the *'biting" menstruum poured on,
and allowed to remain till the lights or finest
portion of the design is sufficiently "hit in." The
etchin)' fluid is then poured off, the plate
washed, and the light parts ''stopped up" with
wax or varnish, when the solvent is again poured
on, and alluwrd to remain until the finest portion
of the exposed lines are sufBciently deep, when
the acid is again poured off, and the whole pro*
cess is repeated till the very darkest lines or
shadows arc sufficiently formed. The plate is
then cleaned, and is printed from in the same
fway as a common engraved copper-plaie. The
^nost approved way of laying tlie design on the
CTching ground, is first to draw it with a hlack-
leaJ pencil on paper, then to damp the paper,
place it with the tlesign next the wax or varnish,
and lo pass the whole through a rolling-press,
by which means the picture will l>e transferred
[from the pa]>er to the ground.
' There are several varieties of etching, among
which may be named etcking with a dry points
performed entirely with the point, without any
igroun-l, the burr being removed with the scraper;
■king wi/h a $oft ground^ when a coating of
or tallow is employed, and the design is
drawn on a piece of paper, laid evenly on the
grntind, by which means the fatty matter adheres
t ' i'cr, on the parts pressed on by the

I { the copper bencatti becomes exposed.

'i ...Lxl is employed to produce imitations

of chalk or oencil drawings. Siiff^hHg, or exe-
cuting the design in dots instead oflinei. Aqia-
1A1, in which a weak spirituous solution of^m
lich is poured over the plate, placed in a
direction, bv which a granulated surface
forme*!, and small interstices left, exposing
naked metal ; a wall of wax is next placed
rounti the margin of the plate, the etching fluid
poure<I on, and the lighter parts successively
^•Htoftpcd out" untd the rfesign is completed.
|uattnta etchings bear a great resemblance to
" .m ink drawings. The fineness or coarseness
the grain depends entirely upon the quantity
matter <lis5olved in the spirit employed to
m the ground.
The fluids employed for •'biting in" the de-
^Btgns vary crmiidcrahly ; almost every etcher
his own receiyiL Aqunfortis, more or
iiuled, is. however, generally employed for
d this, with the addition of pyroh^-
' etching on steel; but any fluid

that will rapidly dissolve the meial tnay be used
for this purpose. The etching varnish or ground
may be formed of any substance capable of re-
sisting the action of the etching fluid, and, at the
same lime, su^dcnlly soft to allow of the free
use of the needle or point, and sufficiently solid
to prevent an injury to the design during the
"scratching in."

In etching on glass, the ground is laid on, and
the design scratched out in the usual was-, when
liquid hydrofluoric acid is applied, or the glass •
is exposed to the action of hydrofluoric acid gas.
The former renders the surface of the etching
transparent, the latter opaque. A very simple
way of performing this operation is to wet the
design with sulphuric add, and then to sprinkle
on some finely-pulveiized fluor spar, (nuoride
of calcium,) by which means hydrofluoric add 1$
set free and attacks the glass, fhis may be very
easily applied to the graduation of gloss vessels,
thermometer tubes, etc

A most rapid method of etching on iron or
steel, capable of very general application, is as
follows : Warm the metal until it is capable of
melting a piece of beeswax, or etching v.irnish,
which must then be carefully rubbed over it, so
as to form a thin and even coating ; allow the
whole lo cool, and scratch out the design in the
common way, with a needle or point ; then
sprinkle on a little powdered iodine, and at the
same time add a few drops of water with a camel-
bnir Tiendl, and work ttiem into a liquid pavte,
whicn must be mm-ed about over the intended
engraving, for a period varying from one to five
minutes, according to the depth of lines requirc«l
to be proiilucetl. Afterwards wash the whole in
clean water. Persons acquainted with the pro-
perties of iodine will readily perceive that the
same etching-paste, by being kept for a few days,
w ill again acquire the pro|)erty of dissolving iion.
I have thus successfully em])Ioyed the some raa-
terials three or four limes. Iodine will, doubt-
less, at no very distant period, supersede the
use of acids, for the alwive purpose, on account of
its portability and convenience. To travelers
andantateurs who amuse themselves with the
delightful art of etching, it will, 1 think, prova
invaluable.

ETCHJXG M> fimjf, — Cover the ivory to be
etched with a thin coating of lieeswax. then trace
the figure you desire lo present through the wax.
Pour over il a strong solution of nitrate of silver.
Let remain a suffidrnt length of time, then re-
move il, with the w^x, by washing in warm
water. The design will be left in dark lines on
the ivory.

F/IES and /?ASPS,—y'i\^% and other in-
struments for the abrasion of various substances
may l>e matte by folding up separate nieces <4
wet day in muslin, cambric, and Iritn linen,
forcing them by the pressure of the hand into
the mterstices of the tnreads, so that on divut-
ing them of the covering, and having them well
bnketl, a file is produced of anew species, »aid
to becapableof operating on steel; an(i very useful
in cutting glass, polishing, and rasping wood,
ivory, and all sorts of mcials.

AV/./iVV and PASPS, To Re^ut wAen OU.—-
Dissolve 4 or. of snleratus in 1 auart of water,
and boil the files in it for half an tionr; then re-
move, wash, and Arsj vVvcto,. ^Q^WxtT^aA"^^
m a c\as^ or stQfte >«m«: >fe:%vt\, \ «w\«A-OLVh_
water, 'nV^T^ttfr 1^ ^=«''^ ^to«W %aAa^ N^*- ^

430

DICTTONAR y OF EVRRY-DA Y WANTS.

best sulphuric acid, and keq)'thc proportiooji for
any imount used. Immcr&c the hies in this
preparation for from six to twelve hours^ accord-
ing to fineness or coarseness of the file ; then
remove; wash Ihem dean, dry quickly, and put
A lilttc sweet oil on them to cover the surface.
If the files arc coarse, they will need to remain
in about twelve huurs, but for fine files six to
eight hours is sufficient./ This plan i* applicable
to lilacksmiths', ^lUrfiiitUs', tinners', copper-
smiths* and machmi^s' files. Copper and tin
workers will only ret^uire a short time to take
the articles out of their files, as the soft metals
with which they become filled arc soon dissolved.
Itlacksmiths' and saw-mill files require full time.
Files iiiav be re-cut three times by this process.
The liquid may be U5>ed at different times if re-
quired. Keep away from children, as it is p<H5-
onous.

FILES, To r/i-iiM.— Holding a file filled with
work under a steam jel at 40 lbs. pressure is an
ctTectual way of cleaning the same.

GALVASUZIXG Gray Iron Castings. ~
Cleanse the articles in an ordinary cliafing mill,
which consists of a barrel revolving on its axis;
when the sand is all removed take them out and
heat one by one, plunging while hot in a liquid
composetl as follows: 10 pounds of hydrochloric
acid, sheet zinc, q. s. to make a saturated solu-
tion. In making this solution, when the evolu-
tinn of gas has ceased, add muriate, or preferably
ffulpluite of ammonia, I pound, and let it stand
unttl dissolved. The castings should be so hot
that when dipped into this solution, and inst.ant-
ly removed, they will immediately dry, leaving
tne surface crystallized like frost-work on a win-
dow pane. Next, plunge them while hot, hut
]>crrcctly dry, into a bath of melted tine, prcvi>
ously skimming llie oxide on the surface away,
and throwing thereon a small amount of f»ow-
dered sal-ammoniac. If the articles are very
small, inclose them in a wrought-iron basket on
a pole, and lower them into the metal. When
this is done, shake off the superfluous metal, and
cost them into a vessel of water to prevent them
from adhering together when the xinc upon the
surface solidities.

CII.DIXG. — Gold is employed for gilding the
surface of copper, brass and silver by tne follow-
ing different processes : I. Hot gilding for the
ormulu, the bright French ^old for ornaments of
all kinds; tlie metal to be gilded is first washed
with a solution of nitrate of mercury or amalga-
mating water, which gives a silvery surface; to
this surface on amalgam of gold and mercury is
applied, from which llic mercury is driven off by
heat. The color is then hightenetl by burning it
on Calder's wax, formed of wax, verdigris and
blue vitriol; it is tlien polished and brightened
by a boiling solution of^ common salt and crenm
01 tartar. Some adepts heat the article on a hot
iron plate providetl with small apertures, and
when heated apply some solution of iodine nnd
yellow odirc with a brush. 2. German gilding
of silver is performed by a solulion of gold in
nitric acid, to which sal-ammoniac and alembroth
(a triple s-tlt formed by salt and ammonia and
corrosive suhLimalc) have been added. This so-
\ni\<^Vi of gold evaporates to the consistency of
oil, and is then applied to v\vc %vV>*tt or 'nickel,
bofh of which it blackens, \>ux \\v«^ %\i'^ea.t ^\\^ft^

rags which have been impregnalcd with a kIi
lion of gold. 4. Wet gilnini; by merely dijpj«r,

of cold. 5. Gildiu£
cfec

T*n!i ;>>«

'IT Ail.; ;ci»3

the work in a solution

the well-known process of electro- plating.

GILDING^ Gricintt. — Take *aJ-amnKioi«c
and bichloride of mercury, equal pons, dissdn
in nitric acid, and make 'a solulion of gold witk
this fluid, lay it on the silver and expose it to>
red heat; it will then be gilded.

GILDING PciuheJ Mttah, — T -
and steel may be readily gtldcd '
ethereal solution of gold to the
camel-hair pencil. Tne ether fiici
the surface coated with gold; it must then be

EoHshed with a burnisher. In this way, «n
mcy device or u riling may be executed oa itol
or iron. This species of gilding is not, ho*ewr,
so durable as the following : —

2. Apply gold leaf to the surface of pdishai
iron, steel, or copper, heated to a bluish tist,
press it on gently with a burnisher, avoidatf
breaking or injuring the gold; again cxpofeQ
to a gentle heat, and repeat the process «iA
fresh leaves of gold, until the gilding bis ac-
quired a proper thickness ; then let it cool sod
polish it with the burnisher.

GILDING Picture Frames. — The suHbuctts
be gill must be carefully covered with A fiiroiC
size, mode b^ boiling down pieces of white leath-
er, or clippings of oarchment, till iheyarerr
duced to a strong jelly. This ccmting being diiei
eight or ten limes, more st2e must be applied,
the size being mixed with a small quamitic^
whitening. The last coaling is compc-*-. ' '
and mosf^icot, or sometimes j-cHow wf
it dry thoroughly, and then damp '^^
little at a time with a damp spon*.
the gold leaf before this dries. 1'
ately adhere, and when dry, those pAji* wi.^i
are to be brilliant are to be bumishcd with is
agate or dog's-tooth burnisher.

GILDING and SILVEKING. 7i Ttit tkr
CcMuinfnas of. — A solution of chloride of coi'-
per is the lest for cilding. When the object 9
only covered M'iih the usual gold-colored liloy*
this reagent produces a black spot, whidi is utt
seen if tne gilding has been done with goU.

Equal ]»arts of bichromate of potash .^r ' - *" '
acid, brought in contact with real sih'
form a red spot, while alloys imitating '^
show divers other peculiar colors, or no cjmgc
whatever.

GIL T ORNAMENTS, 7* Clean.-^Tht b«i
way to prevent gold and gilt omamcni* from
tarnishing, and to mike them bright, is to keep
them in box'wood sawdust, whidi may be ob-
tained at any ivory turner's. To dean then*
wash in a bthcr with a soft brush, rinse, and let
them drain on a cloth. ^Vhen nearly dry, put
Ihem into the box-wood sawdust.

GLASS GLOBES. To .^/Arr.— Take equal
ports of tin nnd lead, and melt them tne-*'-''
add while they ore in fusion two parts of
and two parts of mercury. Take from - -
and so soon as cool enough for the glass lu bear
it, pour into the globe and move uowly «n ihti
the amalgam will pass over every part '< r *
lerior. A thin film will be Icfl at cvcrv
conlACl.

GOLD, Artificial. — An Amcncsn 1
«s>j«w.d 4 beautiful alloy, which has bc^-

on being healed. 3. GMm^ U a\sc» ^erlciTrotiVXsMtctM.VvkW'^ »v^wA » a. substitute for gcid; tf
hy rubbing the metal "w^iix \lit as\«i ol \votn. '■vicOT\\favA*Av«M-t«Mvjw^V3(i.^j^.^,^jy^ i^

WORATRJiS f.V MJiTALS.

411

17 parts; mogziesia, 6 parts; larUr of commerce*
9 paitft ; sal ammoniac* 3'6 parts ; and quicklime,
1-6 part. The copper is first melled, ihcii the
lime* magnc!iia, sal ammoniac, and tartar arc
added, little at a lime, and the whole is briskly
stirred for about half an hour, &o as to mix
ihoroughly, after which the tin is throvm on the
surface in small grains, stirring until entirely
fused. The crucible is now covered, and the
fusion kept up for about thirty-five minutes,
when the dross is &kimmcd off, and the alloy
found ready for use. It is quite malleable and
ductile, and may be drawn, stomped, chased,
beaten into powder, or into leaves, like gold leaf.
In all of which conditions it is not distinguishable
from gold even by good judges, except by its
inferior weight.

GOLD ARTICLES, PolishiHg P^nihier fir.

lisning
powder sold by gold workers in Germany, whicn

■Dr. W. Hofmann has analyzed a poli

j uurt

always commands a very high price, and hence,
it may be inferred, is well ai;bpted for the pur-
pose. He found it to be a very simple composi-
tion, being a mixture of about 70 per cent, of
Msquioxide of iron .ind 30per cent, of icol-ammo-
niac. To prepare it, protochloride of iron, pre-
pared by dissolving iron in hydrochloric acia, is
ircatetl unth liquid ammonia until a precipitate is
no longer formed. The precipitate is collected
on a tiltcr, and without washing, is dried at such
a temperature that the adhering sal-ammoniac
shall not be volatilized. The peroxide of iron
precipiute at fiist becomes charged with sesqui-
oxide.

'^ GOLD, To make of Four Carats. — Four carat
paid is used to a considerable extent for cheap
rings, pin-tongues and the lilce. It is a very
nice metal, wears well, docs not black the finger,
and presents somewhat the appearance of fiuinea
£oId. You make it by melting together eighteen
ports copper, four parts gold, and two parts silver,
■*■ GOLU, To make ^ Tweh>e Canits. — Melt
togeihcr, in the usual way, twenty.five grains
gold — if coin — thirteen and a half grains copper,
and seven and a third grains silver. This is a
very good gold for rings, etc. — stands adds
almost equal to the higher grades, and looks fully
as well. Of course it is dclicicnt in weight.

COLD, To make 0/ Sixteen Carats. — Com-
pound sixteen gr.iins pure gold with five and a
half grains pure copper and two and a half grains
pure silver. Or, if gjold coin is used, seventeen
groins gold, five grams copper and two grains
Klver.

GOLD, 7I> make cf Eighteen Carats. — To
make the eighteen carat gold, generally in use,
melt together as above, eighteen grains pure
gold, four grains pure copper and two grains
pure silver. In cases where you find it necessary
to use gold coin, weigh out in the proportion of
ninclecn and a half grains gold, three grains cop-
per and one and a half grains silver.

GOLD COrX, To wjrt^^.— The gold of Ameri-
can and FngUsh coin is twenty-two carat fine.
Copper alone usually fomis the alloy, though a
portion of silver is sometimes added. To make
coin gold, you melt together with saltpetre and
sal-ammoniac, the two metals in the proportion
of twenty-two grains pure gold and two grains
pure copper. When silver forms a part of the
alloy it is usually about one-third silver to two-
thirds copper.

GOLD, Count€rftit, — Fuse together with

saltpetre, sal-ammoniac and powdered charcoal,
four parts plz.Lina, two ana a half parts pure
copper, one part pure 2inc, two parts block tin
and one and a half parts pure lead.

Another good recipe calls for two parts plattna,
one part silver and tnree parts copper.

A metal compounded in accordance with either
formuU, as exnibitcd above, will so nearly re-
semble gold as to almost defy detection without
a resort to thorough tests. The plalina requires
a high temperature to melt, but nothing could be
substituted that would act so well, as it adds to
the ring of the metal, and to a great extent forti-
fies it against the action of add».

If at any time you should find your metal too
hard or brittle for practical use rc-racit it with
sabammoniac It may in some cases be necessary
to repeat this operation several times, but ii will
be sure to produce the desired effect eventually.

COLD, Colitring, — Gold is colored by two
processes, called the dry and wet color; but the
materuls used in l)Oth cases are the same. They
arc as follows :— One part salt, one part alum,
and two parts saltpetre; each material to be
pounded separately in a mortar, taking care they
are perfectly clean (this is the dry process). Af-
ter ocing well pounded they are put into an iron
color-pot and slowly heated over a fire. The
color must boil gradually, and must be stirred
with an iron rod. It will then rise, and then it
is ready for the reception of the articles to be
colored, which must l>e not less than 18 carat.
They are suspended in the color by 1 8 carat wire,
and kept in motion till the liouid begins to sink,
then they are taken out and dipped in aquafortis
pickle. The color will rise again, and then
another dip, and sometimes l^vo, is necessary to
give them the proper color. The wet cr^lor
process is a much inferior method, except for
gold of lower standard, and then not below 15
carat, as the alW>v would suffer so seriously from
the coloring. The fact is, coloring is no more
than taking from the surface the interior metoU,
leaving a thin coating of pure gold.

GOLD C//A//^, To Clean.— VwX itin a small .
gbss bottle, with warm soapsuds and a little
prepared chalk; shake it well, rinse in clear,
coin water, and wipe on a towel.

GOLD, To CUan, — Powder some whiting,
and make it into a moist paste with some sal
volatile. Cover over the cold ornaments and
surface with a soft brush, let it dry, and then
brush it off with a moderately hard brush.

GOLD AMALGAM, To .l/d*^.— Eight parts
of gold and one of mercury arc formed into an
amalgam for plating by rendering the gold into
thin plates, m.-iking it red hot and then putimg it
into the mercury while the bttcr is also heated
to ebullition. The gold immediately disajincars
in combination » ith the mercury, after which the
mixture may Iw turned into water to cooL It is
then ready for use,

COLD AMALGAM, To Fhte wjYi.— Gold
amalgam is chiefly used as a plating for silver,
copper or brass. The article to be plated is
washed over with diluted nitric acid or potash lye
and prepared chalk, to remove any tarnish or
rust that might prevent the amalgam from ad-
hering. After having l)cen iH>lishe<I i»cffectly
bright the amalgam is applied as evenly as pos-
iiblc, usually with a fine scratch brusn. U is
then set upon a grate over a charcoal <«*,«
placed mlQ an oxtTk^^\«l.^»^v>^2oa^. ««:«**«-

4M

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WAISTS.

which mercury exhales. The gold, when the
mercury has evaporated, presents a dull yellow
color. CovCT it wiOi a coAting of pulvcrucd
nitre and alum in equal fULTls, minted (o a paste
vilh water, and heat agam till it is thoroughly
melted, then plunge into water. Burnish up
i%ilh a steel or bloodstone burnisher.

GOLD, To ifpamte from GiU Copper or
Sihftr, — Take a solution of borax in water, ap-
ply lo the eitt surface, and sprinkle over it some
nnely powdered sulphur, make the article red-
hot and quench it in water, then scrape olT the
gold and recover it by means of lead.

GOLD or SILVER, To Enamel.— Take
half a pennyweight of silver, two (xinnyweights
and a naif of copper, three pennyweights and a
half of lead and two pennyweights and a half of
muriate of ammonia. Melt together and pour
into a crucible with twice as much pulverized
sulphur ; the crucible is then lo be immediately
covered that the sulphur may nnt take fire, and
the mixture is to be calcined over a smelting fire
until the superfluous sulphur li burned away.
The curapound is then to be coarsely pounded,
and Willi a solution of muriate of ammonia to be
formed into a paste, which is to be placed upon
the article it is designed to enamel. The article
must then be held over a spirit lamp till the
compound upon it melts and (lows. After this
it may be smoothed and polished up in safely,
lliis makes the black enamel now so much used
on jewelry.

GOLD, Fntuk. — Spanish copper 6 ports,
silver 3 parts; gold 5 parts. Mix.

GOLD (Green), Tu Afakr.—'SUXt together
nineteen grains pure gold and five grains pure
silver. 'Ine metal thus preparetl has a beautiful
green shade. Some years ago it was used pretty
extensively by jewelers in the formation of leaves,
but we do not meet with it so often «ow,

GOLD (Green), To Highten the Color (J. ^
Take of saltpetre, I oz. lodwts.; sol ammoniac,
t oz. 4 dwts. ; Komnn vilriul, I oz. 4 dwt$. ;
verdigris, 18 dwts. Mix them well together and
dissolve a portion in water, as occasion requires.

The work must be dipped in these composi-
tions, applied to a proper heat to burn them o^
and then quenched in water or vinegar.

GOLD, To Gthl with upon .SiArr.— Beat a
ducat thin, and dissolve it in two ounces oiaaua
regia : dip clean rags in it and let them dry;
bum the rags, and, with the tinder thereof, rub
the silver with a little spittle; be sure first that
the silver be cleansed from grease.

GOLD, Imitation. — I. Four ounces platina,
three ounces silver, one ounce copper.

3. To 100 parts copper, melt with six parts
magnesia, three and one-half parts sal ammonia,
one eight'tcnth j^arts quicklime, and nine parts
cream tartar, and, when fusing for some time,
add 17 {larts zinc, and stir it quickly.

3. Sixteen parts copwr, seven parts platina;
melt with borax and cnarcoal and one part zinc
added.

4. Platinum, 16 parts; copper, 7 parts; zinc,
I part; put in a crucible, cover with charcoal
powder, and melt into a mass.

GOLD LAQUER—OiAd Laqucr is made
by dissolving gum sht-llac in alcohol, and color-
ing it with turmeric or gamlxige. It is strained
through ft cloth before \l is used, and generally
takes several days lo maceinXev I .

GOLD, Mosaic. — Copper nai ivwi, wvaa^N

ports. Fuse at the lowest po^ble tcsaptntinf;
and stir well to produce a perfect wtoixtaxc,
then add more zinc until the fusod oJIoy bcvupa
perfectly white; las-lJy, pour it into mami
llie proportion of zinc to the copper is from tt
(o 55 per cent., exclusive of wh^i is lost fay&
heat emplovcd.

GOLD, OretJe.— The best aitidc is xoxleh
comjwunding four ports pure copper, one on
three-fourth parts pure cine, onc-fourih pet
ni.igncsi.1, one-tenth part sal-ammoniac, ant-
twelfth part quicklime, and one part cream »•
tar. Melt the cof>per first, then add as rvpiAt
as possible the other articles in the order nimel

GOLD TO h'DER.— Put some soUlaS,whk
a little honey, or thick gum-water made ttftk
gum-arabic, mto an earthen mortar, and poo^
the mixture till the gold is reduced to very sasfi
particles; then wash out the honey orgttnn-
pealedlv with warm water, and the gold in pow-
der will be left behind. When dry, it is Rt far
use.

COLD r/>i*/Mj/*.'reWrr.— This is made ftoB
Dutch gold-leaf, which is sold in books atafny
low price. Treat in the manner dcscx^bcd abcw
for true gold-powder. When this inferior pn.
der is used, cover the gilding with a coatofctec
varnish, otherwise it will soon lo«e its b^
appearance. ,

GOLD i^MMaic) Powder C"- /?^->....-im,/#._
Melt I lb. Un in a crucible, .\ ' ' fpvrJW

quicksilver to it ; when this > 7 ^ rcdncid

to powder, and ground, uith ^ ILk. sal^umifr-
niac and 7 oz. flour of sulphur, till the whole ■
thoroughly mixed. They arc then raJdned in a
matrass ; and the sublimation of the other t»-
gredicnts leaves tlie tin converted intothesio-
saic gold-powder which is found at the botna
of llic glass. Remove any black rr diccolnrel
particles. The sal-ammoniac use ' - ■-'-t

while and clear, and the mcrcory *l

purity. ^NTicn a deeper red is n-.^uiroi, rrra*!
a very small quantity of red-lead with the awfC
materials,

GOLD TLATIXG SOLUTION, Toift^
and Apply, — Dissolve half an ounce of psW
amalgam in one ounce of nitro- v\.

Add two ounces of alcohol, anil -^

brightened the article in the usii.ii ^>av, .y^j
the solution with a soft brush. Rin^ and dry
in saw-du!>t, or with tissue f^apcr, and poli*li t:p
with chamois skin.

GOLD, To A!e^m,-~l{ you desire lo itfef
your gold from the baser metals, swedgc or raQ
It out very thin, then cut into narrow strips aofl
curl up so as to prevent its Ij-ing ►'-•i-- '"^
tl»e nieces thus prepared into a w^ ^

gooa nitric acid, in the proportio;; *.j

ounces, and pure rain water hall an ouoce.
Suffer to remain until thoroughly dissolreS,
which will be the case in from haU aahoorlo
one hour. Then pour off the liquid carefuUyaad
you will find the gold in the forn! •'" ^ --'i-iw
powder lying at the l>ollom of the b

this with pure wat^r till it ce.iscs i • -i

taste, after which you may melt and iu^\ tuioaoy
form you choose. Gold treated in this way may
be relied on as^wrfcctly pure.

In melting gold use none other thvnarhsr-

coal fire, and during the pr<^-'-^ ...-;r,M,. tiji.

pettc and potash intti the t;, ;t.

Do not attempt to melt nith < .:ti>

&et\'(^ TDAMi\sr&!dc and oihci wi»c uapciCcvL

WORKE/iS IX METALS.

GOLD, ^rt-(Trn«p— Gold may be stripped
from articles that have been gilt by pUcing them
in strong nitric acid, in which some sail has t>een
previously dissolved. When a number ofarti-
cles have liecn stripped in the solution, it begins
to work slowly, ana it is time then lo abandon
it, and use a new one. The gold may then be
recovered from the old solution, by evaporating
it to dryness, and fusing the residuum with a
small piece of soda or potash, the gold being
fused into a button. The addition of a little salt-
petre will tend to make the refining process more
complete. As there is some trouble connected
with this process, it is scarcely worth adopting
where very &mall quantities of gold are con-
cerned. In such a case it is a better plan to 5us>
I pcnd the article, from which the gold is to be

Iremove»l, in the gilding bath in the place of the
anode when gilding another article.
GOLD f A'r</), TV Higkten the Color of,—1o
4 0£. of melted yellow wax, add, in fine powder,
\% 02. of re<l ochre, \% oi. of verdigris, cal-
cmed till it yield no fumes, and % oz, ofcalcined
borax ; mix them well together. It is necessary
to calcine the verdigris, or else by the heat ap-
plied in burning the wax, the vinegar Ijecomcs
^^ so concentrated as to corrode the surface, and
^B make it appear speckled.

V GOLD SOLDEX.—Mclt together in a char-
' coal fire twenty*four grains gold coin, nine grains

pure silver, six grains copper and three grains
good bras& This makes a solder for gold rang-
ing from twelve to sixteen carats in fineness.
' Where a finer grade is to be worked, the solder
may l>c made to correspond by increasing the
proportion of gold in its composition. A darker
solder may 1>c made, if desired, by lessening the
proportion of silver, and increasing that of the
copper in a corresponding degree.

GOLD TAKN/SffED m SOLDERING,

^— To CUan, — ^Thc old English mode was to expose

^H •!! parts of the article to a uniform heat, allow it

^F lo oool and then boil until bright in urine and

L sal-ammoniac. It is now usually cleansed with

diluted sulphuric acid. Tlie pickle is made in

about the proportion of one-eighth of an ounce

acid to one ounce rnin water.

GOLD i^d SILVER, A Nno Process of Sepa-
rating.— Instead of precipitating the sulphate of
ulvcr, which resiUts from the refining of gold by
sulphuric acid, by copper, it is reduced, at the
works of the San Franciwo Assaying and defin-
ing Co., by protosul()hate of iron. The hot,
thick, turbid mass, which is obtained by treating
the bullion with sulphuric acid in cast-iron pots,
is pUccil into a cast-iron vessel containing sul-
phuric acid of 58*^ B. heated to about 1 10" C.
A very small quantity of water is then added, and
ahcr \ fi:w minutes the now clear solution is
drawn into a second vessel, which can be cooled
from the outside. By the addition of the water
all the sulphate of Icaii is precipitated, which
carries down all impurities, and all the suspended
gold. As soon as the solution in the lower ves-
sel is coolefl to from 30" to 40' C, the mother
liauor is pumj^e^i lack into the upper vessel,
wnere it Is again heated and treatea as before
with acid of sS** B. Tlic sulphate of silver is
Ibund in hard yellow crystals m a layer one or
two inches thiclc, containing but very little frer
add. The crystals are put on the false Ijottom

I of a Ixjx lined with lead, which is provided with 1
wheels and an opening for letting off the Uquor. '

These crystals are mixed with a red j>owdcr, es-
sentially sulpliatc of copper. A hot aijucous so-
lution of sulphate of copper is allowed to run
through them. The copper salt is dinsulvcd first,
and collected in a separate vessel to be worked
for sulphate of copper. As soon as the filtrate
shows the pure brown color of the scsqui>ulphate
of iron, it runs into onotlicr vessel, where on
cooling the greater part of the dissolved silver
salt is dcrcoint>osed, and metallic stiver precipi-
tated, which is added to the principal mass on
the filter. Here the crystals have been converted
into a dense coherent mass of metallic silver,
whidi may l>c considered as completely reduce<l
as soon as the iron solution, filtering through,
shows a pure gnren color. Ic is washed with
water, pressed, and melted. The oxidized iron
solution is collected in a lead lined vessel, which
contains iron scraps. It is thereby converted
into a solution of protosulphatc. and usctl again.
The small quantity of silver and copjjcr, which
is precipitate by the iron scraps, ts from time
lo time added to the crystals on the filler where
the copper is rapidly dissolved. One hundred
pounds of silver, reduced on the filt^ require
about 30 cubic feet of solution of protosulpiiale
of iron.

GOLD, 7>j//<»r.— In order lo ascertain whcth-
er an article is made of gold, if a doubt arises a
simple pbn is to rub a portion of the article upon
a piece of slate, wcdgewood ware or oil stopc
(dry), and then apply a single drop of nitric acid
by touching the part with the stopper of the l)Ot-
tle. If the acid pro«luces no cnect the article
may be considered gold. .\ very inferior alloy
of gold, however (twelve carat gold), ^\^ll Jland
this test ; but its color will act as a guide, as it
will fail (except when clectro-gilt) to present the
rich yellow color of good gold. When a common
gold article lixs been strongly gilt, it will be ad-
vbablc to pass a keen but smooth file over a
small i>art of the article, and then appl^ the nitric
acid to the part, when, if the article is not gen-
uine, the ch.iracteristic green tint of nitrate of
copper will at once show itself.

COLD {Veitaw), TtfllighUn She Cfhr of,—
Take of saltpetre, 6 ox. ; green copperas, 3 01. ;
white vitriol and alura« ofeach, I 01.

If it be wanted redder, a small portion of blue
vitriol must be added. These are to l>c well
mixed, and dissolved in water as the color is
wanted.

GO.VGS^ Chinfse.—lx'vi said they are of an
alloy consisting of 7S per cent, of cop[>er and 22
of zinc The operation of making ihcm chiefly
consists in a well-managed t>eating out and an-
nealing ol the disc

GL^-BAA'RELS, BrxnvniMx/iyr.—Smnls of
nitre I lb. ; alcohol l lb, ; corrosive sublimate I
01. ; mix in 0 bottle and keep corkcil for use.
Plug both ends of the barrel, and let the plugs
stick out three or four inches, to handle by, and
also to prevent the fluid from entering the liorrel,
causing it lo rust; polish the barrel perfectly ;
then rub it well with quicklime by means of a
cloth, which removes oil or grease ; now apply
the br.->'«n'" ' ti "<! uirh a clean while cloth, ap-
ply ' .\ A \\arm, datk place, until
a f'" ' ()^Tr thn v.holr surface,

■■ ttn

then c&rd\V

i*H^'/VVV-^

U!^M^% Oa-

4H

DICTIONARY OF EVERY'DAY WANTS.

rub off with a dean cloih; repeat the process
onul the color suits, as each cuat gives a ilarkcr
■hade.

i:

GUS-BARRELS ( Twist), Bimtmin^ /xfr.~~
sptHt*i of nitre ^ oz. ; tincture of steel
. ; (if the tincture of steel cannot be obtain-
ed, the unmcdicalcd tincture of iron may be used,

but it is not so good) bloclt brimstone j^ oz. ;

blue vitriol % 02.; corrosive sublimate ji^ oji. ;

nitric aci J t dr. or 60 drops; copperas jj^ nc;

mix with 1% pts. of rain water. Keep corked,

alio, as the other, and the process of applying is

also the same.

GUX METAL— I. Melt together 112 lbs. of

Bristol brass, 14 lbs. of sfwUcr. and 7 lbs. of

block tin. — j. .Nlclt tngcihcr 9 jwrts of copper

and I part of tin; the above compoumU arc tnose

used in the nianufaclure of smalt and great braiis

crun^, twiveU', etc.
/IA/R-SPR/iVGt>fiynUh, Towatfn,—T\xU

is often efTcctcd by grinding the spring down.

You remove the spring from the collet, and place

it upon a piece of pivot wood cut to fit the centre

coil. A piece of soft steel wire, flnttened so as

to pass freely between the coiU, and arme<l with
a little pulverized oil-stone and oil, will scr\'e as
your gnnder, and with it you may soon reduce
the strength of the spring. Your operations will,
* f course, be confined to the centre coil, for no
other |>art of the spring will r«st sufficiently
against the wood to enable you li» grind it, but
this will generally suffice. The effect will be
more rapid than one would suppose, therefore it
will stand you in hand to be careful or you may
get the spring loo weak before you suspect it.

.\nother and perhaps later process is as follows:
Fit the collect, without removing the spring,
upon a s»ick of pivot wood, and having prepar^
0 little diluted nitric acid in a watch-glass, plunge
the centre coils into it, keeping the other parts
of the spring from conUct byliolding it in the
shape of an inverted hoop skirt, with your
tweezers. KxpoiC it a few seaimls, governing
the time of course by the degree of effect desired,
and then rinse off, first with clean water, and,
afterwards with alcohoL Dry in the sun or with
tissue fiaiicr.

HARDENING Mitt-PUki and C<ut-Stetl in
Gtncra!. — The hardening of cast-stcci in general
is a process well known to every smith and forge-
man and to the mechanic, in so fhr as it regards
turning-tooU, chisel, hammers, and other tools
which ne has constantly to use. But it frequently
happens that the same chisel, aflcr being ap-
parently well hardened, has assumed quite
another degree than it had at Arst. It is, there-
fore, not surprising ihnt the workman, after
having struck the right degree, lakes care of his
tool in every conceivable manner. Kvcn work-
men that arc exclusively occupied with hardening
can only guarantee five good pieces out ol ten.
One thinks he has obtained a uniform degree,
by testing with the file, but use st>on proves that
the degree varies in the different pieces. The
one bends, the other breaks; and yet they are
all made out of one and the same material, and
have passed through the same operation. Let
us first sec what qualities arc l>e>t adaplc<l for
the respective instrumenti. Tor mill-picks,
especially when theyarctobcuscdf'irr,- Jrr , ii^n wl
French stones, only the \'cry best ' Tlie

steel should be selected. Tliccommc I !\ «o, a lid:

cast-slecl, so called* is, although it is directly order to acuUalkc

imported and bears the stamp "Huti
only mild cast-steel, or at tca.st an iiifei
of tool siccl.

Unfortunotelyfortheartisan, i-Miiwunn «
steel is sold sometimes for
kinds consist of cast-steel, but
in Quality. Tlic steel sold ur
staht (foot'StccI) — so callc'
occurs in lengths of one fool — aim
fourth of an inch thick, » really r -
steel. Yet, in order to get onlv \\\
no other, one has to get it >
manufacturer, who, by the ^'
formed for what purjxise it is i
The second reason why tli'
always found to be a uniform oi.. , .
butcd to farming. In forging, it i-
iw avoidc<i that one piece gets wai 1
other, since it is not well possible I"
heal during this operation. The war
the more docs its texture bet^
the more the molecules scparai;
It is also observable tliat »;< .-..■•.". y
of cosl-steel tears and cracks if forged
cold.

Mitl-picks should be forged in i*
manner: The ttccl must be slowly !
charcoal fire ttllit assumes a brig);'
If a jKirt gels yellow or svhilc, il .^i
off, and used tor some other p <<f>
pick must be beaten out ou otu
when the steel commences to l"
must be poured upon the anvil, ;uiil
also must be dipped into cold water.
bliould be tight, quick, and fi '
water must be renewed at the
the iron is perfectly cooL By
will acquire a very dense sti
cracks present themselves, Uic
to be cut off. The steel may tlicn
ground until as thin as desired. t
being applied bv a very few ^n- ■'
parativcly speaking, the slon
will have to watch ihe operaiJM'

All the vaunitii noitr>i'
torh>£ satisfadipH for fft.-

The proce'•^ ■ ' '
as follows for
heated to the ... .m-.. ....4.;..

water for only a short time: it i
and polished with pumiccstonr
neoling colors may lie recognized. 1.
the desired color, the whole piece i>
mersed in the trough. Tbis proc'
suffices verv well for the tools of ir
but not so for tools 'J '' ■"■'" »"> '■■- "-
high and perfectly 1
as is the case with w
forged as described above. And a^.
prepared by grinding or filing, the
may be proceeded with- No 1 '
place, should endeavor to beat
smith's hearth. Thi*- '^'■,-h-.-.^ 1
pUshe<l by setting T
port, filling the mtn
kin<lled and fanned uni
picks are then stuck m ar

,f r..

too

e

llic iiuic. iu uua^craiure

mm

WORKEns IN AfElALS,

I

iparenlly very soft ; however, tliis softness is
ily limited to the depth of a thin crusty that h.ns

I

^o must not be Ion*, about 65° being the most
suitable.

After being withdrawn, the objects, of which it
is said that they are **hard as glass," must be
**Ictdown." To this end a sufBcicntly strong
piece of iron is brought to a red heat ; the respec-
tive tools are then Uud upon it, and the time is
mited for when the desired tempcring*color
appears. It iihould be near sulphur yeiitTio for
min-picks ; crange for cutting-looU on metal;
fw/r/ for wood-cutting tools; and dark l^lue \q
light blue for hiird chisels to be used on metal.
When the desired color has made its ap>
pCArancT, the tools arc repeatedly coated with a
lat oil, (olive or rape-seed oil, not petroleum,)
whereupon they arc allowed to cool. For the
difTcrent brands of one and the same kind of steel,
the proper color can only be found out by ex-
periments. In hardening files, it is beneficial to
stir in the water some add, which purifies them
from the adhering film of oxide. Upon fine,
polished objects common washing*soap may be
sprcid. For steel that readily acquires fissures
the following procedure is to be recommended:
Finely ground chalk is mixed with oil to a thick
paste, and with this the piece is brushed over.
Xhen it is hardened, as al>ove describetl. If such
ft tool is tested with the file after hardening, it is
ap ■

only

been formed by the mixture. When the latter is
cleaned off, the tool will appear perfectly hard.
AU these remarks refer to tool-steel and welding-
Steel.

A few word^ may be added on the hardening
of pivots and counter-sinks. In withdrawing
pivots from the water they sometimes brca.k in-
stantnncoublv, sometimes after a short while.
In order to obviate this, wrouehtiron rings must
be drawn ou their heads. The diameter of the
ring should exceed that of the pivots by one
eighth of an inch. They arc to be heated slowly
and with caution, in order that they may get
uniformlv Iiot. When they have aliained the
proper degree of heat, finely jxjwdcrcd yellow
prussiate of potassa is spread over them, the
cylinders l>eing turned constantly 50 that the
flux may flow around them. However, before
this substance ceases to flow, the pivots must \x
withtlrawn from the fire and immersed vertically
into the cooling-trough. The water must be of
the same temperature ond nature as obove pre-
scribed. The tools have to remain in the water
from one to six days, according to their dimen-
sions. If prematurely withdrawn, they often
break. Pivots that are to remain soft, so that
they may be turned, should be well covered with
a mixture of clay and calf's hair. But, though
these precautions may hare been observed, breiui,-
ftges are still within tlie range of jxissibilitv. It
has, for instance, happened to the writer, though
but once, that a cylinder broke ailcr having been
ready for four weeks.

Springi and counter-sinks are cooled in «il, of
which (here must be a sufficient quantity so that
it may not get too hot.

Springs are annealed by heating them upon a
hot iron until a pigeon'* wing will singe, or at
least become yellow, when held at some distance
over it, when they arc allowed to cool.

In conclusion, it may not be superfluous to
— ^ remark that it Is in hardening as in most other
B* branches of the arts aod nunuuctures; ibcwork-

L. :

man, however well instructed in theories and
rules, must study closely the behnvior of his ma-
terial, and watch his process well — in short, use
his own judgment.

HOLES JXIRON, ChimseMfthodofMen.
ding,-~Xhe Chinese mend holes in cast-iron
vessels as follows: They melt a small ouantity
of iron in a crucible the sire of a thimble, and
pour the molten metal on a piece of felt covered
with wood-ashes. This is pressed inside the
vesitcl against the hole, and as it exudes on the
other side it is struck by a small roll of felt cov-
ered with ashes. The new iron then adheres to
the old.

//ORS£.FOn'£R cf Steam- Enginn and
BoiUrs, Tc As(£rtain. — The Franklin Institute,
ill Philadelphia, rcfcrretl this subject to a com-
miltec, which has quite recently delivered a report,
which from its useful contents we think will
prove of interest. It is as follows:

In a thorough examination of this question, it
is necessary first to advert to the ongin of the
term horse-power, and the manner in which it
was first used to designate the power of the
steam-engine. The early demand for the steam-
engine was to effect some task before performed
byliorses, and it became a question of comporisoa
of the new mechanical with the animal motor.

From experiments made to determine the
actual power exerted by good average horses, it
h.is been found that a horse, working for eight
hours per day, will exert a force equal to about
33,400 pounds, and when working for three
hours only, will exert as much as 33,900 pounds,
raised one foot high per minute. The example
token as a unit by James Watt was that civen uy
the heavy dray-horses of the brewers of London,
whose maximum performance in hauling was
found to be 150 pounds nt two and a Killmiles
per hour; equal to 33><K>o pounds lifted one foot
nigh in a minute. This faos since remained ibe
standard for a horse-power, both in Knglish,
Continent;.!, and American practice.

This unit of power exerted upon the piston of
the steam-engine, measured by the instrument
known as on indicator, is termed the indicated
horse-power; and the power given out by the
engine to the machinery is the actual or effective
horse-power, being the indicated power minus
the friction of the engine. There is also the
nominal power, a term based upon the size of
the cylinoer and an arbitrarily assumed speed of
piston and pressure of steam. This might also
oe termed tne commercial power of the engine.
Watt, in the construction cu steam-engines after
the type established by him, adopted for the speed
of the piston 138 limes the cube root of the stroke
in feet ; and assumed seven pounds as the effect-
ive pressure upon the piston. He thus obtained
a nominal horse-power, which, under tlic most
unfavorable circumstances, his engines were sure
to produce.

Tlien, again, we have the rule of the British
admiralty mr marine-engines, in which the old
assumed pressure of seven pounds is adhered to,
but the tutual speed of the piston is taken into
account. Another rule for the nominal power
of high-pressure engines has the authority of
Bourne, who assumes the spcc<l of the piston to
be that given by Watt, and the effective pressure
on the piston to 1* three times is great, that is,
twenty-one pounds per sc^uore wtV\. V\\\ T-i^tS^
to mu\tAv4 ^* w^>»x*^^i«t '^aasBM^xx A "^b*

4

t

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WAISTS.

cylinder in inches by Ow cube root of the stroke
iu feci, nnd divide Ine pri^doct by IS^. 'ITius
wc find a great diversity in the niles for cstiraat-
ine the nominal power of engines. This nomi-
niJ power, the power at which the engine w rated
by the nvaker, h;is graduaUy l)ccome crealer as
the speed and pressure have been increased.
But, in all cases, the nominal power is much less
than the nclual power at which such engine is
capable of working, with the average pressure
and sjwed common to engines of that class.

Going hack to the histoncal era of the use of
steam, the committee find that, at on early day,
although subsequent to Watt's time, the evapo-
ration of .I cubic foot of water per hour, from
and at the temperature of 2t2®, was ruled to be
the measure of a nominal horse-power. All
subsequent authorities, without exception, have
adopted thiii standard. In the steam-boiler they
make no distinction between the nominal and
the actual horse power. There is only one de-
6nition of the term, and that is the evajwratinn
of a cubic foot of water, as previously stated. It
is with this definition that wc use the term horse-
power. This rule appears yet to be applicable,
and it only needs some statement!) of conditions
iuch as will allow purchasers and sellers to con-
form (o this re<iuirenienL

Fur stationary boilers, with natural draught,
assuming that the cliimncys and flues shall be
aildiualc, in size and form, to afford the necessary
draught, and that the fuel is coal of average gocxl
quality, it appears tliat nearly all writers gire
about 55-100 square feet of ^le to eadi horse-
power uf boilers; and as thi^ ratio gives a very
small grate for the lesser number of horse-power,
about two feet are added x"; a constant.

Having thus designated the means for burning
the fuel, the conditions attached to the horse-
power of boilers are within some limit as to
quantity of fuel to be used in producing this
cfTect. In other words, the arrangement and
extent of healing-surface should be such that at
least the average result by evaporation of nine
p('>unds of water from and at 212° with one pound
of good anthracite coal burned fover and above
•shcs) shall be attained. As theic are 59.48
' pounds oi* water at 212^ in a cubic foot, it follows
that 6.61 pounds of coal will be needed for its
cvaporati'jn. Adopting the more convenient
number of seven pounds as a liberal allowance,
Ihc rule would be 7 H. P. divided by 0.55 H. P.
2, equal to the numl>er of pi^unds burned per
hour pel square foot of grate; or for boilers of

ion. p., 1% square feet of grate, 9.33 pounds
per hour per square foot of grate.

20 h. p., 13 square !ect of grate, 10.76 pounds
per hour per square foot of grate.

40 h. p.. 24 square feet ofgrate, It. 66 pounds
per hour per square foot of grate.

60 h. p., 35 square feet of grate, 12.O0 pounds
per hour per square foot of grate.

It may be as well to refer to chimneys and
|flues, and add that the average height of chim-
?vs above the surface ol the grate for slation.irj'
)ilcrs should be taken as from fifty to sijtiy feet,
id the sectional area to conform to Boufton &
*att's rule, (as quoted by R>umc,) which in,
•'Multiply the number of pounds of coal con-
sumed under the boiler per hour by twelve, and
Wiviclc the profluct by the square root of the
?)n^/it of the chimney in feet, and the quotient
U (£e proper Area cm Ihc cbuo&rf in tncVun &\

iXiev!

\Vi

the smallest part" The rule, 1hou|;happr»priaie

for land boilers of moderate y.:

to jK)werful boilers with ini-

those used in steam-vesscls >..■.

tional area of the chimney is ironi six

square inches per horse-power. '

The sectional area of tubes or

setting of the h-iiler, must also Itc ,

portioned so that the escaping ^

leave the stcam-gencr.iting surface

be not more Iheo 300' above the r

the steam. The above con-

cularly to stationary boilers w

We have no intention, li

of a boiler to these o:

and chimney; they are inti

as good average practice.

draught is employed, a« in t;

find the heating-surface sixty-hvc tm

nrca, and eighty pounds of coal burr.-

foot of grate.

These general conditions, dependent upon
each other, h*'-^" '""■''*•'. ""•"i-"-- ■- "-■"■• -r-
fi\ce so prop* t

easily the c-^i; n-

racitc coal, or c^imbustiUe equal lu ttuit ainuoat
per horse-power per hour, and tbr escaping «»*«
not over the temperature bcT^ '. -t

maybe safely asserted that a 1
given horse-nnwcr, fading ! .:

number of cuLic feet cf water ; t

amount of coal, docs not pr - I

horse-power. We may also stale, 1 t

herewith, that a cubic foot of wntf ■ 1

into steam is abundance for one aaur-.i norse-
power, when used in the cylinder of an engine
without expansion ; when used in a tfarec-poft
slide-valve engine, cutting off during the iMt
quarter, it will yield about I % indicated borw-
nower, and will give as high a« 2*^ indiailei)
horse-power, according to the prcirare ctTtlie
steam, the point of cut-off and llic type and cft-
cicncy of the engine.

J/iOi\\ Ta Oah-nnise.— To cfTcci this rrinlt,
the iron plates are first immersed in
bath" of equal parts of sulphuric or
and water, used warm. They ■ t

with emery or sand, to dean
and detach all scales, if ar;- '■ 1

they are immer5e<l in ix i

equal parts of saturated •

zinc and chloride of amnioaium, i 1

bath they are directly transferred ' '.

**meuHic bath," consisdng of twen
equivalents of «inc to one of mc;
weight, six hundred and forty poun
one hundred and six of mercury, i
added from five to six ounces rf :■
soon as the iron has attained t' - ^

this hot fluid bath, which is ol . ^i

may be removed, and wiU then i>c ii.tjft.: (r,>
roughly coaled with tine

Care must 1"- '■!"•■' • - ' »■ i-""- 'hn^bial
long immerse 1 rui» far"

is such that th Ivc^.

is the case with thin j^lates of v :
which, even when one eighth of *t'
may lie dissolved in a f<
therefore, to let the bath
lATOughtiron, so that it di.-.-.v. * .~^, ....
ill order to satisfv its inconTToicmiy i^reat tU&-
nity for this metal.

rcotn what has been nida it is den tliat tHt

method produces not only a superficial zinc coat-
ing, but also a layer of an alloy of zinc and iron.
This can not peel off, but can only be lost by
oxidation of the zinc, which protects the iron as
long OH this oxidation laitit. The "gaU'anic"
protection, of course, ceases as soon as the last
of the metallic zinc has become oxidized.

IKO.V CAST/XGS, Ornamentation of. —
Since Zimincrmant of Berlin, bcf^an to make his
exquisite iron castings nuny things both tiseful
and onuunentat have been produced in cast iron.
But iron being so liable to rust, it is desimblc to
protect it from the influence of the atmosphere.
lliis is usually effected by means of a bronze
paint. The bronze paint used to coat the Berlin
castings is made of ferro-cyanide of copper, wliich
forms a rich brown ^Kunt with a metaUic lustre.
The ferro-cyanide of copper is easily made in the
following manner : A solution of sulphate of
copper is taken and to it is added gradually a
solution of ferro-cyanide nf potassium, when a
brown preci[niaic will be produced. This, when
mixed with a suitable vehicle, is used as a basis
for all the di^erent colored bronzing, whether
yellow, green or brown.

The Krench use the green bronzing very much,
which may be producwl in the following manner:
When the ground has been producctf with the
Above paint, and before it is quite dry, it is dust-
ed over with cropper bronze powder, and allowed
to dry thoroughly, and then the loose powder is
brushed off ami the article is pulishcxl; it will
then appear like bright copper. The only thing
requircu to protluce llie green lint is to wash the
articles gently over with a solution of acetate of
copper and allow it to dry gradually. >Vhcn
perfectly dry, the higher parts of the article must
be rubbed with a piece of clean rag to cause the
brown copper color to appear. The article will
look like a bronze whicn has become green by
age. Tlie common brown bronze is produced by
brushing the above bright cupper colored bronze
over with block lead ; and the pale or yellow
bronze is produced by using yclfow bronze or
brass powder in place of the copper powder above
referred to. Those who wish a more solid and
durable bronze than bronze paint and powder
will produce, coat the iron by electricity with
copper or brass, and produce the different colors
by the same means as those used to color the
copiter and brass colors produced by the pow-
ders.

An easy method of coating cast-iron with cop-
per is that of M< Oudr^. He first coats the
cast-iron with a metallic paint, and then electro-
deposits copper upon it in a bath of sulphate of
copper. A modification of his process is some-
times used — a brass powder being used inslcail
of copi-tcr powder. This brass powder Ls pro-
duced in ine following manner: Equal parts of
copper and tin are melted together, and when
cold the allov is powdered in a mortar ami sifted;
tZus can easily be done, for this alloy is as brittle
as ghiss. This powder is mixed with the ferro-
cyanide of copper paint, which makes a very
good conducting surface and takes the copper
well in the sulphate of copper bath, and the paint
adheres very nrmly (o the uon.

For brassing iron the method is not ouite so
simple. For brassing direct on the iron tne iron
is required to be scrupulously clean, or the dc-
pcntt will not adhere ; but the easiest wny it first

coal the article with copper by OudriTs pro-

cess, and then, after thoroughly rinsing it in
clean water, transfer it to the orassing solmion,
which is formed and worked in the following
manner, according to Morris and Johnson's pro-
cess :— Dissolve i lb. of cyanide of potassium,
I lb. of carbonate of ammonia, 2 oz. cyanide of
copper, and i oz. of cyanide of zinc in I gallon
of water, and work tlie solution at iCo° rahr.,
with a large brass anode and a powerful battery.
To increase the proportion of zinc add carbonate
of ammonia or lower the temperature. We have
tried this method of depositing brass, and hare
found it a very good one ; but the electrolytic
processes are vcrv little used for bronzing t>ccause
they are more difhcult, consequently more ex>
pensive.

iftON', T& Give the C&hr of Cepper.—li^i't I
oz. of copper-plates, cleansed in the fire ; 3 oz.
oi atfua fartis ; dissolve the copper, and when it
is cold use it by washing your iron with it by the
help of a feathor ; it is presently cleansed and
smooth, and n*ill be of a copper color ; by much
using or rubbing it will wear off, bat may be re-
newed by the same process.

/A'O.V, To Prtiene frtftn OTtdizAtwn. —
.\mong the many processes and preparations for
preserving iron from the action of the atmos-
phere, the following will be found the most efH*
dent in all cases where galvanization is impracti*
cable; and, being unoncctcd by sea water, it is
es|KciallY applicable to the bottoms of iron ships,
and marmc work generally: Sulpliur, 17 lbs.;
caustic potash (lye of 35° B.), 5 lbs., and copper
hlings, I lb. To be heated until the copper and
sulphur dissolve. Heat, in another vessel, tal-
low, 750 lbs., and turpentine, 150 lbs., until tlie
talluw is liquefietl. Tne compositions are to be
mi:ied and stirred together while hoi, and may
be laid on, as paint, to the iron.

J/iO.V {VORA% To yjirt/.— There is no pro-
duction for iron work so citicadous as well boiled
linseed oil. properly laid on. The iron should
be first well deaned and ft-ccd from all rust and
dirt ; the oil should be of the best quality, and
well boiled, without litharge or any dryer being
added. The iron should l>e pointed over with
this, but the oil must be laid on as bore as pos-
sible, and on this fact depends in a great measure
the success of the application, for it there be too
thick a coat of oil put upon the work, it will skin
over, be liable to bUster, and scarcely ever get
hard; but if iron be painted with three coats of
oil, and only so much put on each coal as can be
made to cover it by liard brushing, we will guar-
antee that the same will preserve the iron from
tlie atmosphere for a much longer time than any
other process of pointing. If a dnrk coloring
mailer be necessary, we prefer burnt umber lo
any other pigment as a stain ; H is a good hard
dryer, and has many other good properties, and
mixes well with the oU without injiiring it.

IRON^ To Jmpnn'e tvhm /Vht.— DUck oxide
of manganese 1 part; copperas and common salt
4 parts each; dissolve in sofl water and boil until
dry ; when cool pulverize and mix quite freely
with nice welding sand. When you have poor
iron which you cannot afford to throw away, heat
it and roll it in (his mixture, working for a time,
re-heating, etc., will soon free it fiom all impa-
rities, which is the cause of its rottenness.

IKOX AA/L/XGS, Deftly cf.—Y.ftiX one
must have notice^l the tksUwA.\xt: tcim^«»!a««ft. "A^
Ifiad axvd uotx» Uo«k T^Xm^* \itt»^ ^jw^va. ■«*■».

DICTIONARY OF SP'ERY-DAY WAITTS.

vith llic former metal, Tlie reason Tor this is,
llial the oxygen of the atmosphere keeps up a
galvanic aclloii between the two meljJs. 'Ini*
ua&tc may be prevented by substituting zinc for
IcaJ, in which case the galvanic influence would
l>c inverted; the whole of its action would fall on
the xinc: the one remaining uninjured, the other
nearly so. Paint formed ot the oxide of xinc, for
the same reason preserves iron exposed to the
atmosphere infinitely better ih.tn the ordinary
paint composed of the oxide of lead.

IKONt To Tin.— To tin iron, dean the sur-
focc with dilute sulphuric acid — scratch-brushing
if necessary — until the entire surface is brighL
Take it from the acid, and dip it in a Kith oihot
lime water, and rub dry with bran or sawdust.
Tlien dip it in melted tin, having upon its sur-
face a ftlratum of melted tallow.

fKOy SLAG CEMENT.— K new form of
cement, of much value, may, it is said, be pre-
pared by finely pulverizing Ine slag of iron fur-
naces, and passing this through a fine sieve.
Tlii* powder is then to be mixed in a mill with
caldned gypsum, to which a variable amount of
soluble phosphate of lime has been previously
added. The liest proportion of the different in-
gredients is said to consist of 700 parts of gypsum
and 300 of slag, to which, for use in theo|jen Air,
aS parts of soluble phosphate of lime arc to be
ftd(fed. This, however, may be replaced by a
corresponding quantity, six to fourteen parts, of
phospnoric orboracicacid, or any other substance
capable of combination with the iron. The super-
phosphate of lime may also be substituted for the
soluble phosphate. For this, however, an equal
quantity of slag must be used. On the oiner
hand, if the qunntity of soluble phosphate of lime
IS increased, the sulphate may be entirely omitted.

It is always necessary to have the di/ferent
incrctlients nnely pulverized and well mixetL
Svhen used, a sufficient quanlilv of water is to be
added, and the whole ihoroughfy stirred together.
With these substances blocks can be made as
tuird as marble, and callable of imitating this
substance very closely. For this purpose the
necessary moulds are to be laid upon a porous
bed — gypsum, for instance — and subjected, by
jueans of a screw or hydraulic press, to a great
pressure. The cement, thus compressed, is re-
moved from the mould in the form of a ver^-
hardblodi, which takes as fine a polish as marble,
and may be stained or colored previous to the
pressure in such a way as closely to resemble the
difTcreiit colors of this rock. This artificial marble
resists the influence of air, moisture, and frost,
and is said to be well adapted for the fronts of
houses, floor tiles, etc

IHON, To Tcsttht Quantyef,— Iron men of
long experience are often able, or ot least claim
to be able, to tell the quality of iron by the eve
dbne. But the test of the eye in deciding the
quality of any iron must not be definitely relied
upon. It has been laid down that good wrought-
iron should he silvery white, fibron?, having a
frcshand somewhat rencx appearance in ite fil>res,
silky; when carlran is in excess, it is claimed to
have a bluish, and often gray color; sulphur
in execs*, a dead color, with a tinge of blue;
silica, phosphorus, and carbon in excess, a bright
color, which is the more beautiful the more silica
and phosphorus exist. But the lustre of iron
docs not depend principally upon its color, for
pare iron, tlioueh silvery wfaite» reflects litUe

' lighL A small quantity of carbon in chemical
combination, as well as of ph : ' — - — i'ica,
increases the brilliancy oi\\ .^c

lustre is generally diminished , ij.

phur, magnesia, or carbon ,-s.

The most reliable test Is duciili. , ,ty,

with a due admixture of the cyc-tcal jiut da*
scribed.

IKON, To Prrvent HWj'-- V^ : Jj

desired to weld two bars of i,<

making axletrecs or other j , . :;jh

which you wish to have a bol't.hale, wiihutU
punching out a piece of the iron, you wit' lake ■
piece of wei pasteboard, the width oflhelof
and the length you desire not to weld, and place
it between uic two pieces of iron, fr ' ^ ' * ■' na
firmly upon the pasteboard while t:' :■,

and the iron will weld up to ihe p^ .1 ut

not where it is; then open the hole, with iwcdgc
and punch, to the desired site.

IVORY, r<*A7/rr..— Immerse t: . r. a

weak solution of nitrate of silver til .n

itnelf Q bright yellow color; take it ; I.e

solution and expose, under water, ' -.f

the sun. In two or three hours v. uic

black; but on taking it out of the water Mid
rubbing it, the blackness will change to a beau-
tiful silvering.

•TAPANNrSG OH M^fat, W^od an4 Vaptr.
— ^Junanning on metal, wood, and mt.. r ,. ,.v«.
cutea in much the same manner a-, ^-j

in spirit or oil varnishes, except i):. it

of color or Tarnish is dried by placiu|; tht 'jl»ictt
in an oven or chamber called a stove, healed bjr
flues to as high a temperr.n Lfely lie

employed without injuring the <:3uwng

the varnish to blister or rii:i -mentiu

works, the colors ordinarily ' v cttistt

arc used ; they are grouncl j nr tui*

pentinc. and arc afterwards -r

consistence for working by h

copal or ariiine varnish, llie i.viitr isg.nrriily
used, as it dries (quicker, and is less expcnsiTe
than the cupal varnish.

For black japanned works, the \ -t

prepared with a coating of black, TI1. j

drop ivory block to a proper \\

dark-coloritti animc varnish, z. ;.,

er surface than would be prr. ' ..-i

alone. The object t& then i ■,

three or four coats of japan are I,

and the work is dried in the > >r

coat If the surface is requ; f,

as for the best works, five or *.i> c-i-iii ulpptUi
are necessary, to give sufficient body to prevent
thejapan bcmg rubbed through in the pculshing.

For brown japanned works, the cJcat japao
alone is used as the ground, or umber is nixed
with the japan to give the required tint, and the
work is oiterwards dried in the oven, ia the
same manner as black japan.

For colored worki no japan \s used, Inil ihey
are painted with the ordinary n.ii»it,-. *' ,.,i,.,*^
ground with linseed oil or tut; 1

with animc varnish; and the u z

oven in the same manner as t'r

To protect the colors, an.i
durability to the surface, ' • -mt<.\

vami-ihed with copal . . Bsaitft

without driers. Twn r 1 vamislb

suffice for or : fg^ <Qg^

best works ij.- rfiuih

Is of course required iot b^U .

^XfCERS TN METAi

429

I

Orniunental devices ftrc painted on the objects
in the ustinl manner, after the ecncral color of
the ground has been laitl on. T!ic colors arc
dried in the stove, and the work, is tina,)!/ var-
nished and polished just ihe same as pbin colors,
bttt more carefully.

Mctnl wnrks require no other preparation than
cleaning with turpentine, to free them from
irretue or oil, unle<.s the Inter should happen to
DC linseed oil, in which case the cleaning is cene-
nUly dispensed unth, and the articles are placed
in the stove and heated until the oil is baked
quite bard.

Wood that is intended to be used for the best
japanned work, requires to be thoroughly well
dried before it is made up, or othcnvi<e it will
V^ subject to all the evils of shrinking, warping,
and splitting, when exposed to the heat of the
stove. To avoid these evils, the wood, after
having l>ecn well seasoned in the u^ual manner,
by eviw^urc to llie air, is sawn out nearly to the
required forms, and baked for several days in
the japanner's stove, the heat of which is grad-
ually increased; and the wood '\\ afterwards
worxcd up into chairs, ublcs, trays, and similar
articles, which are afterwards again exposed to
the heal of the stove, and any cracks or other
imperfections, tliat may be thus rendered appa-
rent, arc carefully slopped with putty, or white
lead, before the japanning is commenced.

JEWELRY^ Ta C//<jrt.— Dissolve one
ounce of cyanide of potassium in three gills of
soft water. Turn up the end of a piece of braAs
or iron wire into a hook. Attach to it the article
Id be cleaned, and immerse it in the solution,
shaking it backward and forward for a secon*! or
two, then take it out and rinse well in clean
water. Wash it with warm water and soap to
remove any film of cyanide that may remain ;
finsc again, dip into spirits of wine, and dry in
boxwootl sawdust. The advantage of dipping in
spirits of wine is the imme<liatc drying of the
work without any sticking of the sawdust to it
AVhen done with the solution, put it in a bottle
and cork tightly. It may be used again and
again for some months. I>o not forget to label
the bottle — Poison. One caution is necessary;
do not bend over the solution so as to inhale its
odor, nor dip the fingers in it; if one of the ar-
ticles drops from the hook, better empty the
solution into another vessel. Tlie cyanide is a
violent poison, and although there is no danger
in cautiuu.dy using it, carelessly inhaling it i^ in-
jurious, and its absoq>lion through the pores of
Ihc skin even more so.

-^ JEWELRY {Gilt), To C^«.— Take half a
pintofboihng water, or alitlle less, andput it into
a clean oil flask. To this add one ounce of cyanide
of potajisium, shake the flask, and the cyanide
win dissolve. When the liquid is cold, add hAlf
a fluid ounce of liquor ammonia, and one fluid
ounce uf rectified alcohol. Shake the mixture
together, and it will be ready for use. .Ml kinds
of gilt articles, *^-helher Birmingham ware or
•'articles de PaHs,". -which have become dis-
colored, may be rendered bright by brushing
them with the aliove mentioneti fluid.

7£lf/:/,£A'.S'A'C>6'(;i:,— I. Dissolve sulphate
ofiron in hot water, add a solution of pcarlash as
long as any precipitate falls, wash this often with
warm water, drain it, and caldnc to a bright re«l
color. — 2. Precipitate a dilute solution of sulphate
of iron, with Aiamoau in excess, wash and ex*

tress the precipitate, then calcine it to redness.
f$cd as .1 polishing powder, an>i for covering
razor strops.

LIGHTNIXC RODS.—'XXvt best mclhovl of
erecting and constructing lightning rod5, accord-
ing tn Prof. Henry, is as follows:—

1. Tlie rod should consist of round iron of
about one inch in diameter ; its parts, through-
out the whole length, should lie in perfect mclaTlic
continuity, by being secured together by coupling
ferrules.

2. To secure it from rust the rod should be
coated with black paint, itself a good conductor.

^. It should terminate in a single platmum
point.

4. The shorter and more direct the course of
the rod to the earth the belter ; bendings should
be rounded, and not formed in acute angles.

5. It should be fastened to the building by iron
eyes, and may be iiuulaled from thc^e h^ cylin-
ders of glass.

6. TTw roil should be connected with the earth
in the most perfect manner possible, and nothing
is lietter for this purpose than to place it in
metallic contact with the gas-pipes, or. better,
the water-pipes of the city. 'l"his connection
may l>e made by a ribbon of copper or iron sot>
dercil to the end of the rod at one of its extremi-
ties, and wrapped aronnd the pipe at the other.
If a connection of this kind i» impracticable, the
rod should be continued horixontallv to the
nearest well, and then turactl vertically down-
ward until the end enters the water as deep as
its lowest level. The horizontal part of the rod
may Ix* buried in a stratum of pounded charcoal
and .r^hes. The rod should be placed, in pre-
ference, on the west side of the building. A rod
of this kind may be put up by an ordinary black-
smith. The rod in question is in accordance
with our latest knowledge of all the facts of elec-
tricitv. Attempted improvements on it are
wortnless, and, as a general thing, arc proposed
by those who are but slightly acquainted with
the subject.

MEDALS, MoHlds >r.— Take a thin piece
of wood, of the thickness of the cast around the
edge. Then cut a hole and fit in the metal per-
fectly. Dampen some &oft newspaper, and spread
over the face. Beat to a pulp nbou: one eighth
inch thick all over one face of the medal, and
about one half inch around on the wood. Xow
spread some more over without beating, and
clamp fait to the wood. Dry by the fire per-
fectly. That will remove when dry. Tlicn ope-
rate with the other side in the same manner. He
Mrill then have moulds more perfect than can be
made in anv other way I know of, except thev
arc made of metal. Let him take out the mrvi.ii^
and place the pa)>ers tn position, making a vent
througli the wood for air and gases, lie need
not l)e afraid of the paper's burning.

MAGSF.SiUM.— W^t metallic base of the
earth magnesia. The existence of this metal was
demonstrated by Sir H. Davy in tSoS. but it was
first obtained in suflicienl quantity (o csaniine its
properties, by Bussy in 183a

Introduce 5 or 6 pieces of potassium about the
size of i>cas, into a glass tube retort, and over
the potassium lay a sufhcient number of small
fragments of chloride of magnesium to cover it.
The latter must then be heated to ^%«:u. Vxx \kmpX
of (uMtm, -wHcu Vhe ^^mt oV ^\vt \as&^ xwiiVN*.

t

i

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y H^AJTTS,

I

'pass through the stratum of he&tcd chloride. As
soon is th« vivid incandescence that follows ii
over* throw the mass into water, uid coUect the
insoluble metallic portion.

Color nnd lustre rcbemblc !.tlver, malleable and
firMblc at a red heal, unaflccied by dry air and
water; bums with brilliancy in oxygen gas,
yielding oxide or protoxide of mngnc&ium, or
mo^esia. and innoines suonloneousty in chlo-
rine, yielding chloride of magnesium. It dis-
solves in the acids uiili the evolution of hydrogen
gas, and pure salts of nuignesia result. Chloride
of raagncbtum is best [n-ei:^rcd by dissolving
magnesia in muriatic acid, evaporating to dry-
ness, adding an eijual weight ot muiiate of am-
monia, projecting the mixture into a red-hot
platinum crucible, and continuing the heat till a
sutc of tmnquil fu&iun be attained. On cooling
it forms a Iransp.irent, colorless, and very dcli-
cjucsccnt mass. Iodi<le, fluoride, and bromide
of magnesium may be prepared by dissolving
magnesia in hydrioilic, hyLlrofluoric, ond hydro-
bromic adds.

METALSy Fancy CeUrtHg for.— \. A solu-
tion is made in the following manner: — Dissolve
four ounces oftlie hyixjsulpliiie ofso<Li in one
and 3 half pint of water, and then add a solution
of one ounce of acetate of lead In the same Quan-
tity of water. Articles to be colored are placed
in the mixture which is then gradually heated to
boding point. The effect of this solution Is to
give iron the effect of blue steel; zinc becomes
bronze; and copper or brass becomes succcs-
BJvely yellowish, red, scarlet, deep blue, light
blue, bluish white, and, finally, white, with a
tinge of rose. This solution has no effect on lead
or tin.— 2. By replacing the acetate of lead in the
solution by sulphate of copper, brass becomes
first of a fine rosy tint, llien green, and finally of
an iridescent brown color. Zinc does not color
in this solution — it throws down a precinilalc of
brown sulphuret of copper; but it boiled In a
solution containing bollt lead and copper, it be-
comes covered with a black adherent crust, which
may be improved by a thin coating of wax. -^J.
If the lead solution be thickened with a little
gum Iragacanlh, and patterns be traced with it
on brass which is afterward heated to two hund-
red and twelve degrees, and then plunged in so-
lution No. I, a go*.Kl marked effect is produced.

METALt Ti} Ctatn, — Mix H P'"* "l^ f^^fi"*^
neat*s-foot oil, and )^ a gill of spirit of turpen-
tine. Scrape a little rotlcn-stonc; wet a woolen
rag with the liquid, dip it into the scrapetl kernel,
and rub the metal well. Wipe it off with a soft
cloth, polish with dry leather, and use more of
the kerncL In respect to steel, if it is very rusty,
use a little powder of pumice with the liquid, on
a separate woolen rag first.

METALS, Paste for Cteaning. — Take oxalic
acid, I part; rotten-stone, 6 parts. Mix with
equal parts of train oil and spirits of tUTpcntinc
to a pante.

METAL {Spftula), fsir 7V/»/^. — Melt 7
lbs., of copper, and when fused odd 3 lbs. of tine
and 4 Ibs.-of tin. These metals will combine to
form a beautiful alloy of great lustre, and of a
light yellow color, fitted to be made into specula
for telcwopei. Sir. Mudge used only copper
and grain tin, in the proportion of 2 lbs. to 14^^
ounces.

METAL SHEATHTNG far Shipx.—'Bcix
jelectcd copper, 60 parts ; best xinc, 40 patU;

melt together in the usual manner, zn<^ .- !' into
sheets of sultible thickness. 1

resists oxidation from CTposur*: .d

prevents the adhesion of bamaclci..

METAL, Printers' TV/f.— Put into a crucible

10 lbs. of lead, and when •• ■• — '■•■'"' n,

Ihrow in 2 Ihs, of anti; ri

such proportions, form i. ;

mon printing types arc mailc. 1 : v

gives a hardnc&s to the lead, with<> <j

type would speedily be rend

prmting press. Different pr t,|

copper, brass, and .inlim--"'

tutc this metal. Every

portions, so that the s^- 1

DC obtained from different fuundnca ; cadi Ujasts

of the iuperiorily of his own mixture.

METAL, trhiL-.—i. Mcli ! T

lead, 5 ot. of bismuth, and 4 f

antimony. — 2. Melt together ;.. ^ , af

antimony, 8 02. of biius, aiuI 10 o/. of im.

METAI^, fVniitijf hurtiptioni •■«. -T.ilcc
% lb. of nitric acid and t oz. of n;
Mix, shake well together, and it is r
Cover the pLice you wish to r '
lK*es-wax ; when cold, w rite
plainly in the wax clear to the 1.
instrument; then apply the ti
feather, carefijUy filling each i
main from one to ten minutes, aa.>.
pearancc desired ; then throw on w
stops the process, nr ' -^ -^

MOIKEE Mil
0*Hamentins the >"
— ^The plates are wasiic«i by an
then in water, heated, anu spr ;
with the acid solution, llic
with the degree of heat anl 1

strength of the acids employed, in
the application of the acids, are y. .

water slightly acidulated, dried, and ■.
white or cofored varnishes. The f
some of the acid mixtures uso.li N
acid, in different deerces of d.' 1

acid, with 5 parts of water; 1 c

acid. 2 of muriatic arid, s"' ^^ •

solution of citric add; 1 Y

sulphuric acid, and 18 of ^ _ i-

ash is also used.

NICKEL PLATING,— Th^ «dviio1aee» of
clcclro-pl.-vling with nick'"
coating of nicKel is quite :
iron, so that it kecjn 'f^
Britannia metal or
even better than In
it adheres well, even wbi
so that it may be easily 1
ft shade between thi' '
of alloy of silver nrv
quires no lacquer '
tarnish by expijsur'
even silver, when ■
sulphurous vapors. Il
\*erv long time, bclnq r
un' ' ■ ■ ■ '

o •'

o«
w!

ll>
pli

or

TllC .^lll'l'd.' >-- MHI't'- -..^M-^ I'l 1111. ►.•'I i«i-)n.Ji tik4

adapted for the puri>usc ; doubk Mfea ore r^

IVORKERS AV METALS,

t^ whil

[nired. Bccqiierel, the great French chemist,

>reK^ibes a solution of the double sulphate of

ickel and potassa; this solution Is not patented,

id may be used by every one.

A few of the metoods of preparing the salts,

are or may be used, are os follows :
According to II. Rose, nickel may be sepa-
[lated from cobalt as follows: The mixed metals
^•re dissolved in considerable excess of hydro-
[chloric acid, and the solution is diluted with a
:rT large quantitv of water; a current of chlorine
tnen passed through the liquor for several
tours, and the upper part of the flask is left
'tiled with the gas alter the current has ceased;
[carbonate of baryta is next added in excess* the
rhole digested together, with frequent agitation
>r fifteen or cichtccn hours, and then throMro
on a filter. Tlie filtrate fields pure oxide of
nickel by precipitation with caustic potassa;
while the residuum on the filler, after being
thed in water, dissolved in hot hydrochloric
*«cid, and the baryta precipitated with a sulphuric
■cid, furnishes, with hydrate of potassa, a pre*
cipitate of hydrated oxide of cobalt, free from
nickel, which, when washed and dried, is re-
duced in a platinum or porcelain crucible by
hydrogen gas,

A<!Uiii of Nickel. — By neutralizing acetic add
with carbonate or oxide of nickel, and gently
concentmting by ei'aporalion, so that crystals
may form. Small green crystals, soluble in six
parts of water.

CarbonaU of NUktK — This salt may be ob-

'^- tained in the manner described above in connec-

^ktion with the preparation of metallic nickel, or

^Pbr simply adding carbonate of soda to a solution

~ of chloride or sulphate of nickel, but in this case

some hydmlc ot nickel is precipitated with it.

The following is another formula which produces

a nearly pure carbonate, but one which may still

oontain a little cobalt, the entire separation of

which is a matter of extreme diRiculty, and can

only be effected in the manner recommended by

Rose, described above :

Tlic mineral (crude speiss or kupfemickel) is
^B broken into small fragments, mixed with from
^b one fourth to one half its weight of iron fihngs.
^r and the whole dissolved in aqua regia; the soTu*
^K tion is gently evaporated to dryness, the residue
y treated with boiling water, and the insoluble
srseniate of iron removed by filtration; the liquid
is next acidulated with hydrochloric acid, treated
with sulphuretcd hydrogen, in excess to preci-
pitate the copper, and after filtration is boiled
with a little nitric acid, to bring back the iron to
Ihe state of sesquioxide; to the cold and largely
diluted liquid a solution of bicarbonate of soda is
gradually added, and the sesquioxide of iron
seoaratcd hy filtration ; lastlv, Ihe filtered solution
is boiled with carbonate of^ soda, in excess, and
Ihe pale green precipiute of carbonate of nickel
collected, washed and dried.

It is freely soluble in the acids, and is chiefly
employed to prepare the salts and other com*
pounds of nickel.

CkhrtJf if XiihL — From carbonate or oxide

>of nickel and hydrochloric acid, as the acetate.
Small green crvslals, which are rendered yellow
«nd anhydrous uy heat, unless they contain cobalt,
when the salt retains a tint of peen.

Ox-ahU of Xickfl. — Bv addmg a strong solu-

kkion of oxatic ocid to a like solution of sulphate of
nickel, and collecting the pale bluiih-greca prc-

cipitate which forms after a time. Used to prepare
both metallic nickel and its oxide.

OxUts of Xickei. — There are two oxides of
nickel, but only one of tlicm (protoxide) acts as
a base:

Protax'uft of Nickel. — I. Byheatingthe nitrate,
carbonate or oxalate, to redness in open vessels.
Anhydrous.

3. By precipitadng a soluble salt of nickel
with caustic pota&sa. Hydrated. An ash-gray
powder, freely soluble in acids, forming the or-
dinary salts of nickeL

SesquioxiJe of Nickel. — By passing chlorine
through water holding the hydrated protoxide in
suspension; or by mixing a salt oi nickel with
bleaching powder. An insoluble, black powder,
which is decomposed by heat.

Sulphate of Niikel. — From carbonate or oxide
of nicKel ana dilute sulphuric add as the acetate.
Green prismatic crystals, soluble in three parts
of cold water. With the sulphates of potassa
and ammonia, it forms beautiml double salts.

It may also be that ammonia, potassic or sodic
chlorides will prove useful. Solutions of the re-
spective chlorides (chloride of nickel and of the
cnloride which it ii desired to unite with it) are
poured together and allowed to crystallize.

OIL far Snving Machine j^ Watches^ etc, —
Refined oil. for fine mechanism, can be prepared
by putting rinc and lead shavings, in equal parts,
into good Florence olive oil, and placing it in a
cool place till the oil becomes colorless.

OiLy Watekmaken\—'X\!C\& is prepared by -
placing a clean slip of lead in a small, white
glass bottle filled with olive oil, and exposing it
to the sun's lays for some time, till a curdy
matter ceases to deposit, and the oil has become
quite limpid and colorless.

PEARLS or DelicaU Articles^ To Ihld.—
Eastern jewelers resort to an ingenious plan for
firmly securing in any desired position such
pearU as they wish to drill or work upon. The
gems arc first fitted loosely in holes bored in a
piece of soft wood. A few drops of water are
then sprinkled over them, and this penetrating
the fibres, causes the wood to swell and (he pearl
is held as in a vise, but without marring it or in
any way depreciating its value. After a lime the
water evaporates, the fibres gradually relax, and
the gem is again set free.

PEWTER, Cpiwiwtfrt.— Melt in a crucible 7
lbs. of tin, and when fused throw in I lb. of lead,
6 OI. of copper and 2 02. of line. This cumbi-
nation of metals will form an alloy of great
durability and tenacity ; also of considerable
lustre.

PEWTER, ^«/.— The besi sort of pewter
consists of 100 parts of tin, and 17 of rcgulus of
antimonv.

PEWTER, //irn/.— Melt together « lbs, of
tin, I lb. of rcgulus of antimony, and 4 0£. of
copper.

PL\'C//B EC A'.—l. Put into a crucible 5 or.
of pure copper ; when it is in a state of fusion
ada I oz. of zinc. These metalscorabinc, forming
an alloy not unlike jeweler's gold; pcur it into
■ mould of any shape. Tliis alloy is used for
inferior jewelry.

Some use only half this quantity of «in^ la
which projK)rtton the alloy is more easily worked,
especiallv in the making of jewelry,

2. MeU tognVbtiT \ ov. cA XffW.** ^'^^^ ^^T "^
cw.oC copper, VnsftAu-nAei *. cwXiA <iaia wa^»«^

43»

VICTIOUARY OF EVERY^DAY WANTS,

PLA TING and GILD/NG vjUAouI a Baltt-
fy, — A very useful solulion of silver or gold for
plating or gilding without the aid of a ballery
may be made as follows: Take, say» i ounce of
nitrate of silver, dissolved in i quart of distilled
or rain water. When iliorougbly diisolved,
tbrow in a few crystals of hyposulphite of soda,
which will at 6r5t form a brown precipitate, but
which eventually becomes redissolved if suffi-
cient hyposulphite has been employed. A slight
excess of this salt must, however, be added.
The suliitioq thus formed may be used for coal-
ing small articles of steel, brass, or Qerman sil-
ver, by simply dipping a sponge in the solution
and rubMng it over the surface of the article to
be coated. I have succeeded in coating steel
very satisfactorily by this means, and have found
the silver so firmly attached to tlie steel (when
the solution has been carefully m.-idc) that it has
been removed with considerable difficulty. A
fiolulinn of gold may be mode in the same w-ay,
and applied as described. A concentrated solu-
tion of either gold or sil\*cr thus made, may be
used for conling parts of articles which nave
stripped or blistered, by applying it with a camel
hair pencil to the part, and touching the spot at
the same time wiln a thin clean strip of ?inc.

PLA TING an Irott atui SUeL—TzVc two
quarts rain water, dissolve two pounds cyanide
of potassium, and filter. This solution is only
for steel or iron. In order to plate steel or iron,
dip it into pure sulphuric add for one minute,
then clean with pumice stone and brush; rinse,
and hang in cyanidir solution of potassium for
three minutes, or until it becomes while; then
bang in silver solution until plated heavy enough.

PLA TED METAL, Tesifor,-^\ coldsolu-
tion of bichromate of polassa in nitric acid is,
according to Dr. Bottger, an excellent test for
the genuineness of silver-plating on metals.
The metallic surface to 1>c tested is first of all
cleaned with strong alcohol, in order to remove
dirt, fatty matter, and especially any varnish.
A dro^ of the lest.fluid is then applied to the
metallic surface by means of a gloss rod, and
iutmcdtately afterM'ords washed off with some
cold water. If pure silver is present, there will
appear a blood-red colored mark (diromnte of
stiver). Upon German silver the test-liquid
appears brown, but, af\er washing with wntcr,
the blood-red colored mark does not appear; the
so-called Ufitannia metal is colored mack ; on
platinum no action is visible; metallic surfaces
coated with an amalgamol mercury yield a reddish
speck, whicht howcx-er, is entirely wa.shed off by
water; on lead and bismuth the test-liquid forms
a yellow -colored precipitate; zinc and tin are
both strongly acted upon by ihis test-liquid; the
stain, as regards the former metal, is entirely
removed by water, while, as regards the latter,
the test-liquid is colored brovrnish, and addition
of water produces a yellow precipitate which
somewhat adheres to tlie (in.

PLASTER EIGURES, Tfi give thf Ap-
ftarance of Bronte, — Make a ])repaniIion of
palm soap, five ounces; sulphate of copper, one
and a half ounces, and sulpnale of iron, one and
a half ounces. Dissolve the soopin rain water in
one vessel and the sulphates in another. I'ut
together and let settle, then pour off the water.
Dry the precipitate, and apitly to the figure by
mixing as a ivtint with Unseed oil and turi>entine.

POUSliliD IRONS, T9 PrfursH from

Rust. — Polished lron*work may l«r prnrrveii
from rust by a mixture not v' - n.

sisling of copal varnish inii' h

as much olive-oil as will give <' .,;

greosinesf, adding thereto nearly kt

of turpentine as of \-aniish ; or voir zx

dissolved in benzine. The cast ■ n

best preserved by robbing it with i

But where rust has begun to make Wh ap^»cAr<
aiue on grates or fire-irons, apply a mixlurv of
tripolt, with half its quantity of snlphur, inli-
maiely mingled on a marble slab and laid on
with a piece of soft leather ; or emery and ofl
maybe applied with excellent effect; not UU
on in the usual slovenly way, but v.-\\h 3 -p^~TT^
pieceofthe ftg-trcc fully saturated v \-

lure. This will not only clean, bi I

render the use of whiting unnccessurv.

POLISHING POH/)ER.—]cxift:\cT% and
other* who have use for jewelers' rouge as a
polish for glass or metal will find the followinc
a perfect recipe : Dissolve any quantity nf good
green vitriol (sulphate of iron) in c ^t

not lo leave a seaiment. When w '.

drop into the water small lumps of f

ammonia until the iron falls to the i >;

form of a fine powder (the pcn^- ;.

Keep on dropping in ammonia un
ironfalls, l^rt the water stand j^v [

clears, then pour it off. Turn the i
between two sheeu of blotting pS)-'

it to gel it as dry as possible. "1 '

an old teacup or porcebin ci\

over a clear gooil fire until f: >1

hot (in the dark) and no more.

done you have the best polishing p. :i

in the trade at a very trifling cost.

PUTTY POLISHERS.-^\. Mcli tin, rake
off the dross as it is formed, and t ^'- "<■ ''^■•*
dross till it becomes whitish. — i, ^'
with an equal weight, or 1^ ox. !

then raise the heat so as to rentl I

metals red hot, when the tin will Lc /

flung out in the stale of putty. lU'tn :.^e very
tiard, used for polishing gloss and japan work,
and to color opaque white cnapi'*!

RUST, To Reme^-e from :.tl .^r

Iran, — Sometimes rust cun 1 ■ fiom

polished iron or steel Mith liitic .; '.

homclimes il con not be niailc to di ■
out pohshing the surface anew. L _

of iron. The oxygen oflhcalmo^;
with the iron chemically, thu^ f \

scale on the surface, oot one < i

an inch in thickness. Red r- i

on the polished surface .i :

materially corroding t^

removed soon after illl^^ i" ^

manner of removing red n^
rusty portion with common o'
in well with a woolen clothe stood

a few hours, rub the y^r\s W"''
slaked lime, or S; "
is all removed. I
mulale until the ,
sweet oil and a
remove it. The ti
ished with emcrv, ut
black rust will itt^appeii

iilt-hammer into narrow sUl

lVOK/C£CJtS /iV METALS.

I

dnce a sheet of finiihed iron hro archinn by
one, (ftfty-six inches by twcniy-eigbt inches,)
TTcighing whea finished from six \o twelve
pounds. These slabs are called Ao/z'fl«i'_)'- They
.Are put in the reheating furnaces, heated to a
[red heat, nnd rolled down in three operations to
I something like a sheet, the rolls l)cing screwed
lighter as the surface gets thinner. This must
be subsequently hammered to reduce its thick-
ness and (o receive the glante. A number of
theite sheets having been again heated to a red
heat, have charcoal, pounded to as impalpable a
powder as possible, shaken between them
through the bottom of a linen bag. The pile,
then receiving a covering and a bottom in the
shape of a sheet of thicker iron, is placed under
• heavy hammer; the bundle, gmsjjed with longs
by two men, is poketl backwara and forward
by the gang, so that every part may be well
hammered. So soon as the redness goes off,
they arc finished, so far as this part uf the ope-
ration goes. So far they have received some of
the glnntft or necessary polish ; Uicy are again
he^ed. and treated differently in this respect;
bnt instead of having the powdered charcoal
strewed between them, each two red-hot sheets
have a cold-finished sheet put between them ;
they arc again hammered, and alter (his process
arc finished, as far as thickness and glance goes.

Thrown down separately (o cool, they arc
taken to the shears, placed on a frame of the
regulation size, and trimmed. Each sheet is
then weighed, and after being thus assorted in
weights, arc finally sorted into first* sen>nd, and
tiuxus. according to their glance and freedom
from flaws and spots. A first-class sheet must
be like a mirror, without a spot upon it. One
hundred puds ofbalvank^ make seventy puds
of finished sheets ; but this allowance for waste
is far too lorge^ and might easily be reduced.
Four heats are required to finish.

The general weight per sheet is from six to
twelve pounds, the larger demand being from
ten to eleven pounds; but they are made wcigh-
io£ as much as thirty pounds, and may then al-
most l)e called thin boiler-plates, being used for
stoves, etc. B<?5ide5 the finished sheets, a quan-
tity of what arc called red sheets are made, which
sre not polished, and do not undergo the last
operation.

SA tVS, To Memd when Brakm. — Pure silver
19 parts ; pure cop^wr i part ; pure brass 1 parts ;
aU are to he filed into powuer and intimately
mixed. Place the siw level upon the anvil, the
broken edges in dose cont.ict, and hold them so;
now put a small line of the mixture along the
seam, covering it with a large bulk of nowJered
charcoal; now, with a spirit-l.imp ana a jewel-
ers' blow-pipe, hold the cnal-dusl in place, and
blow sufficient to melt the solder mixture; then
with a hammer set the joint smooth, if not al-
ready so, and file awa^ any superfluous solder;
and you will he surnnsed at its strength.

SAWS^ Tem^nnr. — The usual method of
tempering saws is to neat and then dip them in
oil. This process is slow, costly,, and Ial>oriou$.
It is also disadvantageous, because the saws be-
come warped, and require to be hammered up
straight again by hand. A late improvement
consists in tempering and straightening the saws
at one operation. Tl&U is done by heating the
UWs to the proper degree, and tlicn pressing
them with a sudden and powerful stroke between

L

two surfaces of cold iron. A drop press is em-
ployed for the purpose. The mechanism is quite
simple and inex|}ensive. Its use effects an im-
portant economy in the manufacture of nearly
all kinds of saws, and abo improves their qual-
ity.

SAW TEETH, Shape i/.— The adaptation
of tools, in form and construction, to the nature
of the work required of them, is an important
item in every branch of mechanicd industry,
and in none more vitally than in the sawing of
lumber. The distinction to be made according
to the direction in which the saw is to run,
whether across the gnun or with the grain, is
itufhcienUy plain, and is familiar to every work-
man in a saw mill. As the fiber of the wood to
be severed in cross cutting presents a firm, al-
most unyieldinj; resistance to the saw, the teeth
are of an acute or bncet-like shape, cutting the
wood rapidly asunder, as if with a succession of
knives, and producing a fine granular sawdust;
while the teeth of the rip saw, culling wither
rather separating the grain, are made compara-
tively large and coarse, encountering less resis-
tance from the wood, which ihey tear into small
chips or shavings. The experience of workmen
in soft and especblly in gummy or resinous
woods, such as pilch pine, larch, etc., gives stilt
more striking proof ol the necessity or:rdapling
the saw to the nature of the material in which it
is to operate. To prevent the choking of the
saw, and a resulting demand for additif)nal pow-
er to maintain the motion, the points of the teeth
require to be made acute and to have consider-
able pilch, in order to overcome the obstruction
of damp sawdust accumulating in their path;
and in gummy wood, an application of grease is
often necessary, as a remedy for the heating and
friction caused by the tendency of the resin to
adhere to the saw.

It may be stated, in general terms, that for
soft or yicldmg woods, ofihe class of which the
willow and pine are common cuimptes, the pitch
should be greater, and the lecih Urge and acute-
ly pointed. For mahogany, roscwowJ, .ind other
woods of tough and dcn&e fiber, teeth of less
sire and of perpendicular pitch are appropriate.
The principle which should govern the shape of
saw leeth is indeed an extremely simple one,
and would seem to require no formal statement,
more especially as it is certain to make itself
manifest, if disregarded, upon a brief experiment.
In practice, however, it often fails to receive due
attention, and no small amount of inconvenience
and actual loss is occasioned by neglect of this
material point.

SAW, To Put in ^n/rr. — First, the saw
should he set; this may be done by laying the
blade flat upon a piece of heavy plank or scant-
ling, and bending the teeth with a hammer and
punch. The set, or punch, can be made of a
three-cornered saw file, broken off at each end,
and the smallest end ground square. Set the
punch square upon the tooth, but inclined from
you, so that it rests mainly upon the point of
the tooth, and hit it a light blow witli the ham-
mer. Every other tooth should l»c l>cnt in this
manner, then the saw turned over, and the ope-
ratioiT repeated. The set already in the saw
will be the guide as to ihc direciian the tooth is
to be hen t. If the saw, previous i>> t*v<v»*^^* vk
inclined to caiVcVv imA \vito^, w\<: oS v\«*t '^wfc^
is the maWtt*, V\w «V\v utAxcD.» a.V«i VRS^**

434

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

lonccT UuD the rest, or the teeth have been filed
hooking. Either of these troubles can Ik easily
detected and remedied. If by looking along the
teeth from end to end, an unevcnncss '\% &een»
Uy Lhe blade upon the head of an aae, or some-
tHing of the kind, and strike gently upon the
tides of the teeth with a hammer until alt of the
&et is removed; then set the ^awasabovedirected.
If after the saw i* properly fct, some of the teeth
should be longer than others, put the blade be-
tween two thin boards, three or four inches
wide, and as long as the saw; screw them 6nn-
Ijr in A vice, the same as for filing, and mn a
flat saw-mill file lengihwi&e along the teeth until
Ihcy are brought level. The saw is now ready
(or filing. The file should be placed between
the tcctn in a diagonal direction, but held level.
Every other space should be filed from the small
end to the handle; then the remaining spaces
filed by holding the file at an opposite angle.
After this operation is completed, then look
across the teeth again, and if the channel bc>
tween the rows of teeth terminates in the centre,
the filing is good; if it termmalcs at one side of
the centre, tne full side needs more filing. If
the saw catches and jumps after Jointing up^ it
will be owing to the teeth having been hied too
booking, or, ia other words, the points inclined
too much towards the narrow end of the saw.
This can be remedied by refiling and taking ofT
&om the lower &ide of tne tccih enough to make
them stand upright on the blade. Always file
where there is sufficient light to enable you to
sec points distinctly. Be exceedingly careful to
stop filing as soon as the tocith is filed to a per-
fect point. One thrust with the file after a tooth
has been brought to a complete edge, will short-
en il, put the saw out of order jtist in proportion
as the point is filed off. Let the points be set
tinifonnly, and only a little. Go over the teeth
with an old file, and give them a more perfect
cutting-edge. Then lay the blade flatly on a
smooth Ix^rd, and pass a fine-gritted whetstone
along the sides of the points, to remove the wiry
edge, and to give the teeth as fine a cutting-edge
as practicable.

SA \VS (iMr^e), Skar^nmg the Tttth c/.^
In rxtcnsive lumber districts, where large saws
of any description are employed, the mere cost
of the files necessary for filing the teeth is an
item of great expense during the year. The
teeth of a large circular saw for cutting logs into
lumber will frequently be equivalent to the cut-
ting edge of a straight saw twelve to sixteen feet
in fcngUi. When the points of only one or two
of the teeth happen to get dulled, the expense
for files alone, not indumng lalxir, will frequent-
ly exceed one dollar to put the saw in order,
especially if the length of tne Icclh be maintained
by filing into the blade at the base of each tooth
as much as the points ore filed off.

In lieu of large files, foremen of many saw-
mills employ a narrow grindstone Ituog on a
journal having turned brarings neatly fitted to
metallic boxes, so that the stone must levolve
true. Any grindstone may be employed for
such a purpose bv turning a small |}ortion of the
periphery of the desired form to fit the spaces
Detween the teeth. One. side of the stone should
be dressed ai a right angle with a line cutting
the centre of the journal, fur grinding the face-
€dgc o( the lecth; and the opposite side should be
beveled to correspond wil^XAcbw^^cai^UicMi.

The most efficient tool for luming off thf
p-indstoue may be made of a bar of Swede**
iron, by drawing out one end about as Urge as
a man's little fin^r. on-i r, ,.«;.,,. ,,,. ^i..^..r y.^^
an inch of the point. S' tj

soft iron, will be found i- . jq

if it were steel. When lurning ilic kiuuc fitf,
let it revolve about one hundred times per
minute.

Now, make a tabic on which to place the «aw
when grinding the teeth ; and drcas both the
front and bocx of each tooth square ■cress the
blade. Let the periphery of the stone be kept
wet, when in use; as the grit will cut cleaner
than if tlic stone were dry. Water will alio
prevent heating the teeth. Afier the teeth hare
been ground properly, if it is desirable th.'.t the
cutting points should be flnnng, for sawuu
across the grain of lim>>cri use i triangular file
for beveling the face of every tooth. *nic ha^
of teeth do not need to be beveled in any taw,
as there is nothine gained by it. furtberxnotc,
it will alH*ays be louod more expensive, both in
files and in labor, tiian to file squnrc ocrou the
teeth. For sawing with the grain, both the
face and back should be dressed square across
the blade. When a saw is put in ordrr for cut-
ting .ncross the grain, if only onc-cighlh of an
inch of the points be filed obliquely on the Cice*
edge, the saw will cut quite as rapidly a» tf the
teeth were beveled both on the fiiice ud bade
edges.

A grindstone will often save firci^ rr

hundred doUars per annum in the \ - ^<:

files.

In many machine-shops and manufactories,
where a large number of sm'tl «^— ^ r-" -rr-
ployed, emery-wheels aie u- r

sharpening. The emery- wht a

neatly turned mandrel, and hcUl : r,

collars, like a circular saw. The •*

made of the requisite form to fit lhe ircin. In
some inFitances, when circulur saws atv bciR|[
sharpenetl by an emery-wheel, the *_•>» i» tn-iir-
ed to a journal, as it rests 11 o

that every tooth msy be Hrt s ...-r

precision than C'> ' i>c be ^Lumcd, ea-

oept by filers of h- cc.

SILVER, ToAniY. — " . pLicr is the only leu
precious metal that alloys wril with sih-cr. Its
addition is a decided improvrrrf-n' *-n the ori-
ginal, rendering it harder, fi >:arancc
and more sonorous; and it is :: . to note
lhe quantity that may be added 'niih^.ut other*
wise changing the first appearance of the metal.

An alloy of silver and c-- ;^— — ■'-■ r- r^n

of four-nfths silver to • is

white as lhe silver v
When the proportion of cvmiL
fifth, it begins to have an tnrii
American coin siKer is unr-trniri «t<[<;.ci.

The baser while metaU cannot be aUmd
with silver to any great c-^'-"^ ...-,..., .., *i.- h.^
that they impait to l! > i

degree of brittlcness. f

blodc tin virtually coo\-.

