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n

AN ACCOUNT

OF THE

CRUSTACEA

OF

NORWAY

AN ACCOUNT

OF THE

CRUSTACEA

OF

NORWAY

WITH SHORT DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES

BY

G. O. SARS

PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHRISTIANIA

VOL. V

COPEPODA

HARPACTICOIDA

WITH 284 AUTOGRAPHIC PLATES

(TEXT)

PUBLISHED BY THE BERGEN MUSEUM

SOLD BY

ALB. CAMMEKMEYEE's FOELAG, CHEISTIANIA 1911

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS

PREFACE.

The elaboration of the present Volume has been connected with no small trouble and expenditure of time. Indeed, the group of Crustacea here treated of is undoubtedly one of the most difficult, both as regards the direct examination of the species, and the exact determination of the often very intricate mutual relation of the several types. The group has proved to be very richly represented in the Norwegian Fauna, as will appear from the extent of this Volume, (about 300 (291) different species, belonging to 99 genera, being treated of here); and yet I have every reason to believe that many other forms will be added in the future. As regards this statement, I will only point to the fact that during my last excursion, in the summer of 1910, no less than about 40 additional species, several new to science, were procured, and of these moreover by far the greater number were derived from a single locality at Korshavn, on the south coast of Norway.

The systematic arrangement of the -genera adopted in this work can only be regarded as a quite provisional one. No doubt in the future essential improve- ments will be effected also in this respect. Although the present Volume cannot therefore lay any claim to being an exhaustive account of the group, I think that it will at least be found useful as a basis for further investigations.

As to the preparation of the plates accompanying this Volume, I have been anxious to give, besides analytical figures of the several appendages, also good habitus- figures of each species, drawn on a sufficiently large scale. The great advantage of such figures for an easy determination of the species is evident. In most cases it is found that earlier authors have contented themselves with giving only lateral figures of the species belonging to the present group. I find, however, that in many cases the dorsal view^ of the animal more clearly reveals the characteristic diffe- rences between nearly-related species than does the lateral view. In cases where only a single habitus-figure is given, I have therefore always preferred to represent the animal in a dorsal aspect. In most cases, however, the animal is

87271

VI

figured in both positions. The analytical figures have in all cases been associated in the same plates with the habitus-figures, an arrangement which is undoubtedly more convenient than that adopted by Th. Scott in some of his recent papers, where these figures are found scattered over many different plates.

I regret that in some few cases the figures on the plates have been less perfectly reproduced, owing to want of care on the part of the lithographer in the transfer of my drawings to the stone. In the great majority of case however, I hope that the plates will be found to suffice for an easy recognition of the species represented.

In concluding this Volume, I wish to express my most sincere thanks to those gentlemen who have assisted me in the work. To Canon A. M. Norman and Dr. Th. Scott I am much indebted for their kindness in sending me inter- esting specimens and in giving me other information useful to me. My hearty thanks are also due to Mr. 0. Nordgaard, curator of the Trondhjem Museum, for his generosity in placing in my hands his whole material of Harpacticoida, as also for sending me several bottom-samples taken by him partly off the Fin- mark coast, partly off the Lofoten Islands and in the Skjaerstad Fjord. Several interesting species, described and figured in the present Volume, were derived from these samples. Finally, I beg to thank the Direction of the Bergen Museum for the promptness with which it has attended to the printing and publishing of the several parts of this Volume, as soon as they left my hands.

G. O. Sars.

PRINCIPAL WORKS ON HARPACTICOIDA.

Aurivillius P. Baird, W. BoecJc, A.

Brady, G. 8.

Canu, E.

Glaus, G.

Dana, J. D.

Fischer, S.

Gieshrecht, W.

Goodsir, H.

Herrick, G. L. Jurine, L. Krb'yer, H. Lilljehorg, W.

Muller, 0. F.

0. Balcenophilus unisetis. 1879. Natural History of British Entomostraca. 1850. Oversigt af de ved Norges Kyster iagttagne Copepoder. Chr. Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1864.

Nye SIsegter og Arter af Saltvandscopepoder. Chr. Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1872.

Monograph of British Copepoda, Vol. 11. 1880. Report on the Copepoda of the Challenger Expedition. 1883. Several papers inserted in Nat. Hist. Transact. North. & Durham. Les Copepodes du Boulonnais. 1892. Die freilebenden Copepoden. 1862. Die Copepoden-B'auna von Nizza. 1866. Crustacea of the United States Explor. Expedition. 1855. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Entomostraceen. Abh. Kgl. Bayer. Akad. d. Wissensch. Bd. VIII. 1860. Die freilebenden Copepoden der Kieler Fohrde. 1882. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel. Pelagische Copepoden. 1892.

On several new species of Crustacea allied to Saphirina. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. XIII. 1845. Synopsis of the Entomostraca of Minnesota. 1895. Histoire des Monocles. 1820. In "Gaimard's Voyage en Scandinavie" (Atlas). De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus in Scania occurrentibus. 1853. Synopsis Harpacticidarum aqvse dulcis Sveciae. Kgl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. Vol. 36. 1902. Entomostraca. 1785.

viii

Norman, A. M. Last Report on Dredging among the Shetland Isles. Brit. Asso6; Rep. 1868.

— & Scott, T. Crustacea of Devon & Cornwall. 1906. Philippi, A. Beobachtungen tiber die Copepoden des Mittelmeeres. Wiegmann's

Archiv 1840 & 1843. Poppe, 8. A. Die freilebenden Copepoden des Jahdebusens. 1885. Sars, 0. 0. Oversigt af de indenlandske Ferskvandscopepoder. Chr. Vi

Selsk. Forh. 1863.

— Crustacea of the 2nd Fram Expedition. 1909.

Schmeil, 0. Deutschlands freilebenden Siisswasser Copepoden. Bd. II. Ha

pacticidse. 1893. Scott, A. Copepoda from Liverpool Bay. Rep. Lancashire Sea Fisheries'

Labor. 1896.

— Report on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, Copepoda. 1903.

— Copepoda of the Siboga Expedition. 1909. Scott, Th. Report on Entomostraca from the Gulf of Guinea. Trans.

Linn. See. Lond. Vol. VI. 1894.

— Revision of the British Copepoda belonging to the genera Bradya and Ectinosoma. Traias. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. VI. 1896.

— Numerous papers, most of them inserted in the Annual Reports of the Fishery Board for Scotland; some in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ; some in Linn. Soc. Bulletins. j

Thompson, I. C. Revised Report on the Copepoda of Liverpool Bay. Trans. Liv. Biol. Soc. Vol. VIL 1893.

r.

I

SYSTEMATIC LIST

OF THE SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.

Achirota.

Misophriidae.

Misophria, Boeck. pallida, Boeck.

Loglpedlidae.

Longipedia, Glaus.

coronata, Glaus.

ScoUi, G. 0. Sars.

minor, Scott.

rosea, G. 0. Sars. Sunaristes, Hesse.

paguri, Hesse. Canuella, Scott.

jjerplexa, Scott.

furcigera, G. 0. Sars.

Cervlnlidae.

Cervinia, Norman.

Bradyi, Norman.

synarihra, G. 0. Sars. Cerviniopsis, G. 0. Sars.

davicornis, G. 0. Sars.

longicaudata, G, 0. Sars. Eucanuella, Scott.

spinifera, Scott. Zosime, Boeck.

typica, Boeck.

inerassata, G. 0. Sars.

Eetinosomidse.

Eetinosoma, Boeck. Sarsi, Boeck. neglectum, G. 0. Sars. propinqvum, Scott. elongatum, G. 0. Sars. Herdmani, Scott. melaniceps, Boeck. Normani, Scott. curticorne, Boeck. gothiceps, Giesbr. mixtum, G. 0. Sars. hrevirostre, G. 0. Sars. gracile, Scott. tenuireme, Scott.

Mierosetella, Brady & Rob. norvegica, Boeck.

Eetinosomella, G. 0. Sars. nitidula, G. 0. Sars

Pseudobradya, G. 0. Sars. minor, Scott. acuta, G. 0. Sars. similis, Scott. kirsuta, Scott. fusca, Scott. rohusta, G. 0. Sars. elegans, Scott.

Bradya, Boeck.

typica, Boeck.

X

dilatata, Gr. 0. Sars. armifera, Scott. Neobradya, Scott. petiiiifera, Scott.

Chirognatha. Harpaetieidae.

Harpaetieus, M. Edw.

chelifer, ' Miiller.

uniremis, Kroyer.

gracilis, Glaus.

fiexus, Brady.

litioralis, G. 0. Sars Tigriopus,' Norman.

fulvus, Fischer. ZaUS, Goodsir.

spinatus, Goodsir.

dbhreviatus, G. 0. Sars.

Ooodsiri, Brady.

Peltidiidae.

Alteutha, Baird.

interrupta, Goodsir. purpurocincta, Norm.

Peltidium, Philippi.

purpureum/^- Phil.

Tegastidae.

Tegastes, Norman.

falcaius, Norman.

ftavidus, G. 0. Sars.

Clausi, G. 0. Sars.

grandimanus, G. 0. Sars.

nanus, G. 0. Sars.

harpacticoides, Glaus,

calcaratus, G. 0. Sars.

longimanus, Glaus. Parategastes, G. 0. Sars.

sphcericus, Glaus.

Poreellidiidae.

Poreellidium, Glaus.

fimbriatum, Glaus.

Idyidae.

Aspidiseus, Norman.

littoralis, G. 0. Sars. fasciatus. Norm.

Psamathe, Philippi. longicauda, Phil.

Maehairopus, Brady.

minutus, G. 0. Sars. Idyaea, Philippi.

furcata, Baird.

minor, Scott.

ensifera, Fischer.

tenera, G. 0. Sars.

longicornis, Scott.

elegantula, G. 0. Sars.

gracilis, Scott.

angiista, G. O. Sars.

finmarchica, G, 0. Sars.

tenella, G. O. Sars. Idyanthe, G. 0. Sars.

dilatata, G. 0. Sars.

pusilla, G. 0. Sars. Idyella, G. 0. Sars.

pallidula, G. 0. Sars.

exigua, G. 0. Sars.

Thalestridae.

Thalestris, Glaus.

longimana, Glaus. gihha, Kroyer. rufoviolacens, Glaus. hrunnea, G. 0. Sars. purpurea, G. 0. Sars.

Parathalestris, Brady & Rob. Clausi, Norman. harpacticoides, Glaus. hibernica, Brady & Rob. JacTcsoni, Scott.

Phyllothalestris, G. 0. Sars. mysis, Glaus.

Halithalestris, G. 0. Sars. Croni, Kroyer.

XI

Rhynchothalestris, G. 0. Sars.

rufoc'mcta, Norm.

helgolandica, Claus. Mierothalestris, G. 0. Sars.

forficida, Claus.

UttoraVis, G. 0. Sars. Daetylopusia, Norman.

thishoides, Claus.

7ieglecta, G. 0. Sars.

vulgaris, G. 0. Sars.

micronyx, G. 0. Sars.

hrevicornis, Claus.

latipes, Boeck. Daetyiopodella, G. 0. Sars.

flava, Claus.

clypeata, G. 0. Sars Daetylopodopsis, G. 0. Sars.

dilatata, G. 0. Sars. Idomene, Philippi.

forficata, Phil.

horealis, G. 0. Sars. Idomenella, Scott.

coronata, Scott. Amenophia, Boeck.

peltata, Boeck.

pulchella, G. 0. Sars. Westwoodia, Dana.

nohilis, Baird.

assimilis, G. 0. Sars.

minuta, Claus.

vygmcea, Scott.

monensis, Brady.

Dlosaeeidae.

Diosaecus, Boeck.

tenuicornis. Claus. Amphiaseus, G. 0. Sars.

cinctus, Claus.

obscurus, G. 0. Sars.

similis, Claus.

nasutus, Boeck.

phyllopus, G. 0. Sars.

latifolius, G. 0. Sars.

thalestroides, G. 0. Sars.

mimttus, Claus.

varians, Scott. Oieshrechti, G. 0. Sars. 'propinqrus, G. 0. Sars. longirostris, Claus. tenuiremis, Brady. parvus, G. 0. Sars. dehilis, Giesbr. pallidus, G. 0. Sars. abyssi, Boeck. nanus, G. 0. Sars. exigims, G. 0. Sars. Blanchardi, Scott. tenellus, G. 0. Sars. linearis, G. 0. Sars. sinuatus, G. 0. Sars. denticulatus, Tliomps. Normani, G. 0. Sars. amhlyops, G. 0. Sars. lagenirostris, G. 0. Sars. nanoides, G. 0. Sars. bulhifer, G. 0. Sars. spinulosus, G. 0. Sars simulans, Scott. attenuatus, G. 0. Sars. hispidus, Norman affifiis, G. 0. Sars, intermedius, Scott. typhlops, G. 0. Sars. typhloides, G. 0 Sars. lamellifer, G. 0. Sars confusus, Scott.

Stenhelia, Boeck. gibba, Boeck. proxima, G. 0. Sars. cemula, Scott. palustris, Brady. reflexa, Brady. Giesbrechti, Scott. Normani, Scott. longicaudata, Boeck.

Stenheliopsis, G. 0. Sars. divaricata, G. 0. Sars. latifurca, G. 0. Sars. media, G. 0. Sars.

XII

Canthoeamptldae.

Canthocamptus, Westw.

staphylinuff, Jurino.

minuhis, Glaus. Altheyella, Brady.

crassa, G. 0. Sars.

gracilis, G. 0. Sars.

pygmcea, G. 0, Sars.

arctica, Lilljeb.

Duthiei, Scott. Moraria, Scott.

hreviyes, G 0. Sai-s. Mesoehra, Boeck.

LiUjeborgi, Boeck.

pygmcea, Glaus.

hirticornis, Scott.

exigua, G. 0. Sars. Nitoera, Boeck.

typica, Boeck.

spinipes, Boeck,

pusilla, G. 0. Sars. Ameira, Boeck.

longipes, Boeck.

minuta, Boeck.

Scotti, G. 0. Sars.

tau, Giesbr.

simplex, Scott.

attenuata, Thomps.

tenuicornis, Scott. Parameira, G. 0. Sars.

parva, Boeck.

major, G. 0. Sars.

propinqva, Scott. Pseudameira, G. 0. Sars.

crassicornis, G. 0. Sars.

furcata, G. 0. Sars. Ameiropsis, G. 0. Sars.

brevicornis, G. 0. Sars.

longicornis, G. 0. Sars.

mixta, G. 0. Sars.

nobilis, G. 0. Sars.

angulifera, G. 0. Sars.

ahhveviata, G. 0. Sars.

Stenoeopia, G. 0. Sars.

longicaudata , Scott.

spinosa, Scott.

setosa. G. 0. Sars. Malaeopsyllus, G. 0. Sars.

fragilis, G. 0. Sars. Leptomesoehra, G. 0. Sars.

attenuata, A. Scott.

tenuicornis, G. 0. Sars.

ccnfluens, G. 0. Sars. Phylloeamptus, Scott.

miniitus, G. 0. Sars. Paramesoehra, Scott.

duhia, Scott.

Tetragonieeps, Brady.

Scotti, G. 0. Sars. Phyllopodopsyllus, Scott.

Bradyi, Scott. furciger, G. 0. Sars. Pteropsylius, Scott.

consimilis, Scott. Evansia, Scott.

incerta, Scott. Leptastaeus, Scott.

macronyx, Scott.

Laophontidae.

Laophonte, Philippi. cornuta, Phil. serrata, Glaus. depressa, Scott. thoracica, Boeck. elongata, Boeck. typhlops, G. 0. Sars. lo7igicaud,ata, Boeck. similis, Glaus. horrida, Norm. brevispinosa, G. 0. Sars. Koreni, Boeck. proxima, G. 0. Sars. Stromi, Baird. curticauda, Boeck. minuta^ Boeck,

XIII

littoralis, Scott.

hrevirostris, Clans.

congenera, G. 0. Sars.

Tiarmensis, G. 0. Sars.

perplexa, Scott.

macera, G. 0. Sars.

Nordgaardi, G. 0. Sars.

parvula, G. 0. Sars.

nana, G. 0. Sars.

inoyinata, Scott.

denticornis, Scott. Pseudolaophonte, A Scott.

spinosa, Thonips. Laophontopsis, G. 0. Sars.

lamellifera, Glaus. Asellopsis, Brady.

hisjyida, Brady. Laophontodes, Scott.

typicus, Scott.

hicornis, A. Scott.

exyansus, G. 0. Sars. Platyehelipus, Brady.

littoralis, Brady.

laoyhontoides, G. 0. Sars. Normanella, Brady.

minuta, Boeck.

tenuifurca, G. 0. Sars.

mucronata, G. 0. Sars.

Cletodidae.

Cletodes, Brady.

limicola, Brady.

tenuipes, Scott.

curvirostris, Scott.

longicaudatus, Boeck.

' Buchholtzi, Boeck. I Orthopsyllus, Brady.

linearis, Glaus. Mesoeletodes, G. 0. Sars.

irrasus, Scott. jEuryeletodes, G. 0. Sars.

laticaudatus, Boeck.

latus, Scott.

similis, Scott. major, G. 0. Sars. Enhydrosoma, Boeck.

curticandatum, Boeck.

propinqvum, Brady.

longifurcatum, G. 0. Sars. Rhizothrix, Brady.

curvata, Brady.

gracilis, Scott. Huntemannia, Poppe.

jahdensis, Poppe. Nannopus, Brady.

palustris, Brady. Pontopolites, Scott.

typicus, Scott. Fultonia, Scott.

hirsuta, Scott. Argestes, G. 0. Sars.

mollis, G. 0. Sars.

A nehorabolidae.

Anehorabolus, Norman.

mirabilis, Norman. Eehinopsyllus, G. 0. Sars.

Normani, G. 0. Sars. Ceratonotus, G. 0. Sars.

pectinatus, G. 0. Sars. Arthropsyllus, G. 0. Sars.

serratus, G. 0. Sars. Anoplosoma, G. 0. Sars.

sordidum, G. 0. Sars.

Cylindropsyllidae.

Cylindropsyllus, Brady.

IcBvis, Brady. Stenoearis, G. 0. Sars.

gracilis, G. 0. Sars.

minor, Scott. D'Areythompsonia, Scott.

fairliensis, Scott.

XIV

Taehidiidae.

Taehidius, Lilljeb.

hrevicornis, Lilljeb. Pseudotaehidius, Scott

coronatus, Scott. Taehidiella, G. 0. Sars.

minuta, G. 0. Sars. Taehidiopsis, G. 0. Sars.

cyclopoides, G. 0. Sars. Robertsonia, Brady.

tenuis, Brady. Danielssenia, Boeck.

typica, Boeck.

fusiformis, Brady.

Psammis, G. 0. Sars.

longisetosa, G. 0. Sars.

Metidae.

Metis, Philippi. ignea, Phil.

Balaenophilidae.

Balaenophilus, Aurivillius. imisetis, Auriv.

AN ACCOUNT

OF THE

CRUSTACEA

OP

NOR\A/AY

AN ACCOUNT

OF THE

CRUSTACEA

OF

NORWAY

WITH SHORT DESCRH^TIONS AND FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES

BY

G. O. SARS

PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CilRISTIANIA

VOL. V

COPEPODA

HARPACTICOIDA

(PLATES)

PUBLISHED BY THE BERGEN MUSEUM

SOLD BY

ALB, CAMMERMEYEE's FORLAG, CHRISTIANIA 1911

LIST OF PLATES

(WITH CORRECTIONS).

Letterings. — 9 female; cf male; C cephalic segment; Urs urosorae with the caudal rami; gen ar. genital area; F. furcal joints; jK. rostrum; a} anterior antenna; a? posterior antenna; L. anterior lip; M. mandible; Mp. mandibular palp; m. maxilla; mp.^ anterior maxilliped; mp.^ posterior maxilliped; p.^ — p.^ legs of 1st to 6th pairs.; gen. I. genital lobe of male.

PL I. Misophria pallida, Boeck.

PI. II. Misophria pallida, Boeck (continued).

PI. III. Longipedia eoronata, Claus.

PI. IV. Longipedia eoronata, Claus (continued).

PI. V.

1. Longipedia Scotti, G. 0. Sars.

2. — minor, Scott.

3. — rosea, G. 0. Sars.

PL VI.

Siinarisles paguri, Hesse.

PL VII.

Sunaristes paguii, Hesse (continued).

PI. VIII. Canuella perplexa, Scott.

PL IX. Canuella perplexa, Scott (continued).

PL X. Canuella furcigera, G. 0. Sars.

PI XI. Cervinia synarthra, G. 0. Sars (see Supple- ment).

PL XII. Cerviniopsis elavieornis, G. 0. Sars.

PL XIII.

1. Cerviniopsis elavieornis, G. 0. Sars (contin.).

2. — longieaudata, G. 0. Sars.

PL xrv.

Eueanuella spinifera, Scott.

PL XV. Zosime typica, Boeck.

PL XVI.

Eetinosoma Sarsi, Boeck.

PL XVII.

1. Eetinosoma neglectum, G. 0. Sars.

2. — propinqvum, Scott.

PL XVIII.

1. Eetinosoma elongatum, G. 0. Sars.

2. — Herdmani, Scott.

PI. XIX.

1. Eetinosoma melanieeps, Boeck.

2. — Normani, Scott.

PL XX.

1. Eetinosoma eurtieorne, Boeck.

2. ~ gothiceps, Giesbr.

PL XXI.

1. Eetinosoma mixtum, G. 0. Sars.

2, — brevirostre, G. 0. Sars.

VI

PI. XXTI.

1. Ectinosoma graeile, Scott.

2. Pseudobradya minor, (Scott).

PI. XXIII.

1. Pseudobradya acuta, G. 0. Sars.

2. — similis, (Scott).

PI. XXIV.

Mierosetella norveg-ica, (Boeck) (see text). .

PL XXV. Bradya typiea, Boeck.

PL XXVI. Bradya dilatata, G. 0. Sars.

PL XXVII. Harpactieus chelifer, (Miiller).

PI. XXVIII.

Harpactieus chelifer, (Miiller) (coutinued).

PL XXIX.

Harpactieus uniremis, (Kroyer).

PL XXX.

1. Harpactieus gracilis, Glaus.

2. — flexus, Brady.

PL XXXI. Tig-riopus fulvus, (Fischer).

PL XXXII. Tigriopus fulvus, (Fischer) (continued).

PL XXXIII. Zaus spinatus, (Goodsir).

PL XXXIV. Zaus abbreviatus, G. 0. Sars.

PL XXXV.

Zaus Goodsiri, Brady.

PL XXXVI.

Alteutha interrupta, (Goodsir).

PL XXXVII. Alteutha interrupta, (Goodsir) (continued).

PI XXXVIII. Alteutha purpurocincta, Norman (see Supplmt.).

PL XXXIX. Peltidium purpureum, Philippi.

PI XL.

Peltidium purpureum Philippi (continued).

PL XLI. Tegastes faleatus, Norman.

PL XLII.

1. Tegastes flavidus, Ci. 0. Sars.

2. — Clausi, G. 0. Sars (see Supplmt.).

3. — grandimanus, G. 0. Sars.

4. — nanus, G. 0. Sars.

PL XLIII. Parategastes sphaericus, (Claus).

PL XLTV. Porcellidium fimbriatum, Claus.

PL XLV. Porcellidium fimbriatum, Claus (continued),

PL XLVI. Aspidiscus littoralis, G. 0. Sars.

PL XLVII.

Aspidiscus littoralis, G. 0. Sars (continued).

PL XLVIII. Aspidiscus fasciatus, Norman.

PL XLIX. Psamathe longicauda, Philippi.

PL L. Machairopus minutus, G. 0. Sars.

PI. LI. Idyaea fureata, (Baird) (see Supplmt.).

PL LIL

1. Idyaea fureata, (Baird) (continued).

2. -- minor, Scott.

PL LIII.

1. Idyaea ensifera, (Fischer).

2. — tenera, G. 0. Sars.

PL LIV.

1. Idyaea longicornis, Scott.

2. — elegantula, G. 0. Sars.

PL LV.

1. Idyaea gracilis, Scott.

2. — angusta, G: 0. Sars.

PL LVI. Idyaea fmmarchiea, G. 0. Sars.

PL LVII.

1. Idyanthe dilatata, G.O. Sars (see Supplmt.).]

2. — pusilla, G. 0. Sars.

VII

PI. LVIII.

1. Idyella pallidula, G. 0. Sars.

2. — exig-iia, G. 0. Sars.

PI. LIX. Thalestris longlmana, Claus.

PL LX. Thalestris longimana, Claiis (continued).

PI. LXI. Thalestris gibba, (Kroj^er).

PL LXII. Thalestris rufoviolaeens, Claus.

PL LXIII. Thalestris brunnea, G. 0. Sars.

PL LXIV.

Thalestris purpurea, G. 0. Sars.

PL LXV. Parathalestris Clausi, (Norman).

PL LXVI.

Parathalestris Clausi, (Norman) (continued).

PL LXVII. Parathalestris harpactieoides, (Claus).

PL LXVm. Parathalestris hiberniea, (Brady & Rob.).

PL LXIX. Parathalestris Jaeksoni, fScott).

PI. LXX. Phyllothalestris mysis, (Clans).

PL LXXI. Phyllothalestris mysis, (Claus) (continued).

PL LXXII. Halithalestris Croni, (Kroyer).

PL LXXIII. Rhynehothalestris rufoeineta, (Norman).

PL LXXIV. Rhynehothalestris rufoeineta, (Norman) (con- tinued).

PL LXXV. Rhynehothalestris helgolandiea, (Claus).

PL LXXVI. Mierothalestris forfieula, (Claus).

PL LXXVII. Dactylopusia thisboides, Claus.

PL LXXVIII.

1. Dactylopusia thisboides, Claus (continued).

2. — neglecta, G. 0. Sars.

PL LXXIX.

1. Dactylopusia vulgaris. G. 0. Sars.

2. — micronyx, G 0. Sars.

PL LXXX.

Dactylopusia brevicornis, Claus.

PL LXXXT.

Daetylopodella flava, Claus.

PL LXXXII. Idomene forficata, Pliilippi.

PL LXXXIir. Amenophia peltata, Boeck.

PL LXXXIV.

1. Amenophia peltata, Boeck (continued),

2. — pulehella, G. 0. Sars.

PL LXXXV. Westwoodia nobilis, (Baird).

PL LXXXVI.

Westwoodia nobiiis, (Baird) (continued).

PL LXXXVII. Westwoodia assimilis, G. 0. Sars.

PL LXXXVIII.

1. Westwoodia minuta, Claus.

2. — pygmaea, (Scott).

PL LXXXIX. Diosaeeus tenuicornis, (Claus).

PL XC. Diosaeeus tenuicornis, (Claus) (continued).

PL XCI. Amphiascus cinctus, (Claus).

PL XCIl. Amphiascus cinctus, (Claus) (continued).

PL XCIII. Amphiascus obscurus, G. 0. Sars.

PL XCIV. Amphiascus similis, (Claus).

PL XCV. Amphiascus nasutus, Boeck.

PL XCVI. Amphiascus minutus, (Claus).

_ PI. XCVII.

Amphiaseus varians, (Norm. & Scott) (see Supplmt.).

PI. XCVIII. Amphiaseus Giesbrechtl, G. 0. Sars.

PI. XCIX. Amphiaseus propinqvus, G. 0. Sars.

PI. C. Amphiaseus longirostris, (Clans).

PI. CI. Amphiaseus longirostris, (Clans) (contiimed).

PI. CII. Amphiaseus lenuiremis, (Brady).

PI. cm.

Amphiaseus parvus, G. O. Sars.

PI. CIV. Amphiaseus debilis, ((liesbr.).

PI. CV.

Amphiaseus pallidus, G. 0. Sars.

PL CVI. Amphiaseus abyssi, (Boeck).

PI. CVII. Amphiaseus hispidus, (Norm).

PI. CVIII. Amphiaseus hispidus, (Nonnan) (continned).

PI. CIX.

Amphiaseus affmis, G. 0. Sars.

PI. ex.

Amphiaseus intermedius, (Scott).

PI. CXI. Amphiaseus typhlops, G. 0. Sars.

PI. CXII. Amphiaseus attenuatus, G. 0. Sars.

PI. CXIII. Amphiaseus phyllopus, G. 0. Sars.

PI. CXIV.

1. Amphiaseus nanus, G. 0. Sars.

2. — exiguus, G. 0. Sars.

PI CXV. Amphiaseus Blanehardi, (Scott) (see Supplmt.).

PI. GXVI. Amphiaseus tenellus, G. 0. Sars.

PI. CXVII.

Amphiaseus linearis. G. 0. Sars.

PI. CXVIII. Amphiaseus sinuatus, G. 0. Sars.

PI. CXIX. Stenhelia gibba, Boeck.

PI. CXX.

1. Stenhelia gibba, Boeck (continued).

2. — proxima, G. (). Sars.

PI. CXXI.

Stenhelia aemula, (Scutt).

PI. CXXII. Stenhelia palustris, (Brady).

PI. cxxni.

Stenhelia reflexa, (Brady).

PL CXXIV.

1. Stenhelia Giesbreghti, (Scott).

2. — Normani, (Scott).

PL CXXV.

1. Stenhelia longicaudata, Boeck.

2. Stenheliopsis divarieata, G. 0. Sars.

PL CXXVI. Canthocamptus staphylinus, (Jurine).

PL CXXVII. Canthoeamptus staphylinus, (Jur.) (continued).

PL CXXVIII.

Canthoeamptus minutus, Glaus.

PL CXXIX.

Attheyella erassa, G. 0. Sars.

PL CXXX. Attheyella gracilis, G. 0. Sars.

PI CXXXI. Attheyella pygmasa, G. 0. Sars.

PL cxxxn.

Attheyella aretiea, (Lilljeb.).

PL cxxxm.

Attheyella Duthiei, (Scott).

PL CXXXIV. Moraria brevipes, G. 0. Sars.

PL CXXXV. Mesoehra Lilljeborgi, Boeck.

IX

PI. CXXXVI.

Mesochra pygmaea, (Clans).

PI. CXXXVII. Mesochra hirticornis, (Scott).

PI. CXXXVIII. Nitoera typica, Boeck.

PI. CXXXIX. Nitoera spinipes, Boeck.

PL CXL. Ameira long-ipes, Boeck.

PI. CXLI. Ameira minuta, Boeck.

PL CXLIL

Ameira Seotti, G. 0. Sars (see Supplmt.).

PI cxLni.

Ameira tau, (Giesbrecht).

PL CXLIV. Ameira simplex, Norm. & Scott.

PL CXLV. Ameira attenuata, Thomps. (see Supplmt.).

PL CXL VI. Parameira parva, (Boeck).

PL CXL VII. Parameira major, G. 0. Sars.

PL CXLVIII. Ameiropsis brevieornis, G. 0. Sars.

PL CXLIX. Ameiropsis longieornis, G. 0. Sars.

PL CL. Ameiropsis mixta, G. 0. Sars.

PL CLI. Stenoeopia iongieaudata, (Scott).

PL CLIL

Stenoeopia Iongieaudata, (Scott) (continued).

PL CLIII. Stenoeopia setosa, G. 0. "Sars.

PL CLIV. Stenoeopia setosa, G. 0. Sars (continued).

PL CLV. Phyllopodopsyllus Bradyi, Scott.

PL (JLVI.

1. Pliyllopodopsyllus Bradyi, Scott (contin.),

2. — fureifer, G. 0. Sars.

PL CLVII. Laophonte cornuta, Philippi.

PL CLVIII. Laophonte eornuta, Phil, (continued).

PL CLIX. Laophonte serrata, (Claus).

PL CLX. Laophonte depressa, Scott.

PL CLXI. Laophonte thoraeiea, Boeck.

PL CLXII. Laophonte elongata, Boeck.

PL CLXIII. Laophonte typhlops, G. 0. Sars.

PL CLXIV. Laophonte Iongieaudata, Boeck.

PL CLXV. Laophonte similis, (Claus).

PL CLXVI. Laophonte horrida, Norm.

PL CLXVII. Laophonte horrida, Norm, (continued).

PL CLXVm.

Laophonte brevispinosa, G. 0. Sars.

PL CLXIX. Laophonte Koreni, Boeck.

PL CLXX. Laophonte proxima, G. 0. Sars.

PL CLXXI. Laophonte Stromi, (Baird).

PL CLXXII. Laophonte Stromi, (Baird) (continued).

PL CLXXin. Laophonte eurtieauda, Boeck.

PL CLXXIV. Laophonte minuta, Boeck.

PL CLXXV.

Laophonte littoralis, Scott.

PI. CLXXVI. Laophonte brevirostris, (Glaus).

PI. CLXXVII. Laophonte eongenera, (t. o. Sars.

PI. (^LXXVIII. Laophonte perplexa, Scott.

PI. CLXXIX. Laophonte macera, G. 0. Sars.

PI. CLXXX. Laophonte Nordgaardi, G. 0. Sars.

PI. GLXXXI. Laophonte parvula, G. 0. Sars.

PL CLXXXII. Laophonte nana, G. (). Sars.

PL CLXXXIII. Laophonte inopinata, Scott.

PL CLXXXIV. Laophonte denticornis, Scott.

PL CLXXXV. Laophontopsis lamellifera, (Glaus).

PL GLXXXVI. Asellopsis hispida, Brady.

PL GLXXXVII. Laophontodes typieus, Scott.

PL CLXXXVIII. Laophontodes bieornis, A. Scott.

PL GLXXXIX. Laophontodes expansus, G. 0. Sars.

PL GXG. Platyehelipus littoralis, Brady.

PL GXCL

Platyehelipus littoralis, Brady (continued).

PL (JLGIL Platyehelipus laophontoides, G. 0. Sars.

PL GXGIII. Normanella minuta, (Boeck).

PL GXGIV.

1. Normanella tenuifurca, G. 0. Sars.

2. — mueronata, G. 0. Sars. .

PL GXCV. Cletodes limieola, Brady.

n

PL CXGVI.

1. Cletodes tenuipes, Scott.

2. — curvirostris, Scott.

PL (JXGVn. Cletodes longicaudatus, (Boeck).

PL XGVIIL Cletodes Buchholtzi, Boeck.

PL GXOIX. Orthopsyllus linearis, (Glaus).

PL GG. Mesocletodes irrasus, (Scott).

PL CGL Euryeletodes latieaudatus, (Boeck).

PL CGIL Euryeletodes latus, (Scott).

PL GGin. Euryeletodes similis, (Scott).

PL GCIV. Euryeletodes major, G. 0. Sars.

PL GCV. Enhydrosoma eurticaudatum, Boeck.

PL GGVL

1. Enhydrosoma propinqvum, (Brady).

2. — longifureatum, G. 0. Sars.

PL GGVII. Rhizothrix eurvata, Brady & Rob..

PL GGVIIL Huntemannia jahdensis, Poppe.

PL GGIX. Nannopus palustris, Brady.

PL GGX. Pontopolites typieus, Scott.

PL CGXI. Anehorabolus mirabilis, Norman.

PL GGXIL Eghinopsyllus Normani, G. 0. Sars.

*»!. GCXIII. Ceratonotus peetinatus, G. 0. Sars.

PL GGXIV. Arthropsyllus serratus, G. 0. Sars.

PL GGXV. Cylindropsyllus laevis, Brady.

XI

ri. ('('XVI.

Stenocaris gracilis, G. O. Sars.

PL CCXVII. D'Areythompsonia fairliensis, Scott.

PI. CCXVIII. Tachidius brevieornis, Lllljeborg.

PI. CCXIX. Tachidius brevieornis, Lilljeb. (contimied).

PI. CCXX. Pseudotaeliidius coronatus, Scott.

PI. CCXXI. Taehidiella minuta, G. 0. Sars.

PI. CCXXII. Robertsonia tenuis Brady.

PL CCXXIII. Danielssenia typica, Boeck.

PL CCXXIV. Danielssenia fusiformis, (Brady).

PL COXXV. Psammis longisetosa, G. 0. Sars.

PL CCXXVI. Fultonia hirsuta, Scott.

PL CCXXVII. Argestes mollis, G. 0. Sars.

PL CCXXVIII. Metis ignea, Philippi.

PL OCXXIX. Balaenophilus unisetis, Auriv.

PL CCXXX. Balaenophilus unisetis, Auriv. (continued).

Supplm. PL 1. Cervinia Bradyi, Norman.

Supplm. PL 2.

1. Eucanuella spinifera, Scott.

2. Zosime typica, Boeck.

Supplm. PL 3. Zosime incrassata, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 4. 1. Pseudobradya hirsuta, (Scott).

3. — fusca, (Scott).

Snjjplm. PL 5. Pseudobradya robusta, G. (). Sars.

Supplm. PL 6.

1. Pseudobradya elegans, (Scott).

2. Bradya armifera, (Scott).

Supplm. PL 7. Ectinosomella nitidula, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 8. Harpactieus littoralis, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 9.

1. Tegastes harpaetieoides, (Glaus).

2. — calcaratus, G. 0. Sars.

3. — longimanus, (Glaus).

Supplm. PL 10. Idyaea tenella, (t. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 11.

1. Microthalestris littoralis, G. 0. Sars.

2. Dactylopusia latipes, Boeck.

Supplm. PL 12. Daetylopodopsis dilatata, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 13.

1. Dactylopodella clypeata, G. 0. Sars.

2. Idomene borealis, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 14. Idomenella eoronata, Scott.

Supplm. PL 15. Westwoodia monensis, (Brady).

Supplm PL 16. Amphiascus latifolius, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 17. Amphiascus thalestroides, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 18. Amphiascus dentieulatus, (Thompson).

Supplm. PL 19.

1. Amphiascus Normani, G. 0. Sars.

2. — amblyops, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 20. Amphiascus lagenirostris, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 21.

1. Amphiascus nanoides, G. 0. Sars.

2. — bulbifer, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 22. Amphiascus spinulosus, G. 0. Sars,

XII

Siipplm. PI. 23. Amphiaseus eonfusus, (Scott).

Supplm. PI. 24.

1. Amphiaseus typhloides, G. 0. Sars

2. — lamellifer, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 25.

1. Stenheliopsis latifurea, G. 0. Sars.

2. — media, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 26.

1. Mesoehra exigua, G. 0. Sars.

2. Nitoera pusilla, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 27. Ameira tenuieornis, Scott.

Supplm. PI. 28. Parameira propinqva, (Scott).

Supplm. PI. 29. Pseudameira erassieornis, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 30. Pseudameira furearta, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 31. Ameiropsis nobilis, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 32. Ameiropsis angulifera, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PL 33. Ameiropsis abbreviata, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 34. Stenocopia spinosa, (Scott).

Supplm. PI. 35. Malaeopsyllus fragilis, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 36. Tetrag-onieeps Seotti, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 37.

1. Tetragfoniceps Seotti, G. 0. Sars, (continued).

2. Phyllopodopsyllus Bradyi, Scott (male).

Supplm. PI. 38. Pteropsyllus eonsimills, Scott.

Supplm. PI. 39. Evansia ineerta, Scott.

Supplm. PI. 40. Leptastaeus maeronyx, Scott.

Supplm. PI. 41. Leptomesoehra attenuata, (A. Scott).

Supplm. PI. 42. Leptomesoelira tenuieornis, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 43. Leptomesoehra confluens, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 44. Phylloeamptus minutus, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 45. Paramesoehra dubia, Scott.

Supplm. PI. 46. Laophonte karmensis, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 47. Pseudolaophonte spinosa, (Thompson).'

Supplm. PI. 48. Rhizothrix gracilis, (Scott).

Supplm. PI. 49. Anoplosoma sordidum, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 50. Stenoearis minor, (Scott).

Supplm. PI. 51. Tachidiopsis eyelopoides, G. 0. Sars.

Supplm. PI. 52. Eetinosoma tenuireme, Scott.

Supplm. PI. 53. Neobradya peetinifera, Scott.

Supplm. Pi. 54. Amphiaseus simulans, (Scott).

INTRODUCTION.

Of all the groups of the Copepoda, that of the Harpacticoida is undoubt- edly the most extensive, and at the same time the most difficult to examine, on account of the generally very small size of the forms comprised within it, some of them being indeed almost undistinguishable to the naked eye. The most prominent character whereby the present group is distinguished from that of the Calanoida is, as clearly shown by Dr. Giesbrecht, the very movable articulation of the last segment of the metasome with the precluding segment, and its firm con- nection with the 1st segment of the urosome, giving it the appearance of more properly belonging to that section of the body. Thus far this group perfectly agrees with that of the Cyclopoida, and indeed Dr. Giesbrecht comprised both in his division Podoplea. I find it, however, more appropriate to keep these 2 groups apart, as in other respects they differ from each other rather materially. By most authors, the group here in question is regarded only as a family, Har- padieidce; and the numerous genera comprised within it have of course been ar- ranged under a series of subfamilies. In accordance with the arrangement adopted by the present author, as regards the Calanoida, these subfamilies are here re- corded as true families, and their number has been considerably augmented. Moreover an attempt has been done to group these families under a few sections, as will be shown farther on.

The type of the present group is the genus from which its name is derived, viz., Harpacticus Milne-Edwards; and indeed this genus seems to combine some of the most characteristic features of the group, and in all probability con- stitutes a very primitive form. The difference, both as regards the external appear- ance and the structural details, between this genus and those of the Calanoid and Cydopoid groups is very conspicuous; yet we find many deviations from this type, tending partly towards that of the Calanoida, partly towards that of the Cyclopoida, and in most cases a very gradual change in one or other direction may be easily demonstrated.

1 — Crustacea.

As regards the general shape of the body, in the greater number of the- forms it is very slender and more or less cylindrical, with no very pronounced demar- cation between the anterior and posterior divisions. In some cases, however, the posterior division, including the last segment of the metasome, appears abruptly much narrower than the anterior, which may be more or less expanded, as in the Cyclopoida, for instance, in the genera Misophria, Pseudotachidius, Idya, etc. In some forms both the anterior and posterior divisions appear greatly expanded, whereby the body acquires a pronouncedly depressed, even leaf-like form, as in the genera Zaus^ Peltidium, Poreellidium. In other cases, quite contrary to this, the body is found to be highly compressed, for instance in the genus Amymone.

The cephalosome is generally coalesced with the 1st segment of the meta- some, though in some few forms a well-marked demarcation between them may be found to exist. The lateral parts of this section are more or less expanded, being so deep in some forms, e. g. the genus Longipedia, that they wholly include between them the oral appendages. It projects in front in a more or less distinct, generally lamellar rostrum, which in most cases is movably connected with the cephalic shield. The 3 succeeding segments of the metasome are always well defined, and are provided with more or less distinct epimeral plates. The last segment of the metasome, as stated above, has always a very movable articulation with the preceding segment, whereas it is firmly connected with the 1st segment of the urosome. Its epimeral plates are generally obsolete, or at any rate much smaller than on the preceding segments. The urosome is composed of 5 segments, the first 2 of which, however, in the female are more or less completely coalesced, though in some forms a distinct suture between them is seen dorsally. In the male these 2 segments are always distinctly separated, and the 1st of them pro- jects at the end, on each side of the ventral face, to a small setiferous process. The caudal rami are in most cases short, and firmly connected with the last caudal segment. Of the apical setse, as a rule, only the 2 middle ones are well developed, the others being more or less rudimentary. A single eye is generally present, though in some forms, especially in those from deep water, no trace of such an organ is to be found.

The anterior antennae are, as a rule, ©f inferior size and composed of a limited number of articulations, rarely (as in the genus Misophria) ex ceeding 8 in all. One of the articulations, generally the 3rd or 4th, exhibits at the end anteriorly a projecting knob, to which a slender sensory appen- dage is attached, and the succeeding portion of the antenna is generally abruptly narrowed, forming a well-defined terminal part. In the male both these antennae are prehensile, and often greatly swollen in their outer part. The

I

II

posterior antennae are on the whole more strongly built than in the Calanoida, and are generally tipped with coarse denticulated spines. They always carry a secondary appendage (outer ramusj ; but in most cases this appendage is of rather inferior size as compared with the chief stem (the inner ramus). The mandibles carry outside a more or less developed palp, and this is also generally the case with > the maxillae. The anterior maxillipeds are short and stout, with several digitiform processes, the number of which may however be considerably reduced. The posterior maxillipeds in the majority of forms are pronouncedly prehensile, terminating in a powerful clawed hand. There are, however, a number of forms in which these appendages are of a very different structure, and not prehensile at all. The 1st pair of legs are in some instances of a structure similar to that of the succeeding pairs; but in the majority of cases they differ rather conspicu- ously, being more or less transformed into grasping organs. The 3 succeeding pairs are always natatory and generally have both rami 3-articulate, though the inner one may sometimes be much reduced in size. The last pair of legs are very unlike the others, and are never natatory. They are generally lamellar in structure, biarticulate, and edged with strong setae or spines.

The ova are in most cases carried within a single ovisac attached to the ventral face of the 1 st caudal segment. More rarely 2 ovisacs are present, which likewise are appended to the ventral face, never, as in the Cyclapoida, laterally or subdorsally.

With regard to the inner organisation, it may be noted that, unlike what is the case in the Calanoida, no heart is present (except in the genus Misophria), and that the male genital apparatus is always perfectly symmetrical.

By far the greater majority of forms belonging to the present group are marine, only a very limited number of genera being represented in fresh water. Some species seem, however, to prefer brackish water, and so far cannot properly be said to be either true marine or true fresh-water forms. Contrary to what is generally the case with the Calarioida, the Harpacticoida are, as a rule, true bottom forms, to be sought for among algae near the shores, in tidal pools, or in mud brought up from various depths. But in this respect also there are some exceptions. Thus the species of the genera Setella, Euterpe, Clytemnestra, Mi- racia, lead a true pelagic life. Some few forms are known to be commensal with other Crustacea (Sunarwtes), or even with Vertebrates (Balcmiophiltis); but no true parasites are as yet known among the Harpacticoida.

The several families comprised within the present group may be arranged under 2 chief sections. In the one, Achirota, the posterior maxillipeds are of weak consistency and not prehensile; in the 2nd, Chirognatha, these appendage?

are pronouncedly prehensile, terminating in a more or less powerful, clawed hand. The latter section may again be conveniently divided into 2 subsections, according to the structure of the 1st pair of legs. In the one subsection, Chirognatha pleopodu, these legs are of a structure similar to that of the succeeding pairs and, like them, natatory; in the other sub-section, Chirognatha dactylopoda, they are rather unlike the succeeding pairs, and more or less distinctly transformed into grasping organs.

Section I. Aehirota.

Remarks. — This section is far less extensive than the next. It com- prises, however, as yet, 4 different families, each of which, except the 1st, contains several well-defined genera. The chief characters common to all of them is the non-prehensile structure of both the posterior maxillipeds and the 1st pair of legs. In the latter character they agree with those belonging to the 1st sub- division of the next section.

The greater number of species are true deep-water forms, and it is very probable therefore, that on a future closer examination of deep-water deposits, several additional forms will be detected, requiring perhaps the establishment of both new genera and new families.

Fam. 1, Misophriidae.

Characters. — Body cyclopoid in shape, the posterior division (including the last segment of metasome) being abruptly much narrower than the anterior. Anterior antennae unusually prolonged, and consisting of numerous articulations; both antennse in male, as usual, prehensile. Posterior antennae and oral parts of a structure rather similar to that in the Calanoida. Natatory legs more cyclopoid in shape, and rather powerful, with both rami triarticulate. Last pair of legs 3-articulate, and of same appearance in both sexes. Ovisac single, ventral. A heart present, as in the Calanoida. Male genital apparatus symmetrical, like that in the other Harpacticoida.

Remarks.— This family, established by Prof. Brady, has generally been placed between the Calanoida and Cyclojwida, being regarded by some authors as more nearly related to the former group, by others as nearer to the latter. In my opinion, it ought more properly to be included in the Harpacticoid group^

though in some respects it certainly exhibits an apparent resemblance both to the Calanoida and to the Cyclojwida. That at any rate the typical genus Misophria cannot be referred to the former group, has been clearly shown by Dr. Giesbrecht; and he also finds it impossible to class it among the Cyclopoida, because the posterior antennae have a well-developed outer ramus, wholly absent in all known forms of that group. So far I fully agree with that author; but, on the other hand, 1 cannot concur in his opinion that the difficulties in referring this form to the Harpacticoida are equally great. True, the anterior antennae look rather different from their comparatively greater length and more numerous articu- lations; but this character is evidently of far less importance than those referred to as distinguishing the genus from the Calanoida and Cyclopoida. There is an- other character, to wliich Dr. Giesbrecht has called attention, and which, indeed, seems to be of much greater importance, viz., the presence in Misophria of a distinct, though rather small and imperfectly developed heart. Such an organ, as is well known, is wholly absent in both the Cyclopoida and the Harpacticoida, whereas in the Calanoida it is always present. As, however, several other impor- tant features (for instance, the mode of articulation of the last segment of the metasome, and the symmetrical structure of the male genital apparatus) make it quite unreasonable to place the genus in that group, we must set aside this peculiarity, and otherwise decide to which of the 2 groups, Cyclopoida or Har- paeticoida, it should rightly be referred. For my own part, 1 consider a character, not found out by Dr. Giesbrecht, to be quite conclusive, viz. the presence in Misophria of only a single ventral ovisac. *

In addition to the typical genus. Prof. Brady refers 2 other genera to the family Misophriidce, viz., Pseudocyclopfs and Cervinia, and to the same family Mr. Th. Scott subsequently referred another genus, Paramisophria. All these 3 genera must, however, be discarded from the present family, 2 of them, Pseudo- cyclops and Paramisophria being, as shown by Dr. Giesbrecht, true Calanoids, whereas the 3rd belongs to a very different family of the Harpaciicoida, viz., Cerviniidm, to be treated of below. Of course the present family as yet com- prises only a single genus.

Gen. 1. Misophria, Boeck, 1864.