The following i*, | i

composition for a tl y

one ounce; coppti,

two-thirds of an ■ f

an ounce; clean -.

white arsenic, one-' n,

one-third of an oaccc. Mdt tbc ^ilvtf, c^pjpcr

nvRtTF.ss r.v metals.

435

/

I

and brass fir&t, then add the other articles in the
order naincd. Sprinkle i very little borax inlu
the crucible while melting — too much wilt have
a tendency to render the metal unmotlcable.
■* SILVER, 7tf CUan. — Never use a particle
of soAp on your silver ware, as it dulls the luster,
giving the article more the ippcarancc of pewter
than silver. When it wants cleaning rub it with
a piece of soft leather end prepared chalk, the
latter made into a kind of paste with pure water.
SILl'ESt Mixturt for CUaning, — Common
prepared chalk, or wniting, % lb.; gum cam-
phor, y oc. ; aqua ammonia and alcohol, of each
t oz.; Denxine, 301.; mix well together, and
apply with a soft sponge, and allow it lu diy be-
fw^ polfihing.

SIlVEH, To keep Bhgkt.—Yox the pre-
servalion of the Iu.<ilcr of articles of silver or
plated ware, when not needed for actual use for
a conudcrablc time, a coating of collodion (to
be had at the drug stores), may be employed to
great advantage. The articles arc to be heated,
and the collodion then carefully applied by means
of a brush, so as to cover (he surface thoroughly
and unifurmly. It is used most conveniently
when diluted with alcohol, as for pholc^rapliic
purposes. / Articles thus prepared exhibit no
trace whaurer of their covering, and have stood
for more than a year in shop windows and in
dwellings, retaining their while luster and color,
while Diner pieces not thus prepared became se-
riously tarnished.

SILVER^ EnfjteJ.—lQ produce a frosted
turface on polished silver, use cyanide of polas-
aium with a brush, but clo not handle it more
than you can help. Get a niece of lance wood
or box, and make a pair of wood ulicrs. The
proportion should be an ounce dissolved in a half
pint of water. It is ver^ poisonous.

SItV'ERt CounUrfttt. — Combine by fusion
one part pure copper, twenty-four parts block
tin, one and a hall parts pure antimony, one
Ibiirth part pure bismuth and two parts clear
glass. The glass may be omitted save in cases
where it is an object to have the metal sonorous.
SILVER (Dead IVhit^ in). To RaU^.--
The process for producing or restoring the dead
white to silver is simple. Before attempting it,
the work must be carefully examined to discover
whether it has been prcWously repaired. Un-
akillful workmen often resort to "soft solder"
unnecessarily. If any "soft solder" (pewter) is
found about the work, the process must not be
attempted. If the article is all right in that re-
spect, pound together three parts charcoal and
one 01 niter. Add sufficient water to form a
paste. With a camel'slu-ur brush give the ar-
ticle a thin coat of the mixture, put it in a small
annealing pnn, and submit it to the Arc until it
becomes just red hot ; then withdraw it from the
fire, let it stand a minute, and turn it out into a
weak solution of sulphuric add (one part acid,
ten parts water) in the boiling pan. Buil, pour
off the add, rinse ; wa<ih with warm water and^
soap, using a soft brush; dip in spirits of wine,
and dry in box -wood sawaust. If an^ spots
ahuuld still remain on the work, anneal it with-
out Ihc mixture, boil out and wash as before.
Burnish the ports intended to be bright. Do not
use the oammon Americin saltpeter. The Eng-
bh refined niter, although it costs more, is re-
ally less expensive, as a smaller quantity goes
fivther, and docs the work more effectually.

Purchase at the wholesale druggists. Never
neglect to dip your work in spirits of wine, and
dry in box-wood sawdust. Vou cannot dry it
properly by wiping; a moisture will remain and
the gloss is lust; while by dipping in spirits, all
jewelry and silver ornaments may be token im-
mediately, thoroughly dry, and retaining their
full luster.

SILVER, Gtrman. — The best German sil-
ver may be made by melting together twenty-
five parts copper, liflecn parts zinc and ten parts
nickel.

SILVERING IRON.—%xm\\ wares ol iron
may be efTcctually silvered without battery thus:
The artides ore suspended in dilute sulphuric
add until the iron shows a clean, bright surface.
After rinsing in pure water, they are placed in a
bath of a mixed solution of sulphate of zinc,
sulphate of copper and cyanide of potassium.
ana here remain until they recdve a bright coat-
ing of brass. Lastly, they are transferred to a
bath of nitrate of silver, cyanide of potassium
and sulphate of soda, in which they quickly
receive a coating of silver.

SILVER IMITATIONS.— Co^^x, i lb.; ■
tin, 3^ ex.; mclL This composition will roll and
ring verv near to silver. Britannia Metal; cop-
per, I lb.; tin, I lb. ; regulus of antimony, 2
lbs. ; melt together, with or without a little bis-
muth. Genuine German Silver: iron, 1% parts;
nickel, jl>4 parts; zinc, 35^4 parts; copper,
^0% parts; melt. Fine White Gernum Sdvcn
iron, I part; nickel, lop^rts; tine, 10 parts;
copper, 20 parts ; melt- Pinchbeck : copper, 5
(>arts ; linc, I port ; melt tlie copper, then odd
the zinc Jewelers' Metal: copper, 30 parts ;
tin, 7 parts; brass, lo parts; mix.

SILVERING.— K Bavarian has patented an
improved process for silvering copper, brass
and other alloys by means of a solution of silver
in cyanide of potassium. The difference from
the usual metno<] consists in the uve of rinc
filing^, with which the objects are coated; when
the silvering solution is applied, an immediate
deposition of a much more durable character
takes place. The filings are easily removed by
rinsing in water, and may be used repeatedly
for the same purpose. Metallic iron may be
coated with copper in the same manner, by
substituting for the silver a solution of copper in
the cyanide ; and over this copper deposit a
coating of silver may be applied.

SI LI 'EH PLA TING, Se/ufwns for, —In
making any of these solutions, perfectly tine sil-
ver must be employc<l ; or, if it oc desired to use
standard or other impure silver, it will be better
to purify the silver by hr&t dissolving it in nitric
acid; then add about one quart of cold water to
the acid solution obtained from dissolving four
ounces of silver. Now throw in a few pieces of
sheet copper to precipitate the silver. In a few
moments the silver w ill begin to deposit itself
upon the copper, and by continuing the process
for some time, and adding a gentle heat, the
whole of the silver will eventually become pre-
dpilatcd in the form of minute- crystals. When
the pure silver is thus obtained, it h to be a^io
dUsolved in two parts water and one part nilric
acid.

Solution 1 : Fine silver, t ounce ; nitric add^
about I ounce; water. K ounce.

I'ul l\ve silver cattWAT xtvV^ * V\cn«w^^aS«^
and a«a vwu \a >3oit aciA.asiA.'wiftRxs ^^•w*-'™^

436

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

iUsk on a sand bath for a few minutes, taking
care not to applr too much heat; and, as soon as
chemical action uecomes violent, remove the flask
to a cooler place, and allow the action to go on
until it nearly ceases ; when, if there be silver
still undissolved, the flask may be again placed
on the sand bath until the silver disappears. If,
however, the acid employed has bwn weak, it
may be necessary to aad a little more. The red
fumes, formed when chemical action is going on,
disappear when the silver is dissolved, or when
the add has done its work. If a little black
powder be visible at the bottom of the flask, it
may be taken care of separately, as it is gold.
I have frequently found gold in the silver pur-
chased of a refiner ; in some instances more Uion
sufficient to pay the expense of the add
emj^yed.

llie nitrate oi silver formed daring the above
operation should be carefully poured into a
por^lain or Wedgwood capule, and heated
until a pellide appears on tne surface, when it
may be placed aside to crystallize. The un-
crystallized liquor should then be poured from
the crystals into another capsule, andneat applied
until It has evaporated sufficiently to cr^sUillize.
When this is done, the crystals of nitrate of
silver are to be placed in a large jar or other
suitable vessel, and about three pints of cold
distilled water added, the whole bdng well
stirred with a glass rod until the crystals are
dissolved.

A quantity of carbonate of potassa is now to
be dissolved in distilled water, and some of the
solution added to the nitrate of silver, until no
further precipitation takes place. It is advis-
able occasionally to put a little of the clear
solution in a glass, or test tube, and to add a
few drops of the solution of potassa, in order to
ascertain whether all the silver is thrown down*
or otherwise ; as soon as the application of .the
alkaline solution produces no enect upon the
solution of nitrate of silver, this operation is
complete.

The supernatant liquor (that is, the fluid
which remains above the precipitate) should next
be carefully poured offthe precipitated silver, and
fresh water added ; this is again allowed to settle,
and the water poured off as before, which ope-
ration should be repeated several times in order
to wash the precipitate thoroughly.

A c]uantity of cyanide of potassium is then to
be dissolved in hot or cold water, uid rather
more than is suffident to dissolve the predpitate
added. In a few minutes the carbonate of silver
will be dissolved by the cyanide, but in all pro-
bability there will oe a trifling sediment at the
bottom of the vessel, which may be separated
from the solution by filtration, and preserved,
as in all probability it will contain a httle silver.

Suffident water is now to be added to make
one gallon of solution. Should the solution be
found to work rather slowly at first, a little of
the solution of cyanide may oc added from time
to time, as it is required : but it is preferable, in
working a new solution, to have as small a pro-
portion of cyanide as possible, otherwise the
artides may strip, especially if they are composed
of German silver.

When a silver solution has been worked for
some length of time, it acquires or^nic matter,
mnd h then capable of bnLhng, ^n^houl in jury.
It larger proportion of cyaxudc

It is necessary that the nitric add employed
for dissolving suver should be of good oommer-
dal (juality, if not chemicalljr pure, lev if it
contam hydrochloric add f whidi is not an ua-
frequent adulteration), a portion of the silver
dissolved will become preapitated in the fonn ol
a whiteflooculent powder (cnloride of silver), and
the success of the operation is thereby impaired.

Solution a : To one ounce of silver, disscdved
and crystallized as above directed, is to be added
three pints of distilled water. The silver is to be
predpitated from this by adding ^radoaUr a
strong solution of cyanide of potassium, lus
must be done with caution, as an excess of
cyanide will redissolw the fwedpitate. Should
the operator, however, acddentally apply too
much cyanide, a little nitrate of silver in sotntica
may be added, the silver of which will be pred-
pitated by the surplus cyanide. A portion of
the solution should be placed in «wixie|^ass
occasionally, and a drop « cyanide added, until
no further efi*ect is proauoed dv this substance.

As soon as the predjritate (wnich is white) has
subsided, the dear solution is to be poured oB,
and fresh water added, this being done'sevend
times, as before, to wash the preapitate.

Three pounds of ferrocyanide of potassisn
(yellow prussiate of potassa) may now be ^
solved in water, and aaded to the predpitate.

When the predpitate is dissolved, add suffi-
dent water to make one gallon of soluti<m, whidi
should then be filtered before using. This
solution is not very profitable to the electro-]^ater,
as it requires fresn silver to be added frequently,
owing to the fact that the anode, or silver p^te,
is not acted upon by the ferrocyanide, therefore
the solution soon becomes deprived of its silver.
It may be used, however, for experimental
purposes.

Solution 3: One ounce of fine silver, dissolved
and treated as before, to which add three pints
of distilled water. Precipitate the silver by
adding a strong solution of common salt — an
excess does noliarm. A single drop of hydro-
chloric add will show whether all the silver is
thrown down or not. The while predpitate
thus formed (which is chloride of silver) is to be
washed as before.

A quantity of hyposulphite of soda is next
dissolved in hot distilled water, and a suffident
quantity added to dissolve the predpitate. Wa-
ter is then to be added to make one gallon.
This solution is decomposed by light, and should
therefore be kept covered up, or in a dark place.
It is not much used by electro-platers.

Solution 4: One ounce of nne silver treated
as before, and dissolved in three pints of distilled
water. Precipitate with common salt, and wash,
as above directed. Dissolve the predpitate with
a strong solution of cyanide of potassium, tak-
ing care not to add much more than will dissolve
the chloride of silver. Filter carefully, at least
once through the same filtering paper, and once
through clean filtering paper, and then add
enough distilled water to make one gallon of
solution.

The above solution is very useful when it is
desired to plate an article delicatelv white, but
the silver is liable to strip when the burnisher is
applied to it. This solution, however, may be
employed with less fear of the work stripping,
if ic M used weaker, with a small surace of
\ uuK&fi ukd feeble battezy power.

tVOR/TERS TN METALS.

437

I

Under all circumsUnccs this solution is more
ftpplicnUe to surfaces which only require to be
scratch •brushed, or which arc to l>c left dead.
Chased figures, clock dinH, ca&t mclal work,
etc., may t^rc admirably plated with this solu-
tion.

Solutions: One ounce of fine silver, as be-
fore, and the cr>-sials disjiolvcd in three pints of
distilled vrAler. Add strong solution of cyanide
pf |>oias»iuin until no further precipitation takes
place. If too much cyanide be added, it will re-
dissolve the precipitate. Pour off the super-
fiatant liquor and \vush the silver as before.
Now add strong solution of cyanide to disKolvc
the preduitate. Make one gallon with distilled
water. The solution should have a mo^leratc
excess of cyanide, and it must be filtered before
using.

Swution 6 : A silver solution may be made
by dissolving one ounce of silver as before.
Dissolve the crystals in one pint of distilled wa-
ter. Next be prepared wiln a Large ves&el full
of lime water, maae by adding recently slaked
lime to an ample ouantity of water, which, it
must be rememuereu, dissolves but a very small
percentage of lime. To the clear lime water is
to be added the solution of nitrate of silver,
vrhich will he converted into a dork brown pre-
cipitate (oxide of silver). When all the silver
is thrown down, the clear liquor is to be poured
oflf, and the precipitate washed as before. Now
odd strong cyanide of patossium solution to dis-
solve the oxide of silver, aiid make one gallon
with distilled water.

This makes a very excellent solution, although
it is somewhat troublesome to prepare.

Solution 7: Dissolve in one gallon of water
one ounce and a quarter ofcyanide nf potassium,
in a stoneware or glass vessel. Kill a porous
cell with some of this solution, and place it in
the larger vessel; the solution should be the
same hight in both v.csseU. Tlien put a piece
of sheet copper or iron, connected with the wire
which proceeds from tlic zinc of the battery, into
the parous cclL Place in the stone vessel a
piece of stoat sheet sdvcr, which must be pre-
viously attached to the wire issuing from the
copper of the battery. It is well to employ
several cells alternated, for this purpose, when
a Ur^ quantity of solution has to be prepared;
that IS to say, the zinc of one liattery should be
united by a wire with the copper of the next.
And so on. In a few hours the solution in the
Urnr vessel will have acquired suffidcni silver,
UkI the solution may be at once used. The
porous cell is to be removed, and its contents
may be thrown away.

In working this solution, at first it is ncces-
fianr to expoK a rather large surface of anode,
anil small quantities of cyanide must l*e added
occasionally until the solution is in brisk work>
ingordcr.

This is one of the best solutions, when care-
fully prepared, and is less liable lo strip than
many others.

Solutions of silver may be prepared by preci-

the silver from the solution of nitrate

ammonia, soda, magnesia, etc., etc., but

all practical purposes the solutions 1. 4, 5, 6,

' 7, may, if carelally prepared, be depended

it is desired that the articles should
oif the baih havmg a bright appearance,

a little bisulphuret of carbon is added to the so-
lution. This is best done in the following man-
ner : Put an ounce of bisulphuret of carbon into
a pint bottle containing a strong silver solution
with cyanide in excess. Tlic bottle should be
repeatedly shaken, and the mixture is ready for
use in a few days. A few drops of this solution
may be poured into the pliiting oath occasinnally,
until the work appears sufficiently bright. Tlie
bisulphuret solution, however, must t>e added
with core, for an excess is apt to spoil the solu-
tion, in plating surfaces which cannot easily
be scratch- brushctl, this brightening process is
serviceable. The operator, however, must never
add loo much at a time.

In malting up any of the foregoing solutions,
the weights ana measures employed are troy, or
.ipothecaries' weight, and im[>erial measure.

SILVER PITTING A/.£;/A— Dissolve
I ounce of nitrate of silver in crystal, in 12 oun-
ces of soft water, then dissolve in the water 2
ounces cyanurct of potash, shake the whole to-
gether, and let it stand till it liecomes clear.
Tlflvc rendv some half ounce vials, and I'lll h.ilf
fuU of P.iri^ white, or fine whiting, and then fill
up the bottles with the liquor, and it is ready
for use. The whiting does not increase the
coiling power, it only helps to clean the ar-
ticle<;. and to save the silver fluid, by half filling
the Ivottles.

SILVERI^'G FOlVDER.—rox silvering
copi>er, covering the worn parts of plated goods,
etc. — I. Nitrate of silver, common salt, e.ich3o
grs- ; cream of tartar, 3 1^ drs. Mix. Moisten
with cold water and rub on the article to be sil-
vered.— 1. Pure silver (precipitated from the
nitrate by copper), 20 grs,; cream of tartar, 3
drs. ; salt, 2 drs. — 3. Precipitated silver, ^ oz. ;
common salt, sal ammoniac, each 2 oz. ; corro-
sive sublimate, I dr. Make into a paste with
water. Copper utensils are previously boiled
with cream of tartar and alum, rubbed with this
paste made red hot and afterwards p^dished. —
4. Nitrate of silver, I part ; cyanide of potas>
sium, 3 parts ; water enough to make a paite.

S/L VER, To Re/ine. — Dissolve in nitric acid
as in the cose of the gold. When the silver has
entirely disappeared, add to the two and a half
ounces of solution nearly one quart of pure rain
H'ater. Sink, then, a sheet of clean copper into
it— the silver will collect rapidly upon the cop-
per, and you can scrape it off and melt into bulk
at pleasure.

In the event you were refining gold in accord-
ance with the foregoing formula, and the impu-
rity was silver, the only steps necessary to save
the latter would be to aild the .-ibove nnmnl pro.
portion of water to the solution poured from the
gold, and then to proceed with your copper
plate as just directed.

SILVER TamtshiJiH SoIdMnjc, ToCUan.
— Some expose to a uniform heat, as in the case
of gold, and then bod in strong alum water.
Others immerse for a considerable length of
time in a liquid made of half an ounce of cyanu-
rct Dotassa to one pint rain water, ami then
brusn off with prcparc<l chalk.

SILVER^ To makt Tnmparmt.—\(xfint<\
silver, one ounce; dissolve it in two ounces of
aqua fortis; precipitate it with a pagil (a quan-
tity that may be taken up between the thumb
and finger) of salt, then strain it ihcotiajx *.
paper, and Ike TCmaixikAjEX vk^\& a.^^iB^a^R.Vsc

438

DICTIOt^ARV OF EVERY-DAY tYAiVTS,

about half an hour, and pour it out, ROd It will
be transparcDt.

SII^YER LEAF, To Vamiih Hki Gold,—
Fix. the leaf on the subject, similar to gold leaf,
by the interposition of proper ^lutinott& nutters;
spread the varnish upon the piece wilJi a pcnciL
When the first coat is dry wash the piece again
and again with the varnish till the color appears
lufficicnlly deep. What is called gilt-leather,
and many picture-frames, have m other ihm
this g;iLding; washing Ihcm with a little rectified
spirit of wioc affords a proof of this, the spirit
disAoU-ing the varniih, and leaving the silver-
Iwif of its own whiteness. For plain frames
thick tin*foil mav be used instead of silver.
The linleaf, fixcJ on the piece with glue, is to
be burnished, then polished with emery and a
fine linen cloth, and afterwards with putty ap-
plied in the same manner ; being then lacquered
over with >-amiKh 5 or 6 times, it looks very
nearly like burnished gold. The same varnish,
made with a less proportion of coloring ma-
terials, is applied also on works of brass, both
for heightening the color of the metal to a re-
semblance with that of gold, and for preserving
it from being tarnished by the air.

SIL VER, To vriu en with a Black, that
will never ffo 0ff.^~To\it burnt lead and pulverize
it. Incorporate it next with sulphur and vinegar,
to the consistency of a painting color, and
write with it on any silver plate. Let it dry,
then present it to the fire so as to heat the work
a little, and it is finished.

SPECULA, Poliskm/^ /iMcft^r/^r. —Prepare
peroxide of iron, by precipitation, from a diluted
solution of sulphate of iron with water of am-
monia. Wash the precipitate, press it in a
screw press until nearly dry, and expose it to a
heat which in the dark appears a dull red.
/- SPRINGS ( Tmp\ To Tem/>rr.~For tcmp-
enng cast steel trap springs, all that is necessary
is to heat them in the dark just that you may see
it is red, then cool them in lukewarm wnter.
The reason why d.irkness is required to temper
springs is that a lower degree of heat can be
seen m the night than by day-light; and the low
heat and warm water give tne dcsirctl temper.
SPRINGS 0/ /RON IVIRE.—AUcT vrwi].
ing the wire around the mandrel, take the latter
out and replace it with a rod of common rough
iron, large enough to quite 611 the spring, as
after the spring has been cut off, it wilt unwind
enough to increase the diameter considerably.
Then take the rod with the spring on ii, and
heat to a cherry red, after which sprinkle it with
prussiate of potash. Repeat this two or three
times. After putting on the salt for the last
time, heat again and plunge into cold water, and
you will have a spring as brittle as glass. TTien
put oil on it, retaining the spring on the rod,
and he.-it till the oil bums oflT with a blaze.

SOIDER, To Make Adhere to Srttss et Ccf-
per. — Prepare a soldering solution in this way:
Four a small quantity olmuriatic acid on some
line filings, »o as to completely cover the zinc.
Lxt it Ktand about an hour, and tlicn pour oflf
the acid, to which add twice its amount of wa-
ter. By first wetting the brass or copper %vith
this preparation, the solder will readily adhere.
SOLDERt Ci'mmon. — Put into a crucible 2
}hs. of lead, and when melted throw in I lb. of
f/n. TTiis alloy is thai genetallv known by the
iiAme oi solder. When beat£d ^) ^^ionuotk^

and applied to tinned iron with powdered toun,
it acts MS. a cement or solder ; it is also used to
join leaden pipes, etc.

SOLDER, I/anf.—Mtil together 2 Ib». cop-
per and 1 lb. tin.

SOLVER, Soft. — A strong, easily flowing
and white solder is composed of lead one part,
and tin 3 {xirts. When the lead is melted up
put in the tin, and then llirow in a small piece
of resin as a flux. In soldering fine work, wet
the parts to be joined with muriatic odd in
whicii as much zmc has been d)^s.l•lvcd as the
add will take up. It is cleaner tiian the old
method of using Venetian turpentine or resia.
A method of mailing silver solder: Put into a
clean crucible pure silver two , 'v^n brass

one part, with a small piece : nclt and

pour into ingot. Formerly t: . .-.. was re-
turned to the crucible for a second meltrng, but
it is not necessary. The solder fl'>wt ri-iilT nod
clean. Solder made from coin, b- 'y

is, often melt* with difiitully, and r- y

around the joints, requiring the '
to remove it, wln'lc the nduition ■
inferior metals to the solder aiusc:& r : j

the articlejoined by it,

SOLDER ( To So/l) wfrflN-Jfer.— Mo>i«t?n ihe
parts to be united with soIJerint^ ~ ■•■,

naving joined them together, lay 1 :

of solder upon the joml and hV.l.. k..._,
lamp, or direct the blaze upon it with v _:
blow-pipe until fusion is apparent, WiiJiira-A-
then from the blaze immediately, as loo modi
heat will render the solder brittle and uT)«*cis-
faclory. When the par ' ■«

made to 5l>ring or prts-; . 1

liest to place a thin pK.-. -. .,^.J.^, :,^..,,cii
them before exposing to the lamp.

Where two smooth surfaces are to be wldertd
one upon the other, you may make an excellent
job by moistening them with the fluid, a&4 then,
having placed 1 sheet of tin foil between them,
holding them pressed firmly together over your
lamp till the foil melts. If the surfaces fit nice-
ly a joint may be made in this vay so doae as
to be almost imperceptible. The VnpMesl loolt-
ing lead which comes as a I>" '. boxes

works better in the same wav '.

SOLDER, Sih'er.~\ " 4

parts, copper, t part; ft;

Sterling silver, 3 parts, r . _, i

part. 3. Se/H. Silver, 2 pari 1 brass

wire, I part. TTiis is general' • •* n\:i

a little arsenic, to make ft wl
sible, but it becomes less mr'
injurious, 4. Purr ?■"■ ^-' '■'■. ^.-u. i, ^^ ,..*.; vt^
1 tin,) u-.etl for intV

SOLDERING t . . :.../ A.._A M

for soldering tin, iron, ot cu] T-

der, is obtained whrn the ■%. ri

111 I ■ ' ' ", ■ %

V- f1

in. ... ,..v .. ■.

The same w.! t

made of zin<. n

tin, stearic .\'

tories is muc :t

not run offs
SOLDEh-
d/er.eU.—T:-

ing a small ; -t

the ferrule, i.- . ,

^ut it on the cad cf a wue, hold u in the f^re

iVOHXEHS 11^ METALS,

tilt the brass fuses. It wiH fiU np the joining,
and form a perfect solder. It may afterwards
be turned in the lathe.

STEEI^ To Distinguish from /nwr.— The
princijul characters by which steel may be dts-
tinguished from iron, are as follows : —

1. After l)eing polished, steel appears of a
whiter light gray hue, without tlie blue cast ex*
faibitcf! by iron. It also lakes a higher polish.

2. The hardest steel, when not annealed, ap-
pears granulated, but dull, and without shining
fibres.

3. When steeped in adds the harder the steel
is, of a darker hue is its surface.

4. Steel is not ao much inclined ro ruit u
iron.

5. In general, steel hu a greater spediio
pBvity.

6. By being hardened and wrought, it may be
Tendered mucii more clastic than iron.

7. It is not attracted so strongly by the mag-
net, as soft iron. It likewise acquires magnetic
properties more slowlv, but retains them longer;
lor which rcison, steel is used in making needles
fur compas<ics and artificial magnets.

S. Steel is ignited sooner, and fuses with less
degree of heat than malleable iron, which can
scarcely be mode to fuse without the addition of
powdered charcoal ; by which it is converted into
steel, antl afterwards mto crude iron.

9. Tohshcd steel is sooner tinged by heat,
and that with higher colors than iron.

10. In a calcining heat, it suffers leas loss by
burning than soft iron does in the same heat,
and the same time. In caldnation a light blue
flame hovers over the steel, either with or with-
out a sulphureous odor.

11. The scales of steel are harder and sharper
than those of iron; and consequently more fit
fcr polishing with.

13. In a white heat, when exposed to the
blast of the bellows among the coals, Jt begins
to sweat, wet, or melt, parity with light-colored
and bright, and partly with reJ sparkles, but
less crackling than those of iron. In a melting
heat, too, it consumes faster.

It. In the sulphuric, nitric, and other adds,
Steel is violcndy attacked, but is longer in dis-
solving th.an iron. After maceration, according
as it is softer or harder, it appears of a lighter
or darker gray color; while iron on the other
hand is white.

STEEl^ Bessemer Preeess o/Makinp, — He-
matite pig-iron smelted with coke and notblast
has chiefly been used. The metal is melted in
a rcTCrberatory furnace, and is then run into a
founder's ladle, and from ihence it is transferred
to the vessel in which its conversion into steel is
to be effected. It is made of stout plate iron and
Uoed with a powdered argillaceous stone found
in this neighborhood below the coal, and known
as gantster. The converting vessel is mounted
on axes, which rest on stout iron standards, and
by means of a wheel and handle it ma^ be
tamed into any required position. There is an
opening at the top for the inlet and pouring out
of the metal, and at the lowest part are inserted
7 fireclay tuyeres, each having five openings in
them; these openings communicate at one end
vith the interior of the vessel, and at the other
end wiLh a box called the tuyere-box, into which
a current of air from a suitable blast enpine is
ooafcyed uzwkr a pressure of about 14 lbs. to

439

the square inch, a ])rcs&ure more than saflicient
to prevent the fluid metal from entering the
tuyeres. Before commencing the first upcraiion,
the interior of the vessel is heated by cuke, a
blast through the tuyere* being us«l to urge the
fire. When sufhcicnlly heatnl, the vessel is
tumetl upside down, and all the unburnetl coke
is shaken out. The molten pig-iron is then run
in from the UtUe Iiefore rcfcrretl to; the vessel,
during the pouring in of the iron, is kept in such
a position that the orifices of the tuyeres are at
a higher level than the surface of the metoL
NNlien all the iron has run in the blast is turned
on, and the vessel quickly moved round. The
air then rushes upwards into fluid metal from
each of the 35 small orifices of the tuyeres, pro*
dudng a most violent agitation of the wliole
mass. The silicium, always present in greater
or less quantities in pig-iron, is first attacked.
It unites readily with the oxygen of the air.
produdng silidc add; at the same time a small
portion of the iron undergoes oxidation, hence
a fluid silicate of the oxide of iron is formed, a
little carbon being simultaneously eliminated.
The heat is thus gradually incrcascti until nearly
tlie whole of the silicium is oxidized ; this gene-
rally takes place in about 12 minutes from the
commencement of the process. The carbon
now begins to unite more freely with the oxygen
of the air, produdng at first a small tlame, which
rapidly increases, and in about three minutes
from its first appearance we have a most intense
combustion gomg on: the metal rises higher and
higher in the vessel, sometimes occupying more
than double its former sp.icc. The frothy liquid
now presents an enormous surface tu the action
of the oiygen of the air, which unites rapidly
with the carbon contained in the crude iron, and
produces a most intense combustion, the whole,
in fad, being a perfect mixture of metal and fire^
The carbon is now eliminated so rapidly as to
produce a series ul harmless explosiuiu, throw-
ing out the fluid slags in great quantities, while
the union of the ga.ses is so perfect that a volum-
inous while tlame rushes from the mouth of
the vessel, illuminating the whole ^building, and
indicating to the practiced eye the'predse condi-
tion of the metal inside. The workman may
thus leave off whenever the number of minutes
he has been blowmg and the appearance of the
flame indicate the required quality of the metal,
lliis is the mode preferred in working the pro-
cess in Sweden. But here we prefer to blow the
metal until the flame suddenly stops, which it
does just on the approach of the metal to the
condition of malleable iron : a small quantity of
charcoal pig-iron, containing a known quantity
of carbon, is then odded, and steel is produced
of any desired degree of carburation, the process
having occupied about 2S minutes from the
commencement. The vessel is then turned, and
the fluid steel is run into the casting ladle, whicli
is provided with a plug rod covere<l with loami
the rod passes over the tup of the ladle, and
works in guides on the outside of it, so that, by
means of a lever handle, the workman may move
it np and down as desired. 7*he lower part of
the plug, which occupies the interior of the indle,
has fitted to its lower end a fire -day cone, which
rests in a seating of the same material let into
the bottom of the ladle, thus forming a cone
valve, by means of which the ftuul %V««.V\n vas*.
into ^ScmViuo^ TniDXi\d&« »i xft»i\ft. x^ajia*^

iU

440

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

the stream of fluid steel being prevented by the
valve plug from flowing during the movement
of the casting ladle from one mould to another.
By tapping the metal from below, no scoria or
other extraneous floating matters are allowed to
pass into the mould.

STEEL, Heaton Process of ^aii«^.— This
is essentially a direct method of producing steel
chemically that bids fair to be of the very first
importance, and almost to revolutionize that
branch of industry. This, to express it in the
fewest words, consists in pouring melted iron
upon nitrate of soda in a cupola furnace, by
means of which the oxygen developed from the
nitrate combines with all the impurities — carbon,
silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, etc — which disap*
pear, leaving the iron m the form of a crude
steel, to be used in that form, or to be converted
by a subsequent process into cast steeL The
details of the process are as follows:

Cast iron of any quality (and this constitutes
the chief advantage of the new process) is melt-
ed in a common iron cupola furnace, and a
known quantity — ^from half a ton to a ton — is
tapped out into ah ordinanr crane ladle, which
is swung round to the side of the converter.
This is a tall cylinder of boiler-plate iron, open
at the bottom, and with a space between it and
the floor. ,There is a flre-brick lining to the
converter, and a conical covering, out m which
an iron funnel openx into the atmosphere. In
the bottom are placed a number of snort cylin-
drical pots, lined with brick and fire-dav. Into
the bottom of one of these pots is placed agiven
weight of crude nitrate of soda, the surface of
which is leveled, and covered with a drcular,
perforated plate of thick cast iron. At the side
of the cylinder is a hopper, covered by a loosely
hinged flap of boiler-plate. This is raised, and
the ladlcful of cast iron is poured into the con-
verter, descending upon the top of the perfor-
ated plate, which oecomes gradually heated, and
a reaction soon commences m the nitrate, result-
ing in the development of brown nitrous fumes,
foUowed by blackish-gray and whitish fumes
mixed with steam. In five or six minutes de-
flagration ensues, with a roaring noise, and the
escape of a brilliant yellow flame from the top
of the chimney, this lastingfor a minute and a
half, and then subsiding. The converter is then
detached from the chimney, and the contents of
the pot emptied on the iron pavement of the
foundry, consisting of crude steel and of slag.
The steel is in a pasty state, and the slag fluid,
the cast iron plate melted up with the general
mass.

The crude steel thus made is then broken up,
and again heated on a balling furnace; after-
ward rolled or forged into suitable shapes. The
material in this form is called "steel iron," and
has qualities fuUy equal, for most purposes, to
the Lowmoor iron, it welds perfectly, is neither
"hot-short" nor ** cold-short," and forges well
at both a low red and dear yellow heat. To
convert this aeain into cast steel, the cakes, after
squeezing in the shingling hammer, are broken
up and put into ordinaryclay melting pots hold-
ing about 60 lbs. each. To loo lbs. of the metal
are added 3^ or 3 lbs. of spiegeleisen, or its
equivalent of oxide of manganese and charcoal,
and the whole fused and cast into ingots. It is
fioyf cast steel, and from it bars can » produced
m the. lunal way, fit for any xe(\u.ued -j^ur^ose.

STEEL, SUmen's.—TYic following is the
process by which this steel is produced: Good
nematite ore and spathic ore are mixed and
treated with carbonaceous materials, hy which
their total or nartial reduction into metallic iron
is efiected. This metallic iron is then subjected
to very intense heat on the open hearth ot a i«-
generative gas furnace, and in certain g^ven
<iuantities, or scries of installments, is droroed
into ft bath ^ cast-iron previously preparea in
the furnace. This operation is continued nntil
the requisite degree of decarbonization is ar-
rived at; and manganese is added in the form
of ore or of spiegelcisen. The quantity of nml-
ten metal thus produced in one charge is about
four tons. One ton of steel ingots may be
produced with a ton and a half of diei^ small
coaL The ordinary Sheffield process requires
from five to six tons of fuel for one ton of steet
STEEL, Tempering, — Giving the proper
degree of hardness to tools is a subject of deep
interest to most of our readers, so that any lig^t
that may be imparted on the subject must be of
more or less importance. For tempering many
kinds of tools, the steel is first hardened by
heating it to a cherry red, and plunging it into
cold water. Afterward the temper is drawn hy
moderately heating the steel again. Different
degrees of hardness are required for different
purposes, and the degree of heat for each of
these, with the corresponding color, wfll be
found in the annexed table:

Very pale straw-color, 430* — the temper re-
quired for lancets.

A shade of darker yellow, 450^ — for razors
and surgical instruments.

Darker straw-yellow, 470* — for penknives.
Still darker ydlow, 490** — chiseU for cutting
iron.
A brown yellow, 5oo**— axes and plane-irons.
Yellow, slightly tinged witli purple, 520** —
table-knives and watch-springs.

STEEL, To Color B/ue.— The steel must be
finely polished on its surface, and then exposed
to a uniform degree of heat Accordingly, there
are three ways of coloring : First, by a flame
producing no soot, as spirit of wine; secondly,
by a hot plate of iron; and thirdly, by wood-
ashes. As a ver^ regular degree of heat is ne-
cessary, wood-ashes for fine work bcirs the pre-
ference. The work must be covered over with
them, and carefully watched; when the color is
suffidently heightened, the work is perfect.
This color is occasionally taken off with a very
dilute muriatic add.

~^STEEL, To Remove Bluing from. — Immerse
in a pickle composed of equal parts muriatic add
and elixir vitriol. Kinse m pure water and dry
in tissue paper.

STEEL, Scaling,— ThA scales on steel arti-
cles can be removed by pickling in water with a
little sulphuric add in it, and when the scale is
loosened, brushing with sand and a stiff brush.
STEEL {Burnt), To Restore.~lioT:a, 3 oz.;
sal-ammoniac, 8 oz.; prussiate of potash, 3 oc.;
blue cUy, 2 oz.; rosin, 1% lb.; water, 1 gill;
alcohol, I gilL Put all on a fire, and simmer
till it dries to a powder. The steel is to be
heated, iuid dippea into this powder, and after-
wards hammered.

' STEEL, To TongAen,—K<»m 2 lbs.; tallow
2 lbs. ; black pitch I lb.; melt together, and dip
tlie steel in when hot.

STEEL GOODS, To /"wr/w. — Caout-
chouc, 1 part; turpentine, l6 parts. DimoIvc
with a gcQiIe heat, then add boiled oil. 8 parts.
Mix by bringing them to the heat of boiling
water; appl^ it to the steel with a brush, in the
way of varnish. It may be removed when dry
with turpentine. The oil may be wholly omitted.

STEAM BOILERS^ To -work withont mak-
ing smoke. — Snioke can not be consumed when
once made, but it can be prevented by properly
proportioned fire-pniles, with due admission of
air and careful firing, and without the need of
expensive or patent apparatus. The subject may
be clearly explained by a simple illustration.
Petroline or naphtha and such like compounds
form the most smoky fuel ; yet for a few pence
lamps can lie purcliased which ore familiar to
all, which consume it v^-ithoul Uie least trace of
smoke. The most simple cottager knows that
bis lamp never need smoke unless it is turned
up too high. It smokes in that case because it
it then worked beyund its power. Immediately
it is turned lower, the lamp gives better light at
a less cost and without waste. It is just the
same with Iwilcr and other fire-grates. When
Ihcy smoke, it shows they are overworked.
Lessen the quantity of fuel burned in each grate
to the proper proportion, and keep the supply of
fuel regular, and the smoke will cease, and the
greatest economy will be received.

A bright and smokeless tiamc as well indicates
that a large furnace is doing ils proper and high-
est duly, as the bright flame shows the lamp to
be in order. It is wcU that public bodies should
insist on smoke being prevented as much as pos-
sible; but mischief and dissatisfaction result if

I

the onliy^ay to satisfy complaint is by adopting
some ofthe special apparatus. The true way
to prevent smoke is to have sufficient boiler-room

to generate the steam required sufhcicntly slowly
to allow the combustion to be complete. There
i» greater economy in this than in futile efforts
to Torcc too small a boiler to do the required
work with ruinous waste.

TEAfPEKliVG LfQC/D.—i, To 6 quarts
soft water put in corrosive sublimate, i at. ; com-
mon salt, 3 handfuls; when dissolved it is ready
for use. The first gives toughness to the steel,
while the latter gives the hardness. Be careful
with this preparation, »s it is a dangerous poison.
— 2, Salt. ^ tea-cup ; saltpetre, yi ox, ; alum,
pulvcriicd. [tea-spoon; soft water, I gallon;
never heat over a cncrry red, nor draw any tem-
per.— 3. Saltpetre, sal-ammoniac, and alum, of
each 2 01. ; salt, lyi lbs. ; water, 3 gallons, and
draw no temper.— -4- Saltpetre and alum, each
a 02. : sal-ammoniac, ^ ox. ; salt, i ^ lbs. ;
sofl water, 2 gallons. Heat to a dicrry red, and
plunge in, drawing no temper.

TEST/.VG by Means of tht Blawfipf. —
Sulphurct of sodium is one of the best blowpipe
tests, if used in the following manner: ^lrst,
It besd is made with borax and the substance to
be tested, and this bead, having been made very
fluid within the reduction flame, (here is added
to it some dry and pulverized polysulphurct of
sodium, and the bead again heated in the reduc-
tion Aame. If the substance under investigation
can form a lulpho-odd. there will be formed a
soluble sulpho-sall and a clear bead; but when
CO such salt can be formerl. with lead, for in-
stance, an opaque bead will be formed. Iron,
Icadt bismutli, nickel, cobalt, psUadinm, thilli-

um, silver, copper, uranium, etc., fused in ■
bead of borax, to which, afterwards, sulphuret
of sodium is added, will yield a black or brown
colored opaque bead; zinc yields s white opaque
hcarl; caammm, while yet hoi, scarlet red, and
yellow after cooling; manganese, a dirty chest-
nut brown; gold and pbiinum, a clear, trans-
parent, maiic^ny brown bend; tin, a clear,
transparent, yellowish brown bead; chromium,
a green bead; arsenic and antimony, colorless
clear bea<^is ; vanadium and iridium, blood red
bead*; a slight excess ofthe sulphurct of sodium
is required, and the bead should be heated care-
fully, but steadily, and with a good blast in the
reduction flame.

TIERS ARGENT.— 1\(\^ alloy, generally
supposed to consist of one-third sdvcr and two-
ihirds nickel, has been analyzed recently by Dr.
C. Winkler and found to be composed of silver,
27.56 parU; line, 9.57; nickel, 3.42 ; copper,
59.06; total, 99.61.

TINNING.— \, Plates or vessels of brass
or copper, boiled with a solution of stannatc of
potassa, mixed with turnings of tin, become, in
the course of a few minutes, covered with a firm-
ly-attached layer <jf pure tin.— 2. A similar efTecr
is produced by boiling the articles wilh tin filings
and caustic alkali, or cream of tartar. In the above
way chemical vessels made of copper or brass may
be easily and perfectly tinned.

TINNING by tht Moist Way.—U is a well
known fact that, when it is desirable to cover
metals, esfKcially brass or copper, with a strong-
ly ndhering coatiAg of tin, this is usualtv ejected
by boiling the articles to be thus coated with an
a<]ueous fluid, to which is added cream of tartar,
crystallized prolochloride of tin, and some lumps
of pure metallic tin. The author slates that, in-
stead of this mixture, he uses, Mrith verv good
success, a solution of one part of protocfiloridc
of tin in ten parts of water, to which he next
adds a solution of two parts of caustic soda in
twenty parts of n-ater ; the mixture becomes
turbid, but this does not effect the tinning ope-
ration, which U eflSected by heating the objects
to be tinned in this fluid, care bemg taken, at
the same time, to place in the liquid a niece of
perforated block-tin plate, and to stir up the fluid
during the tinning with a rod of zinc

77.V, To Crystaitiu. — Sulphuric acid, 4 ox.;
soft water, 2 to 3 oz., according to strength d(
the add; salt, 1^4; or. Mix. Heat the Un hot
over a stove, then with a sponge apply the mix-
ture, then wash off directly with clean water.
Dry the tin, and varnish with demar varnish.

TIN PL,4 TE, Cr^'staU tied, —-Wit figures are
more or less beautiful ana diversified, according
to the degree of heal, and relative dilution of
the add. Place the tin-plate, slightly heated,
over a tub of water, ana rub its surface with a
sponge dipped in a liquor composed of four parts
of aquafortis, and two of distilled water, holding
one part of common salt or sal ammoniac in
solution. Whenever the crystalline spangles
seem to be thorou^ly brought out. (be pute
must be immersed m water, washed either with
a feather or a little cotton (taking care not to
rub off the film of tin that forms the (eatheriog),
forthwith dried with a low heat, and coated with
a lacquer mrntsh, otherwise it loses its lustre in
the air. If the whole surface is not plunged at
once in cold water, but i( vv be \OLtVQi\^ aa«J*A.
by sprinkling ^tiXu o^ \V ^'^ at^«aS&»6«o.'W?^

44*

DICTIONARY OF EVBRV-DA Y WAtfT^

Siu of Skttt^ far from \ ia 100
gallon.

10

«S

as

40

SO

75

too

be finely variegated with Urge and small figures.
Similar r«uU& will be obtained by blowing coM
air through a pipe on the tinned surface, while
it is just passing from the fuied to the s»iUd stitc.

T/N CAXS,
CaUoHJ.' —

7 by 20 inches.
10 by 28

13 by 40 '•

14 by 40 **
to by 4a "
30 by 42 "
30 by 56 "
36 by 63 "
40 by 70 "
40 by lU "

40 by 98 "
This includes all the lapsi scams, etc., which
will be found sufHciently correct for oU pnclical
purposes.

77iV, ^f%iriate of. {Tin Liquor.}— Gc\ at a
tinner's sbop» block tin; put it in a shorel, and
melt it. After it is mclle<l, poor it from the
height of 4 or 5 feet into a pail of clear water.
The object of this is to h.iTC the tin in small

rrtidcs. so that the acid can dissolve it. Take
out of the water and dry it ; then put it into a
Strong glass bottle ; pour over it muriatic acid,
12 0£.; then slowly add sulphuric add, 8 oz.
The acid should be added about a table-spoon at
a lime, at intervals of 5 or 8 minutes ; for if you
add it too rapidly you run the risk of breaking
the bottle by heat. After you Have all the acid
{n, let the bottle stand until the ebullition sub-
sides; then stop it up with a beeswax or glass
stopper, and set it away ; and it will keep good for
a year or more, or will be fit for use in 24 hours.
TIXIVARE, To AA-ui/.— Take a vial two-
thirds full of muriatic acid, put into it all the
chippings of sheet zinc it wtU dissolve, then put
in a crumb of sal ammoniac, and fill up with
water. AVet the place to be mended with this
Bquid, put a piece of zinc over the hole, and
apply ft spirit lamp or candle below it, which
melts the solder on the tin, and causes the zinc
to adhere.

TINNII^G Cajf. Iron.— The iron is first well
rubbed and cleaned in a bath of diluted sulphuric
acid, then dipped in a solution of one part of sal
ammoniac in seven parts of water. The tin used
is alloyed with three ounces of copper for one
bundred pounds of tin. The degree of tempera-
ture at which the melted tin win attach itself to
the cleaned cast-iron objects must be found by
experience. When too not, it will not adhere
Trcll. The objects to be tinned must be very
Smooth, clherwije the tinning will not succeed ;
•nd in order to make the alloy with copper, it is
["best lo melt the copper first with a few pounds
'Of the tin, so that the higher temperature re-
!l|uired to make this alloy may be more easily
reached. WTien cast-iron objects have to be
tovered with a thick coating of tin — for instance,
'the inside of iron pots^ — they are first thoroughly
deoned, if posBibfc, by grinding or turning, then
heated to the melting point of the tin, then some
of this tin is poured m with sal ammoniac, and
this rubbed on the smooth surface with a piece
of cork, and the excess of tin poured out. When
Covered with tin, in order to preveol this from
draining off from the iron sur/acc. and giWng a
Coating of irregular thickness, before the pot is
cold and the tin solidified, the outside of the pot

tc

i-:il

Litter are

is plnujged in cold water, which must not
allowed to get on llie inside. In this way the
lin coating may be obtained of a mote unilona
thick nes*.

done by means of an amalgam of tits and ma-
cury. For tinning, it is made v ' >

mercury as to be sofi and friable j j

be tinned, even if of cast-iron, »t»el, t-

iron, are first thoroughly cleaned by 1 pi

ing, turning, rubbing with emery ct r,

or otherwise, without using any oii i

then rubbed with a heavy rag, mt>i >-

muriatic acid. A little of the amr.. .1

rubbed on with the same rag. and .
ing was complete, the meul is k-und 10
thoroughly coatol.

Such pieces may then be soldered
manner, with the common alloy of '
but for cold soldering, an alloy of 1
cury is made, with more mercury lli
so as to form a soft, pastj tnass, wli
between the tinned objects. The
pressed together to remove superfluous
and then set aside lo harden.

In order to make a cold soldering joint be-
tween pieces of tin, lead, bismuth, or antimooy,
all that is rcfjuired is pure mercuty. C3csn aad
amalgamate the surfaces to be joined, and place
a few drops of mercury belwrm; pfcsa k^
gether; remove the drops of mercury aqoeCMil
out; and put in an airy, warm place, to nMi1r«
The mercury will slowly disappear b/ eva-
poration, and leave the metal nnfied,

7y.V, Gold jLatquerfot.—A 3 Blftk

}^ pt. ; add gum snellac 1 oz. 'j ea.;

red-sanders % oz. Set the iu*-k. m «
place, shake frequently for 13 hours or
then strain off the liaoor, rinse the bottk
return it, corking tightly for use.

When this vamisn is used, it mttst be
to the work freely and flowing, or, if the
admits of it, it may be dipped into the
and laid on die top of the stove to dry. which
will do very quickly; and they must not be
rubbed or brushed while drying; or the anicie
may be hot when applied. One or more coats
may be laid on, as ine color is reqaired more or
less light or deep. This is »pplie<i ' '
etc. K any of it should become thi'
poration, at any time, thin it with oic^-..^^. ^.^
Dy proper modifications, all the
are obtained.

TOMBAC, tf:)i//.— When copper b com-
bined with arsenic, by melting them lewccKer bi
a close crucible, and coreriag the SBrna
common salt to prevent oskwtwil, a irldt*
alloy is formed.

TOMBAC, Knl^-VvX Inio a auStSk
lbs. of corocr; when fused add ^i Ih. of im,
these metals will combine, Ibrmnigao aflof ol
reddish color, but possessing move lailf
copper, and d' -^"" 'durabiUly,

TYPE jV rad 3 pvtsi an

I part; meli' '■ ■ '^rr. Small tvpei

usually made of a harder compotitJoa vum 1
ones. A good stereotype metal U said
made of lead 9 parts ; antimony : do. ;
t do. This alloy expands lu it cools, Kod
sc"]-'—"- > T^rigs out a fine imprcsa»oa<

7 Air Irm. — The ft
mc: : „ n by Mr Weiukopf of _ _

upon iron a durable black aluniag' ymniaht

irORKERS Itf METALS.

I

•Take oil of turjjentine. add to it, drop by drop
and while stirring, strong sulphuric acid until a
syrupy precipitate is quite formed, and no more
of it IS produced on further addition of a drop of
add. The liquid i$ now repeatedly washed with
water, every time refreshed after a good stirring
until the water does not exhibit any more acid
reaction on being Icsled with blue lilmtts paper.
The predpitaic is next brought upon a cloth fil-
ler, and, after all the water has run off, the syr-
upy niasa is fit for use. This thicki&h magma
is painted over the iron with a bnish ; if it hap-
pens to be loo stiff, it is previously diluted with
some oil of turpentine. Immeiii:itcly after the
iron has been so painted, the paint is burnt in
by a gentle heat, and, after cooling, the black
surface is nibbed over with a piece of woolen
stuff dippetlin, and moistened with linseed oil.
According to the author, this varnish is not a
simple covering of the surface, but it is chemi-
cally combined with the metal, and does not,
therefore, wear off or peel off, as other paints
uid varnishes do, from iron."

VARNISH for Iron and StteL^Xi\%%^^ to
parts of clear grains of mastic, $ parts of cam-
phor, 15 parts of sandarac. and 5 ofelemi, in
%. sufficient quantity of alcohol, and apply this
varnish without heat. The articles will not only
be preserved from rust, but the varnish will re
tain its transparency, and the metallic brilliancy
of the articles will not be obscured.

VARNISH {Anti.Rust\ for hon and SUel.
— Resin, 120 parts; sandarac, 180 parts; gum
lac, 60 parts; essence of turpentine, I30 parts;
rectified alcohol, iSoparu. Found the first three
ingredients, digest tncm by a regular heat until
they are meltM, and add the turpentine very
gradually. After complete solution has taken
pUce, add the alcohol, and filter through fine
cloth or thick filtering- paper. The varnish should
be kept in welUsloppered bottles.

VARNISH for 7«//.— Take tallow, * or.;
rosin, 1 oz.; and melt together. Strain while
hot to get rid of specks which are in the rosin ;
apply a slight coat on your tools with a bnuh,
and it will keep off nist for any length of time.

VARNISH, Geld. — Turmeric, 1 dram; gam-
boge, I dram; turpentine, 3 pints; shellac, 5 oz.;
sawUrac, 5 or.; aragon's blood, 8 drams; thin
mastic varnish, S oz.; digest with occasional
agitation for 14 days; then set aside to finci and
pour off the clear.
— * VARNISH {Bhik), far Coal Btuitls,^As-

fthaltum, I Ih. ; lamp.black, ^ lb.; rosin, ^
b.; spirits of turpentine, 1 quart. Dissolve tne
asphallum and rosin in the tuqitentine; then rub
up the lampblack with linseed oil, only sufficient
to form a paste, and mix with the others. Apply
with a brush.

tVATCHES, ToCl/an.^U is hardly ncces-
Mry to vay that great caution must be observed
in taking the watch down — tltal Is, in separating
Us parts. If you arc new at the business think
before you act, and then act slowly. Take off
the hands carefuUr so as not to bcna the slender
pivots upon whidi they work; this will be the
first step. Second — loosen and lift the movement
from the case. Third — remove the dial and dial
.wheels. Fourth — let down the m.iin-spring by
placing your bench key upon the arbor, or
••witteuiig post," and turning as though you vrere
~>ing to wind the watch until the click rests
Ty upon the ratchet ; then with your screw-

driver press the point of the click away from the
teeth, and ease down the springs. Fifth — draw
the screws (or pins) and remove the bridges of
the train, or tlie upper plate, as the case maybe.
Sixth— take out the balance. Great care must
be observed in this or you will injure the hair-
spring. The stud or little square post into which
the hair-spring is fastened may be removed from
the bridge or pbte of most modern watches,
without unkcymg the spring, by slipping a thin
instrument, as the edge of a knife buidc, under
the comer of it and prying upward. This will
save yon a considerable amount of trouble, as you
will not h.ive the liair-spring to adjust when you
reset the balance.

If the watch upon which yon propose to work
has an upper plate, as an American or English
lever for instance, loosen (he lever before you
have entirely separated the plates, othenvisc it
will hang and most likely be oroken.

Having the machine now down, brush the
dust from its different parts and subject them to
a careful examination with your eye-glass. As-
sure yourself that the teeth of the wheels and
leaves of the pinions are all perfect and smooth;
that the pivots arc all straight, round and highly
polished; that the holes through which they are
to work, are not too large, and have not become
oval in shape; that every jewel is smooth and
perfectly sound ; and that none of them are loose
\n their settings. See, also, that the escapement
is not loo deep or too shallow; that the lever
or cylinder is perfect; that all the wheels have
suflficicnt play to avoid friction, but not enough
to derange their coming together properly; (hat
none of tnem work against the pillar*plate ; that
the balance turns horizontally and does not rub ;
that the hair-spring is not bent or wrongly set
so that the coils rub on each other, on the plate
or on the bolartce; in short, that everything
about the whole movement is just as reason
would teach you it should be. If you And it
otherwise, proceed to repair in accoruance with
a carefully weighed judgment, and the processes

S'ven elsewhere, after which clean — if not,
e watch only needs to be cleaned, and there.
fore you may go ahead with your work at once.

Many watchmakers wet the pillar plates and
bridges with saliva, and then dipping the brush
into pulverized chalk or Spanish whiting, rub
vigorously until they appear bright. This is not
a good plan, as it tends to remove the plating
and roughen the parts, and the chalk gets into
the holes and damages them, or sticks around
the edges of the wheel-beds. The best process
is to simply blow your breath upon the plate or
bridge to be cleaned, and then to use your brush
with a little prepared chalk — (See recipe for pre-
paring it. ) The wheels and bridges should be
held between the thumb »i«l finger in a piece of
soft paper while undergoing the process ; other-
wise the oil from the skin will prevent their
becoming clean. The pinions may be cleaned
by sinking them several trmcs into a piece of
pith, and the holes by turning a nicely shaped
piece of pivot wood into them, first dry and
afterwards oiled a very lillle with watcn oil.
When the holes pass through jewels you must
work gently to avoid breaking them.

The oiling above named is all the watch vrill
need. A great fault with many watchmakers
lies in their use o( too Tb'<w3^ -wX. ^^

4

*

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

"Chcmicftl Process" to dean and remove dis-
colorations from watch movcmenu. It u as
foUuwtii —

kcmovc the scrc^vs and other ilecl parts; then
dampen with a iolutioii of oxalic acid and water.
Ixt It remain a few moments, after which im-
merkc In a solution made of one-fourth pound
cyAnurct potassa to one gallon rain water. I.ct
remain a!K>ut five minutes, and then rinse well
witli clean water, after which you may dry in
KBwdu&t, or with a bnish and prepared chalk, as
suits your convenience. This gives the work.
an excellent appearance, but I cannot sny that it
makes it any better than docs the old process.

WA TC/7, Cere p/.— Always have a key with
a good pipe or square, and one that fits properly
on the sauare of your watch, for if it does not fit
good ontl firm it will be apt to slip, often break-
ing either the chain, the ratchet, or the click.
Iflhe square of your watch is too short, or worn
nearly round, get a watchmaker to repair it, or
make a new one. Be particular to wind your
watch the proper way. Knglish watches, or
those with fuiee and chain, usually wind to the
left; and almost all the Swiss ones, or those with
the goinc barrel, wind to the right. While being
wound, the watch should be held steadily in one
hand, so as to have no circular motion, which
always produces variation in the vibration of the
balance, and sometimes considemblc derange-
ment in the escapement. It is better to keep a
watch continually going than to lay it by and
wind it occa5ir)nally. The going of the \»*alch
keeps the oil in a limpid state, and the watch
keeps its regulation better. Many will (when
their watch is first wound up, after having lain by
for some time,) say, "I have not wound or used
it for so long. *rhey do not consider that the
oil will thicken or evaporate, and cannot be in
the same state as if the watch was kept going
regularly. Always wind steadily and slowly,
holding on the key lo hold tlie s-pring wliilc the
click snps from one tooth to the other, otherwise
there is danger of breaking of cliains, clicks,
ratchets, etc. The click, cham or spring is some-
times broken by winding a watch too fast. Wlirn
A watch stops in winding it, if in one with a
chain, it is frequently by the going fuzee works
not being correct. In a watch without a chain,
it may ^so be by some defect in the escape-
ment, or by the stop works on the barrel bcmg
out of order; in either case take it tea watchmaker.

Watches frcqucnilv stop by the springs break-
ing, owing to the changes of the atmosphere,
particularly in cold weather. This is one of t]ie
accidents whtdi cannot pos-iibly be avoided by
the best workmen, and in the very best watches.
It is impossible to make a main spring which
will not be influenced by the sudden changes of
the wcother. Therefore, if the spring of your
ivatoh breaks, do not blame the watchmaker, as
they often break from the same cause while the
watch is in his care.

Be not afraid that your watch will not go as
well after a new spring has been put in as be-
fore; if a good new spring has been projKirly
put in, your watch will go as well as ever.

Jinglish, or watches with chains, will usually
wind .il>out four and a half (4.^3) turns to every
twenty. four hours, while those with a going bar-
,7c] about three and a half (3,^) turns; this will
^^ \\y ser>-e as a guide to ascertain if yoorwolch
vindj right.

If the springs or chains break frequently, be
sure there is some defect 't- '-" ^' -» work, which
muKt l>e corrected by a v,

Many [xsrsoni say, ') -rr-wnuod mj

walch \ " it may be possible lu tio it in wtudl '
very fast, and tn a hurry. If the ?to^ works
A large and thick watch, or one ' '
in order, it will tike a strong:
strain that you can give ioovli-.^.. '

in order, the chain will break. In
or one with a going barrel, iflhe sn ^ r

not in order, or there is only one, or perhaps
none, and you force it, you will break the spring*
or some of the teeth of the v!, ' ' inions,

and sometimes bo(h; if, when tsbro-

ken, you keep winding, yon m^ ..»v.; 10 break
or injure some other partt of (lie works.

Be particular never 10 trifle with a good watch,
or use it as a toy, but as a piece of delicate aod
complicated mwJianism, requiring great care;
by $0 <!. ■-.<: your walch, and

avoid .T inr repairs.

BefwL ;..; ^ -. ..L,;...^ your >.-.irl, ;t .«

advisable to sec that the key and \ i

the ptt« contains no dirt or dust i ,:i.

on the winding or setting square, aad from
Ihencc to the wheels or escapement.

When a watch is hung op, it tip " ' t-
fcctly at rest. If hung on a round 1 ;:

further support, the motion of ihc i ^^ .. ii

generate a {>endnlous motion of the watcti, and
will cause much variation in the lime. I'owcr-
ful watches should never be laid ^
unless placed on a soft substance; i^
smooth flat surface, from the convrjiji\
glass or case, the watch only rests on a

and the vibration of the balance alone i^

dent to produce motion in th« watch.

Should a walch stop, see if the hands rub on
the dial, and are free of each other; if ihey are
caught together, you may free them yourself I. y
taking the point of a small knife bbde, an '
engaging them ; your w.itch. if there \^ n
more the matter with it, will then start I , ^
ing it a sUghl shake.

Frctiucntly, after a watch has had ft new p^-?s

fiut in, it will slop; that is throtnj
K:ing too flat, and touching either i -
pinion, or by pressing on ih-- ^";
case, blame the person who \-\\
let him put anotner in ; if thcrr ■
flat watches, room enough for the \\ .
free of each other, it will often b*
have tlic cover of the case raised n ii'
watches, the case may have been pi
tlie center by wearing.

If anything is the matter with your \
which yuu caimot discover immcdiatHv,
try to put it in order yourself, and ■
the works, but show it at once to a ,
maker. I have had vratchcs I < .
the wearer thought he could
himself; in opening it, he w^'
spring, and tliiuk that it was
had no business there, and in
it, would spoil or brrak it.

Many watches arc injured by the wearers
thinking that thev can make them go by open-
ing, winding, and shaking thcm,

>\atcIjCS ^lul!Jlcl \i' or.i-nrrl Ji IimV at iiivi\ll,]^

merely to v

continually o, •

side capr oppoiluuily \:i uiTcicd to ouaulc pari^

IN metals:

445

ides of dirt from the casc> or t>thcrvri&e, to in-
trude into llic works.

Particular cnre should be taken to keep the
works of a watch clean ; even though perfectly
free from dust, they ought to be taken to pieces
uid cleaned when the oil has become dry, as,
without this precaution, the best watches would
be spoiled. It i» good watches that will continue
to go, until frictiuti and wear prevent their going
any longer; they are the ino&t liable to be ne-
glected.

Watches, under ordinary circnrostances, should
be cleaned every second or third year at farthest.
Those that arc small and flat, or nave complicat-
ed works, re<]uire cleaning more frequently.
Neglect in this particular is the reason why
many imported watches are injured by not being
attended to in time, and having the oil changed.
They may have been made some time previous
to being sent out ; then the journey here, then
from the importers to the dealers, where they
may lay for a long lime before being sold ; so
that years may possibly elapse before the wearer
bos it lu bis pocket. Therefore, is it to be ex-
pected that the watch can perform correctly?
If it docs, all the time you Veep it going, you
are only causing it more injury.

No gi>iMl watchmaker will allow a watch to go
too lonL without changing the oil.

WATCHt Can of i^Anotker CoJe of Direc-

1. Do not make a toy of it for yourself or the
children. Never open it except for necessary
purposes.

2. It should be regulated to about mean tem-
perature, and alwAys Kept as near the same tem-
perature as possible.

3. It should not be allowed to ttop. Better
that it be ke|H running all the time.

4. Keep It in as uniform a iiosition as pos-
sible. Uin the pocket, better tlut the pendant
ring be upright.

5. Out of the pocket, if it hangs on the wall,
let it be upon some soft surface. Never allow
it to lie on bare niarble or other hard surface.
If it lie on any surface, let it he with face up and
pendant ring turned under, so as to keep the
upper part roost elc%'aled.

o. Let your key fit exactly, and be kept per-
fectly clean. liy the former you may save break-
ing chains, mainsprings, ralchctm, clicks, &c. ;
by the latter, prevent introducing much dust.

7. Wind, if possible, at the b.iuie hour each
day.

8. While winding, bold your watch steadily
in your left hand. Turn only your key, and th.it
firmly, evenly, avoiding aU quick motions ur
jerks.

9. Set your watch with a kev ; never turn the
hands by any other way. You mav turn the
bands cither way without danger, if tncy do nut
move very hard.

10. The hand of a pocket -chronometer or du-
plex watch should never be set backwards ; in
other watches this ia a matter of no consequence
whatever.

11. The glass should never be opened in
watches that set and regulate at the back.

12. On regulating a watch, should it be going
too fast, move the regulator a trifle toward the
••slow", and if going slow, to ihe reverse; you
cannot move the regulator too gently at a lime,
and the only inconvenience that can arise is,

that you may have to perform that duty more
than once.

13. Take notice that your watch, even if a
good one, will sometimes be guilty of "irregu-
hrilies" in consequence of change of tempera-
ture, from the effects of which none but a chro-
nometer is exempt ; also from the jerks and jars
of travel.

14. If you find any difficulty which you do
not understand, go at once to a good watch-
maker.

IVATCn WHEELS, To Put Tetih into.—
Most watchmakers solder or dovetail Iheir teeth
in, but there is a new mode which I consider
far better, and I know it is easier: Make a hole
through the plate of the wheel immediately be-
low the point from which the looih has been
broken. Let its diameter be a little greater than
the width of a tooth. Next, with vour tooth'
saw cut down where the tooth should stand till
you come into the hole. You then dress out
with a hc^d upon it. a piece of brass wire, till it
fits nicely into the cut of the saw, with its head
in the hole. With a fine graver you then cut a
crease into the whcel-platc above and below, on
either side of the newly-fitted wire; after which,
with your hammer, you cautiously spread the
face of Ihe wire until it fills the crcase-i, ardis
securely clinched or riveted into the wheel. This
makes a strong job, and one that dresses up to
look as well as any other.

iVA rCir MOVEAfE.VTS, To /"nv/.-lSink
that port of the article to be frosted for n short
time In a compound of nitric acid, muriatic acid
and table sail — one ounce of each. On removing
from the acid, place it in a shallow vcit^el con-
taining enough sour beer to merely cover it, then
with a fine scratch brush scour thoroughly, let-
ting it remain under^he beer during the opera-
lion. Next wash off, first in pure water and
then in alcohol. Gild or silver in accordance
with .nnv rccinc in the ch.intcr on plating.

WELDIXG metals, Phths^f>hy of.—
When two pieces of metal of any kind are to he
united by welding, the surfaces of conjunction
must be equally heated, and both surfaces mu«t
be brought to such a temperature that the parti-
cles will form a perfect continuity l>ctwcen the
pieces united. This embraces the entire theory
of welding, soldering, or braring metallic sab-
stances ofany kind. A poor weld, or an imper-
fect niece of brazing or soldering may always l)e
.itlributed to the lack ofbkill on the furt of the
workman. In addition, however, to the equal
and adequ.ile heating of Ihe surfaces !o be united,
every p.irlicle of coal-dust, cinders, or scales ol
oxide lnu^l be rrmmed, so as to present two
perfectly clean surfaces at the very moment
when the union is to be efTcctcd. Furthermore,
the piece of mcUM that would fuse at the lower
leinpemlurc muil l>e the guide, when bringing
the surfaces of conjunction up t the proper heaL
If, for example, two pieces of wrought-iron are
to be welded, the part that will melt at the lower
temperature must be brought just to a welding
heat, and the surface of the other piece must be
heale-l quite as hot, or a trifle hotter than the
firxi piece. Then, if the surfaces be clean when
the p.irts are brought together, the union will
be satisfactorily complete. The degree of heat
aimed at must be — not to produce a fluid — bu*.
simply vo bntv^ v\\e m<vs\'TOW» ^cn»&L'w«k\*.-

I

4«i

DICTION A RY OF £ VER Y-DA Y WANTS,

When a &oldc ring-iron, sufHdenUy hot tu melt
solder readily, is applied to a piece of solder on
a &hect of clean tin, as the rln is so Uiin, ihc
surface v-'xW be hented nlmusl instantly ks hot ;ls
the niched or half-fluid solder^ and the resulting
union will be perfect. But let the same solder*
iiig-iron and some of the sam£ &older be em-
ployed in attempting to make solder adhere to a
thick piece of lead pipe, attd it will be found that
it will not stick until the leail hns been heated as
hot ax the solder. It ia no difficult task to m^kc
solder adhere to a steel knifc-bladc. by simply
cleaning the surface and applying a btack'not
iron to a piece of solder laid on the clean metal,
provided a little resin be sprinkled over the steel
lo prevent oxidation. Uut it is not pos&iblc to
make solder stick to a thick piece of steel until
the soldering-iron has been applied to the sur-
h>ce s suffidcni length of time to heat the entire
bar to a proper temperature. Solder will not
' adhere to a cold surlace ; neither con one piece
of iron be welded to another that has not oeen
brought up to such a degree of temperature that
the particles of metal at the surface will unite.

WELDING by Prtssure.—\x. is claimed that
recent experiments by French machini<>ts have
shown that continued, steady hydraulic pressure
in welding, causes complete union of two masses
ofiron^ while the junction is only superficial if
produced by the hammer. Among other experi-
ments, two iron bars, one and a half inches in
dianietert were heated to the welding point and
brought under the hydraulic press. The weld-
ing was effected with extraordinary quickness,
the fibres of the iron being thoroughly interca-
lated with each other, and the joined portion of
the bars was quite as strung as anywhere else,
a microscopic section of (he joint showing a per-
fectly homogeneous texturt.

WELDING {A Nfu-) y*wrr.— The follow-
ing composition, recently patented in Belgium,
is said lo he very useful for welding iron and
steel together. It consists of one thousand parts
of iron tilings, five hundred ports of borax, fifty
parts of balsam of cofai\-a or other resinous oil.
with seventy-five parts of sal-ammoniac Thof^e
ingrcdienU arc well mixed together, heated and
pttlverized. The process of welding is much the
same as usual. The surfaces to dc united are
powdered with the composition, and then brought
to a chcrry-rcd heat, at which the powder melts,
when the portions to be welded arc taken from
the fire and joined. If the pieces lo be welded
•re too large to he both introduced at the same
time into the forge, one can l)e first lieatml with
the welding powder to a clierry-red heat, and
the other afterwards to a while heat, after wbidi
the welding may be effected. Another composi-
tion for the same object consists of fifteen parts
of borax, two parts of sal-ammoniac and two
parts of cyanide of potassium. These constitu-
ents arc iiissohtd in water, and the water itself
ofterMnrds evaporated at a low temperature.

WELDING CASTSTEEL without Borax.
^Copperas 2 oz.; saltpetre I oz.; common salt
6oz.; block oxide of manganese i o£.; pruiuiate
of potash t ox.; all pulverized and mixed with
nice welding .^nd 3 lbs.; and use it th« same as
you would jtand,

WELDING a small piectof Iren upon a hr^t

(mf, — It is often desirable to welds bit of iron

upon a large bar, when the Urge piece must be

/icAled cfjually hot *t the snuUoike. losvi^

this: Take bora« I lb.; red nxid« of irrjn t tu 3
or.; melt ihem together in a cti. " : i when

cold, pulverize it and keep ; 'ry for

use. When yuu v.-^-' • ■ ""•' '■■■';!,

just bring ihc \xt^' ^

a good welding hti

thc large one £rom lUe lire, an - {

the powder upon the place, n: .t

upon it. applying the hjutimcr tmaitiy, r.n.i in«
weld uill be as good as could l>e mode with tbv
greater hcAt without the powder.

MELDING COPPER.—lxi order to efirct
the welding of copper, it is necessary to ii-.unvc
the thin film of oxide of copper, for; 1-

ing. from the surfaces which ore in . c

united. This is done in a way simuiir 10 mat
employed in welding iron, by putting on a suIj-
slance wlucit is capable of difsolvincihr "i< If-
of copper, and forming a thin fluid sUg \>
the wnole of which is squeezed out fi
tween the two surfaces tol>e weldctl ! >.»,

of the hammer or other pressure. '\ I -ai

of the proper welding material was ffluuLkiLcu uj
the knowledge, acquired from mineralogy, that
libeihenite and phosphorocalcitc, two pboaphates
of copper, smell easily before the blow-pipe.
It was to be inferred from this, that any saU
which contained free phosphoiic acid, or whidi
would lose the same at high tempcmturr, wooLl
bea proper medium for wcldin,;

Mr. Ph. Rust made ex|>t:riii; '. yesrs

ago for the purpose of dciciTi ini_>st

clfective and economical method of •
knowledge to account. He em;
microcosmic salt, (phosphate of so*]:«
nia.) which is so commonly used
experiments. The welding sue-—'
and was very perfect. But as i ^

a high price, he sub^^tiluled .1

mixture of 35S parts of phosphate • 1

134 juu-ts of boracjc acid, which
when heated, also phosphoric '
ing succeeded also; but in c
formed slag sufficiently fluid, .1
heat hod to be giixn than m i.'
The powder is put on lo y
united after the copper has \
dull red heat; the metal is t'
more until a cherry-red is ica .ii|

once brought under the ham r

becomes vcrj- soft in the he«t 1-

ding, the blows must l)c givci .i

the ends lo be welded Ti>u5t I 1-

siderably knocked n e

shape of the article i a

hammer is, for tin? ici'vun, jiicrt-nuit-
iron one.

Mr. Rust say>, that it is especially iiTux.'rtj
Lo guard against any pieces of co: ' a

smallest spark, coming m cnnfoctwr J)

slag enveloping lli: " 1,

should happen, \\\<- e

welding mrdi-i'" ■> j

phosphide 01' - ;

velop the ei>n'
the welding cffcrtually.
ment in an oxirlJ7ing ftri
the welding nn ' i

be effected,
use a p^*- fi:
the t)iri.
Wlh .
aCtw boI<,*s m

y loug til
e,uea tuc
Ire e»di
referabte

1

MISCELIANEOUS.

another, say six holes, tbout the sUc jom want
your wire. When you get ready to pour» have
a strip of smooth iron or tteel (a siw blade be-
ing very good), have your piercc<l ladle in your
left hand, having preriously healed it in the
melted meUil; then dip up tome metal with an
ordinary ladle with your right hami. and }>our it
through the pierced ladle, at the same time mov-
ing the two along the strip of iron, and a i^'M
inches above it/ After you get the hang of it
you can make very prett j wire, i nuUer or larger
as you move ^C or slow.

P

V AGUEt 7tf AvoU. — ^The first suggestion, of
H course, is to leave those districts where this
^ troublesome complaint prevails. Sometimes,
however, one's rckidencc cannot well be changed.
To persons so circumstanced, tlicre arc preven-
tions by the use of which the majoritv might
generally escape it- They are as follows: —
I. Avoid exposing themselves to the malarial
air after sun&et and before sunrise. 3. Occupy
rooms at night on the sunny side of the house
and up sLiirs. 3. Build a nre in the house as
soon as the dew begins (o fall. The heat of the
fire will do much to kill the malaria. 4. Keep
the skin healthy and active by a thorough bath
every day on rising, in a warm room, with su£-
cient friction to produce a healthy reaction.
$. Keep the bowels open by a proper diet. In
nine cases out of ten tne cause of ague would be
easily overconse if the depurating organs were
not overtaxed and morbid matters allowed to ac-
cumulate in the system to oppress it

ALABASTER, To I/ar^rn amd Polish,—
t. Take a strong solution of alum, strain it, and
put it into a wooden trough sufficiently large to
contain the figure, which must tie suspended in
it by means of a thread of silk; let it rest until
a. sufhcicnl quantity of the salt is crystallized on
the cast, then withdraw it, and poush it with a
cfean cloth and water.— 2. Take white wax ;
nelt it in a convenient vessel, and dip the cast or
figure into it; withdraw and repeat the opera-
tion of dipping until the Uqui'l wax rests upon
the surface of the cast : then let it coot and dry,
when it must be polished with a clean brush.

AI^SKA ICEBERGS.— \. Alaska ice-
bergs can be produced by making a saturated
solution of plumbum nitras. then adding small,
nice, white, and long pieces of ammonium chlo-
ride, and exposing undisturbed to the direct li^ht
of the sun for several days. Upon examination
you will find formed beautifully white, opaque.
nee^Ue- shaped crystals of chloride of lead repre-
tenting the Alaska icebergs. — 2. Over a con-
centrated solution of nitrate of lead, contained
in a globe, is poured a solution of chloride of
ammonium; this must be done carefully, so that
the two fluids do not mix, when the lormation
otf^tbc Alaska icel>erg will commence.

AmifXE COLORS, Tc make ScIuiU in
H'»Ur» — The aniline or>lors insoluble in water
May, aooording to Dr. Ziosman, who pubtisha

WROUGHT- IROU, To Cast- Harden.—

To case-harden wrought iron, take the tjrussiate
of potash, hnely pulverixcd, and roll the article
in It. if its shape admits of it, if not. sprinkle
the powder upon it freely, while the iron is hot.
Tnis is applicable to iron nxletrees, by heating
the axtelree and rolUng the bottom of it in the
powder, spread out for that purpose, turning it
up quickly and pouring cold water upon it, get*
ting it into the tub of cold water as quick as
possible. They will wear for years, without
ihowiag wear.

MISCELLANEOUS.

the process, be nude to dissolve in that men-
struum in the following way : A solution of ge-
latine in acetic acid of^about the consistence of
syrup is first made, and the aniline color in fine
powder is gradually added, stirimg all the time
so as to make a homogeneous paste. The mix-
ture is then to be heated over a water bath to
the temperature of boiling water, and kep^ at
that heat for some time. Colors in this state, if
a very dear gelatine is employed, will be s^ipli-
cable to many decorative purposes. Itookbind-
ers, paper-stainers, and primers will find them
useful. Tlity may also, we read, 1>e usol to
color confectionery and soaps. Before they are
used for confectionery, however, it wdl be well
to make sure that no arsenic is present.

A TMOSrUERE, To Test the purity of,— '
1. A simple method of ascertaining the presence
of impurity (carbonic acid) in the atmosphere,
is to nearly hll a glass tumbler with limcwater,
and to place it in any convenient position, as on
the mantel-mece of a room. The rapidity with
which a pellicle forms on its surface, or the water
becomes cloudy, corresponds to the amount of
the carbonic acid present in the atmosphere that
surrounds it. — 2. A little moist cart»onAteof lead
put on a plate or saucer, and exposed in the
some way, will turn black, should any sul^u-
reteii hydrogen be conlaincil in the air. This
is a very delicate test for that destructive gas.

A IVX/XGS, MiUrw Tnio/'.—M mildew is
a Dorasitic plant, a fungus Uvlng at the expense
o(^ other organic matter, its prevention requires
something destructive to vegetable life, and a
kind of varnish to close the pores of the texture
of the linen awning, to protect it against the
chemical influences of the almo«.phcrc and the
penetration of the fine root fthuncnts of the
fungus, which has great vitality. Different vam-
ishes will answer the purpose; we should prefer
first to moisten the linen with a solutiim of ar>
seniate of potash, whidi has the special properly
of preventing organic change*. After drying,
put on a bcniine varnish ; perhaps one mode of
India rubber and bcncolc would be t>esl. Car-
bolic add is said to have the same effect, when
the cloth is steeped in it; but it may discolor
the canvas, and* moreover, it may be washed
out by repeated rains.

AXLE GREASE.— U WsXm, \ ^-,vA»^,
>4lb., pa\in.c»\, \o'ti»A mv*. Vj\nMu,«A.i:aa

mk

44*

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

till nearly cold. — a. Water, rape oil, of each x
jpU., soda, % lb., palm oil, ^ lb.— 3. Water, 1
gal.; tallow, 3 lbs.; palm oil, 6 lbs.; soda, %
pound. Heat to 2lo*^Fah-t >nd stir until cool.
— 4.TalIovr, 8 lbs., palm oil, xo lbs., plumbago,
I lb., make a good lubricator for wagon axles.

BALLOONS {Toy), ffox/v, — Procurea
' glass jar wilh a tight ntting cover with a hole in
tne center. Fill two-thirds full of strips of good
new zinc; put in enough water to cover this;
tiien pour in enough sulphuric add to make the
vrater boil. Fasten the oalloon tightly around
the top of the jar so the gas cannot escape while
generating.

BALIJyONVARNISH.—^etiXni^ rubber
in small pieces, with its weight of boiled linseed
oil, and tnin it with oil of turpentine.

BAROMETER, Home Afade, — \, Take a
thin glass tube, 12 inches long and ^-inch in
diuneter, and fill three-fourths of it with two
drachms of camphor, a half drachm (^pure salt-
petre, a half drachm of muriate of ammonia and
two ounces of proof spirits. The tube may
be tied over with bidder if required. As
a sign oifine weather, the sediment of white
flakes will settle near to the bottom of the
tube, while the liquid will be quite transparent
above. As a sign of rain, the matter will rise
to the surface of the solution. At the approach
of a stomtf the matter will float on the sur&ce of
the solution in the form of white flakes, and the
fluid will appear in a state of fennentation. Dur-
ing frost, the solution will present a starry
appearance, and during summer or hot weather
the matter will fall to the bottom as a solid sub-
stance.— 2. Take a common phial, and cut off
the rim and part of the neck, by means of apiece
of cord passed round it, and moved rapidly to
and fro, in a sawing direction ; the one end being
held in the left hand and the other fastened to
any convenient object, while the right hand holds
and moves the phial; when heated dip it sudden-
ly into cold water, and the part will crack off; or
separate it with a file. Then nearly fvW the
phial with clean water, place your finger on the
mouth and invert it; withdraw your finger and
suspend it in this jwsition with a piece of twine.
In dry weather the under surface of the water
will be level with the neck of the bottle, or even
concave; in damp weather, on the contrary, a
drop will appear at the mouth and continue
until it f.ills, and is then followed by another in
the same way. — ^3. Take a common glass pickle
bottle, wide mouthed, fill it within three inches
of the lop with water; then take a Florence oil
flask, removing the straw covering and cleansing
the flask thorouchly; plunge the neck of the
flask into the other bottle as far as it will go,
and the barometer is complete. In fine weather
the water will rise into the neck of the flask,
even higher than the mouth of the bottle. Before
a heavy gale of wind the water has been seen to
leave the flask altogether, at least eight hours
before the gale came to its height.

BAROAlET£R,Animated.~l,T&\xzTi^\^\
ounce phial, and put in it three gills of water,
and place in it a healthy leech, changing the
water in summer once a week, and in winter once
inafortnight, and itwillmostaccurately prognos-
ticate the weather. If the weather is to be fine,
the leech lies motionless at the bottom of the
glass and coiled together in a spiral form; if rain :
may be expected, it will creep up to the top of its |

lodgings and remain there till the weather is set-
tled; ifwe are to have wind, it will move through
its habitation with amazing swifbness, and seldom
goes to rest till it begins to blow hard; if a re-
markable storm of thunder and rain is to succeed,
it will lodge for some days before almost contin-
naUy out of the water, and discover great uoeaa-
ness in vicdent throes uui convulsive-like motion^
in frost as in clear summer-like weather it lies
constantly at the bottom ; and in snow as in rainv
weather it pitches its dwelling in the very mouth
ofthephiaL The top. should be co\-eredover
with a piece of muslin. — 2. There is a frog in
Wisconsm, who may fairlr take his place among
the frogs of history. He lives in a glass jar filled
with water. A diminutive ladder runs from the
bottom of the vessel to the top, and just above
the water-line is a platform, on which his frr >-
ship is to be seen in fine weather sitting per-
fectly motionless as lon^ as the dry season lasts.
On the slightest indication of achange in the at-
mosphere lie quits his perch and takes to the
\i-ater, returning only at Itmg intervals to feed
upon the flies which are thrown to him. As
he detects the approach of rain long before the
most experienced numan observer, his first dive
is always the signal fc»- taking in the clothes froitk
the lines, and tor getting out the umbrellas and
golocshoes.

BASE BALL, To mahe.^A good base ball
may be made by cutting an old ooot or an old
^m (rubber) shoe into strips and wrapUiem
tightly around each other till it is about the size
ofa walnut. Then wrap with yam or any kind
of string very tightly, until it is the use yon
want it ; then sew the loose end to the ball. Now
lay the ball down on a piece of leather and gath-
er up the sides and press them close to the boll
and with a sharp knife trim off the corners, (be
sure to have them fit nicely.) Now sew up all
the sides except one; then slip in the ball, and
sew up with a double thread. Now put some
oil on the seams and hammer them smooth ; for
if you are not careful in catching a ball with
rough seams, it will sometimes take the skin
from the ends of the fingers.

BASA'ETS, To Crystamte.—'VsKVtt a small
basket, about Oie site of your hand, of iron wire
or split willow ; tal e some lamp cotton, untwist
it, and wind it round every portion of the bas-
ket ; then mix alum in the proportion of one
pound to a quart of water, ana boil till the alum
is dissolved; pour the solution into a deep pan,
and in the liquor suspend the basket witnout
allowing any part to touch the pan, or to be ex-
posed anove thti surface ; let tne whole remain
properly at rest for twenty-four hours, when, if
you take out the basket, the alum will be found
prettily crystallized over all parts of the cottoned
frame. After this first experiment, it will t>e
easy to extend the crystallizing process to larger
objects, and to adorn flowers with alum crystals
of various colors.

BATHING, Sea. — ^There are circumstances
necessarily connected with a visit to the sea-side,
which gTMtly tend to increase its benefidal ef-
fects. In almost all instances the used up man
of business or of pleasure, the man suffering
from general debility, occasioned by his mentu
or physical powers having been overtaxed, or
from continued residence in close, unhealthy
towns, and persons suffering from general lan-
guor and lassitude, or undergoing difficult and

MISCELLANEOUS.

449

'tcdkius convalescence from the effects of severe

niness or accident, are benefited. To these peo-

^ple it is not the sea flir alone, nor vet change of

mif; but it is change of scene ana habit, with

freedom from the anxieties and cnres of study or

business, the giddy rounds of pleasure, the mo-

iSiOtony of every day life, or of the sick room and

ivalescent chamber, which produce such ex-

>rdinary beneficial effects — a seemingly per-

jlect renovation of wasted energies and renewal

'PAc powers of life — cfTccts not to be obtained

rAieans of any purely medical treatmenL

With bathing in the open sea, there is to be

tered, first, the shock experienced on en-

water at its natural temperature, when

ing, convulsive respiration and oppres-sion

chest are always experienced, although

a moment, and pass away on immersion

action in the water; secondly, thestim-

_eflectsofthe saline substances; thirdly,

^.lecbanical action and pressure of the large

»ving mass of water and the motion of the

ives ALting as douches, which, combined, arc

liot in all cases well borne by delicate persons

id children. The direct effect of cold halhing

sedative and benumbing, and causing the

ilood to recede from the surface of the body into

ic grand arterial trunks, congesting the brain

action of the circulation by the exercise of swim*
ming. The sea reaches lU niAximum tempera*
turc at twelve o'clock, and continues the snme
untd five; it is, therefore, during this time the
delicate should bathe, the earlier the Iwiler, but in
this, of course, persons must be guided by the tide.

BEDROOMS, VeniUatHm <y:— The impor-
tance oi ventilating bedrooms is a (act in wnich
everybody is vitally intercste<l. and which few
properly appreciate. If two men arc to occupy
a bedroom during a night, let them step upon
weighing scales as they retire, and then again in
the morning, and they will find that their actual
weight is at least a pound less in the morning.
Frequently there will l>e a loss of two or more
pounds, and the average loss tbroughoot the
year will be more than one pound ; that is,
during the night there is a loss of a |>ound of
matter, which has gone off from their bodies.
partly from the lungs, and partly through the
pores of the skin. The c«ca[ied material is
cnrbunic acid and decayed animal matter, ur
poisonous exhalations.

BELTS, To Oil.-^K good way to oil bells
is to pour the oil on to the outside of the l>cli as
it runs, and let the pulleys work it in. It may
be put on freely if the lielt be running idle, but
if at work it will take but a !»ii}aU auantity at a

d iilTernal organs, depressing the vital powers, time without slipping. Keep the leather josl

d OS it were bringing on death. It is this di-
et effect we have to guard against, and this we
n only do by encouraging sutnctent and healthy
reaction, indicated by the genial glow, feeling of
general vigor, and increased appearance of blood
to the surface of the Ixxlv, sometimes wearing
the aspect of a healthy stin, but at others c.\.
hil)itcdbv small red patches like measles, dif-
fused redness as in scorUtiiia, or spots like Ilea
biles. It is, therefore, how to avoid the direct
evil effect, and how to encourage sufficient and
healthy reaction, that we have to consider.
First, the duration of a cold bath should not
too prolonged, and it is to be laid down as an
exceptional rule, that a certain degree of vigor
d power of reaction are euential in all by
'bom cold sea bathing is to be attempted. Thus
is not advisable that old people, the weak and
icote. Including children, or such as are dis-
ced to internal congestion or hemorrhage,
oald lake a cold sea bath. General lassitude,
ilh tendency to sleep, headache, or toothache,
nsitivcncss uf the breast, increase of appetite,
dconslipalion, arc frequent results ofa cold bath
the coiunicncvment of a course of sea bathing.
For bathmg, therefore, in the ojwn sea, it is
strable to prepare the delicate and unoccus*
mcd by giving tlicin a few preliminary tepid
Lllis, which produce a gently stimulating action
I the skin, acting at the same time as a sedative
the nervous sys^tcm; and by gradually lower-
g the temperature of these baths, the patient
;ct)mes strengthened to undergo the shock of a
Id bath without risk, the severity of which
try rapidly becomes diminished by the force of
ibit in bathing. The latter part of the month of
»ly is the most suitable li me to commence a course
if cold sea bathing, the delicate and invalided
ving been previously inured by tepid bath».
In the morning, before ten o'clock, the tern-
ture of the sea is at its lowest, and it is,
erefore, at this time unsuited tG the uninured
kI delicate, while it is most l>rftcing and invig-
fftting to (he itrong» and to such as can aid re-

IkAi

oily enough to make tl pltnblc.

BLACKBOARDS^ Wr^i/fria/.— Blackboards
or large writing slates are cimvenicnces or ne-
cessities in nearly all schools. A recipe for
preparing Iheie, or a substitute, cheaply, is of
general interest, and wc are indebted for the
following tlcscriplion to a gentleman uf consider-
able exi>erience. He says: I first have the place
of the wall intended to be covered, surrounded
by a narrow wooden molding, which may be
covered by paint Japan or varnish is necessarr
in the paint, as with beniinc alone the lampbLick
rubs off; but as varnish makes the board too
smooth to write on, I mix a little fine emery in
it, to make it slightly gritty, like a slate; too
much emery or a quality of loo coarse a grade
makes the removal of the chalk marks dtfncult.
For the last purpose I take sheepskin with the
wool on, nailed on a small j>icce uf board and
always useddr^ it is much better than anything
else. From time to time, however, the whole
blackboard is cleaned with a wet sponge. The
best substance for fixing the common lampblack
and emery, is shellac dissolved in alcohol; the

?uantities are regulated by the circumstances.
n warm weather it re<iuires more alcohol. Too '
much shellac makC'* tnc solution too thick; too
little causes it to come olT. It is to be put on
with a flat bru:th as rapidly as possible, as it
dries at once. Hie blackboard may be used in
less than h;%If an hour.

BLACKBOARD PAIXT—Tq mike one
gallon of point, take ten ounces pulverircd
pumice-stone, six ounces pu]verire<l roitcn-slone,
three-quarters of a pound lampblack, and mix
them with alcohol enough to make a thick paste.
Gnnd the mixture very thoroughly in a paint,
mill: then dissolve about fourteen ounces of
shellac in the remainder of the gallon of alcohoL
Now stir the whole together, and the i^aint is
ready for use. The shellac prevents the paint
from rubbing off. If the shellac is of poor
qiuility, it will require a little more. >^hen
using, siir ofiea to prevent the ^unuee-^uanR-^xoraL
29

450

DICTIONARY OF EVERY^DAY WAISTS,

settling. In putting on a seoond coat, be care-
ful not to rub off the first One g^on will
furnish two coats for sixty or seventy square
yaMs of black-board, on walls not previously
pointed.

The surface of a plaster wall that is to be
painted for the first timCf may be somewhat
unproved by first putting on a coat of strong
glue-siiing, prepaivd by boiling one pound oi
glue in a gaUon of rain water. Stir in tfiree or
rour ounces of lampblack. Put on hot.

BLACK' HEALING SALVE, —Take of
olive oil, 3 quarts; common resin, 3 oz.; bees-
wax, 3 oz. Melt these articles together, and
raise the oil almost to boiline heat ; then gradu-
ally add of pulverized red lead two and a half
pounds, if in the summer; if in winter, one-
ouarter of a pound less. In a short time after
the lead is taken up by the oil, and the mixture
bea>mes brown or a shining black; remove from
the fire, and when nearly cold add of pulverized
camphor half an ounce.

BLACK LUSTRE COLOR, — Dr. Kiel-
meyer gives a recipe which is adapted for either
paper, cloth, or porous wood. He states that it
stands well, is very supple, and has no tendency
to get sticky. To prepare it he boils together
8 pounds of glue, previously dissolved in 16 lbs.
of water; i pound potato starch, dissolved in
%% pounds of water; 5)^ pounds of campeadiy,
extract of 6® Baum^; I pound 3 ounces of creen
vitriol, and S^ lbs. of brown glycerine. When
thoroughly mixed, he removes the pot from the
fire, and continues to stir until the liouid is cold.
If the paint be desired thicker or thinner, the
amount of starch and glue must be varied as
well as the other materials, or the lustre will
suffer.

BLADDERS, TV /Vr/am — Soak them for
twenty-four hours in water, to which a little
chloride of lime or potass has been added, then
remove the extraneous membranes, wash them
well in clean water ond dry them.

BONES, To Pf7«Vf«.— Put a handful of bran
and quick-lime together, in a new ])ipkin, with a
sufficient quantity of water, and boil it. In this

{mt the bones, and boil them also till perfectly
reed from greasy particles.

BONES, To Dye any Color.— 'ho\\ the bones
first for a good while ; then in a lye of quick-
lime mixed with chamber-lye, put either verdi-
gris, or red or blue chalk, or any other ingredient
fit to procure the color you want to give to the
bones. Lay the bones in the liquor, and boU
them, they will be perfectly dyciL

BOOK-MAKING.— 7]itU-Pase.—1\\.(i title-
page, that heralds all the inner pages of a book,
should be printed in a style of elegance severe
and unadorned; no fancy type, except a line of
Scribe Text or Old English — no Italics, unless
perchance a single line motto in Pearl caps, —
no bold-face type, nor Antique, nor Gothic, —
but plain, clear, li^ht-faced letters. All experi-
enced printers incline to this simple style. Avoid
having two lines of equal length to follow or
come in contact with each other. Catch- words
should l>c set on a very reduced scale, and pro-
portioned according to strength of the preceding
and succeeding lines, for bold catch-words de-
tract from the general effect of the title. Authors
should endeavor to make their title-pages as
concise as possible, for a crowded title can never
be displAjed with elegance oc tule.— /V^^^. —

Formerly, the preface was uniformly set in ItiU
ic; at present Roman is used, one size larger or
smaller than the bodr of the work. If the wnk
has been printed with folios only, then the pre-
face should be paged in like manner. — Ceniemtr,
— ^The contents follow the preface or introduc-
tion, and may be set cither m Roman or Italic^
generallytwo sizes smaller than the body of Uie
work. The first line of eadi summary full, and
the rest indented an em quadrat, with the rdRcr-
ring figures iustified at the ends of the respective
lines. — Deduation. — The dedication generally
follows the title, and seldom exceeds one ^age.
It should be set in capitals and small capitais,
neatly dis|^yed. The name of the person to
whom the work is dedicated should always be
in capitals, and the terms, Your tcit humUe
tmd obedient, etc, should be in smaller tfpt^
and the signs^e or name of the autKor in ca|H-
tals of A smaller size than that in which the name
of the personage is printed to whom the boo|t is
dedicated. -^ .AidlrT. — Hie index is ^^er^y
placed at the end of the volume, and set in type a
sizes less than that <^the work. It is always
begun on an uneven v^^- In setting an index,
the subject Kne should not be indented ; but, if
the article make more than one line, all but the
first should be in^nted an em. — Errata, — ^Thc
errata are put immediately before the body of
the work, or at the end of iL They should conast
only of such corrections as are indispensably
necessary, without noticing any defects in the
punctuation, unless where the sense is perverted,
BOOKS (School), To Preserve tk< Bindiat^
of. — ^The best way to preserve the lunding of
school books is to take me book and open it out
fbt, and mark the size exactly on the inner ude
of a piece of muslin, then cut it out ; and then
cut two pieces for the inner sides of the book a
little less than the width ; bind all three pieces
separately all round with ribbon. Tlien sew the

fneces together on three sides at eacli end of the
ong piece, leaving a space in the centre; turn
the covers of the book back, and slip them into
the muslin cover; and, if cut out well, it will fit
as well as the original binding. Books so cov-
ered can be used for some years, and the binding
will be found to be nearly perfect. It answers
especially for children's school books, and the
muslin is very easy to work, and looks wcU for
a considerable length of time.

BOOK-COVERS {Leather), MaH^ie for,—
Wash the cover and glaire it, take a sponge
charged with water, having the book between
wands, and drop the water from the sjwnge on
the different parts of the cover, sprinkle very
fine with vinegar black, then with brown, and.
lasllv with vitriol water. Observe to sprinkle
on the colors immediately after each other, and
to wash the cover over with a clean sponge and
water.

BOOK-COVEKS (leather), Chinese MarbU

for. — Color the cover of the book dark brown,
and when dry, put it into the cutting-press with
the boards perfectly fiat; mix whiting and water
of a thick consistence and throw it on, in spots
or streaks, some large and some small, wnidi
must remain till dry. Spot or sprinkle the cover
with liouid blue, and lastly, throw on large spots
of liquid red. The colors must be dry b^ore
washing off the whiting.
BOOK-COVERS {Leather), Green MarhU

yW*.— The edge must be marmed with a good

MISCELLANEO US,

451

f.

I
»

bright green only. When the color is prepared
vith the oxgall, and ready for use. a few drops
of sweet oil must be mixed therein, the color
thrown on witli a brush, in large spots, till the

m is perfectly covered. The oil will mukc a
ght edge round each spot, and have a good cfTcct.

illue. gTCt;n, and brown may be also used se-
parately in like manner.

Sheets of paper may be done, having a trough
Urge enough, and the &heeu damped as for print-
ing, before marbling.

Spirits of turpentine may be sprinkled on the
colors, which wilt make white spots.

BOOK'COVERS{Uather)^ Japan Coloring
for, — After the book is covered and dry, color
the cover with potash-water mixed with a little
paste, give it two good coats of Rrazil wash, and
gtaire it. Put the book between w-inds, allow-
ing the board? to slo[*c a Ultle. Uash on copper-
as-watcr, then with a sponge full of red liquid,
press nut on the back and on different parU,
targe drops, which will run down each IxKird
ana make a fine shaded red. When the cover
is dry, wash it over two or three times with
Bru:il wxsh to give it a brighter color.