Generic Character's. — Body comparatively robust, sub-depressed, with the anterior division considerably expanded. Cephalosome wholly confluent with the

1st segment of the metasome, and produced in front to an immobile rostrui Last segment of metasome abruptly much narrower than the preceding ones, and without any distinct epimeral plates. Urosome rather narrow, and subcylindric in form; genital segment in female with a well-defined transversal suture dorsally in the middle. Caudal rami short, with the innermost apical seta well developed^, though considerably shorter than the 2 middle ones. Eye wholly absent. Anterio! antennae slender, attenuated, many-jointed, those in male distinctly geniculate, with all 3 sections well defined. Posterior antennae with the inner ramus dia^ tinctly 3-articulate, and carrying on the tip slender curred setae, outer ramus" well developed, though smaller than the inner, and 6-articulate. Mandibles with the masticatory part lamellarly expanded, and divided into several denticulated teeth, palp large, biramous, with both rami biarticulate and carrying slender setae. Maxillae very fully developed, and exhibiting all the parts found in those of the Calanoida, inner ramus of palp greatly elongated, biarticulate. Anterior maxil- lipeds robust, with the normal number of digitiform lobes, the outermost being produced to a strong claw. Posterior maxillipeds more slender, and resembling in structure those in the Calanoida, terminal part 5-articulate. Natatory legs with comparatively broad, flattened rami, those of 1st pair of about equal size, those of the 3 succeeding pairs somewhat unequal, the outer one being the larger. Last pair of legs consisting each of 3 flattened joints carrying scattered setae.

Remarks. — This genus, established by Boeck, was placed by that author, with some hesitation, among the Cyclopoida, and indeed its external appearance is pronouncedly c'yclopoid. There is also in this respect a perplexing similarity between this genus and some calanoid genera, viz., Pseudocydops and Parami- sophria. On a closer comparison, it may, however, at once be distinguished from these genera by the very different mode of articulation of the last segment of the metasome, and from the Cyclopoida by the single ventral ovisac. The genus as yet comprises only a single species, to be described below.

1. Mlsophria pallida, Boeck. (PI. I & II).

Misophria pallida, Boeck, Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster iagttagne Copepoder. Chr. Vid.

Selsk. Forhandl. 1864, p. 248.

Spedfic Characters. — Female. Anterior division of body rounded oval in form, with the dorsal face evenly vaulted. Cephalosome (including the 1st segment of metasome) occupying about Vs of that division, rostral projection very strong, acute at the tip, and pointing straight downwards. Penultimate segment of meta-

some deeply emarginated behind, and almost wholly encompassing laterally the small last segment. Urosome not attaining half the length of the anterior division, genital segment slightly dilated in its anterior part, and exceeding in length the remaining segments combined. Caudal rami broader than they are long, and transversely truncated at the tip, apical setae rather elongated and densely plu- mous, the innermost but one fully half as long as the whole body. Anterior an- tennae about the length of the cephalic segment, and consisting of 16 articulations, the 3 proximal of which are considerably dilated and densely clothed with partly ciliated setae. Last pair of legs with the 1st joint conically produced at the end inside, and carrying on both edges a ciliated seta, that of the inner corner rather elongated and deflexed; 2nd joint somewhat smaller, and obliquely produced out- side, with a long seta at the outer corner; last joint oval in form and carrying on the tip a lanceolate, denticulated spine and a slender seta, outer corner pro- duced to a small dentiform projection. Ovisac small, rounded, and containing a very limited number of large globular ova.

2Iale considerably smaller than female, with the anterior division of the body less expanded. Genital segment considerably dilated, and generally contain- ing on each side a large, oval spermatophore. Anterior antennae composed of only 13 articulations, basal section considerably dilated and 5-articulate, with several well-developed sensory appendages in front; middle section very sharply defined from the basal one, narrow fusiform, and consisting of 6 articulations; terminal section biarticulate. Last pair of legs scarcely different from those in female.

Colour whitish, .with a pale reddish tinge.

Length of female 0.70 mm., of male 0.55 mm.

Remarts. — This peculiar Copepod may be easily recognized from any of the other Harpacticoida, its external appearance deviating, indeed, considerably from the ordinary type, and more resembling that in forms belonging to quite different divisions of the Copepoda. It is unquestionably the most anomalous form of the whole group.

Occurrence and Habits. — I have found this interesting form occasionally in several places off the west coast of Norway, in depths varying from 20 to 50 fathoms, sandy bottom. Last summer, a single female specimen was captured in the Trondhjem Fjord, near Agdenaes, in about 50 fathoms. The solitary specimen examined by Boeck, was taken at Skudesnaes, west coast of Norway.

The animal moves in a manner very similar to that observed in some of the deep-sea Calanoids, for instance Stephos and Pseudocyclops, now proceeding quite slowly in a somewhat rotatory manner produced by rapid vibrations of the

posterior antennae and oral parts, now with quick leaps effected by powerful strokes of the natatory legs and the urosome. It keeps constantly close to the bottom.

Distribution. — English and Scottish coasts (Brady, Scott), Gulf o^ Naples (Giesbrecht).

Fam. 2. Longipediidae.

Characters. — Body of normal appearance, more or less cylindrical in form, with no sharp demarcation between the anterior and posterior divisions. Cepha- losome in some cases distinctly defined from the 1st pedigerous segment; rostrum lamellar and movably articulated to the cephalic shield. Eye well developed Anterior antennae short and stout, consisting of a very limited number of artica lations densely clothed with partly spiniform setae. Posterior antennae with the oute ramus very fully developed, cylindrical, 6- or 7-articulate. Mandibles and maxillae with well-developed and abundantly setiferous palps. Anterior maxillipeds calanoid in structure ; posterior ones very delicate, lamellar, and fringed with densely plumous setae. Natatory legs with both rami 3-articulate and rather narrow, being arme^ outside with strong spines, inside and at the tip with long, partly spiniform setae 1st pair not differing greatly from the others. Last pair of legs with the inner expansion of the proximal joint very small, distal joint well-developed or rudi-^ mentary. Ovisac single or double.

Remarks. — In this family I propose to comprise the 3 genera Longipedi Claus, Sunaristes Hesse and Canuella Scott, which are undoubtedly closely allied and together form a natural group of the Achirota. It does not answer to the' subfamily Longipediinoi of Brady, to which a much wider range is given, also com- prising, as it does, the genera Zosime, Ectinosoma and Bradya, which in my opinion ought to be referred to other families. The most characteristic features of the present family are the unusually full development of the outer ramus of the posterior antennae, the likewise largely-developed palps on the mandibles and maxillae, and, finally, the peculiar, delicate structure of the posterior maxil- lipeds. In all these characters there is a great similarity between the 3 above- named genera, whereas in other respects well-marked differences between them are found to exist.

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Gen. 2. Longipedla, Claus, 1863.

Generic Characters. — Body more or less slender, with the anterior divi- sion conspicuously compressed. Cephalic segment comparatively large and confluent with the 1st segment of metasome, its lateral parts very deep, forming broad vertical lamellae, finely ciliated below, and wholly including between them the oral parts; rostrum well developed, narrow linguiform. Epimeral plates of the 3 suc- ceeding segments large, vertical, angularly produced behind, and including between them the bases of the natatory legs. Last segment of metasome not much nar- rower than the preceding one, "but without distinct epimeral plates. Urosome gradually attenuated behind, genital segment in female with a very distinct trans- versal suture in the middle dorsally, and exhibiting at the end of the suture, on each side, a strong recurved dentiform projection; last 2 caudal segments com- paratively short. Anal opercle produced at the tip to a spiniform process and generally having a number of smaller denticles on each side. Caudal rami short, with the apical setae more or less spreading. Anterior antennae rather robust and much curved, consisting of 5 imperfectly-defined articulations thickly beset with strong setae, some of which are plumose, others spiniform and strongly pectinate; those in male terminating in a clawed hand. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus fully as long as the inner and very flexible, 6-articulate. First pair of natatory legs considerably smaller than the succeeding ones, with the spine outside the 2nd joint of the outer ramus remarkably slender and upturned; 2nd pair with the inner ramus greatly elongated, baculiform, the last joint being much produced and armed with 3 thick apical spines and 3 marginal ones. Last pair of legs with the distal joint well developed, lamellar, proximal joint carrying outside a long digitiform process, tipped by a delicate seta, its inner expansion very narrow and terminating in a slender curved seta. A single ovisac present in female.

Remarlcs. — This genus, established by Claus, is easily distinguished from any of the other Harpacticoida by the peculiar transformation of the inner, ramus of the 2nd pair of legs to a kind of leaping-pole, a character, indeed, which has given rise to the generic name proposed by Claus. It moreover differs materi- ally from the 2 other genera included in. the present family in the presence of only a single ovisac. Oft the Norwegian coast occur 4 different, though very nearly allied species, to be described below.

2 — Crustacea.

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2. Longipedia eoronata, Claus.

(PI. Ill & IV). Longipedia eoronata^ Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden, p. Ill, PI. XIV, figs 14—24.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body moderately slender, with the anterior' division, seen dorsally, of nearly uniform width throughout, the posterior one gradually attenuated. Caudal segments with the posterior edge perfectly smooth, without the slightest trace of denticles. Anal opercle with 2 subequal denticles on each side, terminal spine rather elongate. Caudal rami a little longer than they are broad, and somewhat divergent, apical setae apparently quite smooth and considerably spreading, the innermost but one slightly exceeding half the length of the body. Inner ramus of 2nd pair of legs with the terminal joint almost 3 times as long as the first 2 combined, proximal spine of inner edge placed in front of that of the outer, the latter occurring at about the middle of the joint. Last pair of legs with the distal joint oblong quadrangular in form, being scarcely at all expanded distally, inner expansion of proximal joint with a slender denti- culated spinule inside the base of the terminal seta,

Male not differing much in external appearance from female, but of con- siderably smaller size, and easily recognizable by the strongly-hooked anterior antennse and the distinctly 5-articulate urosome. Genital segment exhibiting at the end on each side a small 3-setose lappet. Last pair of legs slightly differing from those in female.

Colour yellowish gray, with a slight greenish tinge, caudal setse dark brown.

Length of adult female 1.30 mm., of male 1.08 mm.

BemarJcs. — It seems to me beyond doubt that the above-described form is that originally examined by Claus, and named as above. On the other hand, scarcely any of the forms recorded by other authors under that name are identical with Claus's species, but belong to one or other of the 2 nearly- allied species described below as L. Scotti and L. minor. The present species may be easily distinguished from these 2 forms by the total absence of any denticles on the posterior edge of the caudal segments. In the structure of the inner ramus of the 2nd pair of legs, it agrees with L. minor; but the last pair of legs are rather unlike in the 2 forms, as also the size of the animal.

Occurrence and Habits. — This 'form is very common in the upper part of the Christiania Fjord in depths varying from 6 to 30 fathoms, muddy bottom. I have also taken it abundantly in the Trondhjem Fjord, and more rarely off the west coast of Norway. It may be easily obtained by placing the muddy deposits taken up by the aid of the dredge in a shallow vessel with a small amount of

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water. The specimens will then at once make their appearance, owing to a pecu- liarity which they have in common with some other Copepoda, namely, that on touching the surface, they remain floating upon it. The swimming movements of the animal are rather rapid, and constitute an even progress through the water. When keeping to the bottom, it may, however, propel itself in a more abrupt, jerky manner, by employing the long inner rami of the 2nd pair of legs like a pair of leaping-poles.

Distribution. — Heligoland, Gulf of Naples (Claus).

3. Longipedia Seotti, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. V, fig. 1). Syn: Longipedia coronata, Brady, Scott (not Claus).

Specific Characters. — Female. Very like the preceding species, but ot somewhat larger size, and perhaps more robust form of body. Posterior edge of caudal segments fringed throughout with delicate denticles. Anal opercle with one large and 4 smaller denticles on each side, terminal spine very strong. Caudal rami about as in L. coronata, the apical setae being very strong and dark- coloured, though perhaps somewhat shorter than in that species. Inner ramus of 2nd pair of legs with the inner proximal spine of the terminal joint placed behind the spine of the outer edge, the latter occurring in front of the middle; distal inner spine generally turned outwards. Last pair of legs with the distal joint sub-spatulate in form, gradually widening towards the tip, inner expansion of proximal joint with a very small hair-like spinule inside the base of the ter- minal seta.

Colour yellowish gray.

Length of adult female reaching 1.50 mm.

Remarhs. — This is the form recorded by Brady 0 and Scott as L. coro- nata Claus. In one of his numerous papers, Th. Scott has called attention to a character in which the present form differs conspicuously from another smaller form, at first only regarded by him as a variety (var. minor) of Claus's species. This character consists in the different position of the inner proximal spine on the terminal joint of the inner ramus of the 2nd pair of legs. The author seems, however, to have been unaware of the fact that in Claus's species this spine has

^) As first pointed out, however, by Th. Scott, Brady has under thi.s name confounded 2 very different Copepods. not even belonging to the same genus, only that regarded by him as the male being referable to the present species.

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a very different position from that in the prese"nt form. Another character by which the present species may be easily distinguished from L. coronata Glaus, is the dense fringe of delicate denticles, with which the posterior edges of the caudal segment are ornamented. Moreover the last pair of legs exhibit some well-marked differences.

Occurrence. — I have found this form occasionally at Aalesund, west coast of Norway, as also in the Trondhjem Fjord just beneath steep cliffs, in depths ranging from 6 to 10 fathoms. In habits it exactly agrees with the preced- ing species.

Distribution. English and Scottish coasts (Brady, Scott).

4 Longipedia minor, Scott.

(PI. V, fig. 2).

Longipedia coronata, var. minor, Th. Scott, Additions to the Fauna of the Firth of Forth, lit!

Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, p. 200, PI. 11, figs. 14—20.

Syn: Longipedia coronata, Boeck, Giesbrecht (not Glaus).

Specific Characters. — Female. Body of the usual form, the anterior divi-| sion being considerably compressed, the posterior slightly attenuated. Posterioi edges of last segment of metasome and those of urosome fringed throughout with delicate denticles. Anal opercle about as in L. Scotti. Caudal rami short,! scarcely longer than they are broad, apical setae strong and very much elongated, the innermost but one almost attaining the length of the whole body. Inner ramus of 2nd pair of legs much elongated, inner proximal spine of terminal joint placed in front of that of the outer edge, the latter occurring behind the middle- Last pair of legs with the distal joint much narrower and more elongated than in any of the other species, inner expansion of proximal joint with a slender smooth spinule inside the base of the terminal seta.

Colour light yellow, mottled with brown.

Length of adult female scarcely exceeding 0.80 mm.

BemarJcs. — This form was at first regarded by Th. Scott as merely ai variety of L. coronata Glaus; but subsequently it has been recorded by that author as a distinct species under the above name. It is unquestionably identical with the form described in detail by Dr. Giesbrecht as L. coronata Glaus; and the form observed by Boeck also seems to belong to the same species, to judge from the drawings he has left behind. Indeed, the present form is closely allied to Claus's species, though at once distinguishable from it by the finely denticulated

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posterior edges of the caudal segments, and the slender form of the distal joint of the last pair of legs. It is moreover of much inferior^size.

Occurrence. — This form is found rather abundantly along the whole south and west coast of Norway, from the Christiania Fjord at least as far as the Trondhjem Fjord. It generally occurs in a few fathoms' depth among algse, and thus seems to be a more sub-littoral form than the other species of the genus.

Distribution. — Kieler Fohrde (Giesbrecht), Scottish coast (Scott), ? coast of France (Canu).

5. Longipedia rosea, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PL V, fig.t3).

Specific Characters, — Female. Body less compressed than in the other species and more abruptly attenuated behind ; integuments unusually thin and pellucid. Rostral plate comparatively broader and more obtuse at the tip. Ge- nital segment with the lateral denticles rather small; posterior edge of this and the succeeding segments with only very slight traces of spinules. Anal opercle with 3 very small denticles on each side near the base, terminal spine compara- tively shorter than in the other species. Caudal rami short and thick, rounded at the tip, each with an oblique series of small denticles dorsally; apical setse of moderate length, and very conspicuously ciliated, especially the 2 middle ones. Inner ramus of 2nd pair of legs comparatively shorter than in the other species, inner proximal spine of last joint at about the same level as the outer spine. Last pair of legs with the distal joint of about the same appearance as in L. coronata, proximal joint with the outer digitiform process comparatively short and thick, inner expansion with a very small spinule inside the base of the ter- minal seta.

Body semipellucid, of a whitish colour, and variegated with irregular patches of a bright rosy hue.

Length of adult female 1.20 mm.

Remarks. — In the living state, this form is at once recognized from any of the other species by its peculiar and beautiful colouring; but, as usual, this character is lost in preserved specimens, which very soon assume a uniformly whitish colour. On a closer examination, however, the present species may be easily distinguished by the more slender form of the body, and especially by the very distinct ciliation of the caudal setse, which, moreover, are not dark-coloured as in the other species.

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Occurrence. — Only a very limited number of specimens of this remarkable form have hitherto come under my notice. They were taken at different times, some off the west coast of Norway (Aalesund), some in the Trondhjem Fjord from rather considerable depths, down to 100 fathoms. Some apparently imma- ture specimens were also picked out of a plankton-sample taken from deep water, a fact that seems to prove that this form is not so absolutely confined to the bottom, as is the case with the other species of this genus.

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Gen. 3. SunarlSteS, Hesse, 1867.

Syn: Longipedina, W. Miiller.

Generic Characters. Body very slender in form, with the anterior sion scarcely at all compressed, posterior cylindrical in shape. Cephalosome fluent with the 1st pedigerous segment, lateral parts not completely obtpcting the^ oral parts at the sides. Epimeral plates of the succeeding segments small, rounded. Genital segment in female without any trace of a transversal subdivision, and without lateral denticles. Anal opercle smooth. Caudal rami somewhat produced and slightly divergent, apical setae about as in Longipedia. Anterior antenn8a3| less robust and less arcuate than in that genus, 6-articulate, and clothed with very slender, partly ciliated setae; those in male terminating in a very strong clawed hand. Posterior antennae and oral parts very similar in structure to those in Longipedia. Natatory legs, however, somewhat different. 1st pair of nearly the same size and structure as the 2nd, inner ramus of the latter quite normal i female, slightly transformed in male, the 2 posterior pairs of somewhat simpler structure than the 2 anterior, and provided with unusually long and slender setae. Last pair of legs in both sexes quite rudimentary. Ovisac double.

Remarlcs. — This genus was established in the year 1867 by the French naturalist, Hesse, to include a peculiar Copepod found by him as a commensal in the same shell with a kind of hermit crab. The genus Longipedina of W. MuUer is unquestionably identical with that of Hesse. As indicated by the name pro- posed by the former author, this genus is, indeed, nearly allied to Longipedia, exhibiting, as it does, a very similar structure of both the antennae and the oral parts. In other respects, however, it differs rather materially, as for instance in the altogether normal appearance of the inner ramus of the 2nd pair of legs, the rudimentary condition of the last pair of legs, and the presence in the female of

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2 ovisacs. Moreover the genital segment in the female does not exhibit any trace of a subdivision, no transversal suture existing dorsally. The genus as yet only comprises a single species, to be described below ^).

6. Sunaristes paguri, Hesse,

(PI. VI & VII).

Simaristes paguri, Hesse, Ann. d. Sc. Nat., Ser. V, Vol. VII, p. 205.

Syn : Longipedina paguri, W. Miiller.

Spediic Characters. — Female. Body extremely slender and elongated, with very tliin and flexible integuments. Anterior division slightly widening in front, cephalic segment rather large, exceeding in length the 3 succeeding segments combined, rostral plate broad and obtusely truncated at the tip. Last segment of metasome of about the same width as the preceding one. Urosome occupying more than half the length of the whole body, genital segment very large, about equal- ling in length the 2 succeeding segments combined, and scarcely at all dilated in front; genital region with 2 unequal setiform appendages on each side. Last segment much shorter than the preceding ones. Caudal rami about twice the length of that segment, rather narrow and somewhat attenuated distally, apical setae slender and indistinctly ciliated, one of them attached to the outer edge at some distance from the tip. Anterior antennae of moderate length and somewhat attenuated, with the apical filaments very slender. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus somewhat shorter than the inner. The 2 anterior pairs of natatory legs with both rami of about equal size, the 2 posterior pairs with the inner ramus shorter than the outer, and carrying on the tip 2 setae and a shoit spine. Legs of last pair consisting each of only a very small lamella edged with 4 setae, the outermost one very slender. Ovisacs (according to Hesse) narrow fusiform and greatly diverging.

Body semipellucid, of a whitish colour with a yellowish tinge.

Length of adult female reaching 3 mm.

Bemarks. — As above stated, this form was first described by Hesse under the above name. Subsequently the same form was observed by W. Miiller, who, being unaware of the earlier description of Hesse, regarded it as new, and re- corded it under the name of Longipedina paguri. It is an easily recognizable jjform, and perhaps the largest of all known Harimdicoida.

Occurrence. — On\j a solitary female specimen of this interesting form has hitherto come under my notice. It was taken up in the dredge, together with

^) In a just received paper Mr. A. Scott describes 3 additional species from the In- dian Ocean.

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some gravelly sand, at Hvalor, outside the Christiania Fjord, from a few fathoms' depth. According to the statements of both M. Hesse and W. Miiller, this form is generally found in shells occupied by the common hermit-crab, Eiipagurus hernhardus. I have myself, however, failed to detect any specimens under such circumstances, nor has this been done by Th. Scott.

Distribution. — French coast (Hesse), Scottish coast (Scott).

Gen. 4. Canuella, Scott, 1893.

Generic Characters. — Body nearly cylindrical in form, with very thin and flexible integuments. Cephalosome distinctly defined from the 1st segment of the metasome, its lateral parts not very deep, rostrum well developed, narrow lingui- form. Epimeral plates of the pedigerous segments small, rounded. Genital seg- ment in female exhibiting in the middle dorsally a well-marked transversal suture, lateral denticles wanting; that in male conspicuously dilated, and produced at the end below to 2 acute projections comprising between them a somewhat hollowed area. Anal opercle simple, rounded. Caudal rami more or less elongated and greatly divergent, apical setse of moderate length, outer edge with a small seta about in the middle. Anterior antennae resembling in structure those in Suna- ristes, though somewhat more robust; those in male less dilated at the end» Posterior antennae with the outer 2 joints of the inner ramus imperfectly defined, outer ramus very powerful, 7-articulate. Oral parts on the whole built upon the same type as in the 2 preceding genera. Natatory legs rather strongly built, with the outer corner of the joints more or less produced; inner ramus ofj 2nd pair of normal appearance in both sexes. Last pair of legs, as in SunaristeSf rudimentary. Ovisac double.

MemarJcs, — As observed by Th. Scott, this genus is closely related to Sunaristes, though exhibiting some diff'erences, which make it advisable to keep it apart. One of these differences, not referred to by that author, though indi- cated in the figure of the animal given, consists in the complete separation of the 1st pedigerous segment from the cephalosome, a character very rarely found in the group in question. Among other differences may be named the distinct transversal suture occurring in the middle of the dorsal face of the genital seg- ment in the female, and the somewhat different structure of the posterior antennae, natatory legs and caudal rami. Two nearly-allied species of this genus occur off the Norwegian coast.

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7. Canuella perplexa, Scott.

(PI. VIII & IX).

Canuella xjetylexa, Th. Scott, Notes on Copepoda from tlie Firth of Forth. Ann. of Scottish

Nat. Hist. 1893, p. 92, PI. II, figs. 1—3.

Syn: Lovgipedia coronata 9 Brady (not Claus).

Specific Characters. — Female. Body of almost uniform width throughout, or very slightly attenuated behind, with rather deep and conspicuous instrictions between the segments. Cephalic segment comparatively small, somewhat vaulted above, and with the lateral parts but slightly expanded ; rostral plate narrowly rounded at the tip. 1st segment of metasome well defined, though much shorter than the others; last segment scarcely narrower than the preceding one. Urosome much shorter than the anterior division of the body, genital segment but slightly dilated in its anterior part; the 3 posterior segments gradually diminishing in size. Caudal rami scarcely twice as long as the last segment, greatly divergent, and gradually tapering distally; apical setae minutely ciliated, the middle one about twice as long as the outer, and equalling in length the urosome. Anterior an- tennae rather robust, and consisting of 5 articulations, some of the setae very strong and coarsely pectinate. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus fully as long as the inner, some of the setae very strong, almost spiniform. 1st pair of natatory legs considerably shorter than the succeeding ones, spines of outer ramus rather elongated; 2nd pair with the first 2 joints of the inner ramus considerably produced at the inner corner. Last pair of legs extremely minute, each forming a thin plate edged with 4 setae, the innermost but one the longest and distinctly plumous. Ovisacs large, rounded oval in form.

Body semipellucid, of whitish colour, with a faint yellowish tinge.

Length of adult female 1.30 mm., of male 1.25 mm.

BemarJcs. — Mr. Th. Scott first called attention to the fact that Prof. Brady, in his Monograph of the British Copepoda, has, under the name of Longi- pedia coronata Claus, confounded 2 entirely different Copepoda, the one, regarded by him as the male sex, being in reality a female Longipedia (= L. Scotti G. 0. Sars), whereas that recorded as the female of Longipedia coronata is the form here under discussion. This form was then described by Th. Scott as the type of a new genus under the above name, and its differences from Longijjedia were pointed out. The most conspicuous of these differences is unquestionably the presence of 2 diverging ovisacs, a feature, indeed, very seldom met with in the Harpacticoid group; and it is apparently this anomalous character which has given rise to the specific name perplexa proposed by that author.

3 — Crustacea.

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Occiirrence. — The only place on the Norwegian coast where I have met with this form, is at Fredriksvarn, outside the Christiania Fjord. It there occurred not unfrequently in a few fathoms depth, on a sandy bottom partly overgrown by algae.

Distribution. — English coast (Brady), Scottish coast (Scott).

8. Canuella fureigera, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. X).

SpecifiG Characters. — Female. Very like the preceding species, but with less deep instrictions between the segments and with the urosome more abruptly, attenuated. Genital segment with 2 small juxtaposed lanceolate lappets below. Caudal rami much larger than in C. perplexa, equalling in length the 3 posterior caudal segments combined, and generally greatly divergent, each with a well- marked carina along the dorsal face, middle apical seta more than twice as long as the outer one, both very indistinctly ciliated. Structure of the several append- ages almost exactly as in C. perplexa.

Male resembling that of the typical species, though having the genital^ segment comparatively more expanded, and the caudal rami much larger.

Colour yellowish gray, with a few interrupted transversal bands of a deep ochraceous hue.

Length of female 1.40 mm., of male 1.25 mm.

Remarhs. — Though very closely allied to the typical species, this fornP may at once be recognized by the much fuller development of the caudal rami, which to some extent seem to be mobile, as in some specimens they are found to be greatly divergent, in others pointing more backwards. Moreover the in- strictions between the segments are less conspicuous than in C. perplexa, and the urosome, at any rate in the male, is more abruptly attenuated. jH,

Occurrence. — I have not infrequently found this form in the upper part™ of the Christiania Fjord, not far from the town, in depths ranging from 2 to 7^ fathoms, muddy bottom.

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Fam. 3. Cerviniidae.

Characters. — Body more or less slender, with the anterior and posterior divisions generally well marked off from each other. Cephalosome in some cases distinctly defined from the 1st segment of the metasome, rostral plate quite im- mobile, forming the immediate continuation of the cephalic shield. Caudal rami, as a rule, much elongated, though scarcely divergent. Eye wholly absent. An- terior antennae comparatively short and robust, 6 — 7-articulate, and more or less densely clothed with partly ciliated setae. Posterior antennae with the outer 2 joints of the inner ramus confluent, outer ramus less fully developed than in the Longipediidw. Mandibles very strong, with the palp generally large, biramous. Maxillae with the outer appendages (exopodite and vibratory plate) more or less rudimentary. Anterior maxillipeds short and compact; posterior ones of less deli- cate structure than in the Longipediidce, and scarcely at all lamellar. Natatory legs of somewhat varying structure in the different genera. Last pair of legs small, biarticulate. Ovisac simple.

Remarks. — The type of this family is the remarkable genus Cervinia of Norman, the systematic position of which has been much disputed by carcinologists. Closely allied to it is a new genus, Cerviniopsis, to be treated of below, as also the genus Eucanuella of Scott. Finally, I am of opinion that the genus Zosime of Boeck, though in some points differing conspicuously from the 3 above-men- tioned genera, ought more properly to be included in the present family. All the species belonging to this family, are true deep-water forms, and in accordance therewith are quite devoid of visual organs. They moreover differ materially from those of the Longipediidce in the fact that the rostral plate is quite immobile and continuous with the cephalic shield, as also in the very different structure of the posterior maxillipeds.

Gen. 5. CePVlllia, Norman, 1878.

Generic Characters. — Body slender, attenuated, with very thin and flex- ible integuments. Cephalosome distinctly defined from the 1st segment of meta- some, lateral parts but slightly expanded, wholly exposing the oral appendages. Epimeral plates of the pedigerous segments small, rounded; last segment rather parrow. Urosome comparatively large, genital segment in female without anjr

20

transversal suture dorsally. Caudal rami long and narrow, discontiguous, each with a small seta in the middle of the outer edge, the 2 middle apical setae of a peculiar soft consistency. Anterior antennae consisting of 7 well-defined articu- lations, none of which are particularly expanded; those of male imperfectly prehen- sile (?). Posterior antennae with the inner ramus very strong, outer comparatively small, 4-articulate. Mandibles with the masticatory part very massive, palp com- paratively large, with both rami somewhat lamellar, and carrying thick plumose setae. Maxillae without any trace of either exopodite or vibratory plate. Anterior maxillipeds with the 1st basal joint gibbously expanded behind; posterior ones 4- articulate, last 2 joints (constituting the terminal part) comparatively small and armed with spiniform setae. 1st pair of natatory legs with both rami 3-articulate and of normal appearance, the 3 succeeding pairs with the inner ramus more or less transformed. Last pair of legs very small, with no inner expansion of the proximal joint.

RemarJcs. — This genus was established by Canon A. M. Norman, to in- clude a peculiar deep-water Copepod found by him off the English coast. The specimens were sent to Prof. Brady for examination, and in the well-known Monograph of the latter author, the genus is recorded as a member of the family Misophriidce. This arrangement is unquestionably incorrect, as the genus does not exhibit any very close affinity to Misophria; and Dr. Giesbrecht has also subse- quently called attention to the unreasonableness of Brady's classification as regards this genus. We do not know at present with certainty more than a single species belonging to this genus.

9. Cervinia Bradyi, Norman.

(PI. XI).

Cervinia Bradyi Norman, in Brady's Monograph of the British Copepoda, Vol. I, p. 86, PI. XXIV A,^

figs. 3—13.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body slender and elongated, with the an- terior division somewhat depressed and gradually widening in front. Cephalosome comparatively short and broad, almost truncated in front, with the rostral plate very small, triangular. Last segment of metasome much narrower than the pre- ceding segment. Urosome (comprising the caudal rami) fully as long as the anterior division of the body, genital segment very large, equalling in length the 3 remaining segments combined, and slightly dilated in its anterior part, but without any lateral projections ; the succeeding segments finely hairy on the ventral and lateral faces, last segment longer than the preceding one and tapering dis-

21

tally; anal opercle somewhat projecting, but perfectly smooth. Caudal rami narrow linear, about equalling in length the last 2 segments combined, and everywhere minutely hairy, the 2 middle apical setae slightly unequal and much stronger than the others, having the outer part minutely annulated and thickly covered with delicate cilia. Anterior antennae almost attaining the length of the cephalosome, and slightly attenuated, carrying strong curved setae along the anterior edge and on the tip. the outer 4 articulations somewhat narroAver than the 3 proximal ones. Posterior antennae with remarkably strong and densely ciliated spines at the tip, outer ramus not even attaining Va of the length of the inner, and much narrower. Inner ramus of the 3 posterior pairs of natatory legs (in the adult animal) con- sisting of only 2 joints, the proximal of which, especially in the 2nd pair, is greatly expanded, and produced at the inner corner to a strong deflexed spiniform process, in front of which a similarly strong curved spine is attached; distal joint in this pair produced at the tip, between the 2 innermost spines, to a similar, but smaller process. Last pair of legs extremely small, with the distal joint scarcely longer than the proximal one, and provided with one apical seta and 2 small lateral spines.

Body semipellucid, with a pale yellowish tinge.

Length of adult female L45 ram.

Remarks. — I have been in some doubt about the correctness of my identifi- cation of the above- described form with Norman's species, because the inner ramus of the 3 posterior pairs of natatory legs in that species is described by Brady as 3-articulate, whereas in the Norwegian form it consists of only 2 joints; but in all other respects it so closely agrees with Brady's description, that I have not felt justified in establishing a new species on account of this apparent difierence, which may perhaps be due to the circumstance that the specimen dissected by Brady had not attained its full development. On the other hand, I am of opinion that the solitary male specimen described by Dr. Giesbrecht from the Gulf of Naples may more properly be referable to a distinct species, differing, as it does, very conspicuously in the large size of the rostral plate.

Occurrence. — Only a very limited number of specimens of this form, all of the female sex, have hitherto come under my notice. They were taken at different times, some off the west coast of Norway, some off the Lofoten Islands, from considerable depths amounting to 100 fathoms.

Distribution. — English and Scottish coasts (Brady, Scott).

22

Gen. 6. CePVllliOpSiS, G. 0. Sars, n.

Generic Characters. — General form of body about as in Cervinia. Cephalo- some, however, comparatively larger and imperfectly defined from the 1st pedigerous segment, its lateral parts rather deep, partly including between them the oral appendages ; rostral plate large and broad at the base. Epimeral plates of the 3 succeeding segments slightly angular. Genital segment in female with a well- marked transversal suture in the middle dorsally, and produced on each side of the suture to a recurved spiniform projection. Caudal rami very narrow, linear, and contiguous along their whole length, apical setae of normal appearance. An- terior antennae very robust, clavate, 6-articulate, and clothed with strong, partly spiniform setae, one of them, issuing from the end of the 4th joint, being trans- formed in to a large, almost fusiform appendage curving backwards and clothed along one of the edges with long cilia, this joint and the 2 outer ones very short and less distinctly defined. Posterior antennae less robust than in Cervinia, outer ramus of larger size, 4-articulate. Oral parts on the whole resembling in structure those in Cervinia. Natatory legs with both rami 3-articulate and of about equal size. Last pair of legs with the distal joint slender, linear, proximal joint quite short and without any inner expansion. Male unknown.

Bemarhs. — This new genus is somewhat intermediate in character between Cervinia and Eucanuella, agreeing in some points more closely with the former, in others with the latter.^^From both of them it differs conspicuously in the structure of the anterior antennae, and the peculiar appearance of the caudal rami,j which are so closely squeezed together, that they look like a single appendage.] Off the Norwegian coast occur 2 closely allied species, to be described below.

10. Cerviniopsis elavieornis, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. XII & XIII, fig. 1).

Specific Characters. — Female. Body moderately slender, with the anterior division somewhat depressed behind and widening in front. Cephalic segment rather large and deep, exceeding in length the 4 succeeding segments combined;; rostral plate broadly triangular and slightly deflexed. Last segment of metasome with a distinct dentiform projection on each side. Urosome (including the caudal rami) not quite as long as the anterior division ; genital segment with the lateral spiniform projections very strong and prominent. Last caudal segment abruptly contracted towards the end, anal opercle semilunar. Caudal rami slightly exceeding

•I

23

in length the last 2 segments combined, each carrying in front of the middle outside a very small, hair-like bristle and another stronger one at some distance from the tip, the 2 middle apical setae very unequal, the inner one more than twice the length of the outer, both very minutely denticulate. Anterior antennae pronouncedly claviform in shape, the 3rd joint being considerably expanded, and arching over the short recurved terminal part. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus about the length of the 2 outer confluent joints of the inner. Natatory legs with both rami of normal structure. Last pair of legs with the distal joint about 4 times as long as the proximal one, narrow linear in form, and carrying on the tip 2 unequal spines and between them a slender seta. Ovisac of mode- rate size, oval in form, and containing a rather limited number of large glo- bular ova.

Colour whitish gray.

Length of adult female 1.60 mm.

Remarks. — In its general appearance, this form bears an unmistakable resemblance to Eucanuella spinifera Scott, to be described farther on, and indeed, I was at first inclined to refer it to that genus. On a closer exami- nation, however, it is found to differ in some points rather materially, the most conspicuous difference being the peculiar structure of the caudal rami, also shown in the succeeding nearly-allied species.

Occurrence. — Seversil specimens of this peculiar form, all of the female sex, were found many years ago in the Ostnaes Fjord, Lofoten Islands. The specimens were obtained by examining the loose muddy deposits taken up by the aid of a light dredge from a depth of about 100 fathoms.

11. Cerviniopsis longieaudata, G. 0. Sars, n. sp. (PI. xra, fig. 2).

Specific Characters. — Female. Very like the preceding species, but of somewhat smaller size and more slender form of body. Anterior division, seen dorsally, of almost uniform width throughout, rostral plate less broad. Last segment of metasome without any lateral projections. Urosome (including the caudal rami) fully as long as the anterior division, lateral projections of genital segment much smaller than in C. clavicornis. Caudal rami exceedingly slender and elongated, exceeding in length the 3 last segments combined, hair-like bristle of the outer edge occurring behind the middle. Antennae and oral parts of much the same structure as in the preceding species. Natatory legs, however, slightly

it

differing, 1st joint of inner ramus in the 2nd and 3rd pairs exhibiting an appear- ance similar to that in Cervinia, the inner corner being f^reatly produced, and the natatory seta transformed in to a strong spine. Last pair of legs with the distal joint comparatively less slender than in C. davicornis, middle apical seta quite short.

Colour whitish gray.

Length of adult female 1.30 mm.

Remm'Tcs. — Though very closely allied to the preceding species, this form is unquestionably specifically distinct, differing not only in the greater length of the caudal rami, but also in the smaller size of the lateral projections of the genital segment, and partly also in the structure of the legs.

Occurrence.- Only 2 female specimens of this form have hitherto come under my notice. They were taken from great depths off the west coast of Nor- way, the exact locality not being stated.

Gen. 7. Eucanuella, Scott, 1901.

Generic Characters. — General form of body about as in Cerviniopsis. Cephalosome imperfectly defined from the 1st segment of metasome, and projecting in front to a conically-pointed rostrum. Epimeral plates of the 3 succeeding segments well developed, acutely pointed behind. Genital segment in female with a well-marked transversal suture in the middle dorsally, and produced on each side to a strong spiniform projection. Caudal rami somewhat lamellar, non con- tiguous, tapering distally. Anterior antennae distinctly 7-articulate, and edged with ciliated setae, one of them, issuing from the 4th joint, being much larger than the others, the 3 outer joints abruptly much narrower than the preceding ones. Posterior antennae comparatively feebler in structure than in the 2 preceding genera, outer ramus well developed, 4-articulate. Oral parts on the whole re- sembling those in Cervinia and Cerviniopsis. Natatory legs comparatively slender, with both rami 3-articulate, outer ramus of 1st pair unusually strong and much longer than the inner. Last pair of legs about as in Cerviniopsis. Male unknown.

Remarks. — This genus, established by Th. Scott, ought undoubtedly to be referred to the family Cerviniidce, as here defined. In several respects it exhibits, indeed, a close resemblance to the genus Cerviniopsis, but differs in some other points 80 materially, that it ought more properly to be kept apart. The chief

25

differences from that genus refer to the structure of the anterior antennae and th& caudal rami, partly also to that of the natatory legs. We do not know at present of more than a single species, to be described below.

12. Eueanuella spinifera, Scott.

(PI. XIV).

Eueanuella spinifera, Th. Scott in 19th Keport of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Part III,.

Scientific Investigations, p. 245, PI. XVIII, figs. 1—10.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body moderately slender and conspicuously attenuated behind. Cephalic segment comparatively large, exceeding in length th& 4 succeeding segments combined, and evenly vaulted above, lateral parts rather deep, partly including between them the oral appendages, rostrum projecting considerably. Epimeral plates of the 3 succeeding segments projecting behind in a somewhat spiniform corner. Last segment of metasome slightly produced on each side, but without any distinct dentiform projection. Urosome (including the caudal rami) shorter than the anterior division, genital segment rather broad, with the lateral projections very prominent. Last caudal segment longer than the pre- ceding one, and gradually tapering distally; anal opercle somewhat prominent,, semilunar. Caudal rami conspicuously asymmetrical, the right one projecting con- siderably beyond the left, and nearly as long as the last 2 segments combined^ both gradually tapering distally, and exhibiting outside, at some distance from- the base, a small spinule; dorsal face with 3 delicate bristles, 2 of which occur near the tip, the 3rd in front of the middle; tip with only 2 setae, the inner of which is more than twice as long as the outer. Anterior antennae with the 4 proximal joints considerably expanded, 2nd joint armed with a strong spiniform projection issuing from the upper face and pointing backwards. Outer ramus of 1st pair of legs scarcely inferior in size to that of the pucceeding pairs, and fully twice as long as the inner. Last pair of legs with the outer digitiform process of the proximal joint rather thick, distal joint narrow linear, with one apical and 2 lateral setae. Ovisac comparatively small, rounded.

Colour whitish gray.

Length of adult female 1.30 mm.

RemarJcs. — The above-described form is unquestionably identical with that recorded by Th. Scott under the above name. It may at once be recognized from any of the other Cerviniiclce by the characteristic structure of the caudal rami, as also by the conically-produced rostral plate.

4 — Crustacea.

26

Occurrence. — Some few specimens of this form, all of the female sex, have been taken at different times, from depths of 50 — 60 fathoms. One of the spe- cimens was found at Hanko, lower part of the Christiania Fjord, the others off the west coast of Norway.

Distribution. — Scottish coast (Scott).

Gen. 8. ZOSime, Boeck, 1872.

Generic Characters. — Body of comparatively robust form, with the anterior :and posterior divisions, at any rate in female, well marked off from each other. Cephalosome confluent with the 1st pedigerous segment, and produced in front to a short and broad rostral plate. Epimeral plates of the 3 succeeding segments well developed, sub-angular. Last segment of metasome abruptly narrower than i;he preceding one. Urosome in female somewhat flattened, with the segments more or less expanded laterally, in male more cylindrical in form. Genital seg- ment in female with a very distinct transversal suture in the middle dorsally. Caudal rami of moderate length, discontiguous, the 2 middle apical setse of a soft consistency similar to those in Cervinia. Anterior antennae short and stout, densely setiferous, 6-articulate. Posterior antennae with the outer 2 joints con- fluent, outer ramus .3 -articulate. Oral parts differing somewhat in structure from those in the other Cerviniidm. Mandibles with the palp tri-lobate, inner lobe confluent with the basal part, the other 2 constituting the 2 rami. Maxillae with 2 small knob-like projections outside the palp. Anterior maxillipeds short and compact, with 4 digitiform lobes; posterior ones of comparatively simple structure, 3-articulate. First pair of natatory legs much smaller than the others, with the inner ramus bi-articulate ; the 3 succeeding pairs with both rami slender, 3-arti- culate. Last pair of legs somewhat resembling those in the Ectinosomidce, proxi- mal joint exhibiting inside a well-marked setiferous expansion, distal joint im- perfectly defined.

RemarJcs. — This genus, established by Boeck, was considered by that author, as also by Prof. Brady, to be most nearly related to the genus Ectinosoma, ^hich in the present Account is regarded as the type of a distinct family, Ecti- nosomidw. On a closer examination, however, I find that it should more properly be referred to the family Cerviniidw. as here defined. True, the last pair of legs, as also the posterior maxillipeds, exhibit some resemblance to those in the genus

27

Ectinosoma; but in all other respects this genus is very different, and apparently more nearly related to the 3 preceding genera. We do not know at present with certainty more than a single species belonging to this genus.

13. Zosime typiea, Boeck.

(PI. XV).

Zosime typica, Boeck, Nye Slsegter og Arter af Saltvandscopepoder. Chr. Vid. Selsk. Porhandl.

1872, p. 46.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body rather short and stout, somewhat depressed, with a very conspicuous constriction in the middle. All segments having the posterior edge distinctly denticulate dorsally, the denticles of the penulti- mate caudal segment being in particular very coarse and partly bifid at the tip. Cephalic segment rather large, considerably exceeding in length the 3 succeeding segments combined, rostral plate short and broad, blunt at the tip, and carrying 2 small apical bristles ; the 3 succeeding segments with the epimeral plates some- what exstant laterally. Last segment of metasome abruptly much narrower than the preceding ones, and produced on each side to a slight dentiform corner. Urosome (including the caudal rami) about the length of the anterior division, its 3 anterior segments forming on each side well-marked lamellar expansions each terminating in an acute recurved corner; last segment very small. Caudal rami about 3 times as long as they are broad, slightly constricted at the base, and transversely truncated at the end, outer edge finely denticulate and carrying, at some distance from the tip, a small bristle; the 2 middle apical setae rather coarse and very unequal, the inner one twice as long as the outer, and exhibiting near the base a peculiar angular bend. Anterior antennae with the 2nd joint much the largest, and equal in length to the succeeding 4 joints com- bined. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus somewhat shorter than the inner. Last pair of legs with the inner expansion triangular and carrying 3 slender setae, distal joint not distinctly defined from the proximal one, truncated at the tip and provided with 3 apical and one lateral seta.

Colour whitish gray.

Length of adult female 0.55 mm.

JRemarJcs. — It seems to me somewhat questionable, whether the form de- scribed under this name by British authors (Brady, Scott) is in reality identical with Boeck's species. Prof. Brady, for instance, indicates the length of the animal to be 0.80 mm., whereas the largest of my Norwegian specimens only measures

28

0.55 mm. in length; and further the figures of the animal given by that author and by Th. Scott do not fully agree with the form examined by me. Finally, on comparing my drawings with those given by the above-named authors, I also find some differences in the structural details.

Occurrence. — I have found this form occasionally in the upper part of the Christiania Fjord in depths of about 16 fathoms, muddy bottom. The specimen examined by Boeck was likewise from that locality.

Distribution. — ? British Isles (Brady, Scott).

Fam. 4. Ectinosomidae.

Characters.— BoAy of a peculiarly smooth appearance, and more or lesa fusiform in shape, with no very conspicuous demarcation between the anterior and posterior divisions. Cephalosome wholly confluent with the 1st pedigerous segment,^ and produced in front to a more or less prominent rostral plate continuous with the cephalic shield. Epimeral plates of the 3 succeeding segments well developed. Last segment of metasome without such plates. Urosome consisting in female of 4, in male of 5 segments, the last one generally small and more or less cleft at the end. Caudal rami discontiguous, divergent, with the 2 middle apical setae more or less elongated. No true eye present. Anterior antennae comparatively small, and composed of a limited number of articulations. Posterior antennae with strong denticulated spines at the tip, outer ramus slender, 2- or 3-articulate. Oral parts differing rather greatly in their structure from those in the preceding^ families. Natatory legs powerfully developed, with both rami 3-articulate and densely spinous. Last pair of legs lamellar and edged with strong spiniform setae. Ovisac single.

Remarks. — This family, the type of which is the genus Ectinosoma of Boeck, exhibits several well-marked differences from the preceding ones, both as regards^ the external appearance and the structural details; and as there are several genera which so far closely agree with each other, the establishment of this new family may be fully justified. It comprises as yet 4 genera, all of which are represented in the fauna of Norway.

MJsophriidae

Copepoda

Harpaciicoida

n.i.

G.O. Sars autogr.

Misophria pallida, Boeck

Tryktiden private Opmaaling

Misophritdae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

ni.

6.0. Sars autogr.

Misophria pallida, Boeck (continued)

Trykfiden pnvafe Opmaalm? Chra

Longipediidae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

BM.

6.0. Sars autogr.

Tryktiden private Opmaaling Chra

Longipedia coronata, Glaus

Longipediidae

Copepoda

Harpaciicoida

PIIVT

6.0. Sars aiitoo|r.

, • !• t oi_ Trvktiden private Opmaalinfl.Chra

Longipedia coronata, Glaus n ? v ^ (continued)

LongipediidaB

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

RY

6.0. SaTS autogr.

1 Longipedia Scotti G O.Sars

2 Longipedia minor, Scolt

3 Longipedia rosea, G.OSars

Tryktiden private Optnaaling Chra

Longipediidae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

RM.

G 0 Sars autogr

Sunaristes paguri, Hesse

Tryktidenpnvate Opmaaling.Chra

Longipediidae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

H.W.

6 Q Sars autogr

Sunaristes paguri, Hesse (continuedj

Tryktiden private OpmaalingChra

LongipedJidae

Copepoda

Harpaciicoida

fim..

6.0. Sars aiitcgr.

Canuella perplsxa, Scott.

Tryktiden private Opmaatlng Chra

Longipediidae

Copepoda

Harpaciicoida

HK

6.0. SaTS autogr.

Canuella perpiexa, Scott, (continued)

TryWiden private Opwaaling.Chra -

Longipediidae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

PIX

6.0. Sars autogr.

Canuella furcigera, G 0 Sars

Tryktiden private Opmaaling.Chra

I

Cerviniidae

Copepoda

Harpaciicoida

p:xr

G.O. SaTS autogr.

Cervinia Bradyi, Norman

Trykf iden private Opwaali"g,Chra

d

CerviniJdaB

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

T'lXtt

6.0. Sars autoor. Tryktiden private Opmaalmg.Chra

Cerviniopsis clavicomis, • G 0 Sars

Cerviniids

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

PIM

6.0. Sars autogr.

1 Cerviniopsis clavicomis, G 0 Sars

(continued)

2 lonqicaudala 6 0 Sars

TryMiden private Opmaaling.Chra

Cerviniids

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

HHV

6.0. Sars auto^r.

Eucanueiia spinifbra, Scott.

TryWiden private Opmaaling.Chrs

CervinJiddB

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

71W

6.0. SaTS autoqr.

Zosime Typica Boedk

Tryktid«n private Opwaaling.Ch'-fl

J

Ectinosomidd3

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

HXV[

G.O. SaTS antogr.

Ectinosoma Sarsi. Boeck

TryMiden private Qpmaaling.Chra

29

Gen. 9. EctillOSOma, Boeck, 1864.

Generic Characters. — Body more or less slender, pronouncedly fusiform in shape, with the anterior division scarcely broader than the posterior. Ce- phalic segment gradually attenuated in front, and produced to a tongue-shaped hyaline rostral plate, arching over the bases of the anterior antennae; lateral parts not very deep, almost wholly exposing the oral appendages. Epimeral plates of the 3 succeeding segments acute-angular behind. Last segment of metasome scarcely narrower than the preceding segment. Urosome gradually attenuated behind, genital segment without any trace of a transversal suture in the middle, last segment rather small and more or less deeply cleft. Caudal rami comparatively short, diverging, the 2 middle apical setae closely juxtaposed and considerably thickened at the base. Anterior antennae rather small, 5 — 7-articulate, and clothed with slender setae. Posterior antennae with the outer 2 joints confluent, outer ramus much more slender than the inner, and distinctly 3-articulate. Anterior lip compressed and more generally projecting in front to an acute recurved point. Mandibles sharply curved, with the masticatory part deeply cleft and armed with a limited number of simple teeth, outside which is attached a thickish seta ; palp comparatively large, with the basal part much elongated, both rami uniarticulate, the inner one abruptly recurved and tipped with long setae, outer ramus compara- tively small. Maxillae with the masticatory part armed with 3 or 4 strong, claw- like spines, palp divided into several setiferous lobes. Anterior maxillipeds con- sisting of 2 thickish basal joints, very movably articulated the one to the other, terminal part rudimentary, carrying 2 slender, claw-like spines curved anteriorly. Posterior maxillipeds issuing inside the anterior, slender, straight, 3-articulate, middle joint narrow and elongated, terminal joint- small, tri-setose. First pair of natatory legs scarcely smaller than the others, with the inner ramus longer than the outer. Last pair of legs closely approximate, and each consisting of 2 well- defined joints, the proximal one forming inside a large lamellar expansion carrying 2 spiniform setae, distal joint trilobate, each lobe tipped with a similar seta.