BOOKCOl EN S^Uathr^JVax Marble for.
— This marbling must Ijc done on the forc-e<lgc,
before the back of the book is rounded, or be-
comes round, when in boards, and finished on
the head and foot. Take beeswax and dissolve
it over the fire in an earthen vessel; take quills
stripped of their feathers, and tie tliem together;
dip inc quill-tons in the wax. and spot the edge,
with large and small spots; take a sponge
charged with blue, green, or red, and sme^ over
the ctlgc; when iK>ne, dash off the wax, and it
will be marbled. This will be useful for station-
cry work, or for folios and quartos.

BOOKS, Ckinfse EUgefar. — \. Color the
edge with light liquid blue nnd dry; then take a
&ponge charged with vcrmiUon, and dab on spots
according to Cancy: next throw on rice, and
finish the edge with dark liquid blue. — 2. Color
light blue on different [xins of the edge with a
ipongc; do the same where llicrc arc vacancies
with yellow and Brazil red; dry and dab on a
little vermilion in spots ; then throw on rice and
fiikish with A bold sprinkleof dark blue. Burnish.
BOOA'S, To Afar6le,—This is performed by
laying the color on the covers or edges with a
brush, or bv means of a wooden trough and gum
water .is fuflows: — Provide a wooden trou^, 2
inches deeci, 6 inches wide, and the length of a
ftuper-royal sheet ; boil in a brass or copper pan
tiny quantity of Unseed and water unul a thick
mucil.-ige is formed; strain itinto the trough, and
let is co<jI; then grind on a marble slab any of
the following colors in small beer. For flitr,
Prussian blue or indigo ; — r^J, rose-pink, vcr.
Diilion, or drop lake;— ^r/Zfic, king's yellow,
vellow ochre, etc.; — wMtte, Aoke white; — Ma^-Jt,
Darnt ivory or Limpblack; — fi/vum, uraber, burnt
do., terra di sienna, burnt do.: black, mixed
with yellow or red, also makes brown; — #tw«,
blue and yellow mixed ; — oran^, red and ycUow
mixed; — purple, red and blue inixe«l. Fur each
color you must have two cups, one for the color
after grmding, the other to mix it with ox-gall,
which must be used to thin the colors at dis-
crc6on. If too much gall is used, the colors
will spread; when they keep their place on the
surface of the trough, when moved with a quiW.
ihey ore fit for use. All things being in rcaiU-

ness, the colors arc succes<(ive]y sprinkled on the
surface of the mucilage in the trough with a
brush, and are waved or drawn about with a
quill or stick, according to taste. When the
design is thus formed, the book, tied tightly
between cutting boards of the ume size, is lightly
pressed with its edge on the surface of the li<iu'>d
pattern, and then wiliidrawn and dried. The
covers may be marbled in the same way, only
letting the liquid colors run over them. The
fdm of color in the trough may h* a^ thin as
possible, and if any remams after the marbling
It may be taken off byappl)-ing paficr to it before
vou prepare for marbling again. This process
has been called French Marbling.

To diversify the effect, colors are often mixed
with a little sweet oil before sprinkling them on,
by which means a light halo or drde appears
round each spot. In like manner, spirits ol tur-
pentine, sprinkled on the surface of the trough,
will make white spots. By staining the book
covers with any of the liquid dyes, and then
dropping on them, or running over them, drops
of liquid mordants, a very pleasing effect may be
produced. Thus vinegar black, or a solution ol
ereen copperas, let fall or run over common
gather, produces black spots or streaks, and

S'ves a similar effect with most of the light dye**
solution of alum or tin in like manner produ-
ces bright spots or streaks, and soda and jratosh
water dark ones, litis style has been called
Egyptian marble, — Soap mar Ming is done by
throwing on the colors, ground with a little white
soap to a pliable consistence, by means of a
brush. It is much usc<t for book edges, station-
ery, sheets of paper, ladies' Uncy work, etc —
7% reatl marble 1%. given by first covering the edge
uniformly of one color, then laying pieces of
tliick thread irregularly on different parts of it,
and giving it a fine dark sprinkle. When well
managed Mic effect is very pleasing. — Rice marble
is pven in a similar way to the last by using rice.
— Tree marble is done on leather, book covers,
etc., by bending the board a little in the centre,
and running the marbling liquid over it in the
form of vegetation. The kiK>u arr given by rub-
bing the end of a candle on thow parts of the
cover. — Wax marble is given in a similar vrny
to thread marble, but using melted wax, whicli
is removed after the book is sprinkled and dried,
or a sponge charged with blue, green, or red,
may l>e jjassol over. This is much used for
stationery work, especially folios and quartos.
The vinegar black of the bookbinders \y mciely
a solution of acetate of iron, made by steeping
rusty nails or iron fiUngs in vinegar. All the
ordinary liquid colors that do not contain strong
acids or alkalis may be used, either nlonc or
thickened with a little gum, for marbling or
sprinkling Iwoks.

BOOKS, To Gild the Edges of.—Ttit edges
of ll»e leaves of books oikd letter paper arc gilded
whilst in a horizontal position in the bookbind-
er's pr^ss, by first applying acompoiiion furmcd
of four parts of .\rmenian bole, and one of can-
died sugar, grxiund together with water ton pro-
per consistence, and I.»id on by a bru^h, with the
while of on egg. This coating, when ncarlv dry,
is smoothed by the burnisher, which i*. peneraUy
a cruwke^l piece of agAtc, very sm Tixed

in a hnndle. It ts then slightly ,3L^

sponge dipued «v' c\eM\ ^xv«.\, ^ «*»'«*■

the hand. T^it t<s\^.\jt^\ Si wi« '«^«». •«sf=«>'

*

4Sa

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

piece ot cotton from the leathern cushion, and
-applied Dn tftc moistened surface. When dry it
is to be burnished by rubbing the agate over it
iTepeotedly from end to end, faking care not to
^ound the surlace by the point of the burnisher.
A piece of silk or India'pnper is usually inter-
posed between the gold and the burnisher.

Cotton-wool is generally u.\ed by bookhindent
to take the leaf up from the cushion, being the
bc*tt adapted for the purpose on account of its
pliability^ smoothness, soHoess, and slight moist-
ness.

BOOKS, an Lettrrinr on the Backs tf/.—
The place on those yeaXs of the book which is to
receive the letters is moistened with a b'ttte al-
bumen. The letters or tvpc are then pres-seU
on a piece of gold leaf, when the adhering gold
is transferred to the back of the hook by press-
ing the type on the moistened spot. SujierHu-
ous particles of gold are removea by blowing or
by means of a soft brush. .'Vfter the lettering is
finiahed. the book must dry for a day before it
is used.

BOOK'MOTHS.^ViXer^y people arc occa-
ilionally annoyctl by the depredations of minute
'nsccts, which feed luxuriously on their fine
looks, manuscripts and pamphlets. Tliey arc
popularly known as book-moths. They appear
to be in search of the paste, glue, and siting
which arc used by the Dinders. However old
and dry the books may be, if the room in which
Ihcy are kept, or the cases in which they arc ar-
ranged, are slightly damp, it soAcns theold ^lue
or sue by imbibition, just the condition required
by the invaders. In gnawing it from the pafwr
surface into which it originaliV penetrated, they
also destroy the texture of the leaves, so that
costly works are quite ruined. Tlierc is no bct>
ter remedy than placin[^ the books at once in a
dry room where the moisture evaporates; and if
the sunlight acts upon the windows daily, so
much the better. The moths disappear when
the paste becomes too hard for them. Or rather
thdr activity is suspended, to be revived on
again removing the books into a damp apart-
ment. Russian binding is so o^ensive to them
that they cannot attack books in Russia leather
binding. It is not, perhaps, so generally known
as it dcscnrcs to be, that a few drops of any kind
of perfumed oil will secure books and manu-
scnpls from the deteriorating effects of mould
and damp.

BOOKS^ To Sprinkle the Edges of. —The
brushes used for Dook-edges must be made of
Russia hogs' bristles, of good thickness, tied
round with cord, glued at (he thick end, and
half covered witli a piece of leather; when dry
tie the brush again wilh waxed cond, within lialf
an inch of the soft part of it, and cut it scry
smooth and even. Brushes made after this
manner are preferable to those wilh a handle.

Prepare tne color in a cup : dip in the brush
till it is charged, and then press it out till it will
drop no longer. The bcKik must be screwed
tight in the cutting press; hold the brush in the
left h.ind, and, wiin a folding-stick in the right,
rub it over the brush, which will cause the color
to sprinkle finely on the edges. The brush must
be moved up and down over the edge, as you
sprinkle, to Itave it regular on every part. After
fne sprinkling is done, the brushes should be
e/tij/y washed in water, particularly after
»pnakljj]£ blue, vhich will outerwuc sooniW-

•troy the Imuh. — Green. — i. Vellow the ed^e,

then sprinkle with dark blue. — %. '

ries, I part ; soft water, 8 parts. 1 ■ i

a little powdered niiim ; then ^'

quired shade of green, by ad.:

Ct>/J. — Put into a marble mri -

of pure honey and one book of g' ,

them well together until they are v> ,.i

half a pint of clear water, and n\'n iheni well lo-

gellicr ; when the water clears, pour it off, md

put in more, till the honey is .7" ■ -■ ■ rj, mil

nothing remains but the gol> 1 grain

of corrosive sublimate in a ten^ ■■ spirits

of wine, and when dissolved, put ihr s;imr, to>
gethcf wilh a little guiu-water, to ihe g'.dd, .nnd
bottle it close for use. The edges if ^

may be sprinkled or colored very i.

green, blue, or purple, and Lxstly, \< .

liquid, in small or Urge s|>uts, ^(
shaking the bottle before using. I
edges when dry, and cover them \'
prevent the dust lolling thereon. 1 '■
will have a most beautiful apfjcaran.
work; ladies may use it for cman.
fancy work, by putting it on «■''■ ^
el's-nair brush, and when dry
dog's tooth. — T^Wr. — t. J
parts; powdered alum, I part; :v 1 ^

parts. Boil until reduced to t& parlv a

lor use. —2. Brazil dust (fine), an- 1 ti

potash water for use. — JCrJ. — ! J

(ground), 4 paru; alum, I part; 4

parts; water, 4 parts. Boil until r 7

})arts, then add a small quantity o- s

and gum. Bottle for use.

BOOKBINDERS' VARNISH,— % oancrs
of shellac are to be dis^~' ' - -- ; irt of
rectified spirits of wine. ih I

and recently heated anim. i- v

minutes, substract a little of tn I s.. :

if it is colorless ; ifm»t, add n tn,

coal. When colorl- l; ^Uk, and

afterward filter ihr" .r ; if srani-

ed perfectly pure. bUju.

BRASS, To CUisn. — '\ \

of oxalic acid, andonehnii , |

then add a small package of tripuli \, t

buy for ten or twenty cents), or, s.'\ 1

tables poonfu Is. This will bring a !>•
i.sh. Allow the mixture to rem*i:: '

minutes, and wipe off with dry waste -

rag.

BUILDING, Fathcies m.— T.t STrppme thit'
timber, growing in the woods •
ter to-day, can be placed in a hu^
and stay where it is put.

That if such timber be used, the w»lU will
not crack.

That the base, window panels, caongs, etc,
made of such timber will not part cnmpany -rriih
the floors from one-fourth to t'l- t

inch in less than a year, and tit t

unseasoned In r' t ■' - latter.

That kiln-i!: : is ai gool r

thoroaghlv ai: . or that the _' -_ ^ ^c

has no inllucnce upon it.

That a joint once light wHl nlwnvi rf-mmn ^flf^
That it trill
ing, or trimm-
not Iw in gre.-.
That hot air
open every pi
cotER^ in contact, nine tim«a o«i «( Mo*

MISCELLANEOUS.

I
I

•

I

That if partitions be not properly braced,
bridgetl, and secured at anglci, uut pla&teriag
will not crack.

Tliat ceilings are less likely to crack if cross
furretL

That a pailful of lime to a cartload of sand will
make mortar of any practical use, cither for
plastering or brick work.

That it injures mortar by mixing it some time
before using it« or that if mixed one day and ap-
plied the next, it won't blister and crack.

That a cement roof, so soft that it fills the
leaders in summer, or so hard it cracks in win-
ter, will not occasion the want of new ceilings
in a little time.

That a *'t>otch" can build as good a building
as a thorough mechanic.

Thai in all cases money is saved by contract-
ing with the lowest bidder.

rhat all knowledge in relation to building is
embodied in every one who signs ''Architect"
after his name.

That architects and builders ne%'cr *'Uy in to-
gether'*, and owners never get "shom" inrough
uut little arrangement.

That architects, as a rule, get no other com-
missions on buildings except the traditional
••five per cent, on the cost."

That builders always carry out plans and spec-
ifications to the letter.

That there are no high minded^ conscientioux,
competent architects, and no honest, reliable
builoers ; and that either class does not bear a
reputation equal to that of any other business
men.

That a builder does not require an extended
theoretical, nor an architect as extended a prac-
tical knowledge, to be successful.

That no budder can be a successful architect,
or that a practical architect cannot be a success-
ful builder.

BUILDFNG MATERIA U Strtngtk of.—
Experiments are sometimes made in regard to
the power of stones of different kinds to resist
compression, by cutting one cubic inch ofTeach,
placing it between two steel plates, and charging
It with increasing weight till cni-ihed. For con-
Tenience' sake, tnis weight is applied by means
of a lever, so as to obviate the necessity of actu-
ally handling tlie hundreds and thousands of
poaiids— one or more shding weights on a strong
Dcam being sufficient for these experiments.
The results are indicateti in the fnlluMring table,
in which the number of pounds is that (^ which
the substance couUl bear the pressure, while it
was crushed by the addition of more:
TabU of rrnstxHrf of a cubic inch of divers build-
ing stones against crushing pressure

Name of Sioae.

ofStoM.

I

Xaferior |uJe briclt

CMMnan good brick . . .

HaidbrkJc

PfCMcdPhiU. brick...

Saoduoac £nom Acquia
Crevk. imta laul ver-
tical

MftHik. Bftttinorc. )
(lat fc cnr»tab ..... i

Sandsonc, Aoquia Cr'k,
ttmuluil horixonull

MiurUc, MoatiDOKrr
Co.. Pa

WbcnsMd

For filUne walls

" Mftition waUs

" Boon.

" fronts of hotuet....

Many public bitUdinjrv
Waahinfton

Haum trinminct, Balti.

Public buildiDBB. Wuh-
inftnn

llouic-fronia* doar««illi,
etc.. PhiUdtlphia....

Wei^t
apphed

in
Pmindi

♦.ooo

4.500
5.000

S,ooo

Ii9»

Marble, Ljrminnon,
al)....

(ttnUa vertical
Madile, taa

horicontal)

Hvble. Stockbridcc...

Sandtiooc, Seneca

Marble, LymUfliM,

I large ciystalt

Granite, ratapscc

Mirble, Italian

M;irbLle, Balu'taore,

{ttnall cr)'«taU ...■•• .
Marble. Lyminctoo.

(»mall cr^ital) ,.

Mafblc. HaaUnci. N.Y.
Goeiu, Pal liadet. near 1

New- York \

Marble, Ue, Mait ....

** Ea&l.OlcMcr . .

Where lued or
wherdbrc.

National Waihinxiloa

Monument

National Watkiogton

Monument

O^Han. NcwVorkCity
( SmitliMfnan Insti- f
) bMB. Wuhincton (
iooal Waahtngtoo

iaUo
Mon'

Stsmary .

WMtuttgion Monument

{Univcnity Build'c I
New-Vork )

Pairementa

Weight
■p^icd

in
Pounds

Oiioo

10,100

10,400
to^Boo

ti.ioo

11, TOO

l*,6oo

iBfOOD

il,apo
19.000

19,700

M.TCO
t3,geo

14,000

HxRitefronit, Boston etc
Po»t.OfficTr, WathinKton
New PottOfTicc,
Graniic, Dry ItUsd. N. V

Maine ] Extension ofTreas-

ury, Washinston

BORNmC LENS, Cheap anJ Simp/e.~
Take two circular discs of plate glass, of the re-
quisite dimensions, and place one nt each end of
a shallow tube; an inch long will t>e quite
sufficient lor any size; they are kept in ihetr
position very firmly by means of screw clamps,
m an analogous manner to the two lenses for
showing Newton's concentric colored rings. To
the tube is fitted a short tube with a stop-cock
attached; to the end of this tube a condensing
syringe is fixed, and the cavity between the
glasses filled with turpentine. \'arnish, bleached
oil, or any other suitable substance of a high
refractive power. When the classes ha>-e at-
tained the rcouisite degree ol curvature, the
stopcock raav uc shut, tne syringe screwed off,
and the fluid lens (for such in reality it is^ mount-
ed for use.

BUTTER^ To fiesUsre xtfhem Rancid,— ^tiS^L
the randd butter in a firkin ; and then take a
Viarrel, put in about nrie bushtrl of charcoal, set
the firkm of butter inside the barrel, and cover
with gr>od brine, letting it s1.and three or four
weeks. This wdl restore it unless it be very
bad. See also page 124.

BUTTERFLIES, To Prepare for ColUctions.
— The first thing to l>e procure*! is the buttcrfty-
net, which is a bag made out of two pieces of
musqui to- netting — blue is the best — about two
feet deep, ta[>ering towards the bottom, and
fastened to a piece of stout wire I>ent into a circle
of about a foot in diameter, the two ends of which
ore fiutcned into a light but strong slick three or
four feet in length.

The next requisite is something to kill them
with. CIdoroform is best, Init in default of that
ether will do. It should lie applied to the head
of the butterfly with a small camel's hair brush.

Then come the pins. They should be long
and slender; re.albutlef fly pm« are best, but very
fine common ones will do. Then you must have
a pasteboard Ixix to put the buitcrfliei in when
you catch them to bring them home.

The cases are the last thing to lie thought of.
The frame of the case should w very mucn like
a picture frame, deep enough for the pin* to go
in, with the Inck. on which the butterflies are
C^stened, so arranged as to conve. "o^J^, Vavw^V^A.

4

i

4

454

DJCTIONARV OF EVERY^DAY WANTS.

securely on the front It should be mAtle of soft
wox), so that the pins can stick in easily, llic
size of the cask depends upon the taste of the
collector.

' 'Stretching" & butterfly is the process of keep-
ing its wings io the natural position when nt
rest. You should have n boaru with grooves in
it wide enough to admit the iKxly of the bultcrfi^
or moth, wim little pieces of cork fastened on u
tu stick the pins into. I'hen take some narrow
strips of soft parwr, press the ^nngs of the
rbuttcrfly down wiih tlicin a*; nciilyin the natural
position as poi^ibU:, an<l fasten them with pins,
in a few days the butterfly will be dry cnouch
so you can take the papers off and put it in the
case.

CAm'AS, Tif Make H'atcr /"W.— White
lead 4 pounds, spirits of turpentine 1 fourth part,
Iwhite vitriol half ounce, sugar of lead half ounce,
and boiled oil to nuke it thin, apply with a point
brush to the canvas or liiien, which must be
well washed to take out the stiffening; well
(iricd and stretclied tight on a frame while being
painted.

CA 0 UTCHO UCfor Frintinglnk RoUers.^
In order to give to vulcani/.cd caoutchouc all that
softness which is requisite, for instance, for print-
ing-ink rollers, M. Mouton reduces oroinary
vidcanized caoutchouc to powder, places it in
luitaldy sha|>cd vessels, and submits it a second
[,time to the tempcralurc rctjuired fur vuluutiza-
tion. Bv iliis means it is rendered soft and
smooth, has entirely lost its n&ual harshness,
and is fit for various uses — among these the
making of durable printing-ink rollers.

CARBOXIC ACID, To J/,i*^.— Pour mu-
riatic acid upon fragment.s of chalk or marble.
The gas being heavy may be collected without
the use of water, by simply allowing the dcUv-
cry tube to pass to the bottom of the receiving
vessel.

CASTOR OIL, M<(hankal met of.—\X is
not as universally known as it deserves to be,
that castor oil is as useful in the trades as it is in
medicine. It is much better to soften and re-
deem old leather than any other oil known.
When boots and shoes are greased with it, the
oil vinlt not at all interfere with the polishing
afterwards, as in the case with lard, oUvc, or
any other kind of oil. In Harrisburg, the old
leather hose of some of the fire companies were
greased with it. and found to become almost as
soft and flexible as new leather. Leather belts
for transmitting motion in machinery will usually
last three to five years, according to the wear
and tear they are expo<;ed to; when greased with
castor oil they will la5;t ten years or more, as
they always remain flexible and do not crack.
Besides this advantage, castor oil prevents slip-
ping, so tlint a belt three inches wide, impreg-
nated with it, will be equal to a belt four and a
half indies wide without castor oil. It is neces-
sary, however, to wait twenty-four hours till the
oil ha» dis.ippeared from the surface and pcnc
trated the leather, olhcrwisc the freshly greased
surface will cause slipping. Another advantage
of cantor oil is that rats and olher vermin detest
anything impregnated with castor oil. and will
not touch iL

CASTING in Plaster. — Obtun some fine

p/astcf of good color, and pass it throufjh aniiis-

iiti sieve* to remove any coarser particles which

tOAy be present. By mixing gum-acB^\c 'm'0[i

the water intended to be used in th?^ pJa^trr, r.o

only will the plaster be render.

it sets, but a beautiful glo&s \\ i '

surface. Care must be taken (

powder gT.TjJually into the w- r

the bubbles to rise before (he ri l;

otherwise it will become lunim'. ITie piaster

should l>e of the consistence of^ the yeU; of an

egg* ^nd of course used imnicdiaN ■?

medal intended to be copied is a ^

with a smooth surface, it will be a(i- .

oil It, Oi, in cleaning the oil off, tin r

be injured; but if the surface be r

will be no remedy, and the oil niUM

be removed by dabbing the surface ■ '

gently with a soft doth. A rim •

brass, copper, or even oiled pfl]cr.

around tlic medal, and some \---- ..

the first pbce, stippled over a

soft brush, to prevent the fori[.

bles, as well as to insure its iiivcitiun mio

most minute crevices ; after which the planter

poured upon the surface I ' ^ ' iiess of"

an inch, or an inch if a i To ca

the separation of the milij nwiii

wc have to do is to immerse it in wa it

is readily removed ; otheiwise the i e

to lie broken. To obtain a plaster c^ s

mold, we must oil it with warm \- I

oil, and allow it several doys t" ' r

the mold is used, it mujit l>«

wise the surface of the castings ^ . : _. . 1*

The best olive oil must l>e used, or the color fff
the platter will be injured.

CASTING in Jf W.— Tlic mold ^ e

in plaster ; but before being used « i

warm water, of which it is alloucl f - ,is

much as it will take — oil not h^n'- :, i - ir. I'.ii
process. The surface must then it ill'Uvl \9,
dry, or the wax would not adhere doscly, P«;
wax It too greasy for the pur|»o5f!', t\t\'\ h\aAA^
flake-white is therefore mixed <■

quantity can not be stated, Li f

too much gives wax the appc^ ,

by taking away its richness. I; ;i

rcmelted, its color is injured. 1 n

a gray marble color, a marble- :
ble of any stamarv, is mixed wli; 'i

not only gives a beautiful appcarfin- t

renders it more durable. The wax I

into the mold, and n'l-"- i '-■ tl.-.'».
face, and by moisir

!er when the wax I; ^ •

easily removed. Wax m*lcU ruAy ' 1

by means of boiled linseed oil and
and also by a combination "

CA S TING ttt StifAt. '
manent mode; but as a ibu~ \

for plaster, for hot wax or suli
ils surface. When sulphur t^ fi
pcraturc suitable for foi r
nearly black, and has, t!i 1

with vermilion in the pro; f

vermilion to three ofsu^ f

the mold, however, nrc ]
this expensive mixture, anrl ■
added in any quantity: Vou v.
stir the sulphur, a«4 l^
The sulphur will tnl
properly stirrr'^ ■
ami viscid; '
of heat it will ^
farvft.

MISCRLLAf^EOUS,

455

I

I

\

CASTING in G"/!/*-.— If a medal is so much
sank and cnt;^ved th:it you can not get a plaster
cast off, a mulct may l>e obtained t>y [>uunng glue
upon it. In this ninnner a bunch of gra|>c& can
be taken m the natural stale, and by cutting tlie
|*lne down the center, the grapes can be extract*
cd, and (he mold'; used to prcKluce a representa-
tion of the original in plaster. Isinglass may be
similarly ii&ed, but it is first mixea with flake-
white in the stale of powder.

CASTING in Br^ad PasU.—'X^c the inside
of a penny roll and work it well up with vermil-
ion, the longer the better, until it becomes vis-
cid and tough; it is then to be worked well into
the mold. After having obtained the mold, it
must be fastened down upon a piece of wotxl by
wetling it, so as to prevent it from warping .is
U dries. After it has been thoroughly dned,
you may oil it, and then obtain an many casts as
you please from it in plaster, wax, or sulphur.
By means of bread paste, a traveler may al-
ways take a mold of any small object of interest
he meets with on his journey, and thus a proper
knowledge of its mode of use becomes invalu-
able.

CEMENTS, Coli^rtti.—X writer in Ci^mpUt
SenJus states that colored cements which harden
rapidly majr lie made as follows : He takes a
solution of'^ silicate of soda (sp. gr., 1.298^ and
adds to it, while stirring, first pulverizea and
previously washed, lixiviated cnalk, so as to
form a thick mass, like butter, to which arc add-
ed, for coloring purposes, the following^ sub.
stances: Finely pulverired sulphurct of antimony
for black, iron filings for gray, zinc dust for
whitish ^ray, carlx^nate of copper for bright
preen, oxide of chromium for deep grccn, cobalt
Blue for blue, red lead for orange, vermilion for
bright red, and carmine for a violet hue. This
cement hardens within from six to eight hours,
and may afterward be polished, liecoming like
marble.

CEMENT forcither Uatkcror KubUr Straps.
— Guttapercha, 16 oz.; India rubber, 4 oz.; pitch,
3 ox.; linseed oil, 2 oz. Cut the rubberin shreds
and add the oil. which in a few days will have
softened the former. Melt carefully the gutta
percha and pitch together, and stir in the ruober
solution, or paste, apply hot, and press joints.

CHAIKS. — An eminent physician, speaking
of chairs, remarks that they arc too high and too
nearly horizontal. We slide forward, and our
spines ache. The seats should be fifteen or iix-
tecn inches high in the front for men, and from
eight to fourteen inches for children and women.
The back \yis\. of the seat should be from one to
three inches lower than the front part. This
lost is very important. The depth of the seat
firom front to back should be the same as the
UrtL The cliair back is likewise unphilosoph*
leu. The pari which meets the small of the
back shoultl project furthest forward. Instead
of this, at that point there is generally a hollow;
this is ihe cause of so much pain and weakness
in the small of the back. The present seaU
produce discomfort, round shoulders and other
distortions.

CJfALA", Prrbared, — ^Take a solution of mu-
riate of lime, and add a solution of carbonate of
soda as long as it causes precipitation] wash the
sediment, and dry it.

CHARCOAL MAA'ING.^Qh^xcosX made
from wood is a form of carbon containing the

ashes, or incombustible portions of the wood
from which it is prc[Kircd, and some of its vola-
tile ingredients. The principal object of iln* pre-
paration \*. its superior hcat-makmg pro|ierties
as compared with wood. The greater portion
of thecliarcoal offered for sale is burnalin kiln^,
but in thickly wooded regions much is made in
Ihe primitive manner which is known as "Char-
ring in pits." The most ancient method of prc-
[Ninng charcoal w.is to throw the wood in pits
dug in the ground, and to keep it partiallv cov-
erra with earth white consuming, and although
the wood is now charred on the surface and not
in excavations, the process is still called "Pit
charring." When it is proposed to make a
quantity of wood charcoal, a level place is pre-
pared for the foundation of the pit as it is called,
although it is in reality a mound. A chimney
is then made by driving stakes of the desired
hight arranged in a circle about eighteen inches
in diameter. The wood for coaling is cut four
feet long and hauled to the pit, the large sticks
being hr*.! split. It is not absolutely necessary that
the wood be dry, though the more complete the
seasoning the better the results of the charring,
since the more water there Is present the more
heat is abstracted, and more fuel is necessary to
expel it. The first sticks are set up against the
chimney, the next against ihese, then others on
lopoftliese. and so on, all leaning a little to-
ward the center, until the |wle has attained the
required size, say twenty-6ve cords for a thou-
sand-bushel pit.

\\'hen the arrangement of the pile is finished,
the outer surface is filled in with cnips and sticks,
and the whole is covere\l wiili branches, twi^,
leaves, straw or moss, upon which sods or moist-
ened earth are laid logclhcr with fine charcoal
waste of previous burnings, the depth of (he
covering var^ng from six to eight inches, and
tlie whole being smoothed and firmly spatted
down. Draught holes two or three inches in
diameter and four feet apart, arc made in the
covering at the bottom. A fire is kindled in the
bottom of the chimney from the top, and when
well a-buming the chimney is filled with wood
and covered Tike the rest of the piL Constant
watch must now be kept th-it the wood does not
burn too rapidly. Evidence of its doing so is
given by the appearance of blue smoke, as only
a steam-like vapor rises from the vents when the
process of charring is goin^ on properly- When
this smoke is seen the fire is smothered by pack-
ing in green wood at the thrcatenetl |»oinl, and
covering it again closely with straw and earth.
I fall goes well, a thousand-bushel pit will be
burned in ten or fifteen days. As the process
proceeds, it is necessary to fill up some of the
noles and open others according as the burning
progresses from one portion of the |nle to the
other, or needs accelerating or retarding. Chan-
nels are made under the heap for the tarry mat-
ters which run out from the wood towards the
close of the process.

When the operation is completed the coal is
raked out with long-toothed iron rakes. It is
best to do this work nt night, as then any re-
maining spark of fire can Ijc delected and promj>t-
ly extinguished by throwing coal dust or moist-
ened earth on it. After the uncharted brands
arc removed the coal is ready for market. Tb«i
coal U lau\«d vwa:] VvwTwjfrtvT.^vivCwASTAa isft<=^.J
videAovp«A\«n.tA\tfJk&TV4,\wiV4i^^* ^' -^~~

456

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WAITTS,

To dump the coal, the honcfi are hitcheJ to a
stajjlc in the hinder part of the wagon bottom,
which is nuide to !>Iide out, the teduii is started
ai)d tlic conl folU out underneath. Log pits are
made by arranging twclvc-foot logs in layers.
Tlie inlcittices lietweenlJic lugs are packed with
polci and small wood, the pile hieing boarded
up at the ends of the logs, leaving a space of
several inches between the l>airding and the
logs, to he filled with earth, after whidi the ends
and lop of the pile are covered with straw and
e:irth, as in llic circular piC The tire is kindleti
in a trench dug under one end, two feet u-idc
os^^ tiro feet deep. Vent or draught hole& ore
made under the Iwarding. These log pits arc
sometimes (en rods long, and it is not unusual
to draw coal from one end, while the other end
ii yet burning.

Oak and alder make the best charcoal, next (o
(hem birch of all kinds, pine, basswood, poplar,
and spruce. Hemlock is the least desirable wood
for this purpose, as it makes snapping coaL

CIIIMNEVS, To Buiid.~tct the bed be
laid of brick and mortar, iron or stone; then the
workman should lake a brick in his left hand,
and n ith the truwcl, draw the mortar upon the
and of tlie brick, from the under side, and not
from the outside edge, as is usual. Then, by
pressing the brick aounst the next one, the
whole siMce between (Tic two bricks will be filled
with mortar ; and so he should [>oint up the inside
OS pcrfecily as the uut&idc, as he proceeds.

lly drawing the mortar on the edge of the
brick, the space between the ends will not always
be entirely filled, and will mnkc (where (he
inside pointing is not attended to) a leaky and
unsafe chimney, which, if not kept clear of soot,
will, in burning out, stand a guud chance of
setting (he building on fire.

C/ilMXEVS, Sa// in EuiUing.^ln build-
ing a chimney, put a quantity otsalt into the
mortar with which the intercourses of brick are
bud. The effect will be that tlicrc will never be
any occumulntion of soot in that chimney. TIic
phUosophy is thus slated: The salt in the portion
•of mortar which is cxjxised, absorbs moisture
|«very damp day. The soot th\is becoming
damp (alls down into the fireplace.

CNIMXEYS, To Cttre xvhtn S$nohy.—Ti\t.
common causes of smoky chimneys are cither
that the wind is too much let in above at the
mouth of the shaft, or else that the smoke U
I -Stifled below. They may also proceed from
there being too little room in the vent, jiarticu-
brly where several oi>cn into tlie some funncL
The situation of the nomie may likewise affect
them, especially if backed by higher ground or
higher buildings.

J'hc best method of cure is to carry from the
air a pi[>e under the floor and opening under the
fire ; or, when higher objects arc the cause, to
tix a movable cowl at the top of the chimney.

In regard to smoky chimneys, a few facts and
cantions may be useful; and a very simple rem-
edy may often render the calling tn olmoions
and bricklayers unnecessary.

Observe lliat a northern aspect often produces
a smoky chimney.

A single chimney is aptcr to smoke than when
it forms part of a slack.
Straight funnels seldom draw well,
/jir/^e /irC'pljces arc apt to smoke, particularly
irAen Uic apexture of the funnel doc& xwl conc&- ^

tion of the en
ing to accouni
ticity, is from tMi*
was Iwfore mentiif:
a Tcfra< ! >
The I

earth. i> . . ^.... .^.^ ..,- _;

to a^Ner^ ^c powder, and then wuhin^ n

pond in slie. For thiii a temporary rernHv tc.zj
be fottod in Joor or wm

manent cure ung the low

Wlien a Mil
require o con
room, the be

of whose apertures shall t>e in the < !

tlie otlier under the grate; or ope i
made near the top oflhe apartment >
out any inctmvcniencc even to pc ;

close by the fire.

This species of artificial vcnliUtlon will alwMs
l>c found necessary for comfort where g±slsused
internally, whether a fire is lifted or not.

Where a chimney only smokes wher a fire »
first lighted, this may be guarded t^ ■ !-

lowing the fire to kindle grodua!. . c

promptly by laying any innarr^: i i^n.*^

such as shavings, on the toji te, ibfl

rapid combustion of which ^ i ^ii in

the chimney, and give it a tcndL-i
before any smoke is produced fnni '
If old s(ovc-grtttcs arc apt t>. y nuy

be improved by sc((ing the ^ bock.

If that foils, contract the lower tiiu-..

In cottages, the shortness of the funnel or
chimney may proiluce smoke; in which case the
lower orifice must l>e contracted as small as pos-
sible by means of an upright register.

IfaLitchcn chimney ■ ' 'r

parlor, as is oAen the c,

ply to each clumney a frc*. ..-j.... ...... ... - .i;l

the evil ceases,

When a chimney is filled with smoke, noto^i
its own formation* but from the funnel next lo Ji|^^H
an easy remedy offers, in cuvrrinir each fuRit4^^|
wiU\ a conical lop. or cv I ' '-

rical, but a frustum of a > i

the two openings are hc\%> — - — , — •;!

tlic cold air or the gust of wmd no longer forces
the smoke down wuh tlicm,

If these remedies foil it '

that the chimney only sr.
in a partiailar qunr'>
tion of some higher :

of trees. In such ^^ _

made by tinmen ond ironmongers, v

be found fully adequate to the end : : \,

case has occurred of curing n <• ;

poscfl to the norlhwest wind,

Dy a lofty building on the souuit-^^i, l>^ utc

lowing contrivance.

A pointed tin cap, of a conical form, v^^i
pended by a ring and swivel, so as i'
the mouth of the chimney-pot by ; n'

arched strap or bar of iroi f

the chimney. \Vhen a g
(which, from ils rescmbi
an umbrella, is called a }
doiic to the pot on one
passage for the escape ' :
positr \\i\c, whichever v.l
r;.' re eilcCUrUi^ pjcwKUTi I;

MTSCELLAN^EOUS.

4sy

I

to bring tt to ihc most impalpable slAte, which
is thus pcrformeU : After ihc stone is rendered
as fine as U can be by pouncHng or grinding, the
powder must bepul inlo a Urge tub full of water,
and, being stirred about, the tipper part of the
water must be laded out into another tub, by
which means the finest rarticles of the powder
will be carried int£> it. The water in the second
tub must be then suffered to fttand at rest till the
powder be subsided, and as much as can l>e
faded off cle.ir must be put back into the first tub
&nd there being again stirred about, and loaded
with a fresh quantity of the most subtle part of
the powder, must be laded again into the second
tub as licfore, and this must be repeated till none
be left in the first tub but the gros**' part of the
stone, which, not being of a due fineness, must
be again pounded, and treated as at first. The
fine powacr obtained in the second tul>, must be
then freed from the water, by lading off the clear
part* and suffering wliat remains to exhale, till
the matter becomes of the consistence of soft
clay, when it will be fit to be commixed with the
kaolin for use.

The kaolin is prepared in the same manner by
washing over \ but some specimens are so fine,
thai there is no occasion (or this or any other
pnnficalion.

From these two mixed lopether, the clay or
pa&tc is formed ; but it is siid that the propor-
tion of the respcciivcouanlities is made to vary
according to the intended goodness of the ware,
the best being made from equtU quantities, and
the wor&t from two of the kaoUa to one of the
nctunse.

CHLVA {En^iUh), Composition t^/:— The
following comi>osition will produce wares, which
will possess the properties of the true china, if
judiciously managed.

Mix the best white sand, or calcined flints,
finely powdered, 20 lbs.; of very white pearlosh,
5 lbs.; of white calcined bones, 2 lbs. Temper
the whole with the gum Arabic or scncgal, dis-
solved in water.

This requires a considerable force and continu-
ance of heat to bting it to perfection, but it will
be Tcry white and good when it is properly
treated, ^^llere mica can be obtained, it is
preferable to calcined bones, and as it will form
a kind of paste for working, a weaker gum.waler
will answer the purpose.

CH/XA {Saxon or Dresden), Tj.fAi**'.— The
Saxon composition, of which the chinaware is
formed, is greatly similar to that of the eastern.
In the place of the petunse, a stone is used, which
is improperly called in the German tangnagc,
bleyspatt, or spar of lead. !t is a stone of a very
opposite TUturc, as spars arc calcareous, and will,
on calcining, become lime ; on the other hand,
this stone is of a vitreous nature. This spar is
of a very hard texture, and of a light flesh-color,
or pale whitish red. It is preparMl bypottikding
ana washing over, which may be done ai above
directed, and it is then ready for compopading
with the mica. The mica is employe in the
Saxon composition for the other ingredients;
and is likewise prepared by grinding and washing
over, when it is not in a perfect and pure state;
but when it is entirely clean, it may be tempered
Willi the texture, thomughly broken, and it will
be of the consistence of soft clay.

The two kinds of earth being prepared in the
■tate of a soft paste, the/ are to be locorporatcd

and bl(;ndcd into one mass, which '\% done by
rolling and stirring them well after they are in
the same vessel, and then kneading them with
the feet till they are thoroughly united. When
the compound mass is formed, it is made inlo
cakes, or square pieces, and put liv layers inlo
cases of wood or stone, which must l)e placed in
a moist situation, and left for 2 or 3 months;
during which time a kind of ferment enters into
the muture, by which the parts of the different
matter combine and form a substance with new
qualities, unknown while separate. This change
snows itself upon the whole mass by a fetid
smell, and a greenish or bluish color, and a
tenacity like that of clay, or the argillaceous
moistened earths. If the time of keeping the
paste in this condition be prolonged to a year
or more, it will further improve its qualities, but
great care must be taken to prevent its becoming
dry ; to prevent which, there may be occasion
to water it. WTien, however, the described
quahties are found in the matter, it is fit for Use.
and vessels, etc., may be wrought of it without
any other preparation.

CHLORINE, To JAj*a— Heat gcnllya mix-
ture of muriatic add and black oxide of manga-
nese. It may be collected like carbonic ood.
Care must be taken not to inhale it.

CHROMOS, To C/eaH.~'Whi:n you clean
them use a soft feather brush, or wipe them with
soft chamois skin (a drop of oil may restore
clearness), or with a fine hnen rag very bliglitly
dampened. Always tenderly.

Next, whenever the original varnish o>ating is
dulled, bruised, or rubbed, rcvamtsh it with thin
mastic varnish.

Chromos, like oil paintings, should not be
hung in a dark room, but in one with dilTused
light; and never exposed to the direct rays of
the sun. •

The chromos after water-colors keep and dis*
pLiy better when pliccd under glaiii, as they lack
the protecting cover of the varnish. The larger
chromos, after oil paintings, displav, as a genera]
rule, best when framed Ulte origi'nal paintings.
It is not necfjsary to put any of these under
glass; it is a matter oitostc, — prcscrnng them,
at the same time, from dust and rough handling.
C/Sr£RA\ Enuring.— To obtain the best
water at all times, it is not enough that the water
be well filtered. To illustrate: — A cistern of
2,000 gallons is filled. After some weeks of con-
tinued dry weather, the amount is reduced to,
say, t,ooo gallons, at which time the quaUty of
the water will have sensibly improved. A shower
occurs, pouring inlo the cistern, say, 30O gals.
The 1,000 gallons is violently mixed with the
newly fallen rain, and the result is, the quality
of the water is injured for a time, or antU sum-
dent time has elapsed to allow it to settle agaia.
Again, the process of filtration cannot proper-
ly be accomphshed in the short time allowec by
some devices. Water should be filtered very
slowly.

Then, every filtering apparatus should be
cleaned out, and all the materials employed
thoroughly washed or renewed regularly and
somewhat frequently, as re<]uircd by the cnarac*
ter ci the roof^and tnc situation of uie hotue, as
renrds smoke, cinderii. dust, etc
ToAoooraplish the best resoUs, 1 '•iCN\'i. ^awv-

bottom ol 0^ c-\\fcT^ \n\a '<«\as2KL i^ 'Cot. ''K^SKt

nrcrroyARY of every^day wants.

from the roof should be turned. Ancrthcr cistern
of cqttoi capacity, of what is known as the "jug*'
pallcni, should be buiU below the cellar bottom,
uaving a neck of proper &l£e ciitending slightly
above, And kept closed by % tight cover. Be-
tween the two cisterns, construct a box nf wood
or bricks, say six to ten feet long;, and twelve to
sixteen inches square, w^ilh partitions alternately
extending nearly to the top and bottom. Fill
this box wtth the proper filtering materials :
broken stone, well washed coarse and fine grav-
el and &and, charcoal, and, fiiully, at the outlet,
line sponge.

The stream of water from the receiving cistern
should be very small, say one-quarter inch in
diameter, which, entering the box at one end,
would gently percolate through the mass of fil-
tering materials, .and by a small block tin pipe,
be conveyed to the Iraltum of the lower ciitern,
from which it u-ould be pumped as wanted. The
flow would be constant, or until the upper cis-
tern was emptied. This box should also be kept
closed by a light cover, which, when lifted,
would allow ready access to remove all the lil'
tering materials, to be washed and relumed, or,
wliat is better, to be repLiced by clean, fresh
materials.

The bottom of the tipper cistern should be
concave, connecting by a ptpe and stop-cock
with the drain. Occasionally-, when nearly ex-
hausted, it could l>e easily and thoroughly cleaned
and rinsed out, the sediment and dirty water es-
caping by the drain. The Iwllom of the lower
cistern should also be concave, and at intervals
the p(pe between the two cisterns should be
closed, to allow the lower one to become ex-
hausted in order to cleanse that also.

The upper cistern should be covered by a brick
arch, or by matched pine plank, made perfectly
tight. Otherwise the cvai>oration from such a
body of water will be injunous to both structure
and inmates.

The device of making a filter by a brick parti-
tion, or wall in the cistern, drawing the water
from the side opposite the ingress pipe, is quite
effectual for a time. A little reflection, however,
will show that the sediment taken from the wa*
ter remains ; cither in the pores of the brick, or
in the form of a coaling on the surface; and
that, after a time, it will vitiate \\s purpose,
and become comparaUvcly inoperative and usc-
lesiE.

Tlie objection to my fdtering system is the in-
creased expense ; and those parties obliged to
depend upon a rain water supply, and who, from
aeccssity or choice, prefer tnc cheapest article,
when 6rst cost alone is considered, wdl not adopt
it; but in many places in the country, where
persons want permanently pure water, even if
'obtained at a greater expense, I think no better
arrangement has been devised.

The principal value of a hlter depends upon

(ceping it clean ; and to continue to use water,

lonlh after month, aflcr the filtering materials

ive become foul, is not consistent with our

leas of cleanhncss, and is positively injurious.

The cistern from which the water is used be-

tg at a distance below the cellar bottom, the

ter is kept sufficiently cool, even in hot weath-

\o be very palatable.

e persons, not using a filter, adopt the
, :d/enl of having two culcrn* onVhc same
levtXf both comiecK&withlhcpump, NXwni^lKjnkVVwii c^Vnttkt, and look* in that j

each alternately as the other becomes exhauibted.
This ariangvment is a great impro^'cmcm Ufon
a single cistern, but wUfnot compare wub two,
arranged as described above.

The cost of two first class cisterns, of a,ooo
Killons caaadty each, with filter conslroctnl in
tne most thorough manner, would, in roost kv
calities, be less than the co»i uf a propcriy ooci>
stmcled well ^oxxy feet in depth.

CLARET^ To Diitingitiih Cnrrnne fvim
/wr'A7/(>«.— U is well known ihal I ■ 'a.

jority of claret consumcil in llii- \j

never seen France, but is made ■■ >n

this side of the Atlantic, It is .i :?t

that many of these imiiaiions are \.\^ ; ■*.

rious to health. Kvery lover nf ihc cenoine
article will therefore feel indebted \n Mc^n.
Cottini St Kantogini for their ' f

distinguishing the two. Tl c

centimeters of (he suspected r

centimeters of nitric acid of ; ;c)

spec, gravity,) and heat the n ^J

Celsius, or nearly the boiling poifii ut w-aicr.
If the clnrct is {^nuine, it will not change its
appearance even if treated for on hour, white the
imitated article loses its color in about five uun*
tttes.

CLOCK', To Af<tke for 25 O-wrr.— First you
get a sheet of stout miU-board, such as is usc^I
by bookbinders. This will cost you from six to
ten cents. Get size Iwentv-seven by twenty-two
inches. Draw two lines the longest way e«jualty
distant from the crlge and each other. This di-
s-ides it into three [*arts of the '^-iinr .irr Now
from the top measure off ten i ic face,

and then with your knife pn hoard

through the rest of the Unes below i

bend them back and glue togelhc; _ j

strip of doth over the edges where i hey meet.
Mark out Ihc face of your clock, nnd make a
hole for the hands. Go to your tinman, otul he
wilt make yoii a funnel-shaped RjKiut, which yoa
must, glue on the bottom. Then make a spoot
like a cone — running to a point on one cod —
and eight inches across on the other. Wind a
string on this cone, commencing at the large
end, and winding down just as yoa wooM a lofk
Tie to the end a conical ink l»otlIc fillf>^ ■v»ilh
sand. Make some wooden hands. -■>■'■ n

on the (ace. Then fill your box, «(>«' ,

sand, and when it I ' ^

out slowly at the 1

out the weights l-.;.^., ^.^ :- >..i.vi,

which makes the hands go around. It will fic-
pend upon the siae of the bole at the t»--.'ioni
as to how fast it nirts. You can ] I

make it quite an uriiamcnt and oiri' r

house.

CLOTff {BU%(k\ Tff C^iv.— Dissolve onr
ounce of bicarbonate ofammcmiain nr.'- •<<'-*• of
warm water. WiUi this liquid rui
using a piece of flannr' or Hack
purixKc. After tl"
clean the cloth w<.

iron it, brushing Inc (.lotii ipjim inu-; 10 luuc
the direction of uic fiber.

CLOTH {F^c.mtl.J\ r.' \Ulf — TT.^ f. MT.
ation of the

?uality. mail'
t vanc^
kind of L
is taken uxm u

kVlll. illHi

niin"^iiii

much like the huge rnlU of home-made cloth.
It U now ready to receive il» first coat; so it ii
slowly pos&ecl through the miichine, across and
between the huge iron cylinders, from the smaller
of which, at the top, it recei\*c9 its Ar&c coating
of composition — a bbck, disagreeable- looking
substance, composed of oil, lamp-black, resin,
«nd other ingreaients, boiled together, till about
the consistency of melted tar. Krom between
thccj'Undcrs, <lressed in its bbck coat, the cloth
is Ctfhcd to and wound upon a huge wooden-
frame, resembling in shape the old-fashioned
reel. By an arrangemeni of spokes upon the
ftzms of this huge wheel, each Liyer ofcloth is
kept separate, so that no two portions of the
doth will conr^ in contact. The frame, with in
contents when filled, is passed into what is
called the heater, an apartment kept at a high
temperature, for the purpose of drying in the
coating or composition. After remaming in the
beater a sufficient length of time to complete the
drying process, it is removed and passed through
the hands of workmen who moke all the rough
places smooth. It h laid on long tables, and
Ihc workmen alternately sprinkle with water and
rub with pumicc*stonc, till the whole surface is
xnsde perfectly smooth. The cloth is then wound
upon tJic cylinder again, as at first, and passed
through the machine to the huge reels, ana again
tinder the pumice-stone. The cloth is passed
through the machine five times, or till the re-
<liiired thickness has been laid on. After the
lo&t scrubbing down, the fabric is taken to
another dc[3artment, thoroughly varnished^ and
again pa^s^cd through tlie heater. It is now
represented as a piece of cotton-cloth, with a
thick, shining coat of black, rery much resem-
bling patent leather. But it hx% not yet received
its leather finish; so in another ajKirtment it is
passed through the enamel- machine, which con-
sists of another set of huge rollers, one of whicli
covers its surface with regular indentations re-
cembUug the grain uf a feather. The cloth is
now carefully measured, and rolled up in pack-
ages of suitable siie, put up in boxes, and is ready
for the market.

ecu C7/J/.VA'£/'.S',//m/j^it».— .A. correspond-
ent of the Coachmakcrs' Journal says: Innlng-
png screw holes we glue ihc edge uf the
plag: put no glue in the hole. By this means,
the surplus glue is left on the surface, and if the
plug does not hit the screw it will seldom show.
\Ve set the heads of brads well in, then pass a
■|}onge of hot water over them, filling the holes
with hot water. This brings the wood mure to its
natural position, and doses, by degrees, over the
bead of the brad. When dry, sandpaper off and
point, and the putty will not hit the head of the
brad; if it does, it will surely show bad. The
brad must have achonce to expand when exposed
to the heat of the sun, and not hit the putty; if it
does it will force the nuttv out. We have had
no tmuhle with brad tkeaas or plugs since we
adopted this practice.

COAL, Kfftct 0/ Exposure mf.^<JoaI deteri-
orates rapidly from exposure to the weather. Ac
cording to scientific experiments, coal exposed
to the weather in heaps during a perifid of nine
'months loics fifty per cent, of its value a!» fuel.
^Ut undergoes a process of slow combustion, taking
^Kip oxygen and giving off the volatile products of
HTiiaidation — air and moisture playing the principal
Hjparty and warmth promoting; jtj the valaaulc

combustible ingredients are lost, and the injurious
ones, OS sulphur, oxygen and ash, are rclntivcly
increased. Neither Mood nor coal can bear long
exposure to the elements without losing a large
share of its value for fuel.

COAL FIRE, ToMake,—''X)\K art of roak-
ing and maintaining a coal fire properly is pos-
sessed by but few. We believe tnat tlierc would
be a sensible diminution in the numtter of do-
mestic quarrels and soured tempers, if a knowK
edge of it were more general. Husbands would
not have to growl and scold over so many late
dinners, nor wives fret ibemseU'Cs to skin and
bone o\xr obstinate fires that will neither bake,
roast nor boil.

There are many faults in the usual construction
of a coal fire. A common f.^ult is to use too
coarse wood for kindling, and too much of it.
This, while it generally succeeds in lighting the
coal, leaves a Md of ashes Ikelow the coal which
interferes with the draft, unless raked out. The
woo<l should be of some rapidly Iturning variety,
which gives a quick and high heat, and should
t>e split tine. It should be so placed that the
coal will remain on the top of It, and not fall
through to the grate, leaving the kindling on the
top of any part of the coal.

A common mistake is to use too large sized
coal. A good rule, where stoves or furnaces
have a good draft, is to use coal as small as can
be used without inconvenience from its sifting
too freely through the grate.

Grates shouUlhave their bars closely set, for
stoves that are cleaned out daily, and luve fires
lighted in them eauh morning, while those which
are intended to have fire kept in them continu-
ously for days and weeks will not admit of fine
grates, on account of the accumulation of ashes
and small clinkers.

There U much difference in coal in regard to
the formation of clinkers. These are nothing
but vitrified or partially vitrified earthy matters,
and only con form when a high heat \% maintain-
ed; they ore apt to be troublesome when there
is too great drafL A coal-stove or furnace
i^hould, therefore, he so constructed that its
draft can be perfectly controlled. The bottom
draft shoiUd admit ot being closed air-tight, as
nearly as is possible to make it, and there ought
always to be provision made for a top draft. ■

If, however, the draft of a chimney should be
so strong that air in too ^reat quantities is drawn
in at the Ixjttoin when the dampers are closed,
a damper in the pipe, which will close it pulially,
must be employed, though in sluggish chimneys
such a damper is apt to force the gases of com-
bustion into the room, and therefore it ought al-
ways to be avoided when possible.

'rhe practice of putting ashes on the top of a
fire to keep it, is very prtHluctive of clinkers,
although it answers very well in other respects.
Damp coal screenings are belter, and may be
economically burned in this manner. If a coal
fire gets very low, the quickest way to extinguish
it is to rake it at the l»ottom. To preserve a fire
under such circumstances, a httle coal should
be placed on the fire, and when it has caught
more may be added, and the raking deferred
undl it has got well ignileii.

When the fire-bricks have become burdened
with clinkers which have fused a'QAwto*^*^**^*^
may be c\cas\tA Vi-^ xWo'Wttvtt. OiTwVw «t e»»v
shcUs VskVo Wit t\\t.\iox ■wVe:^ Vnt bx«.\» ^«A ^^«*^

460

DICTIONARY OP EVERY-DA Y rVAAmS,

and ftllowing the 6re to go ouL The cUokers
will generally cleave off without the use of much
force the next moniing. From Iwo quarts to
hdf a peck will be su0toenl for most stoves, and
Oi*r operation can be repeated if some of the
dinktrrs ^lil) adhere.

COrYRIGliT {Laxo cf), with DirttticHs
/cr Hi-ntriti^ Copy tights Cfui/r the Raised A(t
0/ CcHjp-as Afifnvi'M Jnly %th, 1870.— I. A
printed cojiy of the title of the book, map. chart,
dramatic or muwcal composition, engraving;, cu^
print, photorraph, chromo, or iv description of
any design (or a work of the fine tirts for which
copyright is desired, must be sent by mail, ad-
dressed

LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS.

COPYRIGHT MATTKR. WaSHINCTUN, D. C

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2. A fee of 50 cents, for recording the title of
each book or other article, must be inclosed
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3. Within ten days after publication of each
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4. Copyrights recorded at a dale prior to July
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of Congress within sixty days 1

The fee for this record is fifteen cv . . ^

100 words, and ten cents for every 100 voncis
fcir a copy of the record of assignment

10. In the case of books pubhshcd ha nore
than one volume, if issued or sold separsfely. or
of periodicals published in r. rr ofea*

f ^ravings, photoj^rAfriiB, or >s pnA»-

ished with variations, a copyi ^ - be Uka

out of each volume of a book, or number of a
periodical, or variety, as to siie or inscriptian,
of any other article.

11. To secure a copyright lor a pauntin^
statue, a: model or design mtended to be per*
fccfed as a work of the fine 9\\s,, so as to prevent
infringement by copying, enfraxing, or rendfaig
such design, a definite dcscripiion must accom-
pany the application for copyright, and a f^to-
graph of the some, at least as large as **cjibtnet
size," should be mailed to the Librarian of Con-
gress within ten days from the completion of the
work.

12. Every applicant for a cr»pvit!rht must stale
distinctly in whose name lh< - ts to be
entered, and whether the i _ ined ts
author, designer, or proprietor, i\o aXhdaril or
formal application is rcquiretl.

CORAL^ Artijuial, — VcIIow rcsha, 4pam;
vermilion, I port. Melt, This pras a «ry
pretty effect to gloss, twigs, cindrr^, stioes, dCr,
dipped into it. It is also usf ' zxvsX 6t

ladies* fancy work, such as gf

CORAL BASKETS, Jo /Vii.vfr. — Mak*
the basket of pastetK>ard in any shape yon ploasc;
dissolve three Btick« of .lealin.'.v* -1^ m s r.ini of
alcohol; wet the basket wir 'd

sprinkle on rice which h;i M

ground; let it dry, and rept. ij

tne pasteboard is covered, :. u

with the mixture until it is reu cnougn. /\ T>ru»b
of hair or feathers should be used.

COTTOiV, To Deieci in Im^r, /-.tV..-. —
A German Professor has dis> t,

by the aid of chemistry, of r- w

ence of cotton in linen ' ".t

of the suspected cloth, .1 *-

fourths of an inch, or. ?

both weft and warp, 1
solution of uniline .in^ ' ...... ..:ij-

ous colorin;:
cloth thu5 ■
it is M. :
ammr

come tit.-x-i.iii.iit.li, «tiuiv
\ Knt. %.fine red color*

•cd by waahutg the

in wafer. If, «1iflt

1 saacrr contllfi&i^

'■> lU tsn»cdi«lri|y be*

^i'jjc uf fisca wiDiv^

JSCELLAfTEOi

I

I

COUCH, t-eymmfpr. — Roait the lemon very
carefully without bnrtiing it; when it is thor-
oughly hot, cut and squeeze into a cup upon 3
ounces of .sugar, finely powdered. Take a spoon-
Ittl whenever your cough troubles you. Ii is
0ood and agreeable tn the taste. Rarely has it
been known to f^il of giving relief.

COUNTEKFEiT MOXEY, Ruhs /or
J}fU(ting. — I. Examine the form and features
of all humnn figures on the note*. If the forms
are graceful and features distinct, examine the
drapery — see if the folds lie natural ; and the
hair of the head should be observed, and sec if
thtt fine strands can be seen,

2. — Examine the lettering, the title of the
bank, or the round handwriting on the face of
the note. C^n all genuine bills, the work 'm done
with great skill and perfectness, and there has
never been a counterfeit but was defective in the
lettering.

3. — 'I he imprint, or engraver's name. By
observing the great perfectiL^n of the different
company names — in the evenness and shape of
the fine letters, counterfeiters never get the im-
print jkerfecl. This rule alone, if strictly observ-
ed, will detect every counterfeit note in exist-
ence.

4. — The shading in the back- ground of the
vignctle, or over or around the letters forming
the name of the bank, on a good bill is even
and perfect, on a counlerfett ts irregular and
imperfect.

5. — Examine well the figures on the other
parts of the note, containing the denomination,
oIao the letters. Examine well the die work
around the figures which stand for the denomin-
ation, to sec if it is of the same character as that
which forms the ornamental work surround*
ing it.

6. — Never take a bill that is deficient in any
of ihc above points, and if your impression is
bad when you first sec it, you ha<l better he
careful how you become convinced to change
your mind — whether vour opinion is not altered
as you liccome contu-^ctl in looktug into the
texture i>f the workmanship of the bill.

7- — Examine the name of the State, name of
the bank, and name of the town where it ii
located. If it has been altered from a broken
bank, the defects can plainly be seen, as the
alteration will show that it has been stamped on.

COURT PLASTER, SudjtitHU/or.—TtAit
half a dozen pi^' feet, well cleaned for cooking,
and boil to a jelly of say about half a pint or
less — then spread with a brush on any watte
scraps of silk, and we find it equal to any ad-
hesive |uaster we have ever used. Any Catty
aub&tance in the boiling of the feet rises to the
sor&ce. and when cold can easily be removeti.
One of its chief excellencies is, that it costs
nothing but the trouble of preparing.

CRA YOyS.—i. Shell lac, 6 parts; spirit, 4
parts; turpentine, a parts; color, 13 parts;
pale clay, 12 parts. Mix.— a. Pipe-clay, color
ss required, water to mix. ForUi into a alifT
paste and roll it into crayons.

CRA Y'OXS, Ltthcgfaphic.^l, Take white
wax. 4 parts; gum lac, a parts. Melt over a
gentle fire, then add dry tallow soap in shavings,
a parts. Stir until dissolved. Next add white
(allow, 3 parts: copal varnish, i port; lamp-
black, I part. Mix well, and continue the heat
and stimng until, on trial by cooling a little, it

tpooaw

appears of a proper quality, which should be
that it will bear cutting to a fine point, and trace
delicate lines without breaking. — 2. Take dry
while tallow soap, 6jparts; while wax, 6 parts;
lampblack, i narL ruse in a covered vessel.—
3. Take lampnbck, i part; tallow soap, a parts;
shell lac. 3 parts; wax, 4 parts. Mix, with heat,
and mold. — 4. Take dricil tallow soap, 5 ]>arts;
wax, 4 parts; lampblack, l part. Mix is before.

CRAYO.V COLORS, To A/x.— Pnslc your
paper on canvas, in a frame, in the usual woy,
then brush over the hack two or three times
with (he following mixture, and when the last
coal is dry give the face of the picture one or two
CO.-IIS in the same way. Tins will make it re-
semble an oil painting. Spirits of turpentine,
10 parts; boiled oil, 6 parts. Mix.

CRUCIBLES.— The Iwsl crucibles ore made
from a pure fire-clay, mixed with finely ^onnd
cement of old crucibles, and a portion ^black
lead, or graphite ; some pounded cukqjfnay be
mixed with tne plumbago. The clay should be
prepared in a similar wajr as fur making pottery
ware ; the vessels, after being formed, must be
slowly dried, and then properly baked in the
kiln. Btack-lead crucibles arc made of 3 pait$
graphite, and i of fire-clay, mixed with
into a paste, pressed in molds, and well
but not bnkctl hard in the kiln. This com
forms excdient snudl or portable furnaces.

DARK PLACE, To /Iluminatf. — By the
use of a mirror to throw a reflection of the sun's
rays down a deep, dark welt, the bottom tS
clearly seen, and a lost bucket or other object
hooked up. Tl»e same means may be applied
to light a dark garret, cellar or closet. It inere
are obstacles preventing success with one glass,
take two glasses, one to receive the direa rays
of the sun and the other the reflected rays from
the mirror.

DEAD AXIAfALS, To Preserpt in Watrr
Containing CrcoteU. — In order to preserve dead
atiimaU, nothing is necessary but to put them
in creosote water prepared by shnkinc coal-tar
creosote with water. According to inc Mxe of
the animal the immersion should cnntinu
to several weeks. In very large animal:
better to open the skin by a cut, ^vhich
necessary in birds, fishes, or reptiles ; th^are
then dried in the open air, and a position |^wn
to them, such as they arc wanted to as^noe.
As the bodies remain clastic afier drying, JBey
may be packed without much precaution. This
process is especially applicable to the alxjve
named three classes of animal*, as the feathers
of birds retain their color, fishes and reptiles
their shape and color a]»o. This is a valuaHle
hint to travelers and naturalists, as the cn;o>oi<;
water may be prepared when and wlicrevcr
wanted, and the animals after drying may be
packed in boxes like minerals.

DOG SKEW, To Tan with Hair (»«.— Pro-
cure a cask, or barrel, holding from fifteen to
eighteen gallons, in which mate a lienor of six
gallons of water, one and a half n"i " m,

five pounds of salt ; in this, soak t rt

ten hours, or until it is in it* origiii..i ^ -.■^...un.
Then place the skin on a board and carefully
remove all the flesh and grease, fini<^hrng by
scraping with a dull knife and rubbing with sand
paper, or better, pumice stone. Add to the,
alum and sail liquor svt ^jSJwas "A vava w^«»
hemlock Ut^wn, ^rfbicV caxx\i» v^aw**^^'^**

i

mCTlONARY OF EVZRY-DA Y WANTS.

tanner (or Icadicd from pulverized baric), in
which again place ihc skin. It will tan in
about two wecKS, becoming u soft and pliable
fts cloth.

DOOR PLATES (SUvrr), To C/^aa.— To
clean silver door plates, use a weak solution of
ammonia in water, applied with a wet rag. This
wash is enuallyuseful for silver plate and jewelry.

DROWNED PERSON, To Raise the Bo^Iy
€>/, — In a recent failure to recover a body drown-
ed in a river in New-Jersey, a French Canadian
undertook the job, and is reported to have pro-
ceeded after the following scientific manner.
Having supplied himself with some glass gallon
jars and a qu:\ntity of unslaked lime, he went in
a boat lo the place where the man was seen to
go down. One of the jars was filled half full nf
Jiroe, then filled up with water and tightly corked.
It was then dropped into the water, and soon
after exploded at the bottom of the river with a
loud report. After the third trial, each time in a
different place, the body arose lo the surface
and was secured.

DWELLINGS, Dam/*.— It is obvious that.
s> all cxlcrnat walls arc exposed to more or less
wet weather, o\tr efforts will be most usefully
directed to prcvenling the moisture from entering
at the outer f.icc of tlie wall ; or, if we can not
prevent its ijcnetrating the surface, then we must
apply ourselves to hmdcring its passage quite
through the wall.

llie use ol materials which have a very hard
face, such as the best sorts of building- stones
and bricks, especially machine-made bricks, will,
if the joint*; of ihe work arc well *'poinlcd," that
is, filled with mortar, keep out moisture cfTctlu-
ally; hut when bricks of a porous quality are of
necessity used, il is often the best safeguard to
"render ' the walls with Portland cement. It is
important to notice that not only the face but the
top of every wall must be protected. It is to
keep the wet from soaking mto the bo<ly of the
wall, tlial cverv window has a sill of hard stone
or some other impervious material, and that all
parapets or other unprotected walls require a
coping.

With materi.-ils that are not naturally imper-
vious, many attempts have been made to arrive
at some mode of rendering them so. Perhaps oil,
when applietl thoroughly and in dry weather,
may he said to be as yet the only application
which extensive exjjericnce has pronounced suc-
cessful, though a wash of soap and alum lias been
frequently found useful.

If the surface is once passed, the thicker the
wall, the longer it is in being thoroughly soaked,
and the less wet will penetrate it from short
rains; but almost the thickest solid wall will
sooner or later give passage to continuous moist-
ure if its outer face be once penetrated; and
exi*ericncc has constantly shown that a hollow
wall is drier than a solid wall of the same thick-
ness. When building in stone, it is especially
desirable to have nn inner lining of lirick, with
a clear space of from two to four inches between
it and the wall, and as few solid points of contact
between the two as possible.

In some cases, contact between the outer and

inner wall can Ijc almost entirely prevented by

connecting thrm together with' iron cramps.

J When this is not done, the greatest care must

be tAkcn lo reduce the noints of connection to

M miniaium, to employ nard maicnaUat\3aow

points, and even lo break the cotittnuify of ibe
communication by leaving those bricks whfdt
are uscii as tics clc^r al lioih cods. U is almost
needless to add that the cavi-- «.,■■' i.- i,-pi
dear of mortar and rubbish. !c

of preventing annovaoce fr- -y

building hollow walls, but a i-iv»ti; t,

is to "batten" the inner face of ih< is

to say, to place strips of wi>" ' »:i

litem with laths, and plaster • I'y

this means, the in"-, c--^ n, ^. ,,.. ,.„.,„ ,, i^^u*
ally preserved fro i ppcarant c of moisv

ure; hut as it is i '^aI the whole wafl

behind the battening, iC ioUd, may be niobljiJl
Ihe time, this is au inferior method t'> the hollow
wall. For very exposed siii: ,->

rous materials, a combinatior »,

a hollow wall, battened in au^. »...., ;^ ;^ ^.^ ;c*
commended.

Where moisture is at all likely tn mtcr fnjiD
the ground on which a house stat- -*[

desirable to cut off the foot of tlir .iU

communication with the upi^ .,^

course," composed either of i,

or of some sort of aspliall or l. ..'.
fied tiles made for the purpose ; ai. :Ul

go quite tlirough the external w.n ip

soils it should tic used also in ir .)

below the lescl of tlic lowest floor i !h

comes against tJic walls to an <.•-

sirable to have either an op- ii

called a "dry area," lo !■: Jy

touching the walls; and in wet - r-

ccpting drain outside that area y.^ . . ■ i4

service.

In good buildings, it is often customary lo
cover the whole surface of &~ ---•'- - v- -H
floi.'ri with a layer of concrctt.- ■ ->c

other hard bo<u' ; and thi«, i .»

Ihe dryness of^ the building lu a i.

Solid floors, that is, floiws ofstorw, ■ *.,

should always be laid on a }u ,>f

concrete or dry rubbish, not ■ :..

forming a dry area l^-^' ■
qucntly a serviceable i tr

part of a house is damp, __ is

often of very great service. So, in uiu.iiy km^c*,
is the taking up the lowest floor, removing a foot
or two of earth, covering Ih'- r ''^ewitli

concrete, and relaying the f: z good

ventilating channels for the .t; ...,.M.

A very fertile source of d,. '

E\Tn the small amount of r n

a window, and which, a^ )-

ly dnpf from the win>' >-

oencv lo render the w.i' ^ miu

sill damp; for whenev ; toward

the wall, cvcrydrop ii ' T.'-iint.s

its surface. This, by ') -f

our making the wall m.< -v-

sills thinner than elscwliLtc, nhidi ii is custom*
aryto do for convenience' sake.

The drip from a roof " f — -^ -' -»- - — i*.
ter, or from a veranda ■ ".

worst of all, from a dcfcj ■,

howcv'er, larger in qoafltily. d

to wind than that fr«m a "i- •;

and this som a

long time i ?

water f-'^ -i

from ':

there is no asadiarT' ao powerful in cummufasDf

MlSCELLAf^EOUS,

463

I

k

i "

I

Amount of such moisture as can not be actu-
ally shut out from any part of a building, as a
free circulation of air. Let. therefore, openings
communicating with the cavities and vacant spa-
ces of a house Iw freely provided, llie hollow
space in a roof, the space between floor and ceil-
ing and the hollow under a floor, should all en-
joy a free circulation of air. It is even desirable,
in building liollow walls, to attempt to promote
a circulation of air in the cavity, and in all these
cues it should be remembered that two opcnhigi
are requisite to each hollow, in order (o give
much nope of a current or change of air. Where
there is no ventilation under the lowest floor of
a house, (he joists and limbers will soon begin
to decay. This may be accelerated by covermg
the floor with oilcloth, or kamptulicon, or simi-
lar oon-jxirous coverings. Ivy or creepers against
external walls, and even trees growing close to
tbem, tend to promote moisture by cutting off
Ihe circulation of air.

The failure of any portion of the arrangements
for water sunply or arainage will be pretty sure
to lead to damp. As general rules, no drain
should ever be permitted to pass under any part
of a dwelling house; and vi-hcn this can not be

Erevcnteit, me drain should be so laid, without
cing covered up with earth, that every part of
it which i-i under the floor of the house can be
readied at once. The water pipes, on the oilier
liand, should be kept well within the house for
warmth's sake, and where they leave it, should
be at a level of not less than three feet, at the
least, below the surface, for protection against
frost. When practicable, water pipes should be
left where they cm be seen and got at. Iron
is preferable to lead for their material, and the
arrangements should ahraysinclude the means of
shutting off water supplies in very frosty weather.
It is wi<;e lo try to select a wet day for looking
over a house, for if the day be fine, and the
weather dry, damp spots as well as many other
defects may Ik easily overlooked. Let the in-
tending tenant look for Ihe existence of damp
courses, dry areas, and ventilation under floors ;
let him avoid a ground floor that is not a little
raised above the earth outside, unless he is sure
there is a good cavity under it well ventilated.

In one word, in choosing a house in which a
man intends himself and his family to live, and
particularly on first moving into a new built
residence, he should look out for the indications
of damp ai pointing out the presence of one of
the most scnous enemies lo the comfort, if not
to the continimncc, of their life, which he can
have to encounter.

EARTH CLOSET. T^r.-The earth closet
Is the invention of the Rev. Henry Moulc, of
Fordingtnn Vicaraee, Dorsetshire, England-
It is based on the power of clay and the de-
composed organic matter found m the soil to
Absorb and retain all offensive odors and all fcr.
tiliiing matters ; and it consists, essentially, of
a mectianicai contrivance (attached to the or-
dinarvtcat) for measuring out and discharging
into the vault or pan below a sufficient quantity
of sifted dry earth to entirely cover the solid
ordure and to absorb the urine.

The diurharge of earth is effected by an or-
dinary pull up similar to that used in the water
dosct, or (in the self-acting apparatus) by the
rising of the seat when the wciglit of the person
is removed.

The vault or pan under Ihe scat is so arranged
that the accumulation may be removed at pleas*
ure.

From the moment when Ihe earth is discharged
and the evacuation is covere*!, alt oflfensive ex-
halation entirely ceases. Under certain circum-
stances there may be at times a slight odor as of
guano mixed with earth; but thii is so trifling
and so local that a eommf>de arranged on this
pbn may, without the least annoyance, be kept
in use in any room.

In Ihe making of an earth closet all that is
necessary is to have a supply of coarsely sifted
sun-dried earth with which to cover the Doltom
of the vessel lo be used, and nficr use to cover
the deposit. A small box of earth and a tin
scoop are sufficient to prevent the gravest annoy-
ance of the sick-room, but, of course, for con-
Slant use it is desirable to have a mure convenient
apparatus, — something which rcfpiircs less care,
and is less troublesome in many ways.

To this end the palcnlcil invention O^Mr.
Moule is applicable. This comprises alight
receptacle under the seat, a reservoir for storng
dry earth, and an apparatus to mca^jre eiit
the requisite quantity and throw it upon the
dcposiL

Earth alone is proved to be the hcst deodorizer,
and far superior lo any disinfectants; but where
it is difficult to obtain tarth abundantly, sifted ' •
ashes may be mixed with it in proportion of Iwo
of earth to one of ashes.

As the 6rst requirement is dry earth sifted, and
as this is usually thought to be a great difficulty
in the way of the adoption of the dry earth syjtem,
the following remark* will at once remove such
an impression: —

The earth commode and closet, if used by six
persons dailv, will require on an average alxjut
one hundred-weight of earth per week. This
may be dried for Tamily use in a drawer made to
fit under the kitchen range, and which mav be
filled with earth one morning and left until the
next. Tlie drawer should reach to within two
inches of the bottom bar of the grate. A frame
with a handle, covered with fine wire netting,
forming a kind of shovel, should be placnl on
this drawer; Ihe finer ashes will fall through,
mixing with the earth, whilst the cinders will
remain on the top, to be from time to lime
thrown on the fire.

The earth used in the earth closet must be dry
— ^as dry as it is possible lo keep it by protection
ffom ram. dew, and misL However ary it may
be made by artificial means, it will absorb the
hygrometnc moisture of the atmosphere, which
could be excluded only by liermciical scaling.
This amount of moisture, wtuch is not perceptible
lo the sight or touch, in no way interferes with
its efficiency. But it must be air-dry, or it will
not fully accomplish its purpose.

The best and cheapest drying opparatus is the
sun and wind of a summer day. During a
drought the parched surface of naked land is in
preci^ly the condition needed for use, and a
year's supply may then be taken into a clo«e
oul-building or a dry ccUar, and stored untO
wanted.

Those who have not mode, or cannot fnak*»
this provision, may siore damp earth in a wcU-
ventilateil place, from which mists can be ex-
cluded, ana in a longer or ihottcx v«a*, '**^***^^^s.
to UtiC cUnkale, W i«SX\3t««nit <aa^— \4ax •»>««»•

4^

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WASTS.

so kept woukl do. The writer Kos had a com-
mode in conKt.tnI dm: fur nine monlhs, and ncnrly
all of his winter's supply of earth hns been drie^l
and re-drtctl in a hogiahcad lying on its side, its
open end — (ncing the M>ulh — being protected
from rain and maX by a dose screen of rough
Imards leaning against it. The kun had wry
little chance at it, hut the wind hv), and the
drvtnf; has ticen suflicienlly rapid for such a linii-
tc(i lupi.Iy as is needed for one commode.

At (nc cxjKrimenlal station of the United
States Engineers (at Fort Adams) there is in use
a sort of hot-lied, raised a little from the ground
with a board floor, and provided with movable
sashes battened at the joints. The earth is
thrown loosely in to a depth of about six inches,
and whenever a drying wind blows, the sashes
are raised at both ends. In damp weather they
arc kept close, and when the sun shine;*, without
there oeing much wind, they are rnised at the
back only enough to allow the escape of the
moisture cva|',oraiH. This plan is cheap, simple,
and perfectly cffcvlive.

To dry tne earth in a more systematic way,
especially for the supply of towns or large fac-
tories, it will be necessary, particularly 'in win-
ter, to employ the aid of fire heat. The scale
on which tnis is to lie done must determine the
extent af the appliances fur (he pur]>ose. Earth
enough for the use of a family may be dried in
n shwlow box near the furnace, or the kitchen
stove or range. For the supply of larger estab-
lishments or for towns, when the reouisite quan-
tity of earth has not beien stored in the summer,
it will be well to use a drying apparatus similar
to one erected for the supply of a number of
closets in New Haven.

This is a plate y% inch boiler iron — condemned
for other use— set on brick walls high enough to
allow a small stove to be placed under it, the
pipe or flue running from the slnvc, which is in
the front of Lhe space, to an opening at the rear.
The earth is spread uprm the pL^te a few inches
deep, and is very rapidly made ready for use.

in the country, where earth is plenty, and
where there is use on the farm or in the garden
for the manure, it will be best to compost l)ie
accuntulation of the closet unlit rcnuircd for use,
and to supply the closet with frcsn earth; nut
because it is more efrecti\*c than that which has
been several times usc*l, but because it is belter
to have the manure as bulky as possible for case
of even distribution. Dut in towns, aiid in all
cases in which the manure has to be transported
to a distance, making it desirable that it be as
concentrated as possible, the same earth should
be used over and over again. It has been dem-
onstrated that the same earth may be used six
or seven limes over, until it becomes ec^ual to
Peruvian guano in richness, without losmg its
efficiency as a deodorizer.

Earth owes its deodoriring power to both its
da^ and its decomposed orgamc matter, and —
as m the cose uf the soil of an old garden which
has been heavily manured for many years — the
manure itself, when thoroughly decomposed,
only adds to the disinfecting strength of the
earth, by .iddin^ to '\\% humus. In fact, instances
are cited m which ihc s.'xme earth has p.-isied ten
times through ilic closet, receiving at each use
an addition to its manurial value. Of course in
time the limit will be }HLssed, and the prepon-
derance of organic nuuict will tt\L on Uhc «flicct.

so that it is found in xoosl cases that more Ikan
six or seven uses arc enough lo redutx ih* ^
oduriiing effect.

When the earth is remove*! G om tbc tltTsrt or

the comm'xle, it should be en . !.

a cask, or a bin, in a sheltci i

latcd pUtce. Here it will so'' c

thnt all tracer uf paper and .11

disappear, and it n-ill be to .^ - it

dried. It should now be u a

sh'jvel or a rake until its \f

mixed, and il may then be • f

artificial means, sscirciimi' \

prepared for ' i-
tion of the ''

it is better Iu.m lij. ■.. cX

body ; after that, the n f

more rapidly will it ib}, _^ "jc
become dry m the Ivnrrcl oi bin.

In the cose of fixed closets holding a three

months' supply, it i> hardly necc^^ Jtt

to any artihciflf meaosofdr^nng, ni \:j

manipulation. The accumulation IT

or box must be leveled off with a r. -.e

to time* and this will suflicicatly n iji
and fxces.

In such cases it would be the best amtnge-
mcnt to have two bins, equal " -n the Ca-
pacity of the reservoir and It of At
closet ; these may be in a < rd wtt
a privy. One of the bins am! - al>o*e
the hopper being filled witi eirth,
and the other l»in with fresi, ■'\,
we go on and use out the si , -«•
voir. In three monihs it has ;ui i if
vault and is mixed with fxccs, V -Jt
reservoir with contents of the first l :, _ _ ; ut
the contents of the vaoll in its place. Wfaea ib«
reservoir is again empty, the earth Thsf was
freshly collected and moist six mo. -is
dry and fit to be sifted into the i >e
bin from which it is taken b''; ■ ' '
vault. When the reservoir h
tied, the first clearing of the \: ,
six months to become dry, and ii ■ d
and used. If the same earth is \. <:n
over, the original ^upplv will last fom icao knd
a half, at the end of which time it will be worth
fuilv fifty dollars per ton ■ - ■■ "' —

The quantity of can ' neccunr to

supply will dcf^cnd on ti . wilh wfitch

the closet is used, and on the qu^i "h

thnt it is mode to contain. TTi .^

without other facUitics for ' i itirnr

described above, foundfourb- tfficietll

for a commodccor'^t^"''v '■-' .-^..-ifn.

Under the arr.n, A

a reservoir and iv. c
months' supply ft»r a family of

each receptacle would require a * al

to ihnt of a cul->e of three anJ . ' !i
would give an almndant supf

cics. These receiitacles, on. -^

more earth would be needoi I «

ycirs. All that would 1^ ^>e

that four limes % year the i '
that occasionally the contcn
leveled off.

ByTrofessor S. W. Johnson'* c

value of nigh: \itil .ns m:i:-viir. ihi :

had pa^sctl ■ ii

be worth fx ;ei
would gjivc \x a mukh hiijbcr value

Lew

The cartli for ihc clout must not only be dry;
U must be stfted. Up to a certain point, the
finer it is the more effeclirc it is. That is, while
it will answer the purpose if il is passed through
a common coal sifter, it will much better en\'elop
the deposit, will distribute itself more wiiJcly,
«uid u.'iU make more dust in every part of the
Taalt (a desirable thing, on accoant of the ex-
halations from the uncovered fresh fxccs), if it
has been passed through a sieve having six
meshes to the inch. The finer the sieve the
more will small pebbles be excluded. These are
objectionable, not only on account of the space
ihcy occupy, but they dilute the earth proper
and do no good.

The best earth is that used for mnking bricks
or earthenware — that is, a strong clay ; but any
aoil or subitod that contains enough clay or
vegetable matter to make it arable will answer
a satisfactory purpose. A very sterile gravel
and a nearlv pure sandv soil should be rejected.
The "muuld of an old garden or field is ex-
cellent, and the "yellow dirt" below it is still
better. Kithcr of these treated as above de-
acrilxcL will be found to entirely absorb and
destroy the odor of the most oneosive fieces
from the moment when it envelops it until,
years afterwards, if necessary, it is removed to
the field ; so that the earth-closet may be in the
houJ« or out of the house, as is most convenient,
without considering the question of foul odors or
of ventilation.

%Vood ashes must under no circumstances be
nted, as the potash that they contain has the
effect of drivmg off the volatile parts of the
deposit. Anthracite coal ashes can t>e used with
perfect success in winter, and probably in sum-
mer as well, but we cannot say this positively.
We can see no reason why the ashes of bitumin-
ous coaJ may not be equally effective, but Mr.
Moule recommends that they be mixed with
one-half their bulk of earth.

All ashes are objectionable for use in com-
modes in the house, from the dust that flics when
they are put into the hopper ; but in the case of
fixed closets thi*i difficulty would not be noticed.
On shipboard, especially on steam-shins, where
water-closets arc always a nuisance, tnc use of
ashes would be entirely successful.
L The earth-closet, like all other human contriv.
•Anees, needs attention. The earth in the vault
will not deodori^ce the fouling of the scat; wet
earth wilJ not deodorire the fxces that it covers ;
and if the accumulation is not occasionally leveled,
the earth will not be so thrown as to entirely
cover recent deposits. These things roust be
lookeil to, but they require no more atientiun
than does the care of the water-closet; and, if the
needed attention is given, the depressing odor
tlutt so often accompanies even the best-arranged
water-closets will be entirely unknown, while the
full convenience of having accom mirations in the
house, nnd even in the sick-room, may Ikt belter
and Jiiiu h more cheaply attained by the aid of the
earth cioset than by th.at of the watcr-closcr.

£BOyy\ To fmitaf/^.—'Ettony can be imi-

ed by using a dye of logwood, pills, and

»nJphate or acetate of iron ; but it will always

look dull aud unnatural unless rightly poUshwl.

when it will come out a most brilliant, shiny

Il is done in this way: Put the dyed or

iUi«l article in the lathe, turn a great speed,
while in revolution, firmly and evenly press
•

the siliceous rind of bamboo or a hanl wood
burnisher against the article, and continue the
operation tiU all the gmin is reduced into a
smooth glossy surface. The bam1>oo is best, it
is so unyielding and hard in texture. Smooth
flat work, not adapted to a lathe, must be rubbed
till a polish is obtained.

EGGS, To Ci?lor, — Eggs are colored variously,
thus: A dark rosewood color by jxjuring half a
gallon of boiling water upon from one quarter to
one eighth of a pound of logwood chi|)i. Thw
makes the dve; put the eggs therein nnd let them
boil for one nour. You will have a hard boiled
cggt but the color will be beautiful. To vary tlie
color or to wrile a name on the egg, drop meltetl
beeswax on the shell of the egg in the pattern

{'ou want it ; then put the egg into the oyc and
enve it as abo>*e. When you lake it out scrape
off the wax and beneath it the shell will be all
white, the rest of it will be dyed. For a (aint
vellow color onion skins will do, used like the
logwood. To increase the color wrap some of
the onion skins around the egg and leave it in
the d\*c. The skins must be fastened of course.
By onion skins we mean the dry, yellow outside
skin of the onion. A good effect is also got bv
uking a piece of nicely figured calico, putting it
neatly around the egg and then allowing it to
remain either in the onion skin or logwood dye
pot. The figure in the calico generally comes
out and fixes itself in the egg shell. Variations
of color may be had by usmg any of the vegetable
dyes.

EGGS { WhiU «f). To /NYn-rrv.— -There are
several ways of preserving albumen: one is by
drying it at a low tcm]<raturc (otherwise it coa-
gulates) and then powdering it, when it is al-
ways ready for solution. The second ik a preserv-
ative like carbolic acid, (phenylic alcohol.) when
there are no objections to it* odor. Otherwise,
5 per cent, of sulphite of soda (not sulphate) will
accomplish the same purpose, and give an odor-
less and almost tasteless preparation.

EGGS OFPHARA OfVS SERPEXTS^ Ta
Maki, — Take mercury and dissolve it in moder-
ately dilute nitric acid by means of heat, toldog
care, however, that there be always an excess o?
mctalbc mercury remaining; decant the solution
and pour it into a solution of snlpho-cyanide of
ammonium or potassium, which may tie bought
.It a good drug store, or of a dealer iii chemicals.
P^nual weights of both will answer. A precipitate
will fall to the bottom of the beaker or jiir, which
is 10 be collected on a filler and washed two or
three times with water, when it is put in a warm
place to dry. T.akc for every [loiind of this
maicriol one ounce of gum traracanth which h.i5
been soaked in hot water. WTicn the gum is
completely softened il is to be transferred to a
mortar, and the pulverized and dried precipitate
gradually mixed with it by means of a little water,
so as to present a somewhat dry pill masi, from
which by hand pellets of the ocsircil lixe are
formed, put on a piece of glass, and dried again;
they are then ready for use.

EMBALMlXi;, Fftnch Afft/k^i.—The fol-
losing is M. Gannal's mixture for injecting the
carotid artery, whereby all the purposes of em-
balming arc attained : — Take dry sulphate of
aluminc. i kilogramme, (equal 2 lb«. 3 or. Jdrs.
avoirclapni«,)diisolvcd in half a litre {a little less
than a pint) of warm water, and marking J^* <X
the aerometer. TKcca w Vvu Ncvcc^. ^'^^t& -nsa-'

466

DICTIONARY OF EVERY~DAY WANTS.

ture will be suffident to inject all the vessels of
the hunun body, and wiU preserve it in the
summer; in the winter, from one to two litres
will be enough. But to keep away insects, there
shotild be added to the above chlorure of copper,
at the rate of lOO grammes to a kilogramme of
the sulphate of alumine ; or else 50 ^mmcs of
nrsenious add. This applies to all kinds of ani-
mals,' birds, fishes, etc. , as well as to the human
subject. The above process has been introdu-
ced into the great anatomical schools in Paris ;
and in nearly all the recent interments of dis-
tinguished mdividuals, the old and revolting
mode of embalming has been superseded by this
new and simple method.

ENAMELS, — ^Transparent or opaque sub-
stances, usually formed of glass colored with
metallic oxides, and applied in a thin stratum to
brightly polished metallic surfaces, (copper or
,) on which thcv are fused by the flame of a
ip nr^ed by the blow-ppe, or by the heat of
a small Tumace, and in cooling form a sort of
vitreous varnish. The art of enameling acaiiired
the greatest perfection in andent times, ana veir
beautiful spcdmens are still preserved, whi<^
the moderns are unable to equal, and with the
materials of whidi they are totally unacquainted.
At the present day, this pleasing and useful ap-
plication of human industry is carried on with
the greatest success by the Venetians, and, after
them, by the French. The limits of this work
will not permit a description of the various ope-
rations of enameling, which essentially depend
on skillful manipulation ; a knowledge of which
can only be obtained b^ long practice. The pre-
paration of enamels being, however, entirely de-
pendent on chemistry, I deem it proper to nrc-
sent the following formuhe to the reader. It is
nevertheless right to remark, that almost every
artist has his own receipts.

The basis of all enamels is a highly transpa-
rent and fusible glass, which readily receives a
color on the addition of metallic oxides. As this
is required in the preparation of many of those
that follow, it is placed first.

ENAMELS, Base or Flux for.— \. Red lead
16 parts; calcined borax 3 parts; powdered flint
glass 12 parts ; powdered nints 4 parts ; fuse in
a Hessian crudbie for 12 hours, then pour it out
into water, and reduce it to a powder in a biscuit-
ware mortar,

2. Powdered flints 10 parts ; nitre and white
arsenic, of each i part ; as last,

3. Flint glass 3 or. ; red lead i oz. ; as last.

4. Red lead 18 parts ; borax (not caldned)
1 1 parts ; flint gLiss 16 parts ; as last.

5. Flint glass 6 parts ; flux No. 2 (above) 4
parts ; red lead K parts ; as last.

6. Tin 2 to 5 parts ; lead lo parts ; calcine in
an iron pot at a dull cherry-red heat, and scrape
off the oxide as it forms, observing to obtain it
quite free from undccomposed metal ; when
enough of the dross is obtained, reduce it to fine
powder by grinding and elutriation, then mix 4
parts of this powtter with an equal weight of
pure sand or powdered flints, and l of sea salt,
or other alkaline matter, fuse the mixture in a
Hessian crucible, and proceed as before. The
best proportions of the tin and lead, for all or-
dinary purposes, are about 3 of the former to 10
of the latter. The caldned mixed oxides are
commonly called ^'calduc."

7. Lead and tin, c<\\ki1. ^«rt» ■ '-''^'ntvfc » liScm'n'

and take of the mixed oxides, or caldne a
ground flints, of each i part ; pure sobcarbdb
of potash 2 parts; as before.

8. Le»l 30 parts; tin 33 parts ; calcine as \
fore, then mix 50 parts of the (^dne with 1

Stial weight of flints, in powder, and i lb.
its of tartar; as before. A fine dead win
enameL

Remarks. The precise qualities of the n
dttcte of the above processes depend greatlvn.i
the duration and aegree of Iwat employed.
increasing the quantity of sand, glass, or £»
the enamel is rendered more jfusible, and
opadty and whiteness is increased by the '
tion of oxide of tin. The use of borax sfa
be avoided, or used very sparindr, as it i'
to make the enamel effloresce and lose colo.

ENAMELS, Black.— I, Pure clay 3 p

Erotoxide of iron I part; mix and fuse, i '
lack.

X. Caldned iron (protoxide) 12 parts;
of cobalt I part; mix and add an equal v.
of white flux. |

3. Peroxide of manganese 3 parts ; zil '
part; mix and add it as requirea to white t |

ENAMELS, Blue.~-\. Zither of the flu ;
a>Iored with oxide of cobalt.

3. Sand, red lead, and nitre, of each 10
flint glass or ground flints 20 parts ; oxti3e
cobalt I part, more or less, the quantity
depending on the depth of color requirea.

ENAMELS, BrowH.~i, Red lead
caldned iron, of each i part; antimonv,li
and sand, of each 2 ports; mix and aad it inflf-
required proportion to a flux, according toW
color desired. A little oxide of cobalt or zaffitr
frequently added, and alters the shade of bro*^

3. Manganese 5 parts ; red lead 16 parts; w
powder 8 parts ; mix.

3. Manganese 9 parts; red lead 34 parts; IB !
powder 16 parts.

ENAMELS, Green.^i. Flux 2 lbs. ; bUi
oxide of copper l oz. ; red oxide of iron l{ dr.
mix. ;

2. As above, but use the red oxide of copper!
Less decisive.

3. Copper dust and litharge, of each 2 oi-j
nitre I oz. ; sand 4 oz. ; flux as much aj
required. J

4. Add oxide of chrome to a sufficient qoantit
of flux to produce the desired shade ; -when nt:
managed, the color is superb, and will stand
very great heat ; but in common hands, it frt
quenuy turns on the dead-leaf tinge.

5. Transparent flux 5 oz. ; black oxide of coj^
per 2 scruples ; oxide of chrome 2 grs. Keseoi
bles the emerald.

6. Mix blue and yellow enamel in the rwjnirj
ed proportions. '

ENAMELS, Olive.— Good blue cnamd t
parts; black and yellow do., of each i p«t;r
mix. (See also Brown Enamels.) {

ENAMELS, Omnge.—i. Red lead 12 pir«J
red sulphate of iron and oxide of antimony, " ''
each I part ; flint powder 3 parts ; caldne, p(W*
der, and melt with flux, 50 parts.

2. Red lead 12 parts; oxide of antimoo^l
parts; flint powder 3 parts ; redsulpKitcofiro"
I part; calane, then add flux 5 parts to evert f
parts of this mixture.

ENAMELS, Purple.— \. Flux colored vi*
I oxide of gold, purple precipitate of cassios, *

MTSCELLAHEOUS,

467

hur. nitre, vitriol, antimony, and oxide
CftL-h I lb. ; red lend 60 Ibb. ; mix and
and powder ; add rose copper 19 oz, ;
.; crocus mortis I }^ oz. ; borax ^oz.;
jf a compound formed of gold, silver,
iry; fu$e, stirring the melted masii
per rod all the time, then place it in
and submit ihem to the action of a
Dry furnace for 24 hours.
Mud to be the purple enamel used in
: pictures of St. Peter's at Rome.
^ktS^ j^Vy.— I, Sulphate of iron
lark) I part; a mixture of 6narts of
id I of colcothar, 3 parts; dark red.
mlphate of iron 2 parts; flux (No. i^
fhitc lead 3 parts ; light red.
^ or Biix colored wiOi the red or pro-
copper. Should the color pass mto
or brown, from the partial pcroxidize-
le copper, from the heat being raised
he rea color may be restored by the
' any carbonaceous matter, as tallow,

most beautiful and costly red, inchn-
pnrple tinge, is produced by tinging
ux with the oxide or salts of^gold, or
Durrile precipitate of cassius, which
r gold and tm. In the hands of the
nt, my of these substances produce
red of the most exquisite hue: when
ect, the enamel comes from the fire
less, and afterwards receives its rich
the flame of a caodle or lamp, urged
TOipe.

ELS, Rose-Cotored. — Purple enamel,
ents, 3parts; flux 90 parts; mix and
eaf. or oxide of silver, 1 part or less.
ELS, Tmnspirent, — Either of the
ept the last three.

cZ.y, VioUt. — Saline or alkaline frits
olored with small quantities of per-
Mngancsc. As the color ile|>ends on
eing at the maximum ofoxidaiion, con-
II substances that would abstract any
pen should be aroided. The same
(ply to other metallic oxides.
kLS^ WhiU. — I. Calcine (from two

and 1 part of lead calcined together)
! crystal or frit 2 parts ; a very trifling

manganese; powder, mix, melt, and
hpd ma.^5 into clean water; dry, pow*
pfai fuse, and repeat the whole process
s, observing to avoid contamination
;, dirt, or oxide of iron. A fine dead

ed diaphoretic antimony t part; fine
ictlvfrcc from lead) 3 parts; mix, and
before. Very fine,
e enamel, the articles most be per-
rom foreign admixture, as this would
lor. When well managed, cither of
forms will produce a paste that will
ol.

fZJ, >WiSw.— RedleadSoz.; oxide
f and tin, calcined together, of each
and tAA flux (No. 4) 15 oz. ; mix
Bjr rarying the proportion of the in-
ariou^i ^hatlcii may be produced,
tin ashes, litharge, antimony, and
:h 1 01, : nitre 4 oz. ; mix, fuse, and
id add the product to any quantity ol

tto the color required.
;

ammoniac, of each I part ; pure carbooile of
lead I to 3 parts, as required; all in powder;
mix, and expose to a heat sufficiently high to
decompose the sal ammoniac Very bright.

4. Flax fused with oxide of lead, and a hltle
red oxide of iron.

5. Pure oxide of silver added to the metallic
fluxes. The salts of silver are also u^cd, but are
difficult to manage. If a thin film of oxide of
silver be spread over the surface of the enamel
to be colored, exposed to a moderate heat, then
withdrawn, and the film of reduced silver on the
surface removed, the part under will be found
tinged of a fine yellow.

Superior yellow enamels are less easily prn-
duced than most otlier colors; they require but
little flux, and that mo5itly of a metallic nature.