RemarJcs. — This genus was established in the year 1864 by Boeck, to include 3 Norwegian species, one of which, E. melaniceps, is perhaps identical with the form recorded by Baird as Canthocampkis minuticornis (Miiller). Subse- quently several new species have been added, chiefly by Prof. Brady and Th. Scott. The latter author, in his interesting Revision of the British Species of the Genera Bradya and Ectinosoma, records no less than 13 different species belonging to the present genus, and nearly the same number have been observed by myself off

30

the Norwegian coast. The species are rather difficult to distinguish from one another, on account of their rather uniform external appearance, and the ge- nerally small size and inconspicuous colour of the animal. Two of the best distingishing characters are undoubtedly the structure of the last pair of legs and the relative length of the setae with which they are fringed. In these characters there are scarcely two species which fully agree with each other. All the species have in common the peculiarity that the specimens remain floating on the surface of the water, when they come in contact with it, a circumstance which essentially facilitates the collecting of them from any mud brought up by the aid of the dredge.

14. Eetinosoma Sarsi, Boeck.

(PI. XVI). Eetinosoma Sarsii, Boeck, Nye Slsegter og Arter af Saltvandscopepoder. Chr. Vid. Selsk. For-

handl. 1872, p. 45. Syn: Eetinosoma spinipes, Brady.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body somewhat robust, fusiform, greatest width exceding Vs of the length, and occurring somewhat in front of the middle. Cephalic segment about equalling in length the 3 succeeding segments combined, rostral plate evenly rounded at the tip. Urosome only slightly exceeding in length the exposed part of metasome, posterior edge of the segments densely fringed with delicate spinules. Caudal rami comparatively short, scarcely longer than the last segment, apical setae not much elongated, the innermost but one about equal in length to the urosome exclusive of the caudal rami. Anterior antennae short and thick, 5-articulate. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus almost as long as the inner, middle joint very small. Anterior lip with an acute recurved process in front. Natatory legs with the rami rather broad, all the spines coarsely denticulate, setae very strong. Last pair of legs sub-quadrangular in outline, inner expansion of the proximal joint rather narrow and extending almost as far as the distal joint, the latter somewhat longer than it is broad, and exhibiting on the lower side, near the base, a transverse row of 4 small denticles, immediately below which a slender bristle is attached; marginal spines of both joints unusually short, not extending beyond the middle of the genital segment.

Body of an uniform pale yellowish hue, or straw-coloured.

Length of adult female reaching to L50 mm.

Remarks. — This is the largest of all the known species, and may more over in the living state be recognized by its pale yellow colour. The structure of the last pair of legs is also characteristic from the unusual shortness of the

4

lore- ^1 1

31

marginal spines. The E. spinipes of Brady is unquestionably identical with Boeck's species.

Occurrence. — I have found this form not unfrequently in the upper part of the Christiania Fjord, as also in the Trondhjem Fjord, in depths ranging from 10 to 20 fathoms. Mr. Scott records it also from Finmark.

Distribution. — British Isles (Brady, Scott), coast of France (Canu), Novaya Zemlia, Spitsberg (Scott).

15. Eetinosoma negleetum, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. XVII, fig. 1).

Specific Characters. — Female. Very like the preceding species, but of somewhat smaller size and less robust form of body. Cephalic segment about the length of the 4 succeeding segments combined, and gradually narrowed in front, rostral plate evenly rounded at the tip. Urosome considerably longer than the exposed part of the metasome, posterior edges of the segments very finely spinulose. Caudal rami somewhat divergent, nearly twice as long as they are broad, apical setae not much elongated. Anterior antennae resembling in structure those in E. Sarsi, being rather robust and 5-articulate. Anterior lip with an acute recurved projection in front. Last pair of legs somewhat resembling those in E. Sarsi, but with the distal joint more unequally trilobate, the outermost lobe occurring considerably farther forward than the innermost, marginal setae both of this joint and the inner expansion of the basal one much more elongated, partly extending beyond the genital segment.

Male considerably smaller than female, and easily recognizable by the prehensile character of the anterior antennae, and by the subdivision of the genital segment.

Colour light brown or corneous, with dark reddish shadows in front.

Length of adult female 1.30 mm., of male 0.70 mm.

RemarTcs. — This form is closely allied to E. Sarsi, and has most prob- ably been confounded with it by other authors. On a closer comparison, it is however found to differ rather markedly in the structure of the last pair of legs, the marginal setae of which are much more elongated. In the living state it is moreover at once distinguished from that species by its different colour.

Occurrence. — I have met with this form rather abundantly in several places of the Norwegian coast, from the Christiania Fjord to Vadso. It is gene- rally found in depths ranging from 10 to 20 fathoms, muddy bottom. No doubt it will also be found to occur out of Norway.

i

32

16. Eetinosoma propinqvum, Scott.

(PI. XVII, fig. 2).

Eetinosoma propinqvum, Th. & A. Scott, Revision of the British Copepoda belonging to the genera''

Bradya and Eetinosoma; Transact. Linn, Soc. London, Vol. VI, Part 5, p. 428, PI. 36, figs. 19,

27, 46; PI. 37, figs. 2, 1.5, 32, 55; PI. 38, figs. 9, 23, 34, 54.

Specific Characters. — Female. General form of body resembling that of the 2 preceding species. Cephalic segment, however, seen dorsally, more abruptly contracted in front, with the rostral plate more horizontal and narrowly spoon- shaped. Urosome comparatively shorter and less attenuated behind. Caudal rami very short, scarcely as long as they are broad, and considerably divergent. An- terior antennse, as in the 2 preceding species, 5-articulate and rather stout, Anterior lip with a very acute recurved projection in front. Last pair of legi comparatively small, with the marginal spines unusually short, not extending beyond the middle of the genital segment.

Colour dark corneous.

Length of adult female 0.86 mm.

JRemarJcs. — I think I am right in identifying the above-described form with Scott's E. propinqvum, with which it seems to agree fairly well in most of the anatomical details, though being somewhat inferior in size. It is closely allied to E. neglectum, and may easily be confounded with that species. On a closer examination, however, it is found to differ, not only in its much inferior size, but also in the narrowly exserted and spoon-shaped rostral plate, the much shorter caudal rami, and the structure of the last pair of legs, which, in the shortnes of the marginal spines, more resembles that in E. Sarsi.

Occurrence. — I have found this form in 2 widely distant localities, viz. at Hvalor, lower part of the Christiania Fjord, and in the Trondhjem Fjord at Agdenaes and Bejan, the depth ranging from 3 to 20 fathoms. Mr. Scott also records it from Finmark, and it thus seems to occur along the whole Norwe- gian coast.

Distribution. — Firth of Forth (Scott), Ceylon (A. Scott).

17. Eetinosoma elongatum, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. XVIII, fig. 1). Syn? Eetinosoma finmarchicum, Scott.

Specific Characters — Female. Body extremely slender and elongated, with the cephalic segment, seen dorsally, abruptly contracted in front, rostral

r

I

33

plate narrowly spoon-shaped and nearly horizontal. Caudal rami of moderate size, about equalling in length the last segment, and tapering somewhat distally, apical setae not very divergent. Anterior antennse more slender than in the 3 preceding species, and composed of 6 well-defined articulations. Anterior lip obtusely rounded in front, without any trace of a recurved projection. Natatory legs comparatively more slender than in the 3 preceding species. Last pair of legs of moderate size, with the distal joint rather broad and somewhat oblique, apical spines slender, setiform, and rather unequal, the innermost being much shorter than the other 2, inner expansion of proximal joint with a transverse row of delicate spinules at the base, outer seta much shorter than the outermost one of the distal joint.

Colour pale yellowish.

Length of adult female 0,88 mm.

Remarlcs. — This is a very slender species, and in so far resembles a form briefly recorded by Th. Scott from Finmark under the name of E. finmarchicum. It is, however, of somewhat smaller size, and moreover, to judge from the figures given, seems to exhibit some difference in the structure of the last pair of legs and in the interrelative length of their marginal spines.

Occurrence. The only locality where I have hitherto met with this form, is at Selven, near Agdenses, Trondhjem Fjord. It here occurred not unfrequently in a depth of 3 — 6 fathoms, muddy sand.

18. Eetinosoma Herdmani, Scott.

(PI. XVIII, fig. 2).

Eetinosoma Herdmani, Th. & A. Scott, Eevision, &c. p. 432, PI. 36, figs. 16, 44; PI. 37, figs. 3,

16, 29, 54; PI. 38, figs. 7, 25, 33, 47.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body slender, sublinear in form, with the cephalic segment, seen dorsally, considerably attenuated in front, rostral plate narrowly exserted, spoon-shaped. Caudal rami very short, not nearly as long as they are broad, apical setae somewhat divergent. Anterior antennae slender, 6-ar- ticulate. Anterior lip obtusely produced in front. Last pair of legs comparatively small, with the marginal spines short and thick, all of about the same size.

Colour whitish, semipellucid.

Length of adult female scarcely exceeding 0.60 mm.

Remarks. — This form, first described by Th. & A. Scott, somewhat re- sembles E. elongatum in the general form of the body, but is rather inferior in

5 — Crustacea.

34

size, and moreover is easily distinguished by the much shorter caudal rami and by the characteristic structure of the last pair of legs.

Occurrence. — Found occasionally, together with E. elongatum, at Selven, Trondhjem Fjord, and also at Tananger, south coast of Norway.

Distribution. — Firth of Forth, Isle of Man (Scott).

19. Eetinosoma melanieeps, Boeck.

(PI. XIX, fig. !).

Eetinosoma melanieeps, Boeck, Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster iagttagne Copepoder. Chr.

Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1864, p. 30.

Syn? Canthocamptus minutieornis, Baird (not Miiller).

Specific Characters. — Female. Body moderately slender, subfusiform in shape, with the cephalic segment, seen dorsally, gradually contracted in front, rostral plate obtusely rounded at the tip. Caudal rami about as long as they are broad, innermost apical seta more elongated than in most other species. Anterior antennae rather slender and attenuated, composed of 7 well-defined articulations. Anterior lip with an angular projection in front. Last pair of legs of moderate size, distal joint comparatively broad and somewhat oblique, with the apical spines slender, setiform and rather unequal, appendicular bristle issuing from the margin between the 2 outermost spines; inner expansion of proximal joint comparatively small, with the inner apical spine quite short and remarkably broad, lanceolate in form, and coarsely serrate on the edges.

Colour grayish white, with a very conspicuous dark shade occupying the greater part of the cephalic segment.

Length of adult female 0.65 mm.

Remarhs. —li seems to me very probable that the form recorded by Baird as Canthocampttis minuticornis is the present species. As, however, the identification of this form with Cyclops minuticornis of 0. Fr. Miiller cannot properly be ac- cepted, the species must bear the name proposed for it by Boeck. It is easily recognizable from any of the other species by the dark-coloured cephalic segment,' a character which indeed has given rise to the specific name assigned to it by Boeck. The last pair of legs also exhibit several peculiarities in their structure.

Occurrence. — This form is very common along the whole south and west coasts of Norway in comparatively shallow water among algae, and may be easily detected, in spite of its small size, by the dark-coloured anterior part of the body. As with the other species of the present genus, on touching the surface of the.

I

35

water, it remains floating upon it, and may thus easily be picked up from any freshly-taken sample.

Distribution. — British Isles (Brady, Scott), Spitsbergen (Scott).

20. Eetinosoma Normani, Scott.

(PL XIX, fig. 2).

Eetinosoma Normani, Th. & Scott, Revision, &c., p. 435, PI. 36, figs. 21, 29, 39; PI. 37, figs. 12,

26, 34, 51 ; PI. 38, figs. 5, 18, 42, 45.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body somewhat more robust than in E. melaniceps, with the cephalic segment, seen dorsally, evenly contracted in front, rostral plate short aud obtuse at the tip. A liright red pigmentary patch present on each side of the cephalic segment, just within the lateral edge and between the insertions of the anterior and posterior antennae. Caudal rami of about the same appearance as in E. melaniceps, but with the innermost apical seta consider- ably shorter. Anterior antennae likewise very similar in structure, though perhaps a little shorter. Anterior lip with an acute recurved projection in front. Last pair of legs not unlike those in E. melaniceps, distal joint, however, comparatively narrower, with the innermost apical spine longer, extending about as far as the outermost, appendicular bristle, as in E. melaniceps, issuing from the margin between the 2 outermost spines ; inner expansion of proximal joint with the outer spine more slender and only very slightly lanceolate.

Colour uniformly whitish grey.

Length of adult female 0.55 mm.

Remarks. — The above-described form is unquestionably that recorded by Messrs. Th. & A. Scott under the name of E. Normani. At first I believed it to be E. erythrops of Brady, on account of the very conspicuous red pigmentary patches occurring within the lateral edges of the cephalic segment in front. But Messrs. Th. & A. Scott describe as Brady's species a very different form, un- known to me, though apparently referable to the Fauna of Norway, having been recorded by one of these authors from Finmark. The species here under discussion is nearly allied to E. melaniceps, though at once distinguished by its uniform colour and the very conspicuous red ocular patches in front. It is also rather inferior in size.

Occurrence. — Only 2 specimens of this form have hitherto come under my notice. They were both taken in the upper part of the Christiania Fjord

36

from a depth of about 6 fathoms, muddy bottom. Th. Scott records this form also from Vadso, Finmark.

Distribution.— Firth, of Forth, Barrow Strait (Th. Scott), Ceylon (A. Scott).

21. Eetinosoma eurtieorne, Boeck.

(PI. XX, fig. 1). Eetinosoma eurtieorne, Boeck, Nye Slsegter og Arter af Saltvandscopepoder. Chr. Vid. Selsk.

Forh. 1872, p. 45.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body moderately slender, fusiform in shape, greatest width in front of the middle. Cephalic segment, seen dorsally, evenly contracted in front, rostral plate comparatively short and bluntly rounded at the tip. Caudal rami nearly twice as long as they are broad and slightly divergent. Anterior antennae very short, though composed of 6 well-defined articulations, the 1st of which exhibits inside a very conspicuous dark pigmentary patch. Anterior lip with a blunt prominence in front, clothed at the hind edge with long cilia. Last pair of legs well developed, clothed on the lower face with several trans- verse rows of delicate spinules, distal joint somewhat unequally trilobate, apical spines very slender and elongated, setiform, the innermost one longer than the outermost; inner expansion of proximal joint extending about to the middle of the distal joint.

Colour dark brown or corneous.

Length of adult female 0.70 mm.

EemarJcs. — This form, first recorded by Boeck, may be easily distinguished from any of the preceding species by the unusually short anterior antennae and the very conspicuous dusky pigment-patch inside the 1st joint of the latter. The form of the anterior lip and the structure of the last pair of legs are also rather characteristic. In the opinion of Th. Scott, the Bradya Edwardsii of Ricard is identical with this species.

Occurrence. — Only very few specimens of this form have hitherto come under my notice. They were all of them taken in the upper part of the Christi- ania Fjord in a depth of 6—20 fathoms, muddy bottom. The specimen observed by Boeck was also from the Christiania Fjord. Th. Scott, however, records this form from 2 localities of the Finmark coast, viz., Bugo Fjord and Vadso.

Distribution. — Scottish coast (Scott), Spitsbergen (Scott).

37

22. Eetinosoma gothieeps, Giesbrecht.

(PI. XX, fig. 2).

Eetinosoma gothiceps, Giesbrecht, Die freilebenden Copepoden der Kieler Fohrde, p. 106, PI. I,

figs. 3, 12; PI. IV, figs. 17, 35; PI. V, fig. 3; PI. VII, fig. 8; PL VIII, figs. 10, 11; PI. IX, fig. 17;

PI. X, figs. 10, 21; PI. XI, fig. 13; PI. XH, figs. 6, 10.

SjTi? Eetinosoma pygmoeum, Scott.

Specific Characters. — Female. Very like the preceding species, but of much smaller size and somewhat less slender. Cephalic segment, seen dorsally, evenly contracted in front, rostral plate of moderate size and obtusely acuminate at the tip. Caudal rami very short, not nearly so long as they are broad. An- terior antennae short, 6-articulate, resembling those in E. curticorne, but without any pigmentary patch inside the 1st joint. Anterior lip with a short acute pro- jection in front. Last pair of legs comparatively smaller than in E. curticorne, but with the marginal spines very long and considerably thickened at the base; distal joint shorter and less unequally trilobate than in the above species, outermost apical spine considerably longer than the innermost; inner expansion of proximal joint very short.

Colour whitish gray.

Length of adult female 0.45 mm.

Bemarlcs. — The above-described form is unquestionably that recorded by Dr. Giesbrecht as E. gothiceps, and I am also of opinion that the E. pygmceum of Scott is referable to the same species. It is closely allied to E. curticorne, but of much inferior size, and is moreover distinguished by the short caudal rami, the absence of the pigmentary patch on the anterior antennae, and also by the somewhat different structure of the anterior lip and the last pair of legs.

Occurrence. — I have met with this small species occasionally in several places both on the south and west coasts of Norway, as also in the Trondhjem Fjord, in moderate depths.

Distribution. — Kiel Bay (Giesbrecht), Firth of Forth, Isle of Man (Scott).

23. Eetinosoma mixtum, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. XXI, fig. 1).

Specific Characters. — Female. Body moderately slender, with the cephalic segment, seen dorsally, gradually contracted in front, rostral plate well developed and somewhat deflexed, narrowly rounded at the tip. Caudal rami about as long

38

as they are broad, apical setae rather slender. Anterior antennae comparatively short, though longer than in the 2 preceding species, and composed of 6 arti- culations. Anterior lip with a small recurved projection in front. Last pair of legs of moderate size, with the marginal spines very unequal, distal joint much longer than the proximal one and subquadrangular in form, innermost apical spine very short, appendicular bristle, as in most other species, remote from the margin; inner expansion of proximal joint extending almost to the tip of the distal joint, outer spine remarkably thickened, somewhat resembling that in E. melani- ceps, though considerably more elongated.

Colour grayish white.

Length of adult female 0.58 mm.

EemarJcs. — I cannot identify this form with any of the species described by Messrs. Th. & A. Scott. The specific name here proposed refers to the some- what mixed characters, some of which resemble those of E. curticorne, and some those of E. melaniceps.

Occurrence. — Only some few specimens of this form have hitherto come under my notice. They were taken in the upper part of the Christiania Fjord, near the town, in a depth of about 3 fathoms, muddy bottom.

24. Eetinosoma brevirostre, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. XXI, fig. 2).

Specific Characters. — Female. Body comparatively slender and somewhat compressed, with the cephalic segment, seen dorsally, but slightly contracted in front, rostral plate remarkably short and blunt at the tip. Caudal rami longer than they are broad, and somewhat obliquely truncated at the tip, apical setae of moderate length. Anterior antennae more slender and attenuated than in E. mix- turn, but, as in that species, 6-articulate. Anterior lip with a similar acute recurved projection in front. Last pair of legs with the proximal joint rather large and broad, distal joint considerably shorter, being scarcely longer than it is broad, innermost apical spine exceeding half the length of the outermost one, appendicular bristle issuing near the margin; inner expansion of proximal joint scarcely extending beyond the middle of the distal joint, and exhibiting at the base an oblique transverse row of delicate spinules, outer apical spine of quite normal appearance.

Colour yellowish gray. '

Length of adult female 0.55 mm.

39

JRemarJcs.— This new species is chiefly characterised by the unusually short rostral plate, a character which has given rise to the specific name here proposed. In its general appearance it somewhat resembles E. gracile, Scott, the body being, as in that form, considerably compressed. It diff"ers, however, very markedly in the structure of the anterior maxillipeds, which is quite normal, as also in that of the last pair of legs.

Occurrence. — Only a single, but well-preserved ovigerous specimen of this form was found last summer at Bejan, outer part of the Trondhjem Fjord, in a depth of 20—30 fathoms.

25. Eetinosoma graeile, Scott.

(PL XXII, fig. 1). Eetinosoma graeile, Th. & A. Scott, Eevision, p. 429, PI. 36, figs. 18, 37; PI. 37, figs. 13, 28, 45;

PI. 38, figs. 3, 27, 30.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body exceedingly slender and much com- pressed, seen dorsally, almost linear in form. Cephalic segment evenly contracted in front, rostral plate somewhat deflexed and blunt at the tip. Caudal rami about as long as they are broad, apical setse rather slender. Anterior antennae com- paratively slender and attenuated, though composed of only 6 articulations, the penultimate one being very narrow and elongated. Anterior lip with the usual recurved projection in front. Anterior maxillipeds unusually powerful, with the 2nd basal joint more than twice as long as the 1st, and considerably dilated at the base, apical claws very slender and minutely denticulate. Last pair of legs comparatively small, but with the marginal spines rather elongated, distal joint regularly trilobate, with the innermost apical spine longer than the outermost; appendicular bristle some distance from the margin; inner expansion of proximal joint unusually short.

Colour whitish gray.

Length of adult female 0.55 mm.

Reniarls. — This is a rather anomalous form, differing, among other things, from the other known species of this genus very markedly in the structure of the anterior maxillipeds. I have been enabled to prove the identity of this form with that described by Mr. Scott, by comparing it with some specimens kindly sent to me bv that author.

IP ^!ff^

40

Occurrence. — Some few specimens of this form were found last summer in the Trondhjem Fjord, at Agdenses. They occurred in a depth of about 50 athoms, on a bottom consisting of coarse sand.

Distrihution. — Firth of Forth, Isle of Man (Scott).

Gen. 10. PseudObradya, G. O. Sars, n.

Syn: Bradya, Scott (part).

Generic Characters. — General form of body resembling that of Ectinosoma, being more or less pronouncedly fusiform. Caudal rami often much elongated. Anterior antennae comparatively short, with the proximal joints more or less ex- panded. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus poorly developed and in some cases consisting of only 2 joints. Anterior lip not forming any projection in front. Mandibles and maxillae resembling in structure those in Ectinosoma. Anterior maxillipeds generally very small, with the 2 basal joints bent at almost a right angle, terminal part consisting of 3 well-defined, though very short joints carrying comparatively short setae, 2 of which are generally spiniform. Posterior maxil- lipeds less slender than in Ectinosoma. Last pair of legs generally very large, lamellar, though somewhat varying in shape in the different species, distal joint always well developed, appendicular bristle in some cases very strong and issuing from the lower face of the proximal joint.

Remarks. — This new genus is established to include a number of species referred by Mr. Scott to the genus Bradya of Boeck, chiefly on account of some similarity in the structure of the posterior maxillipeds. These appendages are, however, in reality not nearly so powerfully developed as in Bradya, and on a closer comparison, several other differences in the anatomical details are found to exist, which would seem to warrant the establishment of a separate genus, somewhat intermediate in character between Ectinosoma and Bradya. Among these differences may be mentioned the poor development of the outer ramus of the posterior antennae, the somewhat different shape of the posterior maxillipeds and the very highly developed last pair of legs. The caudal rami, moreover, in most of the species, are unusually prolonged, and the general form of the body is rather unlike that in Bradya, and much more resembling that in Ectinosoma. Of the 5 species described by Mr. Scott and referable to the present genus, I have succeeded in finding 2 off the Norwegian coast, and also a 3rd species which I regard as new to science.

41 26. Pseudobradya minor (Scott).

(PL XXII, fig. 2). Bradya minor, Th. & A. Scott, Kevision, p. 425, PI. 35, figs. 5, 9, 13, 21, 24, 31, 35, 42; PI. 36,

figs. 5, 9.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body unusually short and stout, pronoun- cedly fusiform, with the greatest width in the middle. Cephalic segment, seen dorsally, gradually tapering in front, rostral plate prominent, nearly horizontal, and obtusely acuminate at the tip. Caudal rami of moderate size, scarcely longer than they are broad, apical setse not much elongated. Anterior antennae somewhat less abbreviated than in the other species, and composed of 6 well-defined arti- culations, the 1st of which exhibits inside a very conspicuous dark pigmentary patch. Outer ramus of posterior antennae about the length of the 1st joint of the inner, and very narrow, 3-articulate. Anterior lip quite evenly rounded in front. Anterior maxillipeds with the 2nd basal joint somewhat longer than the 1st. Natatory legs rather strongly built. Last pair of legs of moderate size and clothed on the lower face with several rows of delicate spinules, marginal spines not much elongated and but slightly unequal; appendicular bristle normal, issuing from the lower face of the distal joint; the latter oval in form, with the outermost lobe occurring far in front of the innermost; inner expansion of proximal joint comparatively short, scarcely extending to the middle of the distal joint.

Colour yellowish brown.

Length of adult female 0.54 mm.

JRemarJcs. — The above-described form is unquestionably identical with that recorded by Mr. Scott as Bradya minor. It may easily be recognized from any of the other species by the unusually short and robust form of the body, and by the very conspicuous black pigmentary patches inside the 1st joint of the anterior antennae.

Occurrence. — Some specimens of this form were found last summer in the Trondhjem Fjord, at Selven, near Agdenaes, in a depth of 3 — 6 fathoms, muddy sand.

Distribution. —Firth of Forth, Liverpool Bay (Scott).

27. Pseudobradya acuta, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. XXIII, fig. 1).

Specific Characters. — Female. Body rather slender, subfusiform in shape, with very thin and soft integuments. Cephalic segment, seen dorsally, considerably

6 — Crustacea.

42

contracted in front, with the rostral plate nearly horizontal and terminating in a very acute point. Urosome rather massive and but slightly attenuated behind. Caudal rami comparatively large and broad, about twice as long as the last seg- ment, apical setae slender and elongated. Anterior antennae very short, 6-arti culate, with the proximal joints considerably expanded. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus very narrow, 3-articulate, the first 2 joints quite short. Anterior maxillipeds extremely small, with the 2nd basal joint scarcely larger than the 1st. Natatory legs comparatively more slender than in the preceding species. Last pair of legs very largely developed and quite smooth below, marginal spines much elongated, setiform, some of them extending as far as the tip of the caudal rami; distal joint oblong oval in form, and regularly trilobate at the end, appendicular bristle unusually prolonged and issuing from the lower face of the proximal joint; inner expansion of the latter extending about to the middle of the distal joint, outer apical spine rather elongated, though somewhat shorter than the inner.

Colour whitish gray.

Length of adult female 0.70 mm.

Remarks. — This form, which I cannot identify with any of the species described by Mr. Scott, is easily recognizable by the acutely produced rostral plate, and the large size of the last pair of legs, the marginal spines of which are more elongated than in any other form known to me.

Occurrence. — Only 2 specimens of this form, both adult females, were found, together with the preceding species at Selven, Trondhjem Fjord.

28. Pseudobradya similis (Scott). (PI. xxm, fig. 2).

Bradya similis, Th. & A. Scott, Revision, p. 424, PL 35, figs. 3, 7, 16, 27, 33, 41, 48, PI. 36,

figs. 3, 10.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body moderately slender, with highly chiti- nized integuments. Cephalic segment, seen dorsally, evenly contracted in front, rostral plate somewhat deflexed and obtuse at the tip. Urosome less massive than in P. acuta, slightly tapering distally. Caudal rami remarkably large and elongated, equalling in length the last 2 segments combined ; apical setae compara- tively short. Anterior antennae resembling in structure those in P. acuta. Last pair of legs comparatively large, though somewhat less broad than in P. acuta, and clothed on the lower face with several transverse rows of delicate spinules, marginal spines of moderate length and somewhat unequal; distal joint oblong

43

oval in form, unequally trilobate at the end, the outermost lobe occurring far in front of the innermost one; appendicular bristle very strong, spiniform, and, as in P. acuta, issuing from the lower face of the proximal joint; inner expansion of the latter rather narrow, and extending somewhat beyond the middle of the distal joint, outer apical spine very small.

Colour yellowish brown.

Length of adult female 0.59 mm.

RemarTcs. — This form, the identity of which with Bradya similis of Scott I cannot doubt, may be easily distinguished from any of the 2 preceding species by the remarkably prolonged caudal rami, in which respect it agrees with 2 other species described by Mr. Scott, viz., P. elegans and P. hirsuta. It is, however, of much smaller size than either of these species.

Occurrence. — Only 2 specimens of this form were found last summer, together with the 2 preceding species at Selven, Trondhjem Fjord.

Distribution.— Firth of Forth (Scott).

Gen. 11. MierOSetella, Brady & Eobertson, 1873.

Oenerie Characters. — Body very slender, with the anterior division scarcely broader than the posterior. Cephalic segment projecting in front in a short, de- flexed rostrum. Epimeral plates of this and the 3 succeeding segments well developed, partly including between them the oral appendages and the basal parts of the natatory legs. Caudal rami short, with the 2 middle apical setae greatly elongated. Anterior antennae slender and elongated, with only scattered bristles; those in male distinctly geniculate, terminal part rather prolonged. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus much shorter and narrower than the inner, 3-arti- culate. Anterior lip not produced in front. Mandibles with the palp very large, distal joint spatulate in form and about the size of the proximal one, carrying at the lower edge a remarkably strong spiniform seta, clothed along one of the edges with long cilia; outer ramus very small. Maxillae of more simple structure than in Ectinosoma, the palp apparently consisting of only 2 setiferous lobes. Anterior maxillipeds comparatively small, resembling in structure those in Ectino- soma. Posterior maxillipeds, however, more strongly built, with the middle joint rather expanded. Natatory legs with the rami slender and narrow. Last pair of legs built, on the whole, upon the same type as iji JSctinospma,,

44

RemarTcs. — This genus was established in the year 1873 by Messrs. Brady & Robertson to comprise a small Harpactieoid, M, atlantica B. & R.. taken by them in the open sea by the aid of the surface-net. The genus was subsequently withdrawn by Prof. Brady, who in his Monograph described it as Ectinosoma atlayiticum, believing that the anatomical differences were not sufficient to remove it from that genus. Dr. Giesbrecht has, however, again restored the original genus, adding another nearly-related form, M. rosea (Dana). I am also myself of opinion that the genus Microsetella ought to be maintained, differing, as it does, from Ectinosoma, not only in the peculiar habits of the species, but also in some anatomical details mentioned in the above diagnosis. Of the 2 hitherto known species, only one belongs to the fauna of Norway.

29. Microsetella norvegiea (Boeck).

(PI. XXIV). Setella norvegiea, Boeck, Oversigt over de ved Norges Kystei- iagttagne Copepoder. Chr. Vid.

Selsk. Forh. 1864, p. 281.

Syn: Ectinosoma atlanticum, Brady.

Specific Characters — Female. Body extremely slender, nearly linear in form, the greatest width scarcely exceeding Ve of the length. Cephalic segment only very slightly vaulted above, seen dorsally, gradually contracted in front, rostrum short and abruptly deflexed. Urosome about half the length of the an- terior division of the body, segments clothed with several circlets of delicate spinules. Caudal rami scarcely longer than they are broad, apical setae more or less divergent, the innermost but one about twice the length of the urosome. Anterior antennae exceeding half the length of the cephalic segment, and composed of 6 articulations, terminal part fully as long as the proximal one. Last pair of legs with the distal joint scarcely as long as the proximal one, and rounded in form, innermost apical spine very small, the other 2 considerably elongated, setiform, appendicular bristle normal; inner expansion of proximal joint large, extending as far as the distal joint, inner apical spine much shorter than the outer.

Male somewhat smaller than female, and easily recognizable by the geni- culate anterior antennae and the bipartite genital segment.

Body pellucid, white, with a faint yellowish tinge.

Length of adult female 0.46 mm., of male 0.38 mm.

RemarJcs.— There cannot, in my opinion, be any doubt that the form briefly recorded laj Boeck as Setella norvegiea is this species, aiid therefore, according

45

to the rules of priority, the specific name proposed by Boeck ought to be preferred to that subsequently given to this form by Messrs. Brady and Robertson. It differs from the 2nd species, M. rosea, in its much inferior size, and in the less elongated caudal setse.

Occurrence. — Unlike what is generally the case with the Harpacticoida, this form is a true pelagic animal, scarcely ever to be found at the bottom. I have observed it in several places off the Norwegian coast, and always near the surface of the sea and generally at a considerable distance from the shore. In some plankton-samples examined by me, it occurred in great abundance.

Distribution.— Briihla. Isles, Atlantic Ocean, widely distributed, Arctic Ocean, Mediterranean, Pacific, Red Sea, Indian Ocean.

Gen. 12. Bradya, Boeck, 1872.

Generic Characters. — General form of body not unlike that oi Ectinosoma, anterior division, however, somewhat broader and slightly depressed. Rostral plate comparatively short and blunt at the tip. Urosome conspicuously narrower than the anterior division of the body; caudal rami not much elongated, and wide apart. Anterior antennae short and stout, densely setiferous, and composed of 6 or 7 articulations. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus more fully developed than in the other genera of this family, being scarcely shorter than the inner, subfusiform, and distinctly 3-articulate. Anterior lip not produced in front. Man- dibles with the cutting edge divided into numerous teeth, palp rather large, with the outer ramus more fully developed than in the other genera. Maxillae normally developed, the palp having outside 2 setiferous lamellae. Anterior maxillipeds rather powerful, with the 2 basal joints bent at nearly a right angle, terminal part short, but distinctly 3-articulate, and clothed with several short setae, one of which is much stronger than the others and claw-shaped. Posterior maxillipeds likewise rather fully developed, 1st joint carrying at the end inside a strong de- flexed seta, and another smaller one at the outer corner, middle joint lamellarly expanded and provided with an oblique row of delicate spinules, last joint im- perfectly defined at the base, and carrying 4 ciliated setse. Natatory legs with the rami comparatively broad. Last pair of legs poorly developed, with the distal joint rather small or wholly absent.

46

RemarJcs. — In the restriction here adopted, this genus is chiefly charac- terised by the somewhat dilated and depressed anterior division of the body, the rather full development of the outer ramus of the posterior antennae, and partly also, by the structure of the 2 pairs of maxillipeds and the last pair of legs. Two well-defined species of this genus occur off the Norwegian coast.

30. Bradya typiea, Boeck.

(PI. XXV). Bradya typiea, Boeck, Nye Slaegtei- og Arter af Saltvandscopepoder. Chr. Vid. Selsk. Forh.

1872, p. 47.

Specific Characters. — Female. Anterior division of body moderately dilated, greatest width scarcely attaining half the length; rostral plate slightly deflexed and narrowly rounded at the tip. Epimeral plates projecting behind in an acute corner. Urosome exceeding half the length of the anterior division, last segment deeply cleft. Caudal rami a little longer than they are broad, and considerably divergent, apical setae of moderate length. Anterior antennae short and thick, consisting of 7 well-defined articulations, the penultimate one with a remarkably strong seta in front, last joint very small, nodiform. Anterior maxillipeds with the 2nd basal joint smaller than the 1st, unguiform spine not very strong. Last pair of legs rather distant the one from the other, marginal spines very unequal, some of them rather slender, setiform; distal joint well defined, though compara- tively small, subquadrangular, with the outermost apical spine much smaller than the other 2, appendicular bristle slender and elongated; inner expansion of proximal joint with 2 unequal spines at the tip.

Colour whitish gray.

Length of adult female 0.90 mm.

BemarJcs.— This form was first recorded by Boeck, and subsequently de- scribed and figured by Prof. Brady in his well-known Monograph. It is easily recognizable from any of the other species referred by Mr. Scott to this genus, both by the outer habitus and by some of the anatomical details.

Occurrence. — I have met with this form in several places on the Norwe- gian coast from the Christiania Fjord to Trondhjem Fjord. Mr. Th. Scott records it also from Finmark. It occurs in depths ranging from 10 to 30 fathoms, muddy bottom.

Distribution. — British Isles (Brady, Scott).

47

31. Brady a dilatata, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PL XXVI).

Specific Characters. — Female. Anterior division of body considerably dilated, seen dorsally, broadly oval in form, with the greatest width exceeding half the length. Rostral plate well developed, narrowly rounded at the tip. Urosome scarcely more than half as long as the anterior division of the body, and much narrower. Caudal rami about as in B. typica. Anterior antennae com- posed of only 6 articulations, the last 2 being confluent. Posterior antennae, mandibles, maxillae, and posterior maxillipeds, of much the same structure as in B. typica. Anterior maxillipeds, however, considerably more powerful, with the 2nd basal joint fully as large as the 1st, and the apical claw remarkably strong. Natatory legs rather short, with unusually broad, flattened rami. Last pair of legs very small and imperfectly developed, each forming a simple setiferous lam- ella, without any trace of subdivision.

Colour whitish gray.

Length of adult female 1.20 mm.

RemarTcs. — This form, though closely agreeing with B. typica in most of the structural details, may be at once distinguished by the much broader form of the anterior division of the body, the very powerfully developed anterior maxil- lipeds, and the peculiar rudimentary condition of the last pair of legs. It also grows to a considerably larger size.

Occurrence. — Only 2 female specimens of this form have hitherto come under my notice. They were taken many years ago in the upper part of the Christiania Fjord, in a depth of about 30 fathoms.

Section II. Chirognatha.

Remarl'S. — As stated above, the forms belonging to this section are chiefly characterised by the structure of the posterior maxillipeds, which, unlike those in the preceding section, constitute more or less powerful prehensile organs, terminating in a clawed hand. Of the 2 subsections into which it is divided, that of the Dactylopoda is by far the most extensive, and I propose to treat of this subsection in the first place.

48 Subsection 1. Dactylopoda.

Chief Character. First pair of legs unlike the others, and more or less distinctly prehensile.

Fam. 5. Harpacticidae.

Characters. — Body of various form, in some cases slender and compressed or sub-depressed, in other cases much abbreviated and flattened. Rostrum well defined at the base, and to some extent mobile. Eye present. Anterior antennae comparatively slender, with the proximal part consisting of 4 well-defined joints, terminal part of 4 or 5 much smaller articulations; those in male strongly pre- hensile, terminating in a clawed hand. Posterior antennoe rather powerful, Parti- culate, distal joint more or less spatulate, and armed at the tip with 3 strong, claw-like spines, and behind them with 4 geniculated setae, outer ramus comparatively small, and issuing from the middle of the proximal joint. Mandibles highly in- crustated, with short and blunt cutting teeth, palp of moderate size, with 2 slender recurved rami. Maxillae normal. Anterior maxillipeds short and stout, with several digitiform lobes in front, the outermost one carrying an unguiform spine. Posterior maxillipeds more or less powerfully developed, subcheliform. First pair of legs with both rami distinctly prehensile and very unequal, the outer one being much the longer, and armed at the tip with a number of curved claws, the inner one with a single such claw. Natatory legs with both rami 3-articulate, the outer one being the larger. Last pair of legs lamellar, biarticulate, proximal joint in female more or less expanded inside. Ovisac single.

Remarks. — In the restriction here adopted, this family is chiefly charac- terised by the structure of the 1st pair of legs, the rami of which are very unequal in length and both prehensile. It comprises at present 3 genera, all of which are represented in the fauna of Norway.

49 Gen. 13. HarpaCtlCUS, M.-Edwards, 1838.

Syn: Arpacticus, Baird.

Generic Characters. — Body slender, compressed, or slightly depressed, tapering behind. Urosome normal, with none of the segments expanded laterally, and considerably narrower in male than in female. Caudal rami short, more or less divergent, one of the apical setae considerably elongated. Rostrum conically produced, and more or less curved downwards. Anterior antennae in female 8- or 9-articulate; those in male very strong, with the Ist joint divided into 2 articu- lations, last joint of the proximal part globularly expanded, terminal part very movable, claw-shaped. Posterior antennae with the apical spines simple, outer ramus composed of only 2 joints. Posterior maxillipeds generally very powerful, with the hand considerably expanded. First pair of legs with the outer ramus biarticulate, and nearly twice as long as the inner, apical claws but slightly curved. Inner ramus of 2nd pair of legs in male with the middle joint produced at the end outside to a long deflexed mucroniform projection ; 3rd pair of same with the outer ramus exceedingly strong, curving more or less inwards, and having the spines very coarse, whereas the natatory setae are rudimentary. Last pair of legs of moderate size, with the marginal spines, as a rule, not much prolonged, distal joint oval, inner expansion of proximal joint in female comparatively broad, in male rudimentary.

Bonar ks.— This genus was established as early as the year 1838 by M.-Edwards, to include the Cychps chelifer of 0. Fr. Miiller. Several additional species have subsequently been described by different authors ; but some of these species are now generally referred to other genera, or even to quite different families. One of the most characteristic features by which the present genus is distinguished from the 2 other genera of this family, is the peculiar trans- formation in the male of the outer ramus of the 3rd pair of legs, which constitutes a most powerful prehensile organ, by the aid of which, apparently, the female is grasped during copulation. To the fauna of Norway belong 4 distinct species, to be described below.

32. Harpaetieus chelifer (Muller). (PI. XXVII & xxvni).

Cyclops chelifer, 0. Fr. Muller, Entomostraca, p. 114, PI. XIX, figs. 1 — 3.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body pronouncedly compressed, especially in its anterior part, seen dorsally, very narrow, with the greatest width quite in

7 — Ciustacea.

50

front, and gradually tapering behind. Cephalic segment rather large and deep, with the rostrum very prominent. Epimeral plates of the 3 succeeding seg- ments rounded at the lateral corners. Last pedigerous segment comparatively small. Urosome not attaining half the length of the anterior division, posterior edges of the segment finely spinulose. Caudal rami about as long as they are broad, and somewhat divergent, apical setae rather slender, the innermost but one about twice the length of the urosome. Anterior antennae comparatively slender 8-articulate, terminal part not attaining V3 of the length of the antenna. Posterior antennae very greatly developed, outer ramus, however, small, with 6 setae. Pos- terior maxillipeds exceedingly large and powerful, hand nearly globose in form, with the palm somewhat hollowed, its upper angle coarsely denticulate, dactyliis very strong and curved. First pair of legs rather strongly built, joints of the outer ramus of about equal length, the distal one armed at the tip with 3 finely denticulated claws; inner ramus 3-articulate, the outer 2 joints very small and imperfectly defined, apical claw of same appearance as those of the outer ramus. Natatory legs with the outer ramus much stronger than the inner, 1st joint the largest, terminal joint rather narrow, with 4 coarse spines outside gradually in- creasing in length distally. Last pair of legs with the inner expansion of the proximal joint moderately broad, and provided with only 3 marginal spines. Ovisac generally not very large, oval in form.

Male somewhat larger than female, with the urosome narrower. Anterior antennae very powerful, hand strongly dilated, dactylus simple. Outer ramus of 3rd pair of legs exceedingly large and robust, with the 1st joint fully as long as the other 2 combined, last joint spatulate, armed with 3 very thick spines. Last pair of legs much smaller than in female, distal joint oblong quadrangular in form, proximal one not at all expanded inside.

Colour light yellow.

Length of adult female 0.90 mm., of male about 1 mm.

Remarks. — The above-described form is unquestionably that originally recorded by 0. Fr. Muller as Cyclops chelifer. In some cases, however, quite different forms have been identified with Miiller's species. Prof. Brady has ap- parently confounded this species with H. gracilis of Claus, and some of the figures given in his Monograph seem indeed to be more properly referable to that form. On a closer examination, the present species may be easily recognized by the pronouncedly compressed form of the body, and by the unusually large posterior maxillipeds. Moreover, both in the structure of the antennae and of the legs, well-marked differences from the other species are found to exist.

Occurrence. — This is one of the commonest of our Harpacticoids, beim

51

found rather abundantly along the whole Norwegian coast, from the Christiania Fjord to Vadso. It is a true littoral form, occurring in quite shallow water close to the shore, among algae, and not infrequently left in tidal pools together with other littoral species. It moves in a somewhat jerky manner; but it is more frequently found clinging to the algae or other submarine objects. The two sexes are often found tied together in copula, the male having a iirm hold of the female by the aid of his powerful clawed anterior antennae, which are inserted within the hind edge of the cephalic segment of the female.

Distribution. British Isles (Brady), Heligoland (Glaus), coast of Bohuslan (Coll. Cleve), coast of France (Canu), Arctic Ocean (Scott), coast of North America, Ceylon (A. Scott).

33. Harpaetieus uniremis, Kroyer.

(PI. XXIX). Harpaetieus uniremis, Kroyer, in Gaimard's Voyage en Scandinavie, PI. 43, fig. 1, a — p. Syn : Harpaetieus nordlandicus, Boeck. „ — chelifer, var. arctica, Poppe.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body moderately slender, subdepressed, with the greatest width equalling about Vs of the length, and occurring a little in front of the middle. Cephalic segment rather large, but less deep than in H. chelifer, rostrum broader and more obtuse at the tip. Epimeral plates of the 3 succeeding segments somewhat expanded laterally, and acutely produced at the lateral corners. Last segment of metasome rather broad. Urosome gradually somewhat coarctated behind, with the hind edges of the segments coarsely spinulose ventrally. Caudal rami very short, scarcely as long as they are broad, apical setae slender, the innermost but one more than twice as long as the urosome. Anterior antennae moderately slender, 9-articulate, terminal part considerably exceeding half the length of the proximal one. Posterior antennae about as in H. chelifer. Posterior maxillipeds rather strongly built, though not nearly so powerful as in that species, hand rounded oval in form. First pair of legs re- sembling in structure those in H. chelifer, but with a greater number of claws at the tip of the outer ramus. Last pair of legs with the inner expansion of the proximal joint very large and broad, carrying 4 marginal spines, distal joint comparatively smaller.

Male, as usual, somewhat larger than female, with the urosome narrower and distinctly 5-articulate. Anterior antennae with the dactylus securiform in shape, projecting outside in a strong spiniform process. Outer ramus of 3rd pair of legs somewhat less powerfully developed than in if. chelifer, 1st joint shorter

52

than the other 2 combined, last joint armed with 4 spines, the innermost rather slender. Last pair of legs very small.

Colour gray, with a slight yellowish green tinge.

Length of adult female L23 mm., of male 1.33 mm.

Remarlcs. — This form was figured, but not described, by Kroyer in the Atlas to Gaimard's well-known work "Voyage en Scandinavie". It is much the largest of our Harpactici, and is moreover easily recognizable by its comparatively broad, sub-depressed body. The Harpacticus nordlandicus of Boeck is unquestio- nably identical with this species; and the form recorded by Mr. S. A, Poppe as Harpacticus chelifer, var. arctica, is also referable to the same species.

Occurrence. — I have met with this form rather frequently along the whole Norwegian coast, from the Christiania Fjord to Vadso. It is not, however, like the preceding species, a littoral form, but is only found in depths ranging from 20 to 100 fathoms, muddy bottom.

Distribution. — Behring Sea (Poppe), Bear Islands, Spitsbergen (Scott).

34. Harpacticus gracilis, Claus.

(PI. XXX, fig. 1). Harpacticus gracilis^ Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden, p. 135, PI. XIX, fig. 20.

Syn: Harpacticus elongatus, Boeck. „ — chelifer, Giesbrecht (not Miiller)-

Specific Characters. — Female. Body rather slender, with the anterior division slightly depressed, the posterior considerably narrower. Rostrum rather prominent. Caudal rami very short, not nearly as long as they are broad, apical setae slender and divergent. Anterior antennae rather elongated, attaining the length of the cephalic segment, 9-articulate, terminal part scarcely exceeding in length Va of the proximal part. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus normal. Posterior maxillipeds resembling in shape those in H. uniremis. First pair of legs comparatively more slender than in the 2 preceding species, with the distal joint of the outer ramus shorter than the proximal one; inner ramus with the outer 2 joints confluent. Last pair of legs with the distal joint oblong in form; inner expansion of proximal joint well developed, though less broad than in H. uniremis, marginal spines of both joints rather slender, setiform.

Male exhibiting the usual differences from the female. Outer ramus of 3rd pair of legs considerably incurved, last joint with 3 thickish spines and a long ciliated seta at the inner corner. Last pair of legs very small, with the distal joint somewhat club-shaped, the 2 outermost setae spiniform.

53

Colour whitish, with a slight yellowish tinge, and generally banded dors- ally with dark brown.

Length of adult female 0.66 mm.

Remarl's. — I cannot doubt that the above-described form is that originally recorded by Claus as H. gracilis. The H. elongatus of Boeck is the same species, and this is unquestionably also the case with the form described by Dr. Gies- brecht as H. chelifer, Miiller. Prof. Brady seems to have been acquainted with both these forms; but he only regarded H. gracilis as a variety of H. chelifer, though in reality it is very distinct both in the external form and in the structure of some of the appendages.

Occurrence. — I have found this form occasionally in several places of the Norwegian coast, as far as to the Trondhjem Fjord. It is, like H. clwiifer, a littoral form, occurring in comparatively shallow water among algae.

Distribution. — British Isles (Brady), Kiel Bay (Giesbrecht), Mediterranean at Messina (Claus).

35. Harpaetieus flexus, Brady.

(PJ. XXX, fig. 2). Harpaetieus flexus, Brady & Eobertson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, Vol. XII, p. 134, PI. IX,

figs. 17—21.

Specific Characters. — Female. Form of body resembling that in H. gracilis, though perhaps still more slender. Rostrum less prominent. Caudal rami broader than they are long. Anterior autenna3 unusually short, being scarcely half as long as the cephalic segment, 9-articulate, terminal part about half the length of the proximal one. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus very narrow and provided with only 3 setae. Posterior maxillipeds rather unlike those in the 3 preceding species, the hand being narrow fusiform and the dactylus very slender. First pair of legs of much the same structure as in H. gracilis. Last pair of legs likewise rather similar, but with the distal joint comparatively smaller, and the marginal spines shorter, scarcely setiform.

Colour rather peculiar, the greater part of the anterior division being tinged with deep crimson, cephalic segment and urosome white.

Length of adult female 0,70 mm.

Remarks. — This form, first described by Messrs. Brady & Robertson, may be easily distinguished from the other species of the present genus by the shortness of the anterior antennae and the rather different shape of the posterior maxillipeds. In the living state it is moreover readily recognized by its peculiar and beautiful colouring.