El^AMELING WOOD WORK.—\Sf: have
very considerable doubts as to whether polished
paint may be considered in good taste when used
lor the interiors of drawing rooms, or, in fact, of
any room. There is a want of repose, and a
garishness about gloss colors, which arc scarcely
compatible with (hat quietness and repose so
necessary to the perfect satisfaction of the edu-
cated eye. Polished glass is beautiful, and never
out of place; the same maybe said of marble, of
gems, andof all slecl woikor instruments. With
all these, pohsh i.'i the one thing needful to de-
velop their beauty and finish, and, in fact, is a
necessity of the materiaL This is so self-evident
that wc never for a moment doubt its propriety
Of imagine it would be better otherwise. Fitness,
beauty, and utility are a consequence of the
polish in all these cases, and therefore proj>er and
right from every point of view ; but the san>e
reasoning will not apply to polished paint, that
is to sav, plain tints of colore. Of course, imita-
tions of w*oods and marbles may be poUshed with
propriety and without offense to goo<l taste,
simply becaose we expect to sec them so. and
they would not be finished if left unvarnished
ana unpolished. But it is otherwise with plain
colors, wliich, when glossy, have too miicn the
look of the japanner's sliop or the tea tray busi-
ness. These remarks apply prindpallv to that
so-called enamel work which is produced bv
merely painting the work and finishing it wiin
varnish, when, as a matter of course, it very
soon b^omes discolored ; and even when first
done it is a mistake in name and execution, and
a gross offense against good taste. The best
enamel work — of which there is but liltic done
in consequence of its great cost — is free, in some
measure, from the objections urged against i!ie
common work. Its manipulation requires $0
much patience and care that it is a very difficult
matter to find men who have the qualifications
requisite for preparing such fine work, and there-
fore it is very rare to see a really good job. In
getting up enamel work, much care is requisite
in the selection and use of the material required.
The filUng-up color, which forms the body of the
cn.amcl, Ts of the greatest importance to the
ultimate success oi" the work. Of this material
there are SQvcral kinds manufiictured — black,
brown, and yellow, for coach painters, j.t|>aftncrs,
and otfitrs; but for use in interior decorati-m «c
prefer to use the white lead filling, as wc can, by
adding the necessary staining colors (which do
not affect the properties of the t:wss«\V^«^*
solid body ot co\ot o^ vV\t same \w\., 01 '^^'^ "^^

de 0/ aitiimoiiy, a/um, and sal as thai wiiW vi^^ ^ "wwNi. ^ tts^jJAKA. ViX*

468

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WAISTS.

fimshed, an<1 thus do »wsy with the objecltons
which mAY be urged sgainst the btnck or dnrk-
colored fiUing. for it will be evident to the
plainest comprcliension that if work which has
to be finished while, or with very light tints of
color, be filled up with ilark-colored nlling, that
tJic number of toals of paint whidi will be re-
quired to obscure or kill the dark color will be so
manj that there will be danger of the work be-
cciming rough and uneven in pans— At all events
there can be no question that work which is left
with a sniooth, even surface, produced by rubbing
alone, must be much finer in texture than Miy
that can possibly l>e left by the bru!>h. 'Hie
while lead should be ground stiff in turpen-
tine, and about one fourth part of the ordinary
white lead, ground in oil, added to it, in order
to prevent Uic enamel cracking, which it has
ft tendency to do, except there be some little
oil mixed with it. A sufficient quantity of
polishing copal or be«t carriage varni&h should
now be added to bind it so that it will rub down
easily, which fact cannot be properly ascertaincti
except by actual trial, inasmuch a£ the drying
properties of vamithes vary, and other causes
influence the mailer. If there be too much
varnish in the stuff the work will be exceedingly
diflkult to cut down, and if too little, it is apt to
break up in rubbing, so that it is always the
safest plan to try the enamel color before com-
mencing anything important. The color, being
properly mixed, should be laid on the work in
the ordinary manner, using it rather freely. It
may be as well to stale here that no filling should
be put upt.in new work without the same having
hacf two or three coats of ordinary oil p.'unt, nor
on old work without its having one coal. This
gives a kev for the filling to bind to. Successive
cuats of the filling should now be laid on the
work until tlierc is a suffident thickness to cut
down to a level surface, filling up the whole of
the indentations and undulations of the panel.
One day should intervene between each coal, in
order to allow it to harden in some degree. ;
When a sufTicicnt number of coats is put on
(which number will, of course, depend upon the
state of the work to be filled up), it should stand
for a fortnight or three weeks, until it is thor-
oughly hard ; it will then be ready for culling
down, which is to be done with felt, ground
pumice-stone, and water. The felt used should
oe &uch as the marble masons use for polishing
marble, which varies in thickness from one
eighth to half an inch, and alx>ut three inches
square. Tliis should be fastened by the aid of
{^teot knotting or other resinous gum, to square
pieces of wood of the same size, but one inch
thick, so as to (^ve a good hold for the hand in
using. These pieces of wood, covered with fell,
may be made of any size or shape, to fit molded
surfiices or other inequalities. The pumice-stone
to be used should be of different degrees of fine-
ness, and should he carefully selected, so as to
be Aure that it is free from any foreign substance.
It is sold ready ground, but m situations where
it cannot be conveniently got, U nitiy be pre-
pared from the lump, by grinding or crushing
with a slone and niullcr. and then passed through

M*.inc. pel on lo \\\tt rtKtL.. kill

L"

fci:

fs best t«> ii«e a pmoe of

with it, wlitcl

make dec [

and anno\ .

greatest qaxc t^

clean and free

careless in lhl^

down the felt <

thus particles oi

mischief is done
In cutting down, it

soft lump pumice-stone t
arts. The felt and gronn
used with walcr, llic

with ft sponge, and the felt

then into Ihc powilcrcd pi:

rubbed with it, keening u intMl

rubbing with a circuutr motion,

up and down and «<

utingonly just as n

the pumice to bite, v:

felt while the hand is in motion.

patience is required to rl-i thi-t

the pressure be too ;

into the body of the t:

it instead of cur::

No hurry will .

have its time; 1 .
\'iew, and often causes mu<^
A scratch, caused by wont
haste, will often throw iht
and involve the co!it and l.v

find in practice t'l" '*

by using the nun

then the mcniuni

last. It will be fogn'

elapse between the i'.

face is cut down the :

fioAer underneath, an

for a day, the newly c>

and of course rubs do-.

The pumice-stone shnu

work occasionally, in order iliat we may wt

what progress is bein^ mflH^, arid if it rrq«tr(

more rubbing or noL — ■ ■ jj

be found not to be si ' iiji

have one or more coa, -i..L^ ..iL^. .l U2&

been roughly cut down, and l)cbnc mucb labor
has been spent upon it.

When sufficiently rubbed down with die pvW'
ice-stone — that is to sav, whm it ha.« b<>en cvl

let ft dijr
I he *a^

iJie

fine sieves or muslin; by using these of different
dcgrcen of lexture t^- ■ pumice may be

produced of iliffcren' 1 fineness. Ex-

cept grcjt care l>c v\v.v>->.-. m V\\\*. matter, it
•wiiX be icmnd thai patucles o( gtit vtSW Y* TftUL.i4\ mtt

down to a fine, level. :
work should stand foi
It will now depend c\
to whether it mu*t be
or whether it will hav«-
ished. If the filling l>e ut
has rubbed down of one uni
it to be finished in tliis M.itc-,
place, it will have a suti.u-
cannot be got by anv ■■ ^
this stale, there i~
— if we may use ■
from varnish fiolixh.
or two, the work, if i:

the stale wc ' '

p<?li.she<l in '
ten slone, o
rub the wotk as* 1
to flp)v?(\r ; then t

M

■ I'encSfl

The roCten stooe miut nair he twrfaMf

M/SCSLLA}/EOUS.

c\a.n<n\ off; if it be in oil* clean off wich fine

1 water, with sponge vnA woih Icnlhcr

. Liking care not lo scratch. A clean

loi* ..r wash leather will now be rc-

kich mint be held in the lelv hand,

right perfectly clear. Now use the

right hami, press gently upon Uie

draw it forward* or towards you. If

»ne properly, it will bring up a clear

ujirtn the work. 'Hir hind should Iw kept

ip by drawing it atr- ■ 'i- ' — ■' -

•jf utn-r the hand 1*

r<kMic elTt'Ctually, a ru-^t: ^

prCktuced while Ihc hand \% in motiun ; il tiiu

in. »he p'^lish will be sure to rollaw. The

1^ produced on the tilling alunc wdl be

I we have (.poken ')f above, and will

■ Ml «U objrcfion:iolr to cvcit the mobt fa^ti-

but if the work ha* to be fiiiuhed

Knnt luster and to a high degree of

rfUti, it will, after Iwng cut down with the

IptinUci- and fell, luvc to be coated with two or

of the bc-[ '* ' ' lUh,

iiritity Iff I I he

ihoiild be -li in

(luntily to form a creamy mixture,

the work luuit be coated — one, two,

ihffc eoati, as may be desirable. This should

kSLand for three or four weeks, until it becomes

1 * ' '\t harder it ii, the better it will polish.

11 be cut down witli felt and the finest

^ ii--' '.run:- in w.iti^r. and polished with

MpK r described. By this

lit polUh may be ob-
[taincd, >j1 a vc^y cuduiiu^ nature. Ine same
rocess vrill of coarse answer for all vamijhed
uns of wood and marbles, and ail work
will admit of the application of oil var-

EXGRA I'IS'G in Aik^-Relir.sf. —In the com-

ppmtion "f entjTTiviiig, the desired e0ectis
u n* u pon the co]>pcr-

: "fan angular (hape,
lu T.ii-'i rtith pfinting-ink, and
J iic paper by meins of a roller,

!h ' , 1 over its surface. There is an-

ker mode of producmj; the^e lines or incisions,
mean* nf dduted nitrous add, la which the
the same way. Another
is done upon a principle

i c-

iti: ivia-

k<?n in
.ving

the line& arc luft a^ the surface, t'lom
ihich the impression is taken by means of a
inon type-printing press, instead of a copper-

pKSl.

' lltefliKtedbydrawingwithcommonturpen
rnlrit, covereii with lampblack, whatever
opon the plate ; and when the var- '
mghly dry, the arid is poured upon ,
interstice of course removed by it* ,

vpred part of th<" - -

full of dark sha<f
■med with liltl-
removal of Tcry htiie oj' >
the linfn : htit if the dts-
ifid

^«

0, ^Ril tiiu* |in}dM»ng a Uurr«d iniprcfr* *

sion. It is obviouK, therefore, that the more the
plate is covered wiih work, the le»s nsk there
will be in the preparation of it with the acid,
after the subject is drawn, and ih'- ' ■ Me
will there be in removing the int-.i v,

from tho^c places where there is !' ,;-

ESGfiAl'JNGS, Ii* amK, — ]i ha* been
found that ozone bleaches pni»rr withfm? tnjnring
the fitter in the least, In 'ij

mildew and other stai' it

I,,..- '.ceninjure»iliy h'.v, • , p

The cTi^i I'. <■.- .y

• ned and su^i'v-ii-'l n^ _ -r*

liaJlyhlled with ozone. The otonr ».

eraxed by putting pieces of clean : r.x

the twllom of the vessel, parlially Iillnl with
water, or by passing electric sparks through the
air in the ves&cl.

jf7y/£iV. To irasA.^i. Thisoperallon is for
the removal of alcohol, an<l may tie done by
agitating* with twice the bulk of w^ier, which will
unite with the alcohol, forming a heavier stratum
from which the ether may be i>oured off. The
ether will absorb ten percent, of the water, which
can be removed by agitation with freshly burnt
lime and sub^eijucnt di^tilbtion. — 2. Turn the
ether and water into a gla'>& funnel, while you
hold a finger to the end to prevent anything from
running ouL llie ether rises to the top, the
water and residue fall to the N^ttom. Take away
y*jur finger from the funnel and let the water out;
then save your ether. It is almost as simple ta
saving washed oil.

A y£S i .SVnr), 7i Ctfir.— Take a potato, and
after unartering it, grate the heart as fine as
possible, and place the gratings Inrtween pieces
of cambric muslin. F'lacc the ixmltice over the
eyes inflamed, and keep it there fifteen minutes.
Continue the operation three succc^^i^x nights
and a perfect cure ensues.

/>'£A THER PILLO\VS.~\K a person sleep*
on his back, no pillow is needed. If one sleeps
upon the side, a pillow should be used thick
enough to support the head in a direct bne with
the body. No more. Curled hair is one of the
best materials for pillows. Feathers should
never be allowed about a bed in any fonn. Kor
pillows they are especially injurious, as ihev
partly surround the head and keep it o\-erheat<rJ,
which weakens the scalp and produces a tendency
to falling out of the hair, congesiinn of the head
and headache. Then again, the effete emanabons
tlut are alwajrs being thrown off from the feathers
arc taken direct into the lungs with the inspired
air.

fERKS^ To Raise frvm .Jwrf.— Procure some
bricks or stones — bncks would he best, 05 they
have an even surface, and are also porous, ren>
dering them capable of holding vratcr. These
woulu be best if found covered with m'^^s which
has naturally grown on them. Ifnoti 1.

it can be very easily done. The rr t

''ha pAir ni sci-.^nrs
r using, to get rid
! -n into it. These
t or pan, so
vrl with the

' '^ thick ; it can be ^
thick, and well ^^

sod u>cd 10 iicady tl. '.

Sow the spores in the i r

-rcdge dust over the ;; i

iirnt soil* and then wit.>

• ng-Gin, wuh dovo the ^

xooat. Place the poC into « iuoer of water.

470

DICTIONARY OF EVEHY-DAY WANTS.

which must be kept full. Place a bell-glass
over ; those which have a hole in them near the
top I prefer, as they prevent damping, affording
an escape to the great evaporation which takes
place; they can be left alone for a week without
disturbance. There will be no necessity for
surface watering until the seedlings appear; even
then it is not advisable, if soaking the pot up to
the rim can be quickly done. I should before
have said that the bottom of the pot should be
filled one-third of its depth with broken crocks.
The pot should not see the sun until the seed-
lings are well up ; even then shade b necessary.
Tlie soil used should be previously burnt, other-
wise numberiess seedlings will appear, which will
choke those wanted, and be a cause of mischief
in the operation of weeding. This plan I have
proved, and can recommend it.

FEVER atidAGl/£^ To Cure.—K new and
simple remedy is common salt. A teaspoonful
taken in water and a teaspoonful deposited in-
side the stocking next the foot as tne chill is
coming on. That's all there is of it; but, know-
ing that it has been efficacious in "breaking"
the chill and perfecting a cure, we here insert it

FIRE ANNIHILATOR, (FAiiip' ),-'This
consists of a mixture of twenty parts charcoal,
sixty nitre, and five gypsum, boiled together in
water, and subsequently moulded into a cylin-
(hical brick. Down the axis of this there is a
cavity for the reception of a phial containing a
mixture of chlorate of potash and sugar, sur-
rounded by a globule of sulphuric aad. By
pushing down a rod the glass containing the add
is broken and the mixture inflamed. "Hie com-
position is placed in an iron perforated vessel,
and gives out a volume of gases wliich extinguish
the fire.
.^.. FIRE KINDLERS.^Itikt a quart of tar
and 3 pounds of resin, melt them, - bring to a
cooling temperature, mix with as much sawdust,
with a little charcoal added, as can be worked
in ; spread out while hot upon a board, when
cold break up into lumps of the size of a large
hickory nut, and you have, at a small expense,
kindlingmaterial enough for a household for one
year. They will easilv ignite from a match and
burn with a strong blaze, long enough to start
any wood that is fit to burn.
' FIRES, Colored.— \. White light: 8 parts
saltpetre, 2 parts sulphur, 2 parts antimony.

2. Red light : 2o parts nitrate of strontia, 5
parts chlorate of potash, 6^ parts sulphur, X
part charcoal.

3. Blue light: 9 parts chlorate of potash, 3
parts sulphur, 3 puts carbonate of copper.

4. Yellow light : 24 parts nitrate of soda, 8
parts antimony, 6 parts sulphur, l part charcoal.

5. Green light : 26 parts nitrate of baryta, 18
parts chlorate of potash, lo parts sulphur.

6. Violet hght : 4 parts nitrate ot strontia, 9
parts chlorate of potash, 5 parts sulphur, I part
carbonate of copper, I part calomel.

FIREWORKS, Sulphide 0/ Cadmium in.—
In the following composition it is said that sul-
phide of cadmium gives a white flame, which is
surrounded by a magnificent blue margin : Salt-
petre, 20 parts; sulphur, 5; sulphi^ of cad-
mium, 4 ; powdered charcoal, I.

FIRE WORKS, Iron Sand i».— Used to pve
corruscations in fireworks ; is far better than iron
or steel-filings. It is made by beating cast steel
or iron into smaU pieces on an anvU. These are

sifted into 4 sizes, the smallest for the smallest
pieces ; and vice versa. The corruscataoos wo-
duced by these are exceedingly brillianU The
sand should be kept in a dry place in a wdl-
dosed bottle, as any nut damages it. Fireworits
containing it should not be made very long be-
fore usin|^

FIREWORKS, To Represent Cordage i»^
Antimony, i part; juniper resin, i part; nitie^
2 parts ; sulphur, 16 parts. Mix, and imbue soft
ropes with the composition.

FIREWORKS, TowA'Papfr/or.-^Soakiai-
glazed paper in a solution of nitre in vinegar or
water. The stronger the solution, the faster
will it bum. A good plan is to dip it in a wtak
solution, idry it, t^ it, and if it bums too dowly,
make the solution stronger and dip it again.

FIREWORKS, Quick Match fir.^U made
by immersing lamp-wick in a solution of salt-
petre with m«d powder, winding it on a fnune*
and afterwards dusting with meal powder. To

1 lb. 12 oz. of cotton, take saltpetre, i lb.; alco-
hol, 2 quarts; water, 3 quarts ; solution of isin-
glass (l oz. to the pint), 3 gals.; mealed powder,
10 pounds.

FIREWORKS.— Port Fires.— Take of svl-

Shur, 2 parts; saltpetre, 6 parts; mealed pow-
er, I part. This is rammed into cases (tf mm
6 inches to 2 feet long, and ^ inch internal di-
ameter. They should be lightly rammed. To
give a brilliant flame, add i part of iron sand;
tor a dark flame, i part of powdered charcoaL —
Stan.-^CommoH.) — Saltpetre, i lb.; sul|Aar,
4W oz.; antimonv, 4 oz.; isinglass, ^ oz.; cam-
pnor, }4 oz.; alcohol, ^ oz. — ( /F/ii^.V— Mealed
powder, 4 oz.; saltpetre, 12 oz.; sulphur, ^W
oz.; oil of spike, '2 oz.; camphor, 5 oz. The
above are to be made into balls, rolled in CTained
powder and dried in the sun. Used in Roman
candles, rockets, etc. — Trailed Stars. — Saltpe-
tre, 40Z.; sulphur, 60Z.; sulphate of antimony.

2 oz.; rosin, 4 oz. — {With .!^r<frj. )— Mealed
powder, i oz.; saltpetre, i oz.; camphor, 2 oz,
— Colored Stars. — May be made by using any
of the receipts for colored fires, with a solutioa
of isinglass, ^ oz.; camphor, % oz.; alcohd,
% oz. M;dce into balls of the requisite si^
roll in gunpowder, dry in the sun. — Roman
Candles. — Meal-powder, % lb.; saltpetre, 2%
lbs.; sulphur, glass dust, each, X lb. lliis is
rammed in cases as follows : Put at the bottom
of the case a small quantity of clay, then some

unpowder, then a wad of paper, then )4 of the
eight of the case of the composition, then a
wad and powder and a star or ball, then more
composition, and so on till the case is filled.
The wads must be loose (only to prevent tfie
mixing of the composition and gunpowder), and
the ramming should not be begun until the case
is % filled, and then should be gentle lest the
stars be broken. — Chinese Fin. — (^ri/.)— Salt-
petre, I lb.; sulphur, 3 oz.; charcoal, 4 oz.; iron
sand, 7 oz.^W^<4(y^.)— -Saltpetre, I lb.; mealed
powder, 12 oz.; charcoal, ^}4 oz.; iron sand,
fine, II oz.'^Golden Rain. — Mealed powder, 4
oz.; saltpetre, I lb.; sulphur, 4 oz.; brass fil-
ings, I oz.; sawdust, 2j^ oz.; glass powder, 6
drs. — Silver Rain. — Mealed powder, 2 oz.; salt-
petre, 4 oz.; sulphur, I oz.; steel-dust, ^ nz.
— Wheel Cases. — Mealed powder, 2 1b«.; salt-
petre, 4 oz.; steel filing, ft oz. — For Rockets. —
\Four-Ounee.) — Mealed powder, I lb.; charcoal,
I oa.; saltpetie^4os.—(^f;fA/-OMi^r.)— Mealed

Ki

MISCELLANEO VS,

powdcff I lb. I CM.; saltpetre, 4 01.; sulphur,
3Jti or.; charcoal, i oz. — (pm-Pound.') — Mealed
powder, 1 lb,; charcoal, 3 oz.; sulphur, 1 0£.

FLOCR, PATENT, To j/j^v. — Patent
Flour for bread making has enjoyed a certain
degree of popularity for obtaining bread without
the necessary dclaj^ of fcrnnentation. Some of
the many devices for this purpose, it is alleged.
produce very satisfactory results both in point
of economy and for the quality of the food when
served up on the (able. In Kngland there is a
flour known as Jones' Patent rlour. which is
bi^Iy approved for the excellence of the bread
yields, and the readiness with which it can be
[dnployeiL The directions for proceeding with
it are after the following fashion : —

I'Tike Kiln-dried Flour I cwt.

Tartaric acid 10^ ounces.

well, and after a few days add of

Bicarbonate of soda 13 ounces.

Lump sugar % pound.

Common salt 1)5 '•

[ Unite the whole by pasiiing through a sieve. It
fis important that all of the ingredients be pcr-
" ly dry, and reduced, separately, to a very
^fixit powder. Simply mixing this flour with cold
Iter, and baking at once, you will have a light,
>rou5, and a fine-flavored biscuit or loaf. The
chief advantage, however, is the extemporaneous
factUtv with which bread may be prepared from
it without the loss of time caused by "setting a
'jponee,'* and the final uncertainly of having it
[free from heaviness or acidity, "fliough it may
slightly irrelevant to the question atx>ut flour,
vrc will just subjoin to the foregoing remarks,
'that in brcad-maxiug a ponnd of best thoroughly
SJried flour will need about nine fluid ounces of
r to make it into good dough fit for baking,
flksing fresh baker's bread we eat more water
Is usually susoected. The bread may have
Indeed full weight, out then too much of it comes
^from the well. A great fault of the bread of this
ity is that it never is more than half enough
Tcooked. It is like a sponge soaked with water.
fAs food it is detestable. There is frequently,
we are sure, in the bread on the breakfast uble
rhich has but just been hurried from the baker's
[oven, at least one-fourth of its weight of water,
nt is literally water-logged, and is in such a state
that it can be quickly formed into a bolus in the
tnouth without the nid of saliva. Thus it falls
like a stone into the stomach, and this much-
abused organ is needlessly worried for many
1 hours before the food is reduced to a fit condition
^Llbr the last change into blood. All starchy food
^uhould undergo prciKiration in the mouth, bv
^Bt»eing mixed with saliva in the process of masti-
^■cation, fur its ready and perfect transformation
^■when it shall come under the influence of tl»e
gastric fluid. Water-soaked bread or half-dls-
HI solved rice is therefore in most unsuitable condi-
^Ktion for making wholesome and easily digested
^■alimenL The rule for cooking starchy (bod
^-»hould be to have it subject to the fire until most
of the water is driven away, so that the fluid of

I the muuth will be necessary to incorporate the
KMss into a proper ball which can be swallowed
^thout the danger of choking.
/•'LOWERS, To OStairt rrvm Bu/fious A'm>/s

[poC till it is rather more than half full ; fill up
ritb good earth ; plant your bulbs in the usoal

manner; keep the earth slightly damp. The heat
given out by the lime will rise through tlie earth,
which will temper Its fierceness ; and in this
manner beautiful flowers may be obtained at any
£ca*>on.

FtOlVERS, To Obtain Fre$h'Blawn in
WtntfT. — Choose some of the most perfect budu
of the flowers you M'ould preserve, such as are
latest in blowing and ready to open; cut them
ofl"with a pair of scissors, leaving to each, if pos-
sible, a piece of stem about three inches long;
cover the end of the stem immediately with scal-
ing w-ox, and when the buds are a little shrunk
and wrinkled, wrap each of them up separately
in a piece of paper, perfectly dean and nry, and
lock them up in a dry box or drawer ; and they
will keep without corrupting. In winter, or at
any lime when you would have the flowers blow,
take the buds at night and cut off" the end of the
stem scaled with wax, and put the buds into
water wherein a little nitre or salt has Ixren dif-
fused, and the next day you will have the pleas-
ure of seeing the buds open and expanding them-
selves, and the flowers diiplay their most lively
colors ajtd breathe their agreeable odors.

FOSSILS, Tfl Prrsfrxf thf Form ^/".—Fossils
are often so friable that they fall to pieces on the
slightest handling. To make such remains
coherent saturate them in a solution of silicate
of potash.

FVRS-ACES, Prevmiicn of Smokt m.— The
theory of the prevention of smoke is very simple;
it is only necessary to secure the burning of the
gases,in<iiead ofletiing them escape, unconsumed,
up the chimney; and in every invention which has
yet been brought forward, the object sought to be
achieved is the passage of the products of the
newly supplied coal over that which is already a
bright red. One class of inventors has cndeav-
ored to accomplish this by turning Ihc gases
back with a deflector placed behind the hre; an-
other has employed two furnaces, and fed them
alternately; and the third has supplied additional
fresh air so as to mix with the deleterious gases,
and iadlitale their burning to an incandescent
mass. Now, alt these automatic arrangements
are rendered unnecessary if the stoker exercises
ordinary care. All he has to do is to well push
back the red hot coals in the furnace, and feed
the fresh coal near the mouth; and, consequently,
manufacturing companies have found that they
only had to give the men two shillings extra u|K>n
thetr week's pay if they avoided m.'uing smoke,
and fine them one shilling if they made smoke,
to insure an entire absence of the nuisance, and
increased economy in the use of coal — an import,
ant consideration, especially in cases where large
quantities are used,

FURNITURE, FufwiM/rf.— This may be
finished so as to look coual to the best French
poli&he<I woo<l. in the following manner: Take
two ounces of tnpoli, powdered ; put it into an
earthen pot, with just enough water to cover it;
then take a piece of while flannel, lav it over a
piece of cork or rubber, and proceed to polish
the varnish, always wetting it with the tripoH
water. It will be known when the proces* is
finished by Wiping a part of the work with a
sponge, and observing whether there is a fair,
even gloss. When tliii is the case, take a hit
of mutton saci and fine flour, and clean the wotrlc
The al*oYe process is suilabW Vo Q.>bftx -manw^*^
surfaces.

4

^

IkM

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS,

ioo25!5%) (Oj!!«?*io r.t!!?!??!©

(0 000

1.000

)O0£ACH

CAS METER, ToRead.—Tht figures on Ihc
index nt the rij'hl han*l denote even hundreds.
When the hnno cnmpleirs ihc entire circle it
denoles ten hundred* and is registered by the
hand in the centre circle, pointing lo one — each
figure in the centre circle beintja thousand — this
entire circle being ten thousami; and is registered
t>n the index of Uie left hand circle by the h.'\nd,
there denoting by each figure, ten thousand.

The (quantity of gas which passes through the
meter, u ascertained by reading from the inden
at tlie time the amount is required to be known,
end deducting therefrom the quantity shown by
lite index nt a previous ol^icrvation.
If the whole is rcgistere<l by the hands on

the three circles aliove, it indicates. , . .49,900
Amount at previous observation, &s shown

by the dotted luics ., 43i5oa

Shows amount which passed through since

but takenoff 7.400

The register at all limes shows tlie tjuantity
Ihat has passed through since the meter was first
set, by deducting from which the amount that
has been paid for (without any regard lo the
time when), shows that the difference remains
unpaid.

tfWi^-^/^^'^^^^^.— The following arc those
in common use:

Ifatru'in^. — This has asuigle tbt at the top of
the burner. It is very steady j does not change
itit form under any pressure. U is, tliercfore,
used in street lamps. It is not* however, ccono*
mical.

EitA-fni/, — This form is generally used in
houses ; it has two openings in the top, from
which the jets of gas issue and form a flat flame,
the pbne of which i» at right angles to that of
the opetiings. When the pressure is too great
the flaine elongates and sings thus calHng atlen-
liou to the waste. It is an economical burner,
hut flickers. This unsteadiness is trying to the
eyes, and the fish-tail should never be used to
read or write by.

ArgnnJ. — These tie the steadiest and most
-CcononiicaJ hurnets, but require a chimney. The
•as is allowed lo escape by a ring of holes, and
tbe air is admitted both inside nnd outside of
this ring. In the patent Argand the outer ring
of air passes through a series of small openings,
and the inner ring is deflected into the name by
A button; it requires a swelled chimney. By
cutting ofl* the button a steadier light is obtained,
and the ea.>nomy is nearly the bame; slrai;;ht
chimneys are more easily obtained than the
others. The best flint-glass chironevs are in the
end the cheapest; great loss of lignt ensues if
nrc not kept clean. Hut putting a chimney
ito hydi ant-water, and gradually heating it, it
tnny l>c cleaned safely; paper gives the best
finhh. The larger the burner Uie greater the
relative ew^nomy.
GAS, To Avoid H^ask «/— Tuni i\it ^

partly off at the meter ; mudi gas 1^

waste by too gmU pressure in cei •
In builain^s of any sife a good :
soon pay lor itself.

GASf Tfsts fcr Impurities in.-
Ifydrifpcn. Dissolve a small quan'
ol lead, commonly called sugar of !^
ed or rain water, until tlie miMur<
t ' nf cream; dip into

- r, which hold a minut
I ;. ;.. ... ^,1. (unlightet! ^- if |i.^
discolored, the gas ma;^
if a brown stain be nui
die purifiers should be tenewed.
detect the presence of sulphureted h]
gas. if It cuntnin one part in 20,000.

t 'reparation of lead is an active poison* it
>c used with caution, nn^

of nitrate of silver and

delicate lest than the ul- «■

cither litmus pfli>cr or yti;

reddened by vinegar, or any •

a jet of gas, as above; if tin

litmus pa[>cr return, or the t-

pa]>cr deepen to a brown, t j,

proportionate amount of ai:

Aad, This may be detected -i

impregnnled with the gas o !.

phuric add, when minute sir 1 ,c

acid gas will be rapirl!'; '

test Is to pass the gas th.

barytes in the blue tin- ; ., .;

carbonic acid b9 present, carbonate of b>iryfei

will be precipiti(e<l. — Atmorfhrrir Ai^. The

presence of- y

deleclCTl by « 7

mercury, and iwt .,

of caustic j>otass.-i.

of a solution ff 1 ,^

assume a blood red hue, oKygcn, 1.:

presence of atmospheric olr, u mi> r

gas. — Biiulphidf of CurKm. hy v

means of an ordinary blowpdpe, •■ i

coal ^, for about a mini"-- ■•". • ■ ■ r

containing a little acid .

phate of barvta is form* - ^

sulphur in the gas ihu^jiroveii.

CAS {LaugMimg), To Afakf. — H»»l p*n
in a flask or retort, nitrnt.- "
adding carbonate of nm-

no more gas comes off). _

lu stand some time over water before
breathed.

GAS. TAPS, Tif Su^fi fn
Many people are antiovea l>y 1,

of taps, ciusin^ offensiv (-.i ■ , ;,
health in the apannient^i wli-.:- ;! . \ ,r - ]
and also inciea=ing their 1 ill.. I- Tr,:.-.'
they moT easily remedy the evi! v iV, .m
for a plumber or gas-fitlrr. • ,,

should turn ofl'lhe gas 1\
take out (a screw driver j

the plug. Next lipV' -
c:in']lc, and drop \'--
rafiine upon the sum
vered with a thin layer,
and in nineca^e? out of r: .

rV).— The cTyittls of

"' Mhcir AnoowTcrl-

r aad dUtMe f^

)i. ;- trmtm^; thr ^*

A with CK/ncentrfttcd suJpihur%e acid ftl M^

jm

^H

MISCELLANEOUS,

% substance named c<5nLleia is obtained. This
ditwlved in aniline forms a rich indigo blue, and
with alkalies it gives a fine green, while, if mor-
danted with iron compounds, a fine brown is
imparted to the goodji. The^e colore are readily
imparted to cloth, and are of considerable per-
manence, resisting the action of soap.

GEARING and PULLEYS^ Ta CompuU
the Spted */*.— The following simple role for
calculating tnc speed of gearmg or pulleys is,
doubtlcs!^, in familiar use by many mechanics.
We give il, however, for the convenience of those
of our r*a«1ers who may not happen to be ac-
qu.iintc(l with it. and who have found the need,
in practice, of a unifonn rule, applying to nil
cases. To find the speed of a driven wtieei, when
the number of teeth of both wheels and the num-
ber of revolutions of the driving-wheel are piven:
Multiply the number of teetn of the dnving-
wheel by the number of its revolutions ; divide
its product by the number of teclh of the driven
whe^I, and tlie quotient will be (he number of
icvolutions of the dri\-cn wheel. For examnle:
an So-cog spur-wheel on a water-wheel xnaft
making 85 revolutions per minute, and driving
* 34-ci>g pinion ; lo find the speed of tlic pinion,
multiply 80, the numbcr^f cogs of the driving-
wheel, bv 85, the number of revolutions, xnd the
product IS 6800. Divide this product by 34, the
number of cogs in the pinion or driven wheel,
itnd the quotient is aoo, the number of revolu-
tions of the pinion iier minute. To reverse the
rnlc : Tlic number of teeth and number of revo-
lutions of the driving-wheel and the number of
revolutions of the driven wheel being given, to
find the number of teeth of the driven wheel.
In the case above supposctl, multiply 80 (number
of cogs of spur-wheel) by 85, (number of iu re-
vntulions) and divide the product, 6&00, by 200,
the numlKrr of revolutions of the pinion ocr min-
ute; the quoUcnt, 34, is the number of teeth of
the pinion or driven wheel. In calculating the
speed of puUeys, the same rule is adopted, ex-
cept that the diameter of the wheel or pulley is
«sed in place of the number of teeth. The sp<ed
of the driv-ing wheel being multiplied by its dia-
meter, the product is divided by the diameter of
the driven pulley, and the Quotient is the num-
ber of revolutions of the pulley ; or if the same
product be divided by the number of rcvolulions
of the pulley, the quotient will be the diameter
of the puller.

GERANIUMS, To Pretcrvc During Win-

i>r-— Take the plants to be preserved out of

I their pots trim off the leaves and outer branches,

K and tnen take off all the «oil from the roots, tic

B them up in bunches, and han^ them, roots up-

^^gmrd. in a dark, dry cupU^ard, loft, or cellar,

^■Kere no frnst can touch them. In the spring

^tting Ihem out, and having well cleaned your

poti ini^ide amd out, rc-pot them in some good

comport.

GINGER, Tincture p/!— Take of ginger, in
coarse nowdtrr, 3 ounces ; proof spirits, 2 pints.
Dice»t >n a gcnde heat for 7 days, and strain.
Thu tincture is cordial and stimulant, and is
generally employed as a corrcclive lo purgative
draughts.

GILDERS' Cii/A.— Rabbit-skim are cut
into thin strips like vermicelli, and subjected in
A vessel tn a Uih of boiling water. They are
then prmred into a kind of basket, pierced at the
bottom like a cullender; the &kin remains at the

I

bottom, and the juice flows into a reservoir
placed underneath. A solution of sulphate of
line with alum, in pure water in cbuuiupn, is
then made separately, consisting of ab^pt 100
grammes of the sulphate to 35 of ihe ali^Bb This
solution is poured on the yet warm iui(!toDf Ihe
%kin in the reservoir, and well misal together.
The juice is then passed through a strainer, and
from thence into a rectangular box, of the form
of soap-bars. In this box the juice coagulates
in alxMit 24 hours in winter and 48 hours in
summer. Then with n sharp mstrumcnt the
coagulated bar is dctach€^d from the box, cut *
transversely in two lengths, and each half bar is
placed in a receptacle where it is submitted to
the action of several cutters, which form it into
thin sheets. These sheets arc extended on
strings to dry in the open air, or in an oven, ac-
cording to the season. The siic of thei^e sheets
of skin glue is about two inches, and their color
very light chestnut, the traces of the strings and
knots appearing lozenge-shaped upon them.

Gr^SS0rCIIINA,ToPaek.^?ixKMxciOsac
soft straw or hav lo pack them in, and if they
are to be sent a long way, and are heavy, the
hay or straw should be a little damp, which will
prevent them slipping about. Let the Ur^t
and heaviest things ^ always put undermost,
in (he box or hamper. Let there he plenty of
straw, and pack the articles tight ; but never at-
tempt to pack un glass or china which If of much
consequence, till it has been seen done by some
one used to the job. The cxpcn»e will be but
trifling to have a person to do it vho under-
stands it, and the loss may be^ol if aruclcs
of such value arc pocked up in an improper
manner. ;

GLASS (GivHnil) Ste^flf, Ta Ijusen.—HcAA
the hand around the neck of the bottle, la or 15
seconds, until its warmth expanik the glass of
the bottle — when the stopple will move easily.
If it does not, try a higher heat by the aid of^a
rag dipped in hot water and wrapped around the
neck of the bottle for a minute or so. Another
way is tn hold the neck of the bottle, cautiously
turning it, so as not to expose any [»rt to much
or too sodden a heat, near or over a gas jet or
heat from a lamp.

GLASS, To Plntinixe, — Pour rosemary oil
upon t]»e dry chloride of platinum in • porcelain
dish, and knead it well until all pirts are moist-
ened; then rub this up with five times its weight
of lavender oil, and leave the Uquid a short Uine
to clarify. The objects to be platinized arc to
be thinly coated with the altove preparation and
afterwards heated for a few minutes in a mufHc
or over a Bunscn burner.

CLASSt T0 Write CT Draw OH. — TTic process
of writing or drawing on glass cm l>c none by
procuring some French chalk ; place the glass
on a table, and while breathing on it, write with
the chalk, after that wipe it with a damp cloth \
when dry the drawing will disaji|»ear; breathe
on it agam and it will return.

GLAZING < tV««tf«), Ear Eat fAtnniaiv. —
Take of white Mnd. 40 lbs.; red lca>l, to Ibt.;
pc«rlash» 20 Ibi.; common salt. 12 Ibx. I'nwOer
this sand bv grindiof before it lie mixed with
the other ingredients, and then grind tbetn
together, after which, cAlcine ihem for sortc
time with a mo«Icrntc heat, which must l»c le\i
than will make ihem melt ai|d run to %^3aa.\ <!»A.
when \he in\ix\»% a v^ 15^^3cA.^9. >» \««^«=i

dutta

J

474

DTCTIOMAnV OP EVERY-DAY WANTS.

flgtiin, nnd, when wanted, temper it with water
and it will then be fit for use.

The proportions of these ingredients may be
varied occn '■■ -" - r r. where the (jls/ing Cftii
be fluxed with a very strong fire,

the quantity . ly be incrcftsed to 60 or 70

Ibs.^ which'not only renders tlic glazing stronger,
but mnkcs a saving in the expense. The pro-
portion of pearlftshes may likewise l>c dimin.shed,
or they may be wholly omitted where the ware
is designed for very coar>e purposes, and not
for domestic uses, where the lead is very im-
proper, being extremely apt to be corroded by
acios, and to produce a very unw*holesome sub-
stance. On this account, where good manufactories
L^e established, the lead ought to be excluded
[from the comiwsititm of the glaxings, and other
fluxes used in its stead, as in the loUowing:

GLAZINO {, Transparenf)t For Earthntivorr.
— Take of white sand, 40 lbs.; of pcarlasb» 21
Xhi.; and of common salt^ 15 lbs. Calcine, and
proceed as above.

Where the expense is no object, this glazing
may be improved by adding 1 or 2 lbs. oiDorax,
antl diminiiliing the pearlasn in the proportion of
6 lbs. for I lb. of borax added, or 10 lbs. for 2;
in the latter case, 2 lbs. of salt may be also kept
out of the comp-isition. The reason for this
change is, that if the composition contain so brgc

proportion of salt, and the glazing be not
Ffluxea for a long time after it is laid on the ware,
it will be apt to be dissolved by boding water,
and peel off, if it be exposed to the action of it
for any long time.

yimtfAer. — ^Takcof sand,4olb5.; ofwood-ashes,
perfectly burnt, 50 lbs.; of pearlash, 10 lbs.; of
common salt, 12 lbs.

This will make an admirable glazing, where
the as-hes ore pure, and a strong fire can be ^ven
to flux it when Imd on the ware. It will be
pcrrcctly free from the imperfection of the above,
and win be very hard ana glossy, and where the
expense can be afforded, it may be made more
yielding to the fire by the addition of borax, in
rhich case no alteration need be made in the
^proportion of the other ingredients.

GLAZING^ Fine ^/u^.^TstVc of red lead, i
lb.; powdered flints, 2 lbs.; common salU 2 lbs.;
tartar, I lb. Calcine till it is almost white.
While flint-glass, ^-i lb., and xaffre, >i lb. Fuse
the whole mixture, and quench the meltetl mass
in water. Repeat the same operation several
times. The same proceeding must be adhered
to in all the compositions where the tartar enters,
otherwise they would be too much charged with
salt, and the color would not prove fine. It is
propcr.moreovcr.tocalcinethemixliirc gently day
and night, for 48 hours, in a glass-house furnace.

AHothcr. — Take I lb. of tartar, V lb. of red
lead, % 07. of zof&e, and V lb. of powdered
flinis. Fuse the whole, ana proceed in the
manner stated above.

GLAZING, Grtm {To be Laid on a White
Ground,^ — Take of calcined copper 1 part, and
2 parts of any of the common yellow glazings.
Fuse them twice, but when the composition is
usett it must not be laid on too thick, for that
would render the color too deep.

GLAZING^ Lem<m'Cohrea. — Take of red

lead, 3 parts; of powdered bricks, very red, 3*4

jiarts ; and of nnliinony, I part. Calcine the

mixiMXC day and night, foi the sjrace of 4 d.iys,

io iht ash-hole of a gUss>ho\u»e funocc. Ur^

The same ail
innfltT wherei

1 lci.3.

it at last to fusion, and it will produce a rny
fine lemon-colored glazing.

The success of this operation depcndi
oa the fineness of the color of r*: ^
powdered. Those which ar-.
verv brittle, are the best; but '
will not at all answer the end.
tion should be paid to this
bricks arc tiwcti in this kind of

GLAZING, Li^kt YeiUnv.-
4 ports; ofanlimoii- -;■>-.- ..-„.[

the calxes of lead ; -:

the masticot for -si ; ■ . - • ^ : 1

glass, 3 paiti.

When the red lead and calx of tin are used,
the proportion of the ingredients will be of red
lead, 10 parts ; of antimony and ghss, each, 3
parts ; and of calcined tin, 2 parts.

GLAZING, ;'Ht/^/-i?/«/.— ral;e 12 narts
tartar and an equal quantity of flints ana <afli
Proceed as with the above. — Another. — '
oz. of tartar, 2 oz, of red lead. 5 ox. of po
flints, and }i dr. of magnesia. Proceed as *iili
the above.

GOLDBEATERS SA'/N—^^ .,.....>,..i \
extending the peritoneal mer.
cum, and washing thc^, first 1,

and then with a solution of alum, aad oflciWiudB
with a solution of isinglass and spices.

GRASS, To Crystallite. — nnvine lecuted
the gross during the summer and fall montlu.
and dried it in a dark room, procure one-half
pint of white spirit varnish, and l oz. of white
frosting; dip the blades of grass into the varnish
separately; and immediately sprinkle on the
powdered frosting; then put it away cmfuUy to
dry.

GRASS, To Prevent Growim^ in a 7\nvrf
Yard, — Pour boiling water over the slcmcs
whenever the grass shows itself.

GREENHOVSE.vr Ccnten-ati^, T:>Mt^hr.
— The depth of green-houses r

greater than their height in td
small or middling houses nu\ 1 '. shilcu *.if
eighteen feet, but in large ones frum tireoty to
twenty-four feel; and the length of the viodows
should reach from about one foot and • half
above the pavement, and within the same di»*
lance of the ceiling.

The floor of the green-house, which should be

laid either with Bremen 5;p" •-- i>...i-- 1 -.^^

or flat tiles, must be m; e

surface of the adjoining t;

tion be damp, at least Utiec iccl ; and \i 1

whole is arched with low brick mvlu* tind^fr t

floor, they will be of great scrK ;

damp; and under the floor, a^

the front, it will be verv ^h

flue of ten inches wide, .

should be carried the wIm

and then returned back along ih*

and there be carried up into funneU

the lool-hou^e. by wliich the

carried off. The fire-place m;

one end of the house, ami f**- ,. .

fuel is put in, as also thtr
Irived to open into the 1

Whilst ihe front
south, one of the v.
southeast, and iht >
disposition the heu'
one part of ihe built „
(he front of the nuun grrcQ-licnuc u fiiudrl

may b« cna<

MfSCELLANEOUS.

I

^

\

from ihe cald winds. These two wings majrbe
so contrived u to nuiintain plants of different
degrees of hardiness, which may be easily effect-
ed by the Siituation and extent of the hrc-place,
and the manner of conducting the flues.

The stoning glasses of the&e hou&es should be
made to slide and take off, so that they may be
drawn down more or less in warm weather to
admit sir to the plants; and the upright glasses
in the front may be so contrived as that every
other may open as a door ujMn hinges, and the
alternate glasses may be divided inio two; the
upper part of each should l>e so contrived as to
be drawn down hkc a sash, so that either of
them may be used to admit air in a greater or
leis quantity, as there may be occasion. As to
the management of plants in a ^een-house,
open the mould about them from time to time,
and sprinkle a little fresh mould in them, and a
little warm dung on that; also water them when
the leaves begin lo wither and curl, and not
oOeocr, which would make them fade and Ire
sickly; and takeoff such leaves as wither and
grow dry.

GRIADSTOA'ES, Arfi/ina/.—Wxihed silice-
ous sand 3 parts ; shellac i part ; mel:, and form
it into the proper shape while warm. The fine-
ness of the sand must depend on the work the
stone is intended for. Powdered emery may be
substituted for sand. The same composition is
formed ujwn pieces of wood, for the purpose of
sbirpcning knives, and cutting stones, shells, etc

GJi/XDSrOX£S, Uu ^.— The periphery
of every grindstone on which edge-tools are
ground should run as true as the dressed surface
of a millstone, as it is impracticable to grind a
tool corrcclly on a smne that revolves with on
uneven motion. If the periphery ofa stone varies
half an incli in each revolution, the most ex-
peditious way to put it in order is to loosen the
wedges with which it is keyed to the journid,
and rchang it. Then secure the bearings of tlie
journal, so that they cannot be easily lifted out
of the boxes, and turn the periphery off true and
smooth. Let a Ann rest be nxed close to the
periphery before attempting to turn off the
prominent portions, "nje rest must be solid
with the surface close to the stone, so that when
the turning instrument comes in contact witii the
stone, it will remove a thin chip without spring-
iug away from the stone. Stone-turners uways
employ for a turning-tool the end of a bar of
very soft iron, drawn out to a point, and turned
vp at the end for gouging. A piece of soft iron
is far more effective than steel.

It is recommended lo tar the center of grind-
Stones, in order to compel those who grind upon
them, to grind on the edges, forming a raised
center, which gives a better opportunity to put
jiCO»>d etige on a tool, than a level surface docs.
The ring of tor should be quite narrow, and all
uho grind ate compelled to use the edges of the
stone, as they cannot grind where the tar is.
Thi» remedy should be tried where Cinn hands
will not heed your request to wear ilie stone off
the edees.

GUN COTTON,~}\\x thr« parts of sul-
phnric acid, spec grav., 1.85, with one part of
nitric acid, spec, grav., 1.4c to 1. 50; and when
the mixture cools down to between 50*^ and 60"
Fahr., clean rough cotton, in an open state, ia
dipped in it; let soak, then pour uff the excess
of Bcid, and press the cotton tightlv to remove

as much as possible of what remains. Then
cover the cotton and let stand for half an hour;
press again, and thoroughly wash in running
water. Partially dry it by pressure, then wash
in a solution made By dissolving one ounce of
carbonate of potash in a gallon <» water. Press
again, so that the cotton will be nearly dry;
then wash in a solution of pure nitrate of potash,
one ounce to the gallon of water, and again
press, after which dry at a temperature of from
tqo^ lo 170*. Its projectile force is equal to
about twice its weight of the best gun^xiwder,
and on account of its quickness of action, can
hardly be used with safety.

GUXPOVVD£/i,~Gy\Ti^tyK^€t is made by
carefully grinding and mixing 75 parts willow or
birch cnarcoal, 15 parts saltpetre and 10 parts
brimstone.

A cheap gunpowder in which charcoal is re-
placed by common glue is thus prepared: Tb*
glue or gelatin is first soaked in colu water, and
then heated in diluted nitric aCid until it dis-
solves. It is next evaporated to dryatts, rc-dis-
solved in water, and then carlwnaie of baryta is
added to neutraUie the acid. The solution is
again evaporated, one part of sul[-)hnr and six
parts of mtrate of potash for every two parts of
glue being incorporated as the evaporation pro-
ceeds. This gives a slow burning powder which
may be rendered more eiiergclK; fcy replacing
nitrate by chlorate of potash.

GUTTA-FKHCIIA {Pure WkiU), Prrpnnu
tion of. — This substance is now much used in
dentistry and for other purposes ; and as differ-
ent quauiics, some of them verv inferior, are in
the market, many of our professional readers
may thank us for the details of a simple process
for manufacturing it. Four ounces of the purest
gutta-percha that can be selected are lo oe di-
gcsteo for several days with five pounds methyl
chloroform until a solution is obtained thin en-
ough lo pass through filtering paper, care being
taken during the operation to prevent any loss
of the chloroform by using the apparatus con-
structed for that purpose. The solution is then
to be filtered (an additiorud pound of chloroform
will facilitate this), and should then be clear
and nearly colorless. Alcohol is now to be add-
ed in sufficient quantity to predpilaie the gutta-
percha in a voluminous white mass, which then
ts to be washed with alcohol, pressed in a cloth*
and dried in the air. It must finallv be boiled
in water in a porcelain vessel for half an hour,
and while stdl hot rolled into sticks. The
chloroform can be separated from the alcohol
by adding water, and the alcohol recovered bj
distillation.

GUTTAPERCHAandRUBBER,T<>Vtiliu
the Waste of. — The waste is cut into small pieces,
and loo pounds of the same are placed in a well-
dosed boiler, with 10 pounds of bisulphide of
carbon and 4 ounces absolute alcohol, well
stirred; then the boiler is closed, and left a few
hours to soak. After this time it is found to be
changed into a soft, dough-like mass, which,
after oeing ground or kneaded, is fit to be formed
into any shape, when the solvent will evaporate.
If too much of the latter has been used, a thick,
unmanageable liquid is obtained. This process
was patenletl in Lngland some sixteen years ago.

HARNESS, Varniik hr.— W^i a pound
India rubber, one gallon of spirits of turven*wt\
dissolve b^ t. U\s3Lc \«iX V» TOail«.'«.N3D&a V^-\,

476

mCTIONARY OP EVERY'DAY li^AXTS,

then take equal quantities of hot linseed oil and
above mixture, and mcorporstle them well on a.
slow fire.

JfA TS iP.tTtamn), /fi^uf Maiif.—Thc process
of making I'anama haii is as follows: — The
leaves of tlie jh.irulatnu», or Seren pine, from
winch thcie hats arc made, arc gathered before
llipy unfuM, iJie rAis and coai&cr veins aie re-
t.L ,1 ihc rest, without l>eing separated

!; 'C wf the leaf, is rcduted to shreds.

.\... ..^ been put in the sun for a day and

tied into a knot, the ktraw is immersed in boiling
water until it becomes white. It is then hung
up in a sliaJy place, and subsequently bleached
for two or three days, al\cr which the straw is
ready for use. The plaiting of the straw com-
mences at the crown and finishes at the brim,
and is a very troublesome 0|>erAlion. The hats
arc mode on a block placed on the knee^, and
require to be constantly pressed with (be biout.
The coarser hat may be finished in two or three
dav-s but the finest may require as many months.

UARP {.'Eoiian), To Makt.—Oi very thin
cedar, pine, or other soft wood make a box 5 or
6 inches deep, 7 or 8 inches wide, and of a Icn^h
just equal to the width of the window in which
u is to be placed. Across the top» near each end,
glue a strip of wood half an Inch high and a
quarter of an inch thick, for bridges. Into the
ends of the box insert wooden pins, like those of
a vioUn, 10 wind the strings around, two pins in
each end. Make a sound-hole in the middle of
the top, and string the box with small catgut,
or blue first'tiddle strings. Fastening one end
of each string to a mclollic pin in one end of
the box, and carrying it over the bridges, wind it
around the turning- pin in the oniwsitc end of the
box. The ends of the box should be increased in
thickness where the wooden pins enter, by apiece
of wood glued upon the inside. Tune the strings
in unison and place the box in the window. It is
better to have four strings, oi described, but a
harp with a single string produces an exceedingly
sweet melody of notes, which vary with the force
of the wind.

NANG/NG BASKET, A>iv/.- Procure a
large -siied turnip and scrape out the inside,
leaving a prcttv thick wall all around; fill the
cavity with eartn, and plant in it some clinging
vine or morning-clory. Suspend the turnip with
cords, and in a liiile lime the vines will twine
nround the strings, and the turnip sproutiiig from
below wUl put forth leaves and stems that will
torn upwonis and curl gracefully around the
base.

HONEY {Artifiriai), To Afatr.—T. Take
5 pounds good common sugar, a pounds of wa-
ter, gradually bring to a boil, skimming well ;
when cool add i pound bees' honey and 4 drops
of ^pperminL. lif you desire a belter article use
white sugar and ^pound less water, and one-
half pound more honey. — 2. Good brown sugar
10 lbs.; water 1 qt.: old bee bread honey in uie
comb 3 Ibv; cream of tartar i tea-spocifi; gum
Arabic I oz.; oil of pepj)crmint 3 drops; od of
rose 3 drops. Mix and boil 2 or 3 minutes and
have ready 1 qt. more of water in which an egg
is T)ul well l)cat up; pour it in, and as it begins
tol>oil, skim well, remove from the fire, and
when a Utile cool, add 2 lbs. of nice bees' lioney,
and strwn. — j. Coffee sugar to lbs.; water 3 lbs.;
creain of tartar a or.; strong vincgnr 2 table>
fpooju; the white of i cgj; vreUbaucu*, boc&'

honey % lb.; Lubin's extract of httnetiwurkle iq

til

drops. First put

sttit&blc kettle and

tuke-warm stir in tl ■ ^ ■

gar; then continue

the sugar is nearly m

stir until it comes tu & boil, uLc

stand a few minutes, then strain, ad'<

tract of honeysuckle last, let stand i-scc n\z\

and it is roany for use. — 4. Take 10 |]oun<b

Havana sugar. 4 potnuk ..f u.^r^r .1.-, I'lr-.tm

cream tartar, 10 dr- 1. aj

3 pounds of honey . .:3t

the water over a slow fitc, .-vu-l

ariHng therefrom. Then dis$(M

tar in a bttic warm wmtcr, an-'

stirring: then add the honey, li

point ; then add the essence of

tor a few minuter, and let it

when it will be ready for use.

lbs. of coarse su^ar in 3 quarts ol warm »;

stir into il onc-filih of an ounce of ctcaro of 1

tar dissolved in a litde ^

six pounds of good houf. ^

ful of essence of peppcrt ih<r wholfi

slowly, twelve minutes, slirnr,

HONEY, Liquid.— Tm\ \^^ -^ 'he

purest white sugai in as much I

dissolve il ; lake one pound - c

clover honey — any honey of g
swer — and add it warm lo ihc - v

stirring together. As refined I .:

and inodorous sweet, one p<M I

give its flavor to two pounas • <&

compound will be Iree from \\\ r

that pure honey often has, v

agree with those who cannot c; ...w ....>-., T,..ii
impunity. Any desired flavor can be add^
10 IL

HORN AND TORTO/SJ
ufachtre ef. — .-Mmost the only \. \

arc the subject of manufacture .u^.- '
bull and cow, and the hoofs of iht ;

the horns of the bullock bein;' '' i

very coarse texture, are used ' i

ordinary purjMses. Our donu -t

no means equal to the demar t

quantities are imported from c

of Good Ho|)e, and Soutl; '

The first process is tli- . of ilic true

horn from the bony core -^ ■ ■■ • \■'t•^\\<^. \

for this purpose the entire hoi I

in water for a month or six w t >

ttte temjicrature ; during this

bronc which lies between the t 1

is destroyed by pulrefacti<r -

comes loose and can ea~.

cores ore not thrown av. , ■

ashes, and in this slate form ' \

fur those small tests or cupels <

assayers of gold and silver.

The next process is to ait off with » i«w the
tip of the horn — that is, l^ ■
part — which is used by
bandies, is tumril into i
sundry other purposes. Ihc
horn is left entire or i*! snwn k
according to 1'
Next, U is iit!
an hour, by wt
is held in the !:
care to bring -

of the horn, if frtmi oa uUl aniaoalf ia oaAkaES

ibJ

with the blnze. It is kept here till it acquires
the lemperarure of melting lead or thereabouts,
and in consequence becomes very soft. In thi^
state it is slit lengthwise by a strong pointed
knife, like a pruning-knife, and by means of two
pairs of pincers, applied one to each edge of the
slit, the cylinder is opened nearly flat. These
fiats ore now placed on their edges between
fthemate plates of iron, half an inch thick and
eight inches square, previously heated and greas-
ed, in a strong horixontal iron trough, and
powerfully compressed by meani of wedges
driven in at the ends.

The plates thus obtained are laid one by one
on a board covered with bull's hide, are fastened
down by a wedge, and are then scraped with a
draW'kiiifc having a wire edge turned by means
of a steel rubber; when rrauced to a proper
thickness and sanoothed, they are polished by a
woolen rag dipped in charcoal dust, adding a little
water from time to time, then rubbed with rotten-
stone, and finished with horn shavings. The
longest and thinnest of the fdms cut otTby the
drsw-knife. when dyed and cut into various
figures, are sold under the name of sensitive
Chinese leaves, (being ori^nally brought from
Chiiu. ) which, after exposure to a damp air,
will curl up RS if they were alive when loia on a
warm hand or before the fire.

For combs, the plates of horn should he pres>
sed as Itttte as po<>sible, otherwise the teeth of
the comb will split at the points, l^ey ore
shaped chiefly by means of rasps and scrapers of
Tanous forms, after having been roughed out by
a hatchc* or saw; the tcelh arc cut by a double
sow fixed in a back, the two blades being set to
different depths, so that the first cuts the tooth
only lialf way down, and is followed by the other
which cuts to the full depth; the teeth are then
fibishcd and pointed by triangular rasps. If a
comb or other article is too large to be made out
of one plate o( horn, two or more may be joined
together by the dexterous application of a degree
of heat sufficient to melt but not to decompose
the horn, assisted by a due degree of pressure;
and when well managed, the place of juncture
can not t»e perceived. The Chinese are remark-
ably skillful in this kind of work.

If a work in horn, such as one of the large
combs worn by women, is required to be oia
curved or wavy figure, it is finished flat, and ii*
then put into boiling water till it becomes soft. !
and is immediately transferred to a die of hard
wood, in which it is cautiously pressed, and
remains there till cold.

Horn combs ornamented with open-work are
not made in this country, because tnc expense of
catting them would be more than the price of the
article would repay ; but great numbers of ihera
are imported from France. T)iesc. however, are
not cut, but pressed in steel dies made in Ijandon
for the French manufacturers; and from an ex-
amination of these combs, it is evident thai the
material must have been in a sof^ stfttCi ap-
proaching to fusion, when put into the die,

Horn sleepe<i for a week in liguor. the active
ingredient of which is caustic fixe<l alkali, be-
comes so soft that it may easily be molded into
any required shape; and shavings subjected to
the same process liecome semi-gelatinous, and
may be pressed in a mold into the form of snuff-
Ixjxcs and other articles. I Corn, however, so
Imtcd, bcoomcs hard and very brittle, probably

in consequence of its lomimited texture beinff
ohliicratcd by the joint action of the alkaU ana
sliong pressure.

Drinking-cups of horn are thus made: Tha
horn toeing sawn to the required length, js scald-
ed and roasted over the fire, as already descrilxd ;
but instead of being slit and opened, is placed
while hot in a conical mold of wood; a corrc-
sponiling plug of wood is then driven hard in,
to bring the horn to shape. Here it remains till
cold, ajid is then token out and fixed V>y (he large
end on the mandrel of a lathe, where it is turned '
and polished both inside and outside, and a
groove, or chine, as the coopers call it, is cut by
a gauge tool withm the small end for receiving
the bottom. The horn is then uken off the Uih«
and laid before the fire, where it expands and
becomes somewhat flexible; around, flat piece
of horn, of the proper size, (cut oat ofapbte
by means of a kind of crown saw, ) is dropped in
and forced down till it rcichcs the chine, and
becomes perfectly fixed in this situation, and
water-tight by the subsequent contraction of the
horn as it cools.

Horn is easily dyed by boiling it in infusions
of various colonng inp^ients, as we see in the
horn lantern<!. made in China. In Furope it is
chiefly colored of a rich red-brown, to imitate
tortoisc-'thell, for combs and inlaid work. The
usual mode of eflecting this is to mix together
pearUsh, quicklime, and litharge, with a sufli-
cient Quantity of water and a little pounded
dragon s blotnl, and boil thrm together for half
an hour. The comiwiund is then to be applied
hot on the parts that are ref|uircd to be colored,
and is to remain on the surface till the color has
struck ; on those parts where a deeper tinge is
required, the composition is to be applied a sec-
ond time.

The Chinese also make bows partly of wood
and partly of buffalo's horn ; but tne best Indian
bows, those, nomely, of Lahore, are made of
horn combined with wood, and strapped round
with sinew.

Horn was also used as we now employ glass
in windows, for which, however, it is not very
well adapted, as plates thin cnoujjli tn be trans-
parent would soon warp, and be cijrroded by
exposure to the weather.

Horns are also of very ancient use as musical
instruments; the true buglc-hom was made of
the horns of the urns, or wild bull, lipped with
Mlvcr, and slung m a chain of the same mate-
rial.

Another use to which horn has Iwen applied
is as a material for defense, omiplele snits of
armor having been mndc Irxim it-

The general mode of manufacturing torloise-
shell is the vame as already described when
treating of horn. It is softenc<l by boiling in
water, tiut mere water takes away much of the
color ; an addition of common salt prevents ibis
injury; but if too strong a brine is used, the
shell will be very brittle. Two or more pieces
<jf tortoise ihcli may be joined by Ikying their
scraped or Ihtn edges together, and then pre»a-
ing them lietwcen hot irons. If, however, the
heat is too great, the colors are much deepened,
so a& to l)ecome almost black, as m the c*i»c with
molded snufl* boxes; for tortoise-shell, being
less fusible than horn, can not l>e made sou
enough to lie molded without sou\c i-Avw.-^ \n ^^
color. Kojcn^ia^'s vXmi xtoavAwXassKv

4

n

478

DICTIONARY OF EVERY^DA Y ITAXTS,

I

Attempt to produce torloUc- shell combs with or^
^namentol open-work by mcauu of dies, but in
>thc follo^vnng manner ;

A paper he'xng pasted over the tortoise-shell,

Ihe pAltcm is drawn on the paper, and is then

cutout by means uf drills and fine 5aw&; the

ipcr is then removed by sleeping in water,

' the surface of the pattern is finished by the

p'ftver.

In making small side combs, it i» fiound worth
while, in order to save a costly nutcrial, to cm-
ploy a machine con.^istlng of a cutter working
straight up and down, and of a bed (on
which the shell is laid) \o which is given a mo-
tion advancing by alternate inclination, first to
one side and then to the other. By this raesn:,
the teeth of the two combs arc cut at [he same
time, those of the one occupying the intervals of
Jfljc other. Such combs arc called parted, ihc
r«iw not being used upon thcm» and are often
made of 5nc stained horn instead of tortnise.
shell. Tortoise-shell is also used for inlaying
tables, cabinets, and other ornamental articles,
a metallic foil being placed below it to give
lustre and color.

For modem uses, thick tortoise-shell is more
valuable in proportion than thin; but among the
Kouians, wIictc it was used only for inlaying,
veneers were cut out of it.

//OA'A\ 7}* Color Black. — A process recent-
ly onnouncctl for imparting a bUcU color to horn,
without llie aid of heat, consists in taking the
tides, fmishcd and ready for polish, and im-
rrsing ihcm in alye of cau&tic potash or soda,
until the outer surface of the horn is somewhat
dis&olved, as shown by n greasy feel. With carr»
fine tooth comlis can Ik treated in this way
without any injury. They arc then washed on
and dipiKvl in aniline black, slowly dried, and
then again washed off. By transmitted light the
horn is of a dai k brown color, but by reflected
light it is of R deep bliick.

HORN, in Iiititation of Tertohe-Skeli. —
First steam and then press tlic horn into proper
shapes, and afterwards lay the following mixture
on with a small bnish, in imitation of the mottle
of tortoise-shell : Take eaual parts of quicklime
and litharge, and mix witn strong soap-Ices; let
this remain until it is thoroughly dry; brush ofT,
and repeat two or three times if necessary.
Such parts as arc required to be of a rcidisn-
brown should be covered witli a mixture of whi-
ting and the stain.

JJORSEy To Break of Paxving. — Nail iron
strips across the horse's stall — say strips one
inch wide and one-half inch thick, six inches
apart, securely nailed crossways his stall — and
they «-iU soon make him sick of pawing, when
he will no doubt find some other way of pssb^ing
away the lime. If he take* to kicking, fallen
the trace chain around his fetlock; if to cribbing,
trade him off and let some one else cure him of
that detestable habit.

I/OR^E.COILARS, and SADDLES, etc.,
IVffoden. — CJalled shoulders and backs are lo no
small extent due to the soft pads and cushions
which are pressed upon the tender skin under
which the muscles play, and upon which great
weight or drauf^ht if, home. The skin ihiclccns
ftr ' ctent, but the softer or

rt}' J saddle, the more liable

IS il.^ .>„ ,-.. . ...^ gxtt. Tlu* \s ticcause

the perspiration is retai&cd, V^c &Uia v3l\exA&

^^ma

)d made to rub and

(lit; ITes-h

move tiiure '

and Iwne beneath. Hot

under padded saddle* w- ■

with wcll'fminE ntiL

ply hard wooden

dry and hard, almo.-. .i^^ ,.w...

has not been Iwfore taken we can ,

but only recently have we seen «■

collars introduced. They have bt.

some time at the South— more, we

necessity than from choice, but widi

suits. Now, two companies are m

ihem in this city, and other hard u

liable toabsorbniiterarebeingintrod

are made to be used with hxmc* ;

hooks or other attachment plac-

the collar itself. One patents

"Flaxhorn" is very lough, c-p.^i.-.c oi bring

worked into very light strong collars, saddle*

trees, harness, saddles, and pads.

A wooden collar for orninary work can be
made which opens hkc ordinary hamcs, at the
lop, but the two parts arc fastened together ot
the bottom by a strong iron hinge. Others

open to go over the head of the h ■ '— -

points m little below the trace-hooks t :

others still diiefly in use for mules, v ^

do not open at all, but are mode in one piece,

with two spots cut out on each sitle. so rhat th(

colbr will go over the head, and u

bony projections over the eyes. A

(here u a great future foiliard horse-'. ^

and we fully believe ihcy will be not ■

but far easier for horses than the hr

parfdcd things they are now tortured wiiL.
/fOUSES, To Keep Coot m Hot Weathfr.^

In very hot days & cool ;

lu.xury to be had fax uM

suppose possible. The *>..... ^ ...

letlmg in cool air, for naturally

whenever they have the chance ; but u

out the hot air. If the air outside a luuai sa

house be cooler than the air inside, let it in bv

all means ; but if it be hotter, carclully keep it

out
A stair-case window Icfl open durinc '^'' ">'''m

will often cool the passages of a hot)

rooms, too, if their door* be not -

must be closed at 8 or 9 o'clock iti ibc mui uin^.

or, if on the sunny side, at 4 or s oVI«.Kk. and the

blind drawn down. The misi.iVr - ' - -

ally make is to throw open ihr.

hours of the day, no matter whtr:

phere outside h^ cool or scorching.

Let us have some air, ihey say, and in cATnfi

the treacherous brcere— for even

ant while it is gentiv blowing, 1

spiration, and thereby cix '

apartment is made warn;

and as soonas they move I'

fmd their room to be moic uucwmfurt^iic ihaji

before.
Let in cool air — V.'^ ! '

formula to insure !■

Sitting-rooms may i^'

the whole day if th.

ineress and egress, -^.v.

and shielded from diicLt

If the nlraosphere of a ro<>;

cause, let it t>c 1 '

than bad air. I

with the numb. I ! , ■&-». ■- --.

\ MtXk^)l^a.*MU bccQTOCS undupciiAlile.

Af/SCELLAiVEOVS.

479

In a cooking apartment the temperature will
probably be higher than outside, hence the free

' admission even of hot lur will be desirable. If
persons do not object to sit in a direct draught

' of air, windows and doors may be opened, a

I breeze l>cing more refreshing, even though sev-
eral degrees warmer than still air; but ander
nearly a!) other circumstances rooms should be
kept dosed as much as possible until after sun-
down, or till the air outside is cooler than that
inside. Let in cool air; keep out hot.
ICE CHEST, To //rt*^.— Take two dry
goods boxes, one of which is enough smaller
Kan the other to leave a space of about three
inches all around when it is placed inside. Fill
the space between the two with sawdust packed
closeiy, and cover with heavy lid made to fit
neatly inside the larger box. Insert a small
pipe in the bottom of the chest to carry off the
water from the melting ice. For family use this
has proved quite as serviceable and as econo-
micu as more costly "refrigerators."

JCE^ To Gather.— \<x should be cut early, as

Ihe 6rst ice keeps best, and is easier procured.

Snow has to be removed from the suiface of the

ice bcforp cutting, and it also injures the quaUty.

It should l>c gathered in December; select a

^ear, cold day, and, with ice tools — which should

u&C of a cro^s cut saw, an axe, a pike pole,

mnd an ice ladder— go to the scene of your

operations. Cut three feet wide with the saw,

and split off with the axe, by chipping oat a V,

or wedge shaped hole, at each edge ; then strike

s few light blows in each hole until the block

separates from the mass. In this manner ynn

^ can get your blocks out nearly as true as with

^ the saw.

^P A convenient size to handle and pack is about

^^ Iwo by three feet. Twelve cakes will pack one

layer eight by nine feet square, which laid up

eight or nine feet high, is sufficient to last a

large family.

The ice ladder is used to draw the floating
cakes of ice upon the surface, and to load them
upon the sled or stone-boat, for removal to the
ice-housr. The ladder is about twelve feet long
and twenty inches wide, 'lli.e upright pins
must be strong, and the round at one end ex-
tend througli both sides, to moke handles. The
ladder is lowered into the water, and the cake
of ice floated over it. Tlien draw out ihc ladder,
and at the same time lower the handles. The
pins will hold the cxkes upon the Indder ; when
upon the surface, it can be quickly unloaded, by
raiking one side of the ladder. The ioc should
be taken to the house, and packed at once. Use
a plank to move the cakes, where needed, when
packing.

Look to your drainage; also sec that your
house is tight at the bottom; for a current of air
passing thiuugh the ice. causes it to melt rapiilly.
Leave a space of six inches between the ice and
walls, ana fill in with straw, packed close, or
sawdust, tanbark or swamp moss. The latter is
to be {vcfcrrc'l. Cover witn a thick layer, and fill
to the to-.if with straw. Use double doors, with
a cooling room.

ICEHOUSE^ To BuiU.~\ family ice-house
need not be an cipcnslve structure. It may be
built cboaply, suDtcrve its object excellently,
and add to the attraclio-* of a homestead by
being a sightly object. .\ building of twelve feet
square and eight or nine feet high, is suf&cicnt

t

for the wants of the most exacting family. It
may be a frame building, entirely above the sur-
face of the ground, and belter if supported cm
posts elevated a few inches, to be certain of good
drainage. Built of joi5its two by three incncf;,
with an outer boarding, having inside another
series of uprights, also boarded, from six to ten
inches removed from the outer shell, with a solid
floor of plank, the space between the two walls
filled with tan. sawdust, straw, or chaff, and a
roof of good pitch, the ice-house is com|>lete.
A drain for water should be made from the floor,
nnd the pitch of the roof filled with straw, hay,
or some similar dry. porous material. On the
roof should be a ventilator, the lop defended
from the rain or snow. The ice should be pack-
ed in one solid mass, the sides not rcacliing the
inner walls of the building, but allowing a space
of from six to twelve inches all around. The
top of the ice should be covered with straw and
the doors should be like the sides of the build-
ing, or double doors should be made, one in the
outer and the other in the inner wall. Plant
morning glories or any climbing plnnt around
the buiTding and induce them to creep up the
walls and over the roof as an additioiml defense
against the fervid sun of summer. Two work-
men, if not practical car]>enters, can put up such
a building in one. or at most, two a.iys, which
if taste and judgment is used, will prov*e to be a
sightly addition to the attractions of a country
home, and a useful adjunct to the farm, its con-
tents being invaluable in sickness. Such an
ice-house would prove also convenient as a re-
frigerator on a large scale, preserving food of
various kinds and the products of a dairy.

It costs but little to build an icehouse, that
will keep ice the year round, where practical
utility only is aimed at, nnd not elegance of
stntclure. A writer on this subject says: Last
January I drew one large load of sawdust and
spread on the ground on the north side of my
horse barn, then drew the ice (sawed in square
cakes) and built up a square pile some eight
by ten feet and seven or eight feet high, filhng
up the spaces between the cakes with pounded
ice. I ttien set up scantling and built .1 board
house around it two feet larger each w.^y than
the ice ; then filled in sawdust around and two
to three feet on top, and covered with boards
and slabs. We have uscil freely through the
season, sold to pic-nic parties, given away to
sick neighbors, and have plenty of ice yet.

Another writer thus tells how he constructed
an ice-house: I set posts in the ground, so as
to make a house twelve feet square, (three posts
on each side,) tlien board or plank it up eight
feet high, on the inside. The surCice earth is
now dug out six inches deep, and sawdust filled
in one foot deep, making it six inches above the
level of the cuih. The ice is carefully packed,
nine feet square and six feet high, leading a
space of eighteen iiKhes between ice and boaraSa
cfosely packed with sawdust, and the same thick-
ness of sawdust placed on to|>. I have an old-
fashioned board roof over thi^ ice-house. The
space above the sawdust Is left o(>cn, so that the
air can circulate through, and the sun shine in.
The result is that we have used ice daily and
have a plenty yet. As to the cost, four men
with one tc.im, cut. hauled and packed the ice,
and filled in the sawdust in less than two da^
notwilhstandia^ we badVa\vacc\\>M. Ssjl Vx**!^*^

i^^

4&>

DICTIO/^AXY OF EVERY^DA Y WA^TS,

JN^DTA RUBBER, Aftifaal.^V'ttiX. Son-
UCTischrm ^■-" ■i--r..-f.«^ tljat am elastic nias^
rtscmWiii ■ l>e obtained by com-

bining tu; _ with certain organic

substances. K tuiigslic acid or tungftUte of
ftoda be added to glue, and afterward intinntic
acid, a compound of tungsticncid glue i&pnedp-
iUlcd which is so elasUc at 85-105*^ F., that it
can l»c drawn out into very thin 6bres. On
cwjlfng , the mass become*, very solid and brittle.
It is proposed to employ this sub&tance in place
of the costly atlnimen for mordanting cotton,
especially for aniline colors. The same material
lias been used in tanning leather ; but this be-
came hard as stone, and consequenlly unsuitable
for ordinary purposes. By adding tungslate of
soda and muriatic acid to a solution of gelatine,
and heating the precipitate, a substance is ob*
tained which may be used as a putty or cement
in many cases.

INK. B/afi.—Tht fault with jnost black ink
is too miidi iron, turning the writing brown
from oxithLtion. To remedy tliis, add (generally
vinegar or an acid salt, as alum) is added, which
corrodes the pens. The iron should only be in
sufficient quantity to strike a black color. The
following will be found a convenient and ex-
cellent furmula : — Boil I part of granular pow-
dered gnlls with 20 parts of distilled water in a
glass Imk for fifteen or twenty minutc^i; tlien
odd ] part sulphate of iron, dissolved in 2 parts
of distdlctl wjler, and t part of mucilage of
acacia; shake all together. It is ready for im-
mediate use, but improves by keeping. It is
better not strained, but poured off as wantetl.
A few drops of carl>olic acid may be added to
preserve it, if required to be kept lon^.

INJC ( Copying), that Joes no} Requtrt Damp-
ing:— UbC the same ingredients as for ordinary
copying ink, except that the quantity of water
used be dccrcase<l by from twenty to thirty per
cent, and the same quantity of glycerine be
added. This ink will, when written on, set off
upon any dry sheet of paper by simply iut>-
bing it.

/yjC^ So/itf. — Set 250 grammes of powdered
nutgalls in half a litre oralcohol of eighty-lwo
degrees, and warm by gentle heat for twenty-
four hours; then mix ninety-eight gr. of sul-
phate of iron in a litre and a ftalfof pure water;
stniin the two liquids through a cloth separately,
"'icn mix them, let them stand for eight days,
tftnd stmin them again. This ink leaves no de-
]}Osit, nor docs it cet mouldy, and is more solid
than anv employed.

/A'A iituiia ), To Rfmtrve the Afark of oh the
^//M.'Itlister (he part with n plaster a little
larger than the mark; then keep the plnce open
.viUi an ointment for a week ; finaUy, dress it
to get well. As the new skin grows, the tattoo
will disappear.

INK^ IndcUblf Printing. — This is made by
mixing 1 pound varnish (stich as is used for
ordinary printing ink), I pound black sulphurct
of mercury, 1 ounce nitrate of silver, 1 ounce
sulphate of iron, 2 tablcspooiifuls lampblack.
^Thoroughly crind together, adding enough lur-
penti'i" ' ' ' ■ I '• r- to the requisite consistency.

/.^ Nr.Q Rult for Computing. —

This ri i.iiplennd so correct, liiat every

(banker, lucjchiuil or clerk should post it up for
Terence:

dollars by the number of Hays of inter
separ?.'" •'— '-•■•ht hand figure and div
the r: rue interest on such

days :i: ■ ; ■ ■ ni,

Etght pty Ctni omoont

by the number : , . 'ifnirfd

to ascertain the interr^t, .!'■
iJie result will be the true
re<^uired.

/V«yvr Cm/. — Multiply the s.imc as
and divide by 36, and the result will ifa
interest at ten per cent.

/ROXand COPPER, IMieate 7«//&r.— 1
alcoholic tincture of logiftooi-l ■ '" . > '

or bluish-black lint in water .
through iron or copper pipci, . '.. . ..
ture of galls, sulpnocyanide, nor (1:
fcrrocyaiiides uf potassium show nnv

ISJNGL,iSS GLUE, 7
made by dissolving beaten t-
boiling, and having strained \
linen cloth, evaporating it .
sistence, tliat, being oald, iL, „.__ .lib*
fectly hard and dry.

A great improvement is m.idr? fn this g^
adding spirit of wine or bran'.'v
and then renewing the eva;
the due consistence.

IVORY, -^r/i/^-wA— The Inventor, Mr. M«r
fluardt, dissolves two pounds »if inrrc- rji^^'w-r
tnirty-lwo pounds of cidnroi
saturates the solution with « <
gas. When the r
bleached, Iheadmi
and the moss is \\.^u
vided with a stirrer, ii:
hot water until the bio.
entirety removed. During tliis oprra
temperature may be increa?.ed 10 tSj*
order to evaftorale the
conducting it into an a;
may again be matle u--t .„. . ,.^ .
product forms a kind of froth, whtt
pressed out, dried, and agaifi rfc;ii<:d
small qu.\ntity of chlorofoim.
as a consistent paste. The p
with a suflicient quantity ol ;1

phosphate of hme, or cait<oij
assumes the '^i-.i-'-irinr*. .-.(" r^ ,
condition it : >i

leaves suffici-

filed, and bored. In oi<icc W •.urkitalc
pearls, enamels* hard woods, rtc. it u
neccssory to mix the paste with the d
colors previously to its txring compre*Aed.

IVORY, 'J\> S!e,ieh.^\ ur .*
bleaching ivory when il has
yellow color, consists in firrt ■
for two davs in a sob"
carbonate of soda and tn
aRcr rinsing in cold ■■'^
pieces to a solution of t!i
sulphate of soda in tw- ,
leaving ihcm for five or six bourv Wi
ing in this solniinn, one '^'inrpftfhi
oad in four
roughly mi>
afN-- '

1'

ivory HI a b*
out and wa^b

Six/rrCrnt. — Maliiply any pveauumbcr of' — Immerse the ivury m iv nti\iurc of

MISCELLANEOUS.

I

indi^ and water, nartlv neulralued with potash,
'-^Gretn. — Sleep olued ivory in a jolution of
niuomuriate of tin, and ihcn in a decoction of
fustic; or it may be at once dyed green by steep-
lag it in a soluuon of acetate of copper. — Kr/Aw.
— Steep llie ivory in a bath of neutral chromate
of potash, and afterwards in % boiling solution of
acetate of Ic.td. — Red. — Steep the ivory for a
short time in a solution of tin. then in a decoction
of Brazil or cochineal. — VioUt. — Moisten the
irory with a solution of tin, as before, then im-
nerse it in a decoction of logwood.

IVOkY, BONE and NORN, To Impart
« Beautiful Red Cdor /*». — Take four jorts of
picric acid and dissolve in two hundred and fifty
parts of boiling water; when cold add eight parts
of liq. ammonix. Dissolve also two parts o{
magenta (crysiaK) in forty-five ports of alcohol,
dilute wiih three hundred and sevcntv-fivc parts
of hot water, and add fiAy parts of^ ammonia.
Ai soon as the red color of the magenta tolution
has disappeared, the two solutions are mixed
together, making a bulk of liauid amounting to
Lbout half a htre. Ivory ana bone should be
'Ptaoed in very weak nitric or hydrochloric aci<l
jarst» before being immersed in the ammoni.-ical
liauid; wood cannot be dyed in this liquid unless
it nas been previously painte<l over with paste
made from flour. If to tlie ammoniacal liquid
some gelatine solution is added, it m-iy serve as
m red inlc which does not attack steel pens. By
varying the proportions of the magenta and pic-
ric acid, the lints obtained may be varied from a
bluUh red to a bright orange red. The desired
colors do not appear till the ammonia is evapor-
ftted.

JVOR\\ To Scften,~AxK three ounces of spir-
its of nitre, and 15 of spring-water, mixed to-
l^her, put your ivory a soaking. And in 3 or
4 (Uvs it will Ije soft so as to obey your fingers.
it'ORVf Tc Stiver. — Immerse a small slipof
$»ory in a weak solution of nitrate of silver, and
let it remain till the solution has given it a deep
yellow color; then take it out and immerse it in
» tumbler of clear water, and expose it in the
water to the rays of the sun. In about 3 hours
the ivory acquires a black color; but the black
surface on being rubbed soon becomes changed
to a brilliant stiver.

IVORY, Transparent, — The process for mak-
ing ivory transparent and flexible is &imply im-
■nersion in liqmd phosphoric acid, and the change
^which it uniiergi>es is owing to a jMirtial neu-
[tc&liiatioa of the basic phosphate of lime, of
nrhich it principally consists. The ivory is cut
fl& pieces not thicker than the twentieth part of
[ BD inch, and placed in phosphoric acid of^a spe-
" gravity of 1.131, until it has become trans-
111 when it is token from the bath, washed
In water, and dried with a clean linen cloth. It
becomes dry in the air without the application
of hoot, ana softens again under warm water.

jyORY, To /r^iVrw.— Slake some lime in
water ; out your ivory in that water, after being
dccanlet) from the grounds, and boil it till it
looks quite white. To poli:»h it aAerwards, set
it in the turner's wheel ; and, after having work-
ed, lake rushes and pumice-stones, subtile pow-
der, with water, and rub it tdl it looks per/ectly
smooth. Next to that, heat it by turning it
against a piece of linen or shecn«kin feather; and,

kytncTi hot, rub it over with a little whitening di-
loted in oil of olive; then, with a little dry

whitening alone; finally with a piece of soft white
rag. When all this is performed as directed, the
ivory will look very white.

Dr. Artus has recently pubUthed a process for
whitening ivoT)', which ne sjwcially recommends
for the finger pieces of pianos ; but it is also ap-
plicable to all articles made of this material,
which is so apt to change its color. After lying
some days in a solution of carbonate of soda, the
pieces must be thoroughly washed in clear waftr
and again placed in a bath composed of tlirte-
quarters of a pound of sulphite of soda dissolved
in two gallons of water, in which they must re-
main five or six hours. Then, without taking
them from the bath, a mixture of one ounce of
chlorhydric acid and four ounces of woter must
be added to it. In this, after shaking it well and
recovering the vessel, they must remain thirty-
six hours. The solution is then thrown off and
the ivory washed as before in clean water. If
not as white as desired the operation must be
repeated. The quantity of the solution that has
bc^n indicated is sufficient to whiten a pound of
ivory.

JET^ To C/m«.— Use the sofiest brush that
can be procured, to remove the dust in the roost
gentle manner from the cnrving, and then touch
the jet with a little good oil on a bit of cotton
wool, and polish will) wash-leather. The pro-
cess renuires the ^eatest care, as the carving
makes ine jet so bnttle.

KITE^ Hifw to Make. — Among the various
kinds the *'three-stick kite" is probably the sur-
est for the l>eginner. Get three light, thin,
straight sticks, of cedar, pine, or similar wood ;
smooth them, and let them be about half en inch
M^ide by an eiglith thick; perhaps a little more.
Make two of tliein 30 inches long, and the third
20 inches. Mark a point 10 inches from the end
of each of the long sticks, and in the middle of
the short one ; cross the three slicks at these
points, and lie them firmly with Iwine. Cut
notches lengthwise across the ends of the sticks,
and tie a strong twine from end to end, making
the outline of an irregular six-sideil figure, cd
which the bottom may be 16 inches long; the
sides about iS'^; the shoulders it, and tlie top
8 inches. These numbers may vary; it is nec-
essary only that the corresponding sides should
be exactly alike or the kite will not be well bal-
anced. This finishes the frame.

Now lay down a sheet of strong, light paper,
place the frame u^ion it, and cut the paper about
two ir>chcs larger than the frame, nil round.
Fold the outside over the strings, and i^aste
down with gootl boiled flour paste, cutting oui
the comers where they overlap.

The next thing is lu hang the kite. Measure
from each lower comer hve inches along the
slicks ; make a small hole on each side of the
stick throuph the pai)er, and lie in the ends of a
string, which shajl measure* when tied, about
14 indies from stick to slick. This is the lower
loop. In like manner tie an upper loop, about
8 inches long, lo points about 3 mchcs from the
upper end of the same stidu Remember to have
the loops on the face sMe of the kite; that is,
the side on whidi the slicks are not seen. Join
the middles of the two loops by a string anout
20 inches long ; this is the bellyNind. Hang
the kite by the belly-band orcr your finger, and
hold it so thai when one end of ihc k.\v* >sw^*%
the flooc, \iie o^iwrt to»j >ofciiiac«X%.SR*#w^awt^

4Ss

DrCTIOKARY OF EVERY-DAY WAh^TS.

it ; Uiere is the place to Ue the liiic, making it
iut so That it wiu not slip. When Ihc kite Hoots
ia lite air, it should lie at an ttngle ofalH>ut45
degrees; if it stands too straight, the string is
&&tcned too low on the belly-band; if too iLu,
the string is not low enough.

llic kite must have a tail to balance it If the
tail is too hca\-y, the kite will not raise it ; if too
light, or if too &hurt, the kite will not *'£taad"
&leartily. but will dive from &ide to side. When-
ever it does that, it should betaken in, and more
weight added to the tjul. Cut pieces of writing
pb]*er, 4 inclics wide and 6 or 8 long; fold bock
and forth fan-like, and tic 3 inches apart on a
wring, until you have made 3 or 4 yarJs. Then
cut a cjuantity of strips half an inch wide, and 12
or 14 inches long ; tic the bunch of them by the
middle, fold the cndi together and tie agiin,
making a tassel, which you ni.ny tie to the end
of the tail. \i the atrips are of colored tiisue
f»apcr, all the gayer. Tie x string about twenty
inches long to the two lower comers of the kite,
and fasten the tail to the middle of it Choose
a smooth, close, well spun string, linen is best
— and costs most — not too large, or its weight
will mxke it "sa^," nor too small, or the kite
wiU fly away with it Finally, don't try to fly
a kite when the wind don't blow.

Now, just as each of your good mothers thinks
she has a recipe for making cookies which she
thinks is a Little better than any other, so every
boy who hx'i experience in kitc-making thinks
bis way is ulhcr the Iwst, and quite likely he
may find fault with some of our proportions.
If so, he has perfect liberty to change them to
his liking. The important items are; the kite
must be truly mode, so that one side may just
balance the other; it must hang at the proper
angle to the wind; and the tail must be rightly
projiortioncd in weight and length to the sue of
the kite.

If the kite don^t behave well at first, think
which of these items has not been carefully
attended to, and correct. Don't give up at the
first trial.

LA^fP. WICKS, H^fme-Afade.—.K lamp wick,
equally good with those we buy, may he made
out of canton flannel. Take a strip three times
as wide as you wuh the wick to l>e, and as long
•as you like. Fold it ^vith the fleecy side in, so
that it will have three thicknciives, and ba.^te or
■Cvercast it up the side. Almoa every house-
keeper lias bits of canton flannel which would i>e
used for nothing else, and it saves quite a little
item of expense, to say nothing of the convenience
of being able to make a new lamp wick, when-
ever it ii needed.

LAi^D, T0 Drain, — A strong metal pipe,
mt 20 feet in length and 6 inches in diameter,
is adjusted in a slanting position over the lot to
be drained. To an opening in the bottom of this
pipe, another is firmly jomtcd, inclining back-
wards at an angle sufficient to allow olits end
iling on the ground lot. Connected with the
'.princip.tl pipe, is a strong canvas hose, down
iWhich a current of wtilcr descends, and i^tucs at
[Ihc mouth of the pipe. In its course, it forms a
)VacuurQ in Ihc second pipe, and the water is thus
liucked up and dii-chargrd with the nirrctit flow-
ing through the prim i;
in \i%Ct for the purpc
hut i^ known to most ii.-.. ^.-v.»v-..j .-wv^.....
wiih hydnuilici.

-Til:,

put some of the Ic^d on the
fire; if pure, yuu wdl see iHt i

drop from it; if a whii y

know it is not j)ure, I< , :

paper; if any lead is \n-.^,.nv -. ■,^„i .•i.-.i, mt
paLicr; if no lead is pte»cm it will be a jole,
sulphur color.

L£Ar£SiAutuntM),rcr-
tiful colors of the leaves at i '
cntLvc of the first St
tlie process may ! ■
preserved. Dry ai*
the leaves betwec
paper, and changc
a day. A warm flat-U"
help the drving, but o\
When the leaves are ',
dried, they will retain thcu
In making up ^-ir^m..
should have a lij.,:
This brings out the •-

appearance than varaibh ui j.iiy kittiJ, foi
cning them to cord board or any ether au]
glue is best. l>o t-.- - ' '
leaves, AS this will t 1

LEATHER, /v ,. ,-

of so-called insoluble (^in watv
dissolved in a little water, ai.
brushed over the articles; it uiU dty qi
and perhaps may have lo be TCfieatcU,

LEATHER, To Giff '- -' - - -
gilt figures, letter-^, and
er, ai on the covers of I >
etc., the IcaUher must fust I'
very finely powdered ycUow r<.
Ihc iron tools or stamps ate 1
rack before a dear fire, to at
without txxoming r—' *"■• '
ters, they have an
the rack. Ejch I'!'

.OS to lis heat, by imprinting its ruaik on
side of a piece of wa^tr I<*nther. A little
will enable the w- r'
The t*Kjl is now In '
gold-leaf, which v,.!
show the figure ini;
or stamp is now to :
manner, and so on with the •
to keep the letters in an e>->
other, like those in a Si '
the resin is melted, cor
heres to the Icflrticr. T^
then be rubbed off by n •

sions remaining on the

every other operation, adrojLiic»« i* ou^uirrd '
practice.

The cloth oUuder^
to retain the gold v
be great wasic in -.
thus be soon
the gold. Wil
generally sold tu r:>
reco\Tr the ^Id.
gold by burning as i-
dollars.

LEA T/IER (PA TEXT) COnn C,
for, — Take half a )
one ounce of jnim ■

>*ui;i ii'.'iTi (even lot

reviver, and may be uxcU «a % Hartit^ m

JlfTSCELLAKJ^OtrS.

4^

^

the ordinary way, no brushes for polishing being
renuircd.

LIGHTS, Bertpa/.— Take of nitrate of pot-
Bssa (viltpdrc), 8 parts; sublimed sulphur 4
pans, and anlimony i part, and let them be well
mixed in powder and beat ftrmly into a stout
iron cup, and set on fire; and if a little camphor
be added it is still more britlianl. Such bghts
are mode use of for communicating at a great
distance bv ^ea. at night.

L/G//t P/Z/AL. — DTy phosphorus, 1 part;
olive oil, 6 parts. . Put them into a phial, cork
it, and place it in warm water for two or three
hours. For use, pall out the cork, and sufficient
li^t will be emitted to enable you to sec the
time by a watch. One Iwlllc will Lvst for years
Sfwell corked as soon as used. Ether maybe
employed instead of oli\'e oil.

LOGSnmtPL.4JVKS, T^ Prn^ent the Sflit-
tin^ of. — l^gs and planks split at the ends be-
cause the exposed surface dries faster than the
in«idc. Saturate muriatic acid with lime, and
apply like whiteA\-ash to the ends. The chloride
of calcium formed attracts moisture from the air,
and prevents the splitting.

LOKiGE. — Lovage root (fresh), I pound;
valerian, % pound; celery, ^ pound; sweet
fennel, % pound; caraway seeds, i ounce;
cassia, 1 ounce; proof-spirit, 12 gallons. Ma-
cerate for a week, then add loaf-sugar, 20pounds,
dissolved in water, 10 gallons. Mix and fine.

LUMBEff, Fnfts ahctit, — That drying lumber
does not season it, and seasoning lumber is not
drying it. Th:it any amount of common air
drying dtws not necessarily (if ever) produce a
thorough shrinkage, even though the time be a
hundred years. That time has nothing to do
with cither seasoning, shrinking or drying, but
is alone the result of condition and heat. That
lumber may be thoroughly reasoned without be-
ing cither dried or shrunk.

That lumber may l>e made as dry as desired,
and yci not be seasoned at all, and w'th only a
partial or very slight shrinkage. That common
air never seasons lumber (though it dries it),
and can never more than partially shrink the
wood. Thflt seasoning, shrinking and drying
are each separate and distinct operations, and in
most cases do not depend at all upon each other.
That ihcy arc all necessary, though not in the
same degree. That the order of their value to
the wood is in the order named; the seaioning
being of (he greatest, and the drying of the lease
value,

STAGTC COPYl.^G PAPER,— To make
black paper, lampblnck mixed with cold larJ;
Red pa|ier, Venetian Red mixed with lard;
Green paper, Chmme Green mixe<I with lard;
Blue pajier, Prussian Blue mixed wiihkrd. The
above ingredients to liemixetl to the consistency
of thick paste, and to be applied to the paper
with a rag. Then take a flannel rag and rub till
all color ceases cnming off. Cut your sheets
four inche^ wide, and six inches long, put four
sheets together, one of each color, and sell for
twenty-five cents per [>ackage. The first cost
will not be over three cents. Directions for
writing: — Lay down your paper upon which you
wish to write; then layon tV- ■ — -— - ;i.iper, and
over this lay any scrap ii 1 choose;

then lakr anv harU pointcl ^nd write

ai ynn would with pen.

XfA.VUSCAVPT, Pnparafwn fi/i ~ t. Sec

that the manuscript is perfect before it rs placed
in the hands of the compositor. Xime is cliarged
on all corrections, alterations, and oitililions
made in the proof, which ore not in the original
copy. A very little change takes up more lime
than is generally supposed. The insertion or
removal of a word or two may require the over*
running of every line in a long paragraph ; tlic
adding or taking out of a <>enlcnce, the overrun-
ning of every page set up, which follows it. All
this can be avoided by having the manuscript
carefully prepared,

2. It is desirable that the manuscript should
be written in a plain distinct hand, in order to
insure correctness and avoid delay. The time
work charged on a Iwdly-pre pared manuscript
will often exceed the cost of havLiig it fairly
copied by a clerk.

3. Write on one side of the paper only, and
page the whole. Leave a wide margin, on which
can be written directions for the com[)ositor and
minor corrections. Marginal corrections are

firefcrable to interlineations. VVTicn they arc foo
ong to go in the margin, write them on a sepa-
rate piece of paper, marking it with tlie page,
and indicating on the page the place where it is
to be inserted. Write on the margin the amount
of space, if any, desired between paragraj)hs or
divisions, for the insertion of addiiiunaT authori-
ties, etc.

4. Attend to your own punctuation, marking
each point distinctly. Remember the old craft
pun, that •'compositors arc setters, notpointers"
— their duty is to "follow copy." The whole
force of a paragraph may be destroyed by care-
less punctuation.

5. Write on a separate page exaclljr what you
want on the cover^ the number of copies wanted^
and the style selected.

6. Make a final careful revision of tl^ manu-
script before banding it in. ^ ^^

7. Authors should always make the bApnnin^
of a new paragraph conspicuous to ihe'cqpiposi-
tor, by indenting the first line of it far enpbgh
to distinguish it Trom the preceding line in case
it should be quite full.

8. When copy is put into the hands olthe
compositor he should receive directions respect-
ing the width and length of the p:^ ; whether
it IS to be leaded, and with white lines between
the breaks ; and whether any particular method
is to be foltowcti in the punctuation and in the
adoption of capitals.

MAMUSCJi/Pr, EsHmaU a/.—K tolerably
close estimate of the words contained in e^xn
bad manuscrijrf may be made by count^g the
lines of s.iy twelve of its varying traces, then
getting an average per line of the words in sev-
eral lines taken from each mgr. and multiplying
the number of the former I>y that of the latter.
Next add the average allowance for chapter lines,
5ub-hcads, and other than break lines, counting
them as full lines. Reduce the break lines to
full line*, adding them to the whole, and yon
have the contents of twelve ptges. Divide by
twelve to find the conlenU 01 a single (average)

ExampU. — A work of 400 paces in manuscript

is submitted. Twelve avcragert pn ■ -' ■■ ^\

intervals, give an average oT 10 1 >.

Three lines taken at various pwcc- ! i^C

these twelve pa^jcs mdical^ -axv ^.s^^i^k!^ t>V Oa-h^cpj.

m ngi

d

DICTIONARY OF EVEIfY-DAY^ hVAXTS,

to a p:^t exclusive of brcalo, chapter, and otb*
ler ]inrs, fur wliicli aij alluwance is made of four
^lincs, or 44 words, for cncti page of rnanuscripr,
which, added lo 330, uialvCi 3/4' Multiply the
374 words per pnge by the 400 [^iges in tnc ma-
luuicriptf and you have a re&ull of 149,600 words
in all.

'I'o know how many yigc^ of printed matter
thiii wilt make, it is now ncccssarv to have the
size of type and page to be u&ed. An exact
printed page, containing (he one and representing
the uihcr, '\% always a good guide in cninplcting
lite calculation, which is done by dividing the
liumbcr of word^ contained in Ihe mAmi&cripl,
by i)mt of ihe printed page. This will give the
deviled cast^ofifor the work in printed pages.

Thus, the estimate of the manuscript gives
149.600 words; that of the printed page, of ihc
si/c required, — set up in leaded long-primer, we
will say, for exnmple, — cives 480 words; conse-
quently 149,600 divided hv 4S0 gives 312 pages,
Of 20 signatures, if printca in octavo.

\Vhcn extra, or more than single, "leading"
of matter is rcfiuired, count the extra leads (six-
to-pica hcxng tne size most used in book compo-
sition) io the following proportions ; three for a
nonpareil line; four for Wevicr and bourgeois;
five for long-primer and small-pica; six for pica;
and so on, increasing or diminishing in the
necessary ratio for larger or lesser sizes.

For works under 144 pages, the ca-st-ofTof
which does not reach a number of folios divisible
by 4, there sliould be added the number that will
make it so. Thus, no will be comited as iij;
133 as 136; and so on. A sufficient allowance
of pages, added in the same way, should be made
in cast-offs for larger works, oHopting 8 or 12 as
the even dividing number. This rule applies
more larticularly to works where the copv is
very irregular or much crowded with anhre-
%*iatinns and closely written notes, alterations,
interlines, etc.

MAP COlORS,~-Biue, A weak mixture of
sulphate of indtgo and water, to which add a
little gum. — Green, 1. Dissolve crystals of ver-
digris in water, and add a little gum. — 2. Dis-
soTvc sap green in water and add gum. — Red, i.
Mnkc a decoction of Ilrozil dust in vinegar, and
Add a little gum and alum. — 2. Make an infusion
of cochineaf and add a little gum. — Yellina. 1.
Dissolve gamboge in water. — 2. Make a decoc-
tion of Frcncli mrrles, strain, and add a little
guin arabic.

MAP VARNISIfES.-^S. very good varnish
for covering over architectural drawings, m.tps,
etc., can be made by dissolving one pound of
white shellac, a quarter of a pound of camphor
and two ounces of Canada balsam in one gallon
of alcoliol.

The following method affords also a good,
quick-drying varnish. Thin down Canada balsam
with turpentine, and add one-fourth of the bulk
of quick-drying, pale copal *-arnish; by on
smoothly with a flat camel s hair brush, and let
llic map lie flat for a few hours.

MARBLE A.XD CLASS, To Polish.—
Marble of any kind, alabaster, and hard stone,
or glass, may be rcpolished by rubbing it with a
linen cloth dressed with oxide of tin (sold under
the name of putt v powder). For thi) purpose, n
rCoiiplc or more folds of linen slniuld he fastmei]
f/g^fit over n piece of woo*i, flat or olherwisc,
4UXoniJJi£ to the form of the stone, '\o tc^\i3.V

a mantelpiece, it should be first pcrfccilv Lir.-inr>l.

This xs ue!>t done by making a y.

soda, and water, welting well tho

applying the \va%W. Then let if

or so, keeping it moist itui.

When ihii pa\tc has been rein<

may begin. Chips in the ii

rubbed out first with emery ao' I

stage of polishing, the Unen and puity p

must be kept ciinstaritly wei. Uli**.

jewelers' .show cuunter -cases, win x

scmtchetl, may tte poti^lietl in the \...

MARBLE, r*i Clean.— \. Wxv.
off the piece to be clcancO, tlien
brush a good coal of guiu araUc. j>
sistencyofa thick ofnce mucdagr,
the sun or dry wind, or both. In
it will craclc and jtcel off. If ^" 1

not peel off, wash u with clean
cloth. Of course, if the fnii
not have the desired effect, i< i

again. — 2. Make a paste with
ting. Wash the marble fir^t witii 11, oikI Uica
leave a coat of the paste upon it for two or 'hict
days. Afterwards wash on with w.^i '1)1

water and soap. — 3. Chalk (in fni' I*

part ; pumice. I part i common \-'
Slix. Wash the spots with this p"
with a little water, then clean the >
stone, and wash off with soap and wai^r.

MARBLE (Ar!iJieMl),/or Paf^ H'tigktL—
Soak plaster of Paris m a solution of alum} *
it in an oven, and then grind it to a pow<
In using, mix it with water, .mil in nri>iV.i-^ 1
clouds and veins, stir in any drv cul
this will become very hard ancl is Sn .• .
a very high polish.

MARBLE, To Cut and Polish^—T^^XDsaXM
saw is a thin plate of soft iron, corn' — " . --■-■■
plied, during its sawing motion, w i i

the sharpest sand. The sawing
pieces is performed by hand; but
slabs is most economically done .
mill. Tlic first substance used in i .;

process is tlic sharpest sand, wli; =

worked with till the surface ber'.i.i . , . /

flaL Then a second, and even ■. ',1; 1 . .1, : A
increasing fineness, is to be ti.y\\\'- . :■. ■ - t\

substance is emery, of progit- ^i c : ,;t.:., I
fineness; after which, tnpoli u l" ; ' '

the last poli.sh is given with i:t
with which the sand is rubl>e>l
'a usually a plate of iron ; but. 1
process, a plate of lead is us-.
nnd emery. The polishing-r-i
linen cloths, or bagging, wedged .
iron planing-luol. In every step <
lion, a constant trickling supply of wjicr u it-
quired.

MARBLE, Col'^' r.. vaw»;«,. _i. i=
sary to heat ihe in
injure it. the pro^t;
colors nearly boil. A.W/ a...
or turnsole with alkali. Re-t 4|

in spiiits of wine. Yell.' li\

of wine. Co/J Co/or;

of zinc, and vrnUi-ii* r

green, in sy^
iog\v't(*ii, i

M ■

o&U %nd flo%trer> of ^ul^itfi cacfa lo pots »

I'^J

MISCELLANEOUS,

4«S

I

milion, 3 parts. Oil of tarpentine to mix. Dip
the ends of the matches previously sulphured
and steeped in turpentine into this paste and
dry. — 1. Chlorate of potash, to parts; sugar and
sulphur, each 3 |xirts; wheat flour and vcrmtHon,
eacn I part. SiHrit to mix. For use, dip them
into the ins tin tan eons light bottles. — 5. Dip the
end of the wood in hot melted sulphur and let it
dry. To 4 parts of melted glue, add while hot
I part of phosphorus and stir in whiting to the
desired thickness, color with lampblack; dipping
in this mixture, which is to be kept hot by being
suspended over a fire or lamp,— 4- About the
best known preparation for friction matches con-
sists of gum arauic, l6 parts by weight ; phos-
phoru-s 9 parts; nilre, 14 parts; peroxide of
mangane-Hc, in powder, 16 parts. The gum is
first made into a mucilage with wnter, then the
manganese, tlien the phosphorus, and the whole
is heated to about 130 rleg. Fah. When the
phosphorus \% melted the nitre is added, aitd the
whole is thoroughly stirred.

MATTING and or LCLOrn, Tc Brighten.
— ^Wash it twice during the summer with salt
and water, say about a pint of salt, dissolveii in
half a pailful of warm, soft water, drying the
matting quickly with a soft cloth. The salt will
prevent it from turning yellow. Another plan
U, after the oilcloth is scrubbed and dried, to
rub it all over with a cloth dipped in milk. This
will bring the colors out very bright.

MEASU/^ES^ Table ^.— A barrel contains
40 ^llons, of 231 cubic mches each, or 9240
cubic inches.

The United States standard bushel is (he
Winchester; its regular dimensions are a cylin-
der of 18.5 inches, interior diameter, and 8
inches deep; its cubic contents are, therefore,
a.35 X 9-35 X 3.1416x8, or nearly 2150.5 cubic
uches.

The United Slates standard gallon measures
231 cubic inches; consequently a box, 24 inches
vpf 24 inches sanare, and 16 inches deep, will
eontain 9232 cubic inches, or nearly a barrel.

A box, 17?^ by 15 inches, and 8 inches deep,
will contain 2130 cubic inches, or nearly a bushel.

A box, 14^ by 10 inches, and "}% inches
deep, will contain 1075 cubic inches, or half a
busheU

A box. 8 by 8 inches souarc and 8*/ii inches
deep, will contain 538 cubic inches, or a peck,
very near.

A box, 7 by S inch«, and 4*^ inches deep,
will contain 231 cubic inches, or a gallon exactly.

.\ box, 6 by 6 inches souare, and 3)^ inches
deep, will contain 117 cubic inches, or nearly
half a gallon, (of \\K% cubic inches.)

A box. 4 by 4 inches sc^uare, and 3^ indies
deep, will contain 56 cubic inches, or nearly a
pint, (of 571^ cubic inches.)

MICEt ^o Gtt Rid of, — To get rid of mice,
nsc tartar emetic, mingled with any favorite food;
Ihey take it, get sick, and take (heir leave.

Microscope, HomeMade.^k simple mU
croscope may be made out of a common pill-
box for a few cents. Take out the bottom and
put in a piece of window -gla^«; then paint the
Inside black, and make a small eye-hole in the
lid. In this hole place a single drop of Ca-
sadion balsam, and allow it to cool. This drop
of the transparent resin assumes, when cooling,
the pm|Kr form of the glass lens, with consider-
able magnifying power.

MICROSCOPICAL OBJECTS, Mounting
Fluid for. — Best gelatine, 1 01., honey, 5 or.,
distilled water, 5 oz., rectified spirit, H or..,
creosote, 6 drops. Dissolve the gelatine in the
water by heat, and add lo it the honey, previously
made boiling hot. When cooled a liitle. add thft
creosote dissolved in the spirit, and, while stiU
hot, filler through coarse filtering jiaper, or finfr,
flannel. For use, the bottle in whicn it is con-
tained mav be set in a vessel of hot water.

MILK (Good), Composition t/.— Milk is a
fluid of white, yellowish-white, or bluish-white
color, consisting largely of water, and holding
in solution or suspension butter, sugar of milk,
caseine, and certain salts. These substances
are found generally in all unadulterated milk in
constant projxirtions, except in cases of milk of
cows diseased. The sum of the solid con*
slituents, however, varies with the feed, stock,
and condition of (he animal : it should never
fall below 13 per cent., ranging generally be-
tween 12 and 15 per cent., the rest being water.
The composition may be assumed as follows :—

Butter 3.60 to 4.8 per cenL

Caseine 3.80 '* 4.2 "

Sugar of milk . ..4.2 " 4.5 "
SaUs 0.6 *• 0.8

ia.2 14.3
There are coses, as in the Aldcmcy breed, wher«
the solids will rise as high as 16 and 1 7 j>cr cent. ;
the butter as high as 9 per cent. ; but such milk
is never found in the market, bein^ consumed
altogether by the owners of the anmiaU. On
the other hand, there may be found milk, ax in
fresh milch cows, where the solids will go down
to 10 per cent., the butter lo 3; these arc the
extreme minimum limits, below which we should
pronounce milk adulterated.

MILK, To Deiert when AJulUrated,~-'X)\t
cheapest and easiest method of adulterating milk
is by adding water, and v;e may readily a<>certain
the exact extent of adullcralion b^ the following
plan. If a glass tube, divided mto 100 parts,
oe filled with milk and left standing fur 24 hours,
the cream will rise to the upper port of the tul>e,
and occupy from II to 13 aivisions, if the milk
is genuine.

MILDEiy.—'T\\\i term is generally applied
to a particular moldy appearance on the leaves
of pkints, which is produced by innumerable
minute fungi, which, if not checked in their
growth, will occasion the decay and death of
uie parti on which they grow, and sometimes
of the entire plant. In agriculture this appear-
ance is frei^uently termed rust, and sometimes
blight. It IS common on wheat and on the hops
and in gardens on the leaves of the reach, the
nectarine, and other fruit tree*. The causes
favorable to the prtxinclion of mildew, are a rich
soil and a moist atmosphere, without n free cir-
culation of air or sunshine. In agricullnre this
parasitical disease is generally considrre*! with-
out remedy; but in g:mlening it may be checked
by the application of jvowderctl sulphur (o (he
leaves covered by the fungi, which is found lo
destroy them without greatly injuring the leaf.
Drv rot is only mildew of a more ^rmidablc
kind.

MIRRORS. Pliifinii.'il.—Much interest hin
been excited by the new method of con*tnictin
mirrors, invented by Dodc. of France* w'wVi
the chtor\i}« (^ ^Wuiwkm vs >».«& »s %\ak&. ^^«

DICTIONARY OF £ VERY-DA Y tVANTS.

this purpose the gloss plate, after l>cin^ cleaned,
is set upright, and the met&lluing liquid applied
with 1 brush, 5r5t from ol/ovc downward, ihcn
from right Id left, and 50 on alternately until a
pcrfccll)' uniform coating is laid on. iTic pla-
(inizini; liquid is prepartd by dissolving 15^0
gmias of very ihin rolled platinum in aqun rcgu.
and carefully evaporating the solution obtained
in a sand-bath, and drymg, so as to prevent the
chloride of platinum from becoming decomposed.
It is then spread out upon a glass muller. and
rectified oil of lavender added, little by little,
with continued rubbing. Care must be taken
not to add the oil too quickly, as otherwise too
great an increase of temperature may result, and
uius destroy the preparation. After the addition
of about fourteen timc& as mucli oil of lavender
0$ of the platinum used, the mixture is to l>e
placed in a porcelain dish, and allowed to remain
perfectly quiet for 14 days, after which the liquid
IS to be poured off and filtered. After six days
more of rest the liquid is to be decanted, and
should then ^how nve degrees upon the add
gauge of Hium<S. To the quantity of platinum
just mentioned about 400 grains of litharge and
as much of borate of lead are to be added, the
two substances being first rubbcfl up with 120
to 150 grains of oil oflavcndcr, and tncn united
oa speedily as possible with the platinum liquid,
after which it it ready for use, as mentioned.
The coating of oO mixture thus applied is allow-
ed to dry gradually, and the giass plate thus
prepared is then to be introduced into a muffle
of peculiar construction, in which the resinous
substances are decomposed and converted into
carbon, without melting or developing any bub-
bles, the remainder constituting a perfect ploli-
num surface. Mirrors thus prepared have a high
degree of lustre ; and as ine reflection is from
the anterior face, it is immaterial what the char-
acter of the glass is, provided the surface be
perfectly smooih and free from stri.T, or, indeed,
whether it l)e iransjarent at all. This constitutes
a great advanUvgc over the ordinary method,
where the transparency of the glass is an object
of prime import,ince. Glass mtrrort of this kind
are translucent when held against the light, and
may consequently be used to advantage m form-
ing screens for windows of rooms, and inclosed
spaces in offices and stores where il i* desirat>le
to be able to look out without difficulty, while
at the same time concealed from the view of
those on the other side. For this, howe\%r, it
will be necessary lliat there be no window or
other free opening opposite the plate-class in
question. 1; w said inat the cost of iHatinura
sufhcicnl to prepare ten square feet of glass does
not exceed twenty cents.

MOLDY SUBSTAXCES in Rosms. — li
has long been known that the presence of molds
ill rooms is highly injurious to human health ;
under certain conmtions of dampness and bad
^-cntilation. it is no unconmion thing to sec
mildew run all over a large expanse of white-
washed wall or ceiling. iMhis mold occur in a
living room, and it be not destroyed, it frequently
brings on a complication of painful symptoms in
the Human patient, or, in other words, ihc mem-
brancs and tissue* of the Ixxly are known to offer
a titting hnbiui for the plant, and it is transferred
from the original objects to the humnn frame.
A weak solutionof hypo-chloritc of lime (bleach-
ing powder) has recently )>e«u itcommcnded u

a destroyer of molds in rooms, and as ibdr
p-owth is ^>oih common and rapid in \hi\ country
lu d3uiip and illventilaied situations, the remedy
is worth a trial.

MOLDING F,i;Hrn m /'a/i.-.— Take tbc
crumbs of a nnv -drawn whi'c Ii>if. mfilrl ir rn*il

UI:iH> i.lJ .1-

whon it he-.

dry it in n , . -. 1 .. . .i: i., ._, ,

to preserve it trom vermin, you inay nux a liuk
powder of aloes with it.

MOLDING Small li^tes in '~-
— Oil your molds with a fine per
si fy them with such c ' - --
gum tragacnnih ; if they
of Ihe EiJI of an ox,
harder it will be; then moi
color of jasi>er, or the lik*^.
mold, lie it with a wire, br.!
repair and varnish it, and sti

MOLDING Fiptn- -'
is no need of many tw
clay is placed upon ai;
begin and finisn the work
Those who are used to S\ i
anything but thci:
pieces of W0041. \,
at the other flnt. ».,... - -..,
called by Ihe French, flfow: ■■
of hatchet; they are about sc
in length; those with claw% aic lu t.\
stuff; Ihc other?, which have teeth, 10

They arc made ■ ^ r
wax, holf a pounil
and melt it logetli^; ..,...•-..
or less, according as you wi-i
harder or softer ; a little vermi
mixed with it to give it a sofici
you have made the comnositinn,
worked up with tl.
made use of in i<
Practice is the p:...-.,

not ao e«sy «s tlui u

work, which, at tirst, is
day.

MOLDING the Faeeofa
Take a ixiund of new wax, a
melt them at a $lc»w tu -=
as that you may endurr
without bunting it; tl
with olive oil, cover tli'
ej'cbrows with paste: ;
cover the face about the ihu ^
of a dollar, being careful n'l
trils, and that the person .\qu\-'---r mi t
together, because that wUl render ihc
formetl.

Thus, having the face of wax.t;il
and strengthen it with clay rm t
that it may not ;:
you may cost all sri

r"""" "

them logctlier.

There \% no vvay of rn«i!Tng nrfiXtT tklfi thia
^' IwacticB yo»

books, etc, wtU be prev«ntcil

'liepU-

Je» the

Mneri,

MISCELLANEOUS.

4»7

tUCILAGE for Labels^ Damp Proof. —
!crate five parts of good glue ia eighteen to
Qty parts of water for a day, and to the liquid
nine parts of rock candy and three parts of
\ arable The mixture can lie brushed upon
er while lukewarm ; it keeps well, does not
t together, and when moisteneti, adheres
ly to bottles. For the bbeU of soda or sell*
Bratcr hollies, it is well to prepare a paste of
1 rye flour and glue, to which linseed oil,
ILsh and turpentine have been added, in the
xtrtion of half an ounce each to the pound,
els prepareil in the latter way do not fall off
lunp cellars.

fUC/LAGE, Mold m.— Solutions of gum
lie are very liable to become moldy; and
le the introduction of creosote, corrosive sab-
le, etc., frctjuenlly used to remedy this e\'il,
ijcctionable on account of the danger of pois-
(g, according to the Industrie Blatter snl-
je of quinine is a complete protection against
\t « very small quantity of it being sufficient
ircvent gum mucilage from spoihng. It is
e possible that writing ink might be protcct-
y the same application from a like difhculty.
use of ammonia for the some purpose is also
nunendcd.

WSTARD, ArvfHafie,—!, To I quart pure
f vinegar, add 2 tablespoon fuls each of ground
ice and cinnamon, i do. of cloves, 3 do.
im sugar, 4 do. salt, and 3 large onions cut
Boil until the strength is well extracted,
^ or ^ of an hour; then strain the vinegar,
1^ on to I lb. best Eifglish mustard, and
until it is perfectly smooth. If not thin
tgb, put more vinegar to the same spices,
and mix. This kc«»s well in a fruit jar,
improves by age. Boiling the vinegar for
leagth of time directed above would weaken
ry much. The flavor of the spices would
[ttractrd eouall^ well by keeping the mixture
ly boiling aot in a covered vessel. — 2. Take
Hespoonfuls of ground mustard, i do. flour,
. sugar, 1 teaspoonful salt, i da black pep-
I do. dnnamon, I do. cloves. Mix smooih-
ith boiling vinegar and let siand several
B before u<(ing. It may be thinned with
vinegar. Will keep any length of time.
VS/CAL rXST/iUM^XJ^S, TaSlnin.—
uoH, — Boil I lb. of ground Braiil-wood in
irts of water for an hour; strain it, and add
fen oimce of cochineal ; boil it again for half
tmr gently, and it will be fit for use.— /*«?-
^BoU a pound of chip logwood in 3 quarts
Ltcr for an hour; then add four ounces of alum.
AMSS, Signifcation tf, —
n, llebrnv, a mountain.
p liedrewy vanity,
iham, Hebreto^ the father of many.
B, Hebrew, red earth.
phus, SasoH, happiness and help.
rt, Sasont all brignt,
iLflder, Creek, a helper of men.
d, Saxpiit oil peace.
rose, Greeks immortal.
p, liehmvt a burden.
MCVt Greeks courageous.
ony, Liitimy flourishing.
Ebald, German, a bold obkerYcr.
Id, GetTHttn, a maintainer of honor.
»r, Britith^ a strong man.

Bt^' \ ^'"*» vcncrabk, grand.

h

Baldwin, German^ a bold winner.
bardulph, German, a famous helper.
B-irnahy, //.-Amc, a prophet's son.

Bartholomew, I/ehrrw^ the son of him who made
the water> to rise.

Beaumont, I'teuch, a pretty mount.
Bede, S(LX0M^ jiraycr.

Benjamin, Uebrfw, (he son of a right hood.
Bennet, Lalin^ blessed.

Bernard, Cerman^ hearts heart.

Bertram, German, fair, illustrious.

Boniface, Latin, a well-doer.

Brian, French, having a thundering voice.

Cidwallader, British, valiant in war.

Cxsar, Latin, adorned with hair.

Caleb, Hebrew, a do£.

Cecil, Latin, dim-.siglited.

Charles, German, noble- spirited.

Christopher, Grtek, bearing Christ

Clement, Latin, mild -tempered.

Conrad, German, able counsel.

Constantine, Latin^ resolution.

Crispin, Latin, having curled lotka.

Cutlibcft, Saxon, known famously.

iJanicI, Hebrew, God is jMee*

David, Hebreiv, well-l>elov<w.

Denis, Greek, belonging to the god of wtne.

Dunstan. Saxvn, most high.

Edgar, Sax<m, hanpy honor.

Edmund, Saxtm, liappy peace

Edward, .So-t^m, hnppy keeper.

Edwin, Saxon, happy conqueror.

Egbert, Sojnm, ever bright.

Ehjah, Hebrew, God, the Lord..

Elisha, Hebrew, the salvation of God.

Ephraim. Hebrnv, fruitfuL

Erasmus, Greek, lovely, worthy to be loved.

Ernest, Greek, caniesl, serious.

Evan or I von, Brituh, the same as John.

Evcrard, German, well reported.

Eugene, Greek, nobly descended.

Eustace, Greek, standing firm.

Etckiel, Hebrew, the strength of God.

Felix, Latin, happy.

Ferdinand, German, pure peaces

Francis, German, free.

Frederic, German, rich peace.

Gabriel, Hebrnif, the strength of God,
Gcoffery, Getman, joyful.
George, CreeJt, a husbandman.
Gerard, SaxiM, all towardlineu.
Gideon, Hebrno, a breaker.
Gilbert, Saxan, bright as gold.
Giles, Greek, % little goat.
Go<lard, German, a ^>dly disposition.
Godfrey, German, Ck>d's peace.
Godwin, German, victorious in God.
Griffith, British, having great ftulh.
Guy, Freneh, the mistletoe shrub.
Hannibal. Punie, a gradons lord.
Harold, Saxon, a champion.
] lector, Greek, a stout defender.
Henry, German, a rich lord-
Herbert, German, a bright lord.
Hercules, Greek, the glory of Hera or Juno.
Heickiah, Hebrew, cleaving to the Lord.
Horatio, fta/ian, worthy to be bchekL
Ifowel, British, sound or whole.
Hubert, German, a bright color.
Hugh. Dutch, high. loRy.
Humphrey, German, domestic peace.
Jacob, HebrcJi', a supplanlcr.
James or Jocqucsi bcgoiUn^

^^

4»

BICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

Ingram, German^ of angelic purity.
Jmb, fftbrewt fatherhood.
" bb, HebreWy sorrowing.
' ocl, BebreWi acquiesang,

ohn, ff^breu; the grace of the Lord.

onahi Hebrew^ a dove.

onathan, Hebrew^ the gift of the Lord.

oscelin, German^ just.

oseph, Hebrew^ addition.

bsias, Hebrew^ the fire of the Lord.
] bshua, Hebrew^ a Saviour.
Isaac, ffgbreuff laughter.
Lambert, Saxon, a fair lamb.
Lancelot, Spanish, a little lance.
Laurence, Latin, crowned with laurels.
Lazarus, Hebrew, destitute of help.
Leonard, German, like a lion.
Leopold, German, defending the people*
Leweilin, British, like a lion.
Lewis, French, the defender of the people.
Lionel, Latin, a little lion.
Lucius, Latin, shining. -
Luke, Greek, a wood or grove.
Mark, Latin, a hammer.
Martin, Latin, martial.
MxUhew, Hebreuo, a gift or present
Maurice, Latin, sprung of a Moor.
Meredith, British, the roaring of the sea.
Michael, Hebrew, who is like God?
Morgan, British, a mariner.
Moses, Hebrew, drawn out.
Nathaniel, Hebrew, the gift of God.
Neal, French, somewhat black.
Nicolas, Greek, victorious over the people.
Noel, French, belonging to one*s nativity.
Norman, French, one bom in Normandy.
Obadiah, Hebrew, the servant of the Lord.
Oliver, Latin, an olive.
Orlando, Italian, counsel for the land.
Osmund, Saxon, house peace.
Oswald, Saxon, ruler of a house.
Owen, British, well descended.
Patrick, Latin, a nobleman.
Paul, Latin, small, little.
Percival, French, a place in France.
Peregrine, Latin, outlandish.
Peter, Greek, a rock or stone.
Philip, Greek, a lover of horses.
Phineas, Hebrew, of bold countenance.
Ralph, contracted from Radolph, or Randal,

Ranulpb, Saxon, pure help.
Raymund, German, quiet peace.
Reuben, Hebrew, the son of vision.
Reynold, Gertnan, a lover of purity.
Richard, Saxon, powerful.
Robert, German, famous in counsel.
Roger, German, strong counsel.
Rowland, German, counsel for the land.
Rufus, Jjxtin, reddish.
Solomon, Hebrew, peaceable.
Samson, Hebrew, a little son.
Samuel, Hebrew, heard by God.
Saul, Hebrew, desired.
Sebastian, Greek, to be reverenced.
Simeon, Hebrew, hearing.
Simon, Hebrew, obedient.
Stephen, Greek, a crown or garland.
Theobald, Saxon, bold over the people.
Theodore, Greek, the gift of God.
Theodosius, Greek, given of God.
Theophilus, Greek, a lover of God.
Thomas, Hebrew, a twin.-
Jhnoihy, Greeks a fearer of God.

or

Toby or Tobias. Hebrew, the goodness of the

Lord.
Valentine, Latin, powerfuL
Vincent, Latin, conquering.
Vivian, Latin, living.
Walter, German, a wood master.
Walwin, German, a conoueror.
William, German, defending many.
Zaccheus, Syriac, innocent.
Zachary, Hebrew, remembering the \jxA»
2^bedee, Syritu, having an inheritance.
Zedekiah, Hebrew, the justice c^ the Lord.

Adeline, German, a princess.

Agatha, On^ek, good.

Aenes, German, chaste.

Alethea, Greek, the truth.

Althea, Greek, hunting,

Alice, Alicia, German, noble.

Amy, Amelia, French, a beloved.

Anna, Anne, or Hannah, Hebnew, gracions.

Arabella, Latin, a fair altar.

Aureola, Latin, like gold.

Barbara, Latin, foreign or strange.

Beatrice, Latin, making happy.

Benedicta, Latin, blessed.

Bcmice, Greek, bringing victory.

Bertha, Greek, bright or famous.

Blanche, French, uur.

Bona, Latin, good.

Bridget, Irish, shining bright

Cassandra, Greek, a reformer of joietu

Catharine, Greek, pure or dean.

Charity, Greek, love, bounty.

Charlotte, French, all noble.

Caroline, feminine of Carolus, the Zatm af

Charles, noble-spirited.
Chloe, Greek, a green herb.
Christiana, Greek, belonging to Christ
Cecilia, Latin, from Cecu.
Cicely, a corruption of Cecilia.
Clara, Latin, clear or bright
Constance, Latin, constant
Deborah, Hebrew, a bee.
Diana, Greek, Jupiter's daughter.
Dorcas, Greek, a wild roe.
Dorothy, Greek, the gift of God,
Edith, Saxon, happiness.
Eleanor, Saxon, all fruitful.
Eliza, Elizabeth, Hebrew, the oath of God.
Emily, corrupted from Amelia.
Emma, German, a nurse.
Esther, Hester, Hebrew, secret.
Eve, Hebrew, causing life.
Eunice, Greek, fiur victory.
Eudoia, Greek, prospering in the waj.
Frances, German, free.
Gertrude, German, all truth.
Grace, Latin, favor.
Hapr, Hebrew, a stranger.
Helena, Greek, alluring,
"ane, softened from Joan; or,

anne, thefeminiruofjohn,

anet, Jeannette, little Jane.

oyce, French, pleasant.

sabella, Spanish, fair Eliza.
Judith, Hebrew, praising.
Julia, Juliana, feminine of yuliuf,
Letitia, Latin, joy or gladness.
Lois, Greek, better.
Lncretio, Latin, a chaste Roman Udy.
Lucy, Latin, feminine of Lucius.
Lydia, Greek, descended from Lud.

M/SCELLA//F.OUS,

Mibel. Latin, lovely.

Magdalene, Maudlin, SyriaCf BUtgniftcnt.

Marnrct, German, a pearL

Mamia, /i^6rew, bitle-mcss.

Mary, fM'rru*, billcr,

Maud, Maidda, Grft-k, a lady of honor.

Mercy, Enj*ltshy compassion.

Mildrrfl, Snxon^ speaking mild.

Nrsl, Brititk^ the tame as Antes.

Nicola* Orert, /cmtntne of Nisotaj,

Olymiua, Grteh^ heavenly.

Ora)>iti«, i-'Uin, \a be entreated.

Pvnell, or I'ctronilla, liitlc Peter.

Patience, Ltittn, bearing patientlr.

Paulitia, Latm, feminine of Faminm,

Pencln[^>e, Greeks a turkey.

Pcrsis, Greek, dcstroyinjj.

PhiladeJphi.i, Greek, Drotherly love.

Pkilippa, Greek, feminine of Fkilip,

Phccfic, Greek, the light of life.

Phylli*. Ctxek, a green bough.

PritdUa, LxUn, somewhat old*

Prudence, Ltsitn, discrctioa,

Piyche, Gteek, the soul.

Rachel, //ebrrw, a lamb.

Rebecca. Hebrew^ (at or plump.

Rhoda. Greek, % rose.

Rosamund. Saxcn, a rose of peaob

Rosa, Jjttin, a rose.

Rosecleer, Jinriisft, a fair rosc

Rosabellfl, /taftan, a fcur rose.

Ruth. Ifebrav, trembling.

Sabina, Latin, sprung from the SaUnc.

Salome, Jfehrew^ per^ct.

Snpphira. Gtetk^ like a sappture stouc.

Sjrah. fhbrrw, a princess.

Sibylla, Greek, the counsel of Qod.

Sophia, Greek, wisdom.

Sophronia, Greek, of a sound mind.

Susan, Susanna, HebreWf a lily.

Tabitha, Syritie^ a roc.

Temperance, Latin, moderation.

Thcoi.loiia, Greek, given by God.

TryphosA, Greek, (klicious.

Trypbena, Grtek, delicate.

Vida, Erse., feminine of David,

Ursula, Latin, a female bear.

Winifred, Saxon, winning peace.

Zrnobia, Greek, the life of Jupiter,

X/TFO GLyC£AVA\—\V\ttn glycerin is
allowed slowly to trickle into a mixture of equal
[ures of nitric acid and oil of vitriol, at a
low temperature, two atnms of its hyrlrogen nre
repLace<l by two atoms of protoxide of nitrogen,
and there results a heavy oilv liquid knovm as
nitro-glvccrin. a body which has more than ten
tines tnc explo<;ivc power of gunp<iwder. It
'has come into extensive msc for blasting, and
the number of terrible accidents that have hap-
pened from it. by explosion from mere friclion,
illustrates not only the tremendous forces that
can Ite stored up in the sliape of atomic tensions,
bat how exquisite is the balance by which such
terrible agcnacs are kept in equilibrium.

This terrible explosive seems little to respect
its company and surroundings. Dr. Gorup
Bcsame7 reports the account of an cx^^losion of
im 'tc subitance in hi% Ulioralorv,

an<l tug effects he records as tesuft-

placed the above mentioned quantity of the
Hubstance in question in a small cait iron dish
heater over tnc small Bun&en gn& burner In
common use in Inboralorics. Result: forty^ilx
[«ancs of gUss in the windows of the lal>oratory
demoliihcd, the iron dish hurled thrmi^h t brick
wall, the iron stand upon which it was supported
partly split and partly twisted out of !th»pe. and
the tu1>c of the Run!>en burner split ..•,\^

Those in the lalwiralory, fortur .cd

without injury. This circumsiantt: vi".K<iii> the
results of Dr. E. Kopp's observations u^ton the
conditions upon which nitroglycerin explodes
or quietly bums. When causerl to fall drop by
drop on an iron plate at a full re<l hear, it btims
off like gun|V)wder; but should i" 'iie

not be thoroughly red, but still sir it.

cd to make the nitroglycerin boil -^u.i.^i ...>. on
explosion invariably occurs. The laller must
have been the conditions under which the nitro-
clycerio was heated iu the case above died.
Nobel claims that nitro-glyccrin can be rendered
perfectly harmless and safe fur transportation by
mixing it with ten per cent, of wood spirit or
methylic alcohol, XVTicn required for use this
added substance roust be removed, its removal
bringing tlie explosive back, to its original dan-
gerous state. An admixture with tweniy-hve
per cent, of its weight of sand will, it is said,
allow it to bum quietly without explosion, but if
struck with a suoden and violent olovr, it t^kes
fire, but only the portion struck bums. Such a
mixture, now known as dynamite, may be e»-
ploded by means of fulminate of mercury, itself
fared l>y the electric spark or by a slow match.

O/LiLam/), To Punfy.—TaVt chloritle of
lime, I lb.; water, 12 lbs. Triturate the chloride
of lime in a large mortar, gradually adding the
water so as to Ibrra a smooth anJ soap pA^te,
and then add the remainder of the M'ater, which
will give the whole the consistence nf cream.
Now mix this thorou^ly with the od by fre-
quent and careful slinring, in the pro^Ktrtion of
I quart of the paste for too lbs. of oil, or a little
more, if the oil be verr putrid, l^t it rcm-iin a
few hours, when add I lb. of sulphuric acid,
previously diluted with 20 or 30 parts of water,
and boil, with a gentle heat, constantly stirring
during the process, until the oil drops clear
from the end of a piece to be dippea into it
After the IxMlinghas been finishetl, alliTw the oil
to setde for a few hours ; then draw it olT from
the acidulated water. The boiler should be Imed
with lead, and the mortar for the irituntion of
the chloride of lime should neither be iron nor
copper.

O/L, ^^'eafj'Faot, — In the manufacture o^ this
oil the bones of the foot only are used after re-
jecting the hoofs. In the hind feet of the animaU
the foul goes up to the first point, which bends
inside, presentmg a very large bone. These
bones, as fresh and as clean as possible, are
Imiled for half an hour In a suiuble vessel, and
the oil after cooling is poured or syphoned off.
It is then filtered through a piece of flannel and
is ready for use. If the bones are not fresh the
oil m.iy have a flisurceable odor, nnd it has
•'■■. 1, wmchcan be d V-

. solution of Ucft' i f,

I.... k.i.-...^ ... :.t I. t

A

,■ ... .'h

loclor'ft puptUy in tSic course ul aa iavcaU^auoa, 1 muslin, uul cusuUiute whea udotiess an uxei-

49«>

DICTIONAR Y OF EVERY-DA Y tVAKTS,

lent material for pomatums. Iflhey are ruidcl

( )tii{ I^ftum^ 7'c Prrsf9V€.—

To - -._. - -. . ■-■i oil I ot. of alcohol is to be
added, ana well mixed ; then i ok. of water is

Jmt with it. which again withdraws the alcohol
rom Oic oil, And (xmccts at the bottom of the
bottle OS dilute nicnhol.

0/L-PA/?C//^f£^'r.— According |o Dr. J.
C. Hofmann's directions for the preparation of
»hnt he calls oil- parchment, the basis may be
cither linen or cotton-cloth, or even strong p«-
per. The material, whichever ii chojien, is to
be stretched out, and then covered with the fol-
lowing preparation : One part of fine white lead,
Iwivthirds of a port of well burnt eroand and
lifted plaster of I'aris, and one-fourui of a part
of Ane staked lime are intimately mixed and
cronnd with walct until a perfectly smooth,
doughy mass is obtained. Then two-thirds of a
part of best clear glue, dissolved in sufhciert
water, is gradually added umil the mass is of
such a consistence that it can l>e easily spread
with a brush. Three or four Layers of this are
lo be put upon the cloth, one being allowed to
pet thoroughly dry before another is put on.
The last, wTien dry, is to be rubbed down smooth
with pumice stone. The ground is now ready
for the surface of oil or paint. If a while surface
is desired, a mixture of one part of best linseed
oil and one-third of wcll-bleacheil lead-varnish
alone is u&ed ; but this mixture, if wished, may
be colored ycUow with ochre, red with cinnabar,
blue with Prussian blue, or black with Frankfort
black. Three or four thin layers of the paint
may be applied, care being a£;ain taken that each
coat is well dried before another is laid on. The
oil, we are told, unites to the other surface so
as to form a solid material, which is quite im-
per\'iou5 to water, and cannot be rubbed off.
The material so prepared may be written U|xhi
with a lead or colored pencil, and the writing or
drawing can be washed off again any number of
times. It might be expected that the ouxture
with plaster of Paris, wnich forms the ground.
work, would set into a solid mass too quickly
to allow of three or four coats of the same mix-
turc bein? applied, but the author gives no inti-
mation ofsucn a danger.

O/L, f^ Railway Cars anJ Machiftfry.—
Soda, ^6 lbs., thoroughly dissolved in 3 gals,
water m a small boiler ; then to be pourwi into
a large cooler containing 30 to 36 gals, water,
and well mixed : melt 1 cwt. 2 qrs. of tallow in
a large boiler, then add I cwt. 3 qrs. of palm-
oil; boil together; as soon as it boils, the mix-
ture is to be gradually cooled down to blood heat,
stirring all the time. It is then to be run off
through a sieve into the cooler containing the
soda and water ; and must be stirred all the time
it 13 running off, in order to mix properly.

0/L{A'a/ff), 7'o Ptsri/v.—Knpe od, 100 gal-
lons; strong cid of vitriol, 3 gallons. Put ihem
into a cask and agitate for one hour, decant the
clear oil in three days, and then divide the oil
into two portions and put each into separate
casks add forty or fifty gallons of hot water to
each, and agitate for one hour more; in three
days or more, decant the clear for use.

'OL£0G/fAP//S: MoMbled Pater.— K 50-
Cilled novrlty has been advertiseri in Knglnnd
luicW, under this nnme. It is simply paper, on
trilu'co peculiar accidental 6guie& uc lor med by

the following process: Oil u dropped on water;
paper is laid on the sur&oe; ihi.', ! u>

float an instant* and tlten draw:i iV»

and washed with water. It ani\.- ,:,ii

the main principle of this so j^

is identical with the mannc. bx

all marbled papen» liavc !■ il,

namely, a shallow bath of idi

some ox-tp'' ■ ; r-;--- ' [j

water colur
face, so thi- > '

cidental figures. 'I hen as* .re

is laid on the water for an in wp

directly ; after which it i& dritd.

PACKING^ Hints on, — In packing up A

parcel of books, be careful, in r' ■ • , • r-re

them from rubbing, to plat >ie

paper over the cover of eacJi, ks

together in such a way tluil mir wiil bind ibc
other, and thus form a secure pcirrcl. U^ oboiH
dance of wrapping-paper an ' < ord, U

the parcel exceeds twelve breadth,

draw a cord tightly, but not 1 , '■^"Tid

the sides, which will materia ^ ii

secure and compacL As a A

earthenware should be pockr re

accustomed to it. The pack "»d

fruit may be left in the han r.

I'-very packer should be vers ng

nails into packed K>«.<*'^ ; *" 1*

preferred. In i- Ic

to break, place tti> n,

and see that pl'i< »]

paper shavings aj ip

tip and separate r jck-

ages of glass an I ^ ought

to be marked "t'l ; , ,. _^._,. ..U care,**
in plain and conspicuous lcner« on the parcel
or packing case.

PAINT, T& Rem^i'e frtf^r: .^

having to clean a pulpit and ^f*

carving and tracery were a)
successive coits of paint, '
common wa<^hing-soda, disS'.
ter, and appUcd hot, would remove iL lie
"I found that 3 lbs. of so-lft. fc<*st 2,Sd.>
gallon of water, I * nf.

brtibh, answered l-

ing the paint in a ' ' w

removed with a sli:
on adding a few Di:
it soflennl more rcadiiy tiiau m\\ .
The stone in Ixith oues was a fmr :

PAPER, Cotying. — Mix larri an I Uimi-UiU
to a paste, rub this over paper, wipe off the wasU
with a rag, and dry the paper. A clean khfct
placed under tliis whUe written on with a lead
pencil, etc, n-icivcs a cr^Tiv.

PAPER. Leather,— ,j.

ing and peculiar prtMJ. 1

which is made to tmitatt: jt.iin-r. 1 Df lufaoe
baa every appearance of a fnitthni tkin, wilk
extraordinary fermness »n<1 rU.-.^.itv -^fHlIlcia
be subjected to wasliin^; ry bam

(he water. Th«c pei:*: <><iD«clk

due to the .iAicraluM

the mode of < cs remainiaf

intact even . tluck, whjl*

with ws pajn V lU firaanat,

I of U) cc^Uui^u c:i ui li:ii|;th uitd 42 waLxacUu ia

Hi

MrSCELLANBOUS,

491

^

width. The paper out of which it is prepared is
not dissimilar to our packing -paper, and is made
in Southern Japan, near Nagasaki, ami thence
tiketi toother provinces, where it \% maaufactured
into the different forms, for various uses. The
leather ]>apcr is nude in the following manner: —
It is dampened and laid in {.nirs between two
peculiarly prepared forms, made of paper also,
only more hxchly varnished tlmn ordinary leather
Mpcr; they have a very strong surface coating,
Dut running only in one direction.

Before putting the paper in these forms, the
sheets arc stretched a little in the direction of
their width. If there are several sheets they are
rolled on a cylindrical piece nfwootl, the grain
of the paper running in an opposite direction
from that of the wood, they nrc then unrolled
from this on a cloth to keep them in shape, and
put into a form, with a hole m the lop large
enough to admit ihe end of the w ooden cylinder.
The roll of the paper is then subjected to a wcs-
surc of 200 or 300 pounds. After the roll has
been reduced to three-quarters of its original
length by this pressure, it is taken out of the
press and turnctl, the folds flattened out, and
Ogoin pressed to remove the deep marks.

After ]>a$sing the paper through rollers several
times, the upper surface aaiuircs the appearance
of leather ; it is then colored, oiled with a kind
of rape-seed oil, varnished, put once more in the
press, which completes it, with the exception of
dryinc* By means of parallel or cross lines on
the rollers, the upper surface of the paper is made
to resemble leather exactly in all its varieties.
The paper lieing pressed to one-third, or even
to ooe-balf. iU original thickness, and the passage
through the rollers giving it a line-grained ap«
^pearancc, makes it ^^uablc to picture-printers,
MA the surface has the appearance of cr^pe silk.

There is another variety of leather paper which
is smooth and transparent, resembling hog-skin
TCry mucli. This is manufactured by a process of
hammering, and is the highest price<l. costing 37
cents )><;rsneet, while the other ranges from 8 1014
cents, sonic very fine selling at S centi per sheet.

I'APER /torn Oat ^0*j/.— Paper is manu-
factured from oat refuse by first immersing the
husks in water in a tank in order to float off
inustard and other seeds, with which they ore
Ik«quentlv more or less mixed, and which, if not
jg^g^nteu, materially deteriorate the quality of
, tpcr. It is of advantage to have tne water
stirred, as it facilitates uie separation of the
ign seeds, and allows tliem to float to the
lurfaoe. The oat husks ore then allowed to
xeUlc. and the surface scum and floating secd^
arc drawn off by an overflow pipe at the top of
the tank, or skimmed off by a rake or other tool,
cr otherwise removed; after which the water is
drained from the uat hu.<iks by a waste-water pipe
at the bnitom of the lank, and beneath a pcrfor-
ated faUe lioltum, or fated with a strainer which
TOtains llie oat busks. The oat husks may be
[cfl to sleep ia the water for from five to ten
kours after or during the removal of the scum,
this steeping by sonening them and helping
\'p> loosen the silica from the fibre, facilitates the

hsequcnt boding process.

PAFER, OiA-X— Brush sheets of paper over

with boiled oil, and suspend them on a hne until

^ry- This paper is water-proof, and is employed

'o tie over preserve p'Jts and jars, and to wrap

tp paste Uackiug, etc.

PAPER, Panhmmf. — To convert paper into
vegetable p.-irchment, immerse it for a few lec-
uuds in a cold mixture of one volume water' and
two volumes sulphuric acid. Wash out rapidly
by plunging into a large quantity of cold water;
and finally remove all traces of the acid by fur
ther immcr>iion in water, to which a small quon*
tity of ammonia has been added. On drying,
the parchment has a tendency to contract un-
equally. This can be prevented by aiuching it
to a frame while still wet, or by allowing it to
dry under a press.

Paper prepared in this way is very transpa-
rent, and can be used for copying by tracing.
It is also extensively employed as a substitute
for pojchment made from sheepskin in diplomas,
certificate*. patenU, and for letter cnvelo|jcs.

The precautions lo be obser^'ed in its manu-
facture are, not to keep it toi> long in Ihe bath,
and afterward to be sure to remove every trace
of the acid.

The applicatioDs (^parchment paper are doily
extending. A recent nunilter of a IIfe-<^lau paper
gives an account of some specimens prep.ired by
Albert Kckstein, of Vienna, which are capable
of a great variety of uses. One variety can be
employed as a substitute for cloth in binding,
ana a thicker variety for imitation of lialf-calf
bindings. One of toe most important applica*
tions is to prepare ice-sacks for medical use.
These bags art; a great improvement on the In-
dia rubber or becrbladdcr oogs usually employ-
ed for this purpose. The parchment bag, in
cansei]uencc of the slow escape of the water
through the membrane, is kept constantly cold,
and no change of its contents becomes neces-
sary. The evaporation of the water from Ihe
surface keeps down tlie temperature of the con-
tents of the bag. Parchment pajicr is also re-
commended for wrappers for gowls which may
be injured by dust or moisture, and is prepared
for tliis purpose.

The principal nse, however, of the parchment
paper at present is as a porous membrane in the
rcfaning of sugar. This paper will separate dif-
ferent impunties, and finallv the crystallisable
sugar from molasses, ifptaccd l>ctween the latter
substance and water. Tnis peculiar action of the
pores of the paper is called osmose, and the
whole operation difiusion. Pubrunfaut some
three or four years ago introduced this system
for the refining of su^ into Gennany and
France. Extensive pieces of apparatus have
been constructed for tnis purpose, called osmo-
meters and osmogenes.

PAPER, or PartkmenU Tq SUiin.— YdlrM,
— Paper may be stained a beautiful yellow by the
tincture of turmeric formed by infu^ting an oz. or
more of the root, powdered, m a pint of spirit of
wine. This may be mode to give any tint of
yellow, from the lightest straw lo the full color,
called French vellow, and will be equal in bri|^t
Dcss even to tne best dyed silks. If yellow be
wanted of a warmer or redder cast, innotto or
dragon's blooti must be added. The tiest man-
ner of using these, and the following tinctures,
is ti> spread them even on the paper or porch*
ment, by means of a broad brush, m the manner
of varnish. Crimxcm, — A verjf fine crimson stain
msy lie given to paper by a tincture of the Indi-
an lake, which may be made by infusing the lake
same days in spirit of wine, and then pouring
off the tiactura teoia xIeul ^c^. Y\T&ai\A,-<

retl by red ink. It m«y also be stained of a scir.
let hue by the tinctuie of dr^on's blood in spirit
of wine, but Ihii will not be bright. Green. —
Paper or parchment may l>e stained crecn by the
solution of verilicri'* in vinegar, or by the crys-
tals of verdigris dissolved in water. Oranrf, —
Stain Uie paper or parchment fir&t of a full yel-
low by means of the tincture of turmeric, then
brush' it over with a tohitlon of 6xcd alkaline
sail, made by dissolving % an oi, of pearlnsh,
or Kali of tartar, in a quart of water, and filter-
ing the solution. Pttrplt. — Paper or parchment
may be stained piirulc by archil, or by the tinc-
ture of logwood- The juice of ri|>e privet -berries
cxuretscd will also give a purple dye.

Tlie coaUtar colors are esj>cciaUy adapted to
coloring paper.

PAPER, Tracing, — In order to prepare a
beautiful transparent, colorless paj>«r, it is best
to employ the varnish formed with Demarara
resin m the following way : The sheets intended
for this purpose xre laid flat un each other, and
the varnish spread over the uppermost sheet by
means of a brush, until the paper appears per-
fectly colorless, without, however, the bquij
therein being visible. The first sheet is then re-
moved, hong up for drying, and the second
treated in the same manner. After being drie<l,
this paper is capable of being written on, either
with chalk, or pencil, or stccipcns. It preserves
iLS colorlcf s transparency without becoming yel-
low, as is frequently the case with that prepared
in any other way.

P^PEA\ To Make TrYtnsfiarrtt t—Any ^pcr
is capable of the transfer of a drawing in ordin-
ary mk, pencil, or water color, and even a
stout drawmg paper can be made as transparent
OS the thin yellowish paper at present used fok
tracing purposes. l*he liquid used is benzine.
If the paper is dampened with pure and fresh
distilled benzine, it at once assumes transparen-
cy, and permits of tracing being made, and of
ink or water colors being used on its surface
without any "running." The paper resumes its
opacity as the l>enzine evaporates, and if the
drawing is not then completed, the requisite por-
tion of the paper must again be dampened with
the benzine. This new discovery of the proper-
ties of benzine will prove of service to the art
profession, in allo\vin|j; the use of stiff paper
where formerly only a slight tissue could be used.

PAPER^ Test /or Wood im.—A weak solution
of sulphate of aniline is now used for detecting
the presence of wood fiber in paper. One drop
of the liquid on a pointed glass rod applied to
paper containing such fiber, even in minute
quantities, if prepared in a mechanical way, will
produce an intense yellow color. This reaction
docs not take place when the wood fiber has
been chemically prepared.

PAPER, /Ktfj-ft/.— Pbce a sheet of stout pa-
per on a. heated iron plate, and over tlus place
the sheets of tissue paper to be WTixed, Inclose
wax or stcarine in a piece of muslin, and as it
melts spread over the tissue paper equally; pro-
ceed with others similarly until enough arc pre-
pared. Used to cover gallipots, ointments, etc

PASTEt Rejemblin^ the Diamond* — Take
white sajid, iSoo parts ; rctl lead, 1 200 parts ;
pcarlash, 900 parts : nitre, 600 parts; arsenic,
lOopaits; manganese, I i>art. To render this
paste still harder, use less lead, and if it should
wcliae to yeUgw, add a UlUe mote taancane«c.

PASTE (/mfrwfd), /jr IValir. — A
form of paste for attaching papet han^gi. to
walls, and one which, besides pos.sessin( the
merit of cheapness, hns •'"■ i-Ivmii"^ '»i »
venting the paper from ■
is prc(3ared by first snt .
powdereil bole (fatly day) in water, .'
draining ofl" the surplus water from 0 ■
One and a quarter pounds of 1.:'
boiled into glue water, and '
of gypsum ore then stirred \
mass forced through a sieve 1 ;
This is afterward diluted witli
dition of a thin paste or drct^^in^, when i
ready for use. The {oste is not only rn
cheaper than the ordinal . ^ r
the advantage of adheri
surfaces, especially to v»- ,
ed over several times, and from which the
ing lias not 1>ecn carefully removed, t
cases it ts advisable, when putting fine paper
old walls, to coat ihem by means of this paste

with a ground paper, and t^ '" ■' - ;-rtr

hanging itself to this with th ■

PASTE, for Labe!iM( ctt , ^ le,

such as you buy in commerce, or make yuurs^
from gum-arabic or pimtmfnicflnTh, wiih
addition of a little wintergr- - > ' :1
this purpose. It is only r<.
from the tin a thin film of grc.-..-. .^ 1.-^1.
perfect adhesion, causing it to bluie
drying. This is accomplished by dipr>i
In a mlute solution of caustic so^!
ten of water to one of potash — ruV
on which to fix the label, and drvn.^ it \\\
another rag. No label put on in tnis way «
come off again.

PASTILLES, Vami!a.— \ ichgSw

out the scent of vanilla mn> tiT^d;

Gftlbanum, ^enty-four parts; c
parts; vanilla, thirty-two narts; rasr.
one part; and esjencc of vanilla, sK-iTn '-■:[:■..
all ine ingredients being well powdcrca and
mixed into a mass of rouci(r.i->- nf ,Tiir,, jnKl.-
Liquid compositions of a simil
be preparea, and of which n -.
be poured into a saucer and ignited. ,\
this kind may be formed of gum benioin
two parts; gum galbanum, twenty
an<l oruised cloves, seventeen i^a: i

lerials are to be well broken up ini . . „ _ .»
and put into a stojipered bottle, with a sutticirn!
nuantity of rectified spirits of wine Xr* di•^f■!^•e
tne gums. The vessel must lie k- ' -n

place for some time, until the bet !•

nanum are dissolved, and then the "..en . i^'r
should l>e decanted into another bottle, and pre-
served for use.

PA TENT MEDICINE '^.
Coca Pilii, by Sampson, Nf v' [^

to Hagar an i T
Coca, and evir
value alxtut

Sau de t
of 4 chlorid-r
88 water. A kim
fee*, which, a mn [ :
here. Tlie -
alkalies, eai
nating prol'
used. Hap.
formula: Hy;
of soda 3, glyuerins J, waive hH |iuta*

HIH

MISCEIL4

493

I

GroHuiar EWervrscent CitmU of Magmsia^
b]r Bishoji, of London, consists merely of bicar-
bonale of soda, and tartaric acid.

PamniatU des Ckattlainei^ % hair invigoralor,
consists of benzoinalcd lard and snmc volatile oils.

Hamburg Tta, by Frese & Co., of Hamburg;
Senna 8, manna 3, coriander i.

Magtusian Ap^fUnt^ by Moxon, of England,
is, according to Siller, anhydrous sulphate of
magnesia 31. carbonate of nu^nesia 14, bicar-
bonate of soda 30, tartaric acid 2$ parts.

Lait de PerUj, accordiDg to Dragendorff, I
white Ic.id, 7 rose water. .

Sto^uH Eittme of Lift is made also in this
country, under various names. As usually made
bv apothecaries, it is a tincture prepared from 4
aloes, I agaric, I rhubarb, 1 zeuoary, I gentian,
I myrrh, l theriac, with loo to 120 dilute alco-
hol. The secret medicine manubcturers usually
substitute cheaper articles for the high-priced
saffron and rhubarb.

Syrup tf JiifrteraiUsh^ by Grimault. Hagar
gives tlic foUowinc directions: 50 p. each of
fresh scurvygross, buckbean, and watercress, 60
of horseradish, 40 of fresh orange berries, are
infused with 3 cionamon in 50 p. white wine,
and after a day expressed; 250 p. sugar are dis-
solved m the nllraie.

JodmiiM Syrup cf Horseradiih, by Grimault,
contains 10 iodine and 5 potassium iodide in
^000 of the former.

Synip dt Lait lodique^ by Bouyer, of Paris,
aoocow \ milk. 60 cane sugar, alittle soda, and 1-6
of potassium iodide, are evaporated to 100 parts.

Afyrrhine, by J. B. George, of Paris, for the
preservaiion of the teeth : Glycerine 38, myrrh
7, arrowroot 5, chnlk 54, oil of cinnamon 1 part.

A'ete York Piils^ by Sampson, of New York.
The \% grain pills conMU of pondered coca 25,
extract ofcoca 30, powdered iron 35 parts.

O^hxte pour its Drnts, by Pin.iud. Syrup 70,
chalk 21, g>'psum 7^, magnesia x}^^ colored
with aniline red, containing arsenic, and flavor-
ed with oil of cloves, and of spearmint.

Brandrtih*s PiUs contain resin of podophyl-
lum, inspissated juice of poke berries, sauron,
dovc-i, oil of pcppermmL

JhlLK^'afs Pdli ore composed of aloe, myrrh,
and ftafTron.

MerrisQn^s PiiUt 2^ grains each, consist of
aloe, cream of tartar ond colocynth; another
kind contains the same ingredients, besides gam-
boge.

jK'adroay'f Ready Keliff according to Peckolt.
is an ethereal tincture of capsicum, with alco-
hol and camphor.

J^adtoay'r Rrnffvating Resolvent^ a vinous tinc-
ture of ginger and cardamom sweetened with
su{^r. (Ilarar and Jacobsen.)

Poudre fittnoitatique VigitaU by Bonnatour,
COiuistsof4re5in, l gum arabic, I wood charcoal.

pQudre Vniijut^ by Godemaux, of P.iris,
lauded as a sjwcific against epilepsy, is impure
calomel, leaving when hcatca a slight reodish
residue.

OH cf Hone ChatnuU, by E. Generoix, of
Paiii, xs not the oil of the horse chestnuts, but
another non-drying oil, altered by beat so that
it has acquired a darker color, a pungvnt odor
and acrid taste.

PA VEMF.NT, Strtet.—K new mode of lay.
ing granite pavement has lieen tried in London,
in a part of the city in which it will be subjected

to the severest lest of hcavjr traffic. The plan
consists of Uying down granite blocks of 6 oy 4
inches on a simple bed and ftUtng iit the inter-
stices with a very coarse gravel, and then pour-
ing on a very hot coal tar. Thu liquid runs
down between the blocks to the bottom, and
firmly cements the whole pavement info one
mass, which is thus rendered impervious to
water from above or from below, consequently
the rain at once runs off, and the bed always
remaining dry, no pumping up of mud can occur
from between the blocks of granite, so that the
pavement always remains clean, and neither mud
in wet weather, nor dust in dry weather, can
arise where this mode is adopted. This pave-
ment has already proved a success in Manchester,
and great hopes are entertained of the experi-
mental section laid down in London. As much
interest is arouscil in several of our own cities,
and many experiments ma*{e to find a good pare*
ment, perhaps the above may prove useful.
Thus far none of the pavements laid down in
this country seera entirely satisfactory. The
wood, of which high expectations were enter-
tained, is too expcn!>ive, inconvenient to repair,
besides having disadvantages. Stone in some
form seems destined tu maintain its ground.

PEARL lA'LA iViVt;.— Mother of pearl is
the inner coal or layer of several kinds of oyster-
shells, ha beautiful tints are dependent upon
its structure, the surface being covered with
minute grooves so small that upward of three
thous.ind are contained in an inch, which decom-
pose and reflect the light.

The kinds of pearl used are three : mother of
pearl or the pearl oyster, or white pearl, as it is
called by the artist, and is known by its clear
wliite surface; aurora shell, which can reatlily
be told by its wrinkled appearance and itt various
prismatic colors, made from the shell of the
genus of mollusca known as the sea-car or car-
shell, and known to the conchologist as haliotis;
the green snail shell, which can be told by its
glistening colors of light and dark ^ecm n soft
yellow, and a bright and beautiful pink, blended
together.

Tlie lamellar structure of the pearl shell readily
admits of its being split into l.tmin;i:; but as
splitting is liable to spoil the shell, the pieces
are generally made to take the required shape by
the use of the saw, fde, or grindstone. In pre-
paring the rou^h shell, if square or angular
pieces arc required, the circular saw or the
ordinary back-saw is used; while if a circular
form is wanted, it is cut by an annular or crown-
saw hxed on a mandrel.

Afler being cut o»t, the picscs are ground (o
the necessary thinness on a grindstone, plenl/
of water being used to avoid the great friction
which ai.vdvs ensues; after which, they are
ready for operation in the lathe for inlaying, etc.

After the shell is ground or turned to the
proper form, it is rubbed with pumice-stone and
water, following by an application of ^ound
pumice-stone, wnich has been carefully sifted to
extract all except the minutely powdered portion,
and applied with a piece of cork or damp cloth.
The polishing is accorapUshctl with ruitcn-stone
moistened with dilute sulphuric acid, the latter
lending to tlevclup the striated stiucturc of the
shctL In some cases emery paper may be used,
followed with rotten-stone moistened with acid
or some limpid oil insieadi

^

DICTIONARY OF EVERY DAY tVAATS.

The pearl handles used for ruon or knives J Oie rl. imr ami vtirfucr ..f iKr hi-tk
arc fiptt roughed out, then dfllleil wheie the ,
rivets are to be inserted, and then lightly riveted ,
lOBCthcr m p:iii^. ITiey ;ire then ground to the
proper siic ami thickness, and f^nUhcd by the
mean - -.I-.].

Oil r workinp pearl is Mmihir to thai

ofcii;, ^ .1 mctiils in relief, by th« aid' of

corrosive ticids and the etching point. Tlie shell
it first di^idt'd iii may be necessary, and the
desig;n or paucrns drawn upon it with nr
varnish; strong nitric acid is then brn '
the plates repeatedly, until the parts liiw -.^i.^M
or undefended by the varnish arc Mifficifnlly
corroded or eaten away by the acid. The vnrnisn
now Ijcing washed off, the device, which the
acid has not touched, is found to be nicely exe-
cotcd. Ifthc design is lo be after the manner of
commoi\ etching on copper, the process upon the
shell is precisely the same as that process upon
metal.

When fl considerable number of pieces of thin
shell are required to be of the «ame site and
pattern, the requisite number of plates arc ce-
tnente<t together with glue, and llie device or
figure dnvwii upon the outer plate. They moy
then be held in a vUe or damp, and cut out as
one plate with a fine saw, or wrought into the
desired fotm with files; drilling tools may be
employed to assist in the operation. To sepa-
rate the pieces, the cemented shells are thrown
into warm water, which softens the glue and
separates the pieces.

Cost and sheet-iron and panier-raachd are the
materials upon which pcwl is generally inlaid.
The process is as follows: Ifthc article be of
cast-iron, it is well cleaned from the sand which
tisually adheres to the casting, and is blackened
vrith a coal of varnish and lamp-black. When
this is thoroughly dried, a coat of japan or black
varnish is spread evenly upon it. Before the
varnish become* too dry, pieces ofpearlcutin
the form of leaves, roses, or such flowers as the
fency of the artist may dictate, or the character
of the article may require, arc laid upon it, and

Srcssed down with Inc finger, and they imme-
ialcly adhere to the vamiihed surface. The

U'ork is then placed in a heated oven and kept

there for several hours, or until the varnish is

perfectly dried. It is then taken from the oven

and another coat of varnish applied indiscrimin-

alely on the .surfaccof llie r>carl and the previous

coaimg, and again placetl In the oven till dry.

This process is repeatcii several times. T>ie

varnish is then scraped off the pearl with a knife,

and the surface of pearl and the varnish around

it is found to be quite even, Tlie pearl is then

polished with a piece of pumice-stone and water.

arid tlie surface of the varnish is rubbed smooth

iriih powdered pumice-stone, moistened with

watpr.

It !s in this unfinished state that the pearl has

the appcar.-ince of being inUid, and from which

it derives its name. Its final beauty and finish

depend allogethcr on the skill of the artist who

now receives it.

The artist traces the stem« and leaves of the
i^fluwcrs with a camel's-hair pencil, dipped in a

B£c made (if varnish and turpentine; upon tht5
[he lays gold leaf, which adheres where iher-r

"ire. and the superfluous gi^ld is carefully bru-
rd tiff with a piece of sUk. The flowers a.n-i i
/caves 3je then painted ia coloti, aw\ ■w\icn.<lT^, I PE/^CCSS/OXtAPS, {'Hmm^ fig^Ar fir^

A varnished surlacc can
transferring drawings or cti
the )>rocess is quite simple. .

\-ami<h i« ^pr^t>d ry-^^n the *i

sufficiently li i.

ened with a _ ., _ _ . -A

can be rublicd off, Icnviiig alJ the Unci oClli*
print upon the varnichH iiirfar'*.

peA'c/i.s, /■ - '.y

ofproducing. no". 'i

of pencils, is by thi. ;■_..,•...... ,»; ,...-.. j^. <, .. .-. nt

once combines simplicity, cheapness, arv! ihe
finent quality:

Take white or t*ipe cby: (

clean water, to sonV for li 1 .;e

the whole, until it rcscin^ ' -•: ?wa

or three minutes and ; ittaliM

milky liquor into a sec ... . ...... ...,.* h to

settle, pour off the clear and dry the rciwlur Oit
a filter. Then adt! black Icaa, anv quariitly.
Powder it and calcme it at a w! a

loosely covered cmcible, cool an'!
pulverize, X^- ' ' ' i

plumbago, i .r

them into a !_.. .._-.. 1 , .: ., .J

the bize required, dry verv gi y

sufficient heal to give tne i .f

hardness; lastly, the ; n

carefully from the molds -

of the cedar. The more ci.iv m-i n.

the harder the cmyoti; l«s day f

course produce a contrary effect. f

black may also be varied in the sani

mold mast be made of four pieces > l .

ly fitted together.

PENCTl writing, T9 Fix.—Vcn^mtCU
ing may be *i--'' -i — ^.. - . :_.i.i .i.-
passing the
breathing fl^

renders them much less U-.
when not subjecied to that j
may be of importance to per?<
to carry a mcroorandum boo:
In ordinary use th" -■-■'•■■"■- ■■■■
lierome very muc'.
diffu<^ion of the per
(ace of the paper. A irii^l .j( i
readdysatisfv any person of th;

PENCI^j;, Indfiil'
writes: In relation to ir
ing wood laliels fiirgar^.v.. ..
will give ray plan, which I Ih
I buy a genuine Faber N'n.
costs ten cents; then I y
is the best material), ar
I rub on a little comm'
before it gets dry. I !l

v

... ..Jl

. Iltik

<!. Bia
lalbe
ri best

MISCELLANEOUS,

—Take gunpowder, 40 parts. Reduce it to at
fine powder, then mix it to a thin paste with
water, next add chlorate of potass, 21 parts, pre*
viously reduced to a very line (K>wdcr. Make
the paste rather thin, and deposit a small drop
ftt the bottom of the cap. Care must l»e taken
not to handle the mixture in quantity, when dry,
lest it should explode.

PETROLEUM (Rtfintd)^ To DtcoiMz^.—
Any of the Bleaching Agents known may be
employed for this purpose ; it is simply a question
of uoliars and cents and manipulation. Bleach-
ing powder, the cheapest material, is to be
stirred into the oil io sufHcient quontiiv, which
depends, of course, on the amount of color to be
[destroyed, and a little hydrochloric acid mixed
with it afterwards. With occasional stirring the
nixture is allowed to rest for twenty-four hours.
when the clear liquid is drawn into another tank,
washed with water until no lon^;e^ acid, and
distillrd. This will yield a colorlc-^s, limpid oil.

PETROLEUM, Improved Mithod cf Treat-
ing.— In London petroleum is used in the pro-
cess of vulcanizing rubber. Tlic petroleum
serves simply as a solvent for chloride of sulphur.
The commercial j>ctrolcum has for this puriKJse
to be freed of all traces of water ; for which
purpose 10 per cent, of concentrated sulphuric
add is added, and the mixture actively and con-
trnually stirred, Tlien the acid, which now is
very black, is allowed to settle, and the supcr-
t petroleum drawn off into a dry receiving
vcstcl. To every barrel of petroleum one pound
of quicklime is added, with some black oxide of
manganese, and then the mass is distilled. Pe-
troleum treated in this way is cheaper, and less
injurious to the health of the laborer, than the
bi-sulphidc of carbon, which in some places is
used (or dissolving the chloride of sulphur and
the rublxir.

PICTURE FRAMES.~An the framing of

ELOts or water-color drawings, with a margin
tween the subject and the frame, we have seen
'the most uni>ymmetrical widths taken by caprice
both for margin and frame. You can frame
prints with harmonic proportions by the following
rule: i. Find a harmonic third to the length
and breadth of the print, and take it for the
collective widths of the margin and frame. 7.
IT Divide this space harmonically, so tliat the whole
JK MMce, and the greater and smaller part of it. are
^ftoree successive harmonic terms, and you have
^■Ihen taken the less fiart for the margin, and the
^Bpealer part for the frame. A practical rule for
IJVfliTiding the collective width 01 the margin nnd
frmme into two harmonic parts is to multiply the
whole width by the decimal. 5858 and the product
will be the width of the frame, and the rest the
width of the marpn, or vice versa. In c%se,
however, one will miist on a very wide margin,
he may lake twice instead of once the harmonic
third for the width of the margin nnd frame.

Pictures >r Ma^U LaMtrmj.~{Xnv

Siyif.\~^K sheet of gelatine, he savs, such as is

nsedior tiacing, is securely fixed over an en-

' 0Mving, and with a sharp steel {xjint (made by

grinding down the end of a small round file) (be

uncs of the original are traced pretty decnb oa

the transparent substance, l^ead-ikencit

oo>dust is then lightly rub1>cd in with Ihefiaj

uid the picture is at once ready for use.

k cArct of these drawings in the lantern is saitHo |

^■|»e excellent. -^

I

PIGMENTS f^ SUtimtd (JAi/j.— Red lead.
I 01.; red enamel (Venetian glass cname), from
alum and copperas calcined together); grind
them to a fine powder, and work tli^ up with
alcohol upon a hard stone. When slightly baked,
this ]iroduccs a fine flcvh-ct>lor. No. 5. Ulsfk
celar^ — ^Take 14 1^ ot. of smithy scales of iron ;
mix them with 2 ox. of while glas> ; antimony.
icz.; manganese, )^ oz.; pound and grind these
ingredients together, with strong vinegar. No. 3.
Brawn coior^ — White glass or enamel, I 01.;
good manganese, % or.; grind together. No. 4.
Red, Rose, and Brown cohrs arc made from
peroxide of iron, prepared by nitric acid. The
tluK consists of borax, sand, and minium, in
small quantities. Red color may likewise be ob-
tained from I oz. of red chalk, pounded, mixed
with 1 oz. of white, hard enamel, and a Ultle
peroxide of copper. A Red may also be com-
jKJscd of rust of iron, glass of antimony, yellow
glass of lead, such as is used by potter* (or hth-
arge), each in equal quantities ; t<j which a Utile
sulphuret of silver is added. This composition,
well ground, produces a very fine red color on
glass. Ko 5. Green. — 2 oc. of brass, calcined
m'iO an oxide; 2 01. of minium, and 8 oz. of
white sand; reduce them to a tine powder, which
is to be inclosed in a well luteu crucible, and
heated strongly in an air furnace for an hour.
When the mixture is cold, grind it in a bra»>s
mortar. Green may, howc^'er, be ndvafitageously
produced, by a yellow on one side, and a blue
on the other, dxidc of chrome has been also
employed to stain glass green. No. 6. A fine
Yeliina stain. — Take fine silver, laminated tnin.
dissolve in nitric acid, dilute Mith abundance of
water, and prcapitate with solution of sea-salt ;
mix this chloride of silver in a dry powder, with
three times its weight of pipe-day, well burnt
and puunded. The back of Ine glass (ane is to
lie painted with thu powder; for, when painted on
the &ioe, it is apt to run into the other colors.
A paU yeliawtan be m.idc by mixing sulphuret
uf silver with glass of antimony and fellow v>chre.
previously calcined to a red-brown tint. Work
all these powders together, and paint on the back
of the glass. Or silver latnituf, melted with
sulphur, and glass of antimony, thrown into cold
water, and afterwards ground to powder, afford
a yellow. A paUyelttnv nwy be made with the
powder re«.ulting from brasii, sulphur, ami gbiss
of antimony, calcined together in a crucible till
they cease to smoke, and then mi>cd wiih a little
burnt yellow ochre. The fine yeltae of M.
Menudis prepared from chloride nf silver, oitde
of zinc, and rust of iron. This mixture, simply
ground, is applied on the gla.«s. Orange eceor.
Take l port of silver- powder, as precipitated
from the nitrate of that metal, by pules cf cop-
jjer, and washed; mix with i p.'irt of red ochrr,
and I of yellow, by careful trituration ; grind
into a thin pap, with oil of turpentine or laven-
der ; apply this with a brush, and burn in.

PHOTO- LITHOGRAPHIC PROCESS,
Improved. — In the first place, a solution is pre-
pared of bichromate of |»otash (chemicAlly pure),
one part, water, twenty parti; and upon this a
carbon tissue is allowed to swim for a couple of
minutes. It is dried in an airtight box, contain-
ing fused chloride of calcium, within the space
of twenty-four hours, and may be preserved
m.iny weeks without losing its sensitiveness.

The negative should l^ absolutely clear and

i

496

DICTiOKARY OF EVERY^DAY WANTS,

ttansparcnt in the Haes.and otherwise as opaque
as possible. The devclojiUKiit U concluded,
after brief cxprisurc, with an ordinary iron devc-
lopcr, and the negative subsequently intensi6ed
with bichloride of mercury and sulphide of am-
monium in the U!>ual manner. The margin of
tiic negative i* covered wilh Indian ink, or with
a jjaper mask fastened upon the reverse side of
the plate. In this way the development of the
picture is much improved, the pigment pajjcr
extending well beyond the un<>oIarizc<l margin.
The exposure varies from three quarters ti> one
minute m the sun, and from four to ten uiinutes
in diffused light.

For the development of the picture, an exceed-
ingly smooth lithographic stone is employed,
together with a sheet of fine filter pajier, a
squeegee, a di&h of rain water, and a supply of
hot water.

The print is first dipped into cold water, the
aic bubblLvt di^si^iated, and then nUced face
dovrnwards on the slonc. Without losing time.
the filter paper is at once placed upon the tissue,
and rubbed over well with the squeegee, a new
supply of jiaper luring subsequently applied in
the same way, until the tissue is half drj^. After
waiting two or three minutes, the stone is put in
a sloping fxi&ition into a dish, and warm water
allowed to flow over the whole surface; and
under this treatment the unsoUriicd portions of
the pigment pai>er begin to swell visibly under
the paper in a very short time. The application
of warm water is continued until the paper back-
ing begins to leave the stone, and a& soon as
there is not mucli resistance tn the operation one
may proceed to draw it off. Upon the stone is
seen a dark mass of gelatine, wliich disAppcors
as the washing goes on, until n sharply defined
image is the result. Upon the picture itself the
water must never be poured, but only allowed
to stream over the surface, as the lines ore easily
injured, and for this rea:«on the warm water ii
applied from the edge of the stone.

VVhen tlie image stands out clear and free, the
stone is immeri^cd in cold water until it has
become cool, which necessitates an interval of
some minutes. It is then leaned against a wall,
and allowed to dry sponlaneuusly, when lines
which, in a moist state, were soft and hazy,
become sharp and defined.

TIic dry picture is now covered with a solution
of gum, a<) in the case of an ordinary lilliographic
imprcsiiinn, and, after drying, again moistened,
and the lithographic ink re{>catedly applied, llie
stone may then dc rolled up and printed from in
the ordinary press.

PLASTER, Adhatve.—'Vakt of common, or
litharge plaster, 5 parts, while resin, 1 part.
Melt them together, and spread the liquid com-
pound thin on strips of linen by means of a 5pa-
tuJ.i or table knife. This plaster is very adne-
sive, and is u&ed for keeping on other dressings,
etc.

PLASTER pf PAR/S.—VhiMer of Paris is
composed of anhydrous (without water) sulphate
of lime ; it is chiefly u»ecL for taking models and
casts, uniting slabs of marble and tuabaster. It
should be mued with water to the consistence
of (hick cream, and then applied; it hardens
rapidly. Pla-sicr of Paris may be considerably

5trengthene<l by being mixed with thin glue, or

gum instead of \«
When mixed with iron mings lo \!he ^xovoTXJyorv

a solution of sixc and gum instead of water.

of one-fifth the whole weight, plaster of Pwri«
may be used in uniting iron.

PLASTER ff PARIS, WarktM^ of.—V^ea.
two to four ]ier cent, of finely rniU. ' * ■ " ca
root (marsh mallow) is mixcil \\v .f

Paris, it retardb the hardcnin" i

only after on hour's lime. V\ : a-

filed, cut, or turned, and thui
making domino-stones, dies, bf
boxes, etc. Eight per cent, reiart'
ing for a longer time, but in:- -laniy

of the mass. The latter m.- ! out on

window glass into thin sheets, ... r.T-,. k

in drying, may be easily detached U <
and take on a polish readily by r.
This material, if incorporated with uii-
other paints, and properly kneaded, gii.
fine imitations of marble, and can be cuiurvn
when dry, and can be made waterproof by po-
lishing and varnishing. The chemtU and coe-
mical manufacturer will find it an occeUent lating
for vessels of every kind.

PLASTER CASTS, Ti> r^iA— The male-
rial emplo)^ is the **plastcr of Paris" of com-
merce, which is bought anil sold bv the hand,
in the form of a while impa]pat<le powder.
When a quantity of this dry powder is rendered
half fluid uy thorough mixing with water until
the whole mass is about the consi^tmcy of thick
batter, the plastic material wi ' ■ in

a few minutes; and, in the C".
every part will be nearly as luiw --. l.

This peculiar quality of plaster of
lidifying so quickly after it has 1 i

with water, enables artists to take 1... > (

forms, with admirable precision, wi ■*

be taken in any other way. Pre\i
a cast, a mold must be made, ha^
form and shape of the original •!
pressed on the interior surface, '1 ' 1

IS filled with plaster in a semi-fluid - .1

it has become hard, ibe mold is taken a]>aii, aiul
the cirI removed.

If, for example, il is desired to I..V ' rr

cast of a pear, the firit step is U- j.

pint of the dry plaster into a bowl, — ij;

oiled the bowl with lard oil on the inside, to
prevent the material from adhering to it. Water
IS then mixed with the plaster until it ts so soft
that it might be poured ouL Now oil the %xa»
face of the pear Inoroughly, and press the calyx
end down into the pl.utcr, until the largest part
of the fruit is on ft plane with the luifur ./ il»e
plaster. Hold the fruit quite m ' r

plaster has become hard. Let it tl, .<■

minutes, and then gently lift the pcii fic^ai id
place. In case the plaster ha% been allowed to
rise above the bulge '•^ '* " '" ' * "^ ' -r..-
must be shaved away d' '
tcr of the pear, before iU'.

ed. Replace the pear, and dress - -Tfi

the mold with a sharp knife t» a ^ i;

make four counter-sinks, hoU ' i

as large as the end of am' 1 r

surface of the mold, w'^'-^ ■ -p

bowl. Then oil the h\> \

the upj^cr surface of the <■-

knife lay on a coat of p! anjund

the fruit, until iti5C"^■ trss d

an inch. Tl. :c-

movcd, 04 It U

Tlic plastic ii. ...--..... .....'i L-^ -I ,. ...-. i,..-v .^u^,

u (asV u it will solidify. Continue lo lay «ai

MISCELLANEOUS,

497

the semi-fluid material tiiuil the outside has been
brought up to the dc&tred form, nearly square,
and fl-it on the top. After this part of the mold
ha* become hard, lift it carefully from the lower
porlion, and take out the peAr. If the in&idc of
the mold \s not sufficiently smooth, let the rough
places be dressed off, ana the depressions fdled
with plaster. Then oil the interior surface ivith
linseed oil. and allow it (o dry. The mold is
now ready for use. To take a cast from it, bind
the two jKirts together, cut out a small hole on
one side, say an inch in diameter, and fill the
mold through this hole \¥ith the prepared plas-
ter. After It has had sufBcicnt lime to become
hard, take the mold apart, and remove the cast,
which win appear, in every respect, like the
original, except in color. A small hole may be
bored for the stem, and a genuine stem m.iy be
inserted, and fastened with a little plaster; or
an artificial stem may be made, and introduced
'to a sufficient depth to enable it to sustain the
'weight of the cast.

When a cast of a person's face, either alive or
after death, is desired, let the hair and whii^kers
be motlelcd with uolter's clay, brushed back
smoothly, and oiled. Then prepare a quantity
•of plaster in a shallow dish, anci lay the head
ifanck in it, to the desired depth, until it has be-
!come hard. After the plaster has set, dress off
the edge of the mold and oil it. Now proccwl
to make another section of the mold over the
^ikce. by oiling the surDice, and applying the
iter, as described above with reference to the
wl of a ()car. During the operation upon a
ing person, he must breathe through his nos-
ils. As soon as the material has hardenetl,
[lift it carefully^ and remove the remaining sec-
tion of the mold. Depressions must be countcr-
[aunk always, in the edges of every section, to
iceive the dowel-points of the corresponding
irt of the mold. If the eyes are to be rcprc-
■cnted AS open, depressions must be carved in
the mold corresponding to the eyelids and brows.
fNow smooth and oil the inner surface of the
lold with linseed oil; let it become dry ; turn
(laster through the orifice left by the neck,
the mold over and over, until every depres-
i has been filled. After the material has be-
^come dry, remove the sections of the mold, If
there be wrinkles or depressions with ovcrhang-
ting eJges, which will hold the mold, they must
first filled, so that every section of the mold
r»oy be lifted off, without fracturing the corners.
The depressions around and in the ears, for in-

I stance, must be first filled out, and smoothed
uffi before the mold is made. Otherwise the
ftcclions could not be lifted off. A beginner may
raercise his skill in taking casts of a hand, or of
pny other simple object which Mill require a
^old of only two parts.

FLASTEK CASTS 0/A'aiurai OhjtcU, To
TaJk^. — The material of^the mold is artists'
xnubeling-wax, which is a composition akin to
that uBe<i by dentists; and, as it liecomes soft
and plastic by tlie Application of heat, though in
a cold slate it is perfectly rigid, it may be applied
to the most delicate object without injury. As
it takes the most minute markings and striations
of the original to which it is applied, the micro-
■oopic structure of the surface of the ori^iv^l is
faithfully reproduced in the cast. This method is
efly this : I. Cover the object to be cast with
thin powder of steatite or French chalk, which

prevents the adhesion of the wax. 3. After the
WAX has become solt, either from immersion in
warm water, or from exposure to the direct heal ^
of the fire, apply it to the ongmal, being careful
to press it into the little cavities. Tlien carefully
cut off the edges of the wax all round, if the
undercutting of the object necessitates the mold
being in two or more pieces, and let the wax
cool with the object in it. until it is sufficiently
hard to bearthe repetition of the operation on the
uncovered porlion of the object. The steatite
prevents the one piece of the mold sticking to
the other. The original ought to be taken out
of the mold before the Utter becomes perfectlr
cold and rigid, as in that case it is very difficuft
to extract. 3. Then pour in plaster of Paris,
after having welled the moulds to prevent bub-
bles of air lurking in the small interstices; and,
if the mold be in two pieces, it is generally
convenient to fill them with plaster separately
before putting them together. 4. Then dry the
jiLuter casts either wholly or pKirtially. 5. Paint the
casts in water-colors, which must be fainter than
lho<ie of the original, because the next prtkress
adds to their intensity. The delicate shades of
color in the original will be m.irkcd in the cast
by the different quantity of the same color, which
is taken up by the different textures of the casL

6. After drying the cast, steep it in hard paraffine.
The ordinary parafline candles, which can be
obtained from any grocer, will serve the purpose.

7. Cool, and polish the cast by hand with stea-
tite. The resuU of this process is said to be far
belter than that obtaiocil by any other.

PLASTEK CASTS Jtvm Unbui-ntiiCypjum.
— This is simply to use in place of n*alcr A solution
of potiish or soda; or to mix the dry pulvcrizetl
gypsum (sulphate of lime) with aUiul an equal
amount of sulphate of pola&h, and then odd the
water. As the relative quantities of gypsum,
potash, or soda and water to \x uscirciejxnd
preatly on the quality of the gypsum and alkalies.
It is best to expenmcnt in order to find what
proportions will give The desired liardness.

Plaster casts, Ti^ Ovr an Ahbastrr
Effect to. — Plaster of Paris figures may be made
to look like alabaster by dipping them inaitrong
solution of alum water.

PLASTER CASTS, To Harden. —19^.1: two
parts of Btearine, two parts of Venetian soap,
one part of pearlash, and twenty-four to thirty
{.arts of a solutionof caustic |X)tash. The slearine
and soap are cut into slices, mikcil with the cold
lye, and boiled for about half an hour, being con-
stantly stirred. Whenever the mass rises, a little
cold lye ii added. The pearlash, previously
moistened with a little rain w.atcr, is then added,
and the whole boiled ior a few minutes. The
mass is then stirred until cold, when it h mixed
with so much lye that it l>ect»raes perfectly liquid,
and runs off ine spoon without coagxilating and
contracting. Before using ihis comjiosition, it
should bel;ept for several days well covered. Il
may be pre!>erved for years. Before applying il
to the objects, they should be well dusie^l, the
stains scraped awajf, and then coated, by means
of a thick tirush, with the wxsh, as lung as the
plaster of Paris absorbs it, and left to dry. The
coating is then dusted with leather, ««• a soft
brush. If the surface has not become shining,
the operation mu*t l»c repeated.

PLASTER CASTS, 7> rw^'A/rt.— A New
England chcouit says that he has succeeded io

4^

DtCTIOhTARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

maUiti^ plaster aisls so tough that ihcyuill bear
the driving ofa nail into them without Cfacking,
Uy iniiiicr^ing tlicm far a mfHctcriL titnc in a hot
solution of glue, to permit its peiineaiiiig ihu
entire mtuii.

PJ^iSTER FIGURES, Amal^m/or tar-
NisAiH^, — Take tin, mercury, and bismuth, c<jual
pans ; fuse and cool, tlicn mnkc the amalgam into
a VQiniikh with white of egg.

PLCMB RULE. To //<i*^.— Plane the face
sUnight nnd out of wind, PUne one edge
straight and square with the face. Run a gage
mark to the proper width; plane to the mnrkex-
Ktlv : gage to a thickaes^ii on each edge ; plane
lo llic inafks. Run a gage mark through the
center for the plumb or cord line. Saw a hole
in the bottom for the boh. Cut a saw cut in the
top of the line for the cord; and a slanting saw
cut each &ide of the center one, to fasten the
cord into. Geometrically it is correct to "strike
a orclc at each end, and to plane so as to touch
the sides of the circle ;" pracltcally, it is next to
imfiossible to touch tlie circle exactly and have
the rule exactly straight between them.

PLUMBAGO, To /'«/.— The value of plum-
bago or graphite depends on Its amount of car-
bon. In order lo ascertain this, the latc-^t,
bimplesl, and best method is to dry the pulver-
ized graphite at a temperature of some 350*
Fohr., und then place it in a tuW, four or Hvc
inches long aud half an inch wide, made of hani
glass, and closed at one end. To this is added
about twenty times as much weU-dric<l oxide of
lead, and the whole is well mixed. The tube is
then first weighed, and afterwards hcalnl l>cforc
the blow-pipe till the contents are completely
fused and no longer evolve gases. After this
operation, which does not last longer than ten
minutes (if (he quantity is not too brge), (he
tul^ is allowed lo cool, and its freight is then
ascertained. The loss in weight is carbonic .-icid.
the oxycen of which has been taken from the
lea<I oxide; while the carbon is all that there was
in the plumbago. For every twenty-eight parts
of lo^s there must have been twelve of carbon.
In genera], it is suflicicnt to take from one to two
grammes of plumbago and from twenty lo forty
of oxide uf lead.

POLISH (Frtnch), For Boots, Shoes and
//arrujT.^-Take two pints of the best vinegar
and one pint of soft water ; stir into the mixture
a quarter of a pound of glue broken fine, half a
pound of logwood chips, a quarter of an ounce
of fiiie)y<powdered indigo, a quarter of an ounce
of the tjest soft sonp, and a quarter of an ounce
of isinglass. Boil for ten minutes or longer;
then siram the liquid, bottle, and cork. When
cold, it is fit for use.

Remove the dirt frxim the boots, etc., with a
iponge and water. TTien lay on the polish with
a clean sponge. Should it prove too thick, hold
it near the fire to warm a Uttle, and the heat will
liquefy it sufficiently.

POTTERY, Earth and Alkalies Used in.—

Tfrtxi di stfHfia : deep brown or coffee color,

fine, cninpact, very light, very smooth and glossy,

docs not color the hands ; when wetted, marks

a fine yellow u|xjn paper; bums to a jiale

browniiD red color, but does not harden; comes

from Italy, and an inferior sort from Wycombe.

Burnt terra di simmt is used as a paint.

London blue clay : dark bluish ; used for

luUQg vcftscU in di&uUiDg ad^, Wx Tt<\mret

another luting over it to keep it moist snd to
prevent its crocking; 1 -d for potloj,

lor lining puiids, and f'

white

Dcv .- : ■ .rf.

Uevonshtrt: ti. &

beaultfid white, ' ;i;.

Comni ■ .1] jL-t'jiici, luLiida,

etc., ;

Fiilk. .^ ^« i.. '■' ''Jt vaties

greatly ; hard, very cm .t scrtp-

ing glossy, does not co! jnd yd-

lowish brown, being very line, and absorfai
grease very readily; used to ftill wnnlms,

Rotten stone is ash bi " ' ic.

ralcly h.ird, dry, coloi.: Ji

color, but not harder; i, ,^ .. ,.^ ,. .--,„,, »«u :o

g've a polishing powder for toetaii; u lo bt
und in Dcrbysiiire.

Umber ts fine, pnle brown, close, very liebt,
dry, coloring, burns deep reddish brown, oat
no harder ; used as a cuL'jr, and to rik-e pone-
lain the shining ground called e'cailTe ; curaes
from Turkey.

Burnt umber is used for paint, ; d

sliade for gold ; both lhc«c umber :

shades or dead colors, 1'

Windsor loam, Hed. ,!i

brown, very haid. V -

ly, burns very h i ;

used for setting I >
house furnaces, also for iutmg,
glass and earthen vessels to l« ' . ti

strong fire.

Uatn bricks from Windsor loom mode into
bricks ; used for n r--" — -.. ri.;.. . .- ., u-

Founder's clay •
very hard, heavy, ! ^ i

Woolwich and in NuiUiaiapiuuilurr; uacd fur
mnUls in large foundne*.

Cheamclayisof light r ■ ■ ' ' iJ

very hard ; used for the 1

Bohemian tripoli is of ..^..^ « •■
mo<icrately hard, open, harsh, d :
coloring, not altered by burning; i,
ishing and plate powder.

3'trre %'erte is deep bluish green, Ywy betvyi
hard, smooth, glossy, not col.w! ^ hiirkiftf
a green line, taste cuppery, bi. ;rd um

lo a dusky brown ; found nea: :. ..^., .;.j.o nar
Woolwich; used as a lobling, bat not bright,
green paint

.^r^-j/f i/f Arxr/rw^ isbluc, v- ''

used to make the \ rench poiici
ware.

ArpU des Forges- Us -eaux is blue| B&ed B*
make gloss-house pots atul &totll^^^ aic.

WeUh cUiy : used to make ' '
for building lire rooms of •;(<•'

Frendi chalk is grec
compact, smooth, uncii
ing. scrapes white, m«l^■- ~
line, burns very Iwiid and wi!
doth, to lake out gre«se, and ^
on easily; it is frequently cuiifuumlni vkIi
Spanish chalks

.Myrsen meerscb ■,
sembling tallow
heavy, smoot>v •■■
burnmg cxI:
as soap, and 1
pipes, or nthu ibc bowU of iibea».

jjjgi

MTSCSLLANEOUS,

499

White American bolus is bright, while, coirt.

ict, very smooth and soft, not coloring, bums

LVerv hard, nnd at last forms a whitish gfUss.

Pearl white : lig^hl, smooth, not unctuous

\GT coloring; bums to a very pale yellowish

[vhite.

Tobacco-pipe clay : smooth, unctuous, slight-
ly coloring, but i& rather hard and very white ;
\x%ti\ principally to make tobacco pipes and white
stonewares.

W'ltite lumber stone is used to take stains of
ijl^rcftse out of woolen cloth.

Scxkp rock or Spanish chalk \% white, firm,

m|Mct. weighty, hard, smooth, unctuous, not

iloring; writes upon gloss, and, if rubbed off,

[the marks become again visible by breathing

ipon the place, and, therefore, very useful in

tinting on glass, the engraving being after-

rds hardened by fire, and, therefore, prefer-

able for staining bv fluoric acid.

Kaolin or porcelain clay is dry, friable, unfu-
ixiblcj that of Cornwall is ui^ed to make English
lina and fine pottery; that of Limoges, to make
[Sevres china, and is exported to most all coun-
tries of the globe. In earlier and the present
imes, similarly famous for their beautiful gild-
ig and jiainlings, these articles are made in the
lanufacturcc of Meissen, and at Berlin and
'os&au, to make c]\ina for Saxony, Prussia, and
\ustria.

MTiitc chalk is white, soft, will mark linen
rheii newly burned; it grows hot with water,
|«nd falls into powder, and is then made into
Cnyons for painters.

Terra cimolia is white, compact, smooth, co-
^—loring, burning ratlier harder, found in the island
^nArgenliure; it is used to wash clothes.
^H Hard chalk is coarse.
^H Spanish white, hiancd''fspapte^ blanede trttyet,

re made from soft chalks by wa.^hing and making

id

into large balls for cheap white painting, an
covering j>aj»eri, cards, etc.

Prepared chalk is made by precipitation from
a solution of muriate of lime, by a solution of
f sub-carbonate uf soda in water, and washing the
^^Bcdimcnt.

^■^ Magnesia is white, and is obtained by preci-
^■pitnting the bittern or liquor left in the boiling
^Bofsea water, after the common salt has been
l^r separated, by a lyeof woodoshesorsub-cmrbonate
^ oTpolash.

Sub-carbonate of magnesia is made up while
drying into large cul»cs. the edecs beveled; is
powdrml by bemg rubbed througli a sieve.
Gelatinous aluniine, hydrate ol alumine, or
ire alumine. no( dried, but in a moist state, it
to mix cobali in an oxidixed condiiionj and
ler oiides, as a liasis for the color,
turn's white of alum: Roman alum, one
d, honey, one half pound, calcined in a
dish m whiteness.
Wirtc itt Dcugwal ox gera earth is silvery,
Ey, white, very fine and glossy if rolled with a
roller ; used to make enamel surfaces on
or cordhoan]; is effervescent with adds,
as well as fine whiting.
^ElAIXOK CmXA, To Make.—
;lAm, or duno, is a scmi-vitrified eorthen-
wnre of an intermediate nature tietweencomraon-
ware and gU^s. Chmcse porcelain \\ composed

I of two ingredients, one of which is hard-stone,
called petunse.which is carefully ground to a •vtx'i
Kbc powder, and iheoibcr. csllcd^|oliD, isa white

earthy substance, which is intimately mixed with
the ground stone*

Several compositions of mingled carlh may
yield a true porcelain by being burnt, and the
porcelains of various countries diHer in their mix-
tures. But the principal basis of any true porce-
lain is that kind of clay which becomes white by
baking, and which, either by intermingled hete-
rogeneous earth.or by particular addilinns, under-
goes in the fire an incipient vilrificvlion, in which
(he true nature of porcelain consists. Feldspar
and gypsum, if added, may give that property to
infusible clay.

When porcelain is to be made, the clay is
pro|>crly selected, carefully washed from impuri-
ties, and again dried. It ih then finely sifted, and
most accurately mingled with ouartz, ground very
fine, to which then is added some burnt and
Bnciy pulverized gypsum. Tliis mass is worked
with water to a paste and duly kneaded; it is
usually suffered to lie in this state for years. The
vessels and other goods furmed of this moss are
first moderately burnt in earthen pots, to receive
a certain degree of compactness and to !« ready
for glazing. The glazing consists of an easily-
melted mixture of some species of earths, as the
pctTOsilcx or chert, fragments of porcelain and
gypsum, which, when fused together, produce a
ciystflllinc or vitreous mass, which, after cooling,
is very finely ground, and suspended in a sufficient
quantity of water. Into this nuid the rough ware
is dipped, by which the glazing mailer is depo-
sited uniformlyon every port of Its surface. Aucr
drying, each article is thoruughly leaked or burned
in the violent heat of the porcelain furnace. It
is usual to decorate porcelain by paintings, for
which purpose enamels or pastes, colored by
metallic oxides, are used. \o easy of fusion as to
rtin in a heat less intense than that in which the
glazing of the ware melts.

PORCELAIN {Eti^liih\ To ^fake.—'X\^.^
iron-stone, which contains a portion of .-irgil nnd
silex. is first roasted in a common biscuit-kiin,
to faciliute its trituration, and to eupcl sulphur
and other volatile ingredients which it may con-
tain. A large earthen crucible is constructed
after the exact model of an iron forge, s part of
the bottom of which is filled with charcoal or
cokes; these having been oreviously strewed with
ore and about I^ part of lime, arc raised to an
intense heat by a strong blast of air, introduced
under the cokes at the bottom. Dy this heat
the ore is fused, and the fluid iron drops tlirouph
the fuel to the bottom; then follows the scoria,
which floats upon the top of the fluid iron.
This latter scoria, or, as the workmen call it,
slag, is the material used io the mnnufactare of
china, and is much impregnated with iron, and
of a compact and dense structure. The slag is
next let off", by a hole through the for^c, into a
clean earthen vessel, where it cools, fhis last
vessel is then broken, in order to detach the
slag from it, with hammers. The scoria is next
ponnde^l into small pieces and ground in wntcr
to the consistence of a fine paste, at the flint-
mills of the country. This paste if then cv;»(Kir-
ated to dryness on a slip-kiln, well known
amongst jwcters. Thus evaporated lo drvneks,
it is used with the other ingredients in the ioUow-
ing pro jxirt ions, rix.;

Prepared iron-stone, 3 cwt.; ground flint, A
cwt.; ground Cornwall stone, 4 cwt.; UontwlU
day, 4 cwL; blue oxide of cobalt, 1 lb.

500

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS,

These having been mixed together with water
by the sUp-mnker, are again evaporated on the
slip-kiln to the proper consistency for use. The
clay, thus prepared, is of course used in the usual
manner in the fabrication of the several kinds of
vessels*

POTASSIUM, Sulfhocyanide */!— Mix to-
gether 46 parts of anhydrous ferrocyanide of
potassium, 17 parts of carbonate of potassa, and
32 parts of sulphur ; introduce the mixture into
an iron pan provided with a lid, and fuse at a
gentle heat; maintain the same temperature un-
til the swelling of the mass which ensues at first
has completely subsided and given place to a
state of tranquil and clear fusion ; increase the
temperature now, towards the end of the opera-
tion to dull redness, in order to decompose the
hyposulphite of potassa which has been formed
in this process. Remove the half refrigerated
and still soft mass from the pan, pulverize it,
and boil with alcohol. Let the ala>holic solution
cool, when part tui the sulphocyanide of potas*
sium will separate in colorless crystals ; to ob-
tain the remainder, distill the alcohol from the
mother liquor. Dissolve i part of the salt in 10
parts of water for use.