54

Occurrence. — Only some few specimens of this form have hitherto come under my notice. They were taken, some in the upper part of the Christiania Fjord, and some off the west coast of Norway in comparatively shallow water among algae.

Distribution. — British Isles (Brady).

Gen. 14. TigTiOpUS, Norman, 1868.

Generic Characters. — General form of body resembling that in Harpactjcus, though comparatively more attenuated behind. Anterior antennae more robmst, in male very strong, subchelate. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus composed of 4 distinctly-defined articulations. Oral parts on the whole resembling in structure those in Harpacticus. First pair of legs, however, with the outer ramus distinctly 3-articulate, last joint small but well defined, and armed at the tip with a number of sharply curved claws. Inner ramus of 2nd pair of legs in male with the middle joint produced at the end both outside and inside in a deflexed spine; outer ramus of 3rd pair of exactly the same appearance in the 2 sexes. Last pair of legs of a structure similar to that in Harpacticus, but with the marginal spines very slender, setiform.

Remarks. — This genus, proposed in the year 1868 by Norman, is closely related to Harpacticus, and was not, indeed, accepted by Prof. Brady in his Monograph. Yet it seems to me that the genus ought to be maintained, on ac- count of some well-marked differences to be found in the structural details in both sexes. The genus contains as yet only a single species, to be described below.

36. TigriopUS fulvUS (Fischer).

(PI. XXXI & XXXII).

Harpactieus fulvus, Seb. Fisclier, Beitrage zur Keiintniss der Entomostrakeii. Abh. d. Konig.

Bayer. Akad., Vol. VIII, p. 656, PI. I, figs. 30—33; PI. n, figs. 34—39.

Syn: Harpacticus chelifer, Lilljeborg (not Miillei-). „ — curticornis, Boeck.

„ — crassicornis, Brady & Eobertson.

„ Tigriopus Lilljehorgii, Norman.

Specific Characters. — Female. Anterior division of body much broader than the posterior and, seen dorsally, oblong oval in form. Kostrum comparatively

short and blunt at the tip. Urosome rather narrow, almost linear in form, with the segments finely spinulose at the hind edges. Caudal rami somewhat longer than they are broad, apical setse rather slender, the innermost but one more than twice as long as the urosome. Anterior antennae somewhat exceeding half the length of the cephalic segment, 9-articulate, the proximal joints comparatively thick and robust, terminal part rather slender. Outer ramus of posterior antennae with the 1st joint longer than the other 3 combined. Anterior maxillipeds com- paratively broad; posterior ones with the hand oblong quadrangular in form, palm not defined, dactylus strong and curved. First pair of legs rather strongly built, outer ramus with the 1st joint about the length of the other 2 combined; last joint armed with 5 very sharp and smooth claws and 2 setse; inner ramus with the outer 2 joints imperfectly defined, and carrying on the tip a strong claw-like spine. Last pair of legs with the inner expansion of the proximal joint very large, extending somewhat beyond the distal joint, and armed with 5 slender spines, one of which is very long; distal joint oval in form, with 5 similar spines. Ovisac very large.

Male about the same size as the female, but having the posterior division of the body considerably narrower. Anterior antennae very strong, hand nearly globose, dactylus simple, claw-shaped. Inner ramus of 2nd pair of legs with the middle joint considerably expanded, outer projection smooth, inner somewhat longer, and densely hairy in its outer part. Last pair of legs very small, prox- imal joint but very slightly expanded inside, and provided with a solitary seta, distal joint oval, with 4 spiniform setae.

Colour dark yellow or orange.

Length of adult female 1.20 mm.

HemarJcs. — This form was first described by Prof. Lilljeborg, who, how- ever, erroneously identified it with Cyclops chelifer of 0. Fr. Muller. It was some years afterwards recorded by Seb. Fischer as Harpacticus fulvus, and the specific name proposed by that author ought accordingly to be retained and pre- ferred to those given to the species by Boeck and Norman, which are of later date.

Occurrence. — This form is found along the whole Norwegian coast, and often in great abundance, in small rock-pools at, or more generally somewhat above, high-water-mark. The water in these pools is more or less brackish and often exhibits a very high temperature by long exposure to the sun. I have also occasionally found this form in perfectly fresh water, but in no cases at any great distance from the shore, and it is reasonable, therefore, to assume that at times

56

such places, by heavy storms or excessively high tides, are exposed to some ad- mixture of salt water.

Distribution. — British Isles (Brady), coasts of Sweden (Lilljeborg), France (Canu), Madeira (Fischer), Kerguelen Islands (Brady).

Gen. 15. ZaUS, Goodsir, 1845.

Generic Characters. — Body short and broad, flattened, with the segments of the anterior division lamellarly expanded laterally. Rostral plate broad, sub- truncate at the tip. Last pedigerous segment very small, without any distinct epimerai plates. Urosome narrower than the anterior division, though having the anterior segments somewhat expanded laterally; genital segment in female with distinct traces of a subdivision. Caudal rami short, with the normal number of setae. Anterior antennae in female 9- articulate, terminal part comparatively short; those in male strongly prehensile. Posterior antennae well developed, with the spines of the terminal joint in most cases densely fringed with cilia on the one edge; outer ramus comparatively small, biarticulate. Oral parts on the whole resembling in structure those in Harpacticus; posterior maxillipeds, however, comparatively smaller. First pair of legs, as in Harpacticus, with both rami distinctly prehensile and of very unequal length, the outer one being much the longer and biarticulate, tipped by a number of strong claws. The 3 succeeding pairs rather slender, and of exactly same structure in the two sexes. Last pair of legs more or less extended laterally, distal joint comparatively large, inner expansion of proximal joint in female very broad, though not much prominent, in male rudimentary. Ovisac broad, flattened.

Remarhs. — This genus, established as early as the year 1845 by Goodsir, has by most authors been referred to the family Peltidiidce, on account of the broad flattened body. The several appendages, however, are built upon the very same type as in the genus Harpacticus, and the present genus ought therefore more properly to be included in the family Harpactiddce as here defined. It may be noted here, that one of the characters assigned to this genus by Prof. Brady, viz., "head distinct from cephalothorax" does not hold stand. The head is in reality, as in most other Harpacticoids, wholly united with the 1st pedigerous segment; nor is the outer ramus of the 1st pair of legs, as indicated by tha^ author, 3-articulate, but like that in Harpacticus, only composed of 2 joints.

7

Ec+inosomidae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

pixvn

6i0. Sars autoor. a C «+•„-,« -v, „ «««l««4...«« P H Crtr,« TryKl. den private Opmaaling.Chra

^ itctinosoma neglectum, b.U.bars 2 " propincjvum, Scott.

Ectinosomidas

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

PIXM

60. SaTS autoqp. a t- i • i i r\ r\ C^ Trvkt i den private Opmaaling.Chra

1^ 1 Ectinosoma elongatuni; G. 0. Sars 2 " Herdmani, Scott

\

Ectinosomidae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

PLUX

G.o.sarsautog. ^ Ectinosoma melaniceps, Boeck '^^^"^^"^"^^*^'^^^^""^'" 2 " Normani, Scott.

Ectinosomidae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

PIXX

G 0 Sars autogr. ^ EctinOSOma CUrflCOme, Boeck Tryk„aenpn.^eOpnaaH,Ch.«

2 " gothiceps, Giesbrecht

Copepoda

Ectinosomidae Harpacticoida

pixn

G.O. SaTS autoQP. ,. r- < • • •. one Trykt i den private Opmaaling.Chra

^ 1 Ectinosoma mixtum^ G.O.Sars '

2 " brevirostre, G.O.Sars

• Copepoda

Ectfnosomidae Harpacticoida '

pixxn

G.O. Sars autogr. y« r- . • -i r\ . . Trykt i den private Opmaaling.Chra

1 Ectinosoma gracile, Scott.

2 Pseudobradya minor (Scolt.j

Copepoda

Ectinosomidae Harpacticoida

pixxm

GO. SaTS autoor. , >• r» i i i . n /^ f O Trvkl i den private Opmaaling.Chra

■ 1 Pseudobradya acuta, G.O.Sars^ " si mi lis (Scott.)

Copepoda

Ectinosomidae Harpacticoida

PIXXIV

GO. Sars autogr.

Microseteila atlantica^ Brady

Tryktlden private Opmaaling.Chra

Ectinosomidae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

PI .XXV

6.0 Sars autogr.

Bradya typica, Boeck

Norsk ll;h.Offici.T Kr^^

•Ectinosomidae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

P1.XXVI

GO Sars autogr. Norsk lithOfficin Kr?

Bradya dilatata. G.O.Sars.

Harpacticidas

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

Pl.XXVII

C.O.Sars autogr. Norsk lithOfficin Kr?

Harpacticus chelifer, (Muller).

Harpacticidae

Copepoda

Harp actio oida

PLXxym

m&\

GO Sars autogr.

Harpacticus chelifer (MLiller). (continued)

Norsk li:h.Offici.i Kr^

Harpacticidae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

Pl.XXlX

G.O.Sars autogr

Norsk litKOfficin KH

Harpacticus unipemis,Kr6yep

Harpacticidas

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

Pl.XXX

GO Sars autogr.

1 Harpacticus gracilis, Claus.

2 „ flexus, Brady.

Morsklith.Officin Kr?

HarpacticidEB

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

PLXXXI

G.O Sars autogr.

Tigriopus fulvus, Fischer.

Norsk lith.Offici.1 Kr3

Harpacticidae

Copepoda

Harpacticoida

P1.XXXII

G.O Sars autogr.

Tigriopus fulvus, Fischer, (continued )

Norsk lithOfficin Kr«

67

Three distinct species of this genus belong to the fauna of Norway. Mr. Poppe has moreover described a 4th species from the Behring Sea as Z. Aurelix, and another species is recorded by Prof. Brady from the Kerguelen Islands, but it is erroneously identified by him with one of the northern species (Z. spinatiis).

35. Zaus spinatus, Goodsir.

(PI. XXXI).

Zaus spinatufi, Goodsir, On several new Species of Crustaceans allied to Saphirina. Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist. Vol. XVI, pag. 326, PI. XI, figs. 1—8.

Syn: Zaus spinosus, Claus.

Specific Characters. — Female. Anterior division of body, seen dorsally, oval in outline, though scarcely attenuated behind. Cephalic segment narrowly rounded in front, rostrum slightly prominent, obtuse at the tip. Last pedigerous segment very small and becoming suddenly much narrower than the others. Urosome about half the length of the anterior division, genital segment rather broad, with the lateral parts expanded, and finely setiferous at the edges; the 3 succeeding segments rapidly diminishing in size. Caudal rami about as long as they are broad, and obtusely truncated at the tip, the innermost but one of the apical setse rather elongated, exceeding half the length of the body. Anterior antenna? moderately slender, almost attaining the length of the cephalic segment, terminal part longer than the preceding joint. Posterior antennae with the ter- minal joint about the length of the basal one, its 3 spines clothed outside with a dense brush of cilia. Posterior maxillipeds with the hand quadrate in form, dactylus comparatively short, with a secondary spine at the base inside. First pair of legs with the distal joint of the outer ramus shorter than the proximal one, and widening considerably towards the end, apical claws bordered on one side with a dense comb-like series of cilia; inner ramus exceeding half the length of the outer and only biarticulate, last joint very small, with a single apical claw of the same appearance as those on the outer ramus. Natatory legs with the spines outside the last 2 joints of the outer ramus bordered on one side with a comb- like series of cilia. Last pair of legs of moderate size, distal joint much smaller than the proximal one, and broadly oval in form; inner expansion of the latter rather broad, with the edge evenly convex and densely ciliated between the set?e.

Male considerably smaller than female, with the urosome narrower and distinctly 5-articulate. Anterior antennae very strongly built, 6-articulate, 2nd joint quite short, 3rd large, gradually widening distally, penultimate considerably

8 — Crustacea.

5g

tumefied, last small, claw-like and very mobile. Last pair of legs with the distal joint of exactly the same appearance as in the female, proximal one, however, much smaller and not at all expanded.

Colour pale yellow, sometimes with a faint rosy tinge.

Length of adult female 0.56 mm., of male 0.44 mm.

RemarJcs. — This form was briefly described by Goodsir as early as the year 1845, and has subsequently been observed by several other authors. The Arctic form, Z. Aurelii of Poppe, is jery nearly related to this species, scarcely differing except in the form of the distal joint of the last pair of legs, which is comparatively narrower and more produced at the tip.

Occurrence. — I have met with this form not unfrequently along the greater part of the Norwegian coast, and I am disposed to believe that the form recorded by Th. Scott from Finmark as Z. Aurelii Poppe, may more properly be referable to the present species. It is a strictly littoral form, living near the shore among algae, and is occasionally left in tidal pools together with other littoral species. The flattened form of its body makes it very easy for it to run along the fronds of the algse or other smooth objects. Male and female are often found tied to- gether in copula, as figured by Glaus.

Distribution. — British Isles (Goodsir), Heligoland (Glaus), coast of France (Ganu), Arctic Ocean, at Novaja Zemlia and Franz Josef's Land (Scott).

36. Zaus abbreviatus, G. 0. Sars, n. sp. (PI. xxxn).

Specific Characters.— Female. Body very flat, sliield-like, rounded oval in outline, with the segments of the anterior division lamellarly expanded later- ally. Gephalic segment broadly rounded in front, rostrum broad, lamellar, obtusely truncated at the tip. Last pedigerous segment very small. Urosome comparatively short and broad, not nearly attaining half the length of the anterior division; genital segment considerably expanded and densely ciliated at the edges, postero- lateral corners of this and the succeeding segment conically produced. Caudal rami about as in Z. spinatu^. Anterior antennae with the terminal part very short, scarcely longer than the preceding joint. Posterior antennas and oral parts re- sembling in structure those parts in the preceding species. First pair of legs like- wise rather similar, though with the distal joint of the outer ramus comparatively longer and less -dilated towards the end; inner ramus armed at the tip with 2 spines, one of which is digitiform and quite smooth. Natatory legs comparatively

59

more slender than in Z. s'plnaius, spines outside the last 2 joints of the outer ramus provided, as in that species, with a dense brush of cilia on one of the edges. Last pair of legs differing conspicuously in form from those in the other known species, "distal joint rather large and somewhat lozenge-shaped, outer margin convex, inner straight, apex narrowly produced, both edges densely ciliated; proximal joint constricted in the middle, with the posterior edge deeply concaved and quite smooth between the marginal setse, 2 of which, attached close to the extremity, are considerably elongated.

Body of a light yellow colour, with a dark orange transverse band across the back, occupying the dorsal parts of the 2 anterior free segments of metasome; urosome more or less deeply tinged with the same colour.

Length of adult female 0.62 mm.

Remarks. — This form may be easily distinguished both from Z. sjnnatus. and Z. Aitrelii by its short, broad, shield-like body, and by the characteristic form of the last pair of legs. It is very strange that this distinct species, which most probably also occurs off the Scottish coast, has quite escaped the attention of that diligent observer, Th. Scott. It has perhaps been confounded by him with Z. sjyinatus.

Occurrence. The present species is by no means rare off the west coast of Norway. It is however never found close to the shore, like Z. spinatus, but seems to be restricted to the region of the red algse, where it often occurs in considerable numbers.

Distribution. Polar islands north of Grinnell Land (2nd Fram Expediton).

37. Zaus Goodsiri, Brady.

(PI. XXXV). Zaus Goodsiri, Brady, Monograph of British Copepoda, Vol. II, p. 156, PI. LXVf, figs. 10—13.

Syn : Zaus oralis, Claus (not Goodsir).

I Specific Characters. — Female. Body oblong in form and much depressed,

with the integuments very much incrusted. Cephalic segment large and broadly rounded in front, rostrum broad, lamellar. Epimeral plates of the 3 succeeding [segments tongue-shaped, with a nodiform projection at the base anteriorly. Last segment of metasome comparatively larger than in the 2 preceding species, though much narrower than the other segments. Urosome equal in length to about ^/s of the anterior division, genital segment rather large and, like the succeeding segment, produced at the postero-lateral corners to conical projections finely cil;-

60

ated outside; last segment very small and deeply cleft. Caudal rami nearly twice as long as they are broad, and each produced at the tip outside to a dentiform projection; apical setse unusually short, the innermost but one scarcely exceeding half the length of the urosome. Anterior antennte comparatively shorter and stouter than in the 2 preceding species. Posterior antenna with the terminal joint comparatively short and much dilated distally, spines of outer edge pro- vided with short cilia on the one side. Mandibles, maxillae aud anterior maxil- lipeds about as in the other species. Posterior maxillipeds, however, considerably stronger, with the hand oval in form, and the dactylus very coarse. First pair of legs rather slender, distal joint of outer ramus scarcely widening at all toward the end, apical claws with short cilia; inner ramus distinctly 3-articulate, last joints small, but well defined, apical claws very strong. Natatory legs resemblin in structure those in the 2 preceding species, but with the innner ramus com- paratively shorter. Last pair of legs very large, distal joint oblong oval in form and densely hirsute; inner expansion of proximal joint lamellar, transversel truncated at the tip, which is finely denticulate at the edge, and provided with 4 very unequal setse, the outermost rather small, the next much elongated, the i innermost very coarse and spiniform.

Body of a dark yellow colour, with a broad reddish brown transvers< band across the back, occupying the dorsal parts of the 3 first free segments metasome.

Length of adult female 1.40 mm.

EemarJcs.—l fully agree with Prof. Brady in saying that the identifica by Claus of this form with Sterope ovalis Goodsir, cannot properly be sanctioned; and the name proposed by Brady is now also generally accepted by other authors. It is an easily recognizable species, being much larger than any of the others, and also differs conspicuously in the more elongated form of body.

Occurrence. — OrAj a few specimens of this form, all of them female have hitherto come under my notice. They were found oif the west coast o Norway, in depths varying from 20 to 50 fathoms.

Distrihutioyi. — British Isles (Brady), Heligoland (Claus), Arctic Ocean wes of Spitsbergen (Scott), Polar islands north of Grinnell Land (2nd Fram Expedition)

11

I

61

Fam. 6. Peltidiidae.

Characters. — Body short, depressed, with greatly incrusted integuments. Cephalic segment large, more or less flattened, rostrum immobile, not defined at the base. Epimeral plates of the 3 succeeding segments, in some cases also of the last, lamellarly expanded. Urosome short and broad, generally bent down- wards. Eye present. Anterior antennae 6 — 9 articulate, in male slightly trans- formed. Posterior antennae distinctly 3-articulate, outer ramus comparatively small, biarticulate. Mandibles not very strong, palp slender, bi- or uniramous. Maxillae comparatively small. Anterior maxillipeds with 3 slender setiferous lap- pets inside, terminal joint incurved and generally armed at the tip with a slender claw. Posterior maxillipeds terminating in a strongly clawed hand. First pair of legs with the inner ramus natatory, the outer distinctly prehensile. Natatory legs with both rami slender, 3-articulate. Last pair of legs of the same appear- ance in the two sexes, biarticulate, more or less falciform, proximal joint scarcely expanded. Ovisac single, rounded, extending in front between the bases of the natatory legs.

BemarJcs. — In the restriction here adopted, this family is chiefly charac- terised by the short depressed form of body, the short more or less incurved urosome, the immobile rostrum, and the structure of the 1st and last pais of legs. In the structure of the posterior antennae and the oral parts, well-marked difier- ences from the Harpacticidce are also to be found. The family comprises as yet 3 genera, 2 of which are represented in the fauna of Norway.

I

m

Gen. 16. Alteutha, Baird, 1845.

Syn: Carillus & Sterope, Goodsir. „ Peltidiwn, Brady (not Philippi).

Generic Characters. — Body more or less oval in outline, with the lateral parts of the cephalic segments inflexed ventrally. Epimeral plates of last segment of metasome much smaller and more rounded than those of the 3 preceding seg- ments. Genital segment large and expanded, the succeeding segments of urosome short and tapering rapidly. Caudal rami short and broad, lamellar, each with a strong spine on the lower face, apical setae comparatively short, 3 of them placed close together at the inner corner. Anterior antennae of moderate length, 8- ov

62

9-articulate. Mandibular palp distinctly biraraous. Maxillse with the palp normally developed, endopodal part somewhat produced. Anterior maxillipeds with the terminal joint of moderate length, and tipped with a slender claw\ Posterior maxillipeds with the basal part uni- or biarticulate. First pair of legs with both rami 3-articulate, terminal joint of outer ramus armed with several hook-like claws of unequal size. Last pair of legs very strongly built, and extending along the sides of the urosome, distal joint large, sword-shaped, and armed with strong spines at the tip.

MemarJcs. — This genus was established in the year 184.5 by Baird, to include one of the 2 species described below. The 2 genera, Sterope and Carillus, recorded by Goodsir, are both apparently synonymous with Baird's genus. Prof. Brady erroneously referred the species of this genus to PeUidium Philippi, from which the present genus is clearly distinguished both by the general aspect of the body, and the structure of the several appendages. We know at present of 3 distinct species of this genus, 2 of which belong to the fauna of Norway.

38. Alteutha interrupta (Goodsir).

(PI. XXXVI & XXXVII). sterope interrupta, Goodsir, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. XVI, p. 326, PI. XI, fig. 10.

Syn: Alteutlia hopyroidcs, Glaus. „ — norvegica, Boeck.

„ PeUidium interruptum, Brady. „ — conophorum, Poppe.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body rather compact, somewhat vaulted above, and capable of rolling itself into a ball; seen dorsally, oval pyriform in outline, with the greatest width in front of the middle, and gradually tapering behind. Cephalic segment occupying about half the length of the anterior division, postero -lateral corners rounded, rostral projection short, deflexed, obtuse at the tip. Epimeral plates of the 3 succeeding segments only slightly produced at the posterior corners; those of last segment well defined, though less prominent than the preceding ones, and evenly rounded at the tip. Urosome short and flattened, with the genital segment broad and expanded in front, clypeiform ; postero-lateral corners of this and the 2 succeeding segments conically produced. Caudal rami only .slightly longer than they are broad, subquadrangular in form, and obliquely truncated at the tip, the innermost but one of the apical setae much dilated i its proximal part. Eye large, placed near the frontal margin. Anterior antennae' rather slender, 8-articulate, 2nd joint much the largest. Posterior maxilliped

with the basal part imiarticulate, hand narrow oblong in form. First pair of legs very slender, with the first 2 joints of the outer ramus subequal in size, last joint very small and armed with 5 claws gradually increasing in length inwards; inner ramus much shorter than the outer, all 3 joints setiferous. Last pair of legs with the proximal joint very short, distal joint oblong, flattened, with 3 strong spines at the tip, and 2 smaller ones on the outer edge, surface transversely rugulose.

Male differing but little from female in external appearance, though easily recognizable by the more strongly built and prehensile anterior antennae. Urosome distinctly 5-articulate, 1st segment much the largest and provided on each side, at the postero-lateral corners, with a small appendage tipped with a strong spine.

Colour dark chocolate brown, anterior part of cephalic segment lighter.

Length of adult female 1.20 mm.

Re^narlis. — I think Prof. Brady is quite right in considering the Sterope interrupts of Goodsir to be the present species, and as the specific name bopy- roides, proposed by Claus and accepted by most other authors, is of much later date, it ought to give place to that given to the species by Goodsir. The Alteutha noi'veylea of Boeck is the same species, as is also most certainly the Peltidium conophorum of Poppe. I have often met with specimens in which the middle of the 3 setse issuing from the inner corners of the caudal rami has been broken off near the base, giving it exactly the appearance figured by Poppe from his solitary specimen.

Occurrence. — This is one of our commonest Copepoda, occurring rather abundantly along the whole south and west coast of Norway, at least up to the Trondhjem Fjord. It is generally found in depths varying from 2 to 20 fathoms among Laminarise and other algae, and is easily observable even to the naked eye, on account of its dark-coloured body. It is rather an active little creature, swimming about with considerable speed and a somewhat rolling motion, now and then affixing itself to the fronds of the algae or the walls of the vessel in which it is observed. When disturbed, it rolls itself almost into a ball, and remains in this attitude quite immovable for some time.

Distribution. — British Isles (Brady), Heligoland (Claus), Baltic (Poppe), coast of France (Ganu), Mediterranean (Canu).

I

64

39. Alteutha depressa, Baird. (PI. xxxvni).

Alteutha depressa, Baird, Brit. Entomostraca, p. 216, PI. XXX, figs. 1, 2.

Syn: Carillus oblongus, Goodsir.

„ Peltidmm purpureum, "White (not Philippi).

„ Alteutha purpurocincta, Norman.

„ Peltidium depressum, Brady.

„ Eupelte purpurocincta, Canu.

Specific Characters. — Female. Body much depressed, seen dorsally. oblong oval in form, with the greatest width about the middle. Cephalic segment very large, considerably exceeding in length the 4 succeeding segments combined, postero-lateral corners acutangular, rostrum large and prominent, truncated at the tip. Epimeral plates of the first 3 free segments of metasome acutely pro- duced behind, especially those of 3rd segment. Last segment with the epimeral plates evenly rounded and far less prominent. Urosome short and broad, of a structure similar to that in the preceding species. Caudal rami of exactly the same appearance as in that species, apical setae, however, shorter, and none of them conspicuously thickened at the base. Eye placed rather far back. Anterior antennae comparatively shorter and stouter than in A. interrwpta, and distinctly 9-articulate. Posterior antennae, mandibles, maxillae and anterior maxillipeds of a structure very similar to that in the preceding species. Posterior maxillipeds/ however, somewhat different, the basal part being distinctly biarticulate, and th hand shorter and broader, oval fusiform in shape. First pair of legs comparativel more robust, with the inner ramus almost as long as the outer, and without the seta inside the middle joint. Natatory legs resembling those in A. interrupta^, except that in the inner ramus of 4th pair some of the setae are spiniform. Last pair of legs very large and robust, falciform, proximal joint rather large, distal one conically tapered, and armed at the tip with 3 very coarse spines.