PRINTS and PRINTED BOOKS, To
Blea<h, — Simple immersion in chlorine gas, let-
* ting the article remain in it a longer or shorter
space of time, according to the strength of the
hquor, will be sufficient to whiten an engraving.
It it is required to whiten the paper of a bound
book, as it is necessary that all the leaves should
be acted on by the gas, care must be taken to
open the book well, and to make the boards rest
on the edge of the vessel, in such a manner that
the paper alone shall be dipped in the gas. The
leaves must be separated from each other, in
order that the^ may be equally acted on on both
sides. Chlonne water, freshly made, will an-
swer instead of the gas.

PRINTED SHEETS, To CUan.~\ me-
thod recommended by a foreign contemporary
for cleaning printed matter and engravings con-
sists in fastening the sheet to a board by oroad-
headed tacks, and washing it with clean water,
to which a slight percentage of carbonate of am-
monia has been added. This process must be
conducted very carefully with a soft brush. The
paper is then to be rinsed off with water, and
the operation repeated on the back side as soon
as it IS dried. It is then to be moistened with
water acidulated with pure wine vinegar, and
again washed with water, to which a little chlor-
ide of lime has been added. Finally, it is washed
off again and dried in the air b}r sunlight. In
this way it becomes extremely white without any
injury to the impression. Some valuable engrav-
ings have, it is said, been completely restored
by this method.

PRINTING ROZLERS^These are made
of treacle andelue, with sometimes a little Paris
white, etc. The proportions are about }4 lb. of
glue to iX lb. of treacle; the glue is broken to
pieces, soaked for 24 hours in sufficient water,
then melted with the treacle, and cast into a
mold previously oiled. On removing the com-
position it forms a cylinder without a seam, elas-
tic, like India rubber, yet sufficiently soft to ink
the type without injuring them. When it gets
hard, which happens in 2 to 4 months, accord-
ing to the weather, etc., it is necessary to re-melt
it, adding a little more treade. \3&e^\o\x^^

type for letter press. If the composition is too
hard, the ink does not spread evenly; if too soft,
pieces are torn away from the roller. AiV^hen the
printing is finished, the roller is rubbed over a
sink stone with cold water, which dissolves a
litUe of the external coat, and so leaves it dear
of ink.

PUMP {Nautical), Seff-Acting. — Captaia
Leslie, in a voyage from North America 10
Stockholm, adopted an excellent mode ofemp*
tying water from his ship's hold, when the crvw
were insufficient to perform that duty. About
ten or twelve feet above the pump he rigged oat
a spar, one end of which projected overboard
while the other was fastened -as a lever to the
machinery of the pump. To the end which pro>
iected overboard was suspended a water-butt,
naif full, but corked down, so ihsX when the
coming wave raised the butt-end, the other end
depressed the piston of the pump; butatlbe
redring of the wave, this was reversed, for, by
the weight of the butt, the piston came up a^un,
and with it the water. Thus, without the aid ai
the crew, the ship's hold was deared of the wa^
ter in a few hours.

A verv useful hint may be taken from this
plan ; when a vessel has much water, and there
are not hands enough to work the pomps, cue
pump might be arranged on this pum, and the
other fully manned in the usual way.

QUEENSWARE, To Make.^^\% is made
of the same materials as the flintware, but the
proportion in which the materials are mixed it
not the same, nor is the ware glazed in the saae
way. The flintware is ^nenJlv made of four
measures (^liquid flint, and 18 of liquid clay;
the yellow ware has a greater proportion of day
in it. In some manufactories they mix »>, and
in others 24 measures of clay with 4 of flint
The proportion for both sorts of ware depends
very much upon the nature of the clay, which is
very variable even in the same pit. Hence a
previous trial must be made of the quality of the
clay, by burning a kiln of the ware. If there
be too much flint mixed with the clay, the ware^
when exposed to the air after burning, is apt to
crack, and if there be too little, the ware will
not receive the proper glaze from the circulati<m
of the salt vapor.

QUILLS, German Method of Prepating.—
Suspend the quills in a copper over water, suffi-
ciently high to touch the nibs; then close k
steam-tight, and apply foiu* hours' hard boiling;
next withdraw and dry them, and in 24 hours
cut the nibs and draw out the pith ; lastly, rob
them with a piece of doth and expose them to a
moderate heat. The quills prepared in this way
are as hard as bone, without being brittle, and
as transp.irent as glass.

RAG CARPETS—Thcse indispensable ar-
ticles of the house are made and highly priied,
in nearly all families in the country. The sug-
gestions of the experienced may lessen the labor
of making them to the inexperienced, besides
making a better looking carpet.

First, the rags or old garments onght to be
washed dean ; then rip them to pieces, rejecting
the parts too worn to be used; ifnot ready to
color them, tie in bundles all that are to
be colored each ccdor, and any that do not
need coloring may be cut and sewed, or tied
up by themselves, if not ready to commence
>A!t ^otlc All woolen ones on^K to be

MISCELLANEOUS.

SOI

' all

kept in linen sacks, to exclude the moths froin
them.

Any liq;ht, mixed, or plaided woolcnt may be
improveci in colur by dipping in a pood red dye.
Clenn while rog\ can be colored yellow, orange,
blue, or {pren. Dingy while rags will look well,
colored hemlock colur and set with lirac. This
is a cheap, pretty and durable color for some of
the mgs and the warp. Uits of bark may be
raihered around ^aw mills, when onecannoi get
U elsewhere; boil enough bark to moke a strong
dye, and add to it a little clear lime water, after
tcmovtng all bits of bark or straining the dye.
If dre^s remain in any dye, it will spot the cloth
or yarn.

If a smooth parlor carpel is wanted, the rag»
ust he cotton, and other rag<t ih.M arc made of
fine yarn. Coarse- threaded woolen rags make
carpet look rough, and though it may do well
ough for a kitchen, it is not »o nice for a
lor.

Uidess (he ragu arc light, it will take a pound
ftnd a liaif, and <iomctimc5 more, for each yard
of carpet. To know when suflicient rags arc
prepared for the numlxr ofyardfi wonted, the
rcparcd rags must be weighed. If the rags are
ght. it Mill not lake quite i )>ound and a half;
but if they are coarse- threaded or woolen rags.
It wilt take some more than a pound and a half,
"the csvrpct is well beaten up.

If a striped carpet is wanted, tear each color
rately, and mix together the dJITcrent shades
the same color when sewing: this will make
he carpet more uniform in color and prettier
Uun if some stripes contained all the brightest
lors. and others paler ones, which they will,
if the shades of the same color are not mixed in
sewing. A carpet always looks much t^cttcr if
all the breadths are uniiorm in color, and by
inixing the shades of the same color in sewing
' em it will be so.
For a hap-haiard carpet, all difTcrent colors
tnay be mixed in se^h'ing. This will use up all
short rags, of any color or shade, and oflcn
makes a very pretty carpet, which may Itc woven
easier and cheaper than a striped carpet Short
pieces, or those not more than three or four yards
long, alternated with shorter ones, look the best
in inis kind of carpet.

For warp, good strone prepare»l yam is the
St, and saves much laoor. It may be reeled
to ikeins of five knots before coloring, allowing
ne skein to a yard, and about three Knots over
be woven in at the end of each breadth, for
inding.
Mca-Mire the inside of the room, and let the
weaver know how long to moke each breadth.
Carpels will shrink a Tittle in length from the
weaver's measure after they come out of the loom,
but will often stretch a little in width. The
Stripes will match the best, if the edges on the
taine side of the loom are sewed together, as the
dilTerent sides of the loom sometimes \*ary a little.
/iA 1 1. ROAD .S/aiV.-*/^-.— The varieties of
the "tool" of the locomotive, and gyi-ations of
[Che arms of the conductors by day, or lanterns
night, arc about as intelligent to most people
fir^t-class Choctaw. The following will give
le re.ider a correct idea of their signilicatioa!
One whiMle — "I>own brakes."
Two whistles— "Off brakes."
Three whittles— "Hack up."
Continnotts whistles — "Danger."

A rapid succession of short whistles is the

cattle alarm, at which the brakes will always be
put down.

A sweeping parting of hands on level of eyes,
is a signal to "go ahead."

Adownward motion of the hand, with extended
arms, "to stop.'*

A beckoning motion of one hand, "loback."

A lantern raised and lowered vertically, is a
signal fur "starting;" swung at right angles or
crossways the track, "tostop;" swung in a circle,
"to back the train."

A red flag waved u]y}n the track must be re-
garded xs a signal of danger. So of other signals
given with energy.

Hoisted at a station is a signal for a train "to
stop."

bluck up by the roadside, it is a signal of
danger on the train ahead.

Carried unfurled upon an engine, is a warning
that another engine or train is on its way.

/iAZOA\ To JUne amf Strop.— hex. the hone
be seldom and but sparingly resorted to, and
never, unless by frequent and rc(K:alctl stropping
the edge of the razor is entirely dcslroyco; use
the best oil, and be careful to preserve the hone
clean and free from dust. Previously to the
operation of ^having, it will be found of service,
jMu-ticularly to those who have a strong beard
and a tender skin, to wash the face well with
soap and water, and the more lime Is spent in
lathering and moistening the beard, the easier
will the process of shaving become. Dip the
razor in hot water before applying it to the lace;
use the blade nearly flaT, always taking core to
give it a cutting instead of a scraping <iirection.
Strop the razor immediately after using it, for
the purpose of effectually removing any moisture
that may remain upon the edge, and be careful
not to employ a common %tro)), as the composition
with which they are covered is invariably ofa
very inferior quolilv, and injurious to a razor.
The strop should always be of the best manufac-
ture, and when the composition is worn o^it
will be found particularly useful to rub it over,
lightly, with a little dean tallow, and then put
upon it the top port of the snuflT of a candle,
which being a fine powder, will adrairsbly supply
the place of the best composition ever usecl for
the purpose. Anotlicr excellent rootle of rcno\'a-
ting a razor-strop is by rubbing it well with

pewter, and impregnating the leather with the
nnest metallic particles.

KAZOE-STKOF PASTE,— %. Uvigaled
oxide of tin (prepared putty powder) I oz.;
powdered oxalic acid V o*-; powderetl gum 20
grs.; make it into a stmf paste with water, and
evenly and thinly spread it over the strop.
With very little triction this paste gpves a fine
edge to the razor, and its efficiency is still fur-
ther increased by moistening it. — a, Emery re-
duced to an impalpable powder 2 parts; sper-
maceti oinlmenl I part; mix together, and rub
it over the strop. — 3. Jewelers rouge, block
lead, and suet, equal parts ; mix.

RAZOR PAPER.— T\\\\ article supersedes
the use of the ordinary strop ; by merely wiping
the razor on the paper, to remove the lather
after shaving, a keen etige is always maintained
without further trouble; only one caution it ne-
cessary— that is, to begin with a sharp razor,
■nd then "the paper" will keep it in that state
for years. It cnay be prepared ihust First,

U^

ma^

502

DJCTIONARY OF EVERWDA Y U'AA^TS.

procure uxidc of iron (by the addition of carbon-
ate of soda to a sol u tion of pc i^ ul pliate of iron ),
well wash the prccipilAte, and linatly leave it of
tlic consistency of cream. Secondly, procure a
good paper, soft and thin, ihen wilh asofl brush

rrad over the paper (on one side only) very
1^ the moist oxi<lc of iron — drj', and cut into
two inch square pieces. It is then fit for use.

RAIOR STROP, To Renavale,—u Rub a
little clean tallow over the surface, and then out
on it ihc light top part of tht snuff of a candle;
rub it smooth. Ljtccllent. — X. Rub the strop
well with a piect of »oft pewter or lead.

REFRJGERA TOR, lUme ^WWr. — Se«
"Ice Chest."

RELATIVE If EIGHT ami WEIGHT.^
The late Dr. John Hutchinson, after obtaining
the height and weight of over five thousand
persons, prepared the following tabular state*
ment, showing the relative height and weight
of persons in health:

5 feet
5 feet
5 feet
5 feel
5 f«t
5 feet
5 feet
5 f«t
5 feet

I inch,
3 inches,

3 inches,

4 inches,

5 inches,
o inches,
7 inches.

inches,
9 inches,

5 feet lo inches,
C feet II inches,

6 feel.

1 30 pounds.
135 pounds.
■33 pounds.
139 pounds.
14a pounds.
145 pounds.
145 [x^unds.
155 pounds*.
163 pounds.
169 pounds.
174 pounds.
178 pounds.

The above is the average; of course there are
manv cases of variation.

R'lIEC'MAT/SM {/njlammatitry), Pump-
kim /or. — At a recent meeting of the New York
Farmers' Qub, a correspondent wrote of the
virtues of the pumpkin, giving the following in-
stance of its value for infl.immntory rheumatism:
A woman's arm was swelled lo an enormous sije
and iiainfully inflamed. A i>oultice was made
of stcwcii pumpkins, which was renewed every
fifteen minutes, and in a short time produced a
perfect cure. The fever drawn out by the poul-
tices made ihcra extremely offensive, as they
were taken off. I knew a man cured of severe
inflammation of the bowels by the same kind of
application.

RHEUMATISM in HORSES, To Cute.—
Crude coal oil, 1 pint; strung vinegar, % pJnt;
turpentine, % pint, mucd, and well shaken.
To be rubbed on murniDgs and nights.

RHUBARB, Compound Tincture o/.—TzVc
of rhubarb, sliced, 3 ounces; litjuorice root,
bruised,^ ounce; linger, powdered, saffron,
each 2 drachms; distilled water, 1 pint; proof
spirit) of wine, 13 ounces by measure. Digest
for 14 days, and strain. Dose, }i ounce as an
aperient, or x ounce in violent diarrhoea.

RHUBARB, Suwt Tinrture (/.—Take of
rhubarb, bruised, 2 ounces ; liquorice root,
bruised, 3 ounces ; aniseed, bruised, t ounce;
sugar, I ounce; diluted alcohol, 3 pints. Ma-
cerate for fourteen days, express ana filter.

ROADS, Repairing. — This is an operation
which is or should be performed immediately
after the settling of the ground in the spring.
Tn agricultural districts it is often deferred till
Liter in the season. In this case the labor of

Jutting a road in good condition is often doubled.
C IS AS (rue of r^ds as of raiment that "a stitch
in time Mves nine," and i( toe vhe word stitch

we substitute ditch, the old saw will be cwa
more forcible in iu

Winter makes in the eA/th rosiU

wlueh inlcrsrcl li.^ , >•' '>" il.-r. >i. r;i.

His frosts upheave, m i:t

deep gnlleys and rills, .- _.||

of frost is over, that uliid. Jl

crooked; level places arc cJ,.. ..it

rises and depressions, ■ p.

and, in shott. thc^e i A

despond in which Iocl^ . ;.

sp.'ur, and where wagons aic fci: l.r

weeks up to the hubs in mud, bn. , ate

it is beyond the power of horse ilcsli 10 cibUuatx
them.

If, when the mud has dried, the rut* wtrt
filled at once, and the diicliCi at the wmJdc
opened, much woLid be gaii t.I. Iwi .-,.> ifiuii
generally neglected, the June 1 ,\-i

things all their own way. J,

bridges undermined and wa^liLd - n-

ally, when the "road master" su- t-

habitanls to turn out aod Mork on : . y

find plenty to do. The road is .t .1

passable condition, and remains - .J

rains and the marketing ^ta^ons .t.;
all up, and the snow following hii.1.
view till the ensuii

An old farmer • 'cd to QS that tliere
is no other work ^:^...v . . ; .. .k .t . ... .^

well as road making ; but tlr.

that are far sighted enough t. ■ >

ing effected by good roads in the cuiicM ex-
penses of re[iAirs in wagons and harnesses, and

the increase of loadt wliich can be carrieil, pay

ItbcTjIly for the work, which they do grudgingly,

when at last it is performed.
ROCR- B/^iST/XC.—^

mixed with gtmpowder in equ

have thrice the strength of gun^^dci A>uc,

when used in blasting.
ROCRH'ORA; Arri/in.j/ r • - - •

four parts of yellow rcsm an

milion. and melt them Ing.'.:. . . ..^ -- , .

cinders or stones in this mixture, and 1: wiiign*

them the appearance of coral; and isapntkaU*

to rockworK, grotto, tn* any lane/ ironc* MS

substitute for that costly article.
ROBES, Ru/eJ /or C -- " •" 5

(/. — To find what sire i

rovcn as a tackle, to lift . „

the weight to be raised by tl

at the movable block, to oLi..

single part; add one third of I].

creased strain brought by friction, :■

rojic of corresponding st'--""'^.
One sixth of 40 tuns : -

one third added, is 9 ton ,

should reeve a six inch or Mk su»t • bail tmJi

rope.

Conversely :— To find wh.ii -1

rope will lift when rove as •• t

the weight that the roj'^ ■'

ing by the number nf

block, and subtract on*:

aisiancc.
Thus: 8.9 tons, the strength of thtf rcf^ m^*

of hciiij

A rope u AUfipuacd to wcLU,cn u. occ ci^lh*

ii^a

MISCELLANEOUS.

503

I
I

I

The strongrsl description of hemp rope is «n-
tarrcd, while* ihrctf stranded rope; and the next
in the scale of Mrcngth is the common three
strand, hawrscr laid rope, tarred.

ROPE^ To Make /-y^jM/c.— New, stiff rope
may be made flexible by simply boiling it two
hours in water, and then hanging it in a warm
room to dry thoroughly.

ROOFS^ fireproof IVash /ur.— Slake lime in
A close box to prevent the esca|)e of steam, and
when slaked iwss it through a sieve. To every
lAx qtiarts of tnis lime add one quart of rock salt
■nd one gallon of water. After this boil and
skim clean. To every five gallons of this add,
by slow degrees, three quarters of a pound of
potash and four quarts of fine sand. Coloring
matter may Iw added if desired. Apply wiih a
point or wnitewash brush. This wasK looks as
veil OS paint atitl is almost as durable as slate.
It will stop sm.ill leaks in a roof, prevent the
tnoss from growing over it, and render it incom-
bustible from sparks falling on it. When applied
to brick work, it renders the brick utterly im-
pervious to rain; it endures as tongas paint, and
the expcn».c is a mere tnfle,

ROOFS, Moss OH. ^VioWi let the moss gather
on the roofs of your building*. It may be orna-
mental to some eyes, but not very beneficial to
the shingles. They will rot fast enough by the
moisture it retjuns; so sprinkle some fine lime
upon them just before a rain, and you will be
surprised to see howr clean it will be taken off.

RUBBER HOSE, To Mrmf.—CMX the hose
apart where it is defective ; obtain, from any gas-
fitter, a piece of iron pipe twn or three inches
long ; tMrist the hose over it until the ends meet,
wrap with strong twine, well waxed, and it will
lost a long time.

SALTo/LE.\fOXS.—T;iVtoiztt^m of
tartar. 2 ounces; salt of sorrel (quadroxolate
of poto&sa), 4 ounces. Reduce both to fine
powder and mix. To remove fruit stains and
such like from linen, by rubbing a little of it on
the part, moistened with warm water.

SAXDAL IVOOD, Spirit o/.^lakc of oil of
sandal wood I oz., alcohol 301., oil of cinnamon
35 minima. Mix. Dose one or two drachms
three limes a day.

SANDPAPER {Superiffr), To 3/1j/^.— Take
a quantity of broken window gloss, (that which
has rather a green appearance on the edge is
best;) pound it in an iron mortar; then have two
or three sieves, of different ilcgrees of fineness,
ready for use when wanted. Take any good
tougti pa[>er. (fine cartridge is the best,) level
the Icnob^ and lumps on Iwth sides with pumice-
stone , tack it at each corner on a boaixl. and,
with good clear glue, dllutett with about one third
more water llun is used gcnemlly fur woo<l-work,
CO quickly over the paper, taking care to spread
It even with your brush; then, having your sieve
rCKly. sift the pounded glass over it lightly, yet
so as to cover it in every part ; let it remain till
the glue is set, take it from thk board, Jtliake off
the sujv^rfluous gla^s into the sieve, and hang it
in the shade to dry. In two or three days. It
will be fit ftir use.

The paper will be much better than any you
can buy. sand being frequently mixed with the
t^ass and colored to deceive the purchaser.

SCREiySamiNUrS, To Lcoten .^Whtnyoyx
find screws and nuts have become fast from nut,
pour on them a little kerosene or coal oil, and

wait a few moments till they become soaked with
the liquid. When this is done, they can be easily
started, and the boll saved.

SEEOt Quantity Required for a Givftt -Vuw-
her of /litis, or l^ength of Drill. — Asjikuagus, l
oz. to 60 ft. drdl : beet, 1 oz. to 50 ft. drill ;
carrot, I 0£. to iSo ft. drill; endive. 1 oz. to 150
ft. drill ; onion, I 02. to too fL dnll ; |)arsl^,
I oz. to 150 ft. drill; parsnip, l 02. to 300 ft.
drill; radish, I 02. to too ft. drill; spinach, t
oz. to 100 ft. drill; turnip, i 02. to 150 ft. drill;
peas, I qt. to 100 ft. drill; dwarf beans, 1 qt. to
150 hills : com, I qt. to 200 hills; cucumber, I
ox. to 50 hills ; watermelon, 1 02. to 30 hills ;
muskmclon, i 02. to 60 hills; pumpkin, I oz. to
40 hills; early squash, I 02. lo 50 hills ; marrow
squash, I oz. to 16 hills; cabbage, I oc. to lOOO
plants; cauliflower, i oz. to 3000 plants; celery,
I oz. to 4000 plants; egg plant, t oz. lo 2000
plants; lettuce, t oz. to 4000 plants; jMrppcr, t
02. to 2000 plants; tomato, l oz. to 2000 plants.

SEED, Quantity RrquireJ for tin Aert, and
Artuai iVeigk: cfkack to iAf Bushel.—

To tSe Lbft.
KIT. labuih.
lo> 6a
60
56
"1K56
33

Wheal, bKMdout buNiMS...

" drilled ■' ...

Rye, braadoBI " ...

•* driHed *' ...

Oat&.bf<aadcut ** ...

Timothy, '*

RnJ C1«w«r, broMlcMt

» 50

I " iSi u

I 50

WhoeCkkTcr, " pouads...

Lucerne, bnuulcmsi "

Herd or Red Top. broadcast. bu»bdl..<

Blue Gnus, broatlout ** ...

Millet. " " ..,

Hung^jian. ** " ...

Com in hillf sallocis...

Turnip and Ruta-lnga pounds...

Oairni Seu ■ "

SEWING MACHINES, Ilimit on Using.
— It is a fact known to all who use sewing ma-
chines that the prevailing difliculty is the break-
ing of the thread. Nearly all other disarrange-
ments that occur, can usually be overcome l>y
any oerson of ordinary ingenuity; even ihougo
they nave hod but a few weeks, or perhaps, days
experience in the use of a sewing machine.

ITiis breaking, which is mostly with the upper
thread, may occur from an imperfect adiu<itment
of the tension. With new m.ichines this is in-
variably the cause ; but with those that have
been in use several months, the breaking (when
the tension is right J is pro«luced by the threads
wearing into the g\iidcs, so that when .-i swelled
place in the thread rciches the nanow groove
which is worn to the exact width nf ilic regular
size of the thread, not being allowed to pass
through, the thrrad breaks.

Of course this break mav take place anywhere
from the pt^nt of the needle back to the grooved
guide which caught it. As it i» usimlly at or
near the end of the needle, the real cause is very
generally ovei looked. Many have been so
troubled with this cnnlinual breaking th.il it has
t>een necessary for them to lay aside their ma-
chines, when if this cause had been known to
them, by simply smoothing the guide holes with
a small round file, their trouble wuukl have
ended.

SHAMPOO LIQUID.—Tht simplest sham-
pooing liquid is the best— 4nd this is made by
dropping borax, lump or powdered — into water
until no more borax will dissolve. Tlicre is no
danger of its getting too strong. This bein^
appUed to the bait makes a very good lather.

5<H

DICTIONARY OF BVERY^DAY WANTS.

wash oot with clean water, and when the hiur has
dried— if harsh, use a venr little oil or sweet oil
and cologne water mixea. A more elaborate
wash or shampooing liquid is used by barbers.
It is as follows: carbonate of ammoma ^ oz.,
carbonate of potash i oz., water ipint. Dissolve.
Then add tincture of cantharides 5 fluid ounces,
best alcohol i pint, rum three quarts, shake up
well and let it stand a week before using; nuike
a good lather and stimulate the skin; healthy
skinned persons should not use it — their skin
does not want stimulating — they only want
cleansing.

SHAVING LIQUID.— u White soap, 3
ounces ; proof spirit, 8 ounces ; distilled water,
4 ounces ; carbonate of potash, I drachm; scented
with essence of lemon. Dissolve the soap with-
out heat, and add the potash and essence. — 2.
White soft soap, 16 ounces; oil of olives, ^ oz.;

Stm benzcnn, I drachm; rectified spirit, 34 oz,;
gest Rub a few drops on the beard, followed
by warm water.

SHAVING FASTE.~Mt\t together one
drachm each of spermaceti, white wax, and al>
mond oil ; beat it up with 2 ounces of the best
white soap, and add a little lavender or cologne
water.

SKATING, Hints *«.— This, delightful art
affords the most appropriate outdoor exercise and
amusement that can well be conceived for a winter
day; like some other practical arts, however —
swimming, for example — no amount of mere
theoretiou instruction will enable a person who
knows nothing about it, so much as to stand with
skates on upon the ice, much less to glide along
its surface with the ease and grace of a skillful
pNerformer, What is required is reallv very
simple, and is entirely of a practical kincf. See
that your skates are neither too large nor too
small, that they fit your boot so tightly as to be
immovable, and that the blades are sharp. Put
them on and endeavor to stand on them on the
ice. It is wonderful how speedily, and, as it
were, instinctivelvi you will acquire the power of
balancing yourself, and moving on the slippery
surface. A fall or two may be unavoidable, but,
like some of the evils of human life, they will be
but a temporary inconvenience, bringing with
them greater security as experience increases.

We have no intention of presenting our read-
ers with an elaborate essay on the art of skating,
but shall confine ourselves to a few useful hints.
Without any minute descriptions of the instru-
ment, a remark or two as to the "iron" or blade
on which the skater stands may be made. Some-
times it is made plane at the bottom, and some-
times it is fluted. In our opinion the plane
surface is the better form. The height of this
••iron" ought to be an inch at the back and three-
fourths of an inch in front, and the curve in the
front should not project too far, but merely so
as to clear the toe well. As already hinted, the
skate ought to fit tightly and accurately, and to
this end it ou^ht to be furnished with a screw,
to be screwed into the heel of the boot ; these
will go far to render the skate perfectly steady
when properly strapped to the boot.

Presuming the skate securely fixed, and the
boot also tignlly laced, the learner's first attempt
must Ijc to place himself in a perpendicular
attitude on the ice. It may be saia that his first
step IS to stand. The back of a chair placed be-
fore him, a stick shod with an iron spike, or the

friendly hand of an experienced acquaintance, wil
be found in this primary effort of great use. When
some tolerable degree of steadiness is acquired,
some attempt at loromotion mny be maoe, otd
in so adventurous an effort, espeaally if made by
any of our fair readers, a vigorous arm to Icin
upon on each skle, will be found a great a>mfort,
till some degree of confidence is acquired, asd
will act the part which cork floats or bladders do
toward the timid swimmer who suddenly &kb
himself "out of his depth."

If the learner intend to begin with his ri^t
foot, he ought to keep the left knee strai^t snd
firm, bending it only a little at the instant of
striking out, and vUe versa so acting with the
left foot and right knee. The body ought to be
slightly inclined forwards, of course, so as— m
scientific language — to "keep the centre of grav-
ity over the base," the learner taking advantage
01 the friendly support on each side as he strikes
out, and if such support is unattainable, nudcing
the b«t use he can of his stick, and sutnnittiDg
with his best grace to the inevitable necessity «
a sudden obedience to the law of gravitation in
the shape of a falL The skater ought never to
look at his feet, nor at the ice near him, as by
doing so, he is very apt to increase the number
of his exploits in the way of tumbling, for it is
unquestionable that he can keep his balance
better by looking straight for«'ards than hf
fixing his attention on the movement of his feet;
this, however, he will soon find by experience.
It is remarkable that this rule is exemplified in
intellectual and moral affairs ; we are more likety
to attain a successful result by gi^'ing our alten-
tion rather to the ultimate object in view, althou^
it be remote, than by confining our prospect to
each minute and, perhaps, difficult step which
leads to it. The learner, while keeping his head
up, ought to advance his body a little forwards.
By this means he will avoid a backward fall,
which is often a serious mischance. The learner's
face ought always to be turned in the direction
to be followed. All movements in skating ought
to be smooth and graceful, and quite free from
jerking and awkward gestures. Ine act of stop-
ping is performed by slightly bending the knees,
bringing the heels together and bearing upon
them; it may also be accomplished by turning
short to the nght or left.

It is only requisite further to add that the
method of skating in certain figures is not difficult
to acquire when proficiency in the art is attained;
to furnish learners with precepts for those per-
formances on the ice, which imply a large amount
of experience, is hs^dly requisite, for the art of
moving over the ice in figures is itself learnt in
the act of learning to skate.

SIZING for BOOTS and SHOES in Trtt-
ing out. — Take water I qt., and dissolve in it,
by heat, isinglass i oz.; adding more water to
make up for evaporation ; when dissolved, add
starch o oz.; extract of logwood, beeswax, and
tallow, of each 2 oz.; and continue the heat until
all is melted and well mixed. Rub the starch
up first, by pouring on sufficient boiling water
for that purpose.

SILk^ Gilding on, — Silks, satins, woolens,
ivory, bone, etc, may be readily gilded by im-
mersing them in a solution of nitro-muriate (ter-
chloride) of gold, (l of the salt to 3 or 4 of wa-
ter,) and then exposing them to the action of
hydrogen gas. liie Utter part of the process

MTSCELLANEQUS.

%^

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may readily be performed by pouring some di-
luted sulphuric »cid on iinc or iron nlings, in a
botllc, and placing ii under a jar or similar ves-

■ scl, invcrtcn, at the top of which the articles to
be dided arc to be suspended,
the foregoing exjicriment may be very prettily
and advantageously varied as fuUows : — Paint
flowers or otiicr ornaments with a very finecamtl-
hair pencil, dipped in the above mentioned solu-
tion of gold, on pieces of silk, «tin, etc., and
■ hold them over a Florence flask, from which
hydrogen gas \\ evolvctl, during the dccomposi-
tion of the water by sulphuric acid and iron fil-
ings. Tliemintfti flowers, etc., in a few min-
utes will shine with all the splendor of the
purest gold. A coating of this kind will not
tarnish on exposure to the air, or in washing.

S/I^/C (^Varnisfuti), Tit Prtparc. — Varnished
silk, for making umbrellas, capots, coverings
for hats, etc., is prepared in the same manner as
the \-ami5hed and jwUshed cloths already de-
scribed, but with *onie variation in the liquid
paste or varnish. If the surface of the silk be
pretty large, it is made fast to a wooden frame
turnishetl with hooks and movable pegs, such
AS that used in the manufacture of common var-
nished cloths. A soft paste, composed oflinseeiU
oil boiled with a fourth part of litharge; tobncco-
pipe clay, dried and sifted through a silk sieve.
l6 parts; litharge, ground on porphyry with
water, dried and sifted in the same manner, 3
part«, and lamjiblack, I part. This paste is then
spreajtl in a uniform manner over llie surbce of
the silk by means of a long knife, having a
handle at each extremity. In summer, 24 hours
arc suRicicnt for its desiccation. When dry, the
knots produced bv the inequalities of the silk
are smoothed witn pumice-stone. This opera-
tion is performed with water, and, when finished,
the surface of the silk is washed. It is then
suffered to dry', and fat copal \-arnish is applied.
If it be intended to polish this varnish, apply a
second stratum, af\er which polish it with a ball
of cloth and very fine tripoli. The varnished
silk thus made is very black, exceedingly pli-
able, and has a fine polish. It may be rumpled
ft thousand ways without retaining any fold, or
even the mark of one. It i:, light, and therefore
proper for coverings to hats, and for making
cloaks and caps so useful to travelers in wet
weather.

SIGl^A TURES, Tc take Fae-simiUi 0/.—
Write your name on a piece of paper, and while
the ink is wet sprinkle over it some finely-pow.
dered gum arabic, then make a rim round it and

four on it some fusible alloy, in a liquid state,
cnpressions may be taken from the plates formed
in this way. by means of printing-ink and the
copperplate-press.

iif/lPS, To i'cntiiaU. — Air-pipes are used

flbr drawing foul air out of ships, or other dose

places, by means of fire. One extremity is

placed in a hole in the side of a furnace, (closed

in every part excepting the outlet for the smoke ; )

the other in the place which it is designed to

purify. The rarcfiiclion produced by the fire

causes a current of air to be determined to it.

and the only means by which the air can arrive

I ftl the fire being through the pipe, a quick dr-

^K eolation, in the place where the extremity of

^H die pipe may be situated, is consequently pro-

■ ' SHELLAC, r« ^/«^A.— The bleachiog of

shellac is generally ertcctcd ow a large scale bv
chlorine or some of its compouu<ls, or by sul-
phuric add; the bleached article c^jsls more than
twice AS much as the unbleached. The bleached
shellac is frequently dissolved in spirits of wine
for use as a varnish by cabinet makers. This
varnish is npt to stain any inlaid metallic orna-
ment upon the furniture, or any metal attached
to it, in consequence of the varnish retaining a
small proportion of the bleaching compound in
solution. Another process of bleaching may Iw
adoptctl which renders the varnish free from this
objection, and very much reduces the cost of the
bleached shellac or seed lac This process con-
sists in the use of aninul charcoal as a bleaching
powder. It is prepared in (he following man-
ner:—Any quantity of yellow shellac, previously
broken in small pieces, is conveyed into a flask.
alcohol of 0.83 sp. gr. poured upon it, and the
whole heated on the hob, or, in the summer, in
the sun, until the shellac is dissolved; upon this
so much coarsely powdered animal charcoal is
added to the solution that the whole forms a thin
paste; the flask is closed, not quite airtight. and
left so for some time, exposed to .the sun; and
in eight to fourteen days a small sample is filter-
ed, sufficient to ascertain whether it has acquired
a light yellowish brown color, and whether it
yields a clear, pure polish on light colored
woods. If this be the case, it is filtered through
coarse blotting paper, for which purpose it is
best to employ a tin funnel with dounle sides,
similar to those employe<l in filtering spirituous
solutions of soaps, opcxlcldoc, etc. The portion
which first passes through the filler may t>e pre-
served sewiratcly, and used as a ground or first
polish. Then some more spirit is poured over
the charcoal upon the filter, and the solution
used as a last coating. The solution of >hellac
purified by animal charcoal has <i brown yellow
color, but it is perfectly clear and transparent ;
when diluted with alcohol, the color i^ so slight
that it may be used in this state for poh»hmg
perfectly white wood, such as maple, pme, etc,
without the wood acquiring the least tint of
yellow.

SLA TES^ Artificiat. — Elastic slates have
come to be almost an article of necessity on ac-
count of being light, and as easily carrira in the
pocket as a memorandum book, having the ad>
vantage over the other kind in tlic fact that the
notes and writing can be easily effaced, leaving
the surface clean and ready for further use. The
following is the composition from which they
are made : Sand in very fine powder. Si ports ;
lampblack, 8 parts ; boiled linseed or cottonseed
oil, to paits. This mixture is to be thoroughly
mixed together and spirits of turpentine addca
in order that the kind of paint thus ol>tJLined
may t>c app1ie<! on a thin snect of pasteboard.
As soon as the first coat is dry another coat is
applied, and even a third appucalion is some-
times reouired. The last coat is smoothed by
bdne ruboed with a piece of cotton waste, satu-
mted with spirits of turpentine.

The artifici.-d slates thus obtained are light,
easily transported, not liable to be broken, and
a slate wndl is used to write upon them.

SMALL POX, Darkness in TrraSin^.—lX is
stated that if a patient, in the beginning of the
attack, be put in a room from which absolutely
all light is exdaded save that of a candle, the
eflfect ii to arrest the disease in the papular or

9QS

BtCTrOhTARY OP EVERY DA Y~WAf^TS,

vcMcular stage ; it nev«r becomes purulent, and
the Kktn between the vesicles is never inflamed
or swollen ; the liquor sanguinis xi, prevented
from becoming pus; (he lArge scabs of mailer
never form over the face; ificre is no intcn!;e
pain, and only trifling iCching, ami the smell is

either very Rlight or altogether wanting.

-*^ SOAPHCliBLES, Large ami LoHg^Loit-
ing. — For the production of unusually large
soap-liubhlci tbnt will last for hours, and exhibit
splendidly tne bcauti/ul colors of the rainlvow, a
fluid may be employed tlut can easily l* pre-
pared in ihc foliowinc wa)j: Fine shavings of
pnlm-oil soap arc shaken in a large bottle with
aistilled water, unlit a conccntrat«l solution of
the soap is obtained; lljis is filtered llu-ough
gray filtering paper, and mixed then with about
one-third of pure glycerine. The fluid is to be
shaken up before use. By means of a small
glass funnel, of two inches diameter, connected
with a tube ot India rubber, soap-bubbles may
be prepared with this fluid thai will vie in the
beauty of the dispby of color with the rainbow
itself, and which maybe kept for a long while
by putting them carefully upon an iron ring
which is sli"[htly rusty and thoroughly wet with
ihe soap solution. Bubbles of one fool and more
in diameter will keep from five to ten minutes;
those of two to three inches in diameter, for
hours — often for ten to twelve.

SOUP TABLETS, Prussian.— TzVc eleven
pans by weight of good auet, melt it in an iron
pan, and make it very hot, so as to become
brown; add, while keeping the fat stirred, eight*
ccn parts of rye meal, and continue heating and
stirring so as to make the moss brown; add
then four parts of dried salt and two ports of
coarsely pulverized caraway seed. The mixture
is then poured into tin pans somewhat lilce those
used for m-ikingchocoLite into cakes. The cakes
have the appearance of chocolate, and are chiefly
intended for the u.se of soldiers while in the fietcf.
A ^uonlitv of about one ounce of this prepara-
tion \% sullicient to yield, when boiled with some
water, a ration of good soup, and in case of ncctl
the c\kes, being agreeable to the laste, may be
eaten raw.

SPOiVGE PAPER.— Tar the fabrication of
an article called sponge paper, lately patented
in France, evenly and finely divided sponge is
added to ordinary paper pulp, and this is worked
as in the common paper making apparatus, into
sheets of different thicknesses, it is said to have
all the peculiarities of sponge, absorbing water
readily, and remaining moist a long time. It
iias been used as dressing for wountU with con-
siderable advantage ana is capable of several
important technical applications.

S7AAfMEP/:VG, To Cut/.—Ho stammer-
ing person ever found any difficulty in singing.
Tlic reason of this is that by observing the
measure of the music — by keeping time — the or-
gans of speech are kept in such position that
enunciation is easy. Apply the same rule to
readme or speech, and tne same result will fol-
low, l^t the stammerer take a sentence, say
this one — 'I^ander swam the Hellespont' — and
pronounce it by syllables, scan it, keeping time
with his finger if necessary, letting eacn syll.iblc
occupy the same time, thus, Lc — an — der — swnm
— the — Hcl — les — pimt, and he will not stam-
Dier. Let him pronounce slowly at first, then
ikster, but still keeping lime, keeipin^ >iTOe -wviii

^ mei
^ Aati

words instead of

prised to finH

read withotu

as persons oiiiiii:iiii)' '..

tice this in rmding an>:

habit is broken up. i ..:

tton is all that is necessary to perform a pcxisci

cure.

STARC/f /nyfH Futsud PoUtLy . -s,

much frosted will make very ga<Ml »;

it is a shade darker in color. .Ml c

requiring to be stiffened, where wl

object, may be done with starch t»ui__

laiocs greatly (>cnctrated with froM. ihe

method of making potatoes into itirrh it to

them down into water, i

refuse with the hand, :

whole of the water ■•; ■

been grated throu;.;

or fine sieve, and .■!

on and pouring oiT water untti ii

from the starchy which is always all

lie or fall to ihe bottom of the vci^d in •«:

ihe operation is performed. An experiment

tried with a few potatoes that """ ■ ■■• '

frost. They were grated dov.

starch powder. The produce i ■

weighed 876 grains, while that of ilie iiost

was nnly 413, being less than half ihe nuaoiit
The refuse of the point' ■ '

sieve, possL-sses the pro;-'

cloths without hurting ilu.. ^

tcr decanted from the starch \

for cleansing silks withoui the

their color. In making hoir-pouUcf it Jm« Jung

been used, and is therefore well known.
STEAM'Eh'GINES, 71^ T. '

A'rtc/y-ui. — .\fter a newly-sc

been fitted out with all tne iv

to be filled with water one oj

the normal level. There bcin

steam, the fact that the boiler i» :

desired height, can only be ascertain

ing air through the open gaugc>cock

bubblinp of the air, ascending tbrou^

It is easily ascertained whether thcr*

water or not. The float on t^

dicatei the water-level dirf<.ily.

oAen lets accurate '

the stuffing-box.

the level may moi-. ■'.<

means of a rod. Tlie c!

place by means of an cfh-:

the cases are exceptional whtrt^

situated reservoir, from which V,

fed. This convenience is rmly nui

steam-engines are situated near «

(whether for the increase of fr.r,-

substitution of water-power d\ii

or where there is an upper p

lishroents are near a slee]<

in rivulets; or in iron- '

hoisting of the fumace-clnri^

reservoirs and hydraulic lifts.

the boiler, a canvas ti'r-c n n'

cKargiog-mouth of ..

duction-pipes, and 1;

If there are se^

and in cose or, c

boiler, which ii is ucsm>

fdled. it is necessary to 1

the delivery-pipe of the col 1 , _.. , ,

csxL be attached. U is las

MISCELLANEOUS,

507

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hose than solid pip«; ihey arc more simple and
\tss, coiily damaged. After being used, they
must he well dried, and not kept in moist places,
In many csUhli^hincnts, as in coltoii<miU\» iron*
works, and calico prinling-wurk>, the pumps are
to constructed tlut they can alio be employed as
lire-eugines.

After the charging of the boiler, the fire is
made, for which purpose brushwood and shav-
ings arc best. The fire is regulated by means of
a damper or the fire-door, in such a manner that
during ihc firit day thf Icmpcialure of the water
will not attain the boitingpoini. It Is advisable
to keep the door open, since the drying of the
masonry will be accelerated by the current of
entering air. But, as the drying proceeds, the
opening must be more and more closed, and
finally it ought to be kept shut, except during
the poking of ihe fire.

If the walling is very raoiit, stcam-douds arc
seen issuing from the chimney. The author of
this was once compelled to put up a boiler in
very cold weather, and with I'rozen slunes. Yet,
by constructing proper flues in Ihe brick-work,
and by firing witti care, steam could bcproduced
on the evening of the second day. Tne brick-
work was dry, without having been injured in
the least.

On the second day the fire vras increased, the
door was kept nearly closed, the damper open a
little mure. With new Itotlcrs and chimneys, it
often happens that at first there is uo draught,
rspecially where it is carried long distances
around the boiler. This is explainca by the fact
that the hot air meets too great a re<>istance from
the dense, cold air in the draught-holes and
chimney. This evil can be remedied by kindling
a straw fire at the foot of the chimney. In set-
ting a new boiler, the cleaning-hole of the
chimney :&hould, therefore, be left open. But if
once the walling is warmed through, the firing
may be interrupted f3r several days, and even
for a loof^r lime, without any aj>preciable evil
dfects, smcc bricks retain their heat for a long
wliile. As soon as the least current is createtC
the fire at once becomes active, the flame
lUtains direction, and having once reached the
chimney, its activity is still more increased.

Although ihc greatest attention must be paid
to Ihe firmg, all the parts connected with the
generation of steam ought not on that account to
be neglected. It is, for iniiance, well to examine
whether the float plays well after tlie box has
become hoi, and the engineer should satisfy
himself of Ihe right position and the reliability of
its movements. If the beam on the side of the
Boat-stone is pressed down, the latter should
immediately sink into the water; but if relieved
by the pressure, it should be lifted by the counter-
Weight into the position corresponding to the
existent water-level. The points to which most
attention must be paid are the steel edges upon
which the beam turns, and the stuffing-box. The
edges ought not to be pressed too much into the
nut of the lever. When steam is generating, the
efficiency and mobiUty of the gaugc<ocks are lo
be tried. In high-prcisure boilers, the cock of
the manometer must be opened, while in low-
pressure boilers, the air-val\*e ii to be inspcaed.
The safety-valves must also be examined, opened,
and lifted from their seats and turned, in order
lo prevent their sticking by the adhesion of the
g0. The author has seen valves thus stock

nSMr W

suddenly thrown up by the steam, causing de-
rangements and fractures. The valves with a
directly applied weight play less readily; if one
corresponus, for in*.tance, to a pressure of four-
atmospheres, by waiting until Ihe steam has
reached a tension of two or three atmospheres,
it may easily be lifted

Moreover, in low-pressure boilers, ia^jiection
should be made of the indue tion-pii^e before the
tension has attained the de»ircd height; the fire-
man must examine whether the float is movable,
and whether the feeding-pipe is in order; he
must inspect the manometer, withdrawing the
float from the mercury, and letting it slide again
into it. It will now be seen where there are
untight joints and screws. Although the former
may have been drawn on very light, they gene-
rally get loose again by getting wiirni, so that
they have to be screwed on anew. If iheleaksare
so great that they can not lie done au'ay with in
this manner, and by driving in small wooden
wedges which have been put in putty, the spots
must be well marketl, so that the enl may be
remedied at the first stand-still. Steam should
be turned on slowly; for if allowed to pass
suddenly into the pipes, the thereby condensing
water has a tendency to open the joints, the
water often running from them.

The fire must be regulated according to Ihe
generation of steam, the tension of which, de-
pendent on the speed of the machine, '\% indicated
by the manometer. To use as little fuel as
possible is here the first principle. Whether
wood, peat, coal, coke, or brown coal are to be
burned should be decided upon beforehand* so
that the boiler as well as the walling may be con*
structed accordinglv> It remains then only to
decide upon the uifWent varieties of these com-
bustibles, as with regard to hard coal between
leaking coal, open and close burning cool and
anthracite. In order to try a kind of fuel, it
might to he used for at least four or six days;
other kinds must be employed for the same

Quantity of steam under like conditions, (cleaned
ucs, etc) When dilTerent kinds of fuel admit
of being used together, the mixtures should be
tried in various proportions. From the mechan-
ical effect produced, it may at once be determined
which kind of fuel is best adapted for permanent
use.

When several sorts of hard coals ore to be hod,
thoi^c mixtures ore to be tried, which in most
cases range cheaper than the pure coals. In
running a steam-engine of twenly-two horse-
power, we have daily saved one thaler, (nearly
TO cents gold.) when, instead of using either
baking or cherry coal alone, we burned a mixture
of equal parts of eifch.

STONE^ Artt/UicI.—WkiU.—KXxyxA, t lb.;
water, 1 gaL Dissolve, then sleep in this liquor
calcined gypsum, X cwt. Next dry for eight
days in the open air, and calcine at a dull, red
heat; grind and sift and form into a paste with
water, when hard apply a thin byer of the above
paste over the surface with a brush ; when (juilc
hard, polish with pumice, etc, in the usual way.
— Crtam C^hr. — Alum, I ixjund ; copperas, yi
pound ; water, 9 pints. Dissolve, anui proceed
as before.

STO.VE FACADES, To CUan. — MhMA
been ascertained that the jet of water thrown
from a steam fire-engine has the power of re-
moving the discoloration produced by the smokct

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DTCTIOyARY OF EVERY-DA Y WANTS.

without injuring the fiice of the stone. The work
is done from the ground, the force of the stream
thrown by the steam fire-engine being sufficient
to effect the necessary cleansmg.

STONE WARE {^English), To Manuftuture.
•—Tobacco-pipe clay from Dorsetshire is beaten
much in water ; by this process the finer parts
of the clay remain suspenoed in the water, while
the coarser sand and other impurities fall to the
bottom. The thick liquid, consisting of water
and the finer parts of clay, is farther purified by
p:using it through hair and lawn sieves of differ-
ent degrees of fineness. After this the liquor is
mixed (in various proportions for various ware)
with another liquid of the same density, and
consisting of flints calcined, ground and sus-
pended in water. The mixture is then dried in
a kiln, and being afbsrwards beaten to a proper
temper, it becomes fit for being formed at the
wheel into toshes, plates, bowls, etc When
this ware is to Ims put into the furnace to be
baked, the several pieces of it are placed in the
cases made of clay, called seggars, which are
piled one upon another, in the aome of the fur-
nace ; a fire is then lighted, when the ware is
brought to a proper temper, which happens in
about 48 hours, it is glazed by «>mmon salt.
The salt is thrown into the furnace throuf^h holes
in the upper part of it, by the heat of which it is
instantly converted into a thick vapor, which,
circulating through the furnace, enters the seg-
gar through holes made in its side (the top being
covered to prevent the salt from foiling on the
ware), and attaching itself to the surface of the
ware, it forms that vitreous coat upon the surface
which is called its glaze.

SUGAR REFINING,— K German paper
mentions a new process of refining sugar in
which the saccharine juice, after being clarified
in the usual way by means of lime ana carbonic
add, is precipitated at boiling temperature with
caustic baryta (60 parts of the latter for every
100 of sugar), the precipitate suspended in water
and decomposed with carbonic acid. A pure
solution of sugar is obtained, which only requires
to be evaporated.

STOVES, To Mend Cracks m.— Take equal
parts of wood ashes and common salt, and mix
them to a proper consistence with water ; with
this fill the cracks.

STOVES, To Keep from Rust.— VL^oscnc
applied with a cloth to stoves will keep them
from rusting during the summer. It is also an
excellent material to apply to all iron utensils
used about a farm.

SULPHUR, FUxi&U.—'Bj adding to pure
sulphur a four hundredth part of chlorine or
iodine it becomes very soft, so that it may be
spread in thin leaves as flexible as leaves of wax.

SULPHUROUS ACID, To Make.— To 12
oz. of sulphuric acid, m a glass retort, add 2 oz.
of sulphur and apply a gentle heat This is a
cheap and easy process.

SULPHURETED HYDROGEN.— Voyxx
dilute sulphuric acid on sulphuret of iron. This
is made by applying a roll of sulphur to a bar of
iron heated white hot, or by heating in a crucible
a mixture of 2 parts, by weight, of iron filings
and I of flowers of sulphur.

SWIMMING, Arto/.—lthns been observed
that men are drowned by raising their arms
above water, the unbuoycd weight of which de-
presses the head ; all otner «iuma\& hsne neither

motion nor ability to act in a similar manner,
and therefore swim naturally. When a man
therefore falls into deep water, he will rise to
the surface and continue there if he docs not
elev:Ue his hands, if he move his hands under
the water in taxj manner he pleases his head will
rise so high as to allow him liberty to breathe,
and if he move his legs as in the act of walking
(or rather of walking upstairs), his shoulders
will rise above the water, so that he may use
less exertion with his hands, or apply them to
other purposes. These plain directions are re-
commended to the attention of those who have
not learned to swim in their youth, and they will,
if attended to, be found higoly advantageous ia
preserving life.

If a person falls into the water or gets out of
his depth and cannot swim, and if he wishes to
drown himself, let him kick and splash as vio-
lently as possible, and he will soon sink. On
the contrary, if impressed with the idea that he
is lighter tnan the water, he avoids all violent
action and calmly but steadily strives to refrain
from drawing his breath while under the water,
and keeps his head raised as much as possible,
and gently but constantly moves his hands and
feet m a proper direction, there will be a great
probability of his keeping afloat until some aid
arrives.

SYRUP of tk4 Phosphate a/ Ifwt.—Ttike of
phosphate of iron 96 grs.; water 9 fl. drs.; sy-
rupy phosphoric add (Sp. gr. 1.5) 7 fl. drs.;
syrup 10 fl. oz. Rub the phosphate of^lron with
tne water in a glass mortar, add the phosphoric
add, and filter the mixture into the syrup.

SYRUP 0/ Phosphate of Iron and Lime,—
Take of phosphate of iron 96 grs.; phosphate oi
lime 192 grs.; water 8 fl. drs.; syrupy phos-
phoric add 8 fl. drs.; syrup lo Ji. oz. Mix
the powders with the water in a glass mortar,
add the add, and filter into the syrup. Each
fluid drachm contains I grain iron, a gr. lime,
and equivalent to 30 minims dilute phosphoric
add.

The phosphate of lime is made by predpita-
tion from solutions of chloride of oilcium and
phosphate of soda, dried at 100^ F., and used
whilst fresh. That made from bone-ash is much
less soluble.

.S" YR UP of Phosphate of Iron and Quinine.—
Take of phosphate of iron 192 grs.; phosphate
of quinia 96 grs. ; water 7 fl. drs. ; syrupy
phosphoric acid 9 fl. drs.; syrup 10 n. oz.
Rub the powders with water, add the acid, and
filter into syrup. Each fluid drachm contains
2 gr. iron and i gr. quinine.

SYRUP of Phosphate of Manganese.— Take
of phosphate of manganese 06 grs. ; water 9 fl.
drs.; syrupy phosphoric aad 7fl. drs.; syrup
10 fl. oz. TO oe made as last. Strength, i gr.
manganese salt and 25 minims of aad to fluid
drachm.

TANNING in VACUO.— Tins invention
consists in an improved mode of operation by
means of an osdUating rack in an air tight tan-
ning box having a pump for withdrawing the
air, a vat for supplying the liquid on the top hj
opening a valve, and a liquid distributing ap-
paratus inside. The box is also provided with
openings, dosed air tight by glass, for watching
the progress, and a vacuum gauge for indicating
the vacuum.

The air being pumped out of the box opent

MTSCELLAMEOUS.

509

r

I

the pores of the skin$» whereby they are prc-
parcil lo be must thoroughly saturated wilh ihc
liquid, which, iKring let in upon the hides in this
condition in a distributed way, is, together with
Ihe Agitation uf ihe hides in the liquid by the
oscillating frame, CAlcubted to greatly accelerate
the work. This the inventor claims to have de-
monstrated by practical tests, in which sheep
ftkins were completely tanned in six hours ; calf
tkini in twenty-four hours; cow hides in thirty-
six, and ox hides in sixty hours. Moreover, the
auick saturation of the hides with the liquid, is
jiimedtoniake the leather more even in quality
inside iind out. The quality is also improved;
for the fillers on the outside arc not damaged by
the too great action of the tanning liquid, as in
the old and slow process, in which it is neces-
sary lu expose the outside too long in order that
the liquid may penetrate to the interior.

TVIA*, Syrup of. — Tar (strained) I ounce
(troyU pulverized sugar (re5nett) I3 ounces
(troy) ; carbonate of magnesia 3 ounces (troy);
rubbed to powder on a sieve. Alcoh<^ 3 n.
ounces; water a sufKcient quantity. Mix the
alcohol wilh six fl. ounces of water, rub the tar
in a mortar of sufhctent capacity with one ounce
of the sugar, and then with the carbonate of
magnesia, gradually added, until the whole is
reduced lo a uniform, pulverulent mixture. To
this gradually add with constant trituration,
which should be continued for fifteen or twenty
minutes, four R. ounces of the mixture of Alcohol
and water; then strain with strong expression.
Return the residue to the mortar, and again tritu-
rate, first with one ounce of the sugar, and then
wilh the remaining four fl. ounces of the mixture
of jdcohol and water, gradually added, as before:
finally strain and strongly express, and then re-
duce die dregs by trituration to a smooth and
uniform comfitinn. and pack firmly in a glass
funnel prepared for percolation, ana adjusted to
the neck nf a graduated bottle containing the re-
mainder of the sugar, and pour upon this the ex-
pressed liquid ; and when it has all disappearcl
from the surfiice. continue the pcr.colation with
water until the whole measures one pint. Agi-
tate occaftionally. until the sugar is dissolved,
and strain if necessary. Dose from a dessert lo
A tablespoon ful.

The strained inr, such as is usually sold in
gallon cans, answers well for (his purpose, but
when it is not at liand the crude tar may be dis*
solved in a small quantity uf ether and strained,
and the ether allowed to evaporate spontaneously.
TEST PAP/if^, AV?tf.— Professor Botlger
announce* the discoveryof a new re-agent, which,
he asserts is highly sensitive lo the alkalies. It
isacoloringextract'oflhcci'.Viw t/^/-/Atf^///,andis
produced by digestion, for 24 hours, in pure
alcohol, to which a few drops of sulphuric acid
have 1>een adiled. I'hc hue is a brilliant red,
which turns green on contact wilh any alkali. It
is not aflected l>y carbonic acid, and will detect
the slightest trace of ammonia in illuminating

fLS, if moistened and placed against an open jet.
he presence of the minutest quantity of a car*
bonale uf any of the alkalies is detected by ii.

TliETfl. Cementifor. — \, Mix 13 parts of
dry phosphoric acid with IJ parts of pure and
pulverized quicklime. It becomes moist in mix-
mg, in whidi state it is introduced into the
cavity of the tooth, where it quickly becomes
hard. — 2. Digest 9 parts of powdered mastic

with 4 parts of ether, snd add enough powdered
alum to form a stiff pojite. — 3. Gutt.i-percha,
softened by heat, is recommended. Ur. Rollfs
advises melting a piece of caoutchouc at the end
of a wire, and introducing it while warm. — 4.
{Afftalht.) — Amalgams for the teeth are made
with gold or silver, and quicksilver, the excess
of the latter being squeezed out, and the stiff
amalgam useil warm. Inferior kinds are made
with quicksilver and tin, or xinc. A popular
nostrum of this kind consists of 40 grains of
quicksilver and 20 of fine zinc fdings, mixed at
the lime of using. The following ii s.ud to be
the most lostingand least objectionable ania1g.im:
Melt 3 parts of tin wilh I of cadmium, run it into
an ingot, and reduce it to filings. Form these
into a fluid amalgam with mercury, and squeeze
out the excess of mercury through leather.
Work up the solid residue in the hand, and press
it into the tooth. Anuther cement consists of
about 73 ]>arts of silver, 21 of tin, and 6 of zinc,
amalgamated with quicksilver.

TOBACCO, Ta P/avar, —Th'xs is done hf
means of a mixture of one part each of lemon
peel, oran?epeel, figs, coriander seed, and saisa-
fnu ; one half part each of elderflowcrs, elder-
berries, and cinnamon; two |tarts of s.iltpeleri
three of ^alt, and four of sugar. This mixture
must be digested in fifty parts of water, and,
before ap]ilying it, flavored with an alcoholic
solution of gum benzoes, mastic, and myrrh*
It is said that this decoction gives a flavor to
common leaves resemblingdoselythe Porto Rico;
but to this end the leaves mu<tt be n-ell dried,
about a year old, well permeated with the pre-
paration, kept in a pile for eight <lays, turned
daily, and finally ilrieiL

tOHTOISE SHELL, To Imitate. ^In order
lo do this well, your foundation or ^ound work
must be perfectly smooth and white, or nearly
so; you then gild it with silver leaf with slow
size, so as to nave it perfectly smooth, Mith no
ragged edges, cleaning the louse leaf off. Then
grind Cologne earth very fine, and mix it with
gum water and common size; and with this,
having added more gum water than it was
ground with, spot or cloud the grutind work,
having a fine shell to imitate; and when this is
done, you will perceive sereral rech, lighter and
darker, appear on the edges of the black, and
many times lie in streaks on the iransjxirent
|wrl of the shell. To imitate this finely, grind
san^uu dttUifHis with gum water, ami with a
fine pencd draw those warm retls, flushing it in
about the dark places more thickly; but fainter
and fainter and thinner, with less color ton'ards
the lighter parts, sn sweetening it that it mav in
a manner lose the red, being sunk in the silver '
or more tmnvparent i>arts. When it is dry, give
it a coat of varnish. let it stand a few days, then
rub it down with pnmice stone and water. Then
grind gamboge very fine, and mix with varnish,
giving of this as many coats as will cause the
silver lo have a golden color* then finish with a
clean coat of vnmish.

71t>>'.V, Vamiskfor. — CopaU 7 parts ; mattic,
I part; Venice turpentine, % part; strongest
alcohni, II parts. Diasolvc the copal first, with
the aid of a biilc camphor, then add the maitic,
etc, and thin with alcohol as required.

TPACISGS, T« Phcti>rmf^A mtMnnta Cam-
eta. — Lav out several thicknesses of tloth, on a
smooth turawing board, on top of which place a

ift

DiCTIONARY OP EVERY-DA Y IVAKTS.

shMt of scnsiltzed paper, superimpose the same
Vrith the drawing, right side up, and press the
It-hole dawn pcrfccily smootli with a piece of
glass which is lobe kept in pbce by clothes pins
anil weights, and expoiie it under the skyhght
until the edges of Uie paper show a suflicicnilv
dark impres&ion, when it is to be removed. loned,
iftnd fixed. In this manner an exact copy of a
''drawing cnn be mnde, the only difference, as a
matter of course, will be, the lines will be white
snd the Ixx^y of the paper dark, which is of no
disad%-anUee whatever.

TREES^ Averttre Growth of. — Three or fmir
jrears ago the Illinois Horiicultural Society
'appoint!^ a committee to preixire are[iort on the
'cultivation and growth of lorvst trees. The
o^mmittee concluded an able report by saying :
As the results of our observations and from the
testimony ofreliable men, we reganl the blowing
as about the avcrngc growth in twelve years, of
;the leading desirnhlc varieties, when pinntcd in
"belts or groves and cultivated as directed : — White
Maple, 1 foot in diameter and 50 feet high.
Ash-leaf Maple. 1 foot in diAmeter and 20 rest
high. NVhitc Willnw, I'-i feet in diameter ond
40 feet high. Vellovr Willow, \}i fcct in dia-
meter and 35 feet high. I^mbardy Poplar, 10
iches in diameter and 40 feet higli. Dlue and
White Ash. 10 inches In diameter and 20 feet
high. Chestnut, 10 inches in diameter and 20 feet
high. Black Walnut and Butternut, 10 inches
in diameter and 20 feet high. Elm. lo inches
in diimcter and 20 fcct high. Birch, (vnrieties),
10 inches in diameter and 2$ feet high. I^irch.
8 inches in di.imeter and 24 feet high. As before
intimated, the different varieties of evergreens
will make an avciagc growth of eighteen to
twenty inches in bight annually.

Frum these nnd other data which the intelli-
gent farmer can collect, he may readily approxi-
mate estimate of the cost ol fence |msts, rails»
fire-wood, hewing timlwr, lumber, etc

TUBA ROOT.—Thfi mots of a plant known
in Borneo by the name tuba or toooa are much
valued in that country for destroying vermin on
plants and animals. They are thrown into
water and allowed to stand a short lime, after
which the nnimals or plants are washed with the
VAter. It is said that the infusion is very deadly
to the vermin, but innocuous to the plant an^
ftoimals. The roots are used whilst fresh, and
ore believed to lose their properties in drying.
They arc also used constantly mr poisoning fish
and |>ooU. Tlie plant is oneof the Legvminos*.
t'R/jVE, InnrnttHfUt-f of. — The continued
use of tincture of iodine (one to six drops a day)
is said lo \x a permanent cure:

I'AR/^ISfff Grten, — There is a most beaoli-
ful transparent green varnish employed to give
a fine glmering color lo ^II or other decorated
Works. As the prefuration of this vamisli is
Very little known, an account of it may in all
prorabilityprove of interest to many of our
readers. The process is as follows: Grind a
smnll quantity of a peculiar pigment, called
"Chinese blue," along with ^tx>ut double the
quantity of finely powdered chromate ofpoiaih.
and n sufficient quantity of co|)ftl VAmi>li thinned
with turpentine. Tlie mixture requirrs the most
elaborate grinding or incorporating of its ingre-
dients, otherwise it will not be transparent, and
Ihcrrforc useless for the pnr|K)sc for which it is
intended. The *Uonc" 01 the color may be vari- '

ed by an aJtrr^''"- ■" ■■*^- ..,.,^„r.|^- ^.r .^- ;-,

gredients; a

ash causes a ;

might have been expecievlf An

the blue under ihe simc cirt

colored vamUh wi'!

feet in jajmnned ;.

and can \< made a:

VA RSI SHI NO of RafiCT.
n'ould be more simply and
aished by first giving a coal 1 1
and then of varnish of about >
pentinc and Canada balsam, (.oiitr
gum may l>e used over Indian ink, >
ring-clotn, without smearing. I '■
for maps or liibographs I foun
starch (two coats or more) w
less cost thiin the common isi;
ded in receipt-books, followed
nish. A lithograph ' ■
thick varnish UkjI,

other cases (witli ;. , ._ .;l _::,. =., ... .
painting.

VARNlSn far f^nft, rtf.—ThH \% m.-ide

by eight parts of ijii ^ 'j

one part alum, nn»!

boiling water. Thei^jN' i-vm^ iii>-. v ■..

the alum and soap arc addetl : all .

boiIc<l, and afterwards strained .:■.

This ^'amish will protect the objects Iromdanipi

and is perfectly wntcr-proof.

VAkNISIfforViohm, /J^,— Re.' ■
of wine, % gal.; add 6 c.r. gum sii:
gum mastic, and ^ pt. turpenr -*
the oho^-e in a tin can by the
shaking till well di.'iKolved: sti,
use. If you find it harder than yuu wish, thin
with more turpciuine-vamish.

r.-rA'.A'AV///^ .V>6*v/.— It is a 1 ' "
grease the upper leather of shoes for
of keeping tnem soft; it rots the
admits damprvess more readily. 1'.
make a varnish thus : Put half a pt-
shellac broken up in small pieces, in ..
bottle or jug; cover it with alcohol, cork ■
and put it on a shelf in a warm pi.*.
well several times a day, then a«.!
gum camphor as large as a hc"'< —
well, and in a few hriurs shnl-
one ounce of lamp-black ; if \^^■
it will be dissolved in three
and use. If it gets loo thick. :
out two or thrve t^' ■"

apply it with a sm.''
rials arc all cood, i*_
utes, nnd will be removed only by v,

f'ving a glos< nimost eqinJ tn pn''
he ftflvanlsge of this j"
is it does not strike in'
it h.nrd, but remains on ili-: •
eludes the water almost pcr(t
preparation is admirable for '1 . _ _ _.

does not soil when touched, as L»Bip.bUick {iro>
portions do.

I'A RXISI/l.VG trA/\

— In dressing ox'er old f''
to be done is i" ••■•"i> -
water, to renv
hands which \ .

freely or hardening Htrii. U 1
refilling, rye flour, wheat fliM-r
Paris while, ground fine
will do ; but one or two

^

MrSCELLANE<

be laid on ami rubbed smooth before applying
the varnisli. Work finished in oil. uithout var-
nish, shuuUl be filled wilh a harder substance
than starch. Some use while wax reduced in
turpentine ; but what is better is a compound of
ecjual parts, by weight, of whiting, plaster of
Paris, nnmicc-stonc, and litharge, to which may
be adile<l a little French yellow, asphattum,
Vandyke brown, and tftra di jienna. Mix with
one part japan, two of boiled oil, and four of
turpentine. Grind fine In a mill. Lay the fdling
on with a brush, rub it in well, let it set twenty
luinntes, then rub off clean. I^cl it harden two
or three days, then rub smooth, and, if required,
repeat the process. \Vhen the fdling is satis-
factory, finish with linseed oil, put on with a
brush; wipe off, and rub to a polish with fine
cotton ; finish with a silk handkerchief, or any
fine fabric.

VEi\'EERING,—'\\ii: softest woods should
be chosen for %*eneering upon — such as common
eedar or yellow pine ; perhaps the best of all
for the purpose is **arrow board," twelve foot
Icii^hs of wliich can be had of perfectly straight
gram, and without a knot ; of course no one
ever veneers over a knot. Hard wood tan be
veneered, boxwood with ivory, for instance; but
wood that will warp and twist, such as nasty
cross gmincd mahogany, must be avoided.

The veneer, and the wood on which it is to be
laid, mtist both be carefully prejiared, the former
by taking (lut all marlu of the saw on both sides
with a hnc toothing plane, the latter with a
coarser toothing [)lane. If the veneer hap[>en
to be broken in doing this, it may be repaired
at once with a bit of stiff paper glued upon it on
the upper tide. The veneer should l>e cut rathev
larger than the surface to be covered ; if much
twisted, it may be damped and placed under a
board and weight over night. This saves much
trouble ; but veneers are so cheap, about id. a
foot, that it is not worth while taking much
trouble about refractory pieces. The wood to
be veneered must now be sized wilh thin glue;
the ordinary glue pot will supply this by dipping
the brush first into the glue, then into the boil-
ing water in the outer vessel. The siw must be
allowed tu dry before the veneer ik laid.

We will suppose now that the veneering pro-
cess is al»out to commence. The glue in good
condition, and boiling hot, the bench cleared, a
basin of hot water with the veneering hammer
and a sponge In it, a cloth or two, and every-
thing in such position that one will not interfere
with, or tjc in the way of another.

First, damp with hot water that side of the
Tcneer which is not to be glued, then glue the
other side. Second, glue over as quick as pos-
sible the wood itself, previously toothed and
iized. Third, brine the veneer npidly to it,
pressing it down with the outspread nands. and
taking caie that the edges of the veneer overlap
a little all round. Fourth, grasp the veneering
hammer close to the pane (shaking off the hot
water from it) and the handle pomting away
from you ; wnggle it alwut, pressing down stout-
ly, and squeezing the glue from the center out
at the edges. If it is a hirec piece of stuff which
Es to be veneeretl, the ai^Mstancc of a hot flat
iron from the kitchen will be wanted to make
the glue liquid again afier it has set; but don't
let it dry llie wood underneath it, or it will bum
the glue and scorch the veneer, and rtiin the

work. Fifth, having got out all the glue possi-
ble, search Ihe surface for blisters, which will
at once be l»etrayed by the sound they give when
tapped with (lie handle of the hammer ; Ihe hot
iron, (or the inner vessel uf Ihe glue pot itictf,
which often answers the purpose) must be ap-
plied, and the process wilh the liammer re-
peated.

When Ihe hammer is not in the hand, it should
be in the hot water.

Tlwr whole may now be sponged over with hot
water, and wiped as dry as can be. And observe
thtoughout the above process, never have any
slop and wet about the work that you can avoid.
Whenever you use the sponge, squeeie it well
firsL Damp and heal arv wanted, not wet and
heat. It is a good thing to have the sponge in
the left hand nearly all the time, ready to take
up any moisture or S(]uecxed out glue from the
from of ihc hammer.

•So much for laying veneers with the hammer,
which though a valuable tool for the amateur, is
not much um^ in the best cabinet maker's shops;
cauls are adopted instead. They arc made of
wood the shape and size of the surface to be
veneered, or, better still, of rolled zinc plate, and
being made very hot before a good blaze of
shavings they arc clamped down on the work
when the veneer is got into its place; they mast
be previously soape<n to prevent them sticking
to tnc veneer. 'I ne whole is then left to dry
together. The hammer is quite sqfticient for
most amateurs. I have laid v^ccrs with it tfL
long by i8in. wide, without assistance, and with-
out leaving a blister. Cauls, however, arc very
necessary if a double cune has to Ijc venetrcd,
or a concave surface; they need not be used for
a simple convex surface. Bv welting well one
side of the veneer it will curl up, and can easily
be laid on such a surface: but it will l»e well to
bind the whole round with some soft string to
assist it in keeping down while drying,

VE.VEERED WOKk\ n JWtA.—SoM'
tempt at scraping, sandpapering, or polishing
veneered work must be made till Ihe glue is

J>erfeclly dry and hard. It should be leftlwenty-
our hours at least, in a warm room, and is better
still if left two or three times as lung.

The processes for Frenchpolishing vary some-
what, according to the nature of the wood. For
common work in deal, the wood may be well
sized first, then papered with fine glass paper,
and polished.

For mahogany, walnut, and similar porous
woods, the p'jrei must be filled by rubbing in, on
a roller of oid'carpet, a mixture rtf Russian tallow
(that is, tallow free from salt) and plaster of
Paris, well amalgamated, before the fire in cold
weather. Russian tallow may be had, at most
oil shops, generally pure cnouch; but if.thtt
jwesence of >a1t Ije sutpeclctl, refine it by boiling
It in plenty of water, stining it wcU and skim-
ming It. Set it by to cotil, and use tlie coke of
tallow which will be at the top.

The more this filling up process is perwrcred
in, the less will l^ the subsequent labor m pol.

ishing; quiteahr'-> -f-— ^^>--i< ►-.*■ got up

by this alone. V ■ i»Ia»tcr

maybe dark<-nc'5 ;;afty,ar

with oibcr ■ i!rt MCfirdiii^ to fancy.

This fill 'Jf boxwood,

ebony, or other »•( th

To polish a surClf ^^aC

4

m

$w

DICTIONARY OP EVEXYDAY WAISTS,

bard wood, and not in the lathe, take a ball of
cotton wool sAturated with methylated French
polish; cover ii wiih a fold of linen cloth ; on the
linen cover put, with the tip of the finger, a drop
or two of row icfincd Unseed oil {x\t>K "l><>ilcd
oil"); P^t on ^ good body of varni'^h by rubbing
always one way with citcular slroke^; be very
drelul to go over all the ground eacfi time you
work round the surface; and do not go over the
jnme spot twice before you have gone over all.
The longer lhi» is done llie better. Never mind
the smears, which, though they look queer, are
the very appearance you want at this stage.
Having got on a goou body, leave your work
and take to another piece. It is good to leave
it, if convenient, even for a day or two. By the
way. shut all d«ors and windows before you
Iwgin. You can't do French polishing in a draft
or in a very cold room.

Vr'tien you resume work, use a mixture of half
methylated FrencK polish and half methylated
spirit, or less than half of the spirit when you
commence, and put now as liltle as possible on
ihe wool, covering with more than one fold of
fine linen or cambric. Very little oil as before
— only just enough to prevent the rubber from
sticking to the work; go over it lightly, with an
easy gentle touch, in circular tirokes, all one
way. Never mind the smears. When it couics
to U>(>k something like a good result, which it
soon will, vou may take out the vmearS hy rub.
bing up anc{ down with n mere trace of spirit on
wool well covered with the linen, but avoid
going over the same place twice, and be very
light and gentle, or you will remove your poh'i'h.
I'mnlly rub it well with n dean wash leather
(carefully folded, so as to leave no hard create
which will scratch)* or an old silk handkerchief,
breathing on the work occasionally.

Boxwood, elfony» cocus, etc., may tie rapidly
polished in the lathe. At 6rst get a bocfy of
polish on, and this can be done without using
any oil. The work must not be turned around
rapidly, but the pulley of thclatlie moved slowly
by hand ; then use your rubber with a drop of
oil, and finally, the polish thinned with spirit

If either on flat or turned work you require a
Tcry superior polish, you may remove nearly all
the first coal with fire glass paper, and put it on
again which will not take long, the ]>ures being
all filled. Kemember that throughout the oil is
only used to prevent the rubber from sticking,
and it has to be got out afterwards with the
spirit ; so never use more than necessary.

In the lathe, when vou come to the wash
leathers, the work may be driven rapidly. A bit
of ebony can l>e polishetl in 5 or 6 minutes to
such a surface that small print can be easily read
in it as in a mirror. Don't use your rubbers
when they get hard and dry, but, nevertheless,
stick to an old one as long as you con, and, if
you have to put them by, keep them in a tin box
tightly covered.

VEM'ILATION, Sintplt Meom c/. — \
piece of wood an inch or more in thickness,
three inches wide, and exactly as long as the
breadth of the window through which ventilation

to be established, is to be prepared. Let the
^h l>e nuw raised, and let tne slip of wood be t
placed upon the side of llie window; the sash is
then to be drawn down closely upon the slip q{ \
vrooii. If the slip has been well htled — and the 1
diting may be made more Goixvf\et« b) aiia:^^^ 1

it to the grooves in thcsft*hand ii* fremr. ifi

exist — no drauglii

quence of the di ;

part. The effect 01 ^w.n .tu .u.

however, to cause a separation bcl^

of the sashes at the center, liy :

peri»endicular current of air will Ix

to the room bctucen tlie ^la*'* in f

lower sn^hcs and Ihcii

the current will pass

dirrctinn, in n manner by >■ »<•- 1 .»• i>i-.-j>i.l

from draught will be avoided.

Siiprosmg that two or more windows at
site sulcs Ola room are fitted in this roanni
very satisfactory ventilation will br
Owing to a difference in its n ' 1 " . the
will rush in on one side, a- ; on

other side of the apartment. I;..,', .i, . i>f w
are painted of the same color as the wind
themselves, they vnll attract liltle notice.

VENTHILOQVLSM.—K common mis
is to suppose ventriloquism to he "ihrowing
voice" into some place. This is of
possible. Others, misled by the deri
the word, which comes from two Latiir
venter, the belly, and loquor, to S]-H;nk. thml
means speaking from the stomach or with
muscles in that re^on. Now the wh
ventriloquism consists in mak)n|> sou
shall imitate those naturally an '
ing from n designatod plnce.
speaks without moving his \\\
of deceiving the spectator, as the eve hat aliiri
much to do in leading the iniaginairon. To >

without moving ihe lijK miil >

do it with the muscles of the 1]

the whole my — ''■■ •'• *^

as to know t

from a cert.ir,

throat so thai you cau make them will

ing the lips. There are many ppr^on^

quists without knowing it, ji. '

who find ^rent difficulty in ac

they imagine it an intri^-"'-

To become skillful of c

and there are many sour*

tatcd by voice merclv, such iu the

birds, the strident nnlse of a saw, ihe

of a plane, etc. Such and -^i

j^ouDus are imitated by mean-

lips or the soft parts of Ihe :

noise of a saw i& like that pr

ing, only much prolonged, an

check-"*; singing of binis may l»c jt:

whistling through Uie tcelh. *I"hc foai

soda water by breathing with open lips

tumbler, etc.

WAGOXS^ 7a Grtate. — Fnv uri.nV

appreciate the importance of

caling the axles, rtc, of wng

and stdl fcwc.

and the l>cst :

made wheel m;u vii-iun-

to twciily-tivc )cais, if (

right kind and proper ai^i

this matter is not attendcfl to, :

upinfu-eor six years. L«f!

used on a wagon, for it '

and work its wav out ." :

spokes, and •.»--(•>'- ■■ 1

lubricator foi

for iron. Ju ■

to the spindle ojf « w«gou to |£iv« tft « li|^t

B

MISCELLANEOUS,

S<3

Ing; this is better than more, for the surplus
put on will work out at the ends, and be force<l
by the shoulder- bands and niit-washcrs into the
hub around the outside of the boxes. To oil an
axle-tree, first wipe the spindle clean wiih a
cloth wet Kinth spirits of turpentine, and then
apply n few drops of castor oil near the shoulders
and end. One leospoonful is sufBdent for the
whole.

WAGON HUBS, To Prei'ent the Crtuhins
ef in Sensonmg. — Take a common "try Pol,
such as is used by whalers, or a farmer s large
boiling kettle; fit to it a wooden cover, to fasten
with small screw bolts or clamps to the rim to
be vapor tight. A piece of one inch gas pipe
screwed inio the cover serves to convey the va-
por of the coal tnr from this ex Cemimrized still
to a large ca^k, which may be set upon one head,
as a receptacle for the hubs. The still pipe is
led to the bottom of (he cask, which is then filled
with hubs, and a cover fitted over all, to be va-
por tight, with a small safety valve arrangement
to regulate the pressure. The kettle is then
filled with refuse matter from the gns works or
crude coal tar, the cover secured, a fire lighted
under the kettle, and shortly the lighter vapors
penetrate the mass of hubs at a temperature of
about two hundred to two hundred and twenty
degrees Fah. The hubs are effectually and grad-
UMiy healed, so that all the watery particles are
expellctl from the wood in steam and rcplace<l
by the light vapors of the hydrocar1>on oil.
Subsequently the heavier oils are distilled over
and fill the poics of the wood. The process is
finished in about twelve hours, and vou have a
hub that will stand anywhere »hort ut a fire. A
few experiments will satisfy any one of the effi-
cacy of this treatment. One of the products of
this distillation i« carbolic acid — the best known
antiMptic — and the hubs will be found strongly
impregnated with the peculiar smell of this well
known agent.

WAGON TIRES, Ta Keff> on th/ Wheel —
A practical mechanic suggests a method of so
putting tire; on wagons thai they will not get
loose and require resetting. He says he ironed
a wagon some years ago for his own use ; and,
before putting on the tires, he filled the felloes
with linseed oil, and the tires have worn out
and were never loose. His method is as fol-
lows : He used a long cast iron healer made for
the purpose; the oil is brought to a boiling heal,
the uhetrl is placed on a stick, so as to hang in
the oil, each felloe an hour. The timber should
be dry, as green limber will not take oil. Care
ahould lie tnken that the oil i<« not made hotter
th.in a boiling heat, or the timl>er will be burned.
Timber t'lUcil with oil is not susceptible of injury
by water, and is rendered much more dunblc
by this process.

WALKS (Ctm'ei), Ta Afake.—Ttie bottom
should be laid with hme>rubbish, large flint
stones, or any other hard matter, fur eight or ten
inchc*, to keep wcetis from growing through,
and over this tne gravel is to l>e laiil six or eight
inches thick. This should be lain rounding up
in the middle, by which means the larger stones
will run nff to the sides, and may lie raVcd away;
for the gravel i.hould never be screened before it
is laid on. It is a common mistake to lay these
walks too round, which not only makes thcni
uneasy to walk upon, but takes off from their
apparcfit breadth. One inch ia five feel is a

sufficient proportion for the rise in the middle;
so that a walk twenty feet wide should be four
inches higher at the middle, than at ihc edges
and so in proportion. As soon as the gravel is
laid, it should he raked, and the large stones
thrown back again; then the whole should be
rolled l>oih lengthwise and crosswise; and the
person who draws the roller should wear shoes
with flat heels that he may make no holes, be*
cause holes made in a new walk arc not easily
remedied. T}ie walks should always be rolled
three or four times after verv hard showers, from
which they will bind more firmly than otherwise
they could ever be made to.

WALK'S, To Keep Weedj under oh.— Viccdt
on walks may be kept under by watering the
gravel with the following solution : Dissolve two
pounds of blue vitriol in an Sid pan, and then
dilute it with six or seven gallons of water ; apply
this through the fine nose of a walcring pot, ana
it will destroy every sign of vegetation.

WAS///NG (Chemuai) Prrpa ration. —Tz\^
a J/ of a pound of soap, a _V *^^ ^ pound of soda,
and a ^ of a pound of quicklime. Cut np the
soap, and dissolve it in i quart of boiling water;
pour I quart of lioiling water over the soda, and
jqwnrts of boiling water upon the quicklime.
The lime must be quick and fresh; if it is good,
it will bubble up on pouring the hot water upon
it. Elach must be preiJarcd in separate vessels.
The lime must settle so as to leave the water on
the top perfectly clear ; then strain it carefully
(not disturbing the settlings) into the washlxiilcr
with the soda and soap; let it scald long enough
to dissolve the soap; then add 6 galtnni of soap
water. The clothes must be put in snak over
night, after rubbing soap upon the dirtiest parts
oflhem. After having the above iu readiness,
wring out the clothes which have been put in
soak, put them on to boil, and let ench lot boil
half an hour; the same water will answer for the
whole washing. After boiling eacli lot half an
hour, drain them from the boiling water, put
them in n tub, and pour upon them two or three
pailfuU of clear, hot water; after this they will
want but very little rubbing; then rinse through
two waters, bluing the last. When dried, they
will be a benutiful white. After washing tlie
clcaneit part of the white clothes, take 2 pails of
the suds in which they h3^x been washed, put it
over the fire and scald, and this will wash all
the flannels and colored clothes, without any
extra soap. The while flannels, after being well
washed in the suds, will require to be scalded by
turning on a teakettle of boiling water.

WA TER, To Find.-Xn the earlv part of
the year, if the grass assumes a brighter color
in one particular part of a field than in the re-
mainder, or, when the latter is ploughed, if a
part be darker than the rest, it ma^ be suspected
that water will be found beneath IL

In summer, the gnats hover in a column, and
remain always at a certain hight above lh«
ground, over the spots where springs are con-
cealed.

In all seasons of the year, more dense vnjiora
arise from those portions of the surface Iron
which, owing to tne existence of subirrranean
springs, a greater degree of humidity pvcs ri*e
to more copious exhalations, cspeaally in the
morning or the evening. It is fnr this renvnn
that the well-sinkers of norlhem lialy grt in the
laoming to the places near which it is dcairod

33

$t4

DICTIONARY OF EVERV-DA Y WANTS,

!o ftinW A well; they lie down upon the ground
and look toward the sun to endeavor to dis-
cover the places in the neighborhood from which
denser vapors may aruc than from the rest of
the Aeld.

'ITic spring* lo which these rules apply arc
such ouly as arc near the surface ; when the
source i& lower ihcy are rarely aufncient, and the
ODly safe guide is a boring; out to execute such
operalions with any chance of success, a certain
knowledge of elementary geology is absolutely
necessary. Provided ihc sources do not descend
loany very great depth, the (Principle that sub-
terranean waters follow nrcasely similar laws
lo those upon the surface holds good ; but when
they are deep-seated, many disuirbing causes,
to be noticed hereafter, modify their action. If,
in a valley formed in a dilu\-ial or alluvial de-
posit lying upon a more retentive stratum, the
two sides are of the same hight, the water must
be sought in the middle ; and if on the contrary,
one side lie steeper than the other, the stream
would U3SS nearer the steeper tide, in t>oth cises
suppuiimg tliat the materials of the upper stra-
tum are cc^ually permenblc iliroughout, and tliat
the depression of the lower stratum presents a
tolerably regular basin-like depression. Springs
arc often not to be met with at the head of vol-
leys, but they are much more frequently to be
found at the intersection of the secondary valleys
with the punci)>al one; and the niont (avnrabic

{>oint for finding water is usually that which is
urthc&t from the intersection of these vnllcys,
and in the lower parts of the plain succeeding
them, at precisely those positions where there is
the least water upon the surface.

When the transverse valleys, giving forth
streams to a river in the bottom of alongitudinal
valley, are nearly at ri^ht angles to the direction
of the latter, tlie quantity of water they yi<^d is
less than when they form an angle with it. This
law htilHs equally good with subterranean and
with surface waters, and it may therefore be laid
down as a maxim that the moiit favorable point
for seeking a supply by a well would be at the
mouth of long transverse valleys inclined to the
principal one.

If ine structure of the earth consists of stone
with many veins, such as red sh.ile, water is
found almost anywhere except on the tops or
near the tops of hills. Boring, of course, is a
perfect test, and where there h great doubt and
wells must be dug very deep (judging l"#y others
in the neighborhtxxj), this ought to be resorted
lo. Much can be guessed at in this way. In a
neighborhood l^ing between a tolerably regular
series of elevations, (he subtcrrapL-an water will
probably l)e at a regular level. If there are any
ivells already in existence with a steady supply
of water, you have only to ascertain how much
higher or lower (he surface at the selected spot
]s than .It the well already made. If you are ten
feet higher, your well must be ten feet deeper
than the one made, and vice versa. Thi« differ-
ence in level can be ascertained with a leveling
instrument, or with a slucwd man by guess.

WA TER, To Detervune whether it 6e IfarJ
or Soft, — To ascertain whclher or not water 1^
fit for domestic mirposcs, to a glassful oflhc
water uld a few dr.>|.^ of the solution of soap in
alcuhoL If the water be pure, it will continue
limpid; if hard, white flakes will be formed.

IVATER {Hard)j^ To /iw/fWf.—U nothing

but lime is the trouble, this ccn b(? rn^iW dimm
ished to one fifth or one sixl)i
lime. Notwiihsianding it :.
how an addition of lime ■-- -fv.c: hiv-

ing already an excels ncTerthcleu

a fact The lime di*.;i' r.r U rl-^an

the carbonate of lime, which i
for Ihe diflferenl kinds of
marble, chalk. Iceland spar, tu.; ihib uububile
of lime is almost inAolitble in purcwat^. Wbn,
■'- ' - - acM it

as may

however, the wnr^-

dissolves large ii

be seen at drugj^t

carbttnic acid watci (su-uiliird ^.i ii

marble counters, thew? counters t"

tually almost hor^ iy

its action. All i): n

to dis{>ojie of this lice w..,-- f

cause of the solvent power uf

stone. If, now. quicklime is h ,

quantity uf water, and left to .settle iitiul tlcar, a

solution of lime in water will be ol<tainiN|, \^

quicklime is soluble in <^

up your ves.sel. as othci

attract carbonic acid ti..,.

tur^d. This clarified limC'V

-gid. J
rd spr

ing-watei, will at <-':
carltonic acid to combine with llic \,.
chalk, which will precipitate with i'
limestone naturally in solution in the \\:iirr,
the cause of the S'.»hd>ility, the free cat bonic aeiil,
is removed. Tlic quantity of 1 1 Die -water to be
used depends, of course, on the amount of Itaoe-
slonc in solution in your spring* water, and '
to \yc determined by cxpcriroeDt, in order
avoid an excess of lime-water. Take, for

stance, a paJIon • T - -tcr, pour

ounces of clear liin ill l>ccomi

let it settle, then ; : • Tin)*: wai

again l>ecomcs milky, it want
fore repeat the addition of '
find what (Quantity pro*!'
further addition ha* n"
ouanlity needed. Say, i-n
find it to be eight ounces, l!
your water requirei eight otu'
to the gallon to remove most wf -
limestone in the same, which wil
scltiing while yon draw offth
it; the sediment is very fine cli.i
in suflicient quantity, mav '"?
It is evident that tou .

cistern or reservoir fo co-
if you are able to obtaiu vci
you may, to simplify operatici i

lime, using, for instam. , '
spring-water lo I>e trcrj
hme mixed with half a ^»^. . ..
in the cistern, stir it up for .
let it settle. The use of n
lime-water has qv ■*.)ul^f

introduced in the .*aii bj

Professor Tyndall, win. nr.t irmri.i i'i;i uy ewe-
ful treatment as much as eighty-two pcf c«bl of
the lime h.is been removed trnm hini -M^im.

ii'ATER, To Trm-
This is founded on th'
comes rusty only in ^
the oxygen of the
unites with 'T ■

So, also, t]
the oxygen r.j
to which there ii no oosfgcn or atnunptenc air

■d

can not become putrid. To prevent water from
becoming putrid, wc have, therefore, only to put
in it some bits ofiron. Some pieces oi sheet-
iron (not rusty) or iron turning are the bc»iL.
I Cast-iron is not so good.

m The practical applications of this arc numeroas.
W Drinking-waier on ships may be kept sweet by
. putting It in sheet-iron tanks, or by putting bits
of iron into the water-casks. Water in which
leeches are kept will remain sweet without
chanf^ini^ it« by putting a few scraps of iron in
. the vessel. The oflTensivc smell from the water
K in the vases of flowers will be prevented by a
H few small nails, or bits of sheet-iron in the bottom
H of the vnses. The pntrcfaction of water* so
H common in the bottom of rain-water cisterns,
^ would be prevented by scraps of iron or iron-
turnings. In this case, it would be well to put
the iron where it would not be disturbed. Per-
haps if inclosed in a loose bag or net, it would
be well.
* WATER, To rurify when PulriJ.—l, Wa-
r Cct, t lb.; sulphuric aci(L 8 drops. Mix, and
filter through charcoal. — 2. Water, 8 gnHons;
powdered uum, i ounce. Dissolve with agita-
tion, then allow it to rest for 34 hours, decant
into another vessel, and odd a solution of car-
bonate of soda, until it ceases to produce a pre-
cipitate.— 3. ]nste:\d of alum add seven or eight
grains of red sulphate of iron, then proceed as
before. — 4. Atld a little aqueous chlorine to the
foul water. — 5. Arrange a suitable pipe to the
end of a pair of bellows, (double bellows are
best.) ana continue driving the atmospheric air
through the water for some time, then allow it

^to settle for use.
IK4 T£R, T0 a^ar when Muddy,-' It is a
peculiar property of alum that, when Tn solution.
It will combine with the most foreign particles
in suspension, or even in solution. In fact, on
this property is founded the manufacture of the
lakes u«ed in painting, the dissolved coloring
matter being precipitated by .alum. In the same
Xttanner, all dirty coloring matter in a pailful of
water may be precipitated by dissolving in it a
piece of alum as small as a hickory nut, or even
smAlIer, according to (he degree of imparity of
the water. \ IjimpTy diisolve the alum, stir up,
and let it seMe. Along the Missouri and .Mis-
aiisippi rivm this method is freouently em-
ployed. When noexce&s of alum is used, this
alto is mostly carried down in the deposits.

WA TER, To A'ftfi Coot ViitKtut /r^.— Water
can be kept cool for drinking in warm weather
by the following method : Get fresh water, let
it be krpt in an ungtarc^l earthen ware pitcher,
wrapt around with two or three folds of coarse
cotton doth kept constantly wet. The theory
of cooling water in this manner is the absorption
of heat from it by the evaporation of the moist-
ure in (he cotton cloth — expansion produces
cold, compression heat.

WA TER Fit TER.—\ai\ckcT calls attention
to the use of spongy iron as a deodorizing ma-
terial of greater potency than animal charooat
Sewage water passed through n filter of spongy
Iron is completely purified, and this w*alcr, after
having l>ccn kept six-mnnths protecteil from the
air, wa3 perfectly sweet and free from fungus
powili. Ilie spongy inm was obtained by ol-
dning A finely divided iron ore and charcoal.

WATER r.-r.VA".V. —Wooden tanks and
favrcls are totally unfit to keep water in; the

wuod continually gives organic extractive matter
to the water, which in warm weather originates
microscopic fungoi^l growth, which in its turn
hastens the dcciyofthe wood. All who have
ever made a long sea-voyage on board of a ves-
sel where water was kept in wooden barrels,
wilt never forget the nauseous taste, lasting tm-
til the settling of the particles, or the exhnustion
of the organic action proilucing the fungoid
growth. In regard to zinc in comparison with
lead. It is also poisonous ; but lend is by far the
worst. W^orkmen in zinc-white factories and
painters usin^ zinc white are apt to get the zinc
colic, which IS similar to the lead colic, but more
mild in its forms, and yields more easily to the
same remedies. Galvanized iron being iron
covered with a zinc coating, is in (his respect
identical with zinc, and we should prefer cither
to lead, which, for some kinds of water — rain
water, for instance — is decidedly dangerous, as
it dissolves the lead easier than the iinc. The
best mctho<l, however, is to employ plain iron
tanks, as used on ship-board. Oxidation of the
iron goes on, it i» true ; but this is exceedingly
slow — slower than is the case with any steam-
boiler; and if any of the iron oxide dissolves in
the water, it will in any case be very little, and
even if considerable, it would give the water
tonic properties, as iron is healthy. It gives the
red color to our blood, and is, in fact, needed in
the s^'stem ; therefore, we are taking it all the
time in minute doses with our food. All fertile
soils contain iron. Its healthy properties have
caused the justly-earned reputation of chalybeate
springs ; and in preserving our water in iron
tanks the loss of iron by oxidation is fully com-
pensated by the improved healthfulness of the
water. Therefore wc say, away with zinc or
galvanized ttnks and tubes, and at>ovc all, away
with lead-lined tanks and tulies, and substitute
tanks of botter-iron and iron tubes ; let them
rust; and if they give out m 30 years or there-
about, vour children may substitute new ones,
and in the mean time you will prolong your own
life many years, or at least spare yourself sick-
ness and suffering.

WA TER PIPES, To Managt in mmUr,^
When the frost begins to set in. cover the water
pipes with hay or straw bands, twisted light
round them. Let the cisterns and water-butts
be washed out occasionally; this will keep the
water pure and fresh.

In pumping up water into the dstem for the
water-closet, be very parttctdar, in winter time.
Let all the water be let out of the pipe vhrn
di>nc ; but if this is forgotten, and it shouKl be
frozen, take a small gimolct and bore a hole in
the pipe, a httle dislaiure from the place where
it is let ofT. which will prevent its bursting.
Put a peg ml* the hole when the water is let
off.

WATER PIPES, TV AfmJ.—.K British
sdentihc publication gives the following letter :
"Many of your readers have doubllc^i had more
or less trouble, at some period of their lives id
repairing water pipes where the water could not
be shut oflf conveniently at the fountain head or
some intermediate point. In going to my office,
a few days since, my way led past a plnce where
a man was repairing a lead pipe, which had
been cut off* acddentaily in nuking an excava-
tion. There was a pressure of water of more
than lifly feet bead. His plan icancd to mc to

4

4

DlCTJON^AR\

be novel and ingenious. The Iwo ends of the

1>ilie were plugged, nnd then a small pile of
jroken ice and &a]t wa& placed around them ; in
five minutes the water in the pipe was frozen,
the plugs removed, a short piece of pipe inserted
and jwrfectly soldered, and in five minutes the
ice in the pipes n-as th.i\veU and ihe water flow-
ing freely through."

IVA TEH FIFES, To L'nite,—\j\ excellent
material for uniting water pipes is prepared by
combining four parts of good rortianii cemcnl
and one part of unslaked lime mixed together
in small portions in a stout mortar, adding
enough water to permit it to be reduced to a soft
paste.

WATERING STREETS, Chemual Sotu-
tian for, — For several years experiments with
chemical solutions for watering streets have been
employed in various KngHsh cities with consid-
cranlc success. A mixed solution of common
salt and chloride of lime has been usetl to a
large extent. These salts Attract moisture suf-
ficient to keep the street dust from becoming
absolutely dry unless neglected. A very small
quantity is said to answer the purpose, and not
only to keep the dust well laid, but also to act
as an antiseptic, cleaning the streets of foul
odors.

WATER-TIGHT CELLAR FLOORS.—
When floors arc not subjected to a great pres-
sure of water, a good hycfraulic cement or water
lime will form a tight cellar bottom and sides;
but when the whole soil is full, and the cellar is
like a basin In it, the pressure of tlie water up-
ward will surely 6nd crevices where it will oore
up. l*he cure for this stnte of thingv is to gtl
drainage, if possible, and if this cannot be had
Aiid repeatea patching will not stop the leaks,
in a very dry time lake up the top of the floor,
and after covering the whole with a layer of
gravel, pour into it melted asphaltum, which
should be rolled and pounded down while warm,
and one or two more layers applied, t'>pping
with sand. If the gravel can be hot also, it will
moke a much better floor; but if it can not be,
some coal tar may be mingled \vith the asphalt-
um, and the gmvel coated slightly with it before
the hot asphaltum Is applied.

WATER-PROOF PAPER.— Tti^ solution
of oxide of copper in ammonia acts, as is well
Icnown, OS an energetic solvent upon cellulose:
This properly is mode use of to waler-proof paper
in the following manner: A tank is made to con-
tain the solution just alluded to, and the paper
Is rapidly passed just over and in contact with
the surface of the liquid, by means of properly
placed rollers roo^inz with speed. The paper,
on leaving, is pressed between two cylinders,
and next dried by means of so-called drying
C)-Iindcrs similar to those in use in our paper
mills. The short contact of the felty paper
tissue with the liquid gives rise to just sumcienl
solution of cellulose to /orm an impermeable
varnish.

WA TER-PROOF PACKING PA PER. —
Waler-proof (wcking-jwpcr is tlius made by some
manufacturers: The paper is covered with a
resinous liquid, then painted over with a solution
of glue and soot, as ii*ithout this the paper will
later show blotches. After this is aried, the
nclua! water-proof co.tt is a(^licd. Tliis is pre-
pared with two and a half ounces of powdered
«iicJJac> dissolved in two pints of water, whicli

is grailiially brought to *'''■' ""'' ■

substance is iierfcctly

when gradually one iJii t

borax is added, until en inlimote .

substances takes place. TTic liqii; ...;

to cool, and while still hot any miner n i

be added, such as lampblack, yellow

ochre, iron blue, or burnt umber, wbe

is left to gel entirely cold. It is then rea3y

U5e. The operation can be so quickly perfo

with a Urusfi that two women can prepare

thousand feet in ten honrs.

WATER-PROOF pr Porpus t" -
solve Z% lbs. alum in 4 gnl. water :
in a separate vessel, the same wc^
of leaa in the same quantity of \^
both arc well di-^solvnl, mix Ou
gelher; and, when the sulphate of 1
from this mixture has tjeen pret:^
bottom of the vessel in the form oi .i ,
pour off the solution, nrid plunge inl-
fabric to be rendered waterproof. W:i.
rub it well during a feir minutes, aad bang U
the air to dry.

WA TER-PROOF Jitt 7Wr.y/.— Take
pounds four ounces of alum and dis^olre it
ten gallons of water. In like manner di
the same quantity of !;ugir of lead in a iCxni'
quantity of wntcr, and mix the two toj
They form a precipitate of the sulphate
The clear liquor is now wilhdmwn. «n*! i
immersed for one hour i; '
is taken out, dried in th'^
water, and dried again, il...- j^^j .>■
the cloth to repel water like the ;
duck's back, and vet allows the pc: , lal

pass freely througn it.

WA TER-PROOF Compasitim for !#%«/.—
Dr. Scbcricr, an Austrian official ii: "' " w

juit sent to his government some 1'

aChincsc composition called "Schir'
has the pro]>erty of making wood a;
stances perfectly water-tight. He : - ;:

luis seen in Pekin wooden chests w
been to St- Petersburg, and had
uninjured, and timt tJie Chinese a&e the
silion also for covering straw baskets, which
aftcrwaids employed in carrying oil fi
distances. Cardboard, when cvvcrcd
composition, becomes as tiarti a^ w
most wooden buildings in P*'
of it. It consists of three i
prived of its (ibrine, four ol iiinr, --.mi
alum.

WEA TILER .S/C.V5.— Animated
ccive peculiar impressions ihat precede
nounce change of weather. Thus we ~
tant sounds better when there is gvi
rain : we also then see remote objects
tyictiy, and bad odois arc more uffcu
usual.

Swallows skim the ground in ibcit ^x.
it that they mav feed on the
come out on the f.iirfnce ? I
make their ( '
bite more si

and roll in lii-. ^^.,... \.,^.^ ,^..y -^^^
and aquatic bin.ls (bp tfacii wings and dabble
the ponds and brook<^.

Nearly all the si:_
ncss in tlic air, rail
for Ihcy arc not seen i-
dry weather. 'ITius the I-

MISCELLANEOUS.

which renders it diflicuU to close doors roade of
sofl timtKr, and the contraction and tension of
cordngc made uf vegetuble fibres, are counted
among the sirns of atmospheric humidity. Rude
hygrometers nave even been constructed of these
fiores.

Certain floirera do not open at oil in rniny
weather; others, the Siberian thUlle particul:ir*
ly, remain 0|Kn or shut according as the weather
is going to be rainy or dry.

FaUor of the sun announces rain; it is seen,
at such times only, through an atmosphere la*
den with vapors. If the lieat be stifling, that
too is a sign of rain; for one is then surrounded
by an aimosphere saturated with vapor, and
more readily heated, owing to its lack of trans-
parency. If the vapors be cotlccled in clouds,
the sun'& rays th.it pass through the latter height-
en the temperature more than ihev would have
done in perfectly dear weather. If the sun be
clear and brilliant, it foretells a fine day; but
when the sun is at its rising preceded by red-
ness, and this redness passes off the moment it
doe* apiiear, Ihc sign is of rain.

Two wind;; of opposite qualities succeeding
each other often bring roin. Thus a cold wind,
entering an atmosphere impregnated with moist-
ure by the warm wind that preceded it, will
bring about a precipitation of water ; and the
»ame will be the case where a damp, warm wind
enters air that had been chilled by the wind that
had preceded it.

Generally, an approaching rain can be better
foreseen when the !>Ky presents several bunks or
layers nf clouds resting one above the other.
The winds that tarry with them detached masses
of clouds yield but light rains.

Motionless clouds, lying in the quarter whence
the wind blows, bring onTy a contmuance of that
wind; but if they appear in the opposite quarter,
the^ announce its termination.

Clouds coming up &imtdtaneou.?ly, yet impellctl
by difTerent windF. announce an early storm.

Oouds accumulating on the sides of mountains
foretell rain.

The following are the signs most familiar to
navigators andfarmen:

A rosy sky at sunset, fine weather, A red
sky in the morning, bad weather, or a grent deal
of wind.

A gray skr in the morning, fine weather. If
the nrst lignt of dawn apiicars over a bed of
clouds, wind may be lookea for. If on the hori-
con, 6ne weather.

Light clouds with imperfectly defined edges
announce fine weather and moderate breezes.
Thick, clouds with well-marked edges, wind. A
deep, dark blue sky of sombre tinge indicaies
wind. A clear and brilliant blue sky indicaies
fine weather. The lighter the clouds look, the
less reason i« there to anticipate wind. TUc
more dense, the more rolled together, twisted,
and tatiereil they are, the stronger the wind will
be. A brilliant yellow sky at sunset announces
wind; a pale yellow one, rain. According to the
predominance of red, yellow, or grayish tints,

I we can foretell the condition of the weather with
a rery close approximation to accuracy.
Small clouas of an ink)^ color portend rain. '
Light clouds moving rapidly in the direction >
omosite to dense nusscs, announce wind and |
iligh clouds passing before the sun, the moon, I

or the stars, in a direction opposite to ihat pur-
sual by the lower beds of clouds, or of the wind
felt ni the siufacc of the soil, indicate a change
of wind.

After fine weather, the first signs of a change
are ordinarily high ^htte clouds in belts, or ui
light dappled tufts or locks, which grow larger
and soon form dense arid sombre masses. Gen-
erally, the more remote and higher up these
clouds appear, the less abrupt the cliangc of
weather will be, but it will be considerable.

Soft, light, delicate tints, with clouds nfde-
ddert shade, indicate or accompany fine weather.
Extraordinary tints and dense clouds, with hard
outlines, indicate rain, and probably a gale of
wind.

Remark the clouds that form on hills and
other elevated pLiccs, and cUng ihcre. If they
continue there, augment, or descend, they indi-
cate rain. If they, however, ascend and disperse,
they portend good weather. When sea-birds fly
out away from land in the morniag, there will
be fine weather.

IVEA THER TABLE, Br. Adam Clark's.
— The table and the accompanying remarks arc
the result of many years' actual obscrv.ition, the
whole being constructed on a due consideration
of the attraction of the sen and moon, in the
several positions respecting the earth, and will
by a simple inspection show the observer what
kind of weather will most probably follow the
entrance of the moon into any of its quarters,
and that so near the truth as to be seldom or
never found to fail.

4

c ft

-mn or cscAMoa.

Between midnight and

in the morottif . I Fair.

Between t ftnd 4. momtoc- Cold, wtih showers.

4 and 6,
6andS, "

toand II. "
At It o'clock, at noon,

aod « r. M.

JlcL s and 4, aftcmooa.

4 and 6,

6 and S, *'

8 and to, **

o and midnif ht

" laand < A.U. iFair.

Rain,

Wind and rain.
Changeable.
Krequent abowox.

Very rainy.

CHannaw&

Fair.

Fair, li wind N. W.

tUiny, if wind S. W.

Oistrvatums. — I. The nearer the time of the
moon's change. First Quarter, Full, and Last
Quar.er, are to midnignt. the fairer will the
weather be during the seven days following.
2. The space for this calculation occupies from
10 at night till 3 next morning. 3. Tne nearer
to midday or noon the phases of the moon hap-
pen, the more foul or wet weather may be ex-
l>ected during the next seven days, 4. The
space for thi* calculation occupies from 10 in the
forenoon to 3 in the afiemoon. These obser-
vatioDS refer principally to the summer, though
they affect spring and autumn nearly in toe
same ratio. 5* '^^ moon's change, First
Quarter, Full, and Last Ouarter, happening
during six of the afternoon hours, *. f. from 4
to 10, may lie followed by fair weather ; but this
i( mostly dependent on the wind, 05 noted in
the table. 6. ITiough the weather, from a va-
riety of irregular causcv, is mote tmccrtain in
the latter jiart of autumn, the whole winter, and
the beginning of >pring, yet in the main« the

5x8

DICTIONARY OF EVERY-DAY WANTS.

above observations will apply to those periods

also. 7- T. ■!'— ^, ."^-1.. -.^=^;.iiy

those o ik:

Obicrvcr ih . ; ,, i c,

rhere the four curiJinnl pcijnt^ of the heavens
correctly plftce<l. Wiinin this precaution, he
I scarcely ever be deceived in depending on
i.lfae table.

WEATHER TABLE, Dr. IferseiulVs. —
The following table was conslrucleii by the cele-
brated Dr. HcrschcU, upon a philosophic con-
sideration of the attraction of the sun and moon,
jt is conBrmcd by the crperience of many years'
i-observation, and will suggest to the observer
.what Lind of weather wiTi probably follow the
jmoon^s entrance into any of her quarters.
Though calculated for Knglond it will be found
lappliaible to other localities.

If the moon changes at I2 o*clock noon, Uie
tWealher immediately afterward will be very
ftainy, if in summer, and there will be snow and
{<Ain in winter.

If between 2 and 4 o'clock P. M.; dumgcablc
Id snmmer — fair and mild in winter.

Between 4 and 6 o'clock P. M.; fair in both
sommcr and winter.

Between 6 and 10 o'clock P. M.; in summer,
lair, if tlie wind is northwest ; rainy, if »outh or
(•southwest. In winler, fair and irostv, if the
wind is north or northwest; rainy, il* south or
southwest.

Between 10 and 13 o'clock P. M.; fair in sum-
mcr and frosty in winter.

Between 12 al night and 2 o'clock A. M.; fair
in summer and frosty in winter, unless the wind
is from the south or southwest.

Between 2 and 4 o'clock A, M. ; cold and
ihowery in the summer and saow and storm in
the winter.

Between 4 and 6 o'clock A. M.; rainy both in
-winter and summer.

Between 6 and S o'clock A. M.; wind and
rain in the summer and stormy in the winter.

Between S and lo o'clock A. M.; cliangeal>le
in summer, rain with a westerly and snow with
an easterly wind in winter.

Between lo and 12 o'clock A. M.; showery in
summer, and cold and windy in winter.

WELLS, To Remote Foal Air//vm,~liis
well known that many accidents occur to per-
sons going down into wells to clean ihcm, owing
to the noxious gas in such places. To remove
the gas before descent is made into any welt, a

auantity of burned but unslaked lime should l>c
trown down. This, when it comes in contact
ith whatever water is below, sets free a great
^quantity of heat in the water and lime, which
[Jrushes upward, carrying all the deleterious gas
with it ; after which, the descent may be made
With perfect safety. The lime also .ibsorbs car-
bonic acid in the well. Always lower a light
before descending ; if it is extinguished, there is
still dant;er of suflbcation.

Another simple method is to let an umbrella
down and rapidly hauled up a number of limes
in succession. The cflcct is to remove the
gas in a few minutes from a well so foul as lo
instantly extinguish a candle previous to the use
of the umbrella.

WINDOW BUNDS, AVa/.— This consists
in a number of glass rods arningerJ either verti-
caiiy or horizontally, and secured together by
Approjjriflte frames, fonnvny^ a &et\u o{ cylin-

drical lenses which break up the light and throw
it into every part of the room, thui prododng a
soft And difluscil glow which is very beautual
and pleasant. "Hie s:\x^^ r <!s may be of
color, and by nn nr- of the coJon V

beaatifiil cfi'ccls c:ii. •)

WINE OFWiLij t .'/i'.^\-
coholic esilract (from 24 ounc*
bark, 5>^ ounces; sweet abi.
water, I pint ; sherry wine, 2 ,
almonds with the water to a p.i
extract with half a pint of the \i
two liquids in a L>i>ttle of the
pints, stop it closely, and pen
three days, with occasional o-^; 1

the rnuainder of the wine, kn
week ond filler. By this mode of pr
opportunity is aflbnfcd for the dcvd
the hydrocyanic acid before the mcns't
made so alcoholic as to retard the reocttoa
favors its formation. Thus made, wine
cherry bark is a inuisparmi. wine-red
having an astringent bittcr-nlmond t,
odor, much less agrceablo than the sy:
of about the same strength. The dote
prepamlion as a tonic bw2 sedative is a
ful.

WOOD, Ti> Prrvrnt Dteay iw.— A proced
has been discovered for the prevention of ibe
decay of wood. As Uie result i.f .-. h\,e
experience, a paint is rccomn. U

the same lime possesses the a !
impervious to water. It is •
parts of tar, five hundred ports ■
four parts of linseed oil, one y-.w .i rhe
oxide of copper in its native state, and (inall]
one part of sulphuric add. In ..ni-M t.i
facturc the paint from this muli
als, the tar, sand, and oil, ari
an iron kettle; the oxide and aoJ ar4
added with a great deal of caution. The
\'cry carefully mixed and applied wl
When thoroughly dry, this p&int Is as hard as
stone.

WOOD, Presetviitionof. — ^Theuseof creosol
or sulphate of copper or iron, for preib^vic
wood, is open to objections which unAl theu
employment for floorings or c-rnamcnlal wcod
work, the first-named leaving a •
disagreeable smell, the latter di*' ■
wood. Borax is now found to W
adapted for keeping such from decay. The pf
pamtion is simple, and consists in immrr^mg tl
wootl in a saturated solution < ' ' ' hich

then healed to two hundred r.:
Fahrenheit. The wr-'i j^ 1- •vfivv

hours, the lime dc; > :- ^

size of the planks. i-h^ths

are stackco until dry, then
weaker solution of ihesnll for v.
again, and arc then rendy '
prei>arcd are riractically
and arc nearly incoml l
servative is said to be -^
silicate of potassa nnd I'l
wood to remain in ll.
hours, then dried for sc <
and dried a second tii
twice over with a 1
ment and four ot
Thus prepared, it ■
and will lie incomb-..

't]< i^ronftdL

MISCELLANEOUS,

white vinegAr, chalk and pecbles powder, of
cadi an equal quantity. Mix well together. If,
after the ebullition is over, you throw into this
any wood or porous substance, it will petnfy it.

IVOOD, To Season. — Small pieces of non-re-
sinoas wood can. be seasoned perfectly by l>oiling
four or fire hours — the process taking the sap
out of the wo k1, which shrinks nearly onc-tentn
in the operation. The same writer states that
trees felled in full leaf in June or Tuly, and allowed
to lie until every leaf hxs fallen, will then be
nearly dry, as the leaves will not drop of them-
selves until they have drawn up and exhausted
all the sap of the tree. The time required is
from a month to six weeks, according to the
dryness or wetness of the weather. The floor
of a mill laid with pof^ar so treated, and cut up
and put in place in less than a month after the
leaves fell, has never shown any shrinkage.

WOOD, rtf.y/A/.— In splitting the saw pieces
it is much easier to split by slabs than to try and
cleave them through the centre. This means to
split off pieces at a time, but a little from the
edge; and we may odd, that wood splits much
more readily in the direction up from the root of
the tree, than when the blow of the axe is down-
ward. In other words, to split a chunk place
ic apside down — contrary to the direction in
whicm it grew — Ijeforc striking at it

PrOOD PULP, Ta B/^aM.—\ process of
bleaching wood pulp has been made known by
M. Oriofi. He has recogniied that chloride of
lime, however liitlc in excess, ha* a tendency to |
produce a yellow tint; that all the strong acids
turn the paste red under the action of the sun, !
or in some time without sunlight, ia the presence
of moisture ; that the slightest trace of iron is
sufficient to blacken the paste in a very short
time. These objectionable results are obviated j
by the following mixture: For lOO kilogrammes
(200 lbs. ) of wooil pulp 800 grammes of oxalic
acid are employed, this serving the double pur-
jjose of blenching the coloring matter already
oxidized and of neutralizing the alkaline princi-
ples Civorable to oxidation; 2 kilogrammes (2,!^
lbs. ) of sulphate of alumina, perfectly free from
iron, ore added. The nrincipal agent in this
new process is the oxtiJic acid, the energetic
mciion of which on vegetable mailers ia well
known. The sulphate of alumina added does
not bleach of itself, but it forms with Ihe coloring
matter of the wood a nearly colorless lake,
-which hightens the brilliancy of the product.

lVI?n7XG, 7> Prevent AlUmtioHj m,—\i
TOD should desire at any time to write a document
m such a manner as to render attempts at altering
or falsifying your manuscript impossible, bear in
mind a hint given in a French paper- makers'
Journal, that'ov steeping paper in a very weak
solution of gallic acid, you obtain a writing sur-
Ckc upon which ordinary ink makes a mark that
defies deceitful erasure or alteration, by rendering
attempt at such easily detectable.

VmflSGS, Tj Rest^e when Dttaytd.^
Cover the letters with solution of ferrocyanidc
of potAssium, with the addition of a diluted min-
er*! add ; upon the application of which, Ihe
letters change very 5i>ce<lily to a deep blue color,
of great beauty and intensity. To nrevent the
spreading of the color, which, by blotlinij the
parchment, detracts greatly from the legibility.
the ferrocyinide should be put on first, ami the
diluted acid added upon it. The method found

any

I to answer bcii luu been to spread the ferrocya-
' nide thin with a feather or a bit of stick cut tu %
t blunt point. Though the ferrocyanidc should
occasion no scn'iiblc change of color, yet the
moment the .iciU comes ujion it, every trace of %
letter turns at once to a fine blue, which soon
acquires its full niicniily, and is beyond compar-
ison stronger tlian the color of the original trace.
If, then, the corner of a bit of blotting-paper be
carefully and dexterously applied near the letters,
so as to imbibe the superfluous liquor, the stain-
ing of the parchment may be in a great measure
avoided ; lor it is tlii* superfluous licjuor which,
absorbing part of the coloring matter* from the
letters, becomes a dye to whatocr it touches.
Care must be taken not to bring the blotting<
paper in contact with the letters, because the
coloring matter ia soft whilst wet, and may
easily be rubbed off. The acid chiefly employed
is the muriatic ; but both the sulphuric and nit.
ric succeed very well. They should be so fiv
diluied OS not to be liable to corrode the parch-
ment, after which the degree of strength docs
not seem to be a matter ofmuch nicety.

WRITING, 7> Make InJfhbU.—Tiic fol-
lowing simple process will make Ic.id-pencil
writing or drawing as iodcltbic as if done with
ink. Lay the writing in a shallow dish, and
poor skimmed milk upon iL Any spots not wet
at first may have the milk placed upon them
lightly with a feather. When the paper is all
wet over with the milk lake it up and let the
milk drain off, and whip oflfwith the feather the
drops which collect on the lower edge. Dry it
carefully, and it will be found to he perfectljr
indelible. It cannot be removed e\*cn witn
India rubber. It is an old and a good recipe.

WRITE {Hmff to) Bmittns L/ftfn.—Vie
the fewest words which will clearly convey yonr
meaning; superfluous words waste time and are
apt to confuse.

Write plainly. Elegant writing is oflen im-
reodable, and it is better lo wnte legibly even if
you think plain letters not so handsome. Be par-
ticular to make all proper names and figures cs-
iwcially plain. Flourishes are out of place in a
business letter.

When ordering goods state carefully what you
want and the amount you inclose.

In replying to a letter it is well to begin by
stating in brief the substance of (hat letter^
contents, so your correspondent will see that
vou have got nis meaning, as well a:^ to refresh
tiis memory about Ihcni.xtler vou arc writing on.

Alvrays sign your name ami address in full to
each letter you write, even though you have writ-
ten to the same person before. Be careful to
give post office, county and stale very plainly, as
oiflicrent names are often very Mmilnr. It is wdl
to spell the name of vour state in full.

Always read your letter over before inclosing
in the enveloiK, to make sure you have not for-
gotten anything. If money is to be inclosed, be
sure it is. Seal securely and direct plainly.

Il is well to make n liiile memorunilimi. at the
lime of writing, of what vou have wnltcn, t'me,
etc. This is handy to re^crto in case of mistake.

If a dealer does not in due time respond to
an order intrusted 10 him. in justice to yoursdf
and him you should write for an explanation.
State when you wrote 10 him. what you wrote
for, amount, if any, inclosed, how you directed
the goods 10 be sent, aad any other infomuiiOD

I

M

Sat>

DICTIONARY OF EVBRY-DAY WANTS,

you think irnporlonr. If you do not remember

llic exact ilalr, give the nearest guess you can

lo it. If you merely write, — •■ I icnt vou an

order s<»inc time ago, and you Iiavn'l filled il,"

it u almost im[iossible lo inveitigaic ihc matter

i» an csta^.iltbbitieQt of any frizc. It is unneces-
sary to call people swindlers, when you write

tu liicm, even i( youthmk so. If they arc honest,

they will not be inclined lo do more than they

arc bound to; if dislionest, they cx)>ect that kind

of thing. And take tt as a matter of course.

When yau know a person lo be a cheat, tlon't

waste your time and postage, teUing him you

will cxp"se him, but go lo work and do it.
_ tVR/TIAG, (Nnv)y T0 Make Look Oid.—

Tnkv 1 (h-. of Kaffron, and infuse it in ^ pt.

of ink, and worm it over a gentle 5re, &nd ic

will cause whatever is written with it to turn
yellow, and appear as if of many years' standing.
IVRiTING {Oid), To Co^y.—t. Press copies
of old letters or manuscript can betaken, ii is
said, by pressing the pages on the dampened
^iper Hi the u&ual way, and then applying the
Lpor of ammonia. Although no result may
Bppcar (o follow the fir&t operation, we arc as-
surctl that after the second the letters will appear
distinctly on llie d-impened blolting-papcr. An-
other method consists in dampening tiie mnnu-
ftcript with a solution of sugar, honey, or muci-
ktginous matter, and then applying as ncrctoforc.
[Jn this case the sugar is put on the paper,
instead of being mixed previously in llic ink, as
IS done in one form or other with ordinary
copying inks. ^2. (Carrfi Method.') This is
accompUsihcd by wetting unsized copying paper 1 good writers than you arc lo w

To give to friends who pri:c it for the
sake. 3. It makes pn^
will bring about three i-
mill, to work up with 'j!i
poetic prose is ur i ■■. ■ i ■. , t ! . ,

%. t>o not write ) i ■
Write as you wou 1
costs a dime, or a<>
dollar a line.

4. Uu not ask an vdilor to rvtnm yotir

script. Keeu a copy. With - * '- -^

a day to rcau, he has somci
hunting up last year's uiaji
rejected, and buried, or buiTied, lung ago.

5. Do not get angry l>ecause your fir*;!
is rejected. Quite likely if il is priin
live to wish it had been burned, <
piper mill. The first pair of sh.
makes arc not likely to mtU very rcnc
it takes more skill and longer praciicc
good articles tliau to make clkmI shc>c>.

6. Keep trying and sending nn; ihe^
will do you guod ; and if
come out. Bui if you c.v
rejection, and fault findiiij^. _,
author, and may as well Iciio^'
writer's first article was rcj.
awhilc, sent it to the lamc papcx agjin*
was printed.

7. Remember an editor may have *s pedL
better articles than youis is, nhich he
himself, and yet doci not ihir.I. fVi. in w^r
publishing. lie will do the be
cntly, by you. He is more an>

with a solution of one part of hydrochloric, or
muriatic acid, and twelve of water, instead of
plain water; and, after laying this on tlic manu-
script, subjecting the «holc lo pressure with the
ordmary copying press. This method has also
lately been used to test the antiquity of certain
writing, since, when the manuscript is thirty
years old, only an illegible copy can be made.
On the oilier hand, writing less than ten years
old disappears entirely after immersion of some
hours or days m the same solution, white that
thirty years old and more continues legible after
fifteen days' maceration. In taking a press copy
of writing by Carry's method any acid absorbed
by the |U))cr can be neutralised by exposing it
tax a few seconds above a dish containuig ai]ua
ammonia.
— WRITING, To 7"rJ*f *»«/.— Wash by means
of camel's hair pencils dipped alternately in
solutions of cyanide of potA*isium and oxalic add.
WRITING for tht Press. — i. Do not say.
"I write in a hurry, please correct all mistakes."
You have ten limes the opportunity to do this
that the editor has. His lime is worth from fifty
cents to ten dolLirs an hour, and he will be likely
to correct your errors by fire, and then they will
never trouble any one any more. Vou must do
your own work \i you want il done. It is said
that Newton wrote his chronology over fifteen
times before he was satisfied with it, and Gibbon
wrote out hts memoir nine times before sending
it to the presii. No beginners can expect belter
success or less lalwr than such leainedmen.

2. Do not write poetry. Most who try, do

not know what i>oelry \s, and they cannot l>e

lold till they have learned a ^eat deal more than

they know now. Ninety-nme one hundredths

of Che rhyme written ts goodfot ttvstc iVun^s; 1.

i^\

8. Do not expect a poor editor to set
reading school, sjKlling ^r' -
and writing school for \\ c
have not improved thcii , ^ \\
You can study these matterb .
impose your ignorance on ar
wonder that he has noi
nonsense. Some poor 1
lj*pe for yoiir article. L^^i ,
using pale ink, poor pcpcr,
lessly because you are in a nurr^,
or crosswise, to save three cents
coiii the printer in toil, delay, and eye-*
]ea<it fifty times as much i>. Il
besides causing him to c-

to scold about. Do you wu....^. ^ ..^h

rejeclcd?

9. Do not get angry. Do not wri(« sUng,
personalities, or abuse, or slander.

to. Finally. 1. Write with black iok, «a
white paper, wide nded. 3. Make the pagn
small, onc-foitrth that of a ftxilscap sh«et. 3.
Leave the second page of r.uh li-if ^ '
Give lo the written pa^'
round, 5. Number the ;
their succession. 6. Write in a
with less resjiect to beauty. :
viations w hlcn are not to ap^
Punctuate tlie inaimscript asil ■
9. For Italics underscore one
capitals, two; capitals, three. 1
line without the cnp»»t to «h''"
Take special 1
names, is. K
none is •"■■
printer,
write a I I
copy, bat always ou a »«paiM« il«oci.

AbartiM,»7
AccidcQtd. to avotd, 11

Accounts, kecpiug,' 111
Acetic cthcf. 71
Aad. ciiric, 6j

»Mp, 31a

Acquafortis. anudole Cor, 15
Aoquarum cement, 3a
Adheiive cloth, 61
AdullcralcU bread, ^5
Adulceralton of leap, yi
■ ■ ■ of wines and liquon, 362
Age of cattle, 87

■ o( hones, 103
Ague, 207. MI, 470

- to avoid. 447

■ bitten, 65
pilk 78.

Alahuter. tn cleu. 151

INDEX.

Anli-bilioui pills, 78

Antidotes fnr every poiton, 15 to 18

AnUmoQiod. jyS

Anuquc paiobng, S43

Ants, to destroy, 173

Aphorisms for bathers, 3oi
Apeneot, magncsiao cflervnctnf, 64
Apiary, 30

to establish, yi

Apoplexy, xjS
Appetite, loss of, aoS
Apple bread. 41. 45
— butler, «93

cake, 41

Atrophy in bbds, 167 \
Aiilumatic bliickio|, 19!
AwnJDits, mildew pro^f, 447
Ajtlc-srcase, 447
Ay-er's cherry p«ctonl, 67

Babici, food for, nc

Back. weak. »8

Backs oT horse*, gilled. 106

BaiSrftr*ffi'ni?'i8j 1
Baking powder, 4a ^
Haker*' itch, 228
lUIdnesft, treatment of, 3*3

two

i

custard. 41

' floating idond of, 4s

fritters, 4 1

^m. 793. 794

jelly. 54. »93. y»i

marmalade, 294

— puddinc*. 41

sUim, 41

Ball, cough, 96 4
diuretic, 96 m

worm, 96 1

BalU. heel, 109 ^

pttiBt,64
Bdlooovaninh. 44S
BalloowL gas for. 448
Balm of beauty. 64 ^

of r.ilead &i 1

Alaska icebergs, 447
AJbertypc p^>ccu, »7*
Albumen, subuitute fur, 373
Alcohol, 3*^

Ale. bt brew, 363

Alkanet root. 82

Alloy, iocufruiive. 397

' lor journal ttones, yqj

souffle, 41

■ irec*. lice on. ttS

■■ — -^ — topUnl, 119

int. "8

Bakom, glyccnrtc. 64 ■

suckers, no

- — - — - trcattnenl of, ttS

trifle, 41

■ wine, 383
Apples, to coloi while crowinf, ttB

to dr>-. >93

presei^iBj, 194

Applying miiture, 137 "
AprKoC dned, »94

jam, «)4, 303

jelly, «4

Indian, 64 1

ofTolu. 64 1

Balmony herb, 65 I
Banbury cakea, 46
Baadobne. 65

Banks {steep), to cover with (fstt,

BaibcTTT hedge, 134

Barbers' itch. 798

Bark, Airkericsn poplar, 65

Alatond blowin, 66

— — ^ — «-»*p. 31a

Almundi, unit of, 75
Aloes. p.lU of. J»

with oiyrrh piD, 78

— with M»p pill, 78

Alterative, 64

Alumiaufn. 397

. - bronre. 404
AnulEJim for electrical oucllincs, 198

ofjroW.398 _

Amandine, 11 >
Amlier varnihh. i6j
Ammonia, antidotes for, 15
AoEstheuA. to proloBf, «;
Anchovy bntnr, 40
Aochovic*, EncUsli, bqj
Aaclu-Japuieie work, 941
Asuiiic colon, to make soluble ia wa-
ter. 447

blue dye, 339

Aainuli rdc:id). to coOTert iaio nu-
tiiire, 1J7

prescrvinj. |.y)

Atiuariiim, pnnctplct of, i6j

Barking apple trees. 118
barks, to preserve. 6$
Barley, to culrivatc, 130

seed. 145

Bams, jiaint for, 360 '
barrets, to sweeten. 361
Bnromeier, hoo»e made, ^B

Bu^all. lo nuke. 448

Baseroeni floors, tf

lUikrIs, 10 CTysiallice, 448 1

hanging, 476 J

Raih, cold. >o6 1

fixing, »73 1

hot. S09 m

Architectural cenveni, 31
Argand gas-bumer. 47J
Arnica Imiment, 74
Amck putich, 361

Batavia, 365

Arrowroot, blaBC-nu&f^ 41

pi^dd.nc 50

Ancnic, vnidoics for, 15

. ic»t (or, 6j

Anewcal aoap, 193, 313
Amchokea, 41

boil'fJ. 41

tepid, flo9 ■

— vapor, ao9

Baihen, aphoriMU far, *o8
Bathing, sea. uS
Buswing gas burner, 47*
BMtary, coppef tolHiiMi fcr, 408

<lcctnal.39B

galvuic 39*

$21

Anirtcial skin, 63

Ashbcrrium. 3g8
Asiatic inks, aco
Acparagus. 4>

to cvllnrale, 119

-— — soup, 4S

Atmoapherc. purily of, 447
Atfxiphy, aoA

—^.^ dlirct of kindncM oo. tj

Ani«etlc. cordial, 37J
Aakie, spoincd, >oS
Annliac Med. u>B
AaaotkK choice oT. iso

Aaodync, Uofloun's 04

H Battery, mercurial, aqt

I^H lo p(«tc with, jgS

^H liquid far, 400

^H Baulky horv». <j(t
^H Bajr rum, 65
^H Uaybcrtv toap, 31)
^H BcachfiuLv UK of. IBI
^H Bcul Tur liqiion, 363
^H Beans, to cook, 43
^H — catiif-uil, 131

INDEX. 1
Big le£ In ktnvcs. 96

tbouUer in horacs, 96

BUiOtts cotk^ 9)4
— - -■ (ever, 313
DilHiiiinekt. K>9
Bird lime. 176
Birds, asthma in, 16^

Bliac-oMnge, com tmdi, s* ^^^^|
Blanket!, lo deac, i^t ^^^^^^H
BUakettiBg bc»ci. loj ^^^^H
BIcKhic^ conon, >4a ^^^^^H

wool, 343 TH

wooi yn ur^ncd pcUa. 179 ■

tllccdinf, rnfton r.u ^<aumiu»^ O ^ J

■'» _■

Uli^lcrin^ ^^^^^^^k
Blister for horsea, 96 ^^^^^^^|
catue. B9 ^^^^^H
Bioud. to wafth. 331 ^^^^^^^k
Blood, alterative tor, ^4 ^^^1

fuloest of in aortB% 9f ^^^^^^k

bloody ntw in, 167

^H Lima. Ill

^H Bean ^eafte, 65
^K^^ Beauty, id acquire, }9^
^^^^^Bcavcr ikiot, tpdrcM. 176
^^^^H^Scd-bugs, lo extoncinate, 173
^^^^f Bed for dogs, 17a
^^^^ Beds C^i«t>C iji
^M Bedroortu, ventilation oT, 449
^H Bee feeder, u

cu»tivcue»» i»» i^

paste for, *c^3

■ ■ the pip in. 166

IrauAfuttup oC W9 ^^^^^H

Bloody milk in cvwi, 9* ^^^^^^^|
Bloom, almond, 66 ^^^^^^^|

of rmcs, 6) ^^^^^^H

Ulotcb«d [a<c, 334 ^^^^H
Blue black ink, »oi ^^^^H

^H Bee«, drone, ao

^H enemio of, aj

Bird-nest pudding, 59
Bttcuit, ciDjier, 33

teed, 4&

^H sunshine and shadow for, S3

Bitesof the cobra, t«

ipV* >4*' ^^^^^^H

enamel, 4&(!i ^^^^^^^1

flag, ^^^^^H

tnake. 13

BitiiiK the nail*. 330
Bitters, ague, 65

^m Beef broth, 43
^H — to cure, 3Q5

^H — C4lIIopS, 4a

^H (corned). loboO, 4)

^H runied, 42

r ..4<H ^H

V r«r. ^^H

*. . ^^H

Bluinc <.t ^ ^^^1
Board*, t <.i<< IJt ^^^1

Boiled goose^ 57 ^^^|

Botle* r^ ^^^^^

■ dry. 49$

■ haih. 4)

H fillet 0(V4>

^m i\ea oO. to bake, 4s

^M picVled, 195

^m potted. 4)

^H riitole*. 4 J

tonic, 65

Dlackberry brandy, 367

biuersj 65

cordioi, 37J

jam, *95

syrtip, 395, 377

to cultivale, ist

Blacklnrd, the. »68
Blackboard, artifkial, 449

^^^^ with mushroonit. 43

^^^^K uewed with oaiom, 43

^^^^P tea, 43,

^^^B^ Bccfa.cak. lo cook. 43
^v and onioiu, 43

Boils, fio "^^m

Bones, to dye and ad«r. |^ 1

■ lo CL^rivcTl MMo liiamiK, ll^^^^l

BoBOeb. ' "J ututg tKe l^^^l

-_-- (nn.-i. l...J^«. i!-» ^H

Book-brr: . 4U 1

• (lbr.4>aU4S> 1

Black cfoth, to^fein, 43B, 349

hcaliBB salve, 430

BlacktoBu to make. 197
Gennas. 199

India rubber Kquid, 199

H Boer, to pvc tb« appaaacc of a<c

H cheap, 364

'^H — ii> enuven and restore when
^H dead, 3ti4
^H fintng, ^4

Irir leather tcalt, too

lifjiltd, MO

for MocToccoihoa. 199

Books, UuncM Mis* fur, 4)1 1
10 giW cdga of. 4}« I

110 ve, (fti

water pvoof, aoo

Black dye, 3»

__ for coiIOft. 339

for chip bonncU. 33Q

H (fi'nger), powder*. 364

^1 to improve Aavor of, 364

Bootaa.M ^^H

^^H -'■ - - musty, 365

^^H rhilnHrlnhii ifk

^M mot. 365

H topy,36s

^B nMifru. 365

*^^^l

• Umt., 350

leg In cattle, la

lead, to remove, \yt

— iilk, to d« up, 3jl

j^^^l

■lajj^^^^l

,^^^1

^^H stione* 366

_ J ^^^^^^^^H

^^H Beeu, U.Ued, 96 '
^^^H Beetles, (a dr«lmy, 174
^^^^H Belladonna aintmcBt, 77
^^^H Bell metaJ, 400
^^^^H Bettft, lo oil, 44Q
^^^^* Bcnipl chutney, »^j

Boou (kid). 10 cImmw 4« ^^^B
India n>t*cs «mm |«m« In; 1

IpftioM kaAwi «>•• << (p^^J

Bladd-

cboc«Uc;49

WDEX.

5*3

I
I

Boot! fwhittt jMn), 10 ctoui, ■«■
Bonu Ibr the Uow-pipc. «ai

substitute for, 401

virtue* of, 34J

Boring KuIcK in glai*^ 389
Borer, appk tree. tiS

■ peach. 143
Bounicai ftpccimciu. 10 dry, 141
Bottin (niustyf, ID iw«ctuk, 3OO

■■ - — ftcaling, 366

• WAX fof, 40, 366

BatUmc> corks for, 367
'- malt lifiuon, 367

Bolt*, 97

Bouqueu of colored crau, S43

10 keep bngbt and fresh, 096

BiMililert, (o remove, t»

Bowels acculc inAaiDiaaiioii 0^ vio

■ chronic inflawmatioQ o^ aio
■■ - (looM). ia bofw^ 97
Boftw fer icartiag pUsuy MS
Bo]r«, R> attach u urn IiAk im
Urwi, infUnnalkHi oT, yio

■ cnlargecacnt o^ aio
— ^^ softening of, ti t
Braii(le'« ink, 301
Brandreth'x pilU, 7B
Brandy, ^67

British, 367

blackberry, 367

cherry, 367

*- — ■- COgllAC, 367

to decolurue, J67

•^— — French, 367

pale, 367

BraM, 401. 403

— ^^— to Dronxe, 401

■^^ • bumishmg. 40a

. to dean, iji. 401. 404. 409.

4S>
— — -^ coaliag. 40*
to coal with tia, 40s, 409

- to coat with ainc, 409

- to depukit <i» line oc Oibes
mctaU, 40*

■ - dipping, Ml

ioUul work, to polldb, 403

to bcqiwr, 403
omajnenta, 10 dcao, iji

topr«senr«, 404

10 temper, 404
to tm^ 408, 409

^ — IOC wire, 404

Dread, adulterated, 45

apple. 41. 4s

' brown, \%

cake, 47

— com, 45

— French, 44
— — — graham, 44

to keep maiit, 45

— to make without flour, 44
.^— — oxysenalnl, 44

— panada, j*

potatoc, 4i

• pmldin^, 46

rice, 4S

rye. 45

»«o, 45 , ,

■ lt> serve at tabic, 45
• unfcrmciitod, 44

wtlUx*. 4}

- - yca»l (or. 44
Brcachy cattle, ^7
Brttkkfa«t cake, 47
Bpcdcmg dowv IA hortci, 97
BnaMi, caked, sit

■ (wre). u» bones, 07
Bresalh lludi, *c« charcoal. 67
-— - (betid, 311

offentive, 314

- ■ pa»tiltc3 (or perfiiaung, 77
Braadmg tnKit, 197
lhcv«ttc«, 167

BMvinc -M

Brkk buUdingv to paint, ss
^ - making, 94
^—— o«cn«, i» make, aj

I walU, cuatutg for, aj

- -' 10 wef, a)
Ibi^tii*» dM«aa<, tti
BntatiBBt BMlftl, 4104

Britaania metal, |o ckaa, 113
BiitUh oiL 76
BroadclotA, slaiiu 0% 34a
Brocoli, (o boil. 46
Uromule at potaMiuaa, 46
Ilrunchia] trocho^ M
OroiKhitis. ail
Bronchoccle, an
Uroom corn, i»|
BnxmH't iolc, aoi
Oroonu, uae and
BroH. athot, 46

Scotch, 46

Broth, beef, 43

■ calvea foot, 48
■ - chicken. 49
- — ^- of fraicmenta, 46
- — tnutlon, 5O
veal, 63

ot >5J

Btonie, aJumuium, 404

for brasi, 405

for cutting iutnincaU, 404

— '^^ eold, 404

green, 401

lio|^ pluier figures, 43a

for laortara, 403

powder, 40$

tot mutuary, 405

Bronxuig yon barrcla, 404
--^— fluid, 405

— for iron or wood, 405

leather, 4Sa

— of omamenti, 40J

aiie 363

furCace, 405

Brown bread, 41
dye, >43. 149

enaioel. 466

frceitone, to initate, ajo

ink, aoi

ItroM-n's bronchial tiochei^ 66
bruiaM, balaam Ibr, 64
— — ^ in fumiiurt, i^
Bnubcs, car* oC sso

^v..3>7

• varaita, a66
Bruahing the hair, 337

cloths. 33J

Bucnu, ezlract, of, yt

infuiion of, 73

Ruckvkin. to dye, ido
BufTdye. y\\

Bu/Talo akin, to tan, 179

Bugs to destroy, xtn
buuding cemeoi. 3a
chifflaeys, »6

cnifflacys, :
houac, tuoc

material, atrength o^ 4^3
Buildings compoattioa uircflveniig, 96
Bull rings, to iaacrt, gj
Bunion, an
Buns 46
Burdock. C6
Buroiag lout, 4$)
Burnt ud bruiaes art tfibal aktfl far, 63

and ftcakU, )■

Bunting of guoa, 18 j
Burying alive, ata
Butcher knivea, 405
Butler, applCf ^93

■ ■ — cnuratng arcam far, 03

to clarify, 46

coloring, 1*1

• - to keep in amamcr, 896

• to keep ««eel, 896

improved colonaK far, ta^

— to make, taa

marketing, 114

patking, laa

to praarvc&MB, 1*4

rancid, 4V

to nafcm whra wadd, ta4, 453

wilting aaad wofkiaci iM

winter ta— f aae oC laj

Buucriliea, to ytqanw 4)}

Cabbagt, tbc cu^wo^& oa, iM

to grow, aa4

— — . to pickle, a96

■ pUiifes aaJtmg, ra4
■ ■ 10 pfcaarve ia ariotcr. wfi

Cabbage aalad. 46

-■ to aiew, 46
CafauMl makers' varaialL aft
Cadaver, prescrvauoa «^ M
Caec» (or parrots, 17a
Caked breasts, aii
Cake, almond, 46

apple, 41

apple shoR caka, 46

tnnbury, 46

trnad. 47

-^— ^ chocolate

47
4J

com, 47

■■- • Ihiii, sa

— — green com, jj

ginger, 47

giiodlc. 47

icing far, 47

Johnny, 47

■ Inaian meal, 54

lemon. 47, 55

undwidi, 41

toda, to

— ^— apongc, 60

weddiag^ 47

— — y««t,4«
Calico, i;j

— i)uilt, to wash, 346
Calicoes to waah, ^j
Caliaaya bArk and traa, 70
CalTa foot broth, 481

— — fc*« My. J4. »»6. y»>

Calvca, care oC 9a

chalk for, 9X

■ lice oti, 9a

■ - vermin on, 9a

acoura 10, 9s

Cuneo-nedallioa, cane^Je-iriaii, 173
CiUDera, toa4h<<^ *79
Camphorated (kauince, 69

soap. 313

Gunphor balls, 65
cetBK. 67

ice, W, 73^

■ - liniment, 74

to pulvcriae. 74

varnish, a66,

Canada thiule, 147
Cananea, care oC i4t

- to diatiaftaah aez o( iM

hiota an cbooaing:, iM

titaects OB^ 169

■ -—— (yotng), to taiB^ 169
Cancer, aia
Caad*cd atnM, 997

onogc,

-- to make bum all aigDt) IJ]
Candle atick. to clean, 153
Candies chocolate craam, 4I

CO clarify ^^jjiv far, 48

'^^— Everlon taflec canoj, 4I

ivmg niut, Tpx
Caaelunan chain, to f!<W, IM
Caakcr, aia
i in fawk, 11)

Canned grapce. joa

Ceaaing fruit, ago
Caaihandies antidoto Ibr, 16

cerate of. 67

■ tincture of, %\

Canvas to prepare far od pamliftf, 174

W9UT-onmi, 4M

Caoulchmtc uiacluag, 199

far printcn* rotten, «S4

nrmHK •«*

Caiai. 406
Caraway, eordU^ 373

riMM

te

SH

INDEX.

— ^ ftw tauadTyldE, 337

— *OBp, 31s

CiLrbcnkc Acid, 454

C>rboDa.ud drink, 370
Oirbon iaic, aoi

Cariibad walCFr 86
CajTQttiCi, (ifi, av*

- - inlif 301
Cvminative. Dalby's. 66
Cnnutian lip uJve, 74
Carpeting, chc^p, 113

■ to cleui. 154
■ to i»y. «53

.^-^ moths in, its
^-_ t^ previtni malhi in, Y54
,.^ ., to remove crease firora, 154
... I (lutr), to make last, 153

■ to sweep, T53
Catp^I warp, coloring for, 343
CArroLi, to cook, ^5

to cuitivate, 175

Cart hone, lu felect, 103
Case Hard citing, 407

Case i^iiring^ for lAtaCchCE, 407
Casbmcre shJitwla^ to ckan the white

niddk od ^^
Caiks [waterl„ to clean, 154
Cuiu, Oil of. 76
Lasl*ifDil cement, 3,6

' Jm loFten for drillidft 407

— — to wdd, 407
Casting delicate ofatiecti^ 406
' metali, 406
— '- in bread parte, 455
^— in glue, 455
' m plaster, 454
I ■■ in sulphur, 454

■ - ■ in wax, 455
Casting, soldering, 407
Castration, 98

Castor oil bein^ to graVi t«
. — ' mechauical uses o( 454

-p— pomade, 80
Cast-steel, burnt, 407
— ■' English, 407
■— — to harden, 434
-' - and iron, edge tools trom, 407
Cat, care c^, i6t

Cats catching chickens, to cure, XS4
Cataplasm, Pradier's, 66
Cataract in horses, 97
Catarrh, 213

m cattle, 87

— — in fowls, H3

■ in horses, 97

in ^Hpcp, 94

Caterpillani, td defCrDJTf I74
Calhartic b Liters, £j

pill, 78

■ ivTup, 66

Catsup, currant, ^^EE
— — ^ mushroDQi, jS
— — ojrsLcr, >a6

^ tomatoe, 61, 311
Cattle, age oT, 87

- breachy. 87
black le^ in. 88

■ ■ catarrh in, 87
care of, 88

■. choked, 88
feeding, 88

- — ■■ film on eyes of, 88

foot and mouth disease in, 88

■ ■ hoof rot in, 89

■■■■ hoven or bloat in, 89

■ lice on, 89
-■■■ mange in, 89

plague, 89

snake bitten, 89

- sore mouth in, 69

warts on, 89

wens on, 89

Cattle's horns, sawing off, 89
Cauliflower, to boil, 49

in milk, 49

Cauliflowers, to keep, 297

■ ' to groWf 134

Caustic for corns, 3*5

^piau's black. 67

Cedar hedge, 135
Celery^ to culuvale^ 115

iQ keep, 897

Cellar flaors, 37

Cerate of accUte oTkad. 67

camphor, 67

ofcanthtfiaiei,67

oneKl.67

Chaffinches 177

Cbi^g, remedy for, nj

Chain. 455 ,

—— (cane bottomK to dcaiMM

Chalk, prepared, 4SS

OuuDomil^ 67, 79
Champagn^ Americaji, 370

Cellars. tcTkccp from finciUS, a6, MS
Ccmetit b>r acqiujia, 3s

architeciural, }«

fof attaching rfutal to glass, 33

for broken maiU^ 33

Botony Bay, 3>

Burgikndy, 370

Oder, 370

cup, 370

sham, 370

Chapped hands, 330

Charcoal dentrifice, 69

makmg, 455

m BUik roan, 140

prepared, 67

6y tut^]^ riy

of wood; 67

for china and rfa«, 33

colored, \ty m

for covcnng nie fronts of

houses, 33

copper smiths, 34

for cloth or bdcmg, 34

;«odwo(K^

■ ■■ for crockery,

cullers, 34

^^— curd, 36
■ ■ diamond, 36

e«B, 37

I el^tic collodion, 36

^— ekcmcal and chcmicalt 37
' enjintcR, 34

— ^-— English komaji^ 36
I en tDinolo^iliK. 36

' forfasientns^chaincUandodier
leather 10 vtat, or iteel, 34
^^— for fastening to metali^ 34

- fof Eaitening rubber lo wood
and mffiali, 34

■ — fire-proof, 38
- for floors, 34

French, yj

for gas fitters, 34

for gas retorts, 34

■ -■- German^ 37

glass grinders, 37

glycenne, 37

--— for gutters and leaky places, 34

hai3, 37

hydraulic, 37

Hamelin's 37

India rubber, 37

iron, 34, 37

iron rust, 37
"apanese. 37
:ourie, 38

^^ ....

ft>r leather and cloth, 35
Ui\ ICAlhcr straps, 455
liquid, 38
microscopic, ^9
for mother of peart, 35
optt<;i,iTiS, 3&

= 1!;

for leather,

for leather belting, 35

SiaraboKc, 18
or patent niel, 35
plumbers, 38
preventing lealcs about chim*

rice flour, 38
Roman, 38
rubber, 455
schrotcao, 38
seal engravers, 38
for steam pipes, 35
for stone, 36
for stoves, 36

ng era
for tile rbob. 36
— water. 3a. 18
'" water-proo^ 38
Cephalic snulC 68, 83

Charlotte de Riisie, 49
Charms, fish, 183
Cheese, Dutch, 137

French, ia6

—■ — - to make, 126

Ncufichatd^ lay

--—: plum, 309
Chenoical soap, 31^ /
Chemistry of tannuiK* >94
Cherry nsndy, 367
' "'— bouncy 371
~—.~— dieeae, 997

iam. *97

marmalade, sgy

— pectoral, Ay«r% 6y

atatn, 363

Cherries, to cultnrmt^ X9f\
to preserve, a9y

CheMnut color, 950
Chicken, boneless, 49
■ broth, 49
■ cholera, ir3

- ■ — to fricassee, 49

to fiy, 49

jelly. 54

panada, 58

pot pic, 49

P<«. 333

scratching, 113

CKickens, msnngemciit of, 111

cat catditoer i^^S

Chilblains, 713,

lini^oent, 74

Iqliioo for, 75

Children, care dI^ at^

' to pTptlect from bumin^ 154

Ctiildrcb'f. di&eaiei, ail
Cbimnpyt, Id build^ 26, 456

cement to prevent leaJcs, 35

on fire. 14

(glass), cracking, 156

■ ' leaks around, 154

salt in, 456

smoking, a6

{lampi, to clean, 159

(lamp), to prevent breaking,

«. '59

China cement, 33

— ■- -■ composiuoD of, 457

to mend, is4

— to pack, 4«

Chinaware. to make, 456. 499
Chinese cement, 36

depilatory, 69

gongs, 413

■■ — ink, aoi
-— — jam, ito
Chintz, to wash, 343
Cldoral, hydrate of, 67
CMorine, 457
Chloroform, 67

— — - death nora, »i4^
Chlorodyne, T. CoHis Brown's, 67
Chloriiiated aoap, 3x6
Oinorfate MinrJwinge^ 49

PMH

^^ TlkDEX,

5>S ^M

Ouxolalje oiraineU, 4g
■ cream candy* 4S

Coffee, lubfttilutes for, jo
— — brown dye, 344 ,
CoiikB, to take imftrcsuon from, 408
Coid, CO avoid caicbiog, 214

ConUal. blackberry, 373 ^H

caraway. 373 ^H

onnamon, 373 ^^M

citron, 374 ^^^^M

clove. ^74 ^^^^H

Choked cactlc, tu reiieve. 88
CbofaifOfuc, IikIuui, 67
Choleni. iti

-■■ - Unciure, 85
Chowder, fi»ti, S3

WclMtert', 49

Chrome orange dye, 343
Chromo*, lo clean, 4}/
Chutney, bcn|[a), 997

— • iauc«, 60

Cider, boiling, 371 .

champagne, jja

chcfry. 3ra

to cure. J14

in ftiwU, irj

strawberry, 374 ^^^^^^H

Corks for botUing, 367 ^^^^^H
Com bread. 4S ^^^^^H

cake, 47 ^^^^^H

•> cobs as ^^^^^^H

cribs, rai-proof, laS ^^^^^H

Colds, .16^' ^
Coli£, bdioua, 314
— ^ — in hones, yf
lead, 315

l.olEar. lo fit. 98
Collodion cement, 36

to todiae, 37s

phoiograiiliH:, 375

Colludio-albumen process, 275
Collo^A, minced, 50
ColoKoe water. 86
CoUjcine bulur, laj

to have grceii the y«ar round ^^M

new planted, ia8 ^^M

plaster. 79, 325 ^H

seed. 145 ^H

Corns, to cure, 315. 314. 3J3 ^^^^^H

Devonshire, jya

to nikke. 371

vinegar, 380

Wciieni, 373

for iiquon, 373

CinniunDn brown dye, 344

skms, 193

for soup, 60

Colorless vamuh, 96?
Color, to restore, 154
Colors, dniggistJi', 68

to mis-, 351

— for painting on gUss, 389

to use, 151

Colts, caQus 00, 99

— — to urercnt jumping, 99

Comfrey. 68

Cofflplexion and colon, 3x4

kalydor for, 73

Corned beef. 41 ^^^^^^|
Coriander seed, 374 ^^^^^^|
Conosive sublimate, antldot* for, i6 ^^^^^H
Court phutcr, A8, 79 ^^H

■ substitute for, 461 ^^H

Cosmetic soap, 316 ^^H
CoRivcocsa, siS ^H

Cotton, to bleach, 34s ^^^^^M

Circastian crt-Ain, 68
Ctstcrn, fiileiing, 4)7
Cisterns, ccmeiit lor, 34
Citric acid, 6]
Citron, candied, a^;

CLuvt, Bnti&h. 373
cup. 173

for siaunchinc hcmorage, 63 ^H

Cough ball for horses, 96 ^^1

■ candy, 68 ^^^|

■ compound, 68 ^^^^^^|
' in horses, 99 ^^^^^^H

lemon 46s ^^^^^^

cup, a 25

CUyt modclhng in. ^47 ,

Qoining floor*, 15$

■ tfuni, 1B6

wash lor. 334

Composition for roott, 09
Concrete for door steps, •&

Ctickiag in h?rsc», 98
Clinkers, IS4
,< Clockft, u* cle»n. 407

Cloth, to clean and Kour, 345

Fuller'* purifier for. 343

CtotHes tblack», lo clean. 345. 4S8

(btM:kt. to renovate wbcn &d-

!•> l»n*fcn, 31J

Grease in. 346

Coniftenscd milk, 303

Coadimental food. 9s

Condition powder*, 8j, 107

CoDc work, 343

Congestive fever. 333 '