Body of a yellowish olive colour, with a dark purplish blue transverse band across the middle, occupying the whole of the first 3 free segments of metasome.

Length of adult female 1.3Q mm.

MemarJcs. — Allthough the figures and description of this form given by Baird are rather poor, I must agree with Prof. Brady in thinking that they in all probability refer to the present species. It is also, as opined by the same author, very likely that the Carillus oblongus of Goodsir is the same species. Mr. Norman, who considered the species as new, described it under the name of Alteutha purpurocincta, a name which has been accepted by several other authors.

I

65

The species has been referred by Canu and also by Th. Scott to the genus Eu- pelte of Claus; but in this view I cannot by any means agree, since Claus ex- pressly states that in this genus the inner ramus of the 1st pair of legs consists of only 2 joints. It is true that the present species differs somewhat from A. inter- rupta in the structure of the anterior antennae and posterior maxillipeds ; but in all other respects it exhibits so great a resemblance to that species, that it can hardly be separated generically.

Occurrence. — This form is not nearly so common as A. interrupta. I have, however, taken it occasionally in several places off the west coast of Nor- way, as also in the Trondhjem Fjord. It occurs in depths varying from 6 to 20 fathoms, on a sandy or gravelly bottom.

Distribution. — British Isles (Brady), coast of France (Canu).

Gen. 17. Peltidium, Philippi, 1839..

Syn: Oniscidium, Claus. „ Reticulina, Cleve.

Generic Characters. — Body short, flattened, strengthened with very con- spicuous anastomosing chitinous stripes. Cephalic segment very large and ex- panded, lateral parts not inflexed ventrally; rostrum more or less prominent. Epimeral plates of all the segments of metasome, including those of the last, lamellarly produced, tongue-shaped, recurved. Urosome very short, with the genital segment expanded on each side like those of metasome; distal part very small and soft-skinned. Caudal rami narrow, with one of the apical setae considerably elongated. Eye apparently consisting of 3 separate parts, one median and 2 lateral. Anterior antennae comparatively abort, 6 — 8-articulate. Posterior antennse of about the same structure as in Alteutha. Mandibular palp uniramous. Maxillae with the palp imperfectly developed, wanting the exopodal appendage. Anterior maxillipeds with the outermost of the lateral lappets very slender, terminal joint likewise exceedingly elongated and narrow, produced at the tip to a short digitiform process. Posterior maxillipeds with the basal part uni- articulate; hand very large. First pair of legs with the outer ramus resembling that in Alteutha, inner comparatively broad, lamellar, biarticulate. Natatory legs slender, of normal structure. Last pair of legs wholly obtected by the epimeral parts of the body, biarticulate, falciformly curved, distal joint armed at the tip and outer edge with strong spines.

9 — Crustacea.

^66

Hemarh. — This genus was established as early as the year 1839 by Philippi, to include the species described below. The genus Oniscidmm of Claus is unquestionably identical with Philippi's genus, as is also the genus Retieulina, recently established by Prof. Cleve. The genus is especially characterised by the very conspicuous net-work of chitinous stripes strengthening the body, as also by the unusual development of the epimeral plates of the last segment of the meta- some and the 1st of the urosome. Of the several appendages, the anterior max- illipeds and the 1st and last pair of legs in particular are of a characteristic structure. In addition to the typical species, 5 new species have recently been recorded by Mr. A. Scott from Ceylon. The form described by Prof. Cleve as Retieulina aurivilli from the Malay Archipelago is in all probability identical with one of these species.

40. Peltidium purpureum, Philippi.

(PI. XXXIX & XL), Peltidium purpureuyn, Philippi, Wiegmann's Arcliiv f. Naturgeschichte 1839, p. 131, PI. IV,

figs. 12, 13.

Syn: Oniscidium armatum, Claus.

Specific Characters.— Female. Body, seen dorsally, oval quadrangular in outline, greatest width in front of the middle and exceeding half the length. Cephalic segment very large, occupying nearly half the body, postero-lateral corners acutely produced, frontal margin angular on each side, rostrum large and prominent, transversely truncated at the tip. Free segments of metasome each produced dorsally in the middle to a triangular, posteriorly-pointing pro- jection; genital segment with 2 similar dorsal projections. Epimeral plates all of uniform appearance, tongue-shaped and curving posteriorly; those of genital segment extending beyond the extremity of the urosome, and having a much smaller acute lappet behind. Caudal rami far apart, sublinear in form, the inner- most but one of the apical setse much coarser than the others, and exceeding the urosome in length. Anterior antennae not attaining half the length of the cephalic segment, 7-articulate and densely setiferous. 1st pair of legs with the 2nd joint of the outer ramus somewhat longer than the 1st, last joint small and armed with 3 strong claws and a curved seta; inner ramus of about the same length as the outer, distal joint fully as long as the proximal one and provided at the tip with 2 equal-sized seta3, and at the inner edge with a much coarser ciliated spine. Last pair of legs with the distal joint evenly curved, and armed with strong ciliated spines, 3 of which issue from the outer edge.

67

Male somewhat smaller than female, but otherwise of a very similar external appearance. Anterior antenna;, as usual, prehensile. Appendicular lappet of genital segment replaced by a small trisetose piece.

Body in both sexes tinged all over with a rich carmine.

Length of adult female 1.05 mm.

Eemarh\ — This is an easily recognizable form, being distinguished from all our other Copepoda both by its general appearance and the beautiful colour of the body. The Oniscidium armatum of Claus seems to be identical with the present species.

Occurrence. — I have met with this form in several places on the west coast of Norway, as also in the Trondhjem Fjord, in depths varying from 6 to 20 fathoms, sandy bottom. It is at once observable, even with the naked eye, owing to its unusual colour.

Distribution. — Scottish coast (Scott), Mediterranean (Philippi).

Fam. 7. Tegastidae.

Characters. — Body short and compact, highly compressed, with very hard integuments. Cephalic segment large, in son)e cases with a chitinous stripe across the back, indicating the posterior limit of the head; lateral parts very deep and terminating behind in a triangular promontory; rostrum short, deflexed, not de- fined at the base. Epimeral parts of the 3 succeeding segments rudimentary. Last segment of metasome more or less completely coalesced with the genital segment, which more generally forms a large and highly chitinized dilatation below, armed with variously formed projections. Distal part of urosome, as a rule, very small and thin-skinned. Caudal rami short, with the normal number of setae. Eye well-developed, trilobate. Anterior antennae slender, 6 — 8-articulate, and but sparsely setiferous; those in male transformed in the usual manner. Posterior antennae 3-articulate, with a very small outer ramus; terminal joint wanting the usual geniculate setae. Oral parts, except the posterior maxillipeds very small; the latter well developed, terminating in a strongly clawed hand. First pair of legs imperfectly prehensile, both rami short, uniarticulate. Natatory legs with the rami extremely slender, the inner one being the longer. Last pair of legs of different shape in the two sexes, proximal joint in female greatly ex- panded, in male simple.

68

RemarliS. — The forms belonging to this family exhibit several apparently- very anomalous characters, especially as regards the general form of the body, the structm-e of the 1st pair of legs, and the composition of the genital apparatus. Yet in the structure of the greater number of the appendages, they seem to come nearest to the Peltidndce, in spite of the very dissimilar external appearance of the body. Two nearly-related genera of this family are represented in the Nor- wegian fauna; and I regard the form recorded by Claus under the name of J.m?/- mo7ie harpactoides as the type of a 3rd genus.

Gren. 18. TegaSteS, Norman, 1903.

Syn: Amymone, Claus (not Miiller).

Generic Characters. Body, seen laterally, almost circular in outline, with the back much curved, and the genital segment greatly produced below. Outer segments of urosome generally very short and retractile. Anterior antennse 8- articulate, with the first 2 joints considerably larger than the others. Posterior antennse rather slender, with the terminal joint not dilated distally, one of the apical spines very strong and prolonged; outer ramus biarticulate, with the last joint extremely minute. Mandibular palp uniramous, biarticulate. Maxillae with the palp elongated, biarticulate, exopodal and epipodal appendages wanting. An- terior maxillipeds with the outermost lateral lobe considerably dilated at the end and carrying 3 thickish setae, terminal joint scarcely produced at the tip. Poste- rior maxillipeds with the basal part uni articulate, hand of different form in the different species. First pair of legs with the rami scarcely longer than the 2nd basal joint, the outer one considerably narrower than the inner. Natatory legs with both rami distinctly 3-articulate. Last pair of legs of moderate size,, inner expansion of proximal joint in female triangular, distal joint very narrow and not extending beyond the proximal, with 2 slender setse at the tip. No true ovisac present in female, only a single ovum being received between the lamellae of the last pair of legs. The ovoid spermatophore in male contained in a large cornet- shaped reservoir issuing from the genital segment in front, and terminating in a two-lipped, beak-like extremity. ^11

JRemarJcs. — This genus was established in the year 1863 by Claus, to include some very peculiar Copepoda, some of which he found off Heligoland, and others in the Mediterranean. As however the generic name Amymone proposed by him

69

had been used by 0. Fr. Miiller in quite a diiferent sense, viz., to designate some common larval forms (Nauplii), it cannot properly be accepted, and the Canon Norman has therefore recently proposed to substitute for this name that of Tegastes, the type being considered by him to be T. satyrus of Glaus, which species certainly belongs to the present genus in the restriction here adopted. No less than 5 different species referable to this genus have been observed by the present author off the Norwegian coast.

41. Tegastes faleatus (Norman).

(PL XLI). Amymone falcata, Norman, Brit. Assoc. Eeport, 1868, p. 296.

Syn: Amymone sphset-ica, Brady (not Glaus). „ — rubra, Boeck (1872).

Spedfic Characters. — Female. Cephalic segment very deep, with the postero-lateral corners greatly produced, acuminate; no chitinous stripe across the back. Genital segment produced below into 2 strong, posteriorly-curving hook-like projections. Distal part of urosome only very slightly projecting. The innermost but one of the caudal setse peculiarly transformed, lancet-shaped. Pos- terior maxillipeds rather powerful, with the hand oblong oval in form, and densely ciliated along the palmar edge. Last pair of legs with the distal joint extending to the tip of the inner expansion of the proximal one, the latter with 3 short seta> along the curved anterior edge, and 2 unequal ones at the tip.

Male a little smaller than female, and easily recognizable by the prehensile character of the anterior antennse, and by the large, acutely-beaked spermatophore- reservoir. None of the caudal setse transformed. Last pair of legs very narrow, with the proximal joint small and simple.

Body of a golden yellow colour, variegated with a dark reddish brown pigment, especially along the ventral face and the posterior edges of the segments.

Length of adult female 0.46 mm.

Remarhs. — This form was first briefly described by Norman from the Shetland Isles as Amymone falcata. It was subsequently erroneously identified by Prof. Brady with A. sphcerica of Claus, which is a very different species, and does not even belong to the same genus. The form recorded by Boeck as A. rubra is identical with Norman's species. It is the largest of the Norwegian species, and is moreover easily recognizable by the dark red colour of the body, and by the 2 very hooked projections of the genital segment.

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Occurrence. — I have found this form not unfrequently in several places ofi' the west coast of Norway, as also in the Trondhjem Fjord; and Mr. Scott also records it from Finmark (as A. spmrica). It generally occurs in depths varying from 3 to 20 fathoms, on a sandy bottom, and is easily observable, even with the naked eye, owing to its dark red colour and peculiar tremulous movements.

Distrihution. — British Isles (Brady), Shetland Isles (Norman), Arctic Ocean: off Franz Josefs Land and Novaja Zemlia (Scott), Ceylon (A. Scott).

42. Tegastes flavidus, G." 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. LXII, fig. 1).

Specific Characters. — Female. Cephalic segment about as in the preceding species, with no trace of a chitinous stripe across the back. Genital segment with 2 projections below, the anterior one obtuse at the tip and not recurved, the posterior one broadly claw-shaped. Distal part of urosome much more pro- minent than in any of the other species; caudal setae normal. Posterior maxil- lipeds somewhat less strong than in the preceding species, with the hand narrow^ oblong in form. Last pair of legs with the distal joint not extending to the tij of the inner expansion of the proximal one, the latter only provided with 2 sets in front. Spermatophore-reservoir in male bluntly beaked at the tip.

Colour light yellowish gray.

Length of adult female 0.40 mm.

Remarks. — Though nearly allied to T. falcatus, this form may be easily distinguished by the blunt anterior projection of the genital segment, the feeblei posterior maxillipeds, and the unusually prominent distal part of the urosome. The last pair of legs and the male spermatophore-reservoir are moreover somewhat different in form. Finally, the colour of the body is rather different in the two species.

Occurrence. — I have only met with this form in 2 localities of the west coast of Norway, viz., at Kalvaag and Eggesbonses. In both places it occurred rather sparsely at a depth of about 3 fathoms, muddy sarid.

43. Tegastes longimanus (Glaus).

(PL XLII, fig. 2). ? Amymone longimann, Ciaus, Die freilebenden Copepoden, p. 115, PI. XX, figs. 13, 14.

Specific Characters. — Female. Cephalic segment with a distinct chitinous stripe across the back indicating the posterior limit of the head, postep-later?

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corners less acutely produced than in the 2 preceding species. Ventral protuber- ance of genital segment narrowly produced, with the tip slightly bilobed and the posterior edge projecting in a blunt tooth. Distal part of urosome only slightly projecting, caudal setae normal. Posterior niaxillipeds rather strong, with the hand oval triangular in form, palmar edge angularly curved above the middle. Last pair of legs resembling those in T. fiavidus; inner expansion of proximal joint, however, with 3 setae along the anterior edge.

Body of a pale yellow colour, and minutely speckled with reddish brown.

Length of adult female 0.33 mm.

RemarTiS. — It is with considerable hesitation that I refer this form to Claus's species. Both the description of this species and the 2 figures given by that author are rather poor, and scarcely suffice for an exact determination; yet the form of the posterior maxillipeds, as represented by Glaus in fig. 14, exhibit at any rate some resemblance to that in the present species. The characteristic form of the ventral protuberance of the genital segment at once distinguishes this species from any of the others here described; but unfortunately this part has been wholly omitted in Claus's figure of the animal (fig. 13).

Occurrence. — Some few specimens of this form were taken, together with T, fiavidus, at Eggesbonaes, west coast of Norway.

Distribution. — Heligoland (Glaus), British Isles (Brady).

44. Tegastes grandimanus, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. XLII, fig. 3).

Specific Characters. — Female. Gephalic segment, as in T. longimanus, provided with a distinct chitinous stripe across the back, postero-lateral corners obtusely acuminate. Ventral protuberance of genital segment terminating in 2 unequal projections, the anterior obtuse, the posterior tooth-like and extending behind. Distal part of urosome scarcely projecting. Posterior maxillipeds exceed- ingly powerfully developed, hand very broad, with the palmar edge much curved in the middle, and deeply concave below, dactylus strong and curved. Last pair of legs with the distal joint rather short, extending little beyond the middle of the inner expansion of the proximal one.

Golour not yet stated.

Length of adult female 0.42 mm.

RemarJcs. — This forms seems to be most nearly related to T. longimanus Glaus, but is of considerably larger size, and has the posterior maxillipeds much

I

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more powerfully developed. In the form of the ventral protuberance of the genital segment, it somewhat resembles T. flavklus; but the anterior projection is more obtuse, and the posterior scarcely unguiform at all.

Occurrence. — Only a single female specimen of this form has hitherto come under my notice. It was taken in the same place in which T. longimanu^ occurred.

45. Tegastes nanus, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. XLn, fig. 4).

Specific Characters. — Female. Cephalic segment, as in the 2 preceding species, with a distinct chitinous stripe across the back, postero-lateral corners much produced, acuminate. Ventral protuberance of genital segment terminating in 2 blunt projections, the posterior one recurved. Distal part of urosome only slightly prominent. Posterior maxillipeds of moderate size, hand narrow oblong in form, with the palm not defined. Last pair of legs resembling in structure those in T. grandimanus. Spermatophore-reservoir of male rather thick, with the beak short, recurved.

Colour yellow, variegated with chestnut-brown.

Length of adult female 0.31 mm.

Remarks. — This is the smallest of the Norwegian species, and moreover easily recognizable, when alive, by the light brown colour of the body. ^

Occurrence. — In addition to the 2 above-mentioned localities of the west coast of Norway, I have found this form occasionally at Aalesund and Christian- sund in moderate depths.

Gen. 19. ParategaSteS, Gl. O. Sars, n.

Syn: Amymone, Claus (part).

Generic Characters. — General form of body resembling that in Tegastes, the genital segment being expanded below in a similar manner, and the distal part of the urosome much shortened. Anterior antennae composed of only 6 or 7 articulations. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus uniarticulate. Anterior maxillipeds with the 2 proximal lateral lobes replaced by simple setae, outermost lobe less broad than in Tegastes, and provided with only 2 setae at the tip, ter-

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minal joint produced at the tip to a long digitiform process. 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs with the outer ramus very short, biarticulate. Last pair of legs in female very large, with the inner expansion of the proximal joint broad and vaulted, distal joint somewhat dilated towards the end, with a single short apical seta. No true ovisac present in female. Male spermatophore-reservoir very prominent. Remarls.— The type of this new genus is Amymone sphwrica of Glaus, which, though resembling the species of Tegastes, as regards external appearance, exhibits some well-marked differences in anatomical details, which entitle it to be separated generically. The 4 new species of Tegastes recently described by Mr. A. Scott from Ceylon, also seem, according to the structure of the anterior antennae and the natatory legs, to be more properly referable to the present genus.

46. Parategastes sphaerieus (Glaus).

(PI. XLIII). Amymone sphoerica, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden, p. 114, PI. XX, figs. 1 — 9.

Syn: Amymone nigrans, Scott.

Specific Characters. — Female. Cephalic segment with a well-marked chi- tinous stripe across the back, postero-lateral corners moderately produced, obtusely acuminate, rostrum slightly prominent at the tip. Genital segment produced below to a rather massive, nearly quadrangular prominence, with the anterior corner somewhat exserted and tongue-shaped, the posterior unguiform and recurved, and exhibiting in the middle, between the two, a smaller recurved dentiform projection on each side. Distal part of urosome only slightly prominent. Anterior antennae rather slender, 7-articulate. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus extremely small, bisetose. Posterior maxillipeds of moderate size, hand oblong fusiform in shape. 4th pair of legs with the inner ramus extremely slender, terminal joint linear, without any lateral setae, apex armed with 2 unequal spines. Last pair of legs with the distal joint extending somewhat beyond the tip of the inner ex- pansion of the proximal joint, the outermost of the lateral setae much elongated.

Male resembling the female in external appearance, but having the pos- tero-lateral corners of the cephalic segment transversely truncated at the tip. Anterior antennae, as usual, prehensile, with the 4th joint rather large, the last claw-shaped. Last pair of legs very narrow, with the proximal joint not expanded, distal joint linear, with 2 slender setae at the extremity. Spermatophore-reservoir very large, terminating in 2 acute lappets.

10 — Crustacea.

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Body of a dark cinereous colour, variegated with a sooty brown, or almost black pigment.

Length of adult female 0.35 mm.

Remarlcs. — There cannot in my opinion be any doubt that this is the true Amymone sphcerica of Glaus, and the form recorded by Boeck under this name is also unquestionably the same species. Mr. Scott, who on the authority of Prof. Brady believed the Amymone falcata of Norman to be the Clausian spe- cies, described the present form as a new species under the name oi A. nigrans. It is easily recognized from any of the species of Tegastes by the form and armature of the ventral prominence of the genital segment, as also by the very dark colour of the body.

Occurrence. — This form is rather common in the upper part of the Chris- tiania Fjord, near the shore among algae, and also occurs occasionally off the west coast of Norway. In spite of its small size, it is easily observable on ac- count of the very dark colour of the body, the animals, when alive, looking like rapidly moving, black granules.

Distribution.— '^coiii^h. coast (Scott), Heligoland (Glaus), coast of France (Ganu), Mediterranean (Glaus), Geylon (A. Scott).

Fam. 8. Porcellidiidae.

Characters. — Body much depressed, shield-like, with some of the segments imperfectly defined, and with the urosome short and flattened, biarticulate. An- terior antennte short, and composed only of a limited number of articulations. Posterior antennae 3-articulate, with a well-developed outer ramus. Oral parts on the whole of rather peculiar structure, mandibular palp very largely developed; posterior maxillipeds imperfectly subcheliform. First pair of legs with both rami flattened and very dissimilar, the inner one distinctly prehensile. Natatory legs normal. Last pair of legs very different in the two sexes. Sexual difference on the whole very much pronounced. A single flattened ovisac present in female.

Remarks. — This family is as yet only represented by a single genus, viz., Porcellidium Glaus, which in several respects deviates considerably from the typical Harpacticoida. In the short depressed form of the body, it somewhat recalls the

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Peltidiidw, to which family it was indeed referred by Clans; but the structure of the several appendages is very different, and more approaches that in the fol- lowing family, the Idyidce.

Gen. 20. Porcellidium, Glaus, 1860.

Syn: Thyone, Philippi (not Oken).

Generic Characters. — Body short and flattened, with the cephalic segment very large and expanded; rostrum broad, lamellar, not defined at the base. Epimeral plates of the first 2 free segments of metasome tongue- shaped, those of 3rd segment in female rudimentary, in male well developed. Last segment in both sexes without any trace of epimeral plates, and in female imperfectly defined behind. Urosome short and flattened, in both sexes composed of only 2 segments, the anterior one large and lamellar, the posterior small, subquadrate. Caudal rami more or less lamelliform, with very short apical setae. Eye present, of usual structure. Anterior antennae short, 6-articulate, in male strongly prehensile. Posterior antennae with the outer ramus uniarticulate. Mandibles very strong, with the palp excessively large, lamellar, indistinctly 3-lobed, and provided out- side with numerous thick plumose setse. Maxillae with the palp normally developed. Anterior maxillipeds comparatively short and stout, with 2 unequal setiferous lobes inside, terminal joint rather broad, incurved, with several strong spiniform setae on the tip. Posterior maxillipeds rather small, 3-articulate, 1st joint pro- vided in front with an oval ciliated lamella, 2nd joint tapered distally, with a short deflexed lobe inside, last joint very small, with 2 short incurved claws at the tip. First pair of legs with the outer ramus 3-articulate and very delicate, being edged outside with soft plumose setae, inner ramus Particulate, 1st joint large and triangular in form, last small and armed with 2 subequal claws, densely fimbriate on one side. Natatory legs with both rami 3-articulate, inner ramus in 1st pair much larger than in the 2 succeeding pairs. Last pair of legs in female distinctly biarticulate, distal joint large, lanceolate; those in male much smaller, uniarticulate, sub-quadrate, terminal edge aculeate.

Bemarls. — This genus was established as early as the year 1839 by Philippi, to include a Mediterranean species, T. viridis ; but as the name Thyone proposed by him had been previously appropriated by Oken for a genus of Holo- thuroida, it was changed by Claus to Porcellidium. The latter author records 3

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species of this genus from the Mediterranean, one of which may be the Thyone viridis of Philippi, and Mr. A. Scott has recently added 3 new species from Ceylon. To the Norwegian fauna belongs only a single species, to be described below.

47. Poreellidium flmbriatum, Claus.

(P]. XLIV & XLV). Poreellidium fimbriatum, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden, p. 140, PI. XXII, fig. 1.

Syn: Poreellidium fasciatum, Boeck. „ — viride, Brady (male).

„ — suhrotundum, Norman (young).

Specific Characters. — Female. Body oval quadrangular in outline, width somewhat exceding Vs of the length. Cephalic segment very broad and flattened, obtusely truncated in front, with the lateral corners rounded; rostrum slightly prominent, broad, lamellar, truncated at the tip. Epimeral plates of the 2 suc- ceeding segments large and closely contiguous, being, like the cephalic segment, surrounded by a narrow hyaline rim; those of 4th segment very small and easily overlooked. Last segment imperfectly defined. Urosome almost semicircular in outline, genital segment expanded on each side to a thin lamella finely ciliated at the edge and encompassing laterally the small quadrate terminal segment to- gether with the "caudal rami. The latter spatulate in form, about twice as long as broad, and slightly widening distally, tip transversely truncated and provided with 5 very small setae, one of which issues from the inner corner, the others nearer to the outer one; moreover 2 similar setae issue from the dorsal face of each ramus. Anterior antennae scarcely extending beyond the antero-lateral cor- ners of the cephalic segment, angularly bent at the base, and consisting of 6 articulations rapidly diminishing in size distally. Posterior antennae with the 1st joint much larger than the others, outer ramus about the length of the middle joint, and carrying 6 plumose setae. First pair of legs with the outer ramus gradually tapering distally, 1st joint much larger than the others, setae of outer edge bulbously dilated at the base, terminal joint with 4 such setae, and more- over with a slender apical spine