Congress water, 86

Conservaiory. to make, 474

Cunstipaiion. Q\s

~~~^ see charcoal of wood, 67

Coniumption, us

in birds, 167

puis, ^^^^^^H

synip. 84 ^^^^H

Coughs, 316 ^^H

and colds, see horchound, 7) ^^H

Counterfeit mi^ney, to delect, 461 ^^H
Cour.tcrpains, to wash, 346 ^^H
Cow pox. ^^M
Cows. alHjrtion m. I9 ^^^^^H

bloody milk in, 90 ^^^^^^H

(dairy), H> select, 90 ^^^^^H

farrow. 90 - ^^^^^^H

garget in. 90 ^^^^H

hard milking, 90 ^^^^^^H

to increase lailk in. 91 ^^^^H

lo make water-pttKift J33

Oochinc, IS

CookKS. 50

Cookinc. avemse lou by, 50

moth in, 175

Clove, conlul. 374
Clover, 10 cure, laj

Cooling drinks, 371
Copaitu mixture, 75
Copal, to dissolve. ^51, 151

lacquer, 153

Copper, to clean. 409

to coat with rinc 4^

in pivkles, jot

<oId 1. when lo kill, 91 ^^^^H

milking, 91 ^^^^^^1

J CoociunakcT^, hiDt» to, 459

self sucking, 91 j^^^^^^M

• swelled bags w, 91 ^^^^^^H

Cn«s)tp viiMcar, 380 ^^^^^^H

Crackers, wheal Hour, jn ^^^^^^H
Cracking wood, 31 ^^^^^^|
1} ^^^^^1
Cranberry sauce, so ^^^^^|
Cranberries, tociiluvate, 139 ^^^H
Crape, stem o<i. 34'! ^^M

lo rtntw when old, 34* ^^^^H

Crayon cnJoT«, l» As, 461 ^^^^^^M
-— dnawtog. >76 ^^^^^^|

Crayons, to make, 374. 461 ^^^^^H

Creaking doors, iij ^^^^^1

Ct^am, apple. «■ ^^^^H

■ churning, r*3 ^^^^^H

ciMienlaic 49 t ^^^M

dnmaite, M ^^^H

H Coat. cNcct or fiptnute on, 4)9
H fire, to make. 450

■ oil f«r balJjDciA, 334

y Coal. l:> LltAfl, 346

■ ■ clean, 346

Co.'! ^:i]l«, aj
Cot.., r. 16
Coca pilli. tyi

CodirtMch'^, to destroy, 174
Coooa. to make. 49

dielk. 49

CAOoaniit p«, 49
CodlMb bolU. 90
-— - picked up, jD
Codlmg moths to trap, 140
CoKoac braxidy. (67
^ CoHee, eucncc of. 398

to silver. 408

. '. '''•;v"

10 weld. 446

to whiten, 408

C-oppersmithft' cement, 34
Copying ink, aoi

paper. 4QO

Copynghi, law oC 460
CtKal. ariifictal, 460

haskeft. 460

Corxlul. anisette, 373

^^ INDEX.

^■H

^H Crcun, clotted, rvy

H cold, 6S. 3M

^m cT>»ullinc, 68

^B nectar, 374

Dentifrice, 68

I I

1

(ur», ly)

MocTWco, i»»

,hrrr, Ir.Ll.rr <Bl>

Dyea,^: "» jij

U. 7.-, J««

fi»rg. 347

Dyienier)'. S19

Specific for. «3

sec wild daerry \mAk H

Dyspepsis. »jo

Devclopciv 37$ ,

coDcentraMO iron, vfi

pyrogallic addL •?•

Ihabeta, a 17

Diamond cement, 3A

imiuiion, 409

DiBphacie, 344
Dianbca, 117

^H pie, sO
^H ofroio, 6B

^H Cribbinir. t/i
^M Cncktu, 10 dcslray, 174
^H Crunioa dye, 346
^^ CrocJtery cenkcnc, 33

^^^^ ware, lu mend, tH

^^^^H Croup in fowb. 1 1

^^^^B Crown window |U4i, 389

^^^" CrudWe*. 461

^^m Crullers, 51

^H Cryttal v«rni«h, t6r

^H Cucumber kaImI, 51

^H Cucumbers, to timn, 398

^H 10 pHiklc, >9«, joy

^H Curacoa, cordial, 374
^^1 Curculio, i3g
^H Curd cement. 36
^H Cunns crccn nidcf, 186

^H akini, 193

^H Curlins the h»ir, 3)7
^B Curls, Cil>c, 3-/5
^H Cumnl CBicbup^ 398
^H to dry with \asaT, 198

tincture, 85

Digcttive pilU. 79

Dinner tull, 79

Din or fthops, 409

Dirt in eye, 14

Ducates orchiUben, st8

Di«hes, hrm' to wash, 155

Difth Tor d^shwa&hins. 155

Duinfcctint, 117

Dif temper, 99

■ • ■ »n dogs, \j%

Dipthcria, >iB

Diuicbc bidls for tavno, «6

Eu-acbe, aao

foreiijn bodies is, am

Earth closet, 463

1 iirtuea, x«3

V.V «,..vtuel, «9

6e cypre. 69

pour le dcnl. te

de miliaeuK 6tt

Dininau, 319
Docks, to eradicate. Ygo
Dog sktni, lo tan, 461
Doga. best bed for, ijo

disiemper in, r7i

eating eggt, 170

. r ,, - i

. in, »^

. .-?.y, 169

k. iiiii VKcp. 94

inatijif tn, tyi

ij go erraodft, 170

— -- — \i ii-i; \X\< aijeoO 170

to wash^ 1^

f-- ...1.-... _-,

Ebony ;

Edge vaiiLiiii. -.-z-^

E«g cxmeol. 37

eating bai^ ■ u

mulled. >ft

(Mttclctie, SI

produccn, boK, ftf

Eglgs, bnided, '.i

hanlU,

of Hhara'>ii ■ »crpcnt^ fCf

plckliiifc a99

to poach, )t

porublc, »99

Ka of, I (4

^H marmaUde, 304

^m "yrup. »?9

^H wine, ills

^H worm, ijo

^H CurraDU, 10 presCTW, sqS

^H Curried beef, 43
^H Ctirrim sire, 1^1

^H -— — ^kirtiug, t9S
^H Curtatnt, 10 duo, 346

Drab dye. 347
Draioing. 130

fand, 48a

Drawing, crayixi, ■76

^H Custard, apple, 41

^1 baked, 51

^H boiled, SI

^H — - rriitci^. 51
^H CulLers ccmeut, 34

^H Cuttiiif glau, 3QO

^H Cuttle fi^h dcntirncc, 69

^H Cut-wocB^ to (ksuDy. 150

^H Hairy, charcoal ia. 69

^^^ cow*, to select* 69

^^^^1 Danp wallt, 1O3

^^^^1 Daiasuri wine, jSj

^^^^ Dandelion, 63

^^^^ OaodrufT, 3*5

^H Uark place, to illuiiiuie, 461

^H woods, 10 imitatv, 353

^H Dead anituaU, to convert m» manure,

^B animals, to pr«Mrre. 4^1

wk, aoi

tnonochromabc, *47

to test, it

Elaioe, 409
Elder, 70

wine, -iSf

Elilcrfirrrir tnk, aa|

es

i --in. TT
FJecUu

^W,J^

..uaaftr,4ra

<>K-> *.>lilTMl(aV. If*

y\»ir6 g«o^ taisali wtu 418

ElecuvuvnT^.r *i». 41J

Bcctroty^ platca. i>«Bag«Uilniw

4tA

EliJtcr for the if«th. t»

..ru^mJa. ^ ^J

Drawings, to copy. 177
Drcu gtMds, 10 lemove ink tVntn, 158
Dmsci. 10 preserve color oC 346
■ to restore when faded, J46

Drcfciilij? buvcr skins. 176

— deer sktns, 179

fur^, 19*

foe phoiogTipltt, its

skins. 191

Drinking in lummcr. »9
Droopiiiu wiiigsof cJuckfBS, 114
Drops, diurcltc. 69

Dutch. C9

■ — — imperial, 69

of fifc. We&inl's, «9

pectoral, fq

Drowned persons, to rais<, 461
Drowning (ihel, to aflbrd help 10, 14

Drunkards, to reform, «i9
Drunkcnncik, 319

app:irmi Jc.-ith imm, 14

■ ■ remedy for. »l

Dryer. I.',(i;in :\i

• 3sa

Dry 11.

— — t. iU

Duck- 1

^H r>eadly ttight khaJe, anudow br, 16
^H Dcafncis. »iO

^H Death, signs of, 917
^^^^^ Debility, kc |iopW bark, 65
^^^^H D*calcomanie, 743
^^^^H Dfcay in wood. 31
^^^^^ Decline in btrxli, 167
^^^^^ Decrskiits, lo ilrcu, 179

^H »o pwpari for (loves, iSo

^H Delcrium trcmctu, *tj
^H Depilalury. Chinese, 69

^m Depilaioricft, 69

DumtJings, met, 6i

««»

Kaaii. ■ a

.^— _ -^Aoet, 418

EbWmU. 4*'^¥* 4ltf. 4^ 4*7

Sii{iiBh tur mm|>, 31ft

EajCntYin j in tlW^rclMvOf 4^^
by photomidby. 9fr

■ tn tmulcr on flu^ 99»
£nUr<en<:«>t of bnui. i«o
Eahnnologitu' ctmtu, jA

KfAtooe vup, Jt6

u pre«ervr, j»

^— ^ nnctiir« t»^ 70
Erup(ian« nn the uoc, jij
EryiipcUv, ax^

E«prii de bouqiKi, 71
&MIIC7 of btiicr almonds, 70

■ brcndfr. 70

ncfoli. 70

pepucrtDiat, 70

■ ■'■ ' n>nadc[tr, 70
■---- ■ io*«». 70

fit tmcllmf bonkt, 71

- ■— violets, 70

- •rrbena, 71
Elchinc, 37S, 419

on filiMK J90

on ivofy, 419

*heH«. T««

- ' ■ •Artiiih, >9S
fiber, acetic, 71

ftmytM-acetic. 37s

amiitic. 374

^ ■ butnc, rf4

ptUjonw:, J7J

10 WiUh, 469

EvctttM afce. 48
KscJiequer idk, mi
E«ci— -' -■

Ecpl 4<)a

^ ■ opium. 71

pi>ppv, 71

xiina, 71

^^^^ v^tNiIla, ft
Eltra ■ . 7»

Ere iU xti

'4

- 'ii'i .11. 14

■ — or Iwrtc, tnllaminalian of. 99

^

(moitn), la bon^ icA
' tigNt. to preten«, txi

I — »|JX III. »II

water. 8*

well- - ■ ■ -r^ -r-i

£y«ftefhf i

(». . 'i

M kafihai, 3*5

Face. biMchcil, fM

cniptaMH «a, 3*9

fwAtd m\. to r«norc mi

I'jdiac of ctlKToni tjj
Faintinc 14, an

Farmen, vl*^ fdr, %ja

- ■ tra^, 191
Farm tiBplimeta», cue oC tS5

Itle, to

ate^ boyvu, m
M nulw aimctiva, ■)»

Farmiac ruW» far HttccM io, t jo

Fanvw c«Mr«. 90

Fal for vMp fl*tte& p*

FancttiaK mar tent^ >es

<^^— pmacrr, 114

FMUHrn^ w dm, tf% f^

io(*yfk v/^

FebnAicc Iv ww^ 71

INDEX.

F^irUucc. wiriv. 71

Feeding «k1 cartof caldi^ tt

<»o«S »•«

horM< OB Um ffWwl, 104

Feet, bliticixtj, xn

■ cjire of, 13*

cukl, jvt

at bed lime, mm

- — ■ fincMted, %i*

■ ^— Icmkr, »r»

^ (honrk), linllli^ too

■ ■ — care of. too

conaaciod,

5«7

Wliac

lOO

Felon, ciii«« fiir. a»a

Ml«r« for, 1)

Feoce pottt, prcMrvMloM «C ijs
Frma, to ratsc fiDia ated, 4A9
Fever and afue, aas, 470

bolli far KofMi, gA

-->— -^ Inliouft icmitiaa^ fl>|

congc^ti»«, «»3

- febrifuge for, 71

hay, xij

icarkt, «a4

■^^—~ tynboij, ts«

■ yellov, VZ4
Fig caoily, 4I
Figure foui trap, 197
Fiie«, 419
— ^— to cl&in. 4 S3

10 rccut. 419

Fiin on cyu of caiiK M
Filter, water. 1A4
VUicnng powder, li

ctviera, 457

Fining povnJcr, 37J
Fireboard of popcr flo«m, tss
Fire annihiLaior, 47a

- ■ in a cbimoey, 14

clothing 041, IS

to escape from, sj

■ — — kindlings 15I, 470

■ proof tiDca. 160

wafth far ihiiitlM, )o

_ -__pM«|,,j,

ritcworkx, 490
Firet, C4)lcrca, f 70

of kortMB^ li

Fnb, 10 boil. S9

10 cbogac, 5>

I- — chowder, ja

chaim*. iS|

— culture, iBo

tC^dK to bcie«^ 171

i- cjre of, 171

~^— lialO, 10 flC^CM, ja

»aucc, $1

>SS

tktnning and ■
kail n* burner. 471

IS]

Fiihiog witn ^nilicial fiy, tl5

baits for. itt

Chiocte art eC ii«

floats far, tSt

^^ hookA for. iSi

Imet for, 181

— - — with natural lljr. il]

without ocu, Laes, •pearx, etc

tSj

■ - reck far, iB>

tod» for.tSi

FUtula 101

ill horaca, 107

Kitts, »%

Fijung U>ih, 17)

FUtmel. to wliKCii when yvllow, }4ft

- fncw), to wakh, }^
FUmlaAcy, kce cariMiiii iMMgca,

Fleaa, to get rid of, sfg
FleOiwoTtnt, p^
Klciittlc v*rT»i*h. #^7
Flies on hor*«, toi

C>r tlkhiitg, iS)

■ ti^uring (••cturc frsaat^ s6l
Ftinl gU.««. >^
FfaatiiiC aoapi 316
FlauB At fwiiag, tfa ^
Flean, hot ew wis •?

— easar. c?

Floor*,

meppinc

to Ml. 96

aiKi Oeaataj^ 1 jj

>5S

l)»*Ci)Uf, ISi

— wlubic giaia for, if

— - tut II for. •64
MundA water. 86
Flour imuatyi, to rcMOR^ |i

paieni. 471

— ^^ to lot. 55

Flowcn Eroni bulbowi roMi^ 471

CMcaiial 6d «( 75

odor of, 75, 78

■ ■ painting. iLi

paper, ^47

Fluid, t:

lioglc • tnrpcnoi^, 7t

exmci aiwflilk, 71

wriling.

Flux for Miamclk, 46A

Fly (Iioum), to ilcMroT, (74

natura and hMtV o^ 174

paper. 174

- »o turnipt, rji
Fortid breathy Jii
Food for babie*, aa;

■ far bor«e», 104

fae mockiag Urd^ t/t

far pojToti, 17a

Fool'» [■ "! far, t6

Foot dt .as

- \. -. '.^ ot %t>\

101

— ■ — aand eraclt in, tot

■■■— ' mc la ihorp, ^
Foauk, 10 pfcacrvc, 471
Fouodcr, lot
Fowli, lo bwil, ya

- choice of, $1
i« cooli wltcn old. 5B

ohl. 1 1%

• Id roau, 51

aaitce far, 53

••- f wtUl aoiook, 51

y 1S4

t- l-tcfar. 16

Fi.n..ii. i.. ..,-raa, tot
Frminea tgiltl, to rnovate, 1)6

to prcveAl nic« Kiding, i}6

Frmncipatmie wap, jtA

Freckle Umioh, 74
FrDck'c*, s\ft, lijfi
Ftccxuig in ccliian, tt, laj

preparauon, 371

French crement, 17

- ■ polish, »ii
while. 71

Froco painting, 951
Fresh water acquanim, l64
Fnl, to makr, 390
Fhitcn. apple. 41

tomaioe, Ci

Fn»*i bile, 14
FnMt in rriiil, ^i

candy, 4>

cake, s*

drying, 301

■ (driedjw to keep bma wstt,

r^■^

ll^X>. iilF^rii Ml, III

ovcrboamc tjt

topfwncrtnmnbbkMSI

i4

y .71

528

INDEX,

Funuture. to take bniiies out o( 156
■ oil, 354

paste, 254

III— varnish, 471
Fun, to dean, 184

- I . ■ coloring and djreing, X93
•^— ^ dreuing, 193

-I.— - home made, 185
•11 I moths in, 175

- — - to prcMTve (rom moths, 185
to select, X84

- ■ ■ to tan, iga

Gad fly on sheep, 94
Galled back, 101
GaUein, 47a
Gall soap, 317
Galvanic lattery, 399
Galvanizing irmi, 430, 436
Gapet in chickens, 115
Gardening, window, 133
Garden renise as manure, 138
•^— ^ spiden, to destroy, 133
Garget in cows, 90
Gar^e for domestic use, 73

mucilaginous, 73

^^— to promote sui^eration, 73
■ for throat, 73

Garlic 133

Garments, to cut and make, 334
^— — to renew, 336
Gas burners, 473
■^— — fitters' cement, 34

(hydrogen), to jnoduce, 73

-I — — laughing, 473
light pictures, 344

■ ■ " - meter, to read, 473
■■I- retorts, cement for, 34

■ — ■ ups, leakage of^ 473

■ '■■ - tests for impurities, 47a
■ ■■■ waste of, 47a

Gearing, speed m, 473
Geese, to choose. 53

- to manage, 115
Geizzler's black mk, 3oa
Gems, 53

Geraniums in winter, 473
German cement, 37

- -- blacking, 199
— • paste. 77

■ for birds, 168

Gherkins, pickled, 30a
Gilding, 354, 420

- burnished, 354

Grecian, 430

glass, 354, 39»

■— - ■- to improve, 354

leather, 187, 48a

liquid, 354

out doors, 254

picture frames, 420

polished metals, 43a

■ ■- porcelain, 390
sizing for, 254

■ ■■- - to test, 420

without a battejy, 433

Gilders' glue, 254, 473

Gilt frames, to revive, 156

'■-I- ' ornaments, to clean, 430

Gin, 375

cordial. 375

English, 375
na»37S

HoTlanc

Ginger bread, 53
■ — biscuit, 53

beer, 364

cake, 47

candy, 48

■-■--■ cordial, 374

lozenge, 48, 75

pop. 375

snaps, 53

spice, S3 ^

tincture of, 473

wine, 38s

Glanders, 102

Glass, boreing holes in, 389

I to break in any required way,

389

cement, 33

■ cfaimoeysy 156

Glass or ehuu, to pack, 393, 473
II cleaning, 156
■ " I — for photograi^ 378
■■" o^ors for patotmg upon, 389
to cut, 390

drawing on, 390
etching on, 378, 390
toffttat, 853
gilding «i, 3S4
globes, to clean, 156
^— xa marble, 393
^— to silver, 400
green phial, 391
to grind, 393
gnnders cement, 37
for looking-glass plates, 391
manufikcture of, 391
to ptattniae, 473
pigment! for stuning, 495
to polish, 484
or porcelain, to paint, 393
to stain. 393

silvering, 394
soluble, 304, 396
for floors, 37

tosuin, 39fi

stopple, to loMen, 163, 473

window, 391, 397

to write or draw on, 473

Glassware, to mend, 154

(new), to Sttson, 156

Glaze varnish, 367
Glazing, 354

for earthenware 473, 474

Gleet, 335

Gloves, to color, 337

to dye, 34S
(kid), to dean, 348
(leather), to dean, 349
perfume for, 78

Glue cement, 38
-< flexibl^ 38

gUder», a54j 473

how to use It, 38

- — ■■ uinglau, 480

liquid, 39
• to manufacture, 38

■ marine, 39

■ mouth, 39

■ parchment, 39

gartable, 39
paulding s. 39

■ water-pro<^, 39

Glycerine balsam, 64

cement. 37

nature and use of, 73

ointment, 76

Glyconine for broken surfaces, 73

Godfrey's cordial, 68

Gold amalgam, 421

■' articles, polishing powder for,

" bronze, 40^

■ beaters' skin, 474

■ • — 4 carats, 421

- — 12 " 421

16 '* 431

tS " 431

to dean, 431

— coin, to make, 431
coloring, 431

■ ■ counterfeit, 431

Dutch, 423

■ to enamel, 433
fish, to brreid, r7i

— care of, 171

French, 43a

to gild upon silver, 433

green, 422

■ to heighten color of, 423

imitation, 42a

ink, ao3

lacquer, 433

- — I for tin, 443

leaf, to prevent adhesion oC

ass

^^— mosaic, 433
oreide. 422

- — — plating solution, 43a
-■ - — powder. 433

for bronzing, 43a

4n

Gok^ to Mparate from gihooppv*

sihreTf 433
— — and sdver, to

size, 363

solder, 433

•^-^ thread roo^ 8s
■ ■ test (or, 433

varnish, 367, 443

Golden hair, 39S
——seal root, 8a
Gongz.'^ Chinese, 433
Gonorrhoea, 335
Gootfe, boiled, 53

roast, 53

bushes, mildew 04 134

Goosberry
jam, 303

tnarmalade. 304

vinegar, 381

wine 385

Gopher trap, 185
Gophers, to trap, 185
Goulard water. 86
Goulards poultice, Bz
Gout, 335

cordial, 68

I mixture, 75

remedy for, 8*

■ tincture. 85

Guinea fowl, si6
Gun cotton, 475

powder. 475

Guttapercha, 473
Grafting, 133

" - — •' India rubber

(root), apfde

wax, 133 „

Graham bread, 44
Graining, 355

«33

>33

mack walnut, 355
■ ■■ II mahogany, 355

maple, 355

oak, 255

■ I" nue wood, 356
"— I to wftih, 156
Grain ude blackin|^ 199
Grape catsup, 30a
jelly, 303

- - — wine. 385
Grapes, canned, 30a

to cultivate, 133

(green), to preserve 30«

to keep, 301

Grasses, to crystallize 344
Grass in paved yarde 474
on steep banks, lao

Gravel, 335

in horses, loa

— ■ — pills for, 79

see imperial drops, 69

Gravers, to temper, 409^
Gravy, brown, 53
Gray hair, 338
Grease on books, ijt
-- — ■ in horses, loa

kilting, 2S7

in marble 160

to preserve, 317

1 1 - — to remove, 349
— from carpets, 154

from stone, 156

torefioe 4*3

I spots, balls for, 64

■ on linen, 337

. to remove, 163

in silk, 163

Greasing wagons, 149
Grecian pajnting, 345
Gregory s ink. 902
Green bottle glass, 391
— — bronze, 405

chrome. 256

- com cakes, 53

dye, 349

I " ' enamel, 466
— — houses, ants in, sao
to make 47S

ink, 9oa
mntment, 76

EWMew. S3
State 391
, 356
painti, 356

Schcelc'*. 356

Cnddk cake*. 47
Cnndinc looU, 3r
-— - e"*". 393
CnndUona, ariinca], 475

^" INDEX, ^

Hewt-^um, 936

scctauminativckwenga,

Heart, palpitation of, *36
McAlth. rule* fur pntkcrvins, x^s
Heaves, la
Hcdj[c», barbary, 134

ccdiir, IJ5

to pUkni. 1 14

Heiflhlh, rclaiive.'vrt
HelWbure, atiliJoie for, 16
Hemlock, antidxic Cor, 16

Horses, blanketing, loj

— feet^ bnilkneit of. too

1 carevf, lou

— --^ coatracied, loo

100

sand crack id. lot ^

founder in, loi ^k

giUed back in, rot ^™

Ground tnulu, lo destroy, iSq
Grub, remedy fur, 134
Oruet «-atcr, 53
Guutcsi piK. 171
Gumbo tQup, 60
Cum, chewing. 72

da^dc vamUh, aft/

Gutni. H-uh for, 336, 333
Gun tJarrcin. Lrownine for, 41

Uinting, 185

lo c))o«»M^ 1 36

Hcinorrhase. kc cotton for staunch-
ing, 63

Hciibanr, aolidotc for. 16
Herbs, to dry, 30a
Hen manure, 138

rucnti, lo destroy vcmun on,

116

Hens, to make lay, 116

10 prevent selling, 116

(poor), to lattcn, 10s

siablet for. lo? ^^

in sublcfi on (ir*. 15

metal, 434

Haddock, to fry, $3
Hair, an at hnKhmg, 397

10 dean, 3»7

d/e pomade. 80

dye*, 73, jag

gray. 338, 319

-> golden, 338

00 hoc»e», lots of, joj

- '■' iuj\inng botuKU, 151

Hiccough, »»7
Hide-bound horses, to*
Hides (green 1, to cure, 1S6

to take off. lU

Hive fur bees, to makc^ ai

syrup, 84

Hives, cnaitginK, as

pocitton c^, a»

HoarscncH, aifi, 377
HolTman's .inodyne. 64
HcJe* in iron, to mend. 4x3
Holloway't ointjne&t, 76

p.II», 79

Hollow norn, yj
Honey, artiticial, 476
balsam, 64

liqui.l, 47«

soap. 317

vioc«ar, 380

Huof-bound hones, loa

ointment, 107

quarter, cracKed* loa

Hooks, fishing, i8j
Hop beer, 365
Hop*, to choose, S4, 375
Hotchound, 73
Horn, to ciiUir. 47S

inimtUlionofiortott«sbelI,47B

— ail in cattle, 9a

Horn«of otile, 89
Hursc, bijt hcjd in. 96

btg le-j in, 96

big shoulder in, 96

■ breaking tiawn, 97
~^ lo break o( pawing, 47B

cattraftnn of, 93

when unsound. 104 M

Hose (woolen), to wa.sh, 349 ■
Hot-bed, 135, 309 ™
ilotch-potcu, }3

Household weights and tneastnes, 164
House, to choose in purvhasiog, 137

cleaning, \%h

pUnls, U3

to keep withont fir«, 137

Houses, cci»cut» M (Mveciog frMiui
of. 33

fir rttniCnt tt

■ — ■ - choice of color for, 37

-— lo keep cool in hot weather, 478

when to palui, a^

Hungary water, 86
HyaciDih cuJtarr, 135
Hydrate uf chlural, 67
Hydraulic cement, 37
Hydrogen gas, to produce, 7)
Hydruphobu, sec Intes, 16
in dogs IT*

Ice. camphor, 73 fl

cream. ^ ^|

~ TaspbcTTT. 54 V

— fcuperfluotn, 389

wa\h. rOKmary, 73

wa4h«, 3*9

Halter pulUuK, 103
HameliitS cement, 37
Hams, 10 cure, 30*

- mutton, 30*
HandlcTi (Vnife), to fatten, i^
ILiadk. Ij beautify. 330

car* of, 39

[ dupped. 6$. 330

■ h'm»r. M build, 479

lo leather. 479 ^

" — - lemon water, ^ ^H

Iceing for cake, 47 ^H
Imptiments, care of, ijj ^|
Intpermeable varaislu a^ ,^H
Incense, ?i ^H
Incorritdiue ink, aoa ^|
I tidcliblc ink, -soy ^|
for type, aoj ■

Indestructible ink, so} ^1
lodu cbologogue, 67 ^1

uik, «io3 ^H

to Mieci, to\ ^

lu whiten, 330,

llantfiiiic tuikeu, 476
HarJ»"jp, 317
^^ ■ vvAtcr. to foften. 63

Hariicninit dft-MCeJ, 424

IlarUm n.l, /■-

Ham . 199

Iljnnu-..-;^, 144
1; Kaits'-- M , j. Ih-, -i'5j
K H«r - ., tio

colic i», yS

com* in. 98

couRh in. 96, M

ciilliirt. lo fi(, j)3

deater*, irKkt of, iia

fccdini; on fv^d, 104

■ fulne** c/ Mood in, 97

rubber. artiAcul, 4S0

cement. 37

(good cartl, points ol, 103

power, to unnauu 4*3

paMe blackuig, aoo

■ — vomUh. ttj

water.pnwf fotboottaod

shfics, IJX

Indian lalt«m. 64
roealcitf--. ^4

■ HawL ii^i.. 186

H lisy (c'k'vctI, to maoage. 134

^B. — fever, 11 s

HHe-wl^chc. >]»

H— pill». 79

^vMcad, Kurf ui, 330

to Brow, tjs

— to fcecp, y>3

".77

rify, IDS

Hor»e5. iitc ^i b> ihs IMlb, lOJ
hatdky. 96

34

Inditcauii!. iir ■
ludigo, mnct of, >49 ■

S30

INDEX.

lafttmmation oTbowdik sio

— ^^ of brain, aio

" of legs of bonct, 106

Influenza, 227

Infusion of buchu, 73

Ink. black> 480

copying, 480

■ ■-■ " (India}, to remove mm the

ncsh, 480
-^■^ indelibte printing 480
■■ (marking), to remove, S58

^>-^— mould in, 160

■ tu restore when bded, aos
I rollers for printen, 454
solid, 4S0

stains on boards, 151
— ^ books, 158

dre a goods, 158
linen, 158
mahogany, 158

Inks, all kinds, 300 to »o7
Insect bttei, 11
loiecu on canaries, 169
— to extennioate, 136

■ to preserve, 186
Interests, rules for computtng, 480
Interfering in horses, 105
Intoxication, 3a8
lovigonttur, hair, ^3
Involuntary emissions, aao
Iodine, stains for, 73

soap, 317

Iron and banc, pyrophosphate o( 70

' bitter wine of, 73
baiter, cement for, 35

- — " and calisaya baric, 70

■ -■ castings, to ornament, 437
cement for, 34

■ cement, 37

- — ' to color copper, 437
'■ ■■■ developer, 276

- ■ - to gal van lie, 4*6
" ' to improve, 437

mould, to remove, 158

oxydization ofj 437

pills of, 79

■■■ - to plate, 433

pots, to mend, 163

'■■ to prevent welding, 438

■ ' ■ ■■ ratlings, decay of, 437

■ ' rust cement, 37

■■ rust, to remove, 158
— — — Russian sheet, 433

■— tn silver, 435
■■■ - slag cement, 438

■ '-- ■ and steel, to distinguish, 439
to tin, 409, 438

— test for, 480

- '- ■ to test quality of, 438
' varnish for, 443

. ware (new), to temper, 161

■ ■— ■■■ work, to paint» 437
Ironing, 350

Isinglass glue, 480

size, 357

Italian cream, 54

vamish, 268

Itch, 33S

■ — - ■ bakers, 338
— ^^ barbers. 338

in horses. 105

■-■ - " ointment, 76

yellow dock root for, 8a

Itching chilblains, lotion for, 75
Ivory, artificial, 4B0
■ to bleach, 480

dyes for, 480, 481

——' knife handles, to prevent being
cracked, 158

- '■■ ' to silver, 481, 438

■ to soften, 481

- " to take stains out of, 158
transparent, 481

"^ ■ to whiten, 158, 481

Jamaica rum, 376
Jam, apple, 393

apricot. 394, 303

"— ■ blackberry, 295
■ ^ - cherry, 297
™— cumnt,303

Jan, gooscbeny, 303
peach, 303

■■ plum, 303

raspberry, 303

strawberry, 303

John's bbck ink, 004
apan black ink, 904
' drj-er, 353

varnish, 368

Japanese cement, 37
Japanning on metal, 4^
■ '■— on paper, 438
00 wood, 438

Jars, cement for cracks in, 35

Jaundice, 338

■ ■ — see wild cherry faarit, ^

see dandelion, 68

Jelly, apple, 54. »93. 303

apncoi, 394

-■■^— arrowroot 54

cahres feet, 54, 99^ 303

■^- ■ chicken, 54
—I- hartshorn, 303

«?go, 54» 303

' — shank^ 60 '

Jerusalem artKhoke, 1x9
et, to clean, 481
ewelers' cemeii^ 37
rouge, 499

Jewelry, to clean, 499
ohnny cake, 47
uniper tar soap, 317

Kaltomining, 257
Kalydor for the complexioo, 73
Katnarion for the hair, 73
Keeping accounts, 118

lawns, T36

Kerosene fires, to extinguish, X55
lamp wicks, 159

Ketchup, camp, 303
'— '■ mushroom, 303
walnut, 303

Kicking cows, 90

(horse) in stable, 105

Kid boots, to clean, 153

to restore color o^ 152

to soften, 153

gloves, to clean, 348
■ - to color, 337

Kidney complaint, see imperial drops.
6q

— inflammation of, 238

(of horses), inflammation of.xos

Killing and dressing poultry, 116

grease, 257

knots, 357

Kirdlings, Are, 158
Kissingen water, 86
Kite, to make, 481

Knee-pan displaced in horses, 105
sprung horses, 105

Knife-handle (loose), to fasten, 158

Knives, to clean, 158

— — to preser\-e from rust, 138

Knots kilting. 357

Kourie cement. 38

Labels for plants. 143

for poisonous drugs, z8

Lace (black), to clean, 351

(goldl. to clean, 347, 351

to renovate, 351

(silver), to clean, 351

to wash and iron, 350

(white silk), to wash, 351

Lac red dye, 350
Lacquers, 357

■ colored. 257
Lacquered articles, to clean, 158
Lac varnish, 268
Lama dress, to wash, 351
Ljtmb, to keep fresh, 304^

to judge its quality, 54

(leg of(, to boil, 55

to roast, 54

Lambs, care of, 93

Lamb-skin^, to prepare for ladies orer-
coats. s86

Lamp accidents, to preivent, t<^

■ ■■— chimneys, to clean, 159

"^- ■ — to prevoit breaking^ 159

black, 267

— — — oil, to purify, 489

wicks, home made, 159, 483

Lamps, to clean, 159

■ (kerosene), ttinuDg down the
wicks of, 159
— ^— to prevent smoking, 159
Land, to tfrain, 483
Lard, candles from, 314

to keep from moulding, 304

■—--■■ to prepare pure, 73
Larics, trolling fcK*, 176
Laudanum, 73
Laughing gas, 473
LAundrying. 337
Lavender, essence oC 70
water, 86

Law of copyright, 460
Lawns, keeping. 136
.^— — to trash. 351
Laxitive (female), pills, 79
Laying soft shelleo eggs, X36
Lead, cerate of, 67

■ ■ colic, ars
^-— poisoning, 339
' white, 369

to test, 489

Leaf in copper, 345, 379

- ■ ■ — printing, 378

to take impressions o( 37S

Leak, to stop, 159

Leaks around chimneys. 154

Leather behing, cement for, 35

4}ronzing for, 48a

-^— cement for. 35

and cloth, cement for, 35

■■-'—'— dressing for, 187

— > French patent, 187

■— ■-'■■ — pcnish for, 187

" ' to gild or silver, 187. 48a

— — - of old furniture, to restore, 159

— ~— - oiling, 187

paper, 490 ... , .

^^— (patent), polish fw, 4S3
scraps, 187

seats, blacking for, aoo

to tan, 187

wjrk, 246

Leaves as manure, 138

' ' - ■ ' to preserve, 483

skeleton, 245

to uke impressions o(i 345

Leeches, 73

to apply, 329

Legs of horses, broken, 106

inflammation of, 106

swelling of, 106

Lemonade, 375 _

effervescing, 376

milk, 375

»e.

■'■ portable. 375

powder, 81

Lemon acid, 304

betr, 3(15

cake, 47. 55

candy, 46

for cough, 46r

pie. 55. 58

sauoe. 55

sherbet, 377

syrup, 377

^—~' water, 55
ice, 54

wine, 387

Lens, burning, 453
Lettuce, to grow, 134

in winter. 136

Leucorrhea, 229

pills for, 79

Lice on apple trees, 118
' calves,

cattle,

--— ■- fowl, ii(

— — house plants, 143

pigs, 93

Light pliiaL 483
Lighten (to), tbirk roomi. 96
Lightening rods, 499
to erect, aS

t

^ /A'Z?£X "

^^^^^^^^ 53« H

lichtt, twngalf 483
U&c dye, 3s«

Miupiefttaa, ef1erresctn[ itperieat, 64
Mnno^nVi cement (or, 35

Metal, to clean, 4)0 ^H

sheathing lor shipl, 4)0 ^^H

licju bcariK »t

for icIcKopct. 430 ^^H

Lime, antitloic (or, 17

lo. 160

for type, 450 ^H

MeUls, cement for, 33 ^^H

- — — ink suin&. 15S

Eaocy coloring for. 430 ^^H

water, 86

varnish. iC>B

inltA for writing on, S04 ^^H

%f^lt-liquora, lo bottle. 367

Liocn, to bleach. 34a

Mandrake or may ai>j]lc. 75
Man£c in aii(le, B9

welding, 44S ^^H

in dos», 171

Metbeglm, 376 ^^H
Mice girded trees, 10 save, 140 ^^H

Manure, converting bones into, 1^7
nrden rcTiifte u, 1 38

Microscope, home made, 485 ^^H
Microscopic cement. 38 ^^^^H

— -^ pnotogniphy. ySo ^^^^^^H

Micrmcopicafotnects, 483 ^^^^^^|

—* mould from, 159

tuinsfrom, 159, 351

— Heap, monajteacni oU 137

- fii niiL^ fi rw¥^ ra WM^f tAn

hen. 138

" ■ lU lfl«lKC IIIC^fcTWl^ ■#Vw

liquid. 118

— oifht toil, Jii

48s ^^^^1

on cotton cloth, 346 ^^^^^^|

to remove. t6o, 35a ^^^^^H

10 uke ink out of, IS9

fcawduit attd duK ai, iiS

vable, 136

Lines, ^ihing, iSi

Manuscript, catitnate of. 483

Lintmcnl, arnica. 74

preparation <A, 483

Map colore, 4B4

Mdkofalmoods, 75 ' ^^^^|

(Woody), in cowi, 90 ^^^^H

varnish, 484

Maple bcCT. i*5

KmininjE, ijs

conaensed, 30s ^^H

elcciro-majfnctic, 74

fooJ um-mUB, 74

of cows, to increase, 91 ^^H

nerve and bone, to6

tree*, lo lap, 138

to deodari/e, 140 ^^H

MarWc, artificial, 484

fi>r tpr.uns in hotsc*, 106

Laniment,«, 74

to clean, 160, 4B4

fever in cows. 91 ^^H

maaagemeoi wi, laa ^^H

ofto«a.7s ^H

-- — " to cut and polish, 484

160

Ltiuecd oil. 10 bleachf 358

sicknesA, 331 ^^H

Lip«, chapped, 330

■ — ■ '- stain ine, 4S4
Marbled toapLatli, 318

to test richness of, 140 ^^^|

Lip taive. 81

to preserve, 305 ^^H

Marbling Cv books, 451
Marbles, ^jr jukI white, 358

red. 74

of wax. 7S ^^^^H

whey. S5 ^^^^H

Liquid Ltackmc 900

-to imitate^ 95B

Milkmg cows, 91 ^^^^^^H

Italian, ajfl

Marking ink, 904

■ ' ■ ■ in silence. 140 ^^^^^^|

tn take out, 158, 204

^— for parcels, 104

Markctine. hints 00, 160
Manne glue, 39

Mill picks, to harden, 434 ^^^^^1
Mines pie. ^^^^H
Mineral candles, 314 ^^^^^^|
water kyrups, I4 ^^^^^^|

g'ue, J9

■ UMp, J17
LKliKir>, ciilunn; for. 373
Lttnot{raplicr» ink, aoo. M4

Mink breeding. 187, 18S ^^^^^|

Ltthogr-tphK paper, ^79

to trap, 189 ^^^^H

Mirrors, amalgam for. 3S9 ^^^^^H

jUKWcberry, 304

Lithography, 979

Liver, iitll.uninJliao of, 999

to pUtinixe. 485 ^^^1

Miktura spintus vmi galUci, 1\ ^^^|
Mitchel's Wisam. 64 ..^^^H

LockjaMT. i<). «9 .

orance. 304

Logs to present ^plutlfic, 48:1
Lookinj-kcl^k^o, to clout, t6o
Lotion of chlortnated Mda, 73

-— — red currwit, 304

Mutng pawts, 159 l^^^^^^l
cough. 75 ^^^^^^1

Mam»w pomade. Bo

gout. 73 ^^^^^B

frecWc. n

MifUiinallot*- DinimenI, 77

Mockuig bu-ds food for, 171 ^^^^^1

Mmik: i-aminh, 3bB

Matches, to make. 484

Modeling ^^^^^^^^1

Lawfie. 483

Mats, sheep^kms (or, tot

Moiree metallique, 430 ^^^^^^|

LoKctisc, carminative, 75

Mattins, to brifhtcn, 483

ilola«es. sfi, 365 ^^^^B

couah. 73

Mead.37«

candy, 48 ^^H

kcatim; », 7S

Meadow salfron, antidote lor, 1 7

Mules. >j6 ^^1

McMlovt, wora out, 130

Money, oounierfeit, 461 ^^^^^H
Monk s hood, anudote for, 17 ^^^^^1

wed, 75

M««^.JO

Lumber, r.ict-» about, 4^3

Monochn>m.ilic drawinr, S47 ^^^^^H
Moon<cye m horses toO ^^H

Luminnus ink, 704

Measures, ubie of. 485

Lun.>r cauitic. nntidoie for. 17

Meal (fresh), lo keep. 305

Mopping Aoon. i5« ^^H

liUns*, blc«dini{ rruin, it

— ifrDtcn), lo keep, 3*3

M'lrrocco. to dye, tSo ^^^^^H

)8 .^^^^1

paaada, 55

hydraulic >8 ^^^^^H

- to prrvcrve, 305

MotquilMCs. to binuh. 1 7$ ^^^^H

«ewed, s%

Lye, W make, 317

lc*i fot hjd, 5s

Mote work. 147 ^^1

Mcdtls, molds for, 4>9

on nwU, $03 ^^H

ICaeanHii. boiled. 5s

Medicute, Ub(e for adiiuniatcriajb 8a

Mother of peir), ocmcBt tat, 3$ ' ^^H
Uoth pal Jiev 330 ^^^^^^k

M«Ca«ur Oit. 76

Mclnn mantc**, 305

MActmicry otl. 473

Mclono, t» i^mw, t j^

Moths in carpets. 73, l^ ^^^^^^|

Mackerel lo try, 5$

barrel ci»Uure fiar, i}9

iu doibmg, ^^^^^^1

Maddrr lake. 3$fl

Men«c«. piiU to pfMMie. 79

Menitruuioa, sje

Maderi «me. ^

(obttmctedn pabftr. 79

Ma^. : pet, 4ij

mrcs (or, 49s

. ". »79

lUgi.-,!., ...aM.»iat« oi;66

-—7- wumed. Jjt
Mertnoa, c» wash, jsa

UouUfiag icwes in ^f, 4M ^H

Mercurial batterv, jgg

— — ^-^Wr"!«.4«i ^1

]|flfrauu% 4>4

MCUI. bcU, 40O

I-MI»«« ^H

S3^

JNDBX.

Moulding fieures in ynx^ 486

the Uce of a penoi^ 486

Mould in mucilage. 487
-"■—■' in safes, to prevent, 486
Mouldy substance in rooms, 486
Moultiojc of birds, 167, 17S
Mountain laurel, antidote fiar, 17
Moumiofc dresses, ,146
Mouth disease in cattle, 88

glue 39

pasuUes, 77

■~^— (sore), in hones, 106

'— unceleration o^ a3X
Mucibn, 39

lor Eabds, 487
»alep^39

mould in, 487

Muddy water, to dear, 163
Muffins, 56

Mulberry wine, 387

Mule, the, 106

— — splint on, 106

Mulled egg, 56

Mumps, 331

Muriate ofbarytes, antidote for, 17

' ■ of tin, antidote for, 17

of tin, 443

Muriatic acid, antidote for, 17
Mush for stock, 93
Mushroom catsup, ^6

beds, artificial, 14X

jelly, 3<n

Mushrooms, boiled, 56

- — ' to distinguish from poisooous

fun^, 56
■■'■'■■■ (poisonous), antidote for, x6
' ^ to pickle, 305

■ to preserve, 306
-— ■ " to stew, 56
Musical instruments, to itain, 487
Musk, essence of, 70

soap, 318

— — dndure of, 85
Muskrat, to skin, 189

skin, to tan with fur on, 189

—— ■■- to trap, 189

Muslin, to make nre-proof, 160

to wash and iron, 350, 353

t Mustard, aromatic, 487

French, 56

plaster, 80

table, 56

Mutton broth, 56

to judge its quality, 56

to roast, 56

' to stew, 56

Myrrh dentifrice, 69
Myrtle soap, 313

Nails, biting the, 330

(finger), care of, 330

to whiten, 331

Names, sienificatioo of, 487
Nankeen dye, 35a 1

Nasal gleet in horses, zo6 \

Nature printing, zSt ■

Navicular disease, 106 \

Neat's foot oil, 489
Neck, enlarged, an '
Nectar, cream, 376
Negative, an auxiliary, 981
— — "' bath, 373

preservation of, a8i

fixing, 281

■ preservers, 28a

Neroli, essence of, 70

Nerve and bone liniment, 106

Nervous piU, 79

Nervousness, 231

Neufchatel cheese, 127

Neuralgia, 331

"■ see Dr. Peabody*s cure, 69

Nickel plating, 430

Night'Oiare, 233

-■ soil manure, 38

Nipple), sore, 332

Nitre, antidote lor, 17

Nitrate of silver, 75

- ■ ■ — -^ antidote for, 17

- — -^ suuni, 163
Nitric add, antidote for, 15

Nitro-glycertne, 489

Nose-bleed, la, 23a

Noses (large), to make small, 331

Nursing sick children, 333

NutmegSf to select, 57

Nux voiiuca, antidote for, 17

Oak graining, 355
^^^ trees, 148
— — ^-amish, 368
Oat cakes. Scotch, 57
Oats, to cultivate, 141
seed, 145

Odor of flowers, to obtain, 7J

of paint, to remove, i6x

Oil, Briush, 76

(rf* cassia, 76

of cedar, antidote for, 17

doth, to brighten, 483

in cloth, i6i

— cream, cod liver, 76

— drying, 353, 258

— (essential), to extract firom
flowers, 76

— to extract from boards, 151

— furniture, 254, 358

— hair, 76

— Harlam, 76

— (kerosene), to test, i6x

— king of, 76

— (lamp), to purify, 489

— of lemons, to preserve, 490

— linseed, 258

— for machinery, 490

— in marble, zoo

— neat's foot, 489

— of orange flowers, 76

— of orange, to preserve, 490

— pointing, to prepare canvasi
for, 274

— parchment, 400

— prepared, 358

— (rape), to purify, 490

— of TTiodiuro, 76

— of roses, 76

— Rowland's macasser, 76

— rue, antidote for, 17

— of savin, antidote for, 17

— for sewing machines, 431

— of spike. 76

— of tansey, antidote for, 17

— of tar. antidote for, 17

— turpentine, 76

— varnish, 268

— ofvitrol. antidote for, 17
for watches, 431

Oiled floors, 26

paper, 491

Oiliness in ink. 204
Oiling leather, 187
Ointment of belladonna, 77
cream. 76

green, 76

glycerine, 76

H otto way's, 76

^—— hoof, 107
itch, 76

— marshmallow, 77
pile. 77

bisson s, 77

Sloan's, 107

stramonium, 77

Oleographs, 490
Olive enamels, 466
Omelette, 57
Onions, boiled, 57

- — — to cultivate, 57
to keep, 306

to pickle, 306

roasted, 57

Opium, antidote for, 17

culture, 143

extract of, 71

Powell's, 77

tincture of. 6$

Opodeldoc, liquid. 77
Opticans' cement, 38
Orange dye. 353

enamels, 466

" flowetv oil of, 76

Onuige Jdly, 54

-^— •^ mannalade, 304

ped, caAdK^soS

|rie,58

iherbc^aTT

Onngeftd^ 370
Orchmiih tonuou^g^ 143
Orgeat. 376
Oriental painting, 047
■ — - rusma, 69
Ornaments (brass), to dean, 151
Ostrich feather*, to dean, 348
Otters, to skin, ii

to trap,

in

Otto of roses, 77

Ovens (new), to temper, z6z

Over-reaching, 107

Owl trap, 186, i^

Oxalic acid, antidote for, z8

Oxygen, to ptepare, 77

Oysters, are they beutbjr, 57

-■— - artificial, 57

to bake, 57

catsup, 306

to fiy, 57

patties, 57

pickled, 306

■ — — to roas^ 57

soup, 57

stew, 57

vegetwe, 63

Packing china or glui^ 373, 393

nints on, 490

Paint, black, 350
— blue, 250

- — — brown, 250
" -' dieap, 259

- "— chestnut, 250

■ ■■ to clean, i6x

fire-jproof^ 253

■ flexiole, 359
green, 356

■■ milk, 360
(oil), to reduce with water, 260

petrolium, 26

Prussian blue, sfa

quick drying, 353

red, 262

to remove odor of, 161

torn stone, 490

skins, 260

spots, balls for, 64

watet 'proof. 269

white, 269

yellow, ,271

rinc, 271

Painting, 358

.intique, 343

brick buildmgt, 35

fresco, 253

flower, 384

Grecian, 245

^ — class or porcdain, 393

nouses, 25

■ • ■— iron work, 437
■ ■ — oil, 38a
■• — Oriental, 247

outside houses, 359

rules for, 259
theorem, 248

white washed walls, 370

water color, 283

Paintings, to preserve, 383

to restore, 383

Painters, rules for, 363
Paints, to mix, 359
Pain extra a<H. 77

killer. Perry Davis*

Palm soap, 318
Palpitation of the heart, 336
Palscy in horses, 107
Panada, bread, 58
chicken, 58

Panama hats, 476
Paper, copying, 490

■ flowers, 347

.,— — from oat i^am, 49X
——- fumigating, 77

■ ■ — hanging, 360
— hangings, to dtea, 161

Paper, paste for. a6i

^^ (pouonom) lest for, i6i

■^ IXDEX. ^"

PetroUum, (refined) to dccolorire, 49s

improved method of threat-

ment, ^9$

Pewter, 431

to clean, 161

Fh«ti>ii'k hair oil, 76

Phenyl paper for ptCMrving meat, 305
Phial elus, 393
Philocoroe, 80
Phosphorous patte. 77
Photograph culortDg, 386
Photographic cotlotGoo, »75, aW,

lif^ht, afi;

Pilli, for gravel, 79 ^^
Holloway^, 79 ^1

• for o'buructed meastruation, 79 ^H,

— oilej. (qi

parchment, ^qi

U> remove ttaiOA (roto, i6i

■ — - rimbarb. 79 ^^1

for tick headache, 7^ ^H

to lugar coal, 79 ^H

Pimpkt, 10 cure, jjt ^H

dry. 13J ^^^^1

Pittchbeck. 431 ^^^H
Pioc apple rum, }?« ^^^^1
Pink uuccn, 79 ^^^^^^1

dy^ 3 S3 ^^^^H

Pip in birds. \*A ^^^^H
Pistachio nut meal, 318 ^^^^^H
Pitch plasier, 80 ^^^^^|

Papuloui *caII, >j«
ParabolK cement. 38
Parclimcnt eIuc, yq

seal*. 290

Photographids on wood. 990

Photograph*, to clean i;Lak» for, 378

to dreu for, a86

enameling, 3B6

to repTodiKe when faded, ^78

Photographcn, new light for. »8;
Photography, microKopic. a8o
Photo-gaTvanogiaphy, 3B7
Photo-Ulbogrophy, ^T*
Photo- lithographic proccu. aS8. 495
Phytic BalU for horaea, 96. 107
Piccalilli, 307
Pickkd beef. 195

Pitting in imall pox. 334 ^^^^^H
Pique* to wa*h. jji ^^|
plague, cillle, 89 ^H
Planks, to preveut spitting, 4I3 ^^|
Plant*, boxc4 for startmg, 143 ^^|
house, I43 ^^

Piregoric, 77
PuTDU. cage* for, 17a

10 leach, i;a

Panley, lo dry^ 306
Parsntpc, to boil. 58

UbeU for, n'j " H

Plant specimens, prcscrvatioo oi, 308. ^H

Plaster, idhesive, 496; ^|

casting in, 454 ^H

cast* to take. 496, 49? ^|

to raise, 14a

Parsnip wine, 387
Partitions, ai
Partridges, to boU, s7

P«c.S7

Paile far btnb, 168

blackini;. aoo

» German, 77

— ■ (0 kcrp a year, 39

Piclcling taWwijc, ag6

court. 68, 79 ^

frgures. lo gtre a browe cp-

pearance to, 431

— — cucumben, 198 •

EgBS 999

■- — hints un, 157

" ^ ■ - muihroonu, J05
onion », J56

~ for paper iuineing, zot

— — phoftphoroiu, 77

Picklei, copper in, 307

— • — French, 307

India. 3o«

PKiure frames 495

to uild. 4>o

lo prevent flies from in*

juring. 161
■ ■ ■ tn pnnt from the print itself,

Pictures to hang, t6i

— for magK tantetiu. 49s

for »cfap bookft, 40

for wratls 49t

Pastilc«. rucnigatini;, 77

rheumatic, 80 ^^^^^1

stytic. 80 ^^^^H

Plastering, 39 ^^^^H
Plate, to clean, i6t ^^^^H
Plazrd metal to teat, 431 ^^^^H
Plate*, hot caM cnolitc, iSj ^^^^H
Pbting without a battery, 43a ^H
' on iron, 43a ^^|

Patent medicines compotitioa oC 49s
Pavement, stiect, 493
Peach, borer, 143

P'e. 58

Pblintrtng gUsa, 473 ^^^^^H
Fleunty ^^^^^k
Pfowing, 144 "^^^^^^1
Plows (ruityl 10 clean, S44 ^^^^H
Plumbago, to tcsL 498 ^^^^H
Plumben cement. j8 ^^^^H
Phim cheese, 309 ^^^^^1

10 grow, 143 ^^^H

jam. 303 ^^^H

to pmerve. 309 ^^^^H

— puddinc. 59 ^^^H

Pbeurooflia in hones, 107 ^^^^H
Pointer dog, 180 ^^H
Pouon dogwood, antidote for, xA ^H

Potsootag, lead, bm ^H
Poisonous dnigs, labeU for, 18 ^^^^H

Po«*nnk, Antufote for. i9 ^^^^^H
Poltih. French, 161, 49^ ^^^^H
Poluhing glaaa, 393 ^^^^H
iron, to kcrp ftofi nict, 43a ^H

powder, 4ja H

wood carving, ««a ^H

Pomade, caLStor oil. to ^H

worm, ISO

Peaches, to can , 306

Pigtcos, to test frcihneis of, s8

to itew, j9

Pigtiteiit« for suined glass, 495
Ptfi. Uind inggcn io, 93
lice 00, 93

10 peal. ^8

Peanut culture. 14J
Pearly to huld, 431
Pearl inlaying, 493

P^LTv to balic, 58

Pea*. ((Tcca) to preMrre, ^o-

Pcaalrv cement. 38

Peau r>' Eapagnc, 78

PecUK^l drupa, 69

Pesced boot*, to prevral ripping, 15*

Pencil drawtuck, tjt

Pencils, black ka«l, 494

-= to arfect. 9J ;

Pie, cocoonut. 49
- — - cream. 5*
lemon, 5s, 58

orange. $8

partridge, 57

peach 58

pumpkin, 58

Pile ointment, 77
Pile*. *3»

PiUows. leather. 469
PilU. ague. 78
ofaJoe*. 78

anti-btliou^ 78

t)randrcchi;8

carboiute af iron, J*

■' calhanic. 78

chalybeatt:. 79

chamomile. 79

cough, 7J

dinocr. 79

emmcwofoe. 79

peppermint caraial, 374

Pefoaaion cap% priming powder &r.

Pecfuffte oH rtowen. 10 cxtnci, 78

Permanent ink, 304
Perpetual ink, 904
Pmrolcun pMai, ttv

^^^^1

Pomatum, black aiith. •» ^^^H
East Inda, to ^^^^H

534

INDEX.

Pomatum, mairoir, 80
— — phtlocome, 80
■ ■- ■ rose, 80
Ponceon. 353
F<qitar bark, 65
Poppv, extract of, 71
Fbrcelain, to make, 499
— ^ - pictures on, 385
Fork as food, 59
Portable esgi, 299
glue, 39

Pbiter, 376

ttling, 376

uie. 387
direct).

PositiTCS (direct), on gbus, aSS
Posological table, 80
Potash, antidote lor, 18

yield of, 318

Potassium, bromide oC 66

i suphocyanide oC 500
PWatoe paste, 58

bread. ^S

Potatoes, to bou, 59

■ ■■ ■ bug. to destroy, 144
•^— ^ eanhins up, 143
-^— (frosted), starch from, 506

to flTT, W

— — — maihed, 59
■ ■ ■ pudding. 50

- — "■ raising under straw, 143
scones, 59

seed, MS

snow, yi

■ ■ ■■ ' sprouting. 309

Coring, 309 r

sweet. 143,309

■-— - rot, .preveotton of, 143
Potdumoni, S4S
Pot-pie. chKken, 49
^ts (ironK to mead* 16s
Potted bee( 43

meat, 55

Pottery, 498

Poudre subtle, Delcroiz*!, 69

Poultice, charcoal. 81

" — ' Goulard's, 8x

- — — hemlock, 8x

yeast, 81

Poultry, to fatten, 114

to kill and dress. 1x6

for market, 1 16

Powder, ague, 81

baking, ^2

■ ■--■ composition, 8x
condition, 8x

Dover's, 8z

- ' filtering, 8x
ink, ao5

— ^— lemonade. 8x
— — pearl, 81

- — rose (ace, 8x
■ ■ scidlitz, 81

tooth, 8t

Powders, cleansmg, 107

■ condition, 107
Pox, chicken, 233

I ■ cow, 233
■ small, 233

_ (small), pitting in, 234
Precipitate, red, 77
Preserving animals, 190

■- - ■ ■ birds, 176

. eggs. 299

fresh meat, 305

green grapes, 30X

■~— — insects, 186
-^-^— milk, 305
— ^— mushrooms, 306
Primrose vineear, 381
Prince Ruperts drops, 393
Printed books, to bleach, 500

' ■ sheets, to clean, 500
Printers' type, 430
Printing ink, ao4
■——■■- rollers, 500
Prints, to bleach, 500
— -— - to transfer to glass, 286
' to prevent faduag. 353

i^pogation ofsalowa, 19a

Proud flesh. 333

Prusic add. antidote fiw, x8
Prussiaa blw. >63

__-_ dye. 34X

Pudding, f^^MCv 4X
- — ' ■ arrowroot, S9
— -^ birds nes^ 59
— — — bread, 46

green com. 53

half pay, 59

Indian meal, 54

plum, 59

potttoe. 59

nee, 59

nra and apple. 59

— -^ tapioca, 6i
■ tematoe. 6a
PuUeyi. speed o^ 473
Pulmonic wafen, 86
Pumpkins ammigst cora, X44

drying. 309;

'" ■■ for riwumattam, yu
Pumpkin pie, 58
Pumux stone. 963
Pump, self-acting. 500
Punch. 3:;6

milk. 376

Puppy, tt) choose, 170
Purctuuing a hoiue, 157
Purasuive oalls Sir hotMS. 96
Purmcation of water, 163
Purple dye. 3sa
--— — enakiiias, 466
■ — — ink, 305
' '■— stain, mj
Putty, glaziers'. 40

polUher, 43s
to remove, 169

■ ■ to soften, 140, a6s
Pyrogallic acid dcvooper, 176

Quail trap. 197
Queen bees, to rear, 93
Queens-ware, to make, 500
Quince, tt> cultivate, 144

marmalade, 304

■■ ' to preserve, 309

wine, 387

Quinine, substitute for, 8x
Quinsey, 334
Quills, to prepare, 500
Quilts, to wash, 346
Quittor in horses, 108

Rabbits, to cook, ^

to feed. 173

habits of, 173 ■

■ ■ to keep from apple trees, xi8,

to rear, 173

■ to test, 59
■ — ■■ to trap, 190
Rabies in dogs, 170
Raccoon, to catch, 190

skins, to prepare, 190

Radishes, to grow. 144
Rag carpet, 500
Rauroad signals, 50X
Rain, to produce, 144
Raisin wme, 387
Rancid butter, 453
Rape oil. 490
Raspberry ice cream. 54
■ cordial, 374
jam, 303

syrup, 378

vinegar, 381

wine, 387

Raspberries, to grow. 144
Ras[», 419

to recut. 419

Ratafia. 376

Rat-proof com cribs, xsS
Rats, to destroy, 175
Raynor's depitatorv, 69
Razor, to hone and strap, 501

paper, 501

—~~- strap paste, 501

to renew, 163, 503

^ed cement, 38

Red enamels, ^67

hiiienuc3S4

ink

,^

mwiaer.354

paints, 36a

precipitate, Sa

■^—~ raspberry, 8a

—''— stau, 363

• — — water in sheep^ 95

Reels, fishing, iSa

RdirigenitOT. home made, sos

Relative height and weigl^ ypa

Remedy for dnmkeness Sa

PUt,&3

Rennet, 144

■ ' to use, X44
Renting a house. 157
Resin*oiI Lok, 205
Restorative, hair, 79
Revalentia Arabica, 8a
Rhubarb, to dry. 310

pill. 79

■ ■" to preserve, 3x0
■ — - root, 8a

tincture of, 85, 5d9

transplanting, 144

■ vinegar, 381

wrine, 387

Rheum in biros, j66
Rheumatic alteruivc^ 64
— — ■- fluid, 71
liniment. 74

■ ' poster, 80
Rheumatism, remedy for, Sa, B^ 934
-— — see Dr. Kittradgc's remedy, 69
infbmmatory, 90a

■ '■■ in cows, 90

in horses, soa

-■— ■" in sheep, 95
Rhodum, oil ci. 76
Ribbons, to keep. 163

to iron, 337

to wash, 3SS ,

Rice and apple pudding 59

bread, 45

flour cement, 38

pudding, 59

Riding a horse, k
Ringtwne, 108
Rings (bull), to insert, 93
Ring (tight), to remove, 335
Ringworm. 235

horses, to8

Roaring in horses, 108
Roasted onions, 57
snipe, 60

Roast patndges, 57
'■ veal, 6a
venison, 63

Roads, repairing, 502
Robin, to tame and feed. 173
Rock blasting, 502

work, artificial coral for. 50a

Rocks, to remove. laa. 145
Rods, fishing. i8t
Rolls, beefsteak, 44
Roman cement, 36. 38
Roofing, cheap, 29
Roc^s, composition for, 99

fire-proof wash for. 503

- ■ •'■■'■ moss on, 503

(tile), cement for, 36

of thatch, 30

of tin, 29

Room, to cool, 235

walls, cement for, 35

Rooms (dark), to lighten. a6
Root, alkanet, 83

beer, 565

gold thread, 8a

— — golden seal, 8a

■ — grafting. 133

- ■— rtiubarb, 8»

■ — - yellow dock, 83

Roots, to dry, 310

— "— to preserve, 310

Rope, to make flexiUe, m

Ropes, to compute streng a oC 5at

Rose buds, to pce^erv^ 310

colored onanal^ 467

Kasc, pink, 8s
njth, »30

wnter, 86

wood p^ininf, »s6

lo imiuie. a<>3

' iUin, 963

Ros««, mcncc of, 70

■ milk of, 75

iniklew on, ifo

- - oil of. 76

otto o/, 77

pofnuium of. 80

RoKoury hair waih, 73

hair oil, 76

Rofin Hup, 318
Rouge. Ss

Rouii in fuwelt, 117

Rubber b«x)tt and $hoes, to mendi. 154

hose, to inctid, 16a

Rug, to make, t6a

. (fthciriMkin), to clean, i6x

Ruling ink, 205

Rump gland obstnictioa in binSt, 167

Rum, Jam-nica, 176

- pilic upvie, J76

- — Santa Lru2, 376

SC Lioix, 376

- ■— thrub, 376
Runaway hoiyc*, I08
Runnct, 14^
Rupture in noraes 109
Rusiian bath, 109

fhcct iron, 435

Rust, to keep fiom tools, jx

stcci, 163, 43t

— (iron), tx> remove, 158

to ixmuve, 163. 41J

to prevrni in tea Kettlc», 51

in wheat. 150

Rtiftty plowv to clean, 144

Rye bread, 45

10 CuJiivate, 145

Sadtet a b Frangipaime, 8x
belitrbpe, 8a

perfume, 78

ro«, 83

Saddles wooden, 47B
Safes, mould in, 480
Sago bread, 4 j

- ■■ - to cuJuvate, 145

jelly. 54. 301

Salad, cucumber, 51
Saline draui;hi, ^77
Kalnon, propogatMin of, igo
Salt in huiking chiniocyfe, 455

fiih, to freshen, 51

■ of kmuns, $03

«— ■ ■ in fcoap making, jiS

water loap, ]if^

Sailing butter, \i\

■ ■ ■ cabtu|;e pTants, 194
Salta for kmctling bottlca, B)
Stive, balm oTUdead. Sa

bUck, 8a .

hailing, 450

- — brown^ it

Conklin't, 83

felon, 83

■ green uouniaio, 83
^-^^ iCitridgc's, 83

Up. 83

Kussun, »i

Sand ii»D&, fo tnaKC. 503

Sandwich cake. 47
Santa Crus rum, 376
Sanul wood ftM(?. 319

ipin* of, 503

Sanimiine lorent^cf, 75
Sapoiiacemu CTCWB of J
SamjoiMilti, 83

- CKiracloC 7«
~ — mead, 370

»yr«p. 378

ittsufrai. 83

beer, 365

Sauce, apple, 41

CDutrtey, 60

■^-^— cranberry, 50

Aih. 51

- Cor fowU, $3

3»»

Sauce, lemon, $5

Khirley, 60

WorccfticTkhire, 60, 311

Sauerkraut, lo nuke, 310
Sawft, to mend^ 433

icmpcnng, 433

Saw tcetii, shape of, 433
— ^ lo put in order, 43}

teeth lo kharpen, 434

Scab in sheep, 93

Scald heads, 7^6
Scolds, 19

and butnt.

Scaifr, to dean, 336

(c»hmere>, 10 dean the while

middle uf. 3c6

— to wakh, 3SO
Scarlet dye. 355. 356

(ever, 234

- — — ink, 10$
Scenting iickAps, ^19
Schiedam »chnapp4, 377
SchioKao cement, 38
Scones, potaioe, S9
Scorched linen, to roiore, 160
Scotch brusc, 46

butler candy, 4B

Scouring floor*, 155
Scour* in calvea, ^
Scratches 235

in horses, too

Screws and nuu^, to looten, 503
. - -■ in soft wood, 30
Scrofula, 335

Scurf in the head, 330
Scurvey, 935
Sea biihing, 448
Seal eitgraveis cement. 3S
Sealing ynxj. (ill colon), 40
Sea sickness, >-}^
Season for trapping, 199
Sca«oning new gUtAware, l^
Seed, barley, 145

com, 145

to improve, 14J

oota, 14s

Seed, potatoes, 14}

to iclcct, f4S

10 lest viiaUty of, US

~—— wheal. 145

■ ^ - quantity lequtred in planting,

Seedlac varnish, sM
Sctdlilc powdery 8t
Seive trap, ii>7
Senna, extract of, jt
Seniituinc b»lli4. tfi
Self-sucking cows, 91
.Selling hen», 1 16

— InipS. 14s

Sewing ouchinc oil, 431

■ btDiaoa using, 503

Sea of canaricn, 168

eggi, 1 14

Shade tree*, to plant. 348
S'lOmpoo liquid, yi3
Shank jelly, 60
Shaving cream, 68

liquid, 504

pane. 319. S04

soap, 319

Sha*l>. to clean, 35O
Sheariiig sheep. 95
Sheathing for shtpk, 43a
Sheep, age of. 93
—'— catarrn in, 94

- to fatten, 94
foot rot in, 94

hayracks for, 94

inliamn>atian of longs in, 94

1 'limping fences 94
iiUmg dofs,94

and lambs, can of, 9)

leather, tn dye, tlo

— — In protect from gad Ay, 94

rhcumaiism tn. ^

red water in, 94

scab la, 94

'^— — lo shear, v4

■ skinh, to prepaid for Bttta, tys
^ . — lo tan, 1)1

^^— stretfJifs In, ^4

Sheepskin rugs, lo dean.
Shellac, to blench, juj
variii<.h, a68

Shells, ctchuig, 348
Sliell work, 148
Sherbet. 377

(cmon, 377

-■■ — orange, 377

CcTstan, 377

Sherry wine. iM

Shingles, to pic>-ent decay of, 30

firr-pnMif wash for^ 30

Slups, to vcnlilale, 505
Shirin sauce, 60

Sliin nHoiRS, 10 polish, 356

-- — to March, 337

' coUais, txi dress, ;vS7

to natch, 3)7

Shoeing horses, 109

Shoes, care of, 1 51

Shoe M>les, to save, 337

Shops, din in, 409

Shortness of breath, 79

Show colors for druggists' windows, 8j

Shower ba ih, 309

Sick, food for, 136

■ room, pure air in, *^

visiting, ai6

Signal*, r:iilro3d, 501

Signature*, 10 take fac-similicf o( yt%

Silk (black), to choose. 338

to clean, 357

(colored), to clean, jj;

gilding 00, 5-»4

Erease on, 358

to keep, 537

- ■ reviver. 357
slockjit^^. 10 wa>h, 358

(varnished), to prepare. 505

to do up, 338

wuhing, 3ja

(white), lo lilcach, 3S7

wruiklc^, 358

Silver, lo alloy, 434
to dean, 435

to clean wbeo lanushed in 1

denog. 437

countcrleit. 43$

to enamel, 4as

frosted. 4 35

■ ■ (jcmuin, 43J

lo give luster to, ifi>

imitatior^ 43s

■ ink, loj

to keeji bright. 41^

— leaf, to \arntsh like gold, 4

to make traosp^ircni, 457

ornaments, to dean, ife*

pbie, to talc itatn* of. t6a

pluud caiuUcUidLs, Is da

pbling fluid. 437

solution, 435

— ■— to refine, 437
10 rcstvrt dead white tK

slain*, lo remove, ygi

waste. 10 tvoovcr, 991

to wiiie 00, 4j8

biUcnn£, 415

gUu, 394

■■ ■' iron, 415

ivoiy, 43!

katncr, 1B7

powder, 4j;

10 test. 4«o

4U

Site,

brfmimg, t6j

- gold, a6]

- IDside, tA}

Sizing ur
out.

■sfaigUa^ »57
boots

Biid ahocs in

- for giUiitc t94

- for gold on cbM, jm

- o? Imen, 35>
■■ <«4in. 304

*e«,aj4
[ pre^vationoC i^i

SVm, divc<.^4Mi^ vj6

graftb^ tyi

— — in «aAen, jji

' lo wkitCB, 3L}S

Skuutiag birds, 176

536

INDEX.

Skinning muskrats, 189
— - — otter, 100-

Skins of animau^ compoution o( 193
— ■ coloring and dyeing, 193

■ curing, 193

■ ■ — ■ dressing and tanning, 199

■ preservative! for, 193
~ stretching, 193
Skunks, to trap, 193

Skunk skins, to dradotiiei 193
Slate dye, 158
Slate*, artincia], 505
Sleep for fiumers, 130
— — - for iniants, 237

position in, 237

Sleeping together, 237
Sleeplessness. 236
Sloan's ointmr'nt, 107
Slugs ^d snails, 145

upon wheat, 150

Small pox, 23'

^rkneu in treating, 505

; piutng in, 234

Smoke in furnaces, 471

— stains in matble, 160

Smoked hams, 30s

Smoking chimneys, to remedy, 36

Smut in wheat, 145

Snake bitei, 12

biuen cattle, 89

Snails, 145

Snares for trapping, 193

Sn^KS, roasted, 60

to shoot, X93

Snow, apple, 41
Snuff, catarrh, 83

cephalic, 68, 83

Soai^ arsenical, 193

— — '-' home made, 319

■ making, 31a to 323
Soapsuds bubbles, 506

-■ clearing, 358

Soda cakes, 60
Softening of the biain, an
Soft corns, 2x5

■ soap, 321

Solder for brass or copper, 438

■ ■ - common, 438
-■ hard, 438

silver, 438

• ' soft, 4j8

- — ■ wire of, 446
Soldering castings, 407

ferrules, 438

Soluble glass, 394 to 396

in painting, 263

Solution!, fixing, 291

of sUk, 291

Soothing syrup, 84

Sore mouth in cattle, 89

nipples. 332

Sores (old), red precipitate for, 77
Sorghum culture, 145

vinegar, 382

Sorrel, to rcaiove, i<6
Soundness of limber. 147
Soup, asparagus, 43

ooyd 5, 60

coloring for, 60

— •■ - gumbo, 70

oyster, 57

slock for, 60

— ubiets, 506

■ tomatoe. 62

vegeuble, 60

Sour beer, 366
Spasms, remedy for, 237
Spaulding's glue, 39
Spavin, 109

■ • ■ ■'■ cure for, no
Spawn of fish, to handle, t8o
Specific for dysentry, 83
Specula, polishing powder for, 438
Spermaceti candles, 314

soap, 321

Spiders in ganiens, 132

Spinal affections, Itnament for, 74
Spititus vini gallict. 75
Spitting of blood, 309
Spleen, inflammation of, 237
Splinters, to extract, 337
Spiiot in horses, no

Sfidint in mule, no
Sfxinge, to bleach, 83

cake, 47, 60

paper, 506

--- ■ tent, to prepare, S3
Spots (grease), to remove, 163
— on silk, 163

Sprain, 337
Sprained ankle, ao8
Sprain in horses, t to
Springs of iron wire, 438

(trap), to temper, 438

Squash, to cook, 62

culture, 146

Sftueaking boots, 153
Squinting, 338
Squirrels, to manage, r73

skins, to tan, 194

to trap, 193

Suble on fire, horses in, 15

manure, 136

Stables for horses, 105
Stacks (hay), to ventilate, X34
Staggers in horses, 1 10
Stam (black), for wood, 363

blue, 263

— . cherry, a6j

— •— ebony, 263

for floors, 264

purple, 363
red, 363
rosewood, 363
yellow, 264

Stains on floors, 155

— -■ (ink), on books, 151, 158
^^^— on ivory, 158

of iodine, to remove, 73

- of nitrate of silver, 163
on paper, t6i

Suining glass, 393, 396

pigmenu for, 49s

Satr carpets, 153
Stammering, to cure, 306
Starch, alum in, 358

flour, 358

from frosted potatoes, 506

— glue, 359

— gum At

Tabic, 358
to improve, 359

lustre, 359

polish, 359

Starching, clear, 358
St. Croix rum. 376
Steam boilers, 441

engines, care of, 506

pipes, cement for, 35

Stearine candles, 314
Steel articles, bluing, 404
to preserve from rust, 163

Bessemcr's process of making,

to color blue, 440

to distinguish from iron, 439

dye, 359

goods, to preserve, 441

Hcaton'sprocessofmaking,439

lozenge5, 75

to plate, 432

to remove oluinc from, 440

to remove rust from, 163

to restore when burnt, 440

scaling, 440

Siemcn's, 440

tempering, 440

to toughen, 440

Steers, to break. q6

Jumping lences, 94

Stereoscopic pictures. 391

transparencies, 291

Stewed mcau, 55

oysters, 57

pigeon, 59

veal, 62

Stiffjoints, see Dr. Kitredge's reme-

Stifle stepping, no

Stings of bees and wasps, 19

Stomach acid, 238

bitters, 366

inflammation of, 238

putrid belching of wind from.

Stonc^ artificial. y\ 507

■ — — coating for wood, 31

cement (or, 36

facades, to clean, 507

preserving sur&ce m, 30

varnish, a68

■ * ware, to manufacture, 50S
Stones, to remove paint from, 490
Stopper (glass), to remove, 163
Stoves, iMacking, 163

■■'■ — cement for, 36
—— — to keep from rust, 508
to mend cracks in, 508

Stramonium, antidote for, 18
ointment, 77

Strangles in horses, ito
Strawberry, cordiali 374
■ ■-— culture, 146

ice cream, 53 ■

jam, 303

plants, 146

■ ■• ■■ vinegar, 381

wine, 388

Straw bonnets, to bleach, 359

to clean, 359

to dye, 359

■■— to vanush, 359

—~-~ color, 359

hats, to whiten, 360

Street pavements, 49^
Strictures, 238
Btrengthcning plaster, 80
Btretuies in sneep, od
Btrychina, antidote for, 17
Stucco white wash, 370
Sluffiing birds, 176

lor turkeys, 62

Stump machine, to make, 146
Stumps, to remove, 146
St. Vitus dance, 338
Stye in eye, 221
Styptic plaster, 80
Sutwoiling, 146
Suet dumplings, 60
to keep, 310

Me c!haxcoal of wood, 67

Suffocation from noxious g^sscs, 19
Sugar, to clarify, 60

for candies, 68

of lead, antidote for, 18

to make, 147

(maple), to make, 138

refining, 508

vinegar, 382

Suit (workinfj), for farmers, 338
Sulphate of zinc, antidote for, 18
Sulphur, to detect in coal gas, 69

flexible, 508

casting in, 454

for mildew, 140

Sulphurated hydrogen, 508

soap, 321

Sulphurous acid, to make, 508
Summer drinks, 377

squash, to cook, 60

suits, to wash, 360

Sunburn, 336, 332
Sunflower, its value. 147
Sunpnnting on fruits, 131
Sunstroke, 19, 338
Superfluous hair, 129
Supperation, gargle to promote^ ya
Surgeons adhesive cloth, 63
Swarming of bees, 20
artificial, 20

- ■ i to prevent, 3X
Swarms going to the woods, ax
Sweating, profuse, 239

to produce, 339

see burdock, 66

Sweeney, no

Sweet fern, 85

potatoes, to raise, 143

to store, 309

Swelling of legs of horses, xo6

white, 239

Swimming, art of, 508
Sympathetic inks, 205
Syrup, blackberry, 395, 377

■ ■■ ■ cathartic, 66
— — cough, 84

■ i i currant, 398
to color, 377

,S]mip for coniumptiva. 84

hi we, S4

feinon. 377

' ofiroa and lime, 508

_„ ^=„ of iron And qulmnc,

of m-igncM, 508

^ unapanlla. 37S

■ stillingia compound, 84
— ^ of luf, 84, S09

" INDEX, "
Throat, sore, 340

^^^^^^ S37 ^1

Trap, firvc four, 197 ^^H

quail, 197 ^^H

..eve. ^H

ftpnnevin temper, 196 ^^^^^J

Thru»he«, 173

Thru*h in hor»«, i ! ■

lliundcr kiorm, safety dunng, iS

1 i<;-d<jloreux. 240

Tickcong ink, 706

Tteni ardcni, 441

Tififtt ruiR. 10 remove, 335

Timber, to lest »oundnei»oC Ht

when to cut, 147

wliv it sbould be punted, 164

'rincluTc of canihandies 85

of Kinder, 473

Trappers, hinii to. ^^^^^^^|
Trapping foKu, 1S4 ^^^^^^H

(oink, 1S9 ^^^^^B

mocltini: birds. I7t tiH^^^^I

■ owb, f86, 190 ^^^^^^H

rabbitB, 190 ^^^^^^H

skunks, 193 ^^^H

— tquineb, 191 ^^^^^^H

Traps, baibng, 196 ^^^^^^^|

ftctiing, ^^^^^^1

Trayk of paper mache, so* ^^^^^H
Trees, average erowih ot 5i« ^^H

oak, 148 ^^B

(shade), best to plant, 148 ^^^^M

wouoda in. i^o ^^^^^^H

Trtclcsof horse deakn, IIS ^^^^^^^|

Tnpc. to picble, 3(1 ^^^^^^H
Trout breeduig, 197 ^^^^^^^H
Tuba root, jto ^^^^^^^H
Turkey, to bake, 6s '^^^^^^1

charcoal for, 07 ^^^^^^1

to rear, 117 ^^^^^H

(wild), trap. 197 ^^^^^H

Turkish bat rts, 909 ^^^^^^1
Turnip, to CDok. 61 ^^^^^^H

culiiirr. 149 ^^^H

Turpentine for punlyiDg ptifpoatt, 76 ^^H
to remove, 163 ^^H

Typhoid fever, 334 ^^^^^H

IHoeration of the moulh, S3> ^^^^^|
Ultiamariiie, 164 ^^^^^H

Synipc for miocnl waten, 84

TkUes, to remove marlu {torn. 163

Taflec, 61

Tallow candlc», 314

of musk, Bs

of opium, 85

for the lecth, B5

Tin csns. stxc of sheet iram t to 100

i>I*-. *4»
to clean, 163

Taming hun>cs prrpamlion (or, itg

Tan bark. 194

Tannin, puri6c^iion oT 85
Tajinine buffalo tkins, 179

paKfc (or labeling uti, 49a

roof ft, 99

linning, 441

-— fufs 19a

cold. 443

— - muiknt ckins, 191

Tinting photographs, sqt
Tint«, muiiaCf 364
Toads, 148
Toast water, 161
Tobacco, antidote for, 18

- ■ »hccp ftkina, 191

^- «kins, 19J

tringcoU, i^

Toe saib. togrowuif, 140
Toilet, the. 33a

• tqutiTcl ikitis, 194

Tapeworm, »3i

■ ICC twcct fern, 85

Tapioca paper. *9t

puddioR, 61

Tapf»ing m*(>lc tree*, 13B
Tartu ccnelit^ aitlidotc Har, 18
Tar. lo pemove, i6j

tyrup of. 84, 3«9

— varnuh, 968
Taitc of new wood, 164
Tea, beef. 43. 61

hfjw (o make, 6t

— febrifuge, ji

Tcmatoe beer, 336
cauup. 61, 311

- ftps. 311

. fn tiers, 6t

■ marmatMJe, £1

planu, to raise, 148

prcMrvcd, 311

puddinsi 6a

uucc. 3tt

adulterated. 365 ^^^^^^H

Uufcmientcd bread, 44 ^^^^^^H

UainAammabw drcstct, 334 ^^^^^^^|
L're's cement, 36 ^^^^^^^|

ink. soT ^^^H

Unne. tnabihty lo hold. 341 ^^^H

Tamitoes, browned. 61

Tear* of ihe widow of moUbar, 37S
Tc«h, U) beautify, 33a

Tele*:o(.c metal, 430
Tcmpcrine bnsa, 404

_ eattheowar^ 155

liquid, 441

oew ovens, i6i

trap .pring«, 197

^ Tender feel. 3 39

Tendon* in hor*es, eontncted. til
Tep'd bath, 109
^_ Tat for pure water, 163

H r — ^^: "«"'• ^

^m Tniifig by blowpipe, 441
^m Tetter, 730

" —-—-humid. 139
Thatdi rooft, >o

T>»e<«iii ttainting. M
^ ThuAlc. Canada. 147
^B'T^orlcy't food for cattle, g>
^H lliurriapple, antidote for. 18
^BThroai, fofT-.^n bodtet in, 19

Tombac, red, 44 s

while, 44s

Tonic bitters. 65

see chainoRul^ 67

Toning bath, 373

Tootliache. S40
Tooth powders. 31a
Toots, ait tifcniHlinK. 8t

to preserve from niU, 31

■ varnish for, 44 j
Tortoue shell, to imitate. 509

mafluCkcture of, 476

Toyi^ varnish for, 509
Traong paper, 984. 49*
Tnciocs, to phoiDfTBph without a

camera. 509
Tranxftr ink, *ci6

(Jtcnoe hcoutrfaagc, 397 ^^^^^^H

Vacdne vtras. id keep, 85 ^^^^^^|
Vanilla, cstrsct of. 71 ^^^^^^^|

V;tpor baths, 309 ^^^^^^^H
Vaniish, amber. t66 4^^^^^|

anljtust. 443 ^^^^^1

black. s«6 ^^H

Iftfmi ^^^^^^^^*

,|span, ^^^^^^H

blackutg, aoo ^^^^^H

bnisbei. sM ^^^^H

Transferring to glass, 849

Trsnsfiuioa of blood, so^
7'ransparenoes. 10 make, 949

camphor, s«6 ' ^^^^H

cheap, a66 ^^^^^^^|

coach makers', b&t ^^^^^^|

aieiocoplCt wi
Tnituparent eruimeu^ 467
paper. 49*

oopal.a»7 ^^^H

Tranaplacting, 147

Transponation of vc(«tabl«. S48
Trap, dead M, 196

cbching, soa ^^^^H

6enb(e,2; ^^^H

for colored drawtllgl, a^a ^^^^^H

fat edge, sod ^^H

538

INDEX,

Vaniuh for glasi, 967

' ■■ for harness, 475
■■ for iron, 443
' for paintings, a^
— ^ for prints, 510
for steel, 443

■ ■ for fhoes, 5x0

■ — — for tin, 44a
^— ^ for loots 443

— for toys, 509

glue, 967 >

gold, 267, 443

ffTcen, 510

-— - ^m elastic, 967
-^^^ impermeable, 967
~^— India rubber, 367

■ - " Italian, 366
-^^— lapan, s6ft
uc 36a

■ mastic, 3(%

oak, 368

ml, 268

■ ■ seedlac, 368
shellac, 368^

'■" stone, a68

tar, 368

-■ — to make, 365
■ to polish, 369
—^-^ turpentine, siSS
^—'— water-proof, s^

- — — white copal, 368

■ china, ifA

— — hard, 369

Varnished furniture, 47X
Varnishing, 265

of paper, sro

walnut furniture, 510

Veal broth, 63

^^— chops, breaded, 63

■ "■■ cudets, t»t>iled, 63

- ■ ' — to roast, 63
.^— sherbet, 6a
-—■ " stewed, 6»
Vegetable cellar, 136
■^— — oysters, 63

■ soup, 60
Vegcubles, to boil, 6a

■- ' to cook for stock, 93
' to free from insects, 63

to keep, 311

— — to take frost out of, 5a
to transport, 148

pickle for, 311

Veils, to clean, 360
Vellum, to nuke, 197
Vclpeau's black caustic, 67
Velvet ribbon, to iron, 337
- — — to restore, 360

'" ■■■ to take grease out of, 360
Veneering, 511

Veneered work, to polish, ^11
Venereal complaints, see blue flag, 66
Venison, to roast, 63

— steaks, broiled, 63

Ventilating hay stacks, 134
Ventilation, 512

- ' of bedroom, 449

how to secure, 163

Ventriloquism, 512
Verbena, essence of, 71
Vomifucie, Fahncstock's, 85

— Swain's, 85

Vermin on calves, 93

■ ■— ■- on hen roosts, 116
Vichy watfr, 86
Vinegar, aromatic toilet, 85

■ black currant, 380

camp, 380

cider, 3 So

cold water, 380

cowslip, 380

dry portable, 381

gooseberry, 381
he

loney, ^80
horseradish, 380

perry, 381

— ^ — plant, 382

— primrose, 381
-' — raspbeiry, 381
■ rhuoarb, 381

sharpness and stragilb ot, 3%%

sorgnum, 38s

Vinegar, strawbetTy, 38s
-^-^ sugar, 38a
. to make, 378

_— . — white wine. 38a
Violet color, to make, b6i>

dye, 360

■• enamel, 467
— ^ ink, ao6
Violets, essence of, 70
Visiting sidt rooms, 036
Vitality of seed, to test, MS
Vomiimg, 04*

Wafers, Bryan's pulmonic, 86
Wagon hubs, to preirant the cncking

of in seasoning, 513

tires, to keep on the whed, 513

Wagons, to grease, 149, 519
Walks (gravel), to make. 5^3

to keep weeds under on, 513

Wsll paper, to«xtmct grease from, 163
Walls (damp), remedy £»-, 163
Walnut catehup, 303, 311
' to pickle, 311
to polish, 369

tree, 149

Wannbatlu, 909

Warts, «4i

cm cattle, 89

- ■— on cows teats, 91
on horses, iia

noses, XX9

Washing (chemical), preparatum, 5x3
■" dogs, 170
■ dishes, X55
— fluids, 393, 360
-^— erainmg, 156
■■ - ■ hints on, ,^60
Wash ball, perfumed, 86^ 33a
for the hair, 73

Wasp stings, 10
Wastinji in biros, 167
Waste silver, to recover, S9X ,
Watch, care of, 444, 445
■— '— 1 movements, to m»t, 445
^— wheels, to put teeth into, 445
Watches, to clean, 443
Watchmakers' oil, 431
Water and fire-proof cement, 39
■ brash, 341

Carisbad, 86

cement, 33, 38

Cologne, 86

congress, 86

eye, 86

farcin in horses, txs

filter, 515

home made, 164

Florida, 86

■ .■ for horses, X04

Goulard, 86

gniel. 53

(hard), to soften, 63

to improve, 514

■ '■■— honey, 86
Hungary, 86

Kissingen, 86

lavender, 86

lime, 86

muddy, to clear, 163

pipes, to manage in winter 515

- — to mend, 515

to unite, 516

■ ■ - — proof blacking, 199, aoo

canvass. 454

——— — composition forwood, 516

cloths 333

for boots and shoes, 153

for porous cloth, 516

for soles of boots, 15a

for tweeds, 516

glue, 39

paint, 369

■■— — paper, 516

packing paper, 516

varnish, 268

purification of, 163

rose, 86

■- — " supply for bees, 33
tanks, 5x5

Watcr*ti(^ cSoOibiK, 334
■- — cellar noon, 516

— <— to clear when muddjr, 1^5

' to determine whether U be

hard or soft, 5x4
' to find, 513

to keep cool without ke, 5x5

'■7 to make cold, 63

^ to prevent hcffonimy pvtna

514
— —-'■ to purify, 63

— to purify when patrid, 51$
Vichy, 86

Watering streetk chemical sohitkB

vac, 516 \
Wax, botde, 40'-

— "■■ candles, 3x5

■ casting in, 454

grafting, 135

putty, 38a

sealing. 40

Waxed paper, 499

Weather signs, 516

ubie. Dr. Adam Qaik's, 517

Dr. Hersbell's, 518

Weak back, ao8
Wedding cake, 47
Weeds, to destroy, 149

in walks, 149, 513

Weight, relative, 503
Weights and measures, 164
Welding by pressure, 446
■ cast-iron, 407

— steel, 446

copper. 446

metals, 445

jwwder, 446

Wells, to remove foul air fionw 5s8
Wens, to cure, 34a

on horses, iia

Whale oil soap, 333
Wheat, mildew m, ija
- rust in, 150

seed. 14s

slugs upon, xso

smut in, 145

Whiskey, Bourbon, 38a

Irish, 382

-— — Monongahela. 38a
■ to neutnJixe, 38a

^ Scotch, 30a

Whitening ivory, 158
linen, 353

White china varnish, 268
— — — copa) varnish, a68

dye for silk, 361

— ■ ■ — - for wool, 361

enamels, 467
hard varnish, 389
lead, antidote for, 18

to make, 369

— — to test, 48a
paint, 369, 370
swelliug, 939 .
wash, 270

stucco, 970

washed walU, to paint, 970

Whites, 229
Whitlow, 242
Whooping cough, 916
Wicks for candles, 315

of kerosene Lamps, 159

Wild cherry bark. 65
ducks, to roast, 63

turkey trap, 197

Willow bread, 40
Wind colic, 21$

^Ils. xia

in horses, to improve ti9

Window blinds, 51S

curtains, 155

gardening, X3a

glas*! 397 . ,

and sun light. 164

sashes ratteling, 36^ 164

Windows, to clean, 164
Windsor soap, 323
Wine, apple, 383

- — -■ blackberTy 3S4

bttscuit, 4«

cbetry, 385

INDEX,

539

Vine^ dder, 385
^-^— coloring for, 385

■ '■■ ■ currant, 385

■ fUmson, 385
eWcT, 386

— ■ — elderberry, 385

■ febrifuge, 71
-■- ■ giager, 386

^ ■■— ■ gooMberry, 386

— ^ F"**^ 3?? »<

^ ■■ " home nuKie, 386
•— — lemon, 387
— madeira, 3B7

— ■ ■— making, 38a
I mordia, 387
— '■■ mulberry, '387

■ of iron, 73

^ ■ . — of wild uierry baric, 518

iwrsnip, 387

port, 387

— - qiunce, 387
— — laiaia, 387

■ raspberry, 387
rhubarb^ 3 W

I ropineu in. 388

■ aheiTy, 388

■ sour or sharp, 388

— — - strawberry, 388
■■■— taste of cuk in, 388

■ ' ' ' — to cool, 385

■ ■— ■■ to flavor, 388

^^~— to restore when flat, 386
— ■— to settle, 388
^-^— tomatoes, 388
— ■— to mellow, 388
^—— turnip, 388

— ■ unfermented, 388
■^— vinegar, 38a

-■■■■ .. (white), to convert into red, 388
Wintergreen, 86
Wiatenng bees, *}

Wirc^ brass, 104

' of solaer, 446
Witch, haiel, 86
Wood carving, to poliih, a6a

cement, 33

— — - composition for coating, 371

■ decay in, 31

'■ to dye red, 871

jnew), toremoveta>tefreiB,t64

m paper, 493

■■ to petrify, 518
■ ■■ to polish, 971

- — — preservatitHi of, j(i8

■ ■ to prevent cracking, 3r

■ -— to prevent decay in, 518
' pulpi to Ueacb, 519

^— to render incombustible, 31
' ■ Samuel's method of prescrr-

to season, 519

- stone coating fiv, 31
— — . » si^ 510
Wooden taps and nuicets, 388
Wool, to Ueach, 34a
to clean, 361

-^■■" on unned pelt^ to Ueach, 179
Wootoi articles, to dean, 361
— -- - ■ hoae, to wash, 349
Worcestenhire sauc^ 60^ 3"
Working butter, 1*3

- — — suit for nrmers,
Worm balls for bones,

currant, 150

(cut), on cabbages, xa4

- ■- —— to destroy, 150
peach, 150

seed, 87

tape, 939

•r

Worms, 943

see poplar and wild dieny

bark, 05

Woms, sec santmuDO lonogo, 75
■ ■- in dog% 171
— — in hemes, na
Wounds in boTMS, iia

for, 96

tiladon,a4a
519

' ■■'■ u trees, 150
-■ - to treat by v
Writing busincM l

on glass, 473

■ ■' fluids.

- -— for the press, jao
" ■ ■ to make inddible, 519

(new), to make look $iA, sao

(old), to copy, sao

' to prevent alteration in, 5r9
•T-- • to restore, 519

to take out, 161, 530

Wrought iron, lo caio haraea, 447

Yam, Qiinese, 130
Yeast for bread, 44

— cake, 48

cakes, 63

to nuute, 63

poultice, 81

- to preserve, 31a
Yellow dock root, 8a
■ dye, 361, 36a

— — coamds, 467
-■— fever, 134
ink, 307
i paints, 371

•64

Snc pain^ drying oil for, asa
j<reparatiaa c( 971

■ painting; 371

■ ■ — water pain^ 371

■4. 4

fl^ Aik tht fint Agent you mttt to sAffto you a copy cf this bifoJk. ""1^

THE SCIENCE OF A NEW LIFE.

By JOHN COWAN, M. D.

I« the name of anew Physiological work, of Standard and Permanent value, for which we
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HALF A M/LUOX COPIES,

And we will do it, for we never yet (ailed to carry out a possible purpose once formed. This
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Sirs: — I enclose $ — for ten Copies of "The Science of a New Life." I got the book and
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E. W. ALLEN.
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* * * I can spend my time in no better way than canvassing for such a book. I have a copy
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A gentleman who for thirty years nas been a minister and for 20 years a physican writes
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valual)le, because much needed work "The Science of a NewLife," I had not read an hour in
it. until satisfied it was the book of all others this generation most needed. For thirty years I
have seen a need for this work, and have hoped some one of sufficient information, standing and
talent would produce it. I have purchased and read the Copy alluded to, and find it more than
meets my hignest expectation of moral and scientific worth. • • » • Wishing to be as useful to
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subject matter and recommend the work.

feS^" The careful reading of the following p<Jges, will give a put idea of what merit
the book contains.

The ancients were ever longing and searching for an Elixir P'itee, the Water of Life, a
draft of which would enable them to live for ever. The pages of "The Science of a New Life,"
willfurnish you a better elixir than the ancients ever dreamed of in their wildest flights of
imagination, for, though it will not enable you to live for ever, yetits pages contain information
that if heeded and obeyed, will endow you with such a measure of health, strength, purity of
body and mind and intense happiness as to make you the envied of mankind, a man among men,
a woman among women.

THE SCIENCE OF A NEW LIFE,

By JOHN COWAN. M. D.

HINKING and renccling persons roust allow that we
as men and women arc juil as our parents marlu us.
That all our irrcgulnntics of mind and disposition,
our infirmities of soul and l>ody, have ticen trans-
mitted and bequeathed to us by those who gave us
Urth; and thai one of the objects in living on ihis
earth is — in those who live rightly— lo overcome the
crooked and bad that wc were endowed with.
This Ixring so, any information that thrown light on
this immensely important subject should be wel-
comed with unlKJunded delight. This '*Thc Sci-
ence of a New Life" profcii&cs to do — in a plain,
UDdcrstandabIc manner — with great earne!»tne»v of
|r> purpose, with undoubted punty of motive, with a
spint that breathes a reverence for God's greatett
handiwork— man, indicating how, by and mrough
the olwcrvancc of given laws, adean, sweet, healthy
and talented reproduction may rcsujt, and i>crfcciioa

on thi< carlh therefore be possible of attainment.

wj^ ^VQIk^^^BV y It aUo gives oil necessary suggestions in the right

^*<^ choosing of husbands and wives, so that hamiony
and happiness will result, and discord and divorces
l>c avoided.

Especially docs it nd^'ocate and encourage in man
and woman continence, purity of thought and asso-
ciation, and all ilut sodoll/ ennobles and elevates — leading the soul out of the filth and
slough of sensuality i//t into the charmed, and lovable atmosphere that encircles those who
ore chaste and pure in ihought, word, ai\<l deed.

Altogether it aims n a systematic manner to cover the whole ground of bun>an tucial life
bounded by the entrance into the nurria^ stale nnd the birth of a new life — with the inier-
mcdi.itc retails of wroiig-doing, ond Iheir indications, causes, and remedies.

Some i>cojdc look witli distrust on all tKat concerns the intimate social relations of the
vexes, an. knowledge llut is dangerous and contaatinaling, that should l>e hid away in dark
corners, or cniirclv excommunicated, abolished, or destroyed. Such thoughts and desires

'^C

>-*>:

spring altogether from a wrong and misdtrcctcil education, instilling in the mind yf the indi-
vidual views and opinions that arc narrow, oDntracicd a:id unfair. That a knowledge of the
-whole of that pjrt of human physiology that treats of the intimate social relations of the
sote^ can injure or in any way degrade the tliought, the mind, the body, or the soul of the
individual, would Itc a sad reflection on God's loving justice and mercy.

This book has most approvingly been noticed by divines of all denominations, physi-
cians, and by over three hundred of tlie most prominent and influential papers of ihc coun-
try. Some— only a very few — of these notice*, or rather short extracts from them will l*c
found on the fogcs following the Table of Contents, to which the reader is rcfcricd. These
notices do not include the scores of letters received from the i-koi'LE. whose great sympa>
thctic hearts beat in response to the high aims and noble purposes inculcated m the book.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.— Mamriacs amd in Advaktacksl

, who M« unmarried — -ReaMnsadvaacnl for renLuninc sifiKle — MtrrUse anatmrnl eenditioa of adult

-'llie Krcat dc»iies and ttinu of lifir, how nnly 1 1 be secured throuah rruniijie OBjPdTs in Mak-

Bvi!«r. P.itiie ofajcctib—^ How intsudtc» arc nutkr lA cKiMMiftg^— -Should ihow aHltctcd with crii)«um|>*

tion aril) other dirr»M^ mairy * Tbe {icat nroiic doue m tUu dircctioo ■ -The true Aud ooly ob)ccta

in nurryinc . • • . . . as — *9

CHAPTER II.— Agr at wiiicm to Makiit.

How drtrrmincd— Puberty, how Moderated, how rctsfded The error in fisine the popoUr ace Utr iMr-

timgt Tbe triK aire M which t>i trurry u deiermtnol l;y |>hr«utu-,'r Why cKudrot bora of tmtif

ntarnsGcA are undew*^We The tfflect of early mamacc <»n ihe wonun On dw man ITw reauli «

WMOtift bcivvnn penon* of diftproponionaie afn ttetwcen old meo ml younf women^ y> ■ 35

CHAPTER 111— Tiik Uw or Choich.

1M C*Tat iniporUfKC Ii 1^ as C3«ily undcmood and as nppticabte m an/ other law tKai govvra* mind «<|J

IBatlcT Mode nf fnnatng matriiiMOtal alliancn antoni^ tlte AMynans Chmtf— ^— Moor* I urka

Tartan— —Stbaruna^—Tbt ontoorof imrchaamn wivci MOfkra Btmisc* walynd - The vfr

COWAN £f COMPANTS CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS,

THE SCIENCE OF A KEW LIFE— Coktkcts CoHTWum.

et7-<Iay result The chootinflr a wne and purchasing a Uxm compared— -Wherein consists the dilEcr-

ence The great error made in choosingr The only true mode Resulting in a harmonioiu aod per-
fect love-uoion Phicnology as a guide in choosingi ...... 3^—44

CHAPTER IV.— Love Avalyzsd.

Is love, as popularly used/ a requirement in choosing a wife or husband !— Poeta and novelists on

The mutinefts surrounding the true meaning of the word The mistakes made in its applic

Characteristics of mock love Rationale of true love The definition of perfect sexual lov«

Tcntal love Brothei4y and sisterly love Love ot God Reciprocity of thought and feeling as a fe>

quirement in love Love at first sigh! Can perfect love exist ?^— Health ancTpurity of body as a re-

quircmeot to its existence^ Sicknns and filthy habits as a bar to its eaistenpe, . , 45— 50

CHAPTER, v.— (JoAUTiEs the Man Should Avom in CHOosnia

Transmitted disease Hysterical women Small waists— —Why their possessors are incapable of makbg

good wi%-es Natinal waists, or no wives Why large men should not many smaU women-^lgno-

rant and wrongly educated— — Strong-minded women Modem accom^tshments, their utter usdescnesa

in married life Knowledge of household af&iis a requisite in all women who marry Sku-deep

benuty and true beauty compared Extravagance of dress and omament^^False hair, false " forms,

etc Women who are indolent and lazy Marriage of cousins, right or wrong f Extracts from the

works of. Dts. Carpenter and Voisin The author's opinion and advice on the subject ^Tcmpeia-

nents Widows Divorced women Difference in religious Ciith Women who have a greater

fondness for tails, parties and gossip, than for home associations Other qualities that are to be avoUed

■• How and when to see women to learn their characteristics Phrenology as a help What shoukl

be done on choosing and bein^ accepted Advertisbg f^r awife Arguments fitvoring iu use -^ Mode

to proceed Objections considered, ........ 31—^

CHAPTER VI.— QuAUTiBS the Woman SHOtnj> Avoid in CHoosnca

The feverish desire of women to get roamed— —Indications of the result— —Who responsible— —Perfect wom-
anhood should be reached befcve the thought of nutmage is entertained^— Sickness and ill health in the

man Men posscsstpg the disgusting habit of using tobacco, and the degrading one of using alc^K^ic

liquors, should be avoided Why T^— An unsolvodmystery Lustful and licentious men Are mod-
crate drinkers desirable as husbands f The " fast" man and " rake," and wtunan's shame in recognisiag

such Fallen women^ and woman's duty to such Effeminate men Men having no visible means of

•upport Blood-relations Widowers Divorced men Irreligious and profiuie men— ^Gamblers

Mean men Lazjr men Marrying strangen on short acquaintance Marrying for money or a

home Woman, in being sought after, should appear only in her every-day character llie imp(»tance

of this as affecting her future welfare— Should women be allowed to advertise for husbands t Doubci

on the subject If attempted, how to ax-otd evil results Failing an offer of marriage, what then ?— -

" Old" maids Words of consolation and cheer to unmarried women, . . 64—73

CHAPTER VII. — The Anatomy and Physiology or Generation in Woman.

The importance of a knowledge of reproductive physiology in all who think of marrying The

Ligaments Cavity of the uterus Structure Fallopian tubes Ovancs Their structure

Graffian follicles Ovum, or egg Size and formation of human egg^— How it ripens and is thrown

off The corpus lutetim The febrile excitement produced by the ripening of the GrafGan vesicle and

escape of the egg The vagina^— Labia Hymen Menstruation When it first appears and

when it ceases Its origin and nature Ovarian pregnancy Tubal pregnancy 1"he mammary

glands Nipples The secretion of milk Colcslrium, ..... 74 — B6

CHAPTER VIIL— The Anatomy and Physiology of Generation in Man.

Prostate gland Cowper glands Testes Scrotum Structure of the testes Vasa recta Vasa

deferens Spermatic cord Vesiculac seminalcs.^ Ejactilatory ducts Semen Its nature, liow it

originates, arnj how perfected Spermatozoa Effect of first appearance of semen en boy Effect of

its re-absorption in the continent man The Law op Sex Is there a law governing the production of

children of different sex-s at will ? ^Different theories on the subject 'ITie latest theoiy probably the

right one— —Mode of procedure, as given by the discoverer, for parents to generate male or female children
at will, ■.......,.,. 87 — 104

CHAPTER IX.^Amati\'ens5S — its Use and Abuse.

The cerebellum— Its two-fold nature— ^Amativeness Irs siac in proportion to rest of brain-^— Its locatiea

The hicher the organ of the brain, the greater the pleasure derived from its exercise Ihc nervous

fluid Where originated The effect when largely drawn on by amativcness — —Sensuality Its uni-
versality among all classes and all ages The effect on amative desires by the observance of right and

wrong dietetic habits Causes of abnormal amative desires in women The results of the abuse of am*

ativeness The effect on the nervous system The semen, capable of giving life, is, when reabsorbed,

capable of renewing life Promiscuous indulgence Risks incurred A sad case Hospital sights

Excessive indulgence between the married The slave-life of the wife in this direction The re-
sults Amative excesses in those newly married^— No pure love wheie there is sexual excess Dis-
gust, not love, bom of this great wrong Eisily read signs of sexual excess in the man and woman

The great necessity for a reformation in this direction, ..... 105 iso

CHAPTER X.— The Prevention op Conception.
The true reason of the desire for knowledge on this subject— Mode adopted by the " Perfectionists"— —Its

difiicuUy of observance Its harmfulness The method advocated by latter-day physiologists, founded

on the theory of the monthly arrival at and departure from the womb of the ovum VVhcrein it fails

Intercourse during lactation How it results in conception Other methods of conception, aad the

COWAN & COMPANTS CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS.

THE SCIENCE OF A NEW LIFE— Corracrs Cnrmmna.

)iarm ihey An The cmljr irue method of prcvcntkta u onbiaed by Cod The oUcrvkftCC of wh»ch

carries with it no bad ftftct-<nccU, ....... iii— lift

CHAPTER XI.— Til K Law or CoimMrtici.

lu fircat importaBCe The pmruliac ienorance on the subject Definition of the word coatioeoc* ■ How

oAen U the Kxual act pcrmutiljle txtwccn a man and wile living a pore and chute tific The only lnM»j

solution being iivxl'i divine Uw ui this diieclioo llieonly nalnnu time fur intercoiuK Anythtof dit.

fenngfrom thu camcs with it sin and s-ckneu— — Some objection* lo a Continent ifeconitdeted Lock^]

Kewlon and fill, men who never married, and who were known lo h've continent hvct llie elementaiy i

fLilcxences between a life of liccutiotuneu and a life of suttt continence 'I>.e Irue use of die reprodu^)

tii^e element The dilBculiy in adopting and living a LUiuincnt life Kulc» for |;uidance The

lion produced by a sudden ane&t rT !Kku;it cxcos and the uie of akoholtc h<iuor» compared and exj

Health nol compatibJc with seminal emiMion*— — Plan of Lire Tobacc<> — —Alcoholic Uqn

CUittony Kood to be used and avoided Bread Drcsa Exercise Beds and tiecpiag

— — Houn for mt and exercise ■■ Habiti -Enwioyrocni ■Choice of campanior»— —Trainiog of itw
will-puwcr— Unigs and patent mcdicunca- (juack doctora ■Citltivalioa of the religioui icnl^
menu, ............ 119—130

_ CHAPTER XII.— CiciLDur?*, thwr PasiaAaiLXTY.

An eiaenlial rcouitite in a perfect union that parental love bo present The command to " increase aad mul>

liply" why children are iroubloome to rear The remedy Small famdies and no bmilics among

iut married on the increase Lar|{e families a thing of the put llie cause lor the growing aniipaihy

to have children Ltcauly and youth retained, if nut acquireJ, by having chddrcn under right coodi-

tioQs The lonclineu and dctotatiun of hl« without children 'Ihc hcanng and rearing of children a

gloriout privilege The pcrfeclton of love and happiness that comes of j^enerating bricht and beautiful

children Abdon, Judge of Israel, with his fitfty sons and Uiiriy grandchddren Incnase uf onspriog

and ovcrcrowikd populatiotu, ......... iji— iM

CHAPTER XIII — Tkb Law or Csmus.

PluuMsf and mediocrity amonc mankind the rule, and beauty and genius the exception The csose Ed-

ucational and bencvoleol institutions, in the elevatimi of numanily, of very small moment in comparisoo

with the pre-natal inllucnce of the mother All the workiocs of this nnivcnc, fiom the smallest lo the

greatest, governed by law In the production of odspring there ic-o mutt be a law I'he law of chance

or accident the taw observed by the ma&t of mankind 'Ihe creat wrong done by ihc non-observance of

the law of reproduction— —The dcfumicd, homely, and di^ciscd— — The incdiocfc The wt»M's gnat,

theii appearance explained Tlie immcniLe iinpoitame of a nt;ht birtliright on tbe future welfare ofinan>

kind fclatcndmg into eternity An imbecile or idiot hero cannot bloom into a Shakespeare or Uillun

in the next world A nature endowed by (he parents with a licentious, gluttonous, wicked nature, will

not, on leaving this earth, take on the garments of parity, innocence anu holiness I'he fund4menial

jwinciples of genius in reproduction—— 5ome obstacle to its observance TTicir renicdio 'Ilie le-

ciurcments in women whtisc dcuie it is to observe the taw of genius in the pfuduction uf bfifiht and beau,
tdul ehiklren I'he tequircmcnts in men Three periods of transmitted influence Period of intio-

dttCIDry pceperation-

-Pcriod of nunuig infliKnoe^— I'he mother a in-

eriodofcesuiory in(Iucoc<

ilaeace (luring these period* The tuilicr's inlluence The time at which the ovum, or egg, is In its

ireaheat and npcst state, at which time it should tie impregnated Husband and wifc'k duly duriog the

period oC introductory preparation Tbe principal requisites rct^uired to transmit desirable qualities lo

ttie o&pnng ^The quality of genius, or beauty, not necessary in the parents to enable them to Irwumit

tboH qualities to their ofSipring iVfiniiion 01 genins as given by Wcnster Talent atwayi in demand.

^Mdiocrity alwa)-s at a discount I'he pursuit of life fur the chila In be determined on beRwe ccnceptiiNi

Famen — —Farming the most desjrable occupation in Ide Where they ^ and how lliey £siU^

What ihey are and wlut they should be Other occupations Adam Smith on vegetarianiim Fine

thing to be done ic the otyservance of the season of introductory preparation "Vht imponaacc of a life

free from injunotis and filthy t^abits during this periud ■ Otder-^Trulhfulncss^— KrvcrenCe for God

Unity of plans and desires Hie mtroductory period one of intensity of thought and action - Sup.

pose A plan of life be adomrd for a male child, and a female appear What then f-^— IcatrnctiMl hf tx~

aaples— — The expense for educating the futun chlkl should commence with the kuodDCtory period of

preparaiiun I'hts Law of genius lan lie adopted liy tne poorest as weQ as the richest Is a necessity as

much to the laborer as to the diplomatist— —In transoiissiun of genius, the parents do not require to Limw

JO much as to try, to experiment I'he timnsmissioo of acceaaory oualiiica as guides and aids lo ihc pte-

dorotnaot Cactdty Religiotu sentiments Transiaiilcd beauty ol bee and ftirro- "^

-Transaiucd beauty <
ily have beautiful children as they can homely ones Rtlli to D*

Parcaiai

"areDts can

Eeoerate children of a cheerful, healthy, laughing natma as easily as they can rfie Rvvrse^— The plan to
c followed easy c4 observance Importance oTa bfia of strict ahastity during tbeae difietentpcnoda of

Pf-naial influence Fcvcnsh pursuit of money as n barrier In the observance of this law A Other's

direct influence om the new life ends wiih the period of tnlntdtsctory prcponuoB iBportaan of M, doaa

observance by tuo—— Result of a united otucrvaacc uf ihju law^ , , • . ij^^-^yj

Part Second — ^The Consummation,

crHAPTER XIV.— T« CoKotrrioK or a K«w Ur«,

! proper season Best months^— Rest timcef da5^— Ijght and Jartnaw UgKl the ftonrc* of lift

Uarknck.! the sj^naaym of death Ihc new life should M geneimted when the buthaad sad wUc mt%

at iheu p«rfccu«<n uf physical and menial itrcngih— TIm liow «f tUy ihu occuo- -lbs riirping raws

COWAN & COMPANYS CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS.

THE SOENCE OF A NEW LI FE— Cajrrmim Comtimuwx.

^^TIwnonilDff «icRis« of iho dcvoiioiul ««muncDi
The cMuuBnujaa, . w ,

-Out-door ttCTCiM ISmiy of Uwnshi*— ~

a^t— lb
CHAPTER XV.— Ttttt Pit«iotocr of IvrvA-U-ntitiKft Cbowttt.

Growth of the f gg after f«cundation The remarkable change that take* place ■ »;.

taUirtww R^^Mlwlcmnc iiicmlir^uic ExIcmaJ bycr. fntrnwil biycT ■-Chooni. tint

PK>nthiM ^ Rat^Qo of the ci>rd, ulacenu, mcmhranc, cu— Eoibrj-u, horn »oun»Ui ^^- -V'<z-

tal cinrttlMiAo— DcscnptioD oT fifowth of ovutn Ixom teaib d»y lo niatb oHMiUk— i«rvwiii aad ilrvclof^.
cicu of ilw £Ke, ........... lAt— 19K

CHL\PTER XVr.— Pkriod or Gbstattti iNrLtmxcB.

Tll« focundabsd egg'^— When the phyncJ life oscnmenccs—^Whco Uw »-miI Itfe coRimencei— -THe meilium

t' ■-Tnrmr.mnntT hcTwrrn tSe fTiollicr

" . f to

d conunuiucalion hclwccn the soiil and the body 'ITie irr'!

Aud f<xiu» The firkt ^rcat lequirement to be obicrved by t^.

be tucdac this lime X*h« only altotrable drink Dy»pe|i-

airandli^hc HaeM Sleep Hiibits of thought ajia a '<

Influence to be divided into t»ro sccti'sns The fir?i four momh-v, ti

tins Tlie I^iftt five, the mcatJil [ircduinin^iliii^ IndUjuitablc rx.:

lake place between the husband and wife inuring ihit penvnt I!ti.-. ,

BUal influence A prouaf prodigy An. cngircci— ^Woi-

WotBAD's mediocrity in her preieot altotcd pai)^ of Ubor \

|>oet Bums Why Scotland produces such 0 number of liter.:

TIic reiiill, when lhi« law is klighted and disregarded Cliildrrn w.tU lod

itickly, KrnfiiUiiis, <nnMinapiive, homely, desire for tubacco^^Foudncu for alco'

Imbecile. idtui>c, disb-jne^t. revengeful Ca»e& iiluHnung the&c (acts Th« {;rc.

accept ia Bcoenting new bein|£t for ctunity, ....

CHAPTER XVII. — PMCMAKCY. ITS SlCHS J«I> Dt^ATIOM.

•I

'ive

Ibe

1. LrutUtt^
. ceaiMMi^
~i P4retil»

Uow orisioatinK M new life affects the nature of the mother Sirnc tndicatim' \..t\ lajccn

pboc Failure in recurrence of the menses- MomtniC ■ickneM S-al ciuncc*

Sccrctioa of inilk EnLiij(cmeiit uf ilic abdunien — — Quicken iti|( 1 -i 'Mv]hi>vf

any of thex stfins Uuralion of prcgtiaiicy— ViabUUy of the child PUa tu aUupi w ajtvc life m a

birth at the Kveoih month, ......•*> «}^— «4ft

CHAPTER XVIir.— DisoBOBW or Pkkckamcy.

Bevinc of children a natural process Why tome women have cosy, and others difficult bif<h> U^doty.

iag cause of ill health durins pregnancy Nause* and vomtiiiift Loi'ci'tik;^ K»iiii-ic >Ice;^

leianeci CostiveneMi Diarrhcra Pile* Pruritiu Heartburn- — — -

Palpitaiion of the bean Swelling of the feet and legs Pain m itte l>r. .m

cf iKe bUddet Jaundice Vuniiting of blood— Vaccination Sali* . ''i*-

CAMiit4CB What it indicates Its frequency, how caused Litccta on tac wcdOAu iciwua and Uacibc

-^-Synpioms How 10 urest How to prevent. ... , f^jh—vj)

CHAPTER XJX-CoNFW«M»NT.

Mode of life to be adopted lo instire lui easy birth Clothino- — Fooil ihxl will pftmsRtr«ly1uwd«n Xbm

-^— Food that will keep them in a carulaginou* sute ^Prevention from sitflcrmg i" (-"'■^"'"■''•^n "t^ie

time when llii* particular kind of f^jJ ibt^uld be uned .RjiIl* » g^eiAl help 10 ea»» . ^-_ttyri:-

lion_s Pure atr and sunlighr Fjcenive Pkk pa H ation s ruK LoNnsiBMtUT— • 1 *rf rov

sipiog fneiids and neighbors undesirable Who should be present C-ommeneiMr: ' -riru

iodicatKiDk How lo proceed ia case the accDUcher Cub to attend, ajfc ■H'l

CHAPTER XX.— Maxacbwsjtt or Motmhii ako Child Armit XimxxVMXi.

Bonovsl of soiled clothes^^naihing How the abdominal bandage ii u^elets Wliai 14 lubniQii* in ju

pUce V'uiton Ventilation of the lying-in chamber Mistake* in ieff»nl 10 dt^t at tht* l<i«c— .-

The breasts Xlilk-fever C.ireof Nipples Management of rlrild after uinh Italhs--- - f>>M»—

KAen:i«e Nursing room Food— .Soothing ayrups How often ahouU a cbikl be tiur»cd Whaa

should It be weaned, ......••'- l#f fjC

CHAPTER XX.— Period of NuHstNC iKFtirestCt

Bow tbe character of iHe cblM is influenced by the mother during this period The great vroag <toac tlM

child when not nursed by the mother Maicmat influence al ihis period flTCHly uwkr-ctliasaiad U>

feet of the use of wrong food and dnnk by the moiher on rbe heaJth And cnar»cl«r of ibe cK>K^ . ■■ ttlfcct
of menul effort on the nursing child — — The mother can transmit desirable nicnial and pliyatCal qua&M*
to tlie child during this period— ^FuU directions to this cad,

Part Third — ^Wrongs Righted.

CHAPTER XXIL-Fimaiw.

Its extent •^— A nation of munlcrgrt As preralent in the country » bi t"^" —^ Prr-if.

murder, no more; no less Arguments the perpetraton advaaoe Ir' '

present in the embryo When the soul is present CUsse* of 10^ >'

vho practice ante^naiat child-murder Church. members and pTpfeMun

agaioit the wife and child of an undcsircd matcnuty^^wha ■

COWAN & COMPANY'S CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS,

who Kftve suflcrcd. npwinK the ainn and \t% mula m all iheir hideeuf deformity— Renilti of forcH

atMNtiort on ihe body and *oaI oTitic mother— Preporuon 'mho d»e-^The local effect! Eflccti on the

children bocn after Sterility a fT«()ncilt rault Itcauty dctirorcd^-~4)ld ige haMen«d RcmoncoC

conAcienoe Itte evcr-prtMliC pluulora of .1 ifrcat cnmc 1 hcio undeveloped *ouU *& wiiaeuei in lbs

otJrt world Adfice oflmd. tlM obaetvance of which will result io leu danger af>d hann lo the motl>cr

—-Effect OD the child ibauld ibe waum bil in accomptiahiii^ har dcain Suajmtioas aa to how ilw>

preit crime is to be truied and preirfeotad No Ibrcea auMHooa practiced by KoaiBa Cithotio Tlte
duly of mmutcit and teachoa Parting wofds lo uaouytried women. . . aS^— ^it

CHAPTER XXIII.— Diseases Pkcvuur to Womxm.

Their cause ind lynptomi Directioni tor honM-tnatnent and cure Why mawa arc to anivctMlhr com-
plaining^—A nch field Tur quacks and patcnt-racdicioe vetwlcia— .Ahaenl fnrrnTmilion Prfiinrd

iTtcnKtTiution-— -^pprcucd neouruatMO Chronic Hippressioo Irregular mcntlruaiios P^inful-

menstnifftion Profuse mciuiruatKto Vicariout menMniatioo Ccsaation of laieDftirualimt ^.lilo-

roti* Intbmmaiion of the ovarict loflaoimation of the aterus~— Chrooic taflamiraii'ra Ulcer-
ation of the uicru* Tumor in the utenu Cancer of the utcrut —.Corroding ulcer Cauliflower m

crcuencc IMsplacement of the utcTu* Protapiut uteri, or falling of the wnmh Pctrovrnion of

the uter\u Rctrodexioa •Aaie-venion LcucoiTlKBa or "wfaUes," . . . 311— )a9

CHAPTER XXIV.— Diseases PectajAJt t« Mbic

ThuxT cawe and tymptotna, with dtrectioas for homc-trejtment and cnfc— f^wtorhga and cure Gleet

Phytnosis— — Panphyiaont Stricture of the urethra Ssi^-cUcd tcaticlo-^Iaflaoimaiion nf the pro»-

lale Klanil laflaratnaiion of the bladder Vcceudoas The chancroid ind chancre Uubocs

SyphUtt Dtacnj»tic diOerencc between the chancroid and chaacre Involuntary twctursal cmiuioos

«> Spcrauitoroa MaccUancum ditorderk aftccting emiMion, crvctiov and the semen, . jj^_^A4

CHAPTER XXV.-MAiTVRBATioit.

lu catiw. results and cure Its eatent — —Its efTecti on the character and futura prmpeetfl of tho iodiriduat

Evidence frum the tuperintendcnt of a lunatic a»ylutB u to its prevalence EicitiOgaod iraosioiued

cau»e« Signs in the boy, cirt or m^n, thst he who run« may read— Uome-aiethod of cure aud lealora'

liuo to perfect manhood— KequirctnCDU necessary to us prevention, ^ 36}**375

CHAPTER XXVI.— STawirrv ax© lMfOT«Kau

Cause, treatment and cure One of the fir»t law* protnolcatad b^ ibc Almighty, " Increase and multiply**

— ^The incapacity to obtcrvc ihit law a saurtoof lif«»ions muenrand anhappineti ■ ■ Sterility, in mote

caM4, cuKcpoble cif rrmoval Two claikc^^— Violated physiological laws as cau>e»- — How excesa in

the newly married results in Uerilitv Why a Urge propoction of the ncwty momcd have no tlcsirc far

children How sterility occura alter the birth of one or two children InAaminaiion of the uterus as &

cau»e^—<^iicral debility Prolapsus and obliquity of the womb as catuca Imperforate hymen

Sthciure of the vagina Tumors Stricture of the neck of the uicnw~Obliierabo« <4 ralhlpWi

lubea ■ Inflammation of owaric« Absence ol uterus Congenit&l shortneM of vagina— UsdevcU

oped ovaries ■ lairoTaMcv is Man Lowering of iSc vital force by ciceaa Mastutbatioo' ■ Want

of teaual fecHng Nen-de«cent of the testicles Hernia Varicocele Stricture of the urethra-^—

Obesity Abnormal conditioo of the erecDie tiisue A na-uial phytwii Teaperainenl, 37^—3^

CHAPTER XXVII.— SunjKcraop which Mors Micirr an Said.
CilAPT£R XXVni.— A Uappv Maiucd Urn— How SacvsXD,

3»5— 39*

Person Ai- and newspaper notices.

Tlie title or this vrork sag^CiU the idea of another life on this emrth-pUne of otistenc*—
higher, holier, and purer in its aims, aspiratioas, and desires, and yet it does not suggest,
or even ifjtimate. lo the prospective reader the Iruc character aiKJ lulurc of the volume ia
iu mission before the world. To the actual reader the title is truly fcignttkant and appropri-
ate— as the T^Titer so bciutifully unfolds the I^ws of Reproduction, by atul through the ob-
servance of which the highest and purest type of humanity may be and is produced. The
regeneration of the race, through tne laws of physiological and psychological reproduction,
is the Jcftdmg and perhaps the grandest thought of Dr. Cowin's work,

7

COWAN & COMPANY'S CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS.

PERSONAL AND I^WSPAPER NOTICES.

[Ftmn Z>r, DU Ztansj of Bottm^ ik4 welt-htawn Author and Leciuner.'\
Dr. Cowan— Dear Sir : I have read your vork, *' The Sdenoe of a New life." I have
more than read it — I have studied, I faftve feasted upon iL

During the last twenty years I have eagerly sought everytMng upon this nu>st vital sub-
ject, but I have found nothing which i^prouhes in simpUdty, delicacy* earnestness and
power this work. On my own account, and in behalf of Che myriads to whom your inoom*
parable book will carry hope and life, I thank you.

For years I have been gathering material for such a work. Constantly I have a];»p]ica-
tions for the book, which years ago I promised the public. Now I shall most oonsdentions^
and joyJEiilly send them to you. I am most respectfully yours, DIG LEWIS.

l^Extmct ef a Letter fmn HoiertVaU Owen t» the Auikor.'\

1 thank voa much for the brave book you were so kind as to send me. The subjecb
upon whicn it touches are among the most important of any connected with Social Sdawe^
and the world is your debtor for the bold stand you have tuen.

Yours sincerely, ROBERT DALE OWEN.

\From Hev. Octavius B, Frvtkmgham, of New JV*.]

I have read with care " The Science of a New Life." If a million of the married and
unmarried would do the same, they would learn many things of deepest import to their
welfare.

Not that I am prepared to g^ve it my unqualified praise ; but the substance of the book
is excdlent, its purpose high, its counsel noble, its spirit earnest, humane, and pure. I
trust it will have a very wide circulation. Sincerely yours, O. B. FROTHINGHAM.

\_From W. WaiU Warner, Editor of the Michigan SiaU Register,^

I can hardly thank yoa sufficiently for your great goodness in sending me thk magniScent
work, and I shall do my best to procure for you an i^ve Agent in this State. I regard
'* The Science of a New Life" as the ablest and best work of the kind yet published, and
feel assured that it will do incalculable good in the world. Such a work nas long been
needed, and I trust it will find earnest, thoughtful readers in every household in the land.
It deserves a generous reception. Yours respectfully, W. WAITE WARNER.

\From Franeis E, Abbott, Editor Index, ToUdo."]

Dr. John Cowan's " Science of a New Life" is a work devoted to all that relates to mar-
ria^ and written in a stvle and spirit that command our unqualified approbation. It is
plain, direct, and practical — yet permeated with so deep a reverence for the marriage lela-
tion, and so utter an abhorrence of what we are ashamed to call fashvmable abominations,
that pruriency will be rebuked, and the love of purity heightened by its perusal. There
can be no question that physiological knowledge of this character is sorely needed by thou-
sands and Uiousands of people, whose innocent offspring must pay the penalty of their pa-
rents' ignorance or vice. To those who would put a really unexceptionable book on these
subjects in the hands of young persons approachmg maturity, we can conscientiously reoom*
mend this as one that will enUghten without debasmg.

IFrom Jiev. N J. Burton^ of Hartford, Conn."}

I have read Dr. Cowan*s " Science of a New Life," dedicated by him to " all the mar-
ried, but particularly to those who contemplate marriage," and I think it is a deddedly
good book to circulate. The Doctor writes with the most downright plainness on the m<xt
delicate matters, but with the most perfect purity, and with an evident intention to do good.
He inclines to be an extremist at points— as, for example, where he lays it down that no
woman should marry a man who uses tobacco ; but his exagger^ons are always in the di-
rection of good monds and the noblest life, and I wish 1dm any amount of success in circu-
lating his book. Truly yours, N. J. BURTON,

8

COWAN & COMPANTS CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS.

[From Rev. £^ O, Want, Pretty ^riaM Afinhi^f, ef Bethany , Pa,'\

**The Sdence of a New life/' by John G>wan. M.D., 1 consider welt worthy of patron-
Age, uid cheerfully commend it to the cunfidcnce of my people, and hope it shiUl have a
ytvf cxtcsuive circulation. Rev. k. O. WARD.

[/VvM Maoris Knral New" Yorker. ]

"*If ever the reformation of the world Is to be accomplished — if erer the millcnmum of
parity, chastity, and intcn:^: happiness Teaches this earth, it c-an only do so through rightly-
directed pre-natal laws." Such w the sentiment upon which this book is boill up — a senti-
ment not admirably expressed, but admirable in its meaning. To a correct undcrik landing
of the laws pre-natal and po«t-naLaI, ai also to a more thorough comprehcn!^)on of what
marriage should be, and what it should accomplish for mutual EappiQess, these four hun-
dred and five octavo pages by Dr. Cowan must greatly conduce, lliey arc devoted to top-
ics concerning which no person arrived at years of though (fulness should be ignorant. They
treat of these topics in a plain, sensible manner, in language that none but a prude can ob-
ject to, and are apporendy -written in no spirit of quackery, but for a worthy purpose.
Could the book be placed in the hands of every young person contemplating matruaony it
would assuredly do much good.

[From the Christian Advocate, New York.'^
It is a dtfTicult as well as a delicate task to discuss in a proper manner the subject of re-
production of a new human life. This the author of this work has undertaken, going into
details of facts and philosophy, with constantly applied suggestions cf a physiological, san-
itary and moral character, ilie mcUiud and cxeculiun of Uie work arc quite uncACeption-
able, and many of its practical suggestions ore certainly valuable.

\From the Round Table, New York. 3

The dedication of Dr. Cowan*s book — "To all the Married, but particnUrly to those who
contemplate Marriage" sufiicicntly indicates its scope and purpose. It is an earnest plea for
temperance in all ihin^, for the subjection of the sense* to the spirit, for the rule of purity
and continence, especially in the relation of life which most jicopic seem to enter onlr to
find a pretext for discarding both. * * * * If only for the earnestness with whioi it
denounces and condemns the atrocious practice of ante-natal infanticide, or the scarcely less
revolting indecencies of prevention, the legal prostitution of all sorts for which modem mar-
riage is made the flimsy veil, this book would be worthy of the praise of every pure-minded
man and woman ; but it calls for even higher approbation by its recognition and emphatic
assertion of what to-day is so rarely rccognitcd or admitted — the essential nobleness, purity
and holincu of the marital state.

[From the Methodist Home jfoumal, Philadelphia, Pa, ]

Tliis work is a clear, comprehensive, and yet concise treatment of laws which regulate hu-
man life, as well as those woich pertain to the married relation. It is an evidently candid
attempt to popularize information on one of the most important subjects vrhich come within
the range of human thought. The book is worthy an extended sale.

[From the Hartfifrd Comrttnt.'\

This worlc is very different from the works that are usually published on this subject- It
is a plain but chaste book, dealing with the physical problems which most concern all hu-
man beings in the spirit of science and humanity. What we all as society need is a better
understanding of physiology and the laws of health, so that men and women, knowing theic
laws and their own constitutions, can live properly, in such physical ehtalc as shall produco
the best mental atatc. This book is a very valuable contribution to that end.

\Fr0m the Scottish American, New lVr<t. ]

Thii work is specially designed for married persons and those who contemplate raarri:^^
We agree with the author in believing that " no person who exercises the unselfish and im-
partifll of his or her nature can possibly read and reflect upon iu contents without being im-
pressed, in a greater or »iiiaUc( measure, with the (equircmcnts }o jiccciur^ ii; ^11 that goes

COWAN & COMPANTS CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS.

to constitate life u God firct planned it" The work coatamt a large amount of infonu-
tion, (^Nut from theory, of the highest value to all who prize the lilessing of " a aoand ttini
in a sound body." It is a work which may safel]r be placed in the hnnds of all married per-
sons, and all persons intending to marry, and their happiness would certainlr be nndi ii-
creased by ot»erving the rules laid down by the author. The work is careful^ printed bsm
large Qrpe, on good paper, is well bound and beautifully illustratedi

\From iht Rev^miioH^ New Kpt^.]

Thh is one of the handsomest volumes, as well as most daborate trealiies on its nhfee^
that has for a long time appeared. To young families, or persons about entering the fiuiy
relation, it wiU prove a treasure. To parents, teachers, and all who have the tiaiaing rt
dtiHrfn, it cannot be too highly recommended.

\From the Banner 9/ Ligtit^ Boston^ ]

We wdcome a publication of this sort with undis^sed sincerity, thankful that the tiaw
at last has come when fundamental and radical physiological truths may be told to the peo-
ple plainly. Had such books been placed in the hands «* voonger men two or three gener-
ations ago, their effect would have been visible enough in the fuysical character and nbits
of the men of to-day.

\Pmm ike LomeU JMily Courier, ]

This is the only book of this character we have ever seen which seem to be Imbaed wi&
a oonsdentioas spirit from beginning to end. Hundreds of books on love, marriage^ and
Uie relations of the saes, have been writtto to sell. Many of them have done n^biite
harm, instead of remedying the evils thejr pretended to oombat ; but nobody can piautice ca
the principles laid down by Dr. Cowan witnout being better and wiser.

[Frwn tie New York AiMm,[

■*The Science of a Kew life,*' by John Cowan, M.D., is a hygienic and social guide
which many men, whether married or single, will be the better for carefully perusing. ~ * *
It devotes a large space to matters more or less physiological in their character, and in so
doing treads upon somewhat delicate ground ; yet we have failed to detect anything which
might be regarded as inadmissible in a book intended for the instruction and to promote the
weU-being of those into whose hands it ma$| fall. It discusses the subjects on which it
treats in a rehned and Christian spirit andXwith much good sense.

{From the Farmer^ Bridgtpcrt^ CiWM.]

Upon no topic connected with our physical well-being does so much ignorance prevail,
and consequently abuse or wrong-doing, as upon those so fully treated of in this woik.
The book should have a wide circulation. The author has dedicated it to " all the married,
and particularly those who contemplate marriage." He should have dedicated it to *' all the
world, and the rest of mankind," for its expositions and teachings are important not only to
the married and those whocontemplate marriage, but to all, both of high degree and low
degree, civilized or savage."

l^From (heFegister, South jfaeksm, AficA.']

Books of this character can not be multiplied too rapidly, nor can the infinence ci snc^
works as this, in releasing men and women from the strong bonds of ignorance, vice, and
Crune, be too highly estimated. The human race, we know, needs something stronger and
more powerful than the influence of a single volume, however good, to remove the many
evils of social and domestic life — line upon line, precept upon precept — a little here, and a
great deal more there, can alone accomplish the great work of reformation, and restore the
wasted, sin-polluted lives of our fellow-beings to a condition of moral purity ; but we must
admit that Dr. Cowan has done all that any lover of bis race can do to check the downward
course of the ignorant, thoughtless, and sinfuL

10

WHAT TO EAT, AND HOW TO COOK IT;
Preserving, Canning, and Drying Fruits and Vegetables.

BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE SOEKCE OF A NEW UfK*

There are teom of Coolc*Boolct m die market, but it it a quettiM if the iagredieBts and the mixlvrea mad
COabiaadooa day ofle/ as " leceipea*' do BOt, whn uied as bod, result m physkal sofleriuf. rather thus m
health and vigor.

This baok diflen firom diaS cba of Cook>Bodcs in that it aims to give, in a phun and uadcrstandable way.
die kind of food that it is best to eat'tn order to regaia and sustain health and strengdi, and a mode of oookiac
b that will make it at once palatably nuttitioiia and vAokaonw. laconMnta, inpar^ anaifoUowa:

Wheat and its Preparatioas— ss dtflncnt methods of cotAing.

Corn and Rjrai, and their Preparations 38 diOetcnt methods of cookia^

Oats and ka Prcpandons 7 diflbcnt methods of cookings

Buckwheat and its Preparationi.
Barley and its PrepazatioiUL

Rke and its Prepandons 10 methods of cooking.

Sago, TapBocn and Aiiuwreot, and dicir Preparationn.

Potatoes and their PiepanUiona 16 different methods of eoekia^

Peas and Beani^ and their Preparations 14 methods of oookiag.

Tuniip^ Carrots, Parsnips and Artidiokes, and didr Preparations.

Onioas, Lads, Garlic, etc and dieir PrepaiatiottS.

Cubage, Caohflower, ^inach. Greens, etc, and thdr Prepaiatieos.

Apples, Pears, Quinces, Gr^es, and their PreparatioBs 60 ways of prepaiing and cookinit

Rjisins, Figs, Cucumbers, Melons, Pumpkins^ Tomatoes, and dmir Pieparatiocs.

Pies How to make diem haalihftilty.

Gravies and Sauces la difierent kinds, without grease orspices.

Food and Drink for the Sick widi directions for making delicious Unfarmcnted Wne.

Water, .giving directions whereby every house can have pure soft water.
Ksdes for Ealinf—- A very important chapter.

OtjrrtinnsHB Aitidca of Diet equally as important and iiinsmri far aB to know.

Poisooa in Daily Use •spoaing dm difiocnt methods of adulterating feed, and how In datect tibaib

Pnacrving, Caaninb end Drying Fruits and Vegetables.

As win be seen, this book diflers. in mode of arrangement and madwd of cooking food simply and hcaUb>
fully, from any Cook-Book heretofore published.

It givct 15 diflbent lec^ for making healdiful, nuttitaoos and palanMc Brand, widiotft dM aid of esdMr
Xenst or baking powder.

It givca x6 diflerent styles for hrahh&illy cooking Potatoes.

It gives 35 modes of making Biscuit, and 30 methods of making and cooking Puddings, without the naa
of soda, grease, etc

It pvcs IS naediods of cooking Apples.

Very important informatioa is contained under die bend of " Olgcctkmafalc Aitkka of Di«^" and it tdb
nD about Poisons in daily use, and how to detect them.

The article en " The Uenm Method of Preserving. Canning and Drying Fruits and Vegetnbles," ia not
' 10 be found in any odief Cook-Book published, and is of itself wcU worth thrice the price asked far the book.

Fmally, it is so arranged that, if a housekeeper has only one or two articles m dm house to prepare a
meelwiih, she can find out by das book the best mcdiod of cooking such articles in a |-^fitf"*i invidng mid

l^rif you wish to avoid ncknem and five healthfully, by eating food cooked and prepared in a
aad iantbg manner, send far

WHAT TO EAT, AND HOW TO COOK IT.

sesp^pes. Price— Bound in Clolh, gih side-etai^ 50 cents : in P^ier, 9oceatSL Mdia^ on iMeipt
ml foet, hj Am PnMishr n,

COWAN & COMPANY,
139 £i^^fA Street, New York

COWAN & COMPANTS CATALOGUE OF NEW BOOKS,
Two Valuable Hand-Books.

THE USE OF TOBACCO,

versus

PURITY, CHASTITY, AND SOUND
HEALTH.

TOBACCO.

How its me cuuci BaMneii.
How it produces Dyspepsia and XndigMtkak
How it decays the Teeth.
How it afliects Hesrinc and Seeinf.
How it results in Heart-Diseasa.
How it causes a fondness for Alcoholic UqnonL
How it weakens the memory.

How (in boys and young men) it prevents a growA into

a perfect Manhood— dwarfing Heart and InteBea

Soul and Body.

Evoy young man who asfMres to be somebody—

to make life a success, physi^y, mentally and mo-

rally should send for, read, and be guided by Uw

cooDcils contained in tUs book.

Mailed for 30 ce&u; in cloth 50 centi.

INTEMPERANCE:

ITS FIKANCIAU PHYSICAU MENTAL
SOaAL AND MORAL EVILS,

AKD

ITS CAUSE AND REMEDY.

ALCOHOL.

How it weakens die Body.

How it dcpnnes die Mind.

Howitpmdncea Porerty.

How the Taste is Transmitted.

How the Taste is Acquired.

The eflect of its useon the Yoaag.

lu use at die Lord's lUik

Its use by Fhyndans

What Emineift Men say of it

How it drags down and degrades the body snd mritf

t all who to^d^ taste and handle the accursed tfabf.

An lAose desire it is to bdp stamp out the evi of

latemperaacc; ahould possess and circulate this beak.

Mailed for 30 Cents : iadoili 50

Books for Phrenologists.
KNOW THYSELF

Is a handsomely printed little work of 39 pages, and is just the dung in size and matter for tmelia|
Phrenologists. It is furnished at $4 per 100 copies. Sample copies 10 cents. Phrenok>gists On using it, give it the
picferance overall other small charts, not alone for its low pricey but for the anangementof its contents and is
general appearance.

SELF-HELP

IN THE ATTAINMENT OF PERFECTION OF CHARACTER AND SUCCESS

IN LIFE

By JOHN COWAN, M. D.,

Author 0/ **The Science of a Nem Life" etc.

This is one of the best books of the kind ever published. It contains just the information required by all
whose desire it is to GROW UPWARD. Have you qualities of character that make your daily lire miscnbie,
inharmonious, uncongenial T "Self- Help" wiU suggest to you how they may be remedied. Have you tendesdn
of mind that lead or tempt you to do wrong in any of the many relations you hold towanl your fellow-nun *.
"Self-Help" by its suggestions wilt aid you into a purer morality. Are you at a loss to know what business it b
best for you to follow in order to secure success in life t This book will furnish you with the elemenu oecessiry
to decide rightly and secure success. Are you unsuccessful in your business aims ? This book wiH show jroa
thecauseof your non-success, and furnish you the stepping-stones to the rojral road of wealth, health, andhappiness.

The location is given of all the mental organs, and their combinations, and is thus an excellent aid to the
study of Phrenology, as well as to the study of one's own selC

It has a table for recording developments, and practicing Phrenologists, will, 00 using the bo^ fiadte it
gives excellent satisfaction.

Bound in extra English Cloth, bevelled boards, gilt side stamp, 150 pages, over 40 iHostrations, printed «a
heavy tinted paper, &om new types, Price $1. To Phrenologists bythe quantity at a large discouoL Mailed on

receipt of price.

ADDRESS ALL ORDERS TO

COWAN & COMPANY,
REFORM Book Publishers, 139 Eighth Street, New York.

